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Chinese Military Analysis of Developing Intelligent Command and Information Systems

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中國軍方對發展智慧指揮資訊系統的分析

現代英語：

The era of intelligent warfare has begun. Intelligent command and information systems will become the “central nervous system” of future intelligent combat command and control, serving as a supporting means for intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command and information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the essence of intelligent command and information system development, grasping the key points of intelligent command and information system research and development, and exploring the essentials of intelligent command and information system development can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command and information systems and gain a competitive advantage in future intelligent warfare.

Clarify the key points of the development of intelligent command and information systems

Intelligent command and information systems are an inevitable choice in the development of warfare towards informationized and intelligent warfare, a natural outcome of the technological revolution, and a contemporary demand for the intelligent development of the military. Clarifying the key points of intelligent command and information system development helps to grasp the direction of its construction and establish long-term goals.

Promoting the intelligent evolution of warfare. In future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation will change rapidly and the battlefield environment will be complex and harsh. In order to gain the initiative on the battlefield, “intellectual superiority” will become the new commanding height. Intelligent command and information systems are undoubtedly an important support for future combat command and operations. Their intelligent development can help promote the intelligent evolution of warfare and is an important foundation for gaining the initiative and seeking victory in intelligent warfare.

Supporting Intelligent Innovation in Combat Concepts. Future intelligent warfare requires corresponding combat command concepts, and intelligent command information systems are a crucial foundation for the practical application of these concepts, serving as the fertile ground for their innovation and development. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formations, data-driven command activities, open development command models, and intelligent convergence command processes all rely on the support of intelligent command information systems. These systems will act as an extension of the human brain, breaking through the physiological limits of the human body and achieving the organic integration of the art of combat command and intelligent technology.

Promoting the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about significant changes in the mechanisms of combat victory. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power to become the primary factor determining the outcome of war. The development and construction of intelligent command and control information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods towards intelligence, shifting combat methods from the “combat network + precision-guided weapons” of the information age to the “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” of the intelligent age. Correspondingly, the basic combat style is evolving from “network-centric warfare” to “cognition-centric warfare”.

Focus on the key points of intelligent command and information system research and development

Command and information systems are a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent warfare mechanisms, the intelligent upgrading and construction of command and information systems is urgently needed. Emphasis should be placed on key functional development aspects to create a completely new intelligent command and information system.

“Super-brain-based” decision-making. In future intelligent warfare, the battlefield information data is massive and complex, and commanders are easily overwhelmed by the “sea of ​​information,” leading to confusion and affecting command and decision-making. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making technology and “cloud brains” and “digital advisors,” a new decision-making model based on the collaboration of “human brain + artificial intelligence” is quietly taking shape. Intelligent command information systems will break through the limits of human intelligence, acting as an extension of the human brain to assist commanders in their work, transforming war decision-making from purely human brain-based decision-making to super-brain-based command and decision-making combining “human brain + artificial intelligence.”

“All-dimensional” situational awareness. Future intelligent warfare will be characterized by multi-dimensional space, diverse forces, varied tactics, and accelerated pace. A comprehensive and flexible grasp of the battlefield situation will be fundamental to commanders’ decision-making. The integrated, intelligent, and dynamic presentation of the all-dimensional battlefield situation across multiple domains is an inevitable requirement for the development of command information systems. Command information systems are expanding their perception, understanding, integration, and prediction of battlefield situations, such as target identification, threat level assessment, operational action prediction, and future battle trajectory forecasting, from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and cyberspace to the cognitive and social domains, achieving “all-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent connectivity” is crucial for future intelligent warfare. This will involve numerous intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, connected by intelligent information and communication systems. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, intelligent information and communication systems act as a link and lubricant in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is essential to establish a comprehensive, uninterrupted intelligent information network to support the connectivity and control of intelligent equipment, enabling intelligent optimization of the network structure, intelligent reorganization to withstand network damage, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities. This will ensure intelligent collaborative operations between platforms and maximize overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” Autonomous Collaboration. The extensive use of drones in recent local conflicts worldwide, playing a crucial role in determining the course of war, has attracted widespread attention. Unmanned weaponry is the material foundation of intelligent warfare, leading to disruptive combat styles such as intrusive lone-wolf operations, manned/unmanned collaborative system sabotage operations, independent operations by unmanned system formations, and drone swarm operations. While unmanned warfare is human-led, with machines granted a degree of autonomy from the backend, enabling unmanned operations on the front lines, the unmanned battlefield is constantly evolving. Disruptions to human-machine collaboration will become commonplace. Therefore, the command and control systems of unmanned intelligent equipment platforms must be more intelligent, capable of autonomous collaborative operations based on operational objectives.

“Proactive” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face diverse and multi-dimensional information attacks from powerful adversaries. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the battle for “intellectual dominance” on the battlefield and is a key aspect of the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, proactive measures should be taken to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of advanced information security technologies, enhance the anti-interference and anti-interference capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and build strong intelligent traceability and countermeasure capabilities to effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key points of intelligent command and information system development

The development of intelligent command and information systems is not merely a matter of technological innovation; it also requires further liberating our thinking and updating our concepts. To advance the development of intelligent command and information systems, we must change the traditional approach of simply adding hardware, building large networks, and collecting and storing various types of data. We must break through existing hierarchical structures, create open and service-oriented systems, and target the needs of intelligent combat command and action, exploring and researching the key aspects of intelligent command and information system development.

Innovation Concept. Guided by innovative thinking, and drawing on the development strategies of intelligent command and information systems for building a strong military, we will explore a development path with our own characteristics, tailored to actual needs. We must break away from traditional “chimney” approaches, adhere to top-level design and overall planning of the command and information system, unify interfaces, protocols, and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture. We must adhere to a system development approach that combines research, development, and application, formulating short-term, medium-term, and long-term development strategies to standardize the direction of system construction and development. We must adhere to iterative upgrades and optimization strategies to continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems, including command and control, intelligence reconnaissance, communication, information warfare, and comprehensive support, ensuring the continuous and healthy development of the intelligent command and information system.

Focusing on Key Capabilities. Concentrating on building key capabilities of intelligent command and information systems is crucial for intelligent warfare to leverage intelligence to achieve victory, and is key to gaining the “right to win” in intelligent warfare. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the intrinsic driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command and information systems. The development of intelligent command and information systems must adhere to algorithmic innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive, speed, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of next-generation computers, such as quantum computers, to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command and information systems; and deeply mine the deeper and broader information value from massive combat data resources to seek the initiative in victory.

Collective Efforts to Overcome Challenges. The construction and development of intelligent command and information systems is one of the major projects in military intelligence. It is a complex and collaborative project involving multiple fields, disciplines, departments, and units. The construction and development of intelligent command and information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collaborative problem-solving, and pioneering innovation. It should target strategic and forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communication, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain. It should be driven by high-tech advancements and the demands of intelligent warfare, conducting in-depth research and exchanges across multiple fields, levels, and forms to continuously break through, innovate, and upgrade, making the functions of intelligent command and information systems more complete and intelligent.

Collaborative Development. To deeply promote the construction and development of intelligent command and information systems, it is essential to fully absorb advanced local technological achievements and integrate into the global trend of artificial intelligence innovation. Currently, artificial intelligence technology is booming worldwide, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application, and its technological achievements have broad prospects for transformation and application, making it an important pathway to the construction and development of intelligent command and information systems. It is necessary to research and formulate general technical standards, break down barriers, overcome obstacles, and facilitate military-civilian cooperation to achieve the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. Through collaboration, it is also crucial to cultivate and shape new types of military personnel, enabling them to continuously adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and fully leverage the effectiveness of intelligent command and information systems.

現代國語：

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開，具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”，是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建設是軍事智慧化發展的內在要求，只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點，探索智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津，才能更好地推動智能化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程，贏得未來智能化作戰制勝先機。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇，是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建設方向，確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰，戰場形勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境復雜嚴酷，要想在戰場上取得主動，「制智權」成為新的製高點，而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智能化發展可助推戰爭形態向智能化演變，是智能化作戰贏得先機、謀求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智能化創新。未來智慧化作戰，需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托，是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐，智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延，突破人體生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術和智能技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化，智慧超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網絡＋精確制導武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網＋有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網絡中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物，隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用，指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發點，打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

“超腦化”輔助決策。未來智能化作戰，戰場資訊數據量龐大且複雜多變，指揮員在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫，影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數字參謀」的出現，以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限，作為人腦的外延，輔助指揮員工作，使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智能化作戰，空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出，全面靈動地掌握戰場態勢成為指揮員決策的基礎，多域一體、智能動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對諸如目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測，正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域，實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網絡通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台，而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管，智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑作用。因此，要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡，支撐智慧化裝備的連結和控制，形成網絡結構智能優化、網絡抗毀智能重組以及智能抗干擾能力，以確保平台間智能化的協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。近期世界局部沖突中，無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用，引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎，並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式，如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導，並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協同被破壞將成為常態，無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧，要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊，資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此，應主動作為，積極制定及完善網絡防護策略，豐富入侵檢測能力及認證識別手段，加強資訊安全高新技術運用，強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力，建強智能化溯源反制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展，要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集存儲各類數據的思路，突破固有層級設定，打造開放式、服務型系統，瞄準智能化作戰指揮與行動需要，探索研究智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引，借用軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路，結合實際需求，探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法，堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃，統一介面、協議和標準，形成開放式、可持續發展的系統架構佈局；堅持研建用相結合的系統研發策略，制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化持續策略，不斷提升指揮、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化持續性策略，不斷提升指揮控制、長期不同階段發展策略、各分列系統建設發展方向；堅持版本

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設，是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托，是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐，也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力要求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢；加快量子計算機等為代表的下一代計算機研發，為智能化指揮信息系統提供更強的算力支持；深度挖掘海量作戰數據資源中更深層次、更廣維度信息價值，謀求制勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一，是一個多領域、多學科交叉，多部門、多單位參與的大融合大聯動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神，瞄準傳感器、量子信息、網絡通信、集成電路、關鍵軟件、大數據、人工智能、區塊鍊等戰略性前瞻領域，堅持高新技術推動、智能化作戰需求拉動，開展多領域、多層次、多形式深度研究交流，更加創新、進一步迭代創新

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展，必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果，融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。當前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢，人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準，拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作，實現技術成果共享連結。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求，充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李建平 紀鳳珠 李琳 責任編輯：王鳳 2022-08-0x

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/8884917735.html

#drone #warfare, #intellligentization, Drone Warfare

Chinese Military: Drones Possessing Swarm Intelligence What Combat Advantages Exist?

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中國軍方：具備群體智慧的無人機有哪些作戰優勢？

現代英語：

A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle that uses radio remote control equipment or autonomous control devices to control its flight.

Compared with manned aircraft, unmanned aircraft have advantages such as greater flexibility and higher cost-effectiveness in combat.

However, in system-of-systems warfare, due to the complex battlefield environment, dispersed resource allocation, and multi-dimensional combat styles, a single UAV is difficult to perform diverse combat missions.

By leveraging swarm intelligence to conduct intelligent drone swarm operations, the numerical advantage of drones can be transformed into an asymmetric warfare advantage.

Intelligent combat style of drone swarm

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms have played an increasingly important role in combat missions such as collaborative detection, all-domain strikes, and tactical deception, becoming one of the key development directions in the military field.

Based on the current level of collective intelligence and combat style of drone swarms, they can be divided into three types:

—Pseudo-swarm. This is a type of “swarm” where multiple drones are controlled separately by ground personnel. While the drones appear to be in a swarm, they are actually independent and do not interact or coordinate with each other.

In 2016, the U.S. Navy conducted hundreds of simulation tests of drone swarm attacks against the Aegis defense system. The results showed that when a swarm of eight drones launched a penetration attack, the defense system struggled to allocate firepower effectively, with an average of about 2.8 drones managing to evade the interception system and carry out the attack each time.

In the above cases, the drones appear to be in a “swarm” but lack collective intelligence; their combat capabilities are only enhanced by the numerical advantage brought about by the aggregation of multiple drones.

—Centralized Cluster. This is a clustering approach where a ground command center acts as the cluster’s brain, and drones operate independently, all under the unified command and control of this brain. In November 2020, the U.S. military conducted a two-hour autonomous, coordinated flight test using ground-based software to drive a cluster of Avenger drones. This project utilizes software to determine the optimal combat strategy, improving the flexibility and survivability of existing unmanned combat forces.

Centralized clusters have low levels of intelligence and face potential problems such as single-chain failures and poor reliability. When the communication link between the ground command center and the cluster is damaged, the entire cluster will lose its combat capability due to loss of control.

In 2018, Syrian opposition forces deployed a concentrated swarm of 13 fixed-wing drones to harass and attack a Russian airbase. Russia responded using electronic warfare combined with firepower to intercept the drones, ultimately capturing six and shooting down seven.

—Distributed Cluster. This is a cluster approach where there is no central controller, and drones collaborate and cooperate to execute combat missions through information sharing. This approach has advantages such as decentralization, low complexity, and self-organization, greatly improving the ability to perform complex tasks.

In 2017, the United States used three F/A-18 fighter jets to launch 103 drones, forming a distributed swarm for flight tests. The tests demonstrated functions such as aircraft launch and formation changes, achieving the expected combat results.

Compared to centralized clusters, distributed clusters possess a distributed architecture, and inter-machine information interaction provides the necessary conditions for the emergence of swarm intelligence. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms with swarm intelligence exhibit high autonomy and good security, representing a major development direction for swarm warfare.

Empowering clusters with intelligence by leveraging group behavior characteristics

In the magnificent natural world, there exist biological communities such as schools of fish, herds of mammals, swarms of bees, and flocks of birds. These individual organisms are fragile, but the groups they form through interaction and cooperation possess stronger abilities in foraging, seeking advantage and avoiding harm, and migration.

Biological communities achieve efficient collaboration through simple communication, exhibiting behavioral characteristics such as collaborative aggregation, target attraction, and collision avoidance and repulsion, thus achieving a win-win cluster effect.

This macroscopic intelligent behavior, exhibited by social organisms through cooperation, is known as swarm intelligence. Swarm intelligence is an important research area in artificial intelligence.

By combining unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system technology with research on the theory and methods of swarm intelligence, it is hoped that UAV swarms with more autonomous intelligence characteristics can be explored, thus forming advanced swarm intelligence.

—Based on the characteristics of collaborative aggregation behavior, distributed operation of UAV swarms is achieved. In nature, schools of fish foraging for food can gather through local information exchange to improve foraging efficiency. When encountering predators, they can quickly disperse and escape, distracting the predators and reducing the risk of being preyed upon. Similarly, the flight control of UAV swarms, through information exchange between adjacent UAVs, designs a UAV collaborative control protocol, enabling each member in the swarm to reach a “consensus” on global consistency, directional convergence, and desired formation, truly realizing distributed operation of the swarm. Just like the phenomenon of wave motion, information is transmitted rapidly and accurately between them, thereby achieving consistency in action.

—Utilizing target attraction behavior, drone swarms can achieve formation tracking. Just as a wolf pack, led by an alpha wolf, can divide tasks and cooperate closely to hunt prey, with the alpha wolf tracking the target and issuing commands, while the pack members perform different roles and work together efficiently to complete the hunt, drone swarms can follow a similar model. The alpha drone, with its strong detection, identification, and analysis capabilities, is responsible for tracking the target and generating its trajectory. Leveraging its high performance and situational awareness, it achieves real-time target tracking. Follower drones not only track the alpha drone’s trajectory in real time but also form the necessary swarm configuration through inter-drone collaboration, improving payload distribution efficiency and enhancing mission execution.

—Based on collision avoidance and repulsion behavior characteristics, intelligent collision avoidance is achieved for UAV swarms. Intelligent collision avoidance is a fundamental requirement for ensuring the flight safety and successful execution of missions by UAV swarms during combat operations. “Intelligent collision avoidance for swarms” aims to enable individual UAVs to avoid obstacles in the battlefield environment in real time, while preventing collisions between swarm members. To achieve this, an “intelligent repulsive potential field” can be constructed between UAVs and between the swarm and obstacles: when the relative distance is too small, a collision avoidance and repulsion mechanism is triggered, effectively coping with complex environments and combat modes.

Intelligent clusters lead to a new style of system-of-systems warfare

Judging from the development trends of the world’s military powers, with the application of information, unmanned and intelligent technologies on the battlefield, the ability to conduct systematic combat will become an important factor in determining the success or failure of a war.

The development of swarm intelligence technology will greatly promote the transformation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm warfare, and is an important means for future militaries to adapt to complex battlefield environments and enhance their combat capabilities. UAV swarms will revolutionize traditional warfare and become a new type of combat style for winning future battlefields.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms possessing a certain degree of coordination and autonomy can carry different types of payloads and perform diverse combat missions. Experimental results from UAV swarm collaboration verification projects such as the US’s “Gremlins” and “Partridges” demonstrate that miniaturized, low-cost UAV swarms are expected to achieve collaborative capabilities in detection, perception, identification, communication, and attack in the short term through inter-UAV information sharing.

In light of this, major military powers continue to develop unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm warfare capabilities, hoping to use systematic, low-cost UAV swarms to harass relatively isolated, high-value military targets and leverage the advantages of asymmetric warfare.

With the continuous upgrading of artificial intelligence technology, drone swarms with collective intelligence can leverage their advantages of strong environmental adaptability, flexible deployment, functional integration, small size and high efficiency to achieve intelligent networking, collaborative combat and strategic confrontation, implement all-round penetration against defense systems, form a “reconnaissance-resistance-strike-assessment” combat closed loop, and defeat the enemy in future multi-domain and multi-dimensional systemic warfare.

現代國語：

無人機蜂群作戰系統示意圖。

無人機是一種利用無線電遙控設備或者自主控制裝置操縱飛行狀態的無人飛行器。

與有人機相比，無人機在作戰中具備靈活性強、作戰效費比高等優勢。

然而，在體系化作戰中，由於戰場環境復雜、要素配置分散、作戰樣式多維，單一無人機難以勝任多樣化作戰任務。

依托群體智能開展智能化無人機集群作戰，可將無人機數量優勢轉化為非對稱作戰優勢。

無人機集群智能化作戰樣式

近年來，無人機集群在協同探測、全域打擊、戰術騙擾等作戰任務中，逐漸發揮出越來越重要的作用，成為軍事領域重點發展方向之一。

按照目前無人機集群的群體智能化程度與作戰樣式，可將其劃分為3種類型：

——偽集群。這是一種由地面人員分別操控多架無人機構成的“集群”方式。無人機看上去是集群，其實相互獨立，並不存在信息交互協同。

2016年，美國海軍進行了數百次無人機“集群”進攻“宙斯盾”防御系統的模擬試驗。結果表明，當由8架無人機組成的“集群”突防攻擊時，防御系統難以合理分配火力，平均每次約有2.8架無人機可避開攔截系統實施打擊。

上述案例，無人機在形式上表現為“集群”，但不存在群體智能，僅靠多架無人機集聚帶來的數量優勢提高作戰能力。

——集中式集群。這是一種以地面指揮中心作為集群大腦、無人機之間無交互、統一受集群大腦指揮調度的集群方式。2020年11月，美軍通過地面軟件驅動“復仇者”無人機組成集群，進行了約2小時的自主協同飛行試驗。該項目利用軟件確定最優作戰方案，提高了現有無人作戰力量的靈活性和生存能力。

集中式集群智能化程度低，面臨單鏈失效、可靠性差等潛在問題。當地面指揮中心與集群通信鏈路遭到破壞時，整個集群將因失去控制而喪失作戰能力。

2018年，敘利亞反對派出動13架固定翼無人機構成集中式集群，對俄羅斯空軍基地進行襲擾攻擊。俄方利用電子戰加火力殺傷的手段實施攔截，最終俘獲6架無人機，擊落7架無人機。

——分布式集群。這是一種不存在中心控制器、各無人機通過機間信息共享、協同配合執行作戰任務的集群方式。該方式具有去中心化、低復雜度和自組織性等優勢，極大提高了遂行復雜任務能力。

2017年，美國利用3架F/A-18戰斗機釋放了103架無人機，形成分布式集群進行飛行試驗，實現了載機發射、隊形變換等功能，達到了預期作戰效果。

相比於集中式集群，分布式集群具備了分布式體系結構，機間信息交互為群體智能的產生提供了必要條件。擁有群體智能的無人機集群，自主性高、安全性好，是集群作戰的主要發展方向。

利用群體行為特征為集群賦智

在瑰麗的自然界中，存在著魚群、獸群、蜂群和鳥群等生物群落。這些生物個體本身是脆弱的，但通過交互協作聚集而成的群體，則擁有更強的覓食、趨利避害和遷徙等能力。

生物群落通過簡單通信實現高效協同，表現出協同聚集、目標吸引和避撞排斥等行為特征，能夠達成合作共贏的集群效果。

這種由群居性生物通過協作表現出的宏觀智能行為特征，即為群體智能。群體智能是人工智能的一個重要研究方向。

結合無人機系統技術，研究群體智能的理論與方法，有望探求到更具自主智能特性的無人機集群，形成高級群體智能。

——根據協同聚集行為特征，實現無人機集群的分布式作業。在自然界中，覓食的魚群能通過局部信息交流聚集，提高覓食效率。在遭遇捕食者時，又可快速散開逃逸，分散捕食者注意力，降低被捕食風險。與之類似，無人機集群的飛行控制，通過相鄰無人機的信息交互，設計無人機協同控制協議，使得集群中的每一成員就全局一致、方向趨同和期望隊形等達成“共識”，真正實現集群的分布式作業。就像波動現象一樣，相互間迅速准確地傳導信息，從而達成行動的一致性。

——利用目標吸引行為特征，實現無人機集群的編隊跟蹤。狼群能在頭狼帶領下進行任務分工，密切配合圍捕獵物。頭狼負責追蹤目標並發布命令，狼群則擔負不同職責共同協作高效完成捕獵任務。無人機集群可參照狼群模式，利用目標吸引行為特征，形成領航跟隨任務模式。領航機探測識別與分析處理能力較強，負責跟蹤目標生成航跡，發揮高性能優勢和態勢感知能力，實現對目標的實時跟蹤，跟隨機既能實時跟蹤領航機航跡，又能通過機間協同形成任務所需的集群構型，提高載荷分布配置效能，強化任務執行力。

——依據避撞排斥行為特征，實現無人機集群的智能防撞。無人機集群在執行作戰任務時，實現智能防撞是保證自身飛行安全和順利執行任務的基本要求。“集群智能防撞”，就是要讓各無人機實時規避戰場環境中的障礙物，同時集群間不發生碰撞。要實現這一效果，可構建無人機之間和集群與障礙物之間的“智能斥力勢場”：當相對距離過小時，觸發避撞排斥機制，有效應對復雜環境和作戰模式。

智能集群引領體系化作戰新樣式

從世界軍事強國發展趨勢來看，隨著信息化、無人化和智能化技術應用於戰場，是否具備體系化作戰能力將成為決定戰爭成敗的重要因素。

群體智能技術的發展，將極大推動無人機集群作戰模式的變革，是未來軍隊適應復雜戰場環境、提升作戰能力的重要手段。無人機集群將顛覆傳統戰爭形態，成為制勝未來戰場的新型作戰樣式。

具備一定協同能力與自主性的無人機集群，可搭載不同種類載荷，執行多樣化作戰任務。從美國的“小精靈”“山鶉”等無人機集群協同作戰驗證項目的實驗效果來看，小型化、低成本的無人機集群，在短期內有望通過機間信息共享，形成探測、感知、識別、通信和攻擊等協同能力。

鑑於此，各軍事強國持續發展無人機集群作戰力量，期望以成體系的低成本無人機集群，襲擾相對孤立的高價值軍事目標，發揮出非對稱作戰優勢。

隨著人工智能技術的不斷升級，擁有群體智能的無人機集群，可發揮其環境適應能力強、部署靈活、功能集成、小型高效的優勢，實現智能組網、協同作戰與博弈對抗，對防御系統實施全向突防，形成“偵-抗-打-評”作戰閉環，在未來多域多維的體系化作戰中克敵制勝。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208788827/10085732.html

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare

Analysis of Chinese Military Development Trend of Collaborative Combat in the Era of Intelligentization

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智能化時代中國協同作戰軍事發展趨勢分析

現代英語：

Operational coordination is a key element in modern warfare for achieving system-of-systems operations, unleashing overall effectiveness, and achieving operational objectives. In recent years, with breakthroughs in military science and technology, particularly artificial intelligence, the empowering and efficiency-enhancing role of technology has become increasingly prominent. While profoundly changing the nature of warfare and operational styles, it has also given rise to a new operational coordination model—autonomous coordination. Currently, we should scientifically grasp the opportunities and challenges of the new military revolution, dynamically coordinate the development of autonomous coordination, and thus accelerate the transformation and upgrading of operational methods.

Transforming towards intelligent empowerment and autonomous collaboration

Future warfare will be a comprehensive confrontation between opposing sides employing “human + intelligent equipment.” Limited by military technology, system platforms, and combat capabilities, traditional combat coordination, with its fixed cycles and low fault tolerance, is no longer suitable for the rapidly changing modern battlefield. With the powerful support of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data, the autonomy and automation of combat coordination will be greatly enhanced, and intelligently empowered autonomous coordination will become key to victory.

Wide-area ubiquitous collaboration. In recent years, the profound development of communication and intelligent technologies, along with the accumulation and superposition of data, algorithms, and computing power, has promoted the interconnection and aggregation of people, machines, things, and energy. This has extended the military Internet of Things (IoT) to many fields such as situational awareness, command and control, information and fire strikes, and logistical support. While promoting the iterative upgrading of combat capabilities, it has also provided more options for modern combat collaboration. It is foreseeable that the military IoT will shine on the future battlefield, serving not only as a key infrastructure supporting combat operations but also as a crucial hub for maintaining combat collaboration. Based on this, ubiquitous warfare characterized by wide-area dispersion of forces, modular organizational structures, and highly coordinated actions will emerge, characterized by being omnipresent, ubiquitous, and autonomous without control.

Deep human-machine collaboration. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Azerbaijani army leveraged its drone advantage to build a strong battlefield advantage, marking the beginning of “robot warfare.” In future warfare, unmanned combat forces such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned ships are rapidly moving from back-end support to the front lines, becoming the “protagonists” of the battlefield. Compared to traditional combat collaboration, manned-unmanned intelligent collaboration exhibits characteristics such as decentralized command, de-division of labor in combat processes, advanced skill operation, and blurred lines between the front and rear, placing greater emphasis on human-machine collaboration and algorithmic victory. Especially in recent years, intelligent unmanned swarms have emerged as a powerful force, strongly impacting the modern battlefield. Faced with these new situations and changes, we should comprehensively utilize swarm formation algorithms, formation control algorithms, and complex scenario optimization algorithms to promote networked communication and intelligent collaboration between unmanned and manned systems, facilitating the integrated operation of the intelligence chain, command chain, mobility chain, strike chain, and support chain, and accelerating the generation of comprehensive precision-based combat capabilities.

Data-driven collaboration. The traditional operational collaboration model under hierarchical command is no longer suitable for the multi-dimensional and fast-paced nature of modern warfare. In future warfare, intelligence is key, and data is king. The deep integration of big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence enables the storage, analysis, fusion, and application of massive amounts of battlefield data, making command and control more scientific and operational collaboration more efficient. Leveraging powerful resource integration, computing power, and data analysis capabilities, battlefield intelligence can be rapidly integrated, battlefield situation awareness can be achieved in real time, collaborative plans can be efficiently formulated, and threat levels can be assessed instantly. This allows for the integrated planning of predicting combat actions, analyzing typical scenarios, deploying combat forces, and allocating combat resources, thereby comprehensively improving the overall effectiveness of command and control, firepower strikes, and integrated support, and driving a revolutionary change in operational collaboration.

Towards Multi-Domain Collaborative Autonomous Evolution

Future warfare will feature complex and diverse participating forces, a mix of advanced and less sophisticated weaponry, and a hybrid application of combat methods. It will exhibit distinct characteristics such as intelligent, dynamically decentralized command and control, intelligent and wide-area deployment of combat forces, and intelligent allocation and dynamic differentiation of combat missions. It is foreseeable that multi-domain联动 (interconnected and autonomous) collaboration will become a crucial component of operational coordination.

System self-restructuring and collaboration. Future warfare will involve a multi-domain battlefield space that combines virtual and real elements, with diverse military operations interacting and constraints and collaboration shifting randomly. Only an engineered and systematic organizational model can adapt to the complex needs of multi-domain collaboration. The essence of this collaboration model is to form a wide-area holographic support architecture for system self-restructuring and collaboration. Specifically, this means emphasizing the concept of system-of-systems warfare, comprehensively resolving practical contradictions in organizational system construction, institutional mechanism establishment, and collaborative rule formulation; focusing more on the system integration effect, achieving beyond-visual-range and cross-domain collaborative operations for combat units across a wide area; emphasizing efficient and flexible command, refining command relationships and clarifying command responsibilities from multiple dimensions; and paying more attention to data-driven precision, integrating network system platforms at all levels to establish a dynamic optimization network for reconnaissance, control, strike, assessment, and support missions. Once this collaboration model is formed, it will undoubtedly be able to analyze and predict typical confrontation scenarios based on the operational environment, adversaries, and missions, dynamically select action collaboration links, and plan operational actions across various domains in an integrated manner.

Tactical Adaptive Collaboration. Recent local wars have repeatedly demonstrated that the complexity and systemic nature of operational collaboration have increased exponentially due to the extension of operational data and information sharing to the tactical level. Only by achieving efficient processing, integration, and sharing of operational data and information can adaptive and autonomous collaboration among operational users be guaranteed. This collaborative model places greater emphasis on scientific planning and innovative methods to form a universal battlefield situation map with full-dimensional coverage. It supports hierarchical, cross-level, and cross-domain sharing and collaboration among users deployed across a wide area, enabling command elements and operational units to jointly perceive the battlefield situation and ensuring self-synchronous operations within a unified strategic intent, operational guidance, and collaborative planning framework. This collaborative model further emphasizes vertical integration of strategy, operations, and tactics, and horizontal integration of land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace. It provides powerful information sharing services in detection, early warning, and surveillance, and promotes the extension of operational-level joint operations to tactical-level joint operations through information media. This collaborative model further highlights the standardized operation of command and control, and the use of cutting-edge technologies such as big data and cloud computing to promote the connection of operational command levels, cross-domain linkage, element interaction, and situational awareness sharing. It achieves intelligent collaboration among command systems, weapon platforms, and sensors, and implements the key to victory through speed.

Complementary and Synergistic Advantages. In future warfare, operations in space, cyberspace, and other domains will be deeply integrated into the traditional battlefield, requiring higher standards and more stringent planning and design for the overall operation. Only by clarifying the complementary relationships and proportions of input and output across different operational domains, and then outlining the operational relationships for cross-domain collaboration, can we bridge the gaps in domain operations and achieve multi-dimensional battlefield complementarity. Essentially, this is also a concentrated reflection of the concept of war effectiveness. From another perspective, in a war, when local battlefield advantages are not obvious or harbor hidden dangers, overall victory can still be achieved by gaining local advantages in other domains to compensate and achieve comprehensive superiority. In future informationized and intelligent warfare, this will be even more prominent and complex, requiring comprehensive strategies targeting military, political, public opinion, legal, psychological, and diplomatic fields, leveraging each other to fully unleash maximum operational effectiveness; requiring close cooperation between traditional and new-type forces, building an integrated operational system based on network information systems, and maximizing overall effectiveness through synergistic advantages.

Towards Dynamic Coupling and Autonomous Collaborative Transition

In the era of artificial intelligence, with the profound changes in information technology and weaponry, combat operations place greater emphasis on breaking down traditional force formations, integrating the functions of traditional platforms, and dismantling traditional offensive and defensive boundaries, so as to achieve all-weather dynamic control of combat operations through dynamic coupling and autonomous collaboration.

Dynamic convergence and coordination. Future warfare will see more intense adversarial confrontations and more volatile battlefield situations, rendering the static, extensive, and methodical coordination methods of the past inadequate. It is imperative to pay close attention to key operational nodes, closely monitoring the overall situation, anchoring operational tasks, and focusing on operational objectives. This requires assessing the situation, seizing opportunities, and swiftly changing coordination partners, flexibly adjusting coordination strategies, and autonomously negotiating coordinated actions based on predetermined coordination rules. It is important to note that this coordination method based on key operational nodes particularly emphasizes the ability of combat forces to overcome structural barriers and organically aggregate operational effectiveness. Through the flexible structure of the coordination organization, conflicts can be self-coupled and autonomously resolved, gaps in cooperation can be bridged, and the precise release of the combined forces of the operational system can be promoted.

Dynamic control and coordination. The battlefield situation in future warfare is constantly changing, and the course of operations often deviates from the predetermined plan, resulting in significant uncertainty. This implicitly requires us to break through traditional operational thinking and closely monitor changes in the battlefield situation to implement real-time, flexible, and autonomous coordination of the operational process. This coordination method, through real-time assessment of changes in the battlefield situation, the extent of damage to enemy targets, and the scale and effectiveness of operational operations, enables rapid command and control and precise coordination in areas such as force projection, fire support, and comprehensive support, ensuring that we always maintain the initiative on the battlefield. This coordination method requires relying on advanced intelligent auxiliary means to quickly divide the operational phases, predict the duration of operational operations, analyze the overall deployment of operational forces, calculate the allocation of operational resources, and accordingly precisely control the decision-making cycle and operational rhythm, accurately coordinating troop actions and the operational process to ensure effective response to various randomness and uncertainties in combat.

Dynamic Response and Coordination. The unpredictable nature of future warfare, coupled with the profound effects of asymmetric warfare, hybrid games, and system emergence, means that planned operations will inevitably encounter various unforeseen circumstances during execution. Therefore, dynamic coordination in response to unforeseen situations is an effective strategy for resolving these contradictions. This coordination method emphasizes dynamically adjusting actions based on different situations. When unforeseen circumstances arise in a local battlefield or operation, with minimal impact on the overall operation and sufficient time, the operational system automatically responds, partially adjusting operational deployments and actions to ensure the achievement of expected operational objectives. When multiple urgent and non-urgent situations coexist on the battlefield and partially affect the overall situation, operations are dynamically and instantly coordinated according to the principle of prioritizing urgent matters, pushing the battle situation in our favor. When multiple major unexpected situations or unforeseen changes occur in the overall battle situation, coordination is carried out according to the principle of prioritizing primary directions and then secondary directions, rapidly generating new coordinated response measures to effectively address various unforeseen battlefield situations. (Wu Siliang, Jia Chunjie, Hou Yonghong)

Source: PLA Daily

(Editors: Wang Xiaoxiao, Ren Yilin)

現代國語：

2025年04月01日08:59 |

小字号

引言

作战协同是现代战争中实现体系作战、释放整体效能、达成作战目标的关键要素。近年来，随着以人工智能为代表的军事科学技术取得突破性进展，科技的赋能增效作用进一步凸显，在深刻改变战争形态、作战样式的同时，也催生出一种新的作战协同模式——自主协同。当前，应科学把握新军事革命的机遇挑战，动态统筹好自主协同发展走向，从而推动作战方式加速转型升级。

向智能赋能自主协同蜕变

未来战争将是对抗双方采用“人+智能装备”展开的全方位对抗。受军事技术、系统平台、作战能力等限制，传统作战协同因为存在周期固化、容错率低等局限，已难以适应战机转瞬即逝的现代战场。在人工智能、大数据等先进技术手段的强力支撑下，作战协同的自主性、自动化水平将极大提升，智能赋能下的自主协同亦将成为克敌制胜的关键。

广域泛在协同。近年来，通信技术、智能技术的深度发展，数据、算法、算力的积累叠加，促进了人、机、物、能的互联聚合，将军事物联网延伸扩展至态势感知、指挥控制、信火打击、后装保障等诸多领域，在促进作战能力迭代升级的同时，也为现代作战协同提供了更多选项。可以预见，军事物联网将在未来战场大放异彩，不仅是支撑作战行动的关键性基础设施，也是维系作战协同的关节枢纽。以此为依托，将催生出力量广域分散、组织模块构成、行动高度协同的泛在式作战，无时不在、无处不在、无控自主。

人机深度协同。纳卡冲突中，阿塞拜疆军队凭借无人机优势构建起强大战场优势，某种程度也宣告“机器人战争”登场。未来战争，无人机、无人车、无人舰等无人作战力量，正加速从后台支援保障走向一线作战前台，开始担当战场“主角”。较之传统作战协同，有人无人智能协同呈现出作战指挥“去中心化”、作战过程“去分工化”、技能操作高端化、前沿与后方模糊化等特点，更加强调人机协同、算法取胜。尤其是近年来，智能无人集群异军突起，开始强烈冲击现代战场。面对这些新情况新变化，应统筹运用集群编队算法、队形控制算法以及复杂场景优化算法等，推动无人与有人组网通信、智能协同，促进情报链、指挥链、机动链、打击链和保障链一体运转，加快生成精确制敌综合作战能力。

数智驱动协同。逐层递进指挥下的传统作战协同模式，已难以适应现代战争的多维度快节奏。未来战争，智能为要，数据为王。大数据、云计算、人工智能等深度融合，实现了对海量战场数据的存储、分析、融合和运用，从而使得指挥控制更加科学、作战协同更加高效。借助强大的资源整合、计算处理和数据分析能力，可以快速融合战场情报、实时感知战场态势、高效制订协同计划、瞬时评估威胁等级，将预测作战行动、解剖典型场景、布势作战力量和配置作战资源一体统筹，从而全面提升指挥控制、火力打击、综合保障等方面的综合质效，推动作战协同革命性变革。

向多域联动自主协同演进

未来战争，参战力量复杂多元、武器装备高低搭配、作战方法混合运用，呈现作战指挥智能动态分散、作战力量智联广域部署、作战任务智配动态区分等鲜明特征。可以预见，多域联动自主协同将成为作战协同的重要构成。

体系自重塑协同。未来战争多域战场空间虚实结合、多样军事行动交互作用，约束与协作随机转化，只有采取工程化、系统化的组织模式，才能适应庞杂的多域协同需要。这种协同模式，其实质是要形成体系自重塑协同的广域全息支撑架构。具体来看，就是更加突出体系作战理念，从整体上破解组织体系构建、制度机制设立、协同规则制订等现实矛盾；更加注重体系融合效应，从广域上实现作战单元超视距作战、跨域协同作战；更加强调高效灵活指挥，从诸维度细化指挥关系、厘清指挥权责；更加关注数据精准驱动，从各层级整合网络系统平台，建立侦控打评保任务动态优化网。这种协同模式一旦形成，无疑能够针对作战环境、作战对手和作战任务等，研判预测典型对抗态势场景，动态选择行动协同链路，一体规划各领域作战行动。

战术自适应协同。近年来的局部战争冲突一再表明，由于作战数据信息向战术层共享应用延伸，作战协同的复杂性系统性呈指数级跃升。只有实现作战数据信息的高效处理、融合共享，才能保证作战用户间自适应、自主化协同。这种协同模式，更加注重科学规划、创新手段，形成全维覆盖的通用战场态势图，支持广域分散部署的各级各类用户间按级、越级、跨域共享协作，实现指挥要素、作战单元共同感知战场态势，确保在统一的战略意图、战役指导、协同计划框架内自同步作战。这种协同模式，更加强调纵向贯通战略、战役、战术，横向融汇陆海空天电，在探测、预警、监视等方面提供强力信息共享服务，依托信息介质推动战役级联合向战术级联合延伸。这种协同模式，更加突出指挥运行、力量运用等的标准化运行，借助大数据、云计算等前沿技术推动作战指挥层级衔接、跨域联动、要素交互、态势共享，实现指挥系统、武器平台、传感器间的智能化协同，落地落实以快制慢制胜关键。

优势智互补协同。未来战争，太空、网络等领域作战行动深度融入传统战场空间，要求对作战全局实施更高标准更高要求的规划设计。只有搞清各作战域优势互补关联、投入成效比重，进而梳理出跨领域协同的运行关系，才能弥合领域作战缝隙，实现多维战场优势互补。从本质上看，这也是战争效益观的集中反映。从另一视角来看，一场战争，当战场局部优势不明显或暗藏危机时，通过在其他领域取得局部优势予以弥补并达成综合优势，同样可以实现整体制胜目的。未来信息化智能化战争，这一点将体现得更为突出也更为复杂，要求针对军事、政治、舆论、法理、心理、外交等领域综合施策，相互借力充分释放最大作战效能；要求传统力量、新质力量密切配合，依托网络信息体系打造一体化作战体系，通过优势协同实现整体效能最大化。

向动态耦合自主协同变迁

人工智能时代，伴随信息技术和武器装备的深度变革，作战行动更加强调打散传统力量编组、打通传统平台功能、打破传统攻防界限，通过动态耦合自主协同实现对作战行动的全时动态可控。

动态聚点协同。未来战争敌我对抗更加激烈、战场态势更为多变，以往那种静态粗放、按部就班的协同方式将难以适应。必须对作战的关键节点给予高度关注，在紧盯整体态势、锚定作战任务、聚焦作战目标的基础上，审时度势把握战机，依据预定的协同规则，敏捷变换协同对象、灵活调整协同策略、自主协商协同行动。需要注意的是，这种基于关键作战节点的协同方式，尤为强调作战力量跨越结构壁垒、有机聚合作战效能，通过协同组织的弹性结构，自耦合自主化消解矛盾冲突、弥合作战缝隙，促进作战体系合力精准释放。

动态调控协同。未来战争战场态势瞬息万变，作战进程往往难以按照预定作战计划推进，作战行动有着极大的不确定性。在无形中，这也要求我们突破传统作战思维，紧盯战场态势变化对作战进程实施即时灵活自主协同。这种协同方式，通过实时评估战场态势变化、敌方目标毁伤程度、作战行动规模效益等，从而在力量投送、火力支援、综合保障等方面实现快速指控、精准协同，始终把握战场主动权。这种协同方式，要求依托智能辅助先进手段，快速切分作战阶段，预测作战行动持续时间，研判作战力量整体布势，计算作战行动资源分配，据此精准控制决策周期和作战节奏，精准协调部队行动和作战进程，确保能够有效应对作战中的各种随机性、不确定性。

动态响应协同。未来战争作战机理变化莫测，非对称作战、混合博弈、体系涌现等的深层作用，使得预定作战方案计划在执行中必然遇到各类突发情况。为此，针对突发情况动态协同是解决上述矛盾问题的有效策略。这种协同方式，更加强调依据不同情况动态调整协同行动。当局部战场或局部行动出现突发情况，对作战全局影响不大且时间充裕时，作战体系自动响应，部分调整作战部署和作战行动，确保实现预期作战目标。当战场出现多个急缓并存情况且部分影响战场态势时，根据具体情况按照先急后缓原则动态即时协调作战行动，推动战局向着有利于我的方向发展。当战局整体发展出现多个重大意外情况或出现未曾预想的变化时，按先主要方向、后次要方向的原则展开协同，快速生成新的协同处置措施，有效应对战场各类突发情况。（吴思亮、贾春杰、侯永红）

来源：解放军报

(责编：王潇潇、任一林)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2025/0401/c1011-40451255888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Chinese Military’s Exploration Regarding Evolution of Intelligent Warfare Practices

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中國軍隊對智慧化戰爭實踐演進的探索

現代英語：

Recent global regional wars and military conflicts demonstrate that modern warfare practice is gradually evolving toward an information-based, intelligent form. Facing a new wave of military revolution, to fully explore the evolutionary laws of intelligent warfare practice, we need to further clarify the fundamental underpinnings of this evolution, fully assess the technological advantages of warfare practice, and identify the key challenges driving the current evolution of warfare practice.

  The evolution of intelligent warfare practice requires the support of social practice foundation

  As an important part of social activities, military activities have a very close relationship with social activities. Similarly, as a specific form of military activities, war practice cannot be examined in isolation from the larger system of social practice.

  The level of development of productive forces determines the height of practical evolution. Warfare is part of human social practice and always aligns with the level of social production. How humans conduct material production often determines how they organize war; the way humans conduct warfare reflects their mode of production. Engels argued that victory through violence is based on the production of weapons, which in turn is based on the entire production system. Therefore, with the development of productive forces, the means of warfare are also constantly evolving. Just as it was impossible to find a weapon from the information age in the cold weapon age, it is difficult to use typical cold weaponry on the battlefields of the information age. Even daggers produced in the information age differ from those of the cold weapon age. From the alloy composition to the forging and molding technology, they embody the technological advancements of the information age and are weapons of the information age.

  Changes in the production relations system influence the outcomes of practical evolution. As a special form of social practice, the development and changes in war practice closely revolve around the direction and speed of social practice evolution. In other words, behind every transformation in war practice, a similar social transformation is also taking place simultaneously, and success requires the completion of a systemic transformation of production relations as a whole. Marx insightfully pointed out that in all social forms, a certain type of production determines the status and influence of all other types of production, and thus its relations also determine the status and influence of all other relations. This is a pervasive light that obscures all other colors and alters their characteristics. Concepts of war practice that are too far ahead of their time often struggle to succeed due to a lack of hardware and software support that aligns with the development of contemporary social practice. For example, the concept of joint operations was unlikely to emerge in the era of cold weapons. Even if military theorists had anticipated this concept a priori, they would have been unable to apply it in practice. Modern joint operations, however, are in fact a microcosm of large-scale socialized joint production in military practice. Therefore, the design of war should return to social practice itself, seeking inspiration and reflection from it. Ignoring the overall level of development in production relations and prematurely designing war scenarios for the intelligent era can lead to scenarios and objectives that become sci-fi, game-like, and fictional.

  The winning effect of intelligent warfare practice requires further testing in war

  The goal of the evolution of warfare practice is always to enhance operational superiority and achieve victory. However, this does not mean that the evolutionary process will naturally lead to this goal. Sometimes, in the early stages of a change in warfare practice, the effectiveness of victory is not obvious, and the effectiveness of various combat methods must be continuously evaluated during the development process.

  A first-mover advantage does not guarantee victory on the battlefield. While it’s undeniable that whoever first masters the latest winning strategies will be able to seize the initiative on the battlefield through technical and tactical advantages, this first-mover advantage does not necessarily lead to ultimate victory. While a first-mover advantage does have a significant impact on winning wars, the history of warfare demonstrates that technical and tactical advantages can be offset by mistakes or disadvantages in other areas. In World War II, the German army, which was the first to master the winning strategies of mechanized warfare, gained an advantage in the initial battles on the Western Front in Europe and the Eastern Front between the Soviet Union and Germany. However, this initial advantage was quickly eroded by strategic errors and overall disadvantages.

  First-mover advantage rarely creates an absolutely overwhelming advantage. In the era of globalization, human social practices are closely interconnected, and technological innovations from one country or region quickly spread abroad. Therefore, technological and tactical advantages in the intelligent era are often short-term and localized, making it difficult for a single country or region to establish a long-term, global, monopolistic lead. Currently, the rapid development of network communications technology is bringing humans closer than ever before. Similarly, in the practice of intelligent warfare, various advanced reconnaissance methods will continue to penetrate the secrecy of both sides. Sometimes, after the emergence of a new weapon, countervailing weapons or methods will quickly be invented.

  The advantages of intelligence don’t necessarily create optimal combat situations. Currently, the intelligence content of war practice has yet to become a decisive factor in determining victory or defeat. Currently, the practice of intelligent warfare is still in its infancy. The mechanisms of victory in war require in-depth research, many equipment require further development and verification, and various experimental pre-war practices require further testing and improvement. In comparison, the practice of informationized warfare is relatively mature, with various types of weapons and equipment, as well as supporting operational and tactical means, becoming more stable. This leaves much room for the application of informationized warfare methods. Therefore, as war practice evolves, we must continuously innovate the means of intelligent warfare practice while fully tapping the operational potential of informationized warfare practice.

  The development and transformation of intelligent warfare practice requires the integrated promotion of people and technology

  There are many factors that drive the evolution of intelligent practice. On the premise of clarifying development support and evaluating the effectiveness of combat methods, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze various contradictions, grasp the key points, distinguish the main points, and highlight the leading role of people.

  Technological change is the most dynamic factor. Science and technology are core combat capabilities. As the most revolutionary factor in the development of war practice, every major scientific and technological innovation has a profound impact on the nature of warfare. Engels once pointed out that once technological advances can be applied to military purposes and have already been applied to military purposes, they immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, lead to changes or even revolutions in combat methods. However, equating the intelligent military revolution with the high-tech revolution, leading to an overemphasis on intelligent technology and an excessive pursuit of the development of various intelligent weapons, undoubtedly fails to correctly grasp the essence of the evolution of intelligent warfare practice. While technology plays an important role, it is not the only decisive factor; culture, politics, and individuals themselves also play a role. In his book A History of World Wars, British historian Jeremy Black repeatedly reminds readers not to fall into the trap of technological determinism and simply attribute all major changes in military history to technological innovation.

  Institutional innovation is a challenge. To fully leverage the combat effectiveness of equipment in the evolution of intelligent warfare, all operational elements must be integrated into a unified system, integrating ideology, combat methods, organizational structures, education and training, and military technology. Renowned military theorist Dupuy argued in his book The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare that no matter how much a weapon’s lethality improves, its compatibility with military tactics and organizational structure is far more important than its invention and adoption. Only when the advantages of equipment are integrated into scientific organizational structures can optimal combat effectiveness be achieved. Historically, Britain was the first country to possess aircraft carriers and tanks, but it was not the country that successfully led the mechanized warfare revolution. While the most easily achieved transformation in warfare practice is the upgrading of weaponry and equipment, comprehensive innovation in warfare practice requires holistic innovation at the institutional level to achieve a comprehensive effect. A military that only upgrades equipment without institutional reform will struggle to develop sustained and effective combat effectiveness and cannot truly lead a revolution in warfare practice.

  The integration of people and weapons is crucial. People are the primary actors in the practice of warfare. In the era of intelligent warfare, the decisive role of people in warfare remains unchanged and remains the driving force behind its evolution. From the perspective of the two major categories of people and weapons, military technology falls more heavily on the “weapons” side, while other elements of warfare, such as military strategy, organizational structure, strategic tactics, and combat methods, fall more heavily on the “people” side. The more advanced high-tech equipment becomes, the more it requires human expertise to master and utilize it. In the era of intelligent warfare, greater emphasis must be placed on the importance of wisdom and strategy, relying more heavily on individuals equipped with the concepts and thinking of the intelligent era to direct and design operations. Therefore, promoting the evolution of warfare requires focusing on people as the decisive factor, fully integrating “people” and “weapons,” vigorously developing joint education within the context of intelligent warfare, and focusing on cultivating scientific and technical personnel and command personnel who meet the requirements of intelligent warfare.

現代國語：

近年來的世界局部戰爭和軍事衝突表明，現代戰爭實踐正逐步朝向資訊化智慧化形態演變。面對新一波軍事革命浪潮，為充分探究智慧化戰爭實踐演進規律，需要進一步釐清戰爭實踐演進的基礎支撐，充分評估戰爭實踐的技術優勢，找準推動當前戰爭實踐演進的重難。

智能化戰爭實踐的演進需要社會實踐基礎作為支撐

作為社會活動的重要組成部分，軍事活動與社會活動有著十分密切的關係。同樣，作為軍事活動的一種具體形式，戰爭實踐也不能離開社會實踐的大系統去孤立地考察。

生產力發展水準決定實踐演進的高度。戰爭實踐是人類社會實踐的一部分，始終與社會生產水準相適應。人類怎樣進行物質生產活動，往往就怎樣組織戰爭，人類從事戰爭的方式，反映了它們的生產方式。恩格斯提出，暴力的勝利是以武器生產為基礎的，而武器的生產又是以整個生產為基礎的。因此，伴隨生產力的發展，戰爭實踐手段也不斷發展。正如在冷兵器時代無法尋覓到一件資訊化時代武器一樣，在資訊化時代的戰場上也難以運用典型的冷兵器時代的武器。即使是資訊化時代生產的匕首，也已然不同於冷兵器時代的匕首，從合金成分比例到鍛造造成型技術，它本身蘊含了資訊化時代的工藝水平，屬於資訊化時代的武器。

生產關係系統變化影響實踐演進的結果。作為一種特殊形式的社會實踐，戰爭實踐發展變化緊緊圍繞著社會實踐演進方向和速度。也就是說，一場戰爭實踐變革背後，也同步進行著相似的社會變革實踐，需要伴隨整個生產關係的系統變革完成才能成功。馬克思精闢地指出，在一切社會形式中都有一種一定的生產決定其他一切生產的地位和影響，因而它的關係也決定其他一切關係的地位和影響，這是一種普照的光，它掩蓋了一切其他色彩，改變著它們的特點。過於超越時代的戰爭實踐設想，往往會因缺乏符合同時代社會實踐發展所匹配的軟硬體支撐而難以成功。例如聯合作戰概念很難在冷兵器時代出現，即使有軍事理論家先驗地預想到這種理念，也無法在實踐中運用。而現代聯合作戰實踐其實正是社會化聯合大生產在軍事上的縮影。因此，設計戰爭應回歸社會實踐本身，從中尋找靈感與鏡像。若忽略生產關係的整體發展水平，超前設計智慧化時代戰爭場景，將可能使場景目標變得科幻化、遊戲化和虛構化。

智能化戰爭實踐的勝利效果需要戰爭的進一步檢驗

戰爭實踐演進的目標總是瞄準提高作戰優勢和勝利效果展開，然而這並不意味著演進過程會自然指向這一目標。有時候在戰爭實踐變革初期，其致勝效果並不明顯，需要在發展的過程中持續評估各種作戰手段的效果。

先發優勢不等於戰場上的必勝之勢。毫無疑問，誰先掌握了最新戰爭制勝機理，誰就能夠憑藉技戰術優勢掌握戰場主動權，但這種先發優勢並不會必然導致戰爭最終勝利。先發優勢的確對贏得戰爭有巨大影響，但戰爭實踐發展史表明，技戰術先發優勢會被其他方面的失誤或劣勢抵消。在第二次世界大戰中，率先掌握了機械化戰爭制勝機理的德軍，儘管在西線歐洲戰場以及東線蘇德戰場的最初較量中獲得了優勢，然而這種初始優勢很快因其戰略上的失誤以及總體實力上的劣勢而被消耗殆盡。

先發優勢難以構成絕對的壓倒性態勢。在全球化時代，人類社會實踐緊密相連，一個國家或地區的技術創新很快就會被外溢傳播，所以智慧化時代的技戰術優勢往往是短期局域性的，一個國家或一個地區很難形成長期全局性的壟斷式領先。目前，網路通訊技術迅速發展，讓人類空前地彼此接近。同樣，在智慧化戰爭實踐中，各類先進偵察手段將不斷洞穿作戰雙方的保密堡壘，有時一種新型武器出現以後，其製衡性武器或手段很快會被發明創造出來。

智能化優勢未必造成最佳作戰局勢。從目前來看，戰爭實踐的智慧化含量尚未成為影響戰爭勝負的決定因素。目前，智慧化戰爭實踐尚處於不成熟的萌芽期，戰爭制勝機理有待深入研究，許多裝備有待進一步開發驗證，各類試驗性的戰爭預實踐有待進一步檢驗和完善。相較而言，資訊化戰爭實踐已相對成熟，各類武器裝備以及配套的戰役戰術手段已趨於穩定，資訊化作戰方式仍有很大應用空間。因此在戰爭實踐演進中，要在不斷創新智慧化戰爭實踐手段的同時，充分發展資訊化戰爭實踐的作戰潛能。

智能化戰爭實踐的發展變革需要人與技術綜合推動

推動智慧化實踐演進的因素很多，需要在釐清發展支撐、評估作戰方式成效的前提下，綜合分析各類矛盾，抓住關鍵、區分要點，突顯人的主導作用。

技術變革是最活躍因素。科技是核心戰鬥力。作為戰爭實踐發展中最具革命性的因素，每一次重大科技創新都會對戰爭形態產生深遠影響。恩格斯曾指出，一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。但是，將智能化軍事革命等同於高新技術革命，以至於過於注重對智能化技術的強調，過於追求各類智能化武器的研發，無疑是沒能正確掌握智能化戰爭實踐的演進本質。科技雖然發揮重要作用，但並非起決定性的唯一因素，文化、政治以及人本身都在發揮作用。英國歷史學家傑瑞米·布萊克在《世界戰爭史》一書中不斷提醒讀者，不要掉進技術決定論的陷阱，不能簡單地把軍事史上所有重大變革都歸因於科技革新。

制度化創新是難點。為充分發揮好智慧化戰爭演進中的裝備作戰效能，需要將所有作戰要素凝聚為一個體系，將思想理論、作戰方式、編制體制、教育訓練等與軍事技術融為一體。著名軍事理論家杜普伊在《武器與戰爭的演變》一書中提出，無論兵器的殺傷力有多大提高，新兵器跟軍事戰術和編制的兼容統一，要比新兵器的發明和採用重要得多。裝備的優勢只有融入科學的組織形態，才能創造出最佳戰鬥力。從歷史實踐來看，英國是第一個擁有航空母艦和坦克的國家，但並不是成功引領機械化戰爭革命的國家。戰爭實踐變革中，最容易實現的是武器裝備的更新換代，但戰爭實踐全面創新需要在製度層面進行整體創新，形成整體效應。只有裝備更新而無制度變革的軍隊，是難以形成持久有效戰鬥力的，也無法真正引領戰爭實踐革命。

人與武器結合是關鍵。人是戰爭實踐的主體。在智慧化戰爭時代，人對戰爭實踐的決定性作用絲毫沒有改變，仍是推動戰爭實踐演進的主導。從人與武器這兩大範疇看，軍事技術比較屬於「武器」這一方面，而戰爭實踐中的其他要素，如軍事謀略、編制體制、組織結構、戰略戰術、作戰方式等則更屬於「人」這一方面。高新技術裝備越先進，越需要有人去掌握運用，智能化戰爭時代需要更多關注智慧和謀略的重要性，需要更多依靠具備智能化時代觀念和思維的人去指揮和設計。因此，推動戰爭實踐演進要聚焦人這一決定性要素，把「人」和「武器」充分結合起來，大力發展智能化戰爭背景下的聯合教育，聚力培養符合智能化戰爭要求的科技人才、指揮人才。 （沈文科 宋騰淵 岳明峰）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.xinhuanet.com/milpro/20250313/e495926c8f4d41f8bf0350a4c5b93f8e/c888.html

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Chinese Military Exclusive Requirements for Strategies & Tactics of People’s War in The New Era

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新時代中國軍隊對人民戰爭戰略戰術的獨特要求

現代英語：

Looking back on its glorious combat history, the People’s Army has consistently adhered to the absolute leadership of the Party, proposing and implementing a comprehensive set of strategies and tactics for people’s war. These strategies and tactics are a crucial weapon for the People’s Army to defeat the strong with the weak and to conquer the enemy. Over the past 98 years, with the changing times and evolving forms of warfare, the specific content and manifestations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war have continuously evolved. To confront the challenges of information-based and intelligent warfare, we must firmly grasp the essential requirements and value orientations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war amidst the rapidly evolving global trends and practices, unifying the inherently unchanging laws of conduct with the external realities of change, and continuously innovating and developing the strategies and tactics for people’s war in the new era.

President Xi Jinping emphasized that no matter how the situation develops, the magic weapon of people’s war must never be lost. However, we must grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of people’s war in the new era, innovate its content, methods and approaches, and unleash its overall power. Currently, facing profound challenges brought about by changes in science and technology, warfare, and our adversaries, we must not only inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of people’s war, but also be sensitive to changes, actively respond to them, and proactively seek change. We must accurately grasp the inherent requirements of the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, consciously update our thinking and concepts, and innovate strategic guidance, so that this magic weapon of defeating the enemy can be demonstrated on future battlefields.

Adhere to relying on the people and deeply rooted

In the long practice of revolutionary war, the people are the most profound force for victory. The people are the primary force behind the strategies and tactics of people’s war, a magic weapon for victory. People’s war has its roots deeply rooted in the people, and its confidence comes from the people. Regardless of how the times change or how the war evolves, relying closely on the people and fully mobilizing them will always be the fundamental condition and the only way to carry out people’s war. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires adhering to the mass perspective of history and the fundamental requirement that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory. We must integrate the traditional strategic advantages of people’s war with the mass line, broaden the sources of vitality for the strategies and tactics of people’s war, draw strategic wisdom and tactical methods from the people, and develop an intellectual advantage for people’s war in the new era. We must solidly carry out national defense education throughout the nation, continuously foster a strong sense of patriotism, inspire patriotism, strengthen awareness of potential dangers, and enhance national defense awareness. We must guide the masses to actively care about and support national defense, thereby infusing powerful spiritual strength into people’s war in the new era. We must focus on promoting high-quality population development, comprehensively improve the cultural, scientific, and innovative qualities of the entire population, accelerate the development of a modern human resource base of high quality, sufficient in volume, optimized in structure, and rationally distributed, and promote the shift of the dominant force in people’s war from quantitative to qualitative. Further improve the national defense mobilization system and mechanism, promote the establishment of a rapid response system that is connected with the national emergency response mechanism and integrated with the joint combat system, fully tap and gather the unlimited war potential contained in the people, and give full play to the resource aggregation and value-added effect.

Focus on overall planning and full-area offense and defense

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of people’s war require the comprehensive mobilization of diverse forces and resources in the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic, and military sectors, and the integrated use of various forms of struggle and methods of operation. This holistic approach compensates for local deficiencies and disadvantages, ultimately defeating powerful adversaries. Modern warfare is not only a fierce confrontation in the military sphere, but also a comprehensive struggle in the political, economic, and diplomatic spheres, exhibiting the distinct characteristics of hybrid warfare. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, we must establish a broad systemic mindset, relying on the national strategic system and supported by the joint operations system, explore the implementation methods of people’s war strategies and tactics, and win the total war of people’s war in the new era. We should fully leverage the advantages of the new national system, relying on the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, efficiently aggregate superior resources across the board, fully activate the country’s national defense potential, and weave various forces and resources into a network. We should integrate and plan the subsystems of people’s war, including leadership, organization, personnel, command, technology, equipment, and support, to maximize the effectiveness of holistic linkage and systemic operation, and achieve the maximum benefits of all-round effort and multiplied energy. We must strengthen comprehensive coordination across the physical, information, and social domains, focusing on seeking breakthroughs in new domains and new qualities, and making achievements in new dimensions such as unmanned warfare, human-machine collaborative warfare, network and electronic warfare, space and deep-sea warfare, and intelligent and autonomous warfare. Military and non-military means must be coordinated, integrating various forms of struggle, including political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and military. Comprehensive measures must be implemented to effectively wage diplomatic offensive and defensive battles, financial and trade battles, psychological defense battles, and public opinion and legal battles. We must leverage the combined effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes to effectively fight the political and military battles.

Strengthen active defense and take the initiative

Through the long practice of revolutionary warfare, the People’s Army has developed a comprehensive strategic philosophy of active defense, emphasizing, for example, the unity of strategic defense and offensive action in campaigns and battles, the principles of defense, self-defense, and preemptive strike, and the principle of “if no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will certainly offend.” Active defense is fundamentally defensive, its essence lies in activeness, and its inherent characteristic is proactiveness. Currently, profound changes have taken place in the international, national, and Party, military, and political landscapes. The strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era generally adhere to the fundamental principle of defense and are not aimed at hegemony, aggression, or oppression of other countries. Consequently, they will win the support and endorsement of the vast majority of the Chinese people, as well as the understanding and assistance of peace-loving and justice-loving countries and peoples around the world. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era must adapt to the times and circumstances. We must adhere to a defensive national defense policy, implement the military strategic guidelines of the new era, excel at observing and analyzing issues from a political perspective, and be adept at considering and applying strategies from regional and global perspectives to consolidate the political foundation for victory in people’s war. We must persist in neither provoking trouble nor fearing it, strengthen the regular and diversified use of military force, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, and while adhering to the strategic preemptive strike, we must not give up campaign and combat offensives under favorable conditions and when necessary. We must advance steadily, make progress within stability, and be proactive within stability, effectively shape the security situation, contain crises and conflicts, and firmly grasp the initiative in the struggle.

Highlight new quality dominance and technological empowerment

In the long practice of revolutionary warfare, while emphasizing that victory in war is primarily determined by people, not objects, the People’s Army has also placed great emphasis on the research and development of advanced military technology, particularly weaponry. Comrade Mao Zedong once emphasized that without modern equipment, it would be impossible to defeat the armies of imperialism. The technological content of modern warfare has undergone a qualitative leap, with advanced technologies and new weaponry such as artificial intelligence, big data, quantum computing, unmanned aerial vehicles, and brain control being widely applied in the military. While the people remain the decisive force in determining victory in war, the manifestation of this power has undergone significant changes. Science and technology are core combat power, and People’s War will place greater emphasis on the application of scientific and technological means and rely even more heavily on the wisdom and creativity of the people. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era should prioritize winning information-based and intelligent warfare. We should deeply study the essential characteristics, winning mechanisms, and strategies and tactics of high-end warfare, accelerate the shift from “winning by numbers” to “winning by talent,” and from “winning by manpower” to “winning by intelligence,” effectively enhance our ability to win through scientific and technological empowerment and digital intelligence, and truly unleash the crucial role of science and technology and talent in People’s War in the new era. We will accelerate the development of high-tech industries, vigorously strengthen the construction of new forces in new domains such as ocean, space, cyberspace, artificial intelligence, and quantum technology, increase military-civilian collaboration in high-tech fields, accelerate the transformation and application of new productive forces into new combat capabilities, and promote the expansion of war potential reserves into emerging fields and the focus on new forces. We will integrate and coordinate military and civilian scientific and technological advantages, shifting the focus from traditional support and guarantee elements such as human and material resources to new support and guarantee elements such as information, technology, and intelligence. We will build information, resource, and technology pools with profound foundations and rich reserves, actively cultivate capable, strong, and professional professional support units, and continuously expand the breadth and depth of people’s participation in the war and scientific and technological support.

Emphasis on flexibility, maneuverability, innovation and checks and balances

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of People’s War are highly flexible and maneuverable. Their most essential requirement is to prioritize self-reliance, attacking the enemy without being attacked by them. Based on the actual situation of both sides, we fight the battles based on our weapons, against the enemy, and at the right time and place. We identify the enemy’s weaknesses and vulnerabilities, leverage our strengths and advantages, and defeat the enemy with our own strengths, always seizing the initiative on the battlefield. Flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for defeating an enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment. “You fight yours, I fight mine” is a summary and generalization of the long-term experience of China’s revolutionary war and the soul and essence of the strategies and tactics of People’s War. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era must grasp the methodological requirements of asymmetric checks and balances, leverage innovative operational concepts, adhere to the mechanisms of victory in modern warfare, and continuously develop practical and effective tactics to defeat the enemy. We must proceed from the actual circumstances of both sides, gaining a deep understanding of operational missions, adversaries, and the evolving operational environment. We must thoroughly grasp the concepts, elements, and methods of victory, objectively analyze and study the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of both sides, know the enemy and ourselves, adapt to the situation, and flexibly utilize various combat forces and methods, striving to achieve maximum results at the lowest cost. We must adhere to the principle of “attacking the enemy without being attacked by them,” capitalize on strengths and avoid weaknesses, avoid the real and attack the weak, attack where the enemy is least prepared, and attack where they must be defended. We must proactively create opportunities, flexibly maneuver the enemy, and fight wherever we are most advantageous and wherever we are most skilled. We must adhere to the principle of “using what we can to defeat what we cannot,” advancing the research and application of military theory, operational guidance, tactics, and training methods in a timely manner, innovating core operational concepts, and developing new types of combat methods. We must fight against the enemy’s tactics, targeting their weaknesses, and leveraging our military’s strengths, thus creating new winning advantages in people’s war through asymmetric checks and balances.

Emphasis on accumulating small things into big things and focusing on unity of purpose

Throughout the long practice of revolutionary warfare, our army has been at an overall disadvantage for considerable periods. Therefore, the strategies and tactics of people’s war emphasize leveraging strength against weakness locally, persisting in accumulating small victories into larger ones, and concentrating forces to wage annihilation campaigns. This has become a key strategy for the people’s army to defeat powerful foes. Compared to previous eras, modern warfare often unfolds across multiple dimensions and domains, providing greater scope for implementing this strategy of “accumulating small victories into larger ones.” Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires strengthening the concept of “dispersed in appearance, yet focused in spirit; dispersed in form, yet united in strength.” This involves dynamically consolidating and uniting the numerous combat forces distributed across the multidimensional battlefield. Through the fusion of capabilities and immediate optimization, we can launch rapid localized focused-energy attacks, wide-area guerrilla harassment, and deliver annihilating and destructive strikes against key enemy locations. This not only creates a hammering effect, but also continuously wears down the enemy, gradually depriving them of the initiative on the battlefield. This highly integrated distributed warfare emphasizes the wide-area dispersion of troop deployment and the discrete distribution of capabilities. Based on the needs of achieving operational intent, objectives, and missions, it prioritizes the best operational elements, units, and forces. Through the integration of operational capabilities and the accumulation of operational impacts, it aggregates optimal operational effects, unleashes maximum operational potential, maximizes operational effectiveness, and achieves optimal operational results. This distributed warfare has evolved from “geographical dispersion” to “dynamic coupling across all domains and dimensions”: no longer limited to the physical dispersion of personnel and equipment, it extends to multi-dimensional battlefields such as cyber, electromagnetic, and cognitive. Relying on data links, artificial intelligence, and distributed command systems to achieve cross-domain collaboration, it significantly enhances battlefield survivability and multiplies strike effectiveness.

現代國語：

編者按

回望輝煌戰鬥歷程，人民軍隊始終堅持在黨的絕對領導下，提出並實施了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊以弱勝強、克敵制勝的重要法寶。 98年來，隨著時代變遷和戰爭形態演變，人民戰爭戰略戰術的具體內容和表現形式不斷發展變化。直面資訊化智慧化戰爭挑戰，我們要在快速變化發展的世界大勢和實踐樣態中，牢牢把握人民戰爭戰略戰術的本質要求和價值取向，把內在不變的規律性特徵與外在變化的現實性特徵統一起來，不斷創新發展新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

習主席強調指出，無論形勢如何發展，人民戰爭這個法寶永遠不能丟，但要把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求，創新內容和方式方法，充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。當前，面對科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變帶來的深刻挑戰，我們既要繼承發揚人民戰爭優良傳統，也要敏銳識變、積極應變、主動求變，準確把握新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術內在要求，自覺更新思維理念，創新戰略指導，讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威未來戰場。

堅持依靠人民、深根基

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民群眾是戰爭勝利最深厚的偉力。人民戰爭戰略戰術，人民是構成這一制勝法寶的主體，人民戰爭的根基深植於人民、底氣來自於人民，無論時代如何發展、戰爭如何演進，緊緊依靠人民、充分動員群眾，永遠是開展人民戰爭的基礎條件和不二法門。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須堅持群眾史觀和兵民是勝利之本的根本要求，把人民戰爭的傳統謀略優勢和群眾路線結合起來，拓展人民戰爭戰略戰術的源頭活水，從人民群眾中汲取戰略智慧和策略方法，形成新時代人民戰爭的智力優勢。札實開展全民防衛教育，不斷厚植家國情懷，激發愛國動力，強化憂患意識，增強國防觀念，引導廣大群眾主動關心國防事業、支持國防建設，為新時代人民戰爭注入強大精神力量。聚力推進人口高品質發展，全面提升全民文化素質、科技素質和創新能力，加速塑造素質優良、總量充裕、結構優化、分佈合理的現代化人力資源，推動人民戰爭主體由數量優勢向質量優勢轉變。進一步完善國防動員體制機制，推動建立與國家應急響應機制相銜接、與聯合作戰體系相融合的快速響應制度，把內含於人民群眾中的無限戰爭潛力充分挖掘出來、聚攏起來，充分發揮資源集聚增值效應。

注重整體運籌、全域攻防

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民戰爭戰略戰術要求整體動員政治、經濟、文化、外交、軍事等多方面的力量資源，綜合運用多種鬥爭形式和作戰方式，以整體合力彌補局部的不足和劣勢，從而戰勝強大對手。現代戰爭既是軍事領域的激烈對抗，也是政治、經濟、外交等領域的全面角力，整體呈現混合戰爭的鮮明特徵。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須確立大體系思維模式，以國家戰略體係為依托，以聯合作戰體係為支撐，探索人民戰爭戰略戰術的實現形式，打贏新時代人民戰爭總體戰。應充分發揮新型舉國體制優勢，依託一體化國家戰略體系與能力，高效能聚合全域優勢資源，全方位激活國家國防潛力，將各種力量資源擰線成繩、結繩成網，把人民戰爭的領導要素、組織要素、人員要素、指揮要素、技術要素、裝備要素、保障要素等分系統結合起來，統合、統合方式要加強物理域、資訊域、社會域等領域全面統籌，重點在新域新質上尋求突破，在無人作戰、人機協同作戰、網電作戰、太空深海作戰、智慧自主作戰等新維度有所作為。軍事與非軍事手段相互配合，把政治、經濟、外交、輿論和軍事鬥爭等多種形式結合起來，綜合施策著力打好外交攻防戰、金融貿易戰、心理防護戰、輿論法理戰等，發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能，統籌打好政治軍事仗。

強化積極防禦、主動進取

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想，如堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰斗上進攻的統一，堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則，堅持“人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人”，等等。積極防禦，根本在防禦、要義在積極，主動進取是其內在特質。當前，世情國情黨情軍情發生深刻變化，新時代人民戰爭的戰略戰術在總體上堅持防禦性的根本原則，不以霸道霸權和侵略欺壓他國為目的，因此也會贏得國內最廣大人民群眾擁護和支持以及世界上愛好和平與正義的國家和人民的理解和幫助。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，須應時而變、應勢而動。堅持奉行防禦性國防政策，貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針，善於從政治高度出發觀察和分析問題，善於從地區和全球視角來思考和運用策略，夯實人民戰爭制勝的政治基礎。堅持不惹事也不怕事，加強軍事力量常態化多樣化運用，堅定靈活開展軍事鬥爭，在堅持戰略上後發製人的同時，不放棄有利條件下和必要時的戰役戰鬥進攻，穩紮穩打、穩中有進、穩中有為，有效塑造安全態勢，遏止危機沖突，牢牢把握爭鬥主動權。

突顯新質主導、科技賦能

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民軍隊在強調決定戰爭勝負的主要因素是人而不是物的同時，同樣高度重視對先進軍事技術特別是武器裝備的研發。毛澤東同志就曾強調，沒有現代的裝備，要戰勝帝國主義的軍隊是不可能的。現代戰爭的科技含量發生了質的飛躍，人工智慧、大數據、量子計算、無人自主、腦控等高新技術與新型武器裝備廣泛應用於軍事領域。雖然人民群眾依然是戰爭勝負的決定性力量，但是這種力量的表現形式發生了重要變化。科技是核心戰鬥力，人民戰爭將更重視科技手段的運用，更依賴人民群眾的智慧和創造力。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，應把打贏資訊化智能化戰爭作為戰爭準備的著眼點，深研高端戰爭的本質特徵、制勝機理、戰略戰法，加速推動從「人多製勝」向「人才制勝」、從「人力製勝」向「智力製勝」轉變，切實提高新科技賦能、數智者發揮勝利能力、數智性的科技人才、新人民主義中的關鍵人民發揮作用。加速推進高新產業發展，大力加強海洋、太空、網路空間、人工智慧、量子科技等新域新質力量建設，加大高新技術領域軍地協作力度，加速新質生產力向新質戰鬥力轉化運用，推動戰爭潛力儲備向新興領域拓展、向新質力量聚焦。聚合協同軍地科技優勢，由聚焦人力物力等傳統支撐保障要素向聚焦資訊、技術、智慧等新質支撐保障要素轉變，建設底蘊深厚、儲備豐富的資訊池、資源池、技術池，積極打造精幹強能、專業性強的專業支前分隊，不斷拓展人民參戰與科技支前的廣度與深度。

講究靈活機動、創新制衡

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民戰爭戰略戰術是高度靈活機動的戰略戰術，最本質的要求是堅持以我為主，致人而不致於人，根據敵我雙方的實際情況，有什麼武器打什麼仗，對什麼敵人打什麼仗，在什麼時間地點打什麼時間地點的仗，找準敵之弱點和軟肋，發揚我之長主動和優勢，能永遠不能掌握戰場。靈活機動的戰略戰術是以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的致勝法寶。 “你打你的、我打我的”，是中國革命戰爭長期經驗的總結和概括，是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須掌握非對稱制衡的方法論要求，以作戰概念創新為抓手，遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，不斷推出實用管用的克敵制勝招法。堅持一切從敵我雙方的實際情況出發，深刻洞悉作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境變化，深刻把握制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發展，客觀分析研究敵我雙方的強弱、優劣，知彼知己、因勢而變，靈活運用各種作戰力量和作戰方法，努力以最小代價取得最大戰果。堅持“致人而不致於人”，揚長避短、避實就虛，出其不趨、攻其必救，主動創造戰機，靈活調動敵人，怎麼有利就怎麼打，怎麼擅長就怎麼打。堅持“以能擊不能”，與時俱進推進軍事理論、作戰指導、戰法訓法研究運用，創新核心作戰概念，發展新質作戰手段，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在非對稱制衡中創造人民戰爭新的製勝優勢。

重視積小為大、神聚力合

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，我軍在相當長的時間內都是處於全局上的劣勢地位，所以人民戰爭戰略戰術重視局部上以強對弱，堅持積小勝為大勝，集中力量打殲滅戰，這成為人民軍隊戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開，為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要強化「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的理念，將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，通過效能融合、即時聚優，實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾，對敵分佈的要點實施殲這種神聚力合的分散式作戰更強調兵力部署廣域分散、能力狀態離散分佈，根據實現作戰企圖、達成作戰目的、遂行作戰任務需要，優選最佳作戰要素、單元、力量，通過作戰能力融合、行動作用累積，聚合最優作戰效應，激發最大作戰潛能，實現作戰效益最大化，達成最佳作戰效果。這種分散式作戰已經從「地理空間的分散」上升為「全局全維的動態耦合」：不再局限於人員裝備在物理空間的分散，而是拓展到網絡、電磁、認知等多維戰場；依託數據鏈、人工智能和分佈式指揮系統實現跨域協同，既極大提升了戰場生存力，又倍增了打擊效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2025-08-01&paperNumber=07&articleid=960384888

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Information Support Force, Strategic Support Forces

Space and the Internet China’s Battlegrounds for Military Strategists: Discussion of Mysterious Strategic Support Force Capabilities of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army

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太空與互聯網 中國軍事戰略家的戰場：探討中國人民解放軍神秘的戰略支援部隊能力

現代英語：

With the continuous advancement of space technology and the rapid spread of the Internet world, space and the Internet have almost become a battleground for military strategists. America Establish a space force Japan A Space Operations Team was established, the Russian Air Force was renamed the Aerospace Forces, and the French Air Force followed suit and incorporated into the mission establishment of space operations. And China Then established Strategic Support Force , and after the Rocket Force, it became the fifth largest service branch of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army.

Simply put, the Strategic Support Force has jurisdiction over new areas such as space, electromagnetism, and the Internet that are not part of the traditional land, sea, and air battlefields. In addition to focusing on the development of space combat capabilities, it also brings together electronic combat units, cyber offensive and defensive units and intelligence reconnaissance systems scattered across various services in the past to establish a unified command system and integrate these different fields. Its most important purpose is to use this new non-traditional combat method to support front-line troops and gain future battlefield advantages.

Since China is an opaque country and the People’s Liberation Army has always been mysterious, the outside world’s understanding of strategic support forces is still very limited. However, judging from the publicly available information, the Strategic Support Force has several main components, including the “Space Systems Department”, “Cyber Systems Department”, “Political Work Department” and related administrative units, which are responsible for “space development”, “electronic confrontation”, “cyber offensive and defensive”, “cognitive operations”, and “intelligence reconnaissance” respectively.

The PLA’s Strategic Support Force: Space Development Contending with the United States

The “Aerospace Systems Department” responsible for “space development” has jurisdiction over the past satellite research, production, launch, and ground control centers, and is currently the backbone of China’s development of space combat capabilities. It is mainly divided into three major directions, covering space image reconnaissance, anti-satellite operations, and the construction and maintenance of navigation and communication satellite systems. It also uses a large number of “military-civilian integration” strategies, uses civilian use as cover, and introduces, steals or imitates space technology from European and American countries. For military purposes. For example, general civilian communication satellites are also of great help to the People’s Liberation Army’s drone development or combat communications.

The best examples are Beidou satellite This space navigation system independently developed by China has now developed into the third generation, and its signal service scope covers the world. Although the Beidou satellite has high commercial value, it is widely used in automobile navigation, maritime shipping, land surveying, etc. But more importantly, in the military field, it can significantly increase the PLA’s missile accuracy, assist troops and military unmanned vehicles in positioning and navigation, and become the basis for information-based joint operations together with communication satellites. Leaving the strategic support force responsible for maintaining and operating these satellite systems will undoubtedly further coordinate with the People’s Liberation Army’s combat tasks and development direction, and can also ensure the safety of these satellites.

In addition, China has frequently launched various resource detection and scientific research satellites in recent years, many of which are suspected to be related to military purposes. Like Ocean Satellite Series , ostensibly used for ocean research, but because this series of satellites has the ability to monitor, identify and track maritime targets, it is also a powerful weapon for the People’s Liberation Army to carry out anti-access operations at sea in the future, and will have a great impact on China’s control of disputed waters such as the South China Sea and the East China Sea. Great help. Another series High-score satellite It has reconnaissance capabilities. Although it is euphemistically used for resource protection and improving land planning efficiency, it is actually an out-and-out spy satellite. More than 20 have been launched into space.

China’s strategic support forces not only operate and protect their own satellites, but are also actively studying how to attack other countries’ satellites. For example, China’s long-term development of kinetic energy series anti-satellite weapons has successfully shot down abandoned Chinese satellites. In recent years, China has continuously tested new anti-ballistic missile systems and is also considered to have the ability to attack space satellites. The recently launched Shijian-21 satellite was also found in space orbit, directly grabbing a retired Beidou navigation satellite with a robotic arm, towing it to a higher orbit and discarding it, which attracted the attention of foreign media. Beautiful National Army General Fang has long stated in his testimony before Congress that China has the ability to use these technologies to destroy American satellites during wartime and compete with the United States on the space battlefield.

PLA’s Strategic Support Force: Capturing the Advantage of the Cyber Area

The “Network Systems Department” responsible for “electronic operations” and “cyber offensive and defensive” was restructured from the electronic listening and electronic warfare units of the past, and integrated the network forces established in recent years to specialize in electromagnetic space and virtual space. offensive and defensive. In terms of electronic warfare, it is divided into two parts: passive electronic signal interception and analysis, and active interference destruction. The two are actually two sides of the same coin. For example, the J-16D and J-15D electric fighters of the Chinese Air Force are equipped with electronic warfare systems that rely on electronic reconnaissance aircraft and electronic signal intelligence collected by spy ships on weekdays. Because this information will be analyzed by the “Network Systems Department” to develop countermeasures and interference methods, it has become a key basis for electronic warfare systems to launch attacks.

Cyber warfare is the latest and hottest field, and China is also developing very vigorously in this regard. On more than one occasion, the United States has directly accused hackers related to the People’s Liberation Army of hacking into sensitive units to steal data. In this information age, it has long been common to use the far-reaching characteristics of the Internet to carry out theft, destruction and psychological warfare. The theft of data online is not limited to military secrets, but is more about business technology and even personal privacy. It is not news that China systematically steals foreign information on a large scale to assist domestic technological development. It is a common method to use stealing the privacy of overseas dissidents or officials to achieve the purpose of threatening and inducing.

In addition to stealing information in peacetime, in wartime, you can directly attack the enemy’s infrastructure through the Internet. Such as electricity, communications, water supply and transportation networks, etc., to create chaos, slow down the enemy’s response speed and counterattack ability, and even supplement it with psychological warfare to disintegrate the enemy’s will to resist. Take the recent conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan as an example. After the war broke out, the two countries continued to publish videos of destroying each other’s fighter planes or armored vehicles on the Internet, supplemented by news that it was difficult to distinguish between true and false, in order to boost each other’s morale. This new model of “cognitive warfare” has received more and more attention as the Internet spreads pervasively.

The use of psychological warfare to achieve military or political goals has been a common tactic since ancient times, and China is particularly good at using united front methods. It can even be said to be one of the keys to the People’s Liberation Army’s victory in the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. In recent years, the tactic of integrating public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, and legal warfare has been developed, referred to as the “Three Wars”, and is also written into the political and labor regulations of the People’s Liberation Army. Its highest command unit is the “Political Work Department” of the Central Military Commission. The “Political Work Department” of the Strategic Support Force accepts orders from superiors to monitor the troops internally and ensure the loyalty of personnel. To the outside world, it uses its own satellite communication channels and electronic warfare. Interference and destruction technology, online public opinion guidance skills, etc. to support the “Three Wars”. Various infiltrations were carried out at the same time to carry out “intelligence reconnaissance” work.

Increase alertness to new combat modes

This new war, which combines information gathering, destruction and theft, public opinion infiltration, and cognitive warfare, is something we have never seen before. From state-of-the-art space and electronics to the oldest gossip, everything is used to help frontline combat forces gain an advantage. At the same time, the Strategic Support Force also has jurisdiction over the “Strategic Support Force Aerospace Engineering University” and the “Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University”, merging many colleges and universities in the past to cultivate talents for the “Aerospace Systems Department” and “Network Systems Department”. And use these academic units to develop the latest tactics and tactics. The threat to Taiwan cannot be underestimated.

Such as a few that have been exposed Strategic Support Force Base 311 Fuzhou City, located in Fujian Province, is responsible for conducting the People’s Liberation Army’s “Three Wars”. It is only separated from Taiwan by one water, and the targets it targets are self-evident. In addition to preventing regular military attacks, Taiwan must also be more vigilant against this new form of aggression. In recent years, the National Army has also actively developed this invisible combat power and established the “Information and Telecommunications Army”, which is responsible for operations in the fields of network, communications, electronic warfare and other fields, and is positioned as the fourth service. However, due to national strength, it has not been able to invest significantly in the space field. In addition, Taiwan is a democratic country, and the military is unable to use the Internet to develop public opinion warfare and psychological warfare, which puts Taiwan at a great disadvantage in this competition.

China’s strategic support forces support front-line combat forces from various fields. This concept is worth learning from Taiwan, because although the government’s slogan of “National Defense for All” is often shouted at sky-high prices, ministries other than the Ministry of National Defense often lack the concept of enemy situation and fail to think about whether it will have an impact on national security when formulating policies.

Hybrid warfare in the new era is a battlefield everywhere and is no longer something that the Ministry of National Defense can deal with or deal with alone. Taiwanese society faces a huge threat from the enemy, but its failure to establish a universal national defense concept is really frustrating, let alone integrate resources and provide strategic support to the national army.

現代國語：

隨著太空技術的不斷進步、網路世界的快速普及，太空與網路幾乎已成為兵家必爭之地。美國設立太空軍，日本設立宇宙作戰隊，俄羅斯空軍更名為航空太空軍，法國空軍也隨之跟進，納入太空作戰的任務編制。而中國則成立戰略支援部隊，並在火箭軍之後，成為中國人民解放軍的第五大軍種。

簡單來說，戰略支援部隊管轄太空、電磁、網路等不屬於傳統陸、海、空戰場的全新領域。除了重點發展的太空戰力，還匯集過去散布於各軍種的電子作戰部隊、網路攻防單位與情報偵察系統，以建立統一的指揮體系，整合這些不同領域。其最重要的目的，是利用這種新型態的非傳統作戰方式，來支援第一線部隊，取得未來戰場上的優勢。

由於中國是個不透明的國家，解放軍也一向神秘，因此外界對於戰略支援部隊的瞭解仍非常有限。但從可以公開取得的資料來看，戰略支援部隊擁有幾個主要組成部分，包括「航天系統部」、「網路系統部」、「政治工作部」與相關行政單位，分別負責「太空發展」、「電子對抗」、「網路攻防」、「認知作戰」、「情報偵察」五大方面。

解放軍的戰略支援部隊：與美國抗衡的太空發展

負責「太空發展」的「航天系統部」，下轄過去的衛星研究、生產、發射、地面控制中心，是目前中國發展太空戰力的骨幹。主要分為三大方向，涵蓋太空影像偵察、反衛星作戰、導航與通信衛星系統的建置與維護，並大量運用「軍民融合」策略，以民用為掩護，引進、竊取或仿製歐美等國的太空技術，用於軍事用途。例如一般的民用通訊衛星，對於解放軍的無人機發展或作戰通訊也有極大的助益。

最好的例子是北斗衛星，這套中國自行研發的太空導航系統，目前已經發展到第三代，訊號服務範圍涵蓋全球。雖然北斗衛星擁有很高的商業價值，在汽車導航、海上航運、土地測量等方面用途廣泛。但更重要的是在軍用領域，能大幅增加解放軍的飛彈精確度，協助部隊與軍用無人載具進行定位與導航，並與通訊衛星一起成為資訊化聯合作戰的基礎。交由戰略支援部隊來負責維護與操作這些衛星系統，無疑能進一步配合解放軍的作戰任務與發展方向，也可確保這些衛星的安全。

此外，中國近年來頻繁發射各種資源探測與科學研究衛星，許多都被懷疑與軍事用途有關。如海洋衛星系列，表面上用於海洋研究，但由於這一系列衛星具備監視、識別與追蹤海上目標的能力，也是解放軍未來在海上執行反介入作戰的利器，對中國控制南海、東海等爭議海域，有極大的助益。另一系列的高分衛星，具備偵照能力，雖然美其名是用於資源保護，提升國土規劃效率，但其實是不折不扣的間諜衛星，已發射二十餘枚進入太空之中。

中國的戰略支援部隊不止操作與保護自己的衛星，也正在積極研究如何攻擊別國的衛星。如中國長期發展的動能系列反衛星武器，已成功擊落過廢棄的中國衛星，而中國近年來不斷測試新型的反彈道飛彈系統，也被認為有攻擊太空衛星的能力。最近剛發射的實踐21號衛星，還被發現在太空軌道中，直接以機械手臂抓取一顆退役的北斗導航衛星，拖往更高的軌道上丟棄，引起國外媒體的關注。美國軍方將領在國會作證時早已表示，中國有能力運用這些技術，於戰時破壞美國的衛星，在太空戰場上與美國分庭抗禮。

解放軍的戰略支援部隊：奪得網路區域的優勢

負責「電子作戰」與「網路攻防」的「網路系統部」，是由過去的電子監聽與電戰單位改制而來，並整合近年來設立的網路部隊，專精電磁空間與虛擬空間的攻防。在電子作戰方面，分為被動的電子訊號截收與分析，與主動的干擾破壞兩大部分，兩者其實是一體兩面。如中國空軍的殲-16D、殲-15D電戰機，配備的電戰系統，就仰賴電子偵察機與間諜船平日所蒐集的電子訊號情報。因為這些資料會交由「網路系統部」進行分析，以研發出反制與干擾的辦法，成為電戰系統發動攻擊時的關鍵依據。

網路戰則是最新、最熱門的領域，中國在這方面也有非常蓬勃的發展。美國已經不只一次，直接指控與解放軍有關的駭客，入侵敏感單位竊取資料。在這個資訊時代，利用網路無遠弗屆的特性，來進行竊取、破壞與心理戰，早已屢見不鮮。網路竊取資料並不侷限於軍事機密，更多的是商業技術，甚至是個人的隱私。中國有計畫地大規模竊取國外資訊，以協助國內的科技發展，並不是什麼新聞。利用竊取海外異議分子或官員的隱私，來達成威脅利誘的目的，更是常見的手法。

除了在承平時期竊取資訊外，在戰時則可直接透過網路，攻擊敵方的各項基礎設施。如電力、通訊、供水與交通網等，以製造混亂，拖慢敵方的應變速度與反擊能力，甚至輔以心理戰，瓦解敵方的抵抗意志。以近期亞美尼亞與亞塞拜然的衝突為例，兩國在戰事爆發後，不斷把擊毀對方戰機或裝甲車的影片公布在網路上，輔以真假難辨的消息，以打擊對方的士氣。這種「認知作戰」的新模式，已隨著網路傳播的無孔不入，越來越受到重視。

利用心理戰來達成軍事或政治目的，是自古以來很常見的戰術，而中國又特別擅長運用統戰手段，甚至可以說是國共內戰中，解放軍致勝的關鍵之一。在近年來更發展出整合輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰的戰術，簡稱為「三戰」，還寫入解放軍的政工條例中。其最高指揮單位是中央軍委會的「政治工作部」，戰略支援部隊的「政治工作部」接受上級命令，對內監控部隊，確保人員的忠誠，對外則利用本身所掌握的衛星通訊傳播管道、電戰干擾破壞技術、網路輿論引導技巧等，來支援「三戰」。同時進行各種滲透，執行「情報偵察」工作。

提高對全新作戰模式的警覺

這種結合資訊情蒐、破壞竊取、輿論滲透、認知作戰的全新戰爭，是我們過去所未曾見過的。從最先進的太空與電子技術，到最古老的流言蜚語，無所不用其極地協助第一線作戰部隊取得優勢。同時，戰略支援部隊還下轄「戰略支援部隊航天工程大學」與「戰略支援部隊信息工程大學」，合併過去多所院校，專為「航天系統部」與「網路系統部」培養人材。並利用這些學術單位，發展最新的戰術戰法，對台灣的威脅不容小覷。

如少數已曝光的戰略支援部隊311基地，位於福建省的福州市，負責進行解放軍的「三戰」，與台灣只有一水之隔，所針對的目標已不言可喻。台灣除了要防範正規的軍事攻擊，對於這種新形態的侵略，更要提高警覺。國軍近年來也積極發展這種看不見的戰力，成立「資通電軍」，負責網路、通訊、電戰等領域的作戰，並定位為第四軍種。但受限於國力，未能大幅投資太空領域，再加上台灣是個民主國家，軍方無法利用網路來發展輿論戰、心理戰，都讓台灣在這場競爭中處於極不利的處境。

中國的戰略支援部隊，從各個領域來支援第一線的作戰部隊，這樣的概念值得台灣學習，因為政府「全民國防」的口號雖然常喊得震天價響，但國防部以外的部會，卻往往缺少敵情觀念，在擬定政策時未能思考是否會對國家安全造成衝擊。

新時代的混合式戰爭，無處不是戰場，早已經不是國防部可以獨自應付或處理的。台灣社會面臨巨大的敵情威脅，卻未能建立普遍的國防觀念，實在令人扼腕，更遑論整合資源，給予國軍戰略支援了。

中國原創軍事資源：https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/120873/6088490

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #耗散戰爭, Chinese Military Informatization, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 耗散戰爭

Dissipation Conflict: The Typical Methodology of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

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耗散衝突：中國軍事智慧化戰爭的典型方法論

現代英語：

Wang Ronghui

Introduction

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread military application, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, while dissipative warfare has become a typical way of intelligent warfare. The so-called “dissipative warfare” refers to the combat method in which an intelligent warfare system achieves a comprehensive combat capability that integrates material consumption, energy release and information diffusion by enriching and integrating internally and suddenly emerging externally. Strengthening research on dissipative warfare will help us deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipation warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain in the intelligent era. It is reflected in the high degree of unity in the form of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the intelligent warfare system. The openness, complexity and emergence of.

Adapting to the requirements of the security situation in the intelligent era. Entering the era of intelligence, technologies such as wide networks, big data, large models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and ethnic groups are even broader. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and become intertwined with traditional threats. Intelligent war subjects and categories have continued to expand, war time and space have continued to extend, and war and peace have followed each other like a shadow. And intertwined, the war system will further transcend local geographical restrictions, move from relatively closed to more open, and form a higher-level and larger-scale confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of intelligent warfare systems in the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, and highly unifies and incorporates political competitions, economic competitions, military offensive and defensive, cultural conflicts and diplomatic checks and balances into the category of confrontation between ourselves and the enemy, adapting to the world. The requirements of the times as the security situation develops.

In line with the objective laws of the evolution of the war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it was always in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only manifest itself in material consumption and energy. A certain form of dispersion and information diffusion. During the agricultural era, the forms of warfare were mainly represented by cold weapon warfare dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. During the industrialization era, the forms of warfare were mainly represented by thermonuclear weapons and mechanized warfare dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the age of informatization, the forms of warfare are mainly characterized by information warfare dominated by information elements and centered on the network information system. Entering the era of intelligence, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy. In essence, it highly unifies matter, energy and information. Through intelligent empowerment, intelligent energy gathering, and Intelligent energy release has formed an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms The main form of expression is dissipative warfare that reflects the confrontation of complex systems of intelligent warfare.

With solid support of philosophical theoretical foundation. Social form is the matrix of war form. To explore and understand intelligent war, we must comprehensively examine the evolution of war form and the social form in which intelligent war is located based on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, and build a new concept of war. and contextual system. From a philosophical point of view, matter, energy and information are the three elements that make up the world. Matter embodies the existence of origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The progressive alternation of the three dominates the evolution and operation of social forms and war forms. According to the negative principle of the negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent era after the information age, the elements that dominate society will take the turn of matter again after matter, energy, and information. However, this matter is formed after a highly informatized spiral. The main feature of new substances is that they have intelligent technical attributes. Thus, in essence, dissipative warfare is the highly unified nature of the intelligent element in terms of the characteristic advantages of matter, energy, and information in previous low-order war forms, and the highly unified nature of forms such as material consumption, energy release, and information diffusion prevalent in warfare, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inner essence of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the main body and scope of warfare, and presents many new features.

Antisynthetic game. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, and the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields become more interconnected and influence more widely, the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system, and the war stakeholders Confrontation will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offensive and defensive, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances The war superiority pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the requirements of openness, complexity and emergence of the war system, and shift from the extensive consumption and use of a single substance, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, striving to win initiative and advantage in a multi-field comprehensive game.

Subjects cross-domain multivariate. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming increasingly general, and the potential forces of war that traditional warfare needs to mobilize will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, institutions and personnel of all kinds, together with troops and servicemen fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the main body of the war. Diversified war subjects will span the real and virtual domains and appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, sky, electricity, and psychology, covering physical domains, information domains, cognitive domains, etc., and covering political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other social domains. For example, “civilians in society can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and transmit it to war stakeholders, causing the proliferation of key information about war, thereby affecting war decisions or the victory or defeat of a battle and battle”.

Enrichment. The virtual and real forces are one. Around the purpose of war, all possible real and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, performing duties and acting according to regulations on parallel battlefields; with or without force. Unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy after going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and human supervision, and can be deployed and combined with various types of manned forces on demand, effectively synergizing and coexisting in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multi-party forces are integrated. Based on the broad contacts in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, all parties, including the party, government, military, police and civilians, closely cooperate and act in a unified manner between military operations and political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion and legal struggles to form a comprehensive combat force. In short, under the integrated planning of countries or political groups, the diverse participating forces in intelligent warfare, although physically dispersed, can focus on common war purposes to achieve logical concentration, instant enrichment, complementary advantages, and integration.

Efficacy cumulative emergence. The high-order war forms, while having new qualitative technical characteristics, still include the characteristic advantages of the low-order war forms. Dissipation warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes both the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy levels, including through data, knowledge, algorithms at the information level. The diffusion and fusion of etc. have an unlimited impact on people’s thinking and cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, behavior patterns, etc. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare has shown a downward trend of bleeding, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflicts, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the role of various systems such as military, political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic systems continues to play, and the accumulation of effectiveness reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving sudden changes in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining war advantages.

Fight a good dissipative war in the “select the right combat focus”

By enriching and integrating internally, the intelligent warfare system suddenly emerges externally, increasing efficiency across domains, and dissipating intelligence to maximize the combat effectiveness of the system. This is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win the victory in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the combat focus of dissipative warfare, identify the focus of war preparations based on the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the openness of the system, closing off and isolating the opponent’s war system. To cut off the exchange of material, energy and information between the adversary’s war system and the outside battlefield environment, so that it lacks channels for the source of material, energy and information, and gradually moves towards isolation, closure and weakness. For example, “At the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system entropy to increase”. At the “campaign level”, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to comprehensively use soft and hard means to force the war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, it breaks down the adversary’s war system in different domains. The more and more closely connected the elements of an intelligent warfare system are, the less reliable the architecture will be. Using the principle that each layer in a complex system is relatively independent, strategic overall, campaign local and tactical action strategies can be formulated to achieve hierarchical and domain-based attack on the enemy’s war system. For example, “At the strategic level, the use of economic blockade greatly weakens the opponent’s war strength and development potential”. At the “campaign level”, we take advantage of the vulnerability of the combat system communication network, use network-to-electric composite attacks as the basic path and means, and use methods such as “destroying terminals, attacking elements, isolated groups, disconnecting networks, and breaking clouds” to break through the opponent’s combat system structure and promote The opponent’s war system “collapse”.

Focus on “system emergence and dismantle the system of evacuation of opponents”. Only when there are sudden changes and emergent effects in the intelligent warfare system can the system’s effectiveness be quickly formed and exerted, and the advantage of dissipative warfare be gained. It is not possible to form an emergence of advantages if only individual components or elements come into play. It is foreseeable that the current emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide new ways of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex systems of war, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society, the superior party in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a parallel confrontation method that combines virtuality and reality Achieving the purpose of dismantling the system of evacuation of enemy warfare.

現代國語：

王榮輝

引 言

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰，是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究，有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理，贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。

耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果

耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智能化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。

適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交織、社會開放、技術革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智能化戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更加開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了世界安全形勢發展的時代要求。

符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和信息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智能化時代，智能化技術將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能，形成了以智能要素為主導的、以智能算法為中心的智能化戰爭形態，主要表現為反映智能化戰爭體系即為反映智能化複雜體系的耗散戰。

具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度來看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現連結的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運作。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來，反映了智能化戰爭的典型特徵。

深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義

耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。

對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的軍事優勢不再僅限於戰爭優勢。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智能優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。

主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。

力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生；多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。

效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合，對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限量的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。

在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰

智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。

著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。

著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。

著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智能化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解敵方戰爭體系的目的。

中國原創軍事資源：

#cyber #warfare, #mosaic #warfare, #網路戰爭, #馬賽克 #戰爭

Chinese Military Operational Transition “Cyber Warfare” to “Mosaic Warfare”

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中國軍事行動從「網路戰」轉型為「馬賽克戰」

現代英語：

Theory is the precursor of action. Strengthening innovation in combat concepts and promoting innovation in combat guidance have always been important ways for militaries around the world to develop military advantages. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed cutting-edge combat theories such as “cyber warfare”“ and mosaic warfare”, in order to realize that the combat model “production relationship” can be more adapted to the development of combat capabilities “productivity”. Through comparative analysis of these two combat theories, the world can get a glimpse of the changes in the thinking of building the US military’s combat capabilities, especially the understanding of the winning mechanism “mosaic warfare”, so as to find targeted and effective checks and balances.

● From threat response to war design——

Active shaping and improvement of traction combat capability

“Threat-based ”or “capability-based” are two basic ways to build military combat capabilities.“ Threat-based ”reflecting demand traction and focusing on solving real-life problems in the near and medium term are the basic rules that the military should follow in building combat capabilities; “based on capabilities” embodying goal traction, aiming at future strategic missions, and supporting strategic concepts with new combat theories are the key to military combat capabilities. The only way to innovate and surpass. The development from “cyber warfare” to “mosaic warfare” reflects the differences and evolution of the internal laws of the above two approaches, and also reflects the changes in the thinking and concepts of the US military in promoting combat capability construction in recent years.

New changes in concept origin. Cyberspace was originally born to solve human communication needs. Later, it gradually evolved into a new combat domain independent of land, sea, air, and space. From this, a “cyber war” with the struggle for cyberspace control as the core was derived. In comparison, “mosaic warfare” is a new combat concept actively developed and designed by the US military in order to continue to maintain its strategic advantage and directly target competitors. Its formation process reflects the integration of demand traction and capability traction, and its strategy, initiative, and traction Sex is more prominent.

New ideas for the use of technology.“ Cyber warfare ”emphasis on supporting the transformation and implementation of combat concepts through the development of new generation technologies.“ Mosaic Warfare” breaks out of this model and does not place too much emphasis on the development of a new generation of equipment technology. It pays more attention to the rapid transformation of general military and civilian technologies and the incremental iteration of mature technologies. The basic idea is to build on existing equipment and follow the application concepts of service platforms such as online ride-hailing and crowdfunding development. Through module upgrades and intelligent transformation, various combat system units “mosaicization” will be transformed into single-function, flexible Assemble and replaceable “building blocks” or “pixels” to build a dynamically coordinated, highly autonomous, and seamlessly integrated combat system Embodied new technology-driven ideas.

Path Development New Design.“ Cyber warfare ”as a companion concept to the network space, wherever the network space develops, “cyber warfare” will follow suit. Generally speaking, “objective” material conditions will be considered first, and then “subjective” conceptual design will be carried out. It has strong dependence on path development.“ Mosaic warfare ”first from “subjective” to “objective”, by developing a force design model that can dynamically adjust the functional structure, it can adapt to different combat needs and changes in the battlefield environment.

It can be seen that “mosaic warfare” has clearer goals, more mature technology, and more reliable paths than previous combat concepts such as “cyber warfare”, reflecting the change in thinking actively shaped by the US military.

● From network center to decision center——

Group intelligence to achieve optimal system energy release

AI technology is a key variable in the information age and a core increment in the development of the “mosaic warfare” system.“ Cyber warfare ”emphasis on “network center”, “mosaic warfare” closely focuses on the core of artificial intelligence technology, adjusts the key to victory from “network center” to “decision-making center”, and changes the combat system structure from system level and platform level Joint transformation to functional level and factor level integration, seeking to fully gather energy in the network The “group intelligence technology” realizes the optimal release of the system and gives new connotation to the war winning mechanism in the intelligent era.

Use “fast” to control “slow” to seize the cognitive lead. In future wars, the battlefield situation will change rapidly, and the weight of time factors will continue to increase. “Fast” versus “Slow” can form a combat strike effect that is approximately dimensionally reduced.“ Mosaic War ” By using data information technology and artificial intelligence technology, we can improve the single-ring decision-making speed of our own “OODA” ring, expand the breadth of parallel decision-making, reduce the granularity of group decision-making, accelerate the progress of system operations, and create an overall one-step faster “First move” situation, aiming to firmly control the dominance of cognitive decision-making on the battlefield.

With “low” system “high”, we accumulate cost advantages. Different from the traditional combat concept of pursuing high-end weapon platforms, “mosaic warfare” focuses on using artificial intelligence technology to tap the potential and increase efficiency of existing weapon platforms and combat resources. By loading and operating intelligent algorithms and specific functional modules on many mid-to-low-end weapon platforms, it can achieve combat performance comparable to high-end weapon platforms, overall improving the cost-effectiveness ratio of the input and output of the weapon platform, thereby accumulating cost advantages.

To “disperse” control “gather” and seek sustainable survival. “ Mosaic Warfare ” emphasizes the adoption of decentralized ideas and asymmetric checks and balances, using an open system architecture, and decentralized configuration of various functions such as reconnaissance, positioning, communication, and strike on various manned/unmanned platforms to achieve power. Distributed deployment. At the same time, relying on intelligent algorithms to improve the self-organization, self-coordination, and independent attack capabilities of each platform to achieve dispersion and concentration of firepower. When some combat platforms are eliminated, interfered with or stripped away, the entire combat system can still operate normally, thereby enhancing the continued viability of the battlefield of the force cluster.

Use “movement” to control “stillness” to improve system flexibility. “ Mosaic warfare ” emphasizes further breaking through the barriers of various combat areas. By turning the fixed “kill chain” in different combat domains into a dynamically reconfigurable “kill net”, the “OODA” large ring is disassembled into small rings, and the single ring is differentiated into multiple rings. According to changes in combat processes and combat requirements, intelligent networking is relied on to realize the split-in-movement, call-in-movement and combination of combat forces. In this way, on the one hand, it can enhance the flexibility and adaptability of the combat system; on the other hand, it can also hedge and offset the node aggregation effect of complex networks, making it difficult for opponents to find key nodes to defeat their own systems.

“Mosaic warfare” provides a reference prototype for intelligent operations. But at the same time, as an idealized force design and application framework, “mosaic warfare” still needs closely related technical, doctrinal, policy and other supporting support. There is still a long way to go before it is fully realized, and it is consistent with traditional combat systems. The coexistence situation will exist for a long time.

● From factor integration to system restructuring——

Dynamic structure to enhance combat system flexibility

Structure and relationships often determine function and nature.“ Cyber warfare ”and “mosaic warfare” are built on the common material foundation of the information age and follow the same evolutionary paradigm, but the principles and effects of system construction are different.“ The system structure formed by cyber warfare” is statically deconstructable, while “mosaic warfare” dynamically combines functional units according to certain construction rules to form a flexible system structure with self-organizing and adaptive characteristics, similar to a “dynamic black box”, which is difficult to follow with conventional means. predict. And this flexible structure often “emerges” new capabilities to empower and increase effectiveness in the combat system.

The integrated development of network and cloud makes combat time and space more dynamic and malleable. The Internet and the cloud are the basic environment for the operation of the information combat system. They reshape the process elements of intelligence, accusation, strike, and support in traditional operations, and at the same time derive new combat time and space.“ Cyber warfare ”mainly focusing on network space, its combat time and space are relatively static.“ Mosaic warfare ” is not limited to a single combat space. Under the development trend of information infrastructure network following cloud movement and cloud network integration, tangible and intangible spaces can be further deep-linked. The boundaries between combat time and space are more flexible, and the allocation of combat resources is more flexible, the combat system structure is more dynamic.

Data flows across domains, making operational control more seamlessly coordinated. In the “Command and Control” link, “cyber warfare” focuses on the command and control of combat units by joint combat command agencies. Cross-domain exchange and flow of data is mainly concentrated on the theater battlefield.“ Mosaic warfare ”further sinks the level of joint operations to the tactical end. Through the autonomous cross-domain exchange and seamless flow of data at the tactical level, various data islands can be clustered into data clusters on demand, thereby producing a significant “spillover” effect, making the dynamic, discrete, agile, and parallel characteristics of the combat command control loop more obvious, and more conducive to achieving agile connection of each combat unit on demand Efficiently act in concert.

Algorithm full-dimensional penetration makes system operation more autonomous and efficient. Algorithms are the mapping of human consciousness in cyberspace, forming two basic forms: compilation codes transformed by intention and neural networks transformed by knowledge. In “cyber warfare”, compiled code is widely used, and neural networks are only used locally. In “Mosaic Warfare”, the algorithm expands the two key functions of shaping rules and providing engines, and the breadth and depth of application are more prominent. Shaping rules is mainly based on compilation code, supplemented by neural networks, to construct the process framework and operating logic of the “mosaic warfare” system, laying a structural foundation for its uncertainty, adaptability and ability “emergence”; the provision engine mainly integrates intelligent algorithms The model is distributed to the edge elements to operate, forming a knowledge diffusion effect, thereby comprehensively improving the intelligent autonomous combat capabilities of the “mosaic warfare” system.

The side end releases energy independently, making the combat style more flexible and polymorphic. The edge is an abstract model of various manned/unmanned combat functional units and a direct source of systemic capabilities “emergence”.“ Cyber warfare ”in a system where edge elements are closely coupled with superior and subordinate accusation processes and are in a state of precise control.“ In the mosaic warfare” system, the perception, interaction, reasoning, and decision-making capabilities of edge-end elements are greatly improved. Its “OODA” ring does not need to be linked back to the superior command structure, which is conducive to supporting the formation of a decentralized combat cluster with high and low matching and manned/unmanned combination. form, which can give edge-end elements more self-organizing authority and significantly enhance the battlefield confrontation advantage.

It can be seen that if “cyber warfare” is called a sophisticated war machine, “mosaic warfare” can be regarded as a complex “ecology” that can stimulate the dynamic growth of combat capabilities. New changes in network clouds, data, algorithms, and edges have contributed to The formation of a dynamically complex “system structure”. This structure in turn reversely regulates elements, platforms and systems, and new capabilities continue to emerge, playing an important role in enhancing and evolving the combat system.

● From “system breaking to compound confrontation——”

To analyse the advantages and disadvantages and seek effective checks and balances

“Mosaic warfare” represents to a certain extent the possible direction of the future development of joint operations. It is necessary to fully analyze and grasp the winning mechanism of “mosaic warfare”, shape the field of information and communication as a new quality and new domain that breaks the traditional boundaries of war time and space, create a new concept of network cloud-enabled combat, build and strengthen the support and support capabilities of national defense information infrastructure, and highlight military information network security defense capabilities, enhance the minimum support capabilities for the operation of strategic campaign command organizations, and continuously improve the network information system.

On the other hand, the emergence of the “mosaic warfare” theory makes it difficult for traditional combat methods to attack target nodes with limited capture and control to achieve the system-breaking effect of breaking points and breaking chains. But it should be noted that any system has its inherent contradictions, and the seemingly “impeccable” decentralized structure of “mosaic warfare” can still find ways to effectively crack it. For example, grasp its system complexity characteristics, use its correlation dependence, highlight the functional suppression of communication networks, construct network-electrical composite attack paths, and achieve disassembly and isolation of various units of the combat system; grasp its structural dissipation characteristics, and use Its external information dependence highlights the disguise and misleading of information data, prompting the combat system to transform into abnormal states such as information closure and information overload; Grasp its group autonomy characteristics, use its key technology dependence, highlight the confrontation and efficiency reduction of intelligent algorithms, and suppress the intelligent internal drive of each combat unit; grasp its functional non-linear characteristics, use its unknown vulnerabilities, and highlight battlefield differentiation Strike assessment, test and discover operational system imbalances with higher efficiency and faster speed, and find key weaknesses in system attack.

(Author’s unit: Unit 61001)

現代國語：

編者按

理論是行動的先導。加強作戰概念創新、推動作戰指導革新，歷來是世界各國軍隊培塑軍事優勢的重要途徑。近年來，美軍先後提出「賽博戰」「馬賽克戰」等前線作戰理論，以期實現作戰模式這一「生產關系」能夠更加適應作戰能力這一「生產力」的發展。透過對比分析這兩種作戰理論，世人可以一窺美軍作戰能力建設思路的變化，特別是認清「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，從而有的放矢，找到有效制衡之策。

●從威脅應對到戰爭設計——

主動塑造，牽引作戰能力提升

「基於威脅」或「基於能力」是軍隊作戰能力建設的兩條基本途徑。 「基於威脅」體現需求牽引，聚焦解決近中期現實問題，是軍隊作戰能力建設應遵循的基本規律；「基於能力」體現目標牽引，瞄準未來戰略使命，以新作戰理論支撐戰略構想，是軍隊作戰能力創新超越的必由之路。從「賽博戰」向「馬賽克戰」的發展，體現了上述兩種途徑內在規律的差異與演進，也反映出美軍近年來推進作戰能力建設思維理念的變化。

概念發端新變化。網絡空間，最初為解決人類的通訊需求而生，後來逐漸演變為一個獨立於陸、海、空、天之外的新作戰域，由此衍生出以爭奪網絡空間制權為核心的「賽博戰」。與之相比，「馬賽克戰」是美軍為繼續保持戰略優勢地位，直接瞄準競爭對手而主動開發設計的新作戰概念，其形成過程體現了需求牽引與能力牽引的融合，戰略性、主動性、牽引性更加突顯。

技術運用新思路。 「賽博戰」強調，透過研發新世代技術支撐作戰概念轉化落地。 「馬賽克戰」則跳出這個模式，不過分強調研發新一代裝備技術，更加關注對軍民通用技術的快速轉化，對成熟技術的漸進迭代。其基本想法是立足現有裝備，按照類似網約車、眾籌開發等服務類平台的運用理念，通過模塊升級和智能化改造，將各類作戰系統單元“馬賽克化”為功能單一、靈活拼裝、便於替換的“積木”或“像素”，構建形成動態協調、高度自主、無縫融合的作戰體系，體現了新的技術驅動。

路徑發展新設計。 「賽博戰」作為網電空間的伴生概念，網電空間發展到哪裡，「賽博戰」就跟進到哪裡，總體上先考慮「客觀」的物質條件，再進行「主觀」的概念設計，在路徑發展上具有較強的依附性。 「馬賽克戰」則先由「主觀」再到「客觀」，透過開發可動態調整功能結構的兵力設計模型，使其能夠適應不同作戰需求及戰場環境變化。

由此可見，「馬賽克戰」相比「賽博戰」等過去作戰概念，其目標更加明確、技術更加成熟、路徑更加可靠，體現出美軍主動塑造的思路轉變。

●從網絡中心到決策中心—

群體智能，實現體系最優釋能

人工智慧技術是資訊時代的關鍵變量，也是「馬賽克戰」體系發展的核心增量。 《賽博戰》強調“網絡中心”，“馬賽克戰”則緊緊扭住人工智能技術這一核心，將製勝關鍵從“網絡中心”調整為“決策中心”，將作戰體系架構由系統級、平台級聯合轉變為功能級、要素級融合，謀求在網絡充分聚能的前提下，以群體性智能技術實現體系最優釋能，為勝理的戰爭賦予新涵機時代。

以“快”制“慢”，奪取認知先手。未來戰爭，戰場形勢瞬息萬變，時間要素的權重不斷上升，「快」對「慢」可以形成近似降維的作戰打擊效果。 「馬賽克戰」透過運用數據資訊技術與人工智慧技術，提升己方「OODA」環的單環決策速度，拓展並行決策廣度，降低組環決策粒度，加快體係作戰進度，在整體上塑造始終快人一步的「先手棋」態勢，旨在牢牢控制戰場認知決策的主導權。

以“低”制“高”，積累成本優勢。與追求高端武器平台的傳統作戰概念不同，「馬賽克戰」著重於利用人工智慧技術對現有武器平台及作戰資源的挖潛增效。透過在眾多中低階武器平台上加載運行智慧演算法和特定功能模塊，使其達到媲美高端武器平台的作戰性能，整體上提高了武器平台投入產出的效費比，進而積累形成成本優勢。

以“散”制“聚”，謀求持續生存。 「馬賽克戰」強調採用化整為零的去中心化思路和非對稱制衡理念，使用開放系統架構，在各類有人/無人平台上分散配置偵察、定位、通信、打擊等各類功能，實現力量的分佈式部署。同時，依托智能演算法提升各平台的自組織、自協同、自主攻擊能力，實現形散神聚、火力集中。當部分作戰平台被消滅、幹擾或剝離後，整個作戰體系仍能正常運轉，從而增強兵力集群的戰場持續生存能力。

以“動”制“靜”，提升體系彈性。 「馬賽克戰」強調進一步突破各作戰域壁壘。通過把不同作戰域中固定的“殺傷鏈”變成可動態重構的“殺傷網”，將“OODA”大環拆解為小環，單環分化為多環。根據作戰進程和作戰需求的變化，依托智能組網實現作戰力量的動中拆分、動中調用、動中組合。如此，一方面可增強作戰體系的靈活性、適應性；另一方面還可對沖抵消複雜網絡的節點聚集效應，使對手難以找到破擊己方體系的關鍵節點。

「馬賽克戰」為智慧化作戰提供了一種可藉鑑的參考原型。但同時，作為一種理想化的兵力設計和運用框架，「馬賽克戰」還需要與之緊密相關的技術、條令、政策等配套支持，距離完全實現還有很長的路要走，與傳統作戰體系共存的局面將長期存在。

●從要素整合到體系重組—

動態結構，增強作戰體係彈性

結構和關系往往決定功能和性質。 「賽博戰」與「馬賽克戰」建構於資訊時代共同的物質基礎，遵循相同的演進範式，但體系建構的原理和效果有所不同。 「賽博戰」形成的體系結構靜態可解構，而「馬賽克戰」則按照一定構建規則動態組合功能單元，形成具有自組織、自適應特徵的彈性體系結構，類似一種“動態黑箱”，常規手段難以跟踪預測。而這一彈性結構常會「湧現」出新的能力，為作戰體系賦能增效。

網雲融合發展，使作戰時空更動態可塑。網和雲是資訊化作戰體系運作的基礎環境，重塑了傳統作戰中情報、指控、打擊、保障的流程要素，同時衍生出新的作戰時空。 「賽博戰」主要聚焦網電空間，其作戰時空相對靜態。 「馬賽克戰」則不限於單一作戰空間，在資訊基礎設施網隨雲動、雲網一體的發展趨勢下，可進一步深度鉸鏈有形無形空間，作戰時空邊界更有彈性，作戰資源配置更加靈活，作戰體系結構更具動態。

數據跨域流轉，使作戰控制更加無縫協同。在指揮控制環節，「賽博戰」關注的重點是聯合作戰指揮機構對作戰單元的指揮控制，數據跨域交換流轉主要集中在戰區戰場。 「馬賽克戰」則進一步將聯合作戰的層級下沉至戰術末端，通過數據在戰術層面的自主跨域交換和無縫流轉，實現各類數據孤島按需集聚為數據集群，進而產生顯著的「溢出」效應，讓作戰指揮控制環路動態、離散、敏捷、並行的特徵更為明顯，更加有利於實現各作戰單元按需銜接、高效協同行動。

演算法全維滲透，使體系運作更加自主高效。演算法是人的意識在網絡空間的映射，形成了由意圖轉化的編譯代碼和由知識轉化的神經網絡兩種基本形態。在「賽博戰」中，編譯代碼大量應用，神經網絡只在局部應用。在「馬賽克戰」中，演算法擴展出塑造規則、提供引擎兩項關鍵職能，運用的廣度深度更加突出。塑造規則以編譯代碼為主，輔以神經網絡，構造「馬賽克戰」體系的流程框架和運行邏輯，為其不確定性、適應性和能力「湧現」性奠定結構基礎；提供引擎則主要將智能演算法模型分發至邊端要素運行，形成知識擴散效應，從而全面提升「馬賽克戰」體系的智能自主作戰能力。

邊端自主釋能，使作戰樣式更靈活多態。邊端是各類有人/無人作戰功能單元的抽像模型，也是體系能力「湧現」的直接來源。 「賽博戰」體系中，邊端要素與上下級指控流程緊密耦合，處於精確受控狀態。 「馬賽克戰」體系中，邊端要素的感知、交互、推理、決策能力大大提升，其「OODA」環不必回鏈至上級指揮機構，有利於支撐形成高低搭配、有人/無人結合的去中心化作戰集群形態，可以賦予邊端要素更多自組織權限，明顯增強了戰場對抗優勢。

可見，如果稱“賽博戰”為精密的戰爭機器，“馬賽克戰”則可以視為一種能夠激發作戰能力動態生長的復雜“生態”，網雲、數據、算法、邊端所產生的新變化，促進形成了動態復雜的“體系結構”。這一結構又反向調控要素、平台和系統，不斷湧現新的能力，為作戰體系增能、演變發揮重要作用。

●從體系破擊到復合對抗——

辨析優劣，尋求有效制衡之策

「馬賽克戰」某種程度上代表著未來聯合作戰形態發展的可能方向。應當充分研析把握「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，將資訊通信領域作為打破傳統戰爭時空界限的新質新域加以塑造，打造網雲賦能作戰新概念，建強國防資訊基礎設施支撐保障能力，突顯軍事資訊網安全防禦能力，增強戰略戰役指揮機構運行的保底支撐能力，不斷完善網絡資訊體系。

另一方面，「馬賽克戰」理論的出現，使得打擊奪控有限目標節點的傳統作戰手段，難以達成毀點斷鏈的體系破擊效果。但應當看到，任何體係都有其固有矛盾，「馬賽克戰」看似「無懈可擊」的去中心化結構，仍可以找到有效破解的方法路徑。例如，掌握其體系複雜性特徵，利用其關聯關係依賴性，突出針對通信網絡的功能抑制，構建網電復合攻擊路徑，實現對作戰體系各單元的拆解孤立；把握其結構耗散性特徵，利用其外部信息依賴性，突出針對信息數據的偽裝誤導，促使作戰體係向信息封閉、信息過載等非正常狀態轉化；掌握其群體自主性特徵，利用其關鍵技術依賴性，突出針對智能算法的對抗降效，抑制各作戰單元的智能內驅力；把握其功能非線性特徵，利用其未知脆弱性，突出戰場差異化打擊評估，以更高的效率和更快的速度失衡、發現作戰體系擊點，尋找體系破擊的關鍵弱點。

（作者單位：61001部隊

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4894734888.html?big=fan

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Research on Chinese Military Affairs, Studying War丨Brief Analysis of China’s Winning Mechanisms of Intelligent Warfare

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研究中國軍事，研究戰爭丨中國智慧化戰爭制勝機制淺析

現代英語：

President Xi pointed out that the core of studying combat issues is to clarify the characteristic rules and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. In today’s world, major changes unseen in a century are accelerating. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are developing rapidly and widely used in the military field, accelerating the evolution of war forms towards intelligence. The corresponding war winning mechanism is also changing. “ Victory tends to smile at those who can foresee changes in the characteristics of war, rather than at those who wait for changes to occur before adapting”. Only by discovering changes in a timely manner, proactively responding to changes, and actively adapting to changes can we better grasp the initiative in future wars and remain invincible in future wars.

Outwitted

In the “intelligent warfare confrontation”, human intelligence has widely penetrated into the combat field and been transplanted into weapon systems. Global multi-dimensional and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces, build combat systems according to mission requirements, and independently implement coordinated operations, the mission ends and quickly returns to a state of readiness for war, showing a trend of intelligent autonomy. Whoever possesses the empowerment and gain advantage of intelligent technology in the combat system can design wars, lead the development of the battlefield, master battlefield initiative, and achieve “using wisdom to defeat clumsiness”. First, algorithms, computing power, and data determine system operational capabilities. Relying on intelligent algorithms and powerful computing power, it can quickly and efficiently analyze targets and match resource means, solve high-frequency cross-domain collaboration problems, achieve coordinated planning, parallel actions, and real-time evaluation, and greatly improve system operating speed and strike efficiency. Second, intelligent networks support cross-domain all-in-one action. The intelligent network information system provides basic support and link links for the combat system. Combat units and combat elements in different combat domains can be integrated into the entire combat system at any time “plug and play” to achieve rapid information transmission and sharing. Again, an intelligent weapon platform enables autonomous and flexible strikes. Intelligent technology achieves the organic combination of human strategy and machine’s autonomous perception, autonomous decision-making, and autonomous action by empowering weapon platforms, elements, and forces. Through “software defines the combat system structure and functions, and uses software to empower weapon platforms and ammunition, the platform can independently select and attack targets, and flexibly build a kill chain”.

Gathering is better than scattering

With the support of the “intelligent network information system”, the combat system has become an organic whole with a high degree of autonomous coordination, allowing the overall linkage of combat operations and the operational effectiveness index to be magnified, relying on the overall power of the system to win. First, the multiple elements of information, firepower, military power and cognition are linked together to release energy. With the injection of intelligent factors into the combat system, information, firepower, force and cognition will be given new quality capabilities, and based on the support of intelligent network information systems, software and hardware capabilities will be organically combined and physical and intangible means will be closely integrated to achieve combat effectiveness. maximize. Secondly, the multi-spatial multi-directional linkage of land, sea, air, space, network, electricity and other forces gathers forces to release energy. The seizure and control of battlefield control will rely more on the integrated linkage and cross-domain coordination of multi-domain space operations. By dispersing various combat forces deployed in a vast space, they will immediately gather advantages, forming a multi-domain, multi-directional energy release advantage for dimensionality reduction attacks in one domain, thereby taking control of battlefield initiative. Again, the multi-link linkage of detection, control, and evaluation gathers strength to release energy. Through the “ubiquitous Internet network”, cross-domain response to combat operations, cross-domain sharing of combat information, and cross-domain complementation of combat functions can be realized, and anti-virus networks can be dynamically adjusted or constructed according to the enemy’s circumstances and circumstances to achieve rapid system operation and concentrated energy release.

“Exquisite” is better than coarse

Intelligent warfare must be reasonably invested, effectively regulate combat forces, and be used as a means of warfare to achieve the goal of “refining the rough” and winning at the lowest cost. First, a precise target-information-driven system operates efficiently. Relying on various intelligent sensing platforms covering multi-dimensional and wide-area deployment, it detects and locates obstacles or targets in the battlefield environment. Precisely control the flow, flow, and velocity of information to achieve rational allocation of combat resources, coordinated and orderly combat operations, and precise release of combat energy. Second, precise breaching operations achieve a rapid transition between good and bad. The application of big data, big model analysis algorithms and other technologies can accurately analyze and judge combat systems “weak spots ”“ Achilles’ heel”, accurately guide the use of weapons and high-energy weapons such as lasers and hypersonic speeds, make the choice of precise strike methods more diverse, and can make the enemy Combat systems are instantly disabled. Again, precise strike evaluation supports the optimal superposition of combat effects. The target damage effect is accurately obtained through intelligent channels and means, and the conclusion is revised based on the human-computer interaction evaluation system. The commander can compare, interact, feedback, and correct the damage effect assessment conclusions with the information stored in the system knowledge base and his or her own professional knowledge to achieve the purpose of accurately assessing the impact effect of the target.

Faster than Slow

“The main speed of military intelligence”, the rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and the accuracy of weapon strikes, greatly reduced the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command and decision-making, fire strike, and damage assessment, and accelerated “OODA” kill chain Cycle, new rapid-fire weapons such as hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, and electromagnetic pulse weapons further push the rhythm of war to “instant kill”. Hybrid human-machine decision-making becomes the key to enemy action first. On the one hand, the new model of human-machine hybrid cloud-brain decision-making is based on the intelligent “network, cloud, terminal” system and integrates intelligent battlefield perception, decision-making and weapon control systems to quickly select combat plans and achieve instant decision-making advantages. On the other hand, the speed at which the kill chain is constructed becomes the basic yardstick for system confrontation. Under the empowerment of “intelligent technology”, the acquisition, processing and transmission time of battlefield information is greatly shortened. The intelligent platform uses algorithms to analyze battlefield spatial situations and target information in real time, and the time of the kill chain is shortened to seconds, thus achieving “destroy upon discovery”.

Toughness is better than crispness

War is not only a military contest, but also a competition between the country’s human, material and financial resources. Maintaining the lasting resilience of the combat system has become a key factor affecting the outcome of the operation. First, the large-scale use of low-cost unmanned intelligence platforms has become a completely new way of fighting. Unmanned intelligence platforms, micro-intelligent robot autonomous combat clusters, etc., dispersed to more small and low-cost combat platforms, can enhance the recovery speed and overall penetration of the combat system after damage, and achieve maximum combat benefits at a smaller cost. Secondly, the continued guarantee of intelligent resources becomes the key to the operation of the combat system. Various new weapons and new means such as unmanned combat platforms, intelligent algorithms, and cyber attacks are constantly emerging. Powerful computing power, advanced algorithms, and accurate data support have become the guarantee for the continued and stable operation of the system, and intelligent resources “timely, appropriately, applicable, and appropriately” continue to be effective. Guarantee has become an important influencing factor in the victory of intelligent warfare. Again, the operational system’s requirements for balance of offensive and defensive capabilities are getting higher and higher. The local area network, wide area network and even brain network behind the network and digitalization of the combat system leave room for opponents to launch attacks; the “cloud— network —end” structure of the combat system intelligent network information system, its data center, supercomputing center and other network infrastructure It will also be an important hub for opponents to focus on attacking and destroying.

Heart is better than things

Intelligent warfare is different from traditional warfare in which the main purpose is to eliminate the enemy’s effective power. It will pay more attention to weakening the enemy’s morale, disintegrating the enemy’s will, and destroying the enemy’s psychology. Smart technology has become a new way to influence the minds of all employees at all times. First of all, intelligent new media, new technologies and new means have created new ways for the psychological influence of public opinion. Enhanced consciousness and the development of information editing and other technologies have made the methods of conscious attack and defense more diverse, the methods of confrontation more varied, and the technological content higher. Use “intelligent weapons, intelligent technology and intelligent information struggle methods to carry out information attacks on the enemy, thereby forming psychological deterrence”. Secondly, intelligent and deep interaction makes obtaining data richer and more complete. Technologies such as AI face-changing, holographic projection, and audio-visual synthesis provide new means to implement intelligent manufacturing and confuse facts. Again, smart models, massive amounts of data, and high-performance servers provide new tools for quickly concocting information ammunition. Mental guidance and control can be closely coordinated with military, economic, and diplomatic forces to amplify the deterrent effect, constantly create pressure from public opinion to force the enemy to compromise, form psychological deterrence and make them hesitate to give in, change the enemy’s cognition through differentiation of value identity, and achieve subjugation without fighting.

More than single

The rapid development of science and technology has opened up new space for activities and interests for human society, but new security threats and challenges have followed suit, promoting the corresponding expansion of battlefield space and confrontation fields. Currently, wars are constrained and influenced by many factors such as politics, economy, diplomacy, military, technology, geography, and psychology. Unconventional mixed wars supported by military capabilities have become more intense. The competition space for hybrid warfare has extended to various fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy, culture, and military. It emphasizes the comprehensive use of national strategic resources and strategic tools to achieve traditional war goals and transcend traditional war methods. It has a special status and role. As intelligent technology matures, the threshold for intelligent warfare will show a downward trend. Participating parties may adopt an undeclared war approach to launch a variety of integrated economic warfare, diplomatic warfare, cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, etc. Mixed warfare, mixed victory means giving priority to politics, economy, diplomacy, etc. on the basis of comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the opponent and one’s own side in all aspects Public opinion and other non-military tools and means that can use strengths and avoid weaknesses, use four taels to move a thousand pounds, pursue “no war” or “less war ”“small war” and subjugate others. As long as we deeply understand and accurately grasp the characteristic rules and operating mechanisms of future hybrid warfare, and creatively use clever and efficient strategic techniques, we can fully achieve the expected strategic results.

現代國語：

羅振華 鑫 言

引 言

習主席指出，研究作戰問題，核心是要把現代戰爭的特點規律和制勝機理搞清楚。當今世界，百年未有之大變局加速演進，以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術迅猛發展，並廣泛應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態向智能化加速演變，與之相應的戰爭制勝機理也正在發生嬗變。“勝利往往向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生後才去適應的人微笑”。及時發現變化，主動應對變化，積極適應變化，才能夠更好地把握未來戰爭主動權，在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

智勝於拙

在智能化戰爭對抗中，人的智能廣泛滲透到作戰領域、移植到武器系統，全域多維、各種類型的智能化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量，根據任務需求構建作戰體系，自主實施協同作戰，任務結束迅速回歸待戰狀態，呈現智能自主趨勢。誰佔有智能技術對作戰體系的賦能增益優勢，誰就能據此設計戰爭、主導戰局發展，掌握戰場主動，實現“以智制拙”。首先，算法、算力和數據決定體系作戰能力。依托智能算法和強大算力，可以快速高效地分析目標、匹配資源手段，解決高頻次跨域協同難題，實現協調規劃、並行行動、即時評估，大幅提高體系運行速度和打擊效能。其次，智能網絡支撐跨域一體行動。智能網絡信息系統為作戰體系提供基礎支撐和鏈接紐帶，不同作戰域的作戰單元、作戰要素，隨時可“即插即用”融入整個作戰體系，實現信息快速傳遞共享。再次，智能化武器平台實現自主靈活打擊。智能技術通過賦能武器平台、要素和力量，達到人的謀略與機器的自主感知、自主決策、自主行動有機結合。通過軟件定義作戰體系結構和功能，用軟件賦能武器平台和彈藥，可實現平台自主選擇和打擊目標，靈活構建殺傷鏈。

聚勝於散

在智能化網絡信息系統支撐下，作戰體系成為具有高度自主協調力的有機整體，使得作戰行動整體聯動、作戰效能指數級放大，靠系統湧現的整體威力制勝。首先，信息、火力、兵力和認知等多要素聯動聚力釋能。隨著作戰體系注入智能因素，信息、火力、兵力和認知都將賦予新質能力，並基於智能化網絡信息系統的支撐，實現軟硬能力有機復合、有形無形手段緊密融合，達成作戰效能最大化。其次，陸海空天網電等多空間多方向聯動聚力釋能。戰場制權的奪控，將更加依賴多域空間行動的一體聯動和跨域協同，通過分散部署在廣闊空間的各種作戰力量即時聚優，形成多域多向對一域降維打擊的釋能優勢，從而掌握戰場主動。再次，偵控打評等多環節聯動聚力釋能。通過泛在互聯網絡，實現作戰行動跨域響應、作戰信息跨域共享、作戰功能跨域互補，因敵因情因勢動態調整或構建殺傷網，實現體系快速運轉和聚力釋能。

精勝於粗

智能化戰爭必須合理投入、有效調控作戰力量，恰當選用作戰手段，達成“以精制粗”，以最小代價取勝的目的。首先，精准的目標信息驅動體系高效運行。依托覆蓋全域多維、廣域部署的各種智能感知平台，探測、定位戰場環境中的障礙或目標。精確控制信息的流向、流量、流速，實現作戰資源的合理分配、作戰行動的協調有序和作戰能量的精確釋放。其次，精准的破擊行動實現快速優劣轉化。大數據、大模型分析算法等技術的運用，可精確分析判斷作戰體系“軟肋”“死穴”，精確制導武器和激光、高超聲速等高能武器的使用，讓精確打擊的手段選擇更加多樣，可使敵作戰體系瞬時失能。再次，精准的打擊評估支撐作戰效果最優疊加。通過智能化途徑和手段准確獲取目標毀傷效果，依托人機交互評估系統對結論進行修正。指揮員可將毀傷效果評估結論與系統知識庫儲存的信息以及自身專業知識進行比對、交互、反饋、修正，達到精准評估目標打擊效果的目的。

快勝於慢

“兵之情主速”，軍事智能化的飛速發展大大提升了信息傳遞速度和武器打擊精度，大幅縮減了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速“OODA”殺傷鏈循環，高超聲速導彈、激光武器、微波武器、電磁脈沖武器等新型快速殺傷武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向“秒殺”。人機混合決策成為先敵行動的關鍵。一方面，人機混合的雲腦決策的全新模式，以智能“網、雲、端”體系為依托，集智能化戰場感知、決策和武器控制系統於一體，可快速優選作戰方案，實現即時決策優勢。另一方面，殺傷鏈構建速度成為體系對抗的基本衡量標准。在智能技術賦能作用下，戰場信息的獲取、處理和傳輸時間極大縮短，智能平台利用算法可對戰場空間態勢和目標信息實時分析，殺傷鏈的時間縮短至秒級，從而實現“發現即摧毀”。

韌勝於脆

戰爭不但是軍事的較量，更是國家人力物力財力的比拼。保持作戰體系持久韌性，成為影響作戰勝負的關鍵因素。首先，低成本無人智能平台的規模化運用成為全新作戰方式。無人智能平台、微型智能機器人自主作戰集群等，分散到更多小型廉價作戰平台的做法，可增強作戰體系受損後的恢復速度和整體突防力，以較小代價取得最大作戰效益。其次，智能資源的持續保障成為作戰體系運行的關鍵。無人作戰平台、智能算法、網絡攻擊等各種新武器、新手段不斷湧現，強大算力、先進算法和精准數據支撐成為體系持續穩定運行的保證，“適時、適地、適用、適量”的智能資源持續有效保障，成為智能化戰爭制勝的重要影響因素。再次，作戰體系的攻防一體能力平衡性要求越來越高。作戰體系網絡化、數字化背後的局域網、廣域網甚至腦聯網，給對手發起攻擊留下空間；作戰體系的“雲—網—端”結構智能網信系統，其數據中心、超算中心等網絡基礎設施也將是對手重點攻擊破壞的重要樞紐。

心勝於物

智能化戰爭與傳統戰爭中以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，將更加注重削弱敵方的士氣，瓦解敵方的意志，摧毀敵方的心理。智能科技已成為全時全域影響全員心智的全新方式。首先，智能化的新媒體、新技術和新手段，為輿論心理影響開創了新方式。意識增強、信息編輯等技術的發展，使得意識攻防手段更加多樣、對抗方式更加多變、科技含量更高。運用智能武器、智能技術和智能信息斗爭的方法，對敵實施信息打擊，從而形成心理威懾。其次，智能化的深度互動，使得獲取數據更為豐富，要素更加齊全。AI換臉、全息投影、影音合成等技術，為實施智能制造、混淆事實真相提供了新手段。再次，智能模型、海量數據和高性能服務器，為快速炮制信息彈藥提供了新工具。心智導控可與軍事、經濟、外交密切配合，放大震懾效應，不斷制造輿論壓力迫敵妥協，形成心理震懾使其遲疑退讓，通過價值認同分化改變敵認知，實現不戰而屈人之兵。

多勝於單

科學技術的迅猛發展，為人類社會打開了新的活動空間和利益空間，但新的安全威脅和挑戰也隨之而來，推動了戰場空間和對抗場域的相應拓展。當前，戰爭受到政治、經濟、外交、軍事、技術、地理、心理等諸多因素的制約和影響，以軍事能力為支撐的非常規的混合戰爭反而更加激烈。混合戰爭的角逐空間已經延伸至政治、經濟、外交、文化、軍事等各領域，強調綜合運用國家戰略資源和戰略工具聚合發力，既能夠實現傳統戰爭目標，又能夠超越傳統戰爭手段，地位作用特殊。隨著智能技術的發展成熟，智能化戰爭的門檻將呈現下降趨勢，參戰方可能采取不宣而戰的方式發起融合經濟戰、外交戰、網絡戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等多種樣式的混合戰爭，混合制勝就是要在對比敵手和己方各方面優勢劣勢的基礎之上，優先選擇政治、經濟、外交、輿論等能揚長避短的非軍事類工具和手段，以四兩撥千斤，追求“不戰”或“少戰”“小戰”而屈人之兵。只要深刻認識和准確把握未來混合戰爭的特點規律、運行機理，創造性地運用巧妙、高效的策略手法，完全能夠達到預期戰略效果。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16393427.html

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Military Intelligence Drives Accelerated Development of Chinese Army Cyberspace Operations

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軍事情報推動中國軍隊網路空間作戰加速發展

現代英語：

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that it is necessary to “accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve joint combat capabilities and all-region combat capabilities based on network information systems”. Today’s “Liberation Army Daily” published an article pointing out that military intelligence is a new trend and new direction in the development of the military field after mechanization and informatization. We must develop intelligence on the basis of existing mechanization and informatization, and at the same time use intelligence to Traction mechanization and informatization to develop to a higher level and at a higher level. As a new combat field, cyberspace is a new field with high technological content and the most innovative vitality. Driven by military intelligence, it is ushering in a period of rapid development opportunities.

Military intelligence leads to accelerated development of cyberspace operations

■Respect the soldiers Zhou Dewang and Huang Anwei

Three major technologies support the intelligence of cyberspace weapons

Intelligence is a kind of wisdom and ability. It is the induction, cognition and application of laws by all systems with a life cycle. Intelligence is to solidify this wisdom and ability and become a state. A cyberspace weapon is a weapon used in cyberspace to carry out combat missions. Its form is dominated by software and code, and it is essentially a piece of data. The intelligence of cyberspace weapons is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

First, intelligent vulnerability mining. Vulnerabilities are the basis for the design of cyber weapons. The ransomware that spread around the world in May this year took advantage of vulnerabilities in Microsoft’s operating system and caused a huge shock to the cybersecurity community. Vulnerabilities are expensive, ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars for a zero-day. The discovery of previous vulnerabilities mainly relied on experienced hackers, who used software tools to check and analyze the code. In the finals of the International Cybersecurity Technology Competition League held during this year’s China Internet Security Conference, participants demonstrated that intelligent robots conduct vulnerability mining on site, and then write network code through vulnerabilities to form cyber weapons, break through target systems, and seize flags. This change means that vulnerability mining has entered an era of intelligence.

Second, intelligent signal analysis and password deciphering. Signals are the carrier of network data transmission, and passwords are the last barrier to network data security. Signal analysis and password deciphering are core technologies for cyberspace operations. Breaking through signals and passwords is the basic path into cyberspace and the primary target of cyber weapon attacks. Intelligent signal analysis solves problems such as protocol analysis, modulation recognition, and individual recognition of signals through big data, cloud computing, deep learning and other technologies. Code-breaking is computational science “the crown jewel”. Through the accumulation of password data samples, intelligent code-breaking can continuously learn and find patterns, and can find the key to deciphering, thereby opening the last door of network data “safe” and solving network problems. Key links of intrusion and access.

Third, the design of an intelligent weapons platform. The U.S. military proposed the “Cyber Aircraft” project in 2009 to provide platforms such as tanks, ships, and aircraft for cyberspace operations. It can realize automatic reconnaissance, loading of cyber weapons, autonomous coordination, and autonomous attacks in cyberspace. When threatened, Self-destruction and removal of traces have certain intelligent characteristics. The weapons loaded by future “cyber aircraft” are not code compiled by software personnel, but directly based on the reconnaissance results to design intelligent cyber weapons on site in real time and achieve “ordered” development, thus greatly improving cyberspace operations. Targeted.

The intelligent trend of network-controlled weapons has become increasingly prominent

Weapons controlled by cyberspace are referred to as cyber-controlled weapons. They are weapons that connect through the network, accept cyberspace instructions, perform cross-domain tasks, and achieve combat effects in physical space. Most of the various combat weapons platforms in the future will be networked weapons platforms. In this way, the military information network is essentially the Internet of Things. Network entities such as uplink satellites, radars, and drones can detect, track, locate, and strike through the Internet. Space control, the intelligence of network-controlled weapons has flourished in battlefields such as land, sea, air, space and electricity.

In 2015, Syria used the Russian Robot Corps to defeat militants. The operation used 6 tracked robots, 4 wheeled robots, 1 automated artillery group, several drones and 1 command system. The commander dispatches drone reconnaissance through the chain of command to spot the militants, and the robots charge the militants, while accompanied by artillery and drone attack force support, delivering a fatal blow to the militants. It was only a small-scale battle, but it set the precedent for robot “group” operations.

Network-controlled intelligent weapons for sea and air battlefields are being developed and verified in large quantities. In 2014, the U.S. Navy used 13 unmanned surface boats to demonstrate and verify that unmanned boat groups intercepted enemy ships and achieved good results mainly by exchanging sensor data. When it was tested again in 2016, functions such as collaborative task allocation and tactical coordination were added, and “swarm awareness” became a distinctive feature of its intelligence.

Swarms of small and micro UAVs for aerial combat are also growing rapidly. In recent years, the U.S. Department of Defense has repeatedly tested the “Quail” micro-drone, which can drop dozens or even hundreds at a time. By improving its coordination capabilities when performing reconnaissance missions, it has made great progress in drone formation, command, control, and intelligence. Progress has been made in management and other aspects.

Space-based cyber-controlled weapons are becoming more and more “smart”. The air and space field mainly contains two types of network-controlled weapons: reconnaissance and strike. Satellites with various functions mainly perform reconnaissance missions and are typical reconnaissance sensors. With the emergence of various small and microsatellite groups, satellites have been made to exhibit new characteristics: small size, fast launch, large number, and greater intelligence. Small and microsatellite groups have greater flexibility and reliability when performing reconnaissance and communication missions, and currently the world’s satellite powers are actively developing plans for small and microsatellite groups with wider coverage.

Hypersonic strike weapons of all kinds cruised in the air and space, as if sharp swords were hanging over people’s heads. The U.S. Air Force Research Office stated that “high-speed strike weapons” will launch flight tests around 2018, and other countries are also actively developing similar weapons. The biggest features of this type of weapon are their high speed, long range, and high intelligence.

Intelligent command information system changes traditional combat command methods

Cyberspace weapons and weapons controlled by cyberspace are the “fist” of intelligent warfare, and the command information system that directs the use of these weapons is the “brain” of intelligent warfare. Cyberspace combat command information systems must keep up with intelligence simultaneously. process. At present, almost all command information systems in the world are facing the difficult problem of “intelligent lag”. In future wars, rapid decision-making and autonomous decision-making are required, which places higher requirements on intelligent auxiliary systems.

In 2007, the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency launched a research and development program on command and control systems ——“Project Dark Green” in order to enable computer-aided commanders to make rapid decisions and win opportunities. This is a campaign tactical-level command information system. Its research and development purpose is to embed the system into the U.S. Army brigade-level C4ISR wartime command information system to achieve intelligent command of commanders. To this day, the U.S. military has not relaxed its development of intelligent command information systems.

In cyberspace operations, the network target appears as an IP address connected to the network. The large number makes it difficult for manual operations to operate efficiently, and operations require the auxiliary support of intelligent command information systems. Currently, intelligent command information systems need to realize functions such as intelligent intelligence analysis, intelligent perception, intelligent navigation and positioning, intelligent assisted decision-making, intelligent collaboration, intelligent evaluation, and intelligent unmanned combat, especially to realize cluster combat control of unmanned network control systems, which has put forward urgent needs for intelligent command information systems and requires accelerating the research and development and application of corresponding key technologies.

To sum up, intelligent cyber weapons and cyber-controlled weapons, through intelligent information system scheduling, will form huge combat capabilities and can basically carry out all actions in the current combat style. In future wars, from the formation of command forces, to target selection, mode of action, use of tactics, etc., will all be carried out in an intelligent context. The characteristics of war “gamification” will be more significant, and the combat command method will also undergo major changes.

In the future battlefield, fighting courage requires more fighting “wisdom”

■Yang Jian and Zhao Lu

At present, the development of artificial intelligence has entered a new stage, and its penetration into various fields has begun to accelerate. As a result of this process, military competition among nations around intelligence has begun. Our army has always been a heroic and tenacious people’s army that dares to fight and win. In the future, we should continue to carry forward the glorious tradition on the battlefield. At the same time, we must more extensively master and utilize the latest scientific and technological achievements, develop more intelligent weapons and equipment, and develop more intelligent weapons and equipment. Take advantage of the opportunity to win on the battlefield.

Intelligence is a trend in the development of human society, and the war on intelligence is accelerating. It is thanks to successful innovations that go beyond the original architectural computing models, the gradual popularization of nanofabrication technologies, and breakthrough advances in the study of human brain mechanisms that the development of military intelligence has acquired a solid foundation. As a result, intelligent weapons and equipment have become increasingly prominent and are beginning to surpass and replace humans in intelligence analysis, combat response, and more. In addition, in terms of manpower requirements, comprehensive support and operating costs, intelligent weapons and equipment also have obvious advantages and are increasingly becoming the dominant force in warfare.

It has been proven that the development and application of intelligent weapons and equipment has expanded the scope of capabilities for military operations and greatly improved the combat effectiveness of the troops. On the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq, UAVs have taken on most of the operational support tasks of reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and about one-third of the air strike tasks. In the past two years, Russia has also repeatedly used unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, combat robots and other equipment with a high degree of intelligence on the Syrian battlefield. Intelligent weapons and equipment are increasingly demonstrating important values that go beyond traditional weapons.

In future wars, the competition for intelligent combat systems will be the key to victory in master battles and peak duels. With the increasing imbalance in the development of military means supported by science and technology, whoever has the ability to implement intelligent operations first will be better able to take the initiative on the battlefield. The strong with the advantage of technological generation will try their best to The cost of war is minimized, while the weak will inevitably suffer huge losses and pay heavy prices. We must not only step up core technological innovation and weapons and equipment development, but also study and explore organizational structures, command methods and application models that adapt to the intelligent development of the military. We must also cultivate a team that can take on the responsibility of promoting the intelligent development of the military and forging intelligent combat capabilities. Talent team, give full play to the overall effectiveness of our military’s combat system, and compete with our opponents Win wars in a more “intelligent” way.

現代國語：

資料來源：中國軍網綜合作者：敬兵 周德旺 皇安偉 等責任編輯：胡雪珂

黨的十九大報告指出，要「加速軍事智慧化發展，提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。今天的《解放軍報》刊發文章指出，軍事智能化是機械化、資訊化之後軍事領域發展的新趨勢和新方向，我們要在現有機械化和資訊化基礎上發展智能化，同時用智能化牽引機械化和信息化向更高水平、更高層次發展。網路空間作為新型作戰領域，是科技含量高、最具創新活力的新領域，在軍事智慧化的牽引下，正迎來快速發展的機會期。

軍事智慧化牽引網路空間作戰加速發展

■敬兵 週德旺 皇安偉

三大技術支撐網路空間武器智慧化

智能是一種智慧和能力，是一切有生命週期的系統對規律的感應、認知與運用，智能化就是把這種智慧和能力固化下來，成為一種狀態。網路空間武器是網路空間遂行作戰任務的武器，其形態以軟體和程式碼為主，本質上是一段資料。網路空間武器的智慧化主要體現在以下三個方面：

一是智慧化漏洞挖掘。漏洞是網路武器設計的基礎，今年5月在全球傳播的勒索病毒軟體，就是利用了微軟作業系統漏洞，為網路安全界帶來了巨大震動。漏洞價格昂貴，零日漏洞價值幾萬到幾十萬美元不等。過去漏洞的發現，主要依靠有經驗的駭客，利用軟體工具對程式碼進行檢查和分析。今年中國網路安全大會期間舉辦的國際網路安全技術對抗聯賽總決賽中，參賽人員示範由智慧機器人現場進行漏洞挖掘，然後透過漏洞編寫網路程式碼，形成網路武器，攻破目標系統，奪取旗幟。這項變化，意味著漏洞挖掘進入了智慧化時代。

二是智能化訊號分析和密碼破譯。訊號是網路資料傳輸的載體，密碼是網路資料安全的最後屏障，訊號分析和密碼破解是網路空間作戰的核心技術，突破訊號和密碼是進入網路空間的基本路徑，也是網路武器攻擊的首要目標。智慧化訊號分析將訊號的協定分析、調變辨識、個體辨識等問題，透過大數據、雲端運算、深度學習等技術來解決。密碼破解是計算科學“皇冠上的明珠”，智能化密碼破譯通過對密碼數據樣本的積累，不斷學習、尋找規律，能找到破譯的鑰匙，從而打開網絡數據“保險櫃”的最後一扇門，解決網絡入侵和接入的關鍵環節。

三是智慧化武器平台設計。美軍在2009年提出「網路飛行器」項目，為網路空間作戰提供像戰車、艦艇、飛機這樣的平台，可以實現在網路空間裡自動偵察、載入網路武器、自主協同、自主攻擊，受到威脅時自我銷毀、清除痕跡，具備了一定的智慧化特徵。未來「網路飛行器」載入的武器，不是軟體人員編好的程式碼，而是根據偵察結果直接對發現的漏洞，現場即時進行智慧化網路武器設計，實現「訂購式」開發，從而大大提高網路空間作戰的針對性。

網控武器的智慧化趨勢愈加凸顯

受網路空間控制的武器簡稱網路武器，是透過網路連接，接受網路空間指令，執行跨域任務，在實體空間達成作戰效果的武器。未來的各種作戰武器平台，大多是聯網的武器平台，這樣軍事資訊網本質上就是物聯網，上聯衛星、雷達、無人機等網路實體，從感知到發現、追蹤、定位、打擊都可透過網路空間控制，網控武器的智慧化已在陸海空天電等戰場蓬勃發展。

2015年，敘利亞利用俄羅斯機器人軍團擊潰武裝分子，行動採用了包括6個履帶式機器人、4個輪式機器人、1個自動化火砲群、數架無人機和1套指揮系統。指揮官透過指揮系統調度無人機偵察發現武裝分子，機器人向武裝分子發動衝鋒，同時伴隨火砲和無人機攻擊力量支援，對武裝分子進行了致命打擊。這只是一場小規模的戰鬥，卻開啟了機器人「組團」作戰的先河。

海空戰場網控智慧武器正在大量研發驗證。 2014年，美國海軍使用13艘無人水面艇，示範驗證無人艇集群攔截敵方艦艇，主要透過交換感測器數據，取得了不錯的效果。 2016年再次試驗時，新增了協同任務分配、戰術配合等功能，「蜂群意識」成為其智慧化的顯著特徵。

用於空中作戰的小微型無人機蜂群也正在快速發展。近年來，美國國防部多次試驗「山銻」微型無人機，可一次投放數十架乃至上百架，透過提升其執行偵察任務時的協同能力，在無人機編隊、指揮、控制、智慧化管理等方面都取得了進展。

空天網控武器越來越「聰明」。空天領域主要包含偵察和打擊兩類網控武器，各種功能的衛星主要執行偵察任務，是典型的偵察感測器。隨著各種小微衛星群的出現，使衛星表現出新的特徵：體積小、發射快、數量多、更聰明。小微衛星群在執行偵察和通訊任務時，有了更大的彈性和可靠性，目前世界衛星強國都在積極制定覆蓋範圍更廣的小微衛星群計畫。

各種高超音速打擊武器在空天巡航，彷彿懸在人們頭頂的利劍。美國空軍研究室稱「高速打擊武器」將在2018年前後啟動飛行試驗，其它各國也正積極研發類似武器。這類武器最大的特色是速度快、航程遠、智能化程度高。

智慧化指揮資訊系統改變傳統作戰指揮方式

網路空間武器和受網路空間控制的武器，是智慧化戰爭的“拳頭”，而指揮這些武器運用的指揮資訊系統是智慧化戰爭的“大腦”，網路空間作戰指揮資訊系統要同步跟上智慧化的進程。目前，幾乎全球的指揮資訊系統都面臨著「智慧滯後」的難題，未來戰爭需要快速決策、自主決策，這對智慧輔助系統提出了更高要求。

2007年，美國國防部高級研究計劃局啟動關於指揮控制系統的研發計劃——“深綠色計劃”，以期能實現計算機輔助指揮官快速決策贏得制勝先機。這是一個戰役戰術級的指揮資訊系統，其研發目的是將該系統嵌入美國陸軍旅級C4ISR戰時指揮資訊系統中去，實現指揮官的智慧化指揮。直到今天，美軍也沒有放鬆對智慧化指揮資訊系統的發展。

在網路空間作戰中，網路目標表現為一個接取網路的IP位址，數量眾多導致人工難以有效率操作，作戰更需要智慧化指揮資訊系統的輔助支撐。目前，智慧化指揮資訊系統需要實現智慧情報分析、智慧感知、智慧導航定位、智慧輔助決策、智慧協同、智慧評估、智慧化無人作戰等功能，尤其是實現對無人網控系統的集群作戰操控，這都對智慧化指揮資訊系統提出了迫切需求，需要加快相應關鍵技術的研發和運用。

綜上所述，智慧化的網路武器和網路控制武器，透過智慧化的資訊系統調度，將形成巨大的作戰能力，基本能遂行現行作戰樣式中的所有行動。未來戰爭，從指揮力量編組、到目標選擇、行動方式、戰法運用等，都將在智能化的背景下展開，戰爭「遊戲化」的特徵將更顯著，作戰指揮方式也將發生重大變化。

未來戰場 鬥勇更需鬥“智”

■楊建　趙璐

目前，人工智慧發展進入嶄新階段，並開始向各個領域加速滲透。受此一進程的影響，各國圍繞智慧化的軍事競爭已揭開序幕。我軍歷來是一支英勇頑強、敢打必勝的人民軍隊，未來戰場上應繼續發揚光榮傳統，同時要更加廣泛地掌握和利用最新的科技成果，研製出更多智能化的武器裝備，在未來戰場上掌握制勝先機。

智慧化是人類社會發展的趨勢，智慧化戰爭正加速到來。正是由於超越原有體系結構計算模型的成功創新、奈米製造技術的逐步普及，以及對人腦機制研究的突破性進展，軍事智慧化發展才擁有了堅實的基礎。因此，智慧化武器裝備的表現日益突出，並在情報分析、戰鬥反應等方面開始超越並取代人類。此外，在人力需求、綜合保障、運作成本等方面，智慧化武器裝備也具有明顯的優勢，日益成為戰爭的主導力量。

事實證明，智慧化武器裝備的發展應用，拓展了軍事行動的能力範圍，大幅提升了部隊的作戰效能。在阿富汗和伊拉克戰場上，無人機已承擔了大部分偵察、情報、監視等作戰保障任務，並承擔了約三分之一的空中打擊任務。近兩年，俄羅斯在敘利亞戰場上也曾多次使用較高智慧化程度的無人偵察機、戰鬥機器人等裝備。智慧化武器裝備正愈來愈地展現出超越傳統武器的重要價值。

未來戰爭中，作戰體系智能化的較量將是高手過招、巔峰對決的勝利關鍵。隨著以科技為支撐的軍事手段發展的不平衡性越來越大，誰先具備實施智能化作戰的能力，誰就更能掌握戰場的主動權，擁有技術代差優勢的強者會盡可能將戰爭成本降到最低，而弱者必然遭受巨大損失，付出慘重代價。我們不僅要加緊核心技術創新、武器裝備研製，還要研究探索適應軍事智能化發展的組織結構、指揮方式和運用模式，更要培養一支能夠擔起推進軍事智能化發展、鍛造智能化作戰能力的人才隊伍，充分發揮我軍作戰體系的整體效能，在與對手的較量中，以更加“智慧”的方式贏得戰爭。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jwzl/2017-11/24/content_7841895888.htm