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China’s Forward-looking Intelligent Combat System Provides Chinese Military a “Smart” Advantage

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中國前瞻性的智慧作戰系統為中國軍隊提供了「智慧」優勢

現代英語：

The evolution of warfare and combat styles is inextricably linked to profound changes in combat systems. The “intelligence” of intelligent combat systems lies not merely in the accumulation of technologies, but more importantly in the reconstruction of the paths for generating and releasing combat power, enabling leaps in combat effectiveness and serving as a key fulcrum for achieving victory in future wars. A deep understanding and forward-looking construction of the “intelligent” advantages of intelligent combat systems has become an essential requirement for winning intelligent warfare.

Survival advantages of elastic redundancy

The survival of operational elements is fundamental to victory in combat. Intelligent combat systems, through distributed and flexible deployment, modular functional reconfiguration, and autonomous damage recovery, have formed a resilient survival mode to cope with high-intensity confrontation and uncertainty.

Heterogeneous and distributed global deployment. Heterogeneity reflects the degree of aggregation of different capabilities on the same platform, while distribution reflects the degree of distribution of the same capability on different platforms. Intelligent combat systems enhance the diversity of platform capabilities through heterogeneity. For example, new combat aircraft can serve as multi-functional integrated platforms with sensing, command and control, relay, and strike capabilities. By distributing combat functions to different platforms, large-scale, low-cost global deployment can be achieved. For instance, the same combat function can be assigned to multiple platforms and systems such as UAVs and loitering munitions. With the heterogeneous dispersion and matrix cross-linking of intelligent nodes, continuous pressure can be formed everywhere and in all directions in physical space, while rapid aggregation in key directions can be achieved. This unifies global elasticity and dynamic real-time optimization, maximizing functional distribution and effectiveness release to cope with the uncertainties of intelligent combat.

Functional restructuring through modular combination. The intelligent combat system, employing a flexible paradigm of software-defined, task-oriented invocation, and modular reconfiguration, deconstructs functions fixed to specific equipment into standardized, interoperable hardware and software modules. During combat, based on rapidly changing battlefield demands, these modules can be quickly and flexibly loaded and combined online through a unified interface and open architecture, achieving non-linear functional combinations and flexible capability reshaping. This plug-and-play, on-demand generation model unlocks unlimited functional potential within a limited physical scale, realizing a shift from “using whatever weapons are available to fight” to “generating the appropriate capabilities for the specific battle,” fundamentally enhancing the adaptability and mission flexibility of the combat system.

Self-healing resilience. The advantage of an intelligent combat system lies not in its absolute invulnerability, but in its self-healing resilience—the ability to detect damage and reconstruct immediately upon interruption. When some nodes fail due to combat damage or interference, the system autonomously and rapidly diagnoses the damage based on preset functions and path redundancy rules. It then mobilizes nearby healthy nodes to take over the mission or activates backup communication paths to rebuild connections, propelling the system to quickly transition to a new stable state. This inherent elastic redundancy allows the system to maintain core functions and reconstruct the combat network even after enduring continuous attacks, minimizing the impact of combat damage on overall combat effectiveness.

The cognitive advantage of agile penetration

Cognitive advantage is key to gaining the initiative in battlefield information and achieving decisive victory. Its essence lies in breaking through the barriers of “information fog” and the constraints of “decision anxiety” through the deep integration of intelligent algorithms and advanced sensors, and realizing a leap from passive perception to proactive cognition.

Resilient communication capable of adapting to changing circumstances. Resilient communication refers to the ability of communication systems to detect interference in real time and dynamically reconfigure links in highly contested and complex electromagnetic environments to maintain the continuity and stability of command and control. Intelligent combat systems, relying on technologies such as cognitive radio, achieve on-demand allocation of communication resources, intelligent optimization of transmission paths, and autonomous reconfiguration of network topology, enabling them to “penetrate gaps” in complex electromagnetic environments and flexibly acquire communication “windows.” This resilience—able to maintain communication even amidst interference and resume operations even after interruptions—ensures the continuity of command and control relationships in extremely harsh electromagnetic environments, providing a reliable communication line for system cognitive activities.

The organic integration of multi-modal information. Multi-modal integration refers to the process of extracting consistency from diverse and heterogeneous information to form a high-value battlefield situation. The intelligent combat system, based on intelligent algorithms, performs cross-modal alignment of data from different sources such as radar, optoelectronics, reconnaissance, and cyber warfare. It automatically extracts enemy deployment, action patterns, and tactical intentions from massive and fragmented intelligence, achieving heterogeneous complementarity and cross-verification. This drives a qualitative leap from data redundancy to accurate intelligence, thereby providing commanders with a comprehensive and reliable battlefield cognitive map, clearing away the “fog of war,” and reaching the core of the situation.

Human-machine interaction achieves seamless intent. Intent-based intent aims to bridge the semantic gap between human commanders and intelligent combat systems, enabling precise and lossless conversion from natural language commands to machine-executable tasks. Intelligent combat systems utilize technologies such as natural language processing and knowledge graphs to construct an intelligent interaction engine with natural language understanding and logical reasoning capabilities. This engine automatically decomposes the commander’s general operational intent into task lists, constraints, and evaluation criteria, generating machine-understandable and executable tactical instructions and action sequences, which are then precisely distributed to the corresponding combat units, directly driving their execution. This “what is thought is what is directed, what is directed is what is attacked” command model significantly reduces the understanding and communication cycle in the traditional command chain, enabling deep integration of human and machine intelligence at the decision-making level and achieving a leap in command effectiveness.

Synergistic advantages of autonomous adaptation

Synergistic advantages are a multiplier for unleashing the effectiveness of system-of-systems warfare. The synergy of intelligent combat systems transcends programmed pre-setup, manifesting as the self-organizing and adaptive synchronization and cooperation of cross-domain combat units under unified rules and common missions. Its essence is the embodiment of system intelligence at the operational level.

Spatiotemporal coordination constrained by rules. Spatiotemporal coordination refers to setting action boundaries and interaction rules for widely dispersed combat units within a unified spatiotemporal reference framework, ensuring their orderly cooperation in the physical domain. Under a unified operational rule framework, each unit of the intelligent combat system autonomously calculates its relative position and predicts its trajectory through intelligent algorithms, achieving time-domain calibration, spatial-domain integration, and frequency-domain nesting of different platforms. This ensures conflict-free path planning, interference-free spectrum use, and accident-free firepower application. This collaborative mechanism, which combines order and flexibility, avoids mutual interference while maintaining tactical flexibility, providing a spatiotemporal reference for combat operations in complex battlefield environments.

Task-driven logical coordination. Logical coordination refers to using combat missions as the underlying logic, autonomously decomposing tasks, allocating resources, and planning actions to achieve intelligent organization and scheduling. The intelligent combat system, based on task analysis, capability matching, and planning generation algorithms, automatically decomposes combat objectives into specific action sequences and intelligently schedules corresponding combat units to “dispatch orders.” Each intelligent node, based on its understanding of the overall mission, real-time situational awareness, and its own capabilities, autonomously decides on action plans through a multi-agent negotiation mechanism and dynamically negotiates and cooperates with relevant units to “accept orders.” This task-oriented command greatly liberates higher-level commanders, enabling the system to possess agility and flexibility in responding to emergencies and significantly improving its mission adaptability.

Target-aligned awareness collaboration. Awareness collaboration refers to the autonomous decision-making and actions of combat units based on a shared understanding of the target and environment, resulting in synergistic effects. Intelligent combat systems consist of systems or nodes with predictive and reasoning capabilities. Driven by operational objectives, they can anticipate the actions of friendly forces and the course of the battlefield, and through local perception and independent decision-making, conduct self-organized and self-inspired collaborative support. This efficiency-driven, unspoken consensus transcends communication constraints and pre-set procedures, enabling the system to demonstrate exceptional adaptability and creativity when facing powerful adversaries.

The evolutionary advantages of learning iteration

Evolutionary advantage is key to a combat system’s sustained competitiveness and ability to seize the initiative on the battlefield. Intelligent combat systems rely on real-time adversarial data to drive overall optimization, accelerate capability diffusion through cross-domain experience transfer, and foster disruptive tactics through virtual gaming environments, thereby achieving autonomous evolution and generational leaps in combat effectiveness during the adversarial process.

The evolution of a system built upon accumulated experience. Intelligent combat systems will gather perception, decision-making, and action data acquired from complex adversarial environments in real time to a knowledge hub. Leveraging advanced algorithms such as reinforcement learning, they will conduct in-depth analysis and mining, performing closed-loop evaluation and dynamic adjustment of system-level operational logic such as command processes, coordination rules, and resource allocation strategies. This will form reusable and verifiable structured knowledge units, enhancing the combat system’s understanding of its environment and its autonomous adaptability. This will enable the entire system to form a shared “collective memory,” achieving adaptive radiation from single-point intelligence to overall operational effectiveness, and ultimately achieving individual evolution that becomes “more refined with each battle.”

Cross-domain empowerment of knowledge transfer. The intelligent combat system, relying on a unified semantic space and feature alignment framework, can rapidly embed localized experiences extracted and summarized from a specific battlefield or domain into other combat domains or mission scenarios. This breaks down information barriers between combat units, enabling the lossless transformation and cross-domain application of combat experience. Essentially, it promotes the secure flow and synergistic effect of knowledge within the system, completing the sublimation and reconstruction from “concrete experience” to “abstract knowledge,” achieving “gains from one battle benefiting all domains,” and accelerating the synchronous evolution of combat capabilities across various domains. This not only significantly improves the overall learning efficiency of the combat system and avoids repeated trial and error, but also achieves the intensive enhancement and systematic inheritance of combat capabilities.

The disruptive potential of game theory and confrontation is emerging. Systemic intelligent game theory aims to break through the boundaries of human cognition, fostering disruptive combat capabilities that transcend traditional experience. Its essence lies in the proactive creation and self-transcendence of knowledge at the system level. By constructing a high-intensity, long-term, realistic “red-blue” adversarial environment in a digital twin battlefield, and utilizing generative adversarial networks and multi-agent reinforcement learning frameworks, intelligent combat systems can explore the unknown boundaries of the strategy space in continuous game development. Based on game theory and complex systems theory, the system can spontaneously form better strategies during adversarial evolution, leading to combat modes and organizational forms that transcend conventional cognition. This makes the intelligent combat system a “super think tank” capable of continuously producing disruptive tactics.

現代國語：

戰爭和作戰方式的演變與作戰系統的深刻變革密不可分。智慧作戰系統的「智慧」不僅在於技術的積累，更重要的是重構作戰能力生成與釋放路徑，從而實現作戰效能的飛躍，並成為未來戰爭取勝的關鍵支點。深入理解並前瞻性地建構智慧作戰系統的「智慧」優勢，已成為贏得智慧戰爭的必要條件。

彈性冗餘的生存優勢

作戰要素的生存是戰爭勝利的根本。智慧作戰系統透過分散式靈活部署、模組化功能重建和自主損傷恢復，形成了應對高強度對抗和不確定性的韌性生存模式。

異質分散式全球部署。異質性反映了不同能力在同一平台上的聚合程度，而分散式則反映了相同能力在不同平台上的分佈程度。智慧作戰系統透過異質性增強了平台能力的多樣性。例如，新型作戰飛機可以作為集感知、指揮控制、中繼和打擊能力於一體的多功能整合平台。透過將作戰功能分配到不同的平台，可以實現大規模、低成本的全球部署。例如，同一作戰功能可以分配給多個平台和系統，例如無人機和巡彈。借助智慧節點的異質分散和矩陣式交叉連接，可以在物理空間的各個方向形成持續的壓力，同時實現關鍵方向的快速聚合。這統一了全局彈性和動態即時最佳化，最大限度地提高功能分配和效能釋放，以應對智慧作戰的不確定性。

透過模組化組合進行功能重構。智慧作戰系統採用軟體定義、任務導向和模組化重構的靈活範式，將固定於特定設備的功能解構為標準化、可互通的硬體和軟體模組。在戰鬥中，基於瞬息萬變的戰場需求，這些模組可透過統一的介面和開放式架構，在線上快速靈活地載入和組合，實現非線性功能組合和靈活的能力重塑。這種即插即用、按需生成的模式，在有限的物理規模內釋放了無限的功能潛力，實現了從「使用任何可用武器作戰」到「為特定戰鬥生成合適的能力」的轉變，從根本上增強了作戰系統的適應性和任務靈活性。

自癒韌性。智慧作戰系統的優勢不在於其絕對的無懈可擊，而在於其自癒韌性——即在中斷發生後能夠立即檢測損傷並進行重建。當某些節點因戰鬥損傷或乾擾而失效時，系統會基於預設功能和路徑冗餘規則，自主快速地診斷損傷。然後，它會調動附近的健康節點接管任務，或啟動備用通訊路徑重建連接，從而使系統迅速過渡到新的穩定狀態。這種固有的彈性冗餘使系統即使在遭受持續攻擊後也能維持核心功能並重建作戰網絡，從而最大限度地降低戰鬥損傷對整體作戰效能的影響。

敏捷滲透的認知優勢

認知優勢是掌握戰場資訊主動權並取得決定性勝利的關鍵。其本質在於透過智慧演算法和先進感測器的深度融合，突破「資訊迷霧」的障礙和「決策焦慮」的束縛，實現從被動感知到主動認知的飛躍。

適應環境變化的彈性通訊。彈性通訊是指通訊系統在高度對抗且複雜的電磁環境中即時偵測幹擾並動態重配置鏈路，以維持指揮控制的連續性和穩定性的能力。智慧作戰系統依托認知無線電等技術，實現通訊資源的按需分配、傳輸路徑的智慧優化以及網路拓撲的自主重配置，使其能夠在複雜的電磁環境中「穿透縫隙”，靈活獲取通訊「視窗」。這種韌性－即使在…之中也能保持溝通即使中斷後也能進行幹擾並恢復操作－確保在極度惡劣的電磁環境下指揮控制關係的連續性，為系統認知活動提供可靠的通訊線路。

多模態訊息的有機融合。多模態融合是指從多樣化且異構的資訊中提取一致性，形成高價值的戰場態勢的過程。基於智慧演算法的智慧作戰系統，對雷達、光電、偵察和網路戰等不同來源的資料進行跨模態對齊。它能夠從海量且碎片化的情報中自動提取敵方部署、行動模式和戰術意圖，實現異質互補和交叉驗證。這實現了從數據冗餘到精準情報的質的飛躍，從而為指揮官提供全面可靠的戰場認知地圖，撥開“戰爭迷霧”，直擊戰局核心。

人機互動實現無縫意圖傳遞。基於意圖的意圖旨在彌合人類指揮官與智慧作戰系統之間的語義鴻溝，實現自然語言指令到機器可執行任務的精確無損轉換。智慧作戰系統利用自然語言處理和知識圖譜等技術建構具備自然語言理解和邏輯推理能力的智慧互動引擎。該引擎自動將指揮官的整體作戰意圖分解為任務清單、約束條件和評估標準，產生機器可理解和執行的戰術指令和行動序列，並將其精確地分發給相應的作戰單元，直接驅動其執行。這種「所想即所發，所發即所攻」的指揮模式顯著縮短了傳統指揮鏈中的理解和溝通週期，實現了決策層面的人機智能深度融合，從而大幅提升了指揮效能。

自主調適的協同優勢

協同優勢是釋放系統間作戰效能的倍增器。智慧作戰系統的協同作用超越了預設的程序，表現為跨域作戰單元在統一規則和共同任務下進行自組織、自適應的同步與協作。其本質是系統智能在作戰層面的體現。

規則約束下的時空協調。時空協調是指在統一的時空參考框架內，為分散部署的作戰單元設定行動邊界和交互規則，確保其在物理域內的有序協作。在統一的作戰規則框架下，智慧作戰系統的每個單元透過智慧演算法自主計算其相對位置並預測其軌跡，實現不同平台的時域校準、空域融合和頻域嵌套。這確保了無衝突的路徑規劃、無幹擾的頻譜使用和無事故的火力運用。這種兼具有序性和靈活性的協同機制，在保持戰術靈活性的同時避免了相互幹擾，為複雜戰場環境下的作戰行動提供了時空參考。

任務驅動的邏輯協調。邏輯協調是指以作戰任務為底層邏輯，自主分解任務、分配資源、規劃行動，進而達成智慧化的組織與調度。智慧作戰系統基於任務分析、能力匹配和計畫生成演算法，自動將作戰目標分解為具體的行動序列，並智慧調度相應的作戰單位進行「命令下達」。每個智慧節點基於對整體任務的理解、即時態勢感知以及自身能力，透過多智能體協商機制自主制定行動計劃，並與相關單位動態協商協作以「接受命令」。這種以任務為導向的指揮方式極大地解放了上級指揮官，使系統在應對突發事件時具備敏捷性和靈活性，顯著提升了任務適應性。

目標對齊感知協同。感知協同是指作戰單位基於對目標和環境的共同理解進行自主決策和行動，從而產生協同效應。智慧作戰系統由具備預測和推理能力的系統或節點組成。在營運目標的驅動下，它們可以智慧作戰系統能夠預判友軍行動和戰場局勢，透過局部感知和獨立決策，進行自組織、自發的協同支援。這種以效率為導向的、無聲的共識超越了溝通限制和預設程序，使系統在面對強大對手時展現出卓越的適應性和創造力。

學習迭代的演化優勢

演化優勢是作戰系統保持競爭力和在戰場上掌握主動權的關鍵。智慧作戰系統依靠即時對抗數據來驅動整體優化，透過跨域經驗轉移加速能力擴散，並透過虛擬博弈環境培養顛覆性戰術，從而在對抗過程中實現自主演化和作戰效能的世代飛躍。

基於經驗累積的系統演化。智慧作戰系統將從複雜的對抗環境中即時獲得的感知、決策和行動數據收集到知識中心。利用強化學習等先進演算法，該系統將進行深度分析和挖掘，對系統級運作邏輯（如指揮流程、協調規則和資源分配策略）進行閉環評估和動態調整，從而形成可重用、可驗證的結構化知識單元，增強作戰系統對環境的理解和自主適應能力。這將使整個系統形成共享的“集體記憶”，實現從單點智慧到整體作戰效能的自適應輻射，並最終實現“越戰越精進”的個體演進。

跨域知識遷移賦能。智慧作戰系統依托統一的語意空間和特徵對齊框架，能夠將從特定戰場或領域提取和總結的局部經驗快速嵌入到其他作戰領域或任務場景中，打破作戰單元之間的資訊壁壘，實現作戰經驗的無損轉換和跨域應用。本質上，它促進了系統內知識的安全流動和協同效應，完成了從「具體經驗」到「抽象知識」的昇華和重構，實現了「一戰多域」的效益，並加速了跨領域作戰能力的同步演進。這不僅顯著提高了作戰系統的整體學習效率，避免了重複試錯，而且實現了作戰能力的強化和系統繼承。

博弈論與對抗的顛覆性潛能正在顯現。系統智慧博弈論旨在突破人類認知的限制，培養超越傳統經驗的顛覆性作戰能力。其本質在於系統層面知識的主動創造與自我超越。透過在數位孿生戰場上建構高強度、長期、逼真的「紅藍」對抗環境，並利用生成對抗網路和多智能體強化學習框架，智慧作戰系統能夠在持續的博弈演進中探索戰略空間的未知邊界。基於博弈論和複雜系統理論，該系統能夠在對抗演化過程中自發性地形成更優策略，從而產生超越傳統認知的作戰模式和組織形式。這使得該智慧作戰系統成為一個能夠持續產生顛覆性戰術的「超級智庫」。

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n18/2025/18216/c1011-480682584829.html

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Looking at Intelligent Warfare: Focusing on Counter-AI Operations in Chinese Military Operations During Intelligent Warfare

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檢視情報戰：聚焦中國軍事行動中的反空戰策略

現代英語：

Original Title: A Look at Intelligent Warfare: Focusing on Counter-AI Operations in Intelligent Warfare

　　  introduction

　　  The widespread application of science and technology in the military field has brought about profound changes in the form of warfare and combat methods. Military competition among major powers is increasingly manifested as technological subversion and counter-subversion, surprise attacks and counter-surprise attacks, and offsetting and counter-offsetting. To win future intelligent warfare, it is necessary not only to continuously promote the deep transformation and application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, but also to strengthen dialectical thinking, adhere to asymmetric thinking, innovate and develop anti-AI warfare theories and tactics, and proactively plan research on anti-AI technologies and the development of weapons and equipment to achieve victory through “breaking AI” and strive to seize the initiative in future warfare.

　　  Fully recognize the inevitability of anti-artificial intelligence warfare

　　  In his essay “On Contradiction,” Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that “the law of contradiction in things, that is, the law of unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of dialectical materialism.” Throughout the history of military technology development and its operational application, there has always been a dialectical relationship between offense and defense. The phenomenon of mutual competition and alternating suppression between the “spear” of technology and the “shield” of corresponding countermeasures is commonplace.

　　  In the era of cold weapons, people not only invented eighteen kinds of weapons such as knives, spears, swords, and halberds, but also corresponding helmets, armor, and shields. In the era of firearms, the use of gunpowder greatly increased attack range and lethality, but it also spurred tactical and technical innovations, exemplified by defensive fortifications such as trenches and bastions. In the mechanized era, tanks shone brightly in World War II, and the development of tank armor and anti-tank weapons continues to this day. In the information age, “electronic attack” and “electronic protection,” centered on information dominance, have sparked a new wave of interest, giving rise to electronic warfare units. Furthermore, numerous opposing concepts in the military field, such as “missiles” versus “anti-missile,” and “unmanned combat” versus “counter-unmanned combat,” abound.

　　  It should be recognized that “anti-AI warfare,” as the opposite concept of “intelligent warfare,” will inevitably emerge gradually with the widespread and in-depth application of intelligent technologies in the military field. Forward-looking research into the concepts, principles, and tactical implementation paths of anti-AI warfare is not only a necessity for a comprehensive and dialectical understanding of intelligent warfare, but also an inevitable step to seize the high ground in future military competition and implement asymmetric warfare.

　　  Scientific Analysis of Counter-AI Combat Methods and Paths

　　  Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology is undergoing a leapfrog development, moving from weak to strong and from specialized to general-purpose applications. From its underlying support perspective, data, algorithms, and computing power remain its three key elements. Data is the fundamental raw material for training and optimizing models, algorithms determine the strategies and mechanisms for data processing and problem-solving, and computing power provides the hardware support for complex calculations. Seeking ways to “break through” AI by addressing these three elements—data, algorithms, and computing power—is an important methodological approach for implementing counter-AI warfare.

　　  Counter-data warfare. Data is the raw material for artificial intelligence to learn and reason, and its quality and diversity significantly impact the accuracy and generalization ability of models. Numerous examples in daily life demonstrate how minute changes in data can cause AI models to fail. For instance, facial recognition models on mobile phones may fail to accurately identify individuals due to factors such as wearing glasses, changing hairstyles, or changes in ambient light; autonomous driving models may also misjudge road conditions due to factors like road conditions, road signs, and weather. The basic principle of counter-data warfare is to mislead the training and judgment processes of military intelligent models by creating “contaminated” data or altering its distribution characteristics. This “inferiority” in the data leads to “errors” in the model, thereby reducing its effectiveness. Since AI models can comprehensively analyze and cross-verify multi-source data, counter-data warfare should focus more on multi-dimensional features, packaging false data information to enhance its “authenticity.” In recent years, foreign militaries have conducted relevant experimental verifications in this area. For example, by using special materials for coating and infrared emitter camouflage, the optical and infrared characteristics of real weapon platforms, and even the vibration effects of engines, can be simulated to deceive intelligent intelligence processing models; in cyberspace, traffic data camouflage can be implemented to improve the silent operation capability of network attacks and reduce the effectiveness of network attack detection models.

　　  Anti-algorithm warfare. The essence of an algorithm is a strategy mechanism for solving problems described in computer language. Because the scope of application of such strategy mechanisms is limited, they may fail when faced with a wide variety of real-world problems. A typical example is Lee Sedol’s “divine move” in the 2016 human-machine Go match. Many professional Go players, after reviewing the game, stated that the “divine move” was actually invalid, yet it worked against AlphaGo. AlphaGo developer Silva explained this by saying that Lee Sedol exploited a previously unknown vulnerability in the computer; other analyses suggest that this move might have contradicted AlphaGo’s Go logic or been outside its strategic learning range, making it unable to respond. The basic principle of anti-algorithm warfare is to target the vulnerabilities in the algorithm’s strategy mechanism and weaknesses in its model architecture through logical attacks or deception to reduce the algorithm’s effectiveness. Anti-algorithm warfare should be combined with specific combat actions to achieve “misleading and deceiving” the algorithm. For example, drone swarm reconnaissance operations often use reinforcement learning algorithms to plan reconnaissance paths. In this case, irregular or abnormal actions can be created to reduce or disable the reward mechanism in the reinforcement learning algorithm model, thereby reducing its reconnaissance search efficiency.

　　  Counter-computing power warfare. The strength of computing power represents the speed at which data processing can be converted into information and decision-making advantages. Unlike counter-data warfare and counter-algorithm warfare, which primarily rely on soft confrontation, counter-computing power warfare employs a combination of hard and soft tactics. Hard destruction mainly refers to attacks on enemy computing centers and computing network infrastructure, crippling their AI models by cutting off their computing power. Soft confrontation focuses on increasing the enemy’s computing costs, primarily by creating a “fog of war” and data noise. For example, during operations, large quantities of meaningless data of various types, such as images, audio, video, and electromagnetic data, can be generated to constrain and deplete the enemy’s computing resources, reducing their effective utilization rate. Furthermore, attacks can also be launched against weak points in the defenses of the computing power support environment and infrastructure. Computing centers consume enormous amounts of electricity; attacking and destroying their power support systems can also achieve the effect of counter-computing power warfare.

　　  Forward-looking planning for the development of anti-artificial intelligence combat capabilities

　　  In all warfare, one engages with conventional tactics and wins with unconventional ones. Faced with intelligent warfare, while continuously advancing and improving intelligent combat capabilities, it is also necessary to strengthen preparedness for counter-AI warfare, proactively planning for theoretical innovation, supporting technology development, and equipment platform construction related to counter-AI warfare, ensuring the establishment of an intelligent combat system that integrates offense and defense, and combines defense and counter-attack.

　　  Strengthen theoretical innovation in counter-AI warfare. Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whether it’s military strategic innovation, military technological innovation, or other aspects of military innovation, all are inseparable from theoretical guidance. We must adhere to liberating our minds, broadening our horizons, and strengthening dialectical thinking. We must use theoretical innovation in counter-AI warfare as a supplement and breakthrough to construct an intelligent warfare theoretical system that supports and serves the fight for victory. We must adhere to the principle of “you fight your way, I fight my way,” strengthening asymmetric thinking. Through in-depth research on the concepts, strategies, and tactics of counter-AI warfare, we must provide scientific theoretical support for seizing battlefield intelligence dominance and effectively leverage the leading role of military theory. We must adhere to the integration of theory and technology, enhancing our scientific and technological awareness, innovation, and application capabilities. We must establish a closed loop between counter-AI warfare theory and technology, allowing them to complement and support each other, achieving deep integration and positive interaction between theory and technology.

　　  Emphasis should be placed on accumulating military technologies for countering artificial intelligence. Science and technology are crucial foundations for generating and enhancing combat effectiveness. Breakthroughs in some technologies can have disruptive effects, potentially even fundamentally altering the traditional landscape of warfare. Currently, major world powers view artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology and have elevated the development of military intelligence to a national strategy. Simultaneously, some countries are actively conducting research on technologies related to countering artificial intelligence warfare, exploring methods to counter AI and aiming to reduce the effectiveness of adversaries’ military intelligent systems. Therefore, it is essential to both explore and follow up, strengthening research and tracking of cutting-edge technologies, actively discovering, promoting, and fostering the development of technologies with counter-disruptive capabilities, such as intelligent countermeasures, to seize the technological advantage at the outset of counter-AI warfare and prevent enemy technological surprise attacks; and to carefully select technologies, maintaining sufficient scientific rationality and accurate judgment to dispel the technological “fog” and avoid falling into the adversary’s technological traps.

Developing anti-AI warfare weapons and equipment. Designing weapons and equipment is designing future warfare; we develop weapons and equipment based on the types of warfare we will fight in the future. Anti-AI warfare is an important component of intelligent warfare, and anti-AI weapons and equipment will play a crucial role on the future battlefield. When developing anti-AI warfare weapons and equipment, we must first closely align with battlefield needs. We must closely integrate with the adversary, mission, and environment to strengthen anti-AI warfare research, accurately describe anti-AI warfare scenarios, and ensure that the requirements for anti-AI warfare weapons and equipment are scientifically sound, accurate, and reasonable. Secondly, we must adopt a cost-conscious approach. Recent local wars have shown that cost control is a crucial factor influencing the outcome of future wars. Anti-AI warfare focuses on interfering with and deceiving the enemy’s military intelligent systems. Increasing the development of decoy weapon platforms is an effective way to reduce costs and increase efficiency. By using low-cost simulated decoy targets to deceive the enemy’s intelligent reconnaissance systems, the “de-intelligence” effect can be extended and amplified, aiming to deplete their high-value precision-guided missiles and other high-value strike weapons. Finally, we must emphasize simultaneous development, use, and upgrading. Intelligent technologies are developing rapidly and iterating quickly. It is crucial to closely monitor the application of cutting-edge military intelligent technologies by adversaries, accurately understand their intelligent model algorithm architecture, and continuously promote the upgrading of the latest counter-artificial intelligence technologies in weapon platforms to ensure their high efficiency in battlefield application. (Kang Ruizhi, Li Shengjie)

現代國語：

原文標題：智慧化戰爭面面觀－關注智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

引言

科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化，大國軍事博弈越來越表現為技術上的顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵消與反抵消。打贏未來智慧化戰爭，既要不斷推進人工智慧技術在軍事領域的深度轉化應用，還應加強辯證思維、堅持非對稱思想，創新發展反人工智慧作戰理論和戰法，前瞻佈局反人工智慧技術研究和武器裝備研發，實現「破智」制勝，努力掌握未來戰爭主動權。

充分認識反人工智慧作戰必然性

毛澤東同志在《矛盾論》中指出：「事物的矛盾法則，即對立統一的法則，是唯物辯證法的最根本的法則。」縱觀軍事技術發展及其作戰運用歷史，從來都充滿了攻與防的辯證關係，技術之矛與反制止制、反制止制相較制、相較制抗擊現象之間的技術之緣關係。

冷兵器時代，人們不僅發明出「刀、槍、劍、戟」等十八般兵器，與之對應的「盔、甲、盾」等也被創造出來。熱兵器時代，火藥的使用大幅提升了攻擊距離和殺傷力，但同時也催生了以「塹壕」「稜堡」等防禦工事為代表的技戰術創新。機械化時代，坦克在二戰中大放異彩，人們對「坦克裝甲」與「反坦克武器」相關技術戰術的開發延續至今。資訊時代，圍繞制資訊權的「電子攻擊」與「電子防護」又掀起一陣新的熱潮，電子對抗部隊應運而生。此外，「飛彈」與「反導」、「無人作戰」與「反無人作戰」等軍事領域的對立概念不勝枚舉。

應當看到，「反人工智慧作戰」作為「智慧化作戰」的對立概念，也必將隨著智慧科技在軍事領域的廣泛深度運用而逐漸顯現。前瞻性研究反人工智慧作戰相關概念、原則及其技戰術實現路徑，既是全面辯證認識智慧化戰爭的時代需要，也是搶佔未來軍事競爭高地、實施非對稱作戰的必然之舉。

科學分析反人工智慧作戰方法路徑

目前，人工智慧技術正經歷由弱向強、由專用向通用的跨越式發展階段。從其底層支撐來看，數據、演算法、算力依舊是其三大關鍵要素。其中，資料是訓練與最佳化模型的基礎原料，演算法決定了資料處理與問題解決的策略機制，算力則為複雜運算提供硬體支撐。從資料、演算法、算力三個要素的角度尋求「破智」之道，是實施反人工智慧作戰的重要方法路徑。

反資料作戰。數據是人工智慧實現學習和推理的原始素材，數據的品質和多樣性對模型的準確度和泛化能力有重要影響。生活中因為微小數據變化而導致人工智慧模型失效的例子比比皆是。例如，手機中的人臉辨識模型，可能會因人戴上眼鏡、改變髮型或環境明暗變化等原因，而無法準確辨識身分；自動駕駛模型也會因路況、路標及天氣等因素，產生對道路狀況的誤判。實施反數據作戰，其基本原理是透過製造“污染”數據或改變數據的分佈特徵，來誤導軍事智能模型的訓練學習過程或判斷過程，用數據之“差”引發模型之“謬”，從而降低軍事智能模型的有效性。由於人工智慧模型能夠對多源數據進行綜合分析、交叉印證，反數據作戰應更加註重從多維特徵出發，包裝虛假數據信息，提升其「真實性」。近年來，外軍在這方面已經有相關實驗驗證。例如，利用特殊材料塗裝、紅外線發射裝置偽裝等方式，模擬真實武器平台光學、紅外線特徵甚至是引擎震動效果，用來欺騙智慧情報處理模型；在網路空間，實施流量資料偽裝，以提升網路攻擊靜默運作能力，降低網路攻擊偵測模型的效果。

反演算法作戰。演算法的本質，是用電腦語言描述解決問題的策略機制。由於這種策略機制的適應範圍有限，在面對千差萬別的現實問題時可能會失效，一個典型例子就是2016年人機圍棋大戰中李世石的「神之一」。不少職業圍棋選手複盤分析後表示，「神之一手」其實並不成立，但卻對「阿爾法狗」發揮了作用。 「阿爾法狗」開發者席爾瓦對此的解釋是，李世石點中了電腦不為人知的漏洞；還有分析稱，可能是「這一手」與「阿爾法狗」的圍棋邏輯相悖或不在其策略學習範圍內，導致其無法應對。實施反演算法作戰，其基本原理是針對演算法策略機制漏洞和模型架構弱點，進行邏輯攻擊或邏輯欺騙，以降低演算法有效性。反演算法作戰應與具體作戰行動結合，達成針對演算法的「誤導欺騙」。例如，無人機群偵察行動常採用強化學習演算法模型規劃偵察路徑，針對此情況，可透過製造無規則行動或反常行動，致使強化學習演算法模型中的獎勵機制降效或失效，從而達成降低其偵察搜尋效率的目的。

反算力作戰。算力的強弱代表著將資料處理轉換為資訊優勢和決策優勢的速度。有別於反數據作戰和反演算法作戰以軟對抗為主，反算力作戰的對抗方式是軟硬結合的。硬摧毀主要指對敵算力中心、計算網路設施等實施的打擊，透過斷其算力的方式使其人工智慧模型難以發揮作用；軟對抗著眼加大敵算力成本，主要以製造戰爭「迷霧」和資料雜訊為主。例如，作戰時大量產生影像、音訊、視訊、電磁等多類型的無意義數據，對敵算力資源進行牽制消耗，降低其算力的有效作用率。此外，也可對算力的支撐環境和配套建設等防備薄弱環節實施攻擊，算力中心電能消耗巨大，對其電力支援系統進行攻擊和摧毀，也可達成反算力作戰的效果。

前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰能力建設

凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。面對智慧化戰爭，持續推動提升智慧化作戰能力的同時，也需強化對反人工智慧作戰的未雨綢繆，前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰相關理論創新、配套技術發展與裝備平台建設，確保建立攻防兼備、防反一體的智慧化作戰體系。

加強反人工智慧作戰理論創新。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力，軍事戰略創新也好，軍事科技創新也好，其他方面軍事創新也好，都離不開理論指導。要堅持解放思想、開拓視野，強化辯證思維，以反人工智慧作戰理論創新為補充和突破，建構支撐和服務打贏制勝的智慧化作戰理論體系。要堅持你打你的、我打我的，強化非對稱思想，透過對反人工智慧作戰概念、策略戰法等問題的深化研究，為奪取戰場制智權提供科學理論支撐，切實發揮軍事理論的先導作用。要堅持理技融合，增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力，打通反人工智慧作戰理論與技術之間的閉環迴路，讓兩者互相補充、互為支撐，實現理論與技術的深度融合與良性互動。

注重反人工智慧軍事技術累積。科學技術是產生和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎，有些技術一旦突破，影響將是顛覆性的，甚至可能從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。目前，世界各主要國家將人工智慧視為顛覆性技術，並將發展軍事智慧化上升為國家戰略。同時，也有國家積極進行反人工智慧作戰相關技術研究，探索人工智慧對抗方法，意圖降低對手軍事智慧系統效能。為此，既要探索跟進，加強對前沿技術的跟踪研究，積極發現、推動、催生智能對抗這類具有反顛覆作用的技術發展，在反人工智能作戰起步階段就搶佔技術先機，防敵技術突襲；還要精挑細選，注重保持足夠科學理性和準確判斷，破除技術“迷霧”，避免陷入對手技術陷阱。

研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備。設計武器裝備就是設計未來戰爭，未來打什麼仗就發展什麼武器裝備。反人工智慧作戰是智慧化戰爭的重要組成部分，反人工智慧武器裝備也將在未來戰場上發揮重要作用。在研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備時，首先要緊貼戰場需求。緊密結合作戰對手、作戰任務和作戰環境等，加強反人工智慧作戰研究，把反人工智慧作戰場景描述準確，確保反人工智慧作戰武器裝備需求論證科學、準確、合理。其次要建立成本思維。最新局部戰爭實踐表明，作戰成本控制是影響未來戰爭勝負的重要因素。反人工智慧作戰重在對敵軍事智慧系統的干擾與迷惑，加大誘耗型武器平台研發是一種有效的降本增效方法。透過低成本模擬示假目標欺騙敵智能偵察系統，可將「破智」效應延伸放大，力求消耗其精確導引飛彈等高價值打擊武器。最後要注重邊建邊用邊升級。智慧技術發展速度快、更新迭代快，要緊密追蹤對手前沿軍事智慧技術應用，摸準其智慧模型演算法架構，不斷推動最新反人工智慧技術在武器平台中的運用升級，確保其戰場運用的高效性。 （康睿智 李聖傑）

中國原創軍事資源：https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/zonghe/2025-05-20/doc-inexeiih2818486808984.shtml

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Where is the Transformation of Chinese Military Intelligent War Preparedness Heading?

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中國軍事情報戰備轉型將走向何方？

現代英語：

Where should the intelligent transformation for combat readiness go?

Currently, the form of warfare is rapidly evolving towards intelligence, and the era of intelligent warfare is imminent. To adapt to the development of military intelligent technology, the changing mechanisms of war, and the high-quality development of the armed forces, it is imperative to accelerate the advancement of intelligent combat readiness. Modern combat readiness must, while advancing the transformation from mechanization and semi-mechanization to informatization, further proactively address the challenges of military intelligence, adhere to intelligence as the guiding principle, and accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. In short, vigorously promoting intelligent combat readiness is a practical necessity for driving the high-quality development of national defense and the armed forces; only by successfully transforming to intelligent combat readiness can we promote the leapfrog development of the military’s combat capabilities.

Construct an intelligent warfare theoretical system. Focusing on solving key and difficult issues in intelligent warfare theory, such as war prediction, war forms, war design, operational concepts, operational styles, operational systems, troop formation, and troop training, we will deepen research on the application of intelligent warfare, explore the winning mechanisms, characteristics, laws, tactics, action methods, and comprehensive support of intelligent warfare, enrich the theories of intelligent warfare, intelligent operations, and the construction of intelligent combat forces, and gradually construct an intelligent warfare theoretical system.

Establish an intelligent command and control paradigm. Strengthen the development of technologies such as adversarial and game-theoretic operational planning, digital twin parallel simulation, and efficient organization and precise scheduling of complex operational resources. Enhance capabilities such as automatic planning of operational plans under large-scale, high-intensity conditions and autonomous decomposition of cross-domain and cross-level tasks. Achieve deep integration of military knowledge and machine intelligence, reliable and explainable auxiliary decision-making, and self-learning and self-evolving adversarial strategies. Integrate technological achievements such as sensing, networking, cloud computing, and quantum computing to enhance intelligent auxiliary capabilities in situation generation, operational command, and staff operations. Accelerate the development of intelligent staff business systems and intelligently upgrade and transform operational command information systems. Achieve intelligent information Q&A, intelligent plan generation, and decision support suggestions for typical campaign/tactical command, greatly reducing the workload of staff personnel and significantly improving the timeliness of command operations.

Develop intelligent weapon and equipment systems. Strengthen the intelligent upgrading and transformation of traditional weapons, promote the practical application of intelligent technologies in backbone equipment, and deploy low-cost, expendable unmanned combat platforms on a large scale. Develop intelligent individual soldier integrated systems, air-to-ground unmanned swarm collaborative attack systems, and underground space swarm warfare systems, etc., research and develop intelligent flexible wearable technologies and mobile intelligent terminal technologies, develop intelligent wearable equipment, brain-computer interface helmets, and human implant devices, etc., and accelerate the application of intelligent new weapon platforms, using the pioneering development of key equipment to drive overall breakthroughs.

Increase the proportion of intelligent combat forces. Focusing on optimizing structure and function, implement intelligent design for the existing organizational structure of the armed forces, and gradually increase the proportion of intelligent combat forces. Formulate talent development plans, cultivate the intelligent literacy of combat personnel, and explore a talent cultivation path that integrates military and civilian sectors, services, and enterprises. Build a new generation of combat forces that are intelligently led, cross-domain collaborative, all-domain mobile, and precise and multi-functional; focus on research on intelligent air defense and anti-missile systems, passive detection and intelligent identification of aerial targets, and build intelligent air combat forces such as anti-aircraft unmanned combat aircraft and “swarm” aircraft; emphasize research on intelligent missiles and develop long-range missile deterrence and strike capabilities; deepen research on the architecture design of intelligent attack and defense systems in cyberspace and the intelligent generation of attack strategies, upgrade the new generation of cyberspace reconnaissance, attack, and defense forces, and comprehensively enhance intelligent combat capabilities.

Optimize intelligent autonomous collaboration methods. Focusing on the human-machine “interaction-understanding-co-progress” framework, break through human-machine hybrid perception enhancement and human-machine adaptive multi-task collaboration to improve human-machine hybrid perception capabilities, cognitive abilities, and overall combat effectiveness in complex battlefield environments, achieving complementarity and intelligent enhancement between human wisdom and machine intelligence. Accelerate the development of applied research in areas such as intelligent swarm distributed elastic architecture, self-organizing anti-jamming communication and interaction, distributed autonomous collaboration in complex confrontation scenarios, and swarm intelligent command and control adapted to complex environments and tasks. Enhance the autonomous elastic planning and swarm intelligence confrontation learning capabilities of unmanned swarms in complex scenarios, promoting an overall leap in the combat effectiveness of multi-domain/cross-domain heterogeneous swarms.

Innovate an intelligent, all-dimensional support model. Facing the overall requirements of comprehensive support for future battlefields, including all-time intelligent perception, precise control of supplies and ammunition, and accurate delivery of combat supplies, enhance the intelligent combat logistics equipment support capabilities. Develop capabilities such as comprehensive multi-dimensional support demand mining across all domains, online networked dynamic monitoring of equipment status, autonomous early warning of support risks, and on-demand allocation of support resources. Promote research and verification of intelligent network information systems, intelligent military logistics systems, intelligent support for battlefield facilities and environment information, smart individual soldier support, intelligent rapid medical treatment for future battlefields, and intelligent energy support and transportation delivery, achieving the organic integration of combat, technology, and logistics support elements with combat command and troop movements.

現代國語：

智慧戰備轉型應走向何方？

當前，戰爭形式正迅速朝向智慧化演進，智慧戰時代迫在眉睫。為適應軍事智慧技術的發展、戰爭機制的轉變以及軍隊高品質發展，加速推動智慧戰備勢在必行。現代戰備在推動從機械化、半機械化轉型為資訊化的同時，必須更積極主動地應對軍事情報挑戰，堅持以情報為指導原則，加速機械化、資訊化、情報化整合發展。總之，大力推動智慧戰備是推動國防和軍隊高品質發展的現實需求；只有成功實現智慧戰備轉型，才能推動軍隊作戰能力的跨越式發展。

建構智能戰理論體系。我們將著力解決智慧戰理論中的關鍵難點問題，例如戰爭預測、戰爭形態、戰爭設計、作戰理念、作戰風格、作戰體系、部隊編組和部隊訓練等，深化智能戰應用研究，探索智能戰的製勝機制、特徵、規律、戰術、行動方法和綜合保障，豐富智能戰、智能作戰和智能作戰力量建設的理論，逐步構建的理論體系。

建立智慧指揮控制範式。加強對抗性與博弈論作戰規劃、數位孿生並行模擬、複雜作戰資源高效組織和精確調度等技術的研發。提升大規模、高強度條件下作戰計畫的自動規劃、跨域、跨層級任務的自主分解等能力。實現軍事知識與機器智慧的深度融合，實現可靠、可解釋的輔助決策，以及對抗策略的自學習、自我演化。整合感知、網路、雲端運算、量子運算等技術成果，提升態勢生成、作戰指揮、參謀運作等方面的智慧輔助能力。加速智慧參謀業務系統建設，實現作戰指揮資訊系統的智慧升級改造。實現典型戰役/戰術指揮的智慧資訊問答、智慧計畫生成、決策支援建議，大幅減輕參謀人員工作負擔，顯著提升指揮運作的時效性。

發展智慧武器裝備系統。加強傳統武器的智慧升級改造，推動智慧技術在骨幹裝備的實際應用，大規模部署低成本、消耗型無人作戰平台。研發智慧單兵一體化系統、空地無人群聚協同攻擊系統、地下空間集群作戰系統等，研發智慧柔性穿戴技術與行動智慧終端技術，開發智慧穿戴設備、腦機介面頭盔、人體植入式設備等，加速智慧新型武器平台的應用，以關鍵裝備的先導研發為驅動力，實現整體突破。

提高智慧作戰力量比例。著力優化結構與功能，對現有軍隊組織結構進行智慧化設計，逐步提升智慧作戰力量比例。制定人才培育計劃，提升作戰人員的智慧素養，探索軍民融合、服務業與企業融合的人才培育路徑。建構智慧主導、跨域協同、全域機動、精準多功能的新一代作戰力量；重點研發智慧防空反導系統、空中目標被動偵測與智慧辨識技術，建構以防空無人作戰飛機、「群聚」飛機等為代表的智慧空戰力量；重視智慧飛彈研發，發展遠程飛彈威懾與打擊能力；深化網路空間太空防空防電系統設計與智慧飛彈威懾策略的新一代攻擊能力。全面提升網路空間偵察、攻擊和防禦力量的智慧作戰能力。

優化智慧自主協同作戰方式。圍繞人機「互動-理解-協同-進步」框架，突破人機混合感知增強和人機自適應多任務協同作戰，提升複雜戰場環境下人機混合感知能力、認知能力和整體作戰效能，實現人機智慧互補與智能增強。加速智慧集群分散式彈性架構、自組織抗干擾通訊與互動、複雜對抗場景下的分散式自主協同作戰、適應複雜環境和任務的集群智慧指揮控制等領域的應用研究。增強複雜場景下無人群集的自主彈性規劃與群集智慧對抗學習能力，推動多域/跨域異質群集作戰效能的全面飛躍。

創新智能化全維度支援模式。面對未來戰場全面保障的整體需求，包括全時智慧感知、物資彈藥精準管控、作戰物資準確投放等，提升智慧作戰後勤裝備保障能力。發展跨域多維綜合保障需求挖掘、裝備狀態線上網路動態監控、保障風險自主預警、保障資源按需調配等能力。推動智慧網路資訊系統、智慧軍事後勤系統、戰場設施及環境資訊智慧保障、智慧單兵保障、未來戰場智慧快速醫療救治、智慧能源保障及運輸配送等研究驗證，實現作戰、技術、後勤支援要素與作戰指揮、部隊調動有機融合。

陶利民，秦昊

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：陶立民 秦浩 責任編輯：王粲

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_20888543/186482825186.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Embracing the Challenges of Intelligent Warfare with New Combat Concepts

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中國軍隊以新的作戰概念迎接智慧戰爭的挑戰

現代英語：

Foreword

Breakthroughs in artificial intelligence technology, marked by deep learning, and their applications across various fields have propelled intelligentization to new heights globally, becoming a focal point of attention. In the military field, where technological innovation and application are never lagging behind, a new revolution is also actively brewing. We must accurately grasp the pulse of intelligent warfare’s evolution and analyze its intrinsic nature in order to embrace and master intelligent warfare with a fresh perspective.

How far away is intelligent warfare from us?

Intelligent warfare is warfare primarily supported by artificial intelligence technology. Imbuing weapon platforms with human-like intelligence and replacing human combatants on the battlefield has been a dream for humanity for millennia. With the powerful impact of AI systems like AlphaGo and Atlas, and the emerging concepts and platforms of new warfare such as swarm warfare and flying aircraft carriers, the door to intelligent warfare seems to be quietly opening.

The laws of historical development foreshadow the inevitable rise of intelligent warfare on the battlefield. Advances in science and technology drive the evolution of weaponry, triggering fundamental changes in military organization, combat methods, and military theory, ultimately forcibly propelling a historical transformation in the form of warfare. The arrival of intelligent warfare aligns with this inevitable historical trend. Looking back at the evolution of human warfare, every major advancement in science and technology has driven significant military transformations. The invention of gunpowder ushered in the era of firearms, wiping out infantry and cavalry formations under the linear warfare tactics of firearms. The application of the steam engine in the military led to the mechanized era, giving rise to large-scale mechanized warfare led by armored ships, tanks, and aircraft. The emergence and application of intelligent technology will profoundly change human cognition, war thinking, and combat methods, once again triggering a major military revolution, and intelligent warfare will inevitably take center stage.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology determines the pace of intelligent warfare. The continuous development and widespread application of AI technology are propelling intelligent warfare from its initial stages of uncertainty to reality, gradually emerging and growing, step by step approaching us. To truly enter the era of intelligent warfare, AI technology needs to advance through four stages. The first stage is computational intelligence, which means breaking through the limitations of computing power and storage space to achieve near real-time computing and storage capabilities—capabilities far beyond the reach of large computers and massive servers. The widespread application of cloud computing has already firmly placed humanity on this first stage. The second stage is perceptual intelligence, where machines can understand, see, distinguish, and recognize, enabling direct communication and dialogue with humans. Natural language understanding, image and graphics recognition, and biometric identification technologies based on big data have allowed humanity to reach this second stage. The third stage is cognitive intelligence, where machines can understand human thought, reason and make judgments and decisions like humans. Knowledge mining, knowledge graphs, artificial neural networks, and decision tree technologies driven by deep learning algorithms are propelling humanity towards this third stage. The fourth stage is human-machine integrated augmented intelligence, which involves complementary and two-way closed-loop interaction between humans’ strengths in perception, reasoning, induction, and learning, and machines’ strengths in search, computation, storage, and optimization. Virtual reality augmentation technology, brain-like cognitive technology, and brain-like neural network technology are exploring how humanity can reach this fourth stage. When humanity reached the second stage, the intelligent warfare began to approach; when we step onto the fourth stage, the era of intelligent warfare will fully begin.

Self-learning and growth are accelerating the sudden arrival of the intelligent warfare revolution. “Learning” ability is the core capability of artificial intelligence; once machines can learn on their own, their learning speed will be astonishing. Once machines possess self-learning capabilities, they will enter a rapid growth trajectory of continuous “intelligence enhancement and accelerated evolution.” All the technical difficulties in moving towards intelligent warfare will be readily resolved as “learning” deepens. The era of intelligent warfare may very well arrive suddenly in ways no one could have imagined!

What exactly will intelligent warfare change?

Intelligent warfare will break through the limits of traditional spatiotemporal cognition . In intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology can collect, calculate, and push information on the actions of all forces in combat in real time and across all domains. This will enable humans to break through the logical limits of thought, the physiological limits of senses, and the physical limits of existence, greatly improving the scope of cognition of time and space. It will allow for real-time and precise control over all actions of all forces, and enable the rapid transfer, aggregation, and attack of superior combat resources in multidimensional space and domains. Any time and any space may become a point in time and space where victory can be achieved.

Intelligent warfare will reshape the relationship between humans and weaponry . With the rapid advancement of intelligent technologies and the continuous improvement of their intelligence levels, weapon platforms and combat systems can not only passively and mechanically execute human commands, but also, based on deep understanding and prediction, leverage the computational, storage, and retrieval capabilities that machines excel at, thereby autonomously and proactively executing specific tasks to a certain extent. It can be said that weapon platforms and combat systems can also, to some extent, proactively exert human consciousness, even exceeding the scope of human understanding, autonomously and even creatively completing combat missions according to specific programs. The traditional distinction between humans and weaponry becomes blurred, even making it difficult to differentiate whether it is humans or machines at work. People are exclaiming that “humans and weaponry will become partners.” Therefore, in intelligent warfare, while humans remain the most important factor in combat effectiveness, the changing way humans and weaponry are integrated enriches the connotation of combat effectiveness, and the traditional relationship between humans and weaponry will be restructured on this basis.

Intelligent warfare will spur the emergence of new combat methods . Revolutionary advancements in science and technology inevitably lead to revolutionary changes in combat methods; significant progress in intelligent technologies will inevitably bring about a period of rapid transformation in combat methods. On the one hand, emerging technologies in fields such as deep cognition, deep learning, and deep neural networks, driven by computing, data, algorithms, and biology, along with their cross-integration with achievements in information, biology, medicine, engineering, and manufacturing, will inevitably drive an explosive emergence of new combat methods. On the other hand, the intense confrontation between intelligent weapon platforms and combat systems will inevitably become the target and driving force for innovative combat methods. The higher the level of intelligent technology in a war, the more it will become the focus of confrontation. Disadvantages in areas such as the limits of spatiotemporal cognition, massive information storage and computing capabilities, and neural network organization and generation capabilities will lead to new types of “blinding,” “deafening,” and “paralyzing” combat methods in new domains.

Intelligent warfare will incubate entirely new command and control methods. The advantages of command and control are a focal point in warfare, and intelligent warfare calls for entirely new command and control approaches. First, human-machine collaborative decision-making will become the primary command and decision-making method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, command and decision-making was primarily driven by commanders, with technology playing a supporting role. In intelligent warfare, intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems will proactively urge or prompt commanders to make decisions based on changes in the battlefield situation. This is because the human brain can no longer quickly absorb and efficiently process the massive and rapidly changing battlefield situational information, and human senses can no longer withstand the extraordinary speed of change. Under such circumstances, decisions made solely by commanders are likely to be delayed and useless. Only human-machine collaborative decision-making driven by intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems can compensate for time and space differences and the gap between machine and brain, ensuring the advantage of command and decision-making. Second, brain-computer interface control will become the primary command and control method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, commanders issued commands to control troops level by level through documents, radio, and telephone, in written or voice form. In intelligent warfare, commanders use intelligent, brain-like neurons to issue commands to troops through a neural network combat system platform. This reduces the conversion process of command presentation formats and shortens the time for commands to be converted across media, resulting in a faster pace and higher efficiency. When the combat system platform is attacked and partially damaged, this command and control method can autonomously repair or reconstruct the neural network, quickly restoring its main functions or even all functions, making it more resistant to attack.

How should we prepare for intelligent warfare?

In the research and exploration of intelligent warfare, we must not be content with lagging behind and following others. We must aim to win future wars and meet the challenges of intelligent warfare with a more proactive attitude, advanced concepts, and positive actions.

Breakthroughs in intelligent technologies will drive a leap in the effectiveness of intelligent combat systems. While significant progress has been made in areas such as neural network algorithms, intelligent sensing and networking technologies, data mining, and knowledge graph technologies, intelligent technologies are still largely in the weak intelligence stage, far from reaching the advanced stage of strong intelligence, and there is still vast potential for future development. It is essential to strengthen basic research in artificial intelligence, follow the laws of scientific and technological development, scientifically plan the development direction of intelligent technologies, select appropriate technological breakthroughs, and strengthen key core technologies in artificial intelligence, especially fundamental research that plays a supporting role. Emphasis should be placed on research into key military technologies. Driven by military needs, and focusing on key military technologies such as intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, intelligent strike, and intelligent support, intelligent reconnaissance and perception systems, command and control systems, weapon systems, and combat support systems should be developed. Collaborative innovation between military and civilian technologies should be promoted, fully leveraging the advantages of civilian intelligent technology development, relying on the advantages of military and civilian resources, strengthening strategic cooperation between the military and civilian sectors, and building a service platform for the joint research and sharing of artificial intelligence scientific and technological achievements, the joint construction and sharing of conditions and facilities, and the integration of general standards between the military and civilian sectors, thus forming a new landscape of open, integrated, and innovative development of intelligent combat technologies.

Leading the innovation of combat methods with the concept of intelligent warfare. A shift in mindset is a prerequisite for welcoming the arrival of intelligent warfare. Mindset precedes action; if our mindset remains at the traditional level, it will be difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Intelligent warfare has brought about profound changes in technological support, combat forces, and winning mechanisms, requiring us to first establish the concept of intelligent warfare and use it to guide the innovation of our military’s future combat methods. First, we must strengthen the struggle for “intelligent control.” Artificial intelligence is the foundation of intelligent warfare. Depriving and weakening the opponent’s ability to utilize intelligence, while maintaining our own freedom to utilize intelligence, is fundamental to ensuring the smooth implementation of intelligent warfare. The militaries of developed Western countries are exploring various means, such as electromagnetic interference, electronic suppression, high-power microwave penetration, and takeover control, to block the opponent’s ability to utilize intelligence, seize “intelligent control,” and thus gain battlefield advantage. Second, we must innovate intelligent combat methods. We must focus on fully leveraging the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthening research on new intelligent combat methods such as human-machine collaborative intelligent warfare, intelligent robot warfare, and intelligent unmanned swarm warfare, as well as the processes and methods of intelligent combat command and intelligent combat support. With a view to effectively counter the threat of intelligent warfare from the enemy, we should study strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent disruption warfare and intelligent interdiction warfare.

Intelligent training innovation is driving a transformation in combat capability generation. Intelligent warfare will be a war jointly waged by humans and machines, with intelligent unmanned combat systems playing an increasingly important role. It is imperative to adapt to the new characteristics of intelligent warfare force systems, innovate and develop intelligent training concepts, and explore new models for generating combat capability in intelligent warfare. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen training for humans in operating intelligent systems. By leveraging big data, cloud computing, VR technology, and other technologies to create new training environments, we can continuously improve human intelligence literacy, enhance human-machine cognition, understanding, and interaction quality, and improve the ability of humans to operate intelligent combat systems. On the other hand, it is necessary to explore new training models with machines as the primary focus. Previous training has primarily focused on humans, emphasizing the ability of humans to master and use weapons and equipment in specific environments to improve combat effectiveness. To adapt to the new characteristics of the force structure in intelligent warfare, the training organization concept and model of traditional training, which is centered on people, should be changed. Instead, the focus should be on improving the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of intelligent combat systems. By making full use of the characteristics of intelligent systems that can engage in self-competition and self-growth, a training system, training environment, and training mechanism specifically for intelligent combat systems should be formed. This will enable intelligent combat systems to achieve a geometric leap in combat capability after a short period of autonomous intensive training.

現代國語：

前言

以深度學習為代表的人工智慧技術的突破及其在各個領域的應用，已將全球智慧化推向新的高度，成為關注的焦點。在科技創新與應用從未落後的軍事領域，一場新的革命也正悄悄醞釀。我們必須精確掌握智慧戰爭演進的脈搏，分析其內在本質，才能以全新的視角擁抱和掌握智慧戰爭。

智慧戰爭離我們還有多遠？

智慧戰爭是指以人工智慧技術為主要的支撐戰爭。賦予武器平台類人智能，並在戰場上取代人類作戰人員，一直是人類數千年來的夢想。隨著AlphaGo和Atlas等人工智慧系統的強大影響力，以及集群作戰、飛行航空母艦等新型戰爭概念和平台的湧現，智慧戰爭的大門似乎正在悄悄開啟。

歷史發展的規律預示著智慧戰爭在戰場上的必然崛起。科技進步推動武器裝備的演進，引發軍事組織、作戰方式和軍事理論的根本性變革，最終強而有力地推動戰爭形式的歷史性轉型。智慧戰爭的到來正契合這不可避免的歷史趨勢。回顧人類戰爭的發展歷程，每一次科技的重大進步都帶來了意義深遠的軍事變革。火藥的發明開啟了火器時代，在火器線性戰術下，步兵和騎兵陣型被徹底摧毀。蒸汽機在軍事上的應用開啟了機械化時代，催生了以裝甲艦、坦克和飛機為主導的大規模機械化戰爭。智慧科技的出現與應用將深刻改變人類的認知、戰爭思維和作戰方式，再次引發一場重大的軍事革命，智慧戰爭必定成為戰爭的核心。

人工智慧（AI）技術的發展速度決定著智慧戰爭的進程。人工智慧技術的持續發展和廣泛應用正推動智慧戰爭從最初的不確定階段走向現實，逐步興起、發展壯大，一步步向我們逼近。要真正進入智慧戰爭時代，人工智慧技術需要經歷四個階段。第一階段是運算智能，這意味著突破運算能力和儲存空間的限制，實現近實時運算和儲存能力——這種能力遠遠超出大型電腦和海量伺服器的範疇。雲端運算的廣泛應用已經使人類穩固地邁入了這個階段。第二階段是感知智能，機器能夠理解、觀察、區分和識別，從而實現與人類的直接溝通和對話。基於大數據技術的自然語言理解、影像和圖形識別以及生物特徵識別技術，已經使人類邁入了第二階段。第三階段是認知智能，機器能夠理解人類的思維，像人類一樣進行推理、判斷和決策。知識探勘、知識圖譜、人工神經網路以及由深度學習演算法驅動的決策樹技術，正在推動人類邁向第三階段。第四階段是人機融合增強智能，它涉及人類在感知、推理、歸納和學習方面的優勢與機器在搜尋、計算、儲存和最佳化方面的優勢之間互補的雙向閉環互動。虛擬實境增強技術、類腦認知技術和類腦神經網路技術正在探索人類如何達到這個第四階段。當人類達到第二階段時，智慧戰爭開始逼近；當我們邁入第四階段時，智慧戰爭時代將全面開啟。

自主學習和成長正在加速智慧戰爭革命的到來。 「學習」能力是人工智慧的核心能力；一旦機器能夠自主學習，其學習速度將令人驚嘆。一旦機器擁有自主學習能力，它們將進入持續「智慧增強和加速進化」的快速成長軌跡。隨著「學習」能力的加深，邁向智慧戰爭的所有技術難題都將迎刃而解。智慧戰爭時代很可能以我們無法想像的方式突然降臨！

智慧戰爭究竟會帶來哪些改變？

智慧戰爭將突破…的限制。在傳統時空認知中，人工智慧技術能夠即時、跨域地收集、計算並推送所有作戰力量的行動資訊。這將使人類突破思維的邏輯限制、感官的生理限制以及存在的物理限制，大大拓展時空認知範圍。它將實現對所有作戰力量行動的即時精準控制，並能夠在多維空間和領域內快速調動、聚合和攻擊優勢作戰資源。任何時間、任何空間都可能成為取得勝利的時空點。

智慧戰爭將重塑人與武器之間的關係。隨著智慧技術的快速發展和智慧水準的不斷提升，武器平台和作戰系統不僅可以被動、機械地執行人類指令，還能基於深度理解和預測，充分利用機器強大的運算、儲存和檢索能力，在一定程度上自主、主動地執行特定任務。可以說，武器平台和作戰系統也能在某種程度上主動發揮人類意識，甚至超越人類理解的範疇，根據特定程序自主、甚至創造性地完成作戰任務。人與武器之間的傳統界線變得模糊，甚至難以區分究竟是人在工作還是機器在工作。人們開始高喊「人與武器將成為夥伴」。因此，在智慧戰爭中，雖然人仍是作戰效能的最重要因素，但人與武器融合方式的改變豐富了作戰效能的內涵，傳統的人與武器關係也將在此基礎上重構。

智慧戰爭將催生新的作戰方式。科技的革命性進步必然導致作戰方式的革命性變革；智慧技術的顯著進步必然會帶來作戰方式的快速轉型期。一方面，由計算、數據、演算法和生物學驅動的深度認知、深度學習和深度神經網路等領域的新興技術，以及它們與資訊、生物、醫學、工程和製造等領域成果的交叉融合，必將推動新型作戰方式的爆發式湧現。另一方面，智慧武器平台與作戰系統之間的激烈對抗，必將成為創新作戰方式的目標與驅動力。戰爭中智慧科技的程度越高，就越會成為對抗的焦點。時空認知能力、海量資訊儲存和運算能力以及神經網路組織和生成能力等方面的局限性，將導致在新的領域出現新型的「致盲」、「致聾」和「致癱」作戰方式。

智慧戰爭將孕育全新的指揮控制方式。指揮控制的優勢是戰爭的關鍵所在，而智慧戰爭需要全新的指揮控制方法。首先，人機協同決策將成為智慧戰中主要的指揮決策方式。以往戰爭中，指揮決策主要由指揮官主導，技術僅扮演輔助角色。而在智慧戰中，智慧輔助決策系統將根據戰場態勢的變化，主動敦促或提示指揮官做出決策。這是因為人腦已無法快速有效地吸收和處理大量且瞬息萬變的戰場態勢訊息，人類的感官也無法承受如此巨大的變化速度。在這種情況下，僅由指揮官做出的決策很可能滯後且無效。只有由智慧輔助決策系統驅動的人機協同決策才能彌補時空差異以及人機之間的差距，從而確保指揮決策的優勢。其次，腦機介面控制將成為智慧戰中主要的指揮控制方式。以往戰爭中，指揮官透過文件、無線電、電話等方式，以書面或語音形式，逐級下達命令來控制部隊。在智慧戰爭中，指揮官利用類似大腦的智慧神經元，透過神經網路作戰系統平台向部隊下達命令。這減少了命令呈現格式的轉換過程，並且 縮短跨媒介指令轉換時間，進而加快速度，提高效率。當作戰系統平台遭受攻擊並部分受損時，這種指揮控制方法可以自主修復或重建神經網絡，快速恢復其主要功能甚至全部功能，使其更具抗攻擊能力。

我們該如何應對智慧戰爭？

在智慧戰爭的研究和探索中，我們不能滿足於落後和跟隨他人。我們必須以贏得未來戰爭為目標，以更積極的態度、先進的理念和積極的行動迎接智慧戰爭的挑戰。

智慧技術的突破將推動智慧作戰系統效能的飛躍。雖然在神經網路演算法、智慧感知和網路技術、資料探勘和知識圖譜技術等領域已經取得了顯著進展，但智慧技術仍處於弱智慧階段，距離強智慧的先進階段還有很長的路要走，未來發展潛力巨大。必須加強人工智慧基礎研究，遵循科技發展規律，科學規劃智慧技術發展方向，選擇合適的技術突破點，強化人工智慧核心技術，特別是起到支撐作用的基礎研究。重點要加強關鍵軍事技術的研究。在軍事需求的驅動下，聚焦智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、智慧打擊、智慧支援等關鍵軍事技術，發展智慧偵察感知系統、指揮控制系統、武器系統、作戰支援系統等。要推動軍民技術協同創新，充分發揮民用智慧技術發展優勢，依托軍民資源優勢，加強軍民戰略合作，建構人工智慧科技成果聯合研究共享、條件設施聯合建設共享、軍民通用標準融合的服務平台，形成智慧作戰技術開放、融合、創新發展的新格局。

以智慧戰理念引領作戰方式創新。思維方式的轉變是迎接智能戰到來的先決條件。思考方式先於行動；如果我們的思考方式仍停留在傳統層面，就難以適應智慧戰的需求。智能戰為技術保障、作戰力量和致勝機制帶來了深刻的變革，這就要求我們先確立智能戰的理念，並以此指導我軍未來作戰方式的創新。首先，我們必須加強對「智慧控制」的爭奪。人工智慧是智能戰的基礎。在保障自身智慧運用自由的同時，削弱和限制對手運用智慧的能力，是確保智能戰順利實施的根本。西方已開發國家的軍隊正在探索各種手段，例如電磁幹擾、電子壓制、高功率微波穿透和控制權奪取等，以阻斷對手運用智能的能力，奪取“智能控制權”，從而獲得戰場優勢。其次，我們必須創新智慧作戰方式。我們必須集中精力充分發揮智慧作戰系統的整體效能，加強對人機協同智能戰、智能機器人戰、智能無人集群戰等新型智能作戰方式以及智能作戰指揮、智能作戰支援的流程和方法的研究。為有效應對敵方智能戰的威脅，我們應研究擊敗敵方的策略，例如智慧幹擾戰、智慧封鎖戰等。

智慧訓練創新正在推動作戰能力產生方式的改變。智慧戰將是一場人機協同作戰，智慧無人作戰系統將發揮日益重要的作用。必須適應智慧戰部隊系統的新特點，創新發展智慧訓練理念，探索智慧作戰能力生成的新模式。智慧戰爭。一方面，需要加強操作智慧系統的人員的訓練。利用大數據、雲端運算、虛擬實境等技術創造新的訓練環境，可以不斷提高人員的智慧素養，增強人機認知、理解和互動質量，提高人員操作智慧作戰系統的能力。另一方面，需要探索以機器為核心的新型訓練模式。過去的訓練主要以人為中心，強調人員在特定環境下掌握和使用武器裝備以提升作戰效能的能力。為了適應智慧戰爭部隊結構的新特點，需要改變以人為中心的傳統訓練組織理念和模式，轉而專注於提升智慧作戰系統的自主指揮、自主控制和自主作戰能力。充分利用智慧系統能夠進行自我競爭和自我成長的特性，建構專門針對智慧作戰系統的訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制。這將使智慧作戰系統在經過短時間的自主強化訓練後，作戰能力實現幾何級的飛躍。

李始江 杨子明 陈分友

中国军网 国防部网
2018年7月26日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/28018-07/286/content_28118827.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #quantum computing warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Information Support Force, 量子計算戰爭

A Brief Analysis of the Characteristics and Patterns of Chinese Intelligent Warfare

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中國情報戰的特徵和模式簡析

現代英語：

Currently, the rapid development of intelligent technologies, primarily artificial intelligence, has triggered a chain of breakthroughs in the military field, leading to significant changes in the concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars, and accelerating the evolution of warfare towards intelligence. Intelligent warfare, as a new form of warfare following mechanized and informationized warfare, represents a comprehensive upgrade and reshaping of force systems, combat methods, and battlefield space. A forward-looking analysis of the characteristics and patterns of intelligent warfare is crucial for accelerating the development of military intelligence, forging intelligent combat capabilities, seizing strategic initiative, and winning future intelligent wars.

Intellectual control becomes the core of winning wars.

Looking back at the history of human warfare, control of land, sea, air, and space has become the focus of contention in different historical periods. Control of physical space is crucial for winning mechanized warfare, while information warfare relies even more heavily on information superiority. Information superiority has surpassed physical space superiority to become the core superiority in information warfare. It is clear that technology has significantly influenced the historical trajectory of the evolution of war superiority. In the era of intelligent warfare, massive amounts of data need to be transmitted, acquired, and processed in real time. Manned, unmanned, and swarm combat platforms need to be more intelligent and autonomous, and the operational chain “OODA” (Output-Output-Action) needs to be efficiently and rapidly closed. All of these rely on intelligent technologies, primarily artificial intelligence, for empowerment. Intelligence superiority will dominate the outcome of future wars.

The pursuit of dominance in warfare has always been a relentless endeavor in the military practices of various countries. Since the 1990s, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the Afghanistan War, and the Iraq War have fully demonstrated the battlefield dominance brought about by information superiority. Currently, countries worldwide are vigorously promoting the military application of artificial intelligence, establishing relevant functional departments, and clarifying development priorities. The US Department of Defense’s “Data, Analytics, and Artificial Intelligence Adoption Strategy” and the UK Ministry of Defence’s “Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy” are both aimed at building powerful militaries for the intelligent era. In the future, the competition among militaries for intelligent superiority will continue and intensify, pushing the control of intelligence to become a core element of victory in warfare.

Human-machine integration has become a basic form of combat force.

From the perspective of combat force development, the dominance of unmanned combat forces is an inevitable trend. The deployment of unmanned systems on the battlefield does not simply change the way humans fight, but rather alters the most basic unit involved in combat. Currently, unmanned combat forces have become a key focus of development for militaries worldwide. In August 2023, the US military announced the “Replicator” program, aiming to deploy thousands of low-cost, expendable unmanned autonomous systems within 18-24 months. In April 2025, the US Department of Defense released a memorandum titled “Army Transformation and Acquisition Reform,” planning to equip each combat division with approximately 1,000 drones. Early Russian military plans clearly stated that by 2025, unmanned equipment would account for over 30% of its force. In May 2025, the British Army released the “20-40-40” strategic doctrine, aiming for an overall unmanned force ratio of 80%. Objectively speaking, the level of intelligence of unmanned equipment currently used in the military is generally low, with most still relying on remote control by combat personnel. For a considerable period in the future, improving the autonomy of machines will remain a key focus and trend in the development of unmanned equipment, and this increased autonomy will, in turn, lead to wider application of unmanned equipment.

From the perspective of artificial intelligence technology development trends, human-machine integration is an inevitable choice for achieving complementary advantages between humans and machines while ensuring the safety and controllability of machines. On the one hand, human-machine integration is an inevitable choice for fully leveraging the respective strengths of biological and machine intelligence. Looking at the development history of artificial intelligence, machines possess advantages surpassing humans in computation and perception, excelling in data processing, classification and recognition, and real-time analysis. However, humans still retain advantages in situational awareness, forward-looking reasoning, and command and decision-making. Effectively leveraging the respective strengths of humans and machines is the optimal choice for solving complex problems. On the other hand, human-machine integration is an inevitable choice for ensuring the safety and controllability of machine intelligence. No matter how superior a machine’s performance, it cannot escape human control and cannot harm humanity itself. Human-machine integration enables macroscopic controllability and microscopic autonomy of machines, thereby achieving the optimal state where humans lead the operational intent while machines handle the operational details.

Unmanned intelligent warfare has become the main form of combat.

Currently, technologies such as artificial intelligence and unmanned autonomous systems are deeply embedded in the military field, driving the continuous upgrading and reshaping of combat styles. Engels once profoundly pointed out: “Once technological advancements can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they immediately, almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commanders, cause changes or even revolutions in the methods of warfare.” Unmanned warfare first appeared during World War II, but due to the limited technological development at the time, its application scenarios and combat functions were relatively simple. Since the 21st century, the functions of unmanned warfare have been continuously expanding. In the Afghan War, the US military used MQ-1 “Predator” drones to kill al-Qaeda leaders; in the Iraq War, the US-led coalition used more than 20 types of ground unmanned systems and unmanned underwater vehicles for reconnaissance, mine clearance, and obstacle removal. In the latest local wars, unmanned warfare has been widely used in reconnaissance and surveillance, fire strikes, terminal guidance, and communication relay missions. Meanwhile, manned/unmanned collaborative operations have become an important form, and unmanned swarm operations have played a crucial role. Practice shows that combat personnel are quietly moving away from the front lines, and unmanned warfare has become an important style of modern warfare. With continuous breakthroughs in intelligent technology, the intelligence and autonomy of equipment, as well as the degree of human-machine integration, will be significantly improved. At the same time, artificial intelligence will improve the speed, quality, and accuracy of commanders’ decision-making, and the intelligence chain, command and control chain, strike chain, and support chain will be efficiently linked, promoting a second-level response in the “observation-judgment-decision-action” closed loop. This will drive unmanned warfare to develop to a higher level of intelligence, such as intelligent “swarms,” ​​”Trojan horse” infiltration, and distributed autonomous combat styles, which will fundamentally change the form and rules of traditional warfare. Unmanned intelligent warfare will become the main combat mode of intelligent warfare.

Real-time, multi-dimensional, cross-domain operations have become a key requirement for the struggle for spacetime.

Time and space are the fundamental components and operational basis of warfare. In the era of intelligent warfare, the spatiotemporal perspective of war will undergo fundamental changes. First, time will be extremely compressed. Intelligent warfare has truly entered the “detect and destroy” era, significantly accelerating the pace of combat. The increasing autonomy of unmanned equipment further separates humans from equipment, continuously compressing the time for detection and strike. The intelligent interconnection of unmanned and manned equipment further enhances the ability to perceive the battlefield and respond to complex battlefield environments. The temporal segmentation of battlefield situation changes is more detailed and precise, with increasingly shorter time slots and smaller granularities, resulting in an unprecedented increase in the amount of combat content carried per unit of time and its utilization efficiency. Second, space will expand infinitely. The military application of unmanned intelligent technologies is constantly breaking through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of senses, and the physical limits of existence. The battlefield is further extending to polar regions, the deep sea, and deep space. The territory of war is expanding from physical space and information space to cognitive space, forming operational domains such as the physical domain and the information domain. Third, time and space will act in parallel. Intelligent warfare is subverting the spatiotemporal relationship of the traditional battlefield, making traditional strategies and tactics of trading time for space or space for time ineffective. With increasingly tighter combat schedules, expanded combat spaces, and more diverse combat methods, coupled with a more synchronized spatiotemporal relationship and a more integrated spatiotemporal effect, the human-machine collaborative approach of “humans leading the intent, machines executing the operation” may become the optimal solution. Intelligent auxiliary command and control systems can optimize various functional combinations from spatially distributed combat resources based on the characteristics and time-sensitive features of the targets. They can also dynamically adjust on the spot, forming a multi-target—multi-sensor—multi-shooter parallel strike mode with a multi-kill chain, leaving the enemy nowhere to hide spatially and no time to escape, maximizing the combined effect of spatiotemporal elements.

Self-learning can evolve into a new mode of combat power generation.

Combat power generation models are a relatively stable set of methods, approaches, and standard forms for forming and improving combat power. In the era of mechanized warfare, combat power generation mainly relied on the additive effect of personnel and weaponry; in the era of information warfare, it mainly relied on the multiplicative effect of personnel, weaponry, and information; in the era of intelligent warfare, it mainly relies on the exponential effect of personnel, weaponry, and intelligence. Intelligent technologies, represented by artificial intelligence, are endowing combat systems with the ability to learn, grow, and evolve on their own. Among these, algorithms are the “accelerators” of combat power generation. Combat power in the intelligent era is generated based on accelerated algorithmic processes. The sophistication of algorithms determines the “intelligence” of intelligent equipment. Algorithms can drive the acceleration of situational awareness through sensory elements, accelerate analysis and judgment through data fusion, and accelerate decision-making through precise calculations, detailed calculations, in-depth calculations, and deep reasoning. Data is the “multiplier” of combat power generation, influencing combat power through algorithms. The quantity and quality of data have a significant impact on combat power generation; more high-quality data results in higher algorithmic intelligence and more efficient combat power generation. Computing power is the “catalyst” for combat power generation. In past warfare, limited by technological development, war calculations were mostly rough estimates, and computing power played a minor, inconspicuous role in combat capability generation. In the era of intelligent warfare, however, computing power, through algorithms, significantly catalyzes combat capability generation, becoming an indispensable and crucial element. The rapidly developing artificial intelligence models of recent years, based on algorithmic improvements, large-scale high-quality data supply, and high-performance computing support, demonstrate powerful self-learning and evolutionary capabilities. This migration of capabilities to the military field will inevitably have a profound impact on combat capability generation models. The self-learning and evolutionary capabilities previously possessed only by biological organisms will become essential capabilities of intelligent combat systems, thus significantly distinguishing them from information-based combat systems.

現代國語：

目前，以人工智慧為代表的智慧技術的快速發展，引發了軍事領域的一系列突破，導致戰爭理念、要素和方式發生重大變革，加速了戰爭向智慧化的演進。智能戰作為繼機械化戰爭和資訊化戰爭之後的新型戰爭形式，代表部隊體系、作戰方式和戰場空間的全面升級和重塑。對智慧戰的特徵和格局進行前瞻性分析，對於加速軍事情報發展、鍛造智慧作戰能力、奪取戰略主動權、贏得未來智能戰至關重要。

智力控製成為戰爭取勝的核心。

回顧人類戰爭史，陸海空四大領域的控制權在不同歷史時期都曾是爭奪的焦點。物理空間的控制是贏得機械化戰爭的關鍵，而資訊戰則更依賴資訊優勢。資訊優勢已超越實體空間優勢，成為資訊戰的核心優勢。顯而易見，科技對戰爭優勢演進的歷史軌跡產生了重大影響。在智慧戰爭時代，海量資料需要即時傳輸、取得和處理。有人、無人和集群作戰平台需要更智慧和自主化，作戰鏈「OODA」（輸出-輸出-行動）需要有效率快速地閉合。所有這些都依賴智慧技術，尤其是人工智慧，來賦能。情報優勢將主導未來戰爭的走向。

追求戰爭優勢一直是各國軍事實踐中不懈的努力。自1990年代以來，海灣戰爭、科索沃戰爭、阿富汗戰爭和伊拉克戰爭充分展現了資訊優勢帶來的戰場優勢。目前，世界各國都在大力推動人工智慧的軍事應用，建立相關職能部門，並明確發展重點。美國國防部的《數據、分析和人工智慧應用戰略》和英國國防部的《國防人工智慧戰略》都旨在為智慧時代打造強大的軍隊。未來，各國軍隊對智慧優勢的競爭將持續加劇，智慧控制將成為戰爭勝利的核心要素。

人機融合已成為作戰力量的基本形態。

從作戰力量發展的角度來看，無人作戰力量的主導地位是不可避免的趨勢。無人系統在戰場上的部署不僅改變了人類的作戰方式，也改變了作戰中最基本的單位。目前，無人作戰力量已成為世界各國軍隊發展的重點。 2023年8月，美國軍方宣布啟動「複製者」（Replicator）計劃，旨在18-24個月內部署數千套低成本、一次性使用的無人自主系統。 2025年4月，美國國防部發布了一份題為《陸軍轉型與裝備改革》的備忘錄，計畫為每位作戰師配備約1,000架無人機。俄羅斯早期的軍事計畫明確指出，到2025年，無人裝備將佔其兵力的30%以上。 2025年5月，英國陸軍發布了「20-40-40」戰略理論，目標是使無人部隊的總體比例達到80%。客觀而言，目前軍方使用的無人裝備智慧化程度普遍較低，且大多數仍依賴作戰人員的遠端操控。在未來相當長的一段時間內，提高機器的自主性仍將是無人裝備發展的關鍵重點和發展趨勢，而自主性的提升反過來又將推動無人裝備的更廣泛應用。

從人工智慧技術發展趨勢來看，人機融合是實現人機優勢互補、同時確保機器安全性和可控性的必然選擇。一方面，人機融合是充分發揮生物智慧和機器智慧各自優勢的必然選擇。回顧人工智慧的發展歷程，機器在計算和感知方面擁有超越人類的優勢，尤其擅長數據處理、分類識別和即時分析。然而，人類在態勢感知、前瞻性推理以及指揮決策方面仍保持著優勢。g. 有效發揮人機各自的優勢是解決複雜問題的最佳選擇。另一方面，人機融合是確保機器智慧安全性和可控性的必然選擇。無論機器的性能多麼卓越，它都無法脫離人類的控制，也無法對人類本身造成傷害。人機融合能夠實現機器的宏觀可控制性和微觀自主性，從而達到人類主導作戰意圖、機器處理作戰細節的最佳狀態。

無人智慧戰爭已成為主要的作戰形式。

目前，人工智慧、無人自主系統等技術已深度融入軍事領域，推動作戰方式的不斷升級與重塑。恩格斯曾深刻指出：「一旦技術進步能夠用於軍事目的，並且已經用於軍事目的，它就會立即、幾乎是強迫地、而且往往違背指揮官的意願，導致戰爭方式的改變，甚至革命。」無人作戰最早出現於第二次世界大戰期間，但由於當時技術發展有限，其應用場景和作戰功能相對簡單。進入21世紀以來，無人作戰的功能不斷擴展。在阿富汗戰爭中，美軍使用MQ-1「掠奪者」無人機擊斃基地組織領導人；在伊拉克戰爭中，美國領導的聯軍使用了20多種地面無人系統和無人水下航行器進行偵察、掃雷和清除障礙物等任務。在近期的局部戰爭中，無人作戰被廣泛應用於偵察監視、火力打擊、末端導引和通訊中繼等任務。同時，有人/無人協同作戰成為一種重要形式，無人集群作戰發揮了關鍵作用。實踐表明，作戰人員正在悄悄遠離前線，無人作戰已成為現代戰爭的重要形式。隨著智慧技術的不斷突破，裝備的智慧化和自主性以及人機融合程度將顯著提升。同時，人工智慧將提高指揮官決策的速度、品質和準確性，並使情報鏈、指揮控制鏈、打擊鍊和支援鏈高效銜接，推動「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」閉環中的二級回應。這將推動無人作戰朝向更高層次的智慧化發展，例如智慧「集群」、「特洛伊木馬」滲透和分散式自主作戰模式，從根本上改變傳統戰爭的形式和規則。無人智慧作戰將成為智慧戰爭的主要作戰模式。

即時、多維、跨域作戰已成為爭奪時空的關鍵要求。

時間和空間是戰爭的基本組成部分和作戰基礎。在智慧戰爭時代，戰爭的時空觀將會發生根本性的改變。首先，時間將被極大壓縮。智慧戰爭已真正進入「探測與摧毀」時代，顯著加快了作戰節奏。無人裝備自主性的不斷提高進一步拉開了人與裝備的距離，持續壓縮了探測與打擊的時間。無人裝備與有人裝備的智慧互聯進一步增強了對戰場的感知能力和對複雜戰場環境的反應能力。戰場態勢變化的時間分割更加細緻、精確，時間間隔越來越短，粒度越來越小，從而以前所未有的速度提升了單位時間內作戰內容的承載量及其利用效率。其次，空間將無限擴展。無人智慧技術的軍事應用不斷突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限以及存在的物理極限。戰場進一步延伸至極地、深海和深空。戰爭的疆域正從物理空間和資訊空間擴展到認知空間，形成物理域和資訊域等作戰領域。第三，時間和空間將並行運作。智慧戰爭正在顛覆傳統戰場的時空關係，使得以時間換空間或以空間換時間的傳統戰略戰術失效。隨著作戰時間日益縮短、作戰空間不斷擴大、作戰方式日益多樣化，以及時空關係日益同步與更加…時空一體化效應使得「人引導意圖，機器執行操作」的人機協同作戰模式成為最優解。智慧輔助指揮控制系統能夠根據目標的特徵和時間敏感性，優化空間分佈作戰資源的各種功能組合，並能進行現場動態調整，形成多目標、多感測器、多射手並行打擊模式，實現多殺傷鏈，使敵人無處可藏，無處可逃，最大程度地發揮時空要素的綜合效應。

自學習可以演化成一種新的戰鬥力生成模式。

戰鬥力生成模式是一套相對穩定的形成和提升戰鬥力的方法、途徑和標準形式。在機械化戰爭時代，戰鬥力生成主要依靠人員和武器的疊加效應；在資訊戰時代，則主要依靠人員、武器和資訊的乘積效應。在智慧戰爭時代，作戰主要依賴人員、武器和情報的指數級成長效應。以人工智慧為代表的智慧技術賦予作戰系統自主學習、成長和演進的能力。其中，演算法是作戰能力生成的「加速器」。智慧時代的作戰能力正是基於加速的演算法流程而產生的。演算法的複雜程度決定了智慧裝備的「智能」程度。演算法可以透過感知元素加速態勢感知，透過資料融合加速分析判斷，並透過精確計算、詳細計算、深度計算和深度推理加速決策。數據是作戰能力產生的“倍增器”，它透過演算法影響作戰能力。數據的數量和品質對作戰能力的產生有著顯著的影響；更多的高品質數據能夠帶來更高的演算法智慧和更有效率的作戰能力產生。運算能力是作戰能力生成的「催化劑」。在以往受限於科技發展的戰爭中，戰爭計算大多是粗略估計，運算能力在作戰能力生成中扮演的角色微不足道。然而，在智慧戰爭時代，運算能力透過演算法顯著促進了作戰能力的生成，成為不可或缺的關鍵要素。近年來，基於演算法改進、大規模高品質數據供應和高效能運算支援的快速發展的人工智慧模型，展現出強大的自學習和進化能力。這種能力向軍事領域的遷移必將對作戰能力生成模型產生深遠影響。以往僅生物體才具備的自學習與進化能力，將成為智慧作戰系統的核心能力，因而顯著區別於資訊型作戰系統。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/186841829899.html

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning, Intelligent Warfare

China’s Military Exploring a New Track for Generating New Types of Combat Capabilities

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中國軍方正在探索一條製造新型作戰能力的新途徑

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping emphasized the need to boldly innovate and explore new models for the construction and application of combat forces, and to fully unleash and develop new-type combat capabilities. This important instruction reminds us that new-type combat capabilities, as a key force for winning future battlefields, are crucial to the course of war, the transformation of development, and the outcome of combat. We must closely follow the evolution of the form of war and the requirements for fully unleashing and developing new-type combat capabilities, explore new avenues for generating new-type combat capabilities, and continuously improve their contribution to war preparedness and combat.

Empowering the development of new-type combat capabilities with science and technology. Technological empowerment is a key characteristic of the development of new-type combat capabilities. Historically, major technological advancements have always led to profound changes in the form and methods of warfare. Currently, the world’s technological and military revolutions are developing rapidly, urgently requiring us to break free from fixed mindsets and reliance on traditional paths, closely monitor the forefront of military technology to innovate tactics and training methods, and continuously explore effective means to accelerate the formation of informationized and intelligent combat capabilities. First, we must seize technological advantages. To enhance technological insight, awareness, and response speed, we must strengthen technological research in emerging fields such as artificial intelligence and big data, boldly innovate the technological mechanisms of system confrontation, the lethality mechanisms of firepower strikes, and the combat mechanisms of information offense and defense, and improve the foresight, relevance, and effectiveness of technological innovation. Secondly, we must be adept at adapting to change. We must deeply understand the inherent mechanisms by which technology affects training, adhere to technology-enabled and technology-strengthened training, effectively utilize advanced technology in combat training, widely promote training methods such as “technology+” and “network+”, and continuously improve the level of combat-oriented training. Thirdly, we must strengthen the transformation and application of these technologies. We must keep a close eye on military combat readiness, innovate and explore new combat force construction and application models, actively expand the combat effectiveness of new domain and new quality equipment, focus on integrating new domain and new quality forces into the combat system, construct typical scenarios, innovate tactics and applications, and strive to create new combat capability growth poles.

Promoting the Development of New-Type Combat Capabilities through Force Integration. Force integration is a crucial aspect of building and developing new-type combat capabilities. Simply adding traditional combat systems will not generate new-type combat capabilities. Only by continuously promoting the integrated coupling of new combat concepts, new combat systems, and new combat platforms, and achieving mutual promotion and complementary advantages among various elements and units, can new-type combat capabilities truly emerge as a whole. First, ensure the integration of old and new. “New-type” is an evolution and upgrade of “old-type,” not a simple replacement. We must adhere to the principle of “establishing before dismantling,” and insist on starting from reality, developing “new-type” capabilities according to local conditions and the actual situation of combat capability construction, preventing and eliminating “favoring the new and discarding the old,” and low-quality and inefficient duplication of construction. Second, promote military-civilian integration. To establish and improve the mechanism for sharing military and civilian science and technology resources, we must break down the barriers between high-quality military and civilian resources, remove obstacles to sharing channels, promote the open sharing of resource elements and the joint creation and utilization of innovative achievements, and form a synergy for generating new combat capabilities. Secondly, we must achieve the integration of software and hardware. Future informationized and intelligent warfare will place greater emphasis on the overall linkage of combat elements. The degree of integration of “software” and “hardware” forces directly determines the effectiveness of combat capability generation and release and the course of the war. We must construct a combat force system that enhances system efficiency and promotes overall linkage, strengthen the layout of combat forces that are autonomously adaptable and interactively empowered, deeply address the contradictions and shortcomings in the mutual coordination of software and hardware, and promote the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the combat system.

Talent cultivation supports the development of new-type combat capabilities. Talent support is a crucial guarantee for the construction and development of new-type combat capabilities. As combat forms evolve towards unmanned, intelligent, and autonomous operations, the command system and organizational structure of the armed forces are becoming more streamlined, urgently requiring a new type of military talent pool. First, proactive training is essential. It is necessary to streamline the channels for cultivating and utilizing new-type military talent, integrating talent cultivation with the construction and development of new-type combat capabilities. Differentiating between different operational fields and professional positions, further precise standardization of talent standards and training paths is needed, along with strengthened training and experience, shortening the training cycle, and closely integrating and resonating with force development. Second, enhanced mission-based training is crucial. We must adhere to the principle of precisely aligning talent cultivation and utilization with the needs of military struggle and the development and application of new-type combat capabilities. We must fully utilize opportunities such as major missions and exercises to strengthen talent identification through rigorous testing, and promote a precise alignment between the supply side of talent cultivation and the demand side of the future battlefield. Thirdly, we must ensure precise management and utilization. We must grasp the laws governing the growth of military talent and the requirements for the development of new-type combat capabilities, innovate management concepts and methods, precisely allocate human resources, strengthen the professional, refined, and scientific management of the talent pool, and place talent in positions where they can best contribute to new-type combat capabilities to hone their skills and create a dynamic situation where people are well-suited for their positions and their talents are fully utilized.

(Author’s affiliation: Jiangsu Armed Police Corps)

現代國語：

探索新質戰斗力生成“新賽道”

■何松利

習主席強調，大膽創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，充分解放和發展新質戰斗力。這一重要指示啟示我們，新質戰斗力作為制勝未來戰場的關鍵力量，關乎戰爭走向、關乎建設轉型、關乎作戰勝負，必須緊跟戰爭形態演變及充分解放和發展新質戰斗力要求，研究探索新質戰斗力生成“新賽道”，不斷提升對備戰打仗的貢獻率。

以科技賦能牽引新質戰斗力發展。科技賦能是新質戰斗力建設發展的重要特征。從戰爭發展演進的歷史來看，歷次重大科技進步都會引發戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變革。當前，世界科技革命和軍事革命迅猛發展，迫切需要打破思維定勢、擺脫傳統路徑依賴，緊盯軍事科技前沿創新戰法訓法，不斷探索加快形成信息化智能化戰斗力的有效手段。一是搶佔技術優勢。要提升技術洞察力、認知度和響應速度，加強對人工智能、大數據等新興領域的技術研究，大膽創新體系對抗的技術機理、火力打擊的殺傷機理、信息攻防的作戰機理，提高科技創新的前瞻性、針對性、實效性。二是善於知變用變。要深刻理解科技作用於訓練的內在機理，堅持科技賦能、科技強訓，抓好高新技術作戰訓練運用，廣泛推開“科技+”“網絡+”等訓練方法路子，不斷提升實戰化訓練水平。三是加強轉化運用。要緊盯軍事斗爭准備創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，積極拓展新域新質裝備作戰效能，重點將新域新質力量融入作戰體系，構設典型場景、創新戰法運用，努力打造新質戰斗力增長極。

以力量融合推動新質戰斗力發展。力量融合是新質戰斗力建設發展的重要環節。傳統作戰系統的簡單疊加不會產生新質戰斗力，只有持續推動新作戰理念、新作戰體制、新作戰平台一體耦合，實現各要素單元相互促進、優勢互補，才能真正促成新質戰斗力整體湧現。首先，做好新舊融合。“新質”是對“舊質”的演化升級而非單純取代，要遵循“先立後破”原則，堅持一切從實際出發，按照戰斗力建設實際因地制宜發展“新質”，防止和杜絕“喜新厭舊”、低質低效重復建設。其次，促進軍地融合。要建立健全軍地科技資源共享機制，打破軍地優質資源相互封閉態勢，破除軍地共享渠道梗阻，推進資源要素開放共享、創新成果共創共用，形成新質戰斗力生成的整體合力。再次，實現軟硬融合。未來信息化智能化作戰更為強調作戰要素的整體聯動，“軟硬”力量的結合度直接決定戰斗力生成釋放效能和戰局走向，要構造體系增效、整體聯動的作戰力量體系，強化作戰力量自主適應、交互賦能的布局，深入破解軟件與硬件相互協同的矛盾短板，推動作戰體系提質增效。

以人才培育支撐新質戰斗力發展。人才支撐是新質戰斗力建設發展的重要保證。隨著作戰形態朝著無人化、智能化、自主化發展，部隊的指揮體系、組織結構更趨扁平化，迫切需要一支新型軍事人才隊伍。一是超前預置培養。要貫通新型軍事人才培養使用渠道，把人才培育與新質戰斗力建設發展融為一體，區分不同作戰領域、崗位專業，對人才標准、培養途徑等進行進一步精准規范，加強培養歷練，縮短培養周期，與力量發展緊密結合、同頻共振。二是加強任務淬煉。要堅持人才培養使用同軍事斗爭需要與新質戰斗力發展運用精准對接，充分利用重大任務、演習演練等時機，在血與火的考驗中加強人才識別，推動人才培養供給側同未來戰場需求側精准對接。三是精准管理使用。要把握軍事人才成長規律，把握新質戰斗力發展要求，創新管理觀念和方式方法，精准配置人力資源，加強人才隊伍專業化、精細化、科學化管理，把人才放在最能貢獻新質戰斗力的崗位上摔打磨煉，形成人崗相宜、人盡其才的生動局面。

（作者單位：武警江蘇總隊）

來源：解放軍報 作者：何松利 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2024-09-18 10:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/1863838908983.html

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Perspectives on the Evolution of the Winning Mechanisms in Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍方對智慧戰爭制勝機制演變的看法

現代英語：

A Perspective on the Evolution of the Winning Mechanism in Intelligent Warfare

Military theorists often say that victory smiles on those who can foresee changes in the nature of war, not on those who wait for changes to occur before adapting. In recent years, disruptive technologies, represented by artificial intelligence, have developed rapidly and are widely applied in the military field, accelerating the evolution of warfare towards intelligence. Correspondingly, our understanding of warfare is also changing. Only by promptly identifying, proactively responding to, and actively adapting to changes can we remain invincible in future wars.

From “using strength to defeat weakness” to “using wisdom to overcome clumsiness”

The principle of “the strong prevailing over the weak” is a relatively universal law of war. Even in cases where the weak defeat the strong, victory often requires establishing a numerical advantage over the enemy in a specific location and at a specific time. In the era of intelligent warfare, intellectual superiority contributes far more to combat effectiveness than any other factor.

In intelligent warfare, human intelligence permeates the operational domain and is integrated into weapon systems. Multi-dimensional, multi-domain intelligent combat platforms of various types can rapidly couple combat forces, construct combat systems according to mission requirements, autonomously conduct coordinated operations, and quickly return to a state of readiness after mission completion, exhibiting a trend towards intelligent autonomy. The side with higher and stronger intelligence can better develop and utilize the mechanism of “using intelligence to overcome clumsiness,” even designing warfare, dominating the course of the war, and achieving ultimate victory. It should also be recognized that the era of intelligent warfare may have multiple development stages from low to high. Positioning oneself at a higher stage while attacking the opponent at a lower stage is also an application of the “intelligence-based victory” mechanism.

From “Destroying Force” to “Destroying Cognition”

As warfare rapidly evolves towards intelligence, the battlespace is gradually expanding from the physical and information domains to the cognitive domain, extending from the tangible battlefield to the intangible battlefield. The cognitive space, constituted by human mental and psychological activities, has become a new battlespace. Unlike traditional warfare, which primarily aims to eliminate the enemy’s manpower, intelligent warfare will place greater emphasis on weakening the enemy’s morale, undermining their will, and destroying their cognition.

By intelligently analyzing an opponent’s personality preferences, psychological characteristics, and decision-making habits, deterrent information can be tailored to their specific needs. Leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, this powerful force can be presented to the opponent in a realistic manner, causing anxiety, suspicion, and panic to fester within them, ultimately leading to their defeat. Big data, hailed as “the new oil,” not only enriches intelligence sources but also serves as a crucial weapon in influencing an opponent’s perception. By processing and deliberately “leaking” big data to the opponent, new “fog of war” can be created, plunging them into a state of cognitive confusion. In intelligent warfare, the struggle and game surrounding psychological warfare will be more intense, and the side with cognitive advantage will have an early advantage and be more likely to take the initiative and seize the initiative.

From “human-centered” to “human-machine collaboration”

In traditional warfare, the organization and deployment of military forces are primarily human-based. However, with the widespread application of intelligent technology, the proportion of unmanned equipment is constantly increasing. In intelligent warfare, combat missions will be completed through human-machine collaboration, achieving organic integration and complementary advantages. Foreign militaries’ third “offset strategy” prioritizes human-machine collaboration as a key technology for development, and their previously proposed concepts such as “loyal wingman” aim to explore the realization of manned/unmanned cooperative warfare. It is foreseeable that human-machine collaboration will play a crucial role in future warfare.

Utilizing unmanned reconnaissance capabilities for three-dimensional, multi-dimensional battlefield situational awareness can provide real-time intelligence support to manned combat forces; unmanned platforms carrying relay payloads can provide continuous communication relay support to manned combat forces; unmanned combat forces penetrating deep into the front lines can attract enemy attacks, forcing them to reveal their positions, providing target guidance and fire support for manned combat forces; and unmanned transport equipment can provide logistical support to the front lines, improving logistical efficiency, reducing transportation costs, and minimizing unnecessary casualties. With the assistance of artificial intelligence, manned and unmanned combat forces will achieve a scientific division of labor and rational combination in terms of quantity, scale, and function, thereby maximizing overall effectiveness.

From “the big eat the small” to “the fast eat the slow”

In traditional warfare, it is often necessary to compensate for shortcomings in equipment performance by increasing the number of troops. “The key to military intelligence is speed.” The rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and the accuracy of weapon strikes, significantly reducing the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command and decision-making, fire strikes, and damage assessment, accelerating the OODA kill chain cycle, and making “detect and destroy” possible.

Hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic pulse weapons, and other new rapid-kill weapons are pushing the pace of warfare to the level of “instant kill.” In the Gulf War, the OODA loop loop took three days; in the Iraq War, the loop time was reduced to less than 10 minutes; and in the Syrian War, the loop was almost real-time. In intelligent warfare, using integrated reconnaissance and strike unmanned platforms to rapidly and precisely eliminate high-value targets such as the enemy’s core command posts and high-ranking commanders will severely damage the enemy before they can even react, potentially even paralyzing them. It is evident that victory does not necessarily favor the side with the largest military force; the side that acts swiftly and precisely is more likely to gain the upper hand on the battlefield. Statistics show that artificial intelligence’s reaction time to battlefield changes is more than 400 times faster than that of humans. Faced with the ever-changing battlefield situation, people will increasingly favor leveraging AI technology to achieve adaptive planning and autonomous decision-making in command and control systems, shifting the command and control model from “humans on the loop” to “humans outside the loop,” thereby reducing the burden on commanders while improving operational efficiency and the success rate of mission execution.

From “Winning Through Integration” to “Winning Through Clustering”

Traditional equipment development philosophy involves investing heavily in the research and development of highly integrated, sophisticated weapon platforms, aiming to achieve a decisive victory over the enemy in war through generational and performance advantages. However, developing and deploying multifunctional high-end platforms not only requires significant time and resources, but also presents the risk of incompatibility when integrating multiple hardware and software modules into a single weapon platform. The destruction of such a platform would result in substantial losses. The military application of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence has spurred the rapid development of unmanned swarms. Unmanned swarms possess advantages such as large scale, low overall cost, and decentralization. Unmanned platforms coordinate and cooperate with each other, enabling them to make autonomous decisions and execute combat missions in an organized manner. Even if some unmanned platforms are destroyed, the overall combat effectiveness remains unaffected. Foreign militaries’ operational concepts such as “decision-centric warfare” and “mosaic warfare” focus on utilizing unmanned swarms to accomplish combat missions. In intelligent warfare, by distributing functions such as reconnaissance and surveillance, information communication, command and control, and firepower strikes among a large number of single-function unmanned combat units, a highly robust and flexible “kill net” is constructed. The combination of these units can then be adjusted according to mission requirements, resulting in powerful swarm intelligence that creates significant uncertainty for the adversary, trapping them in the OODA loop’s decision-making process and preventing them from making effective decisions. Furthermore, the sheer number of unmanned swarms allows the adversary’s detection, tracking, and interception capabilities to quickly reach saturation. Unable to destroy all the unmanned platforms in the swarm, the adversary is forced to face the predicament of ineffective defenses.

From “Military Dominance” to “Diverse and Hybrid”

Traditional warfare primarily relies on violence to subjugate the enemy, typically characterized by high intensity and a clear distinction between peacetime and wartime. However, as military conflict expands into new domains such as space, cyberspace, and artificial intelligence, and as the roles of economic, cultural, diplomatic, and legal means in warfare become increasingly prominent, intelligent warfare will unfold in multiple areas, particularly in the “gray zone,” employing a multi-pronged approach. The intensity of warfare may decrease, and the lines between peacetime and wartime will become more blurred. Whether it was the drone attack on Saudi oil fields in 2019 that caused half of its oil production to stop, or the cyberattack on the largest oil pipeline in the United States in 2021 that caused widespread oil shortages, the far-reaching impact of various new attack methods should not be underestimated.

As intelligent technologies develop and mature, attacks using a variety of methods against adversaries’ industrial, transportation, financial, communications, energy, and medical facilities and networks will become more common. The threshold for intelligent warfare will decrease, and participants may launch hybrid wars that integrate economic, diplomatic, cyber, media, psychological, and legal warfare without prior declaration, leaving adversaries exhausted.

From “Live-fire Testing” to “Experimental Exercises”

Under traditional conditions, due to the lack of scientific simulation and evaluation tools, the true capabilities of an army can only be tested in actual combat. Under intelligent conditions, virtual reality technology can be used to create highly realistic and immersive virtual scenarios based on real battlefield environments and mission contexts. These scenarios can not only reproduce objective elements such as weapons and equipment in terms of sound, appearance, and performance, but also simulate various severe weather conditions such as heavy fog, heavy rain, and blizzards, visually displaying battlefield terrain, meteorological, hydrological, electromagnetic, and nuclear/chemical information, closely approximating the true state of the battlefield.

By setting up hypothetical enemies in a virtual environment based on the characteristics of real-world adversaries and conducting intelligent simulations of possible battle scenarios, officers and soldiers can “experience” war multiple times in virtual reality before the official start of combat. This allows them to gain a thorough understanding of equipment performance, the pace of war, and the enemy and friendly forces, making them more adept at performing real-world missions. Before the outbreak of the Iraq War, the US military secretly developed a computer game simulating the combat environment of Baghdad. Among personnel deployed to Iraq, those trained in the game had a survival rate as high as 90%. As the data collected in reality becomes richer and more complete, the construction of virtual battlefields will become more realistic, the prediction of the battlefield situation will become more accurate, and the comprehensive evaluation of exercises will become more credible. Both sides will strive to know the outcome of the war in advance through intelligent simulations, which may lead to situations where the enemy can be subdued without fighting or with only a small battle.

現代國語：

透視智能化戰爭制勝機理嬗變

■謝愷　 張東潤 　梁小平

引言

軍事理論家們常說，勝利往往向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生後才去適應的人微笑。近年來，以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術發展迅猛，並廣泛應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態加速向智能化演變，與之相應的戰爭觀也正在發生嬗變。及時發現變化，主動應對變化，積極適應變化，才能夠在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

從“以強打弱”到“以智制拙”

“強勝弱敗”是帶有一定普遍性的戰爭制勝規律。即使是那些以弱勝強的戰例，往往也須在局部和特定時段形成對敵的力量優勢才能真正取勝。智能化戰爭時代，智力優勢對戰斗力的貢獻率遠高於其他要素。

在智能化戰爭對抗中，人的智能廣泛滲透到作戰領域、移植到武器系統，全域多維、各種類型的智能化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量，根據任務需求構建作戰體系，自主實施協同作戰，任務結束迅速回歸待戰狀態，呈現智能自主趨勢。智能水平更高更強的一方，能夠更好地開發和運用“以智制拙”機理，甚至據此設計戰爭、主導戰局發展，取得最終勝利。還要看到，智能化戰爭時代很可能存在由低到高的多個發展階段，盡可能讓自己處於高級階段，攻擊對手使其處於低維度的階段，也是以高打低“智勝”機理的運用。

從“消滅力量”到“摧毀認知”

隨著戰爭形態加速向智能化演進，作戰空間逐漸由物理域、信息域拓展至認知域，以有形戰場擴展到無形戰場，由人的精神和心理活動構成的認知空間已成為新的作戰空間。與傳統戰爭中以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，智能化戰爭將更加注重削弱敵方的士氣，瓦解敵方的意志，摧毀敵方的認知。

通過智能分析對手的性格偏好、心理特征、決策習慣，可有針對性地“量身定制”威懾信息，利用智能化等前沿技術優勢，以形象逼真的方式向對手展現強大實力，使焦慮、猜疑、恐慌等情緒在其內部不斷發酵，最終導致其不攻自破。被譽為“新石油”的大數據在豐富情報來源的同時，也成為作用於對手認知的重要“武器”。通過對大數據進行加工處理，並刻意“洩露”給對手，將給其制造新的“戰爭迷霧”，使其陷入認知迷茫的境地。在智能化戰爭中，圍繞攻心奪志所展開的斗爭博弈將更加激烈，而佔據認知優勢的一方將比對方先勝一籌，更加容易掌握主動、先機。

從“以人為主”到“人機協同”

在傳統戰爭中，軍事力量的組織與運用均以人為主。隨著智能技術的廣泛應用，無人裝備的比例不斷提高。在智能化戰爭中，作戰任務將由人機協同完成，兩者將實現有機融合、優勢互補。外軍提出的第三次“抵消戰略”將人機協作等作為重點發展的關鍵技術，其先後提出的“忠誠僚機”等概念也旨在探索實現有人/無人協同作戰。可以預見，人機協同將在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用。

利用無人偵察力量開展立體多維的戰場態勢感知，可為有人作戰力量實時提供情報支援；利用無人平台攜帶中繼載荷，可為有人作戰力量持續提供通信中繼支援；利用無人作戰力量深入前方戰場，可吸引敵方攻擊，迫敵暴露位置，為有人作戰力量提供目標引導和火力支援；利用無人運輸裝備為前線提供物資補給，可提高後勤保障效率，降低運輸成本，減少非必要的人員傷亡。在人工智能的輔助下，有人作戰力量與無人作戰力量將在數量規模、功能作用等方面實現科學分工與合理搭配，從而使整體效能實現最大化。

從“以大吃小”到“以快吃慢”

在傳統戰爭中，往往需要通過增加兵力數量來彌補在裝備性能等方面的短板。“兵之情主速”，軍事智能化的飛速發展大大提升了信息傳遞速度和武器打擊精度，大幅縮減了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速OODA殺傷鏈循環，使“發現即摧毀”成為可能。

高超聲速導彈、激光武器、微波武器、電磁脈沖武器等新型快速殺傷武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向“秒殺”。在海灣戰爭中，OODA環的回路時間需要3天；在伊拉克戰爭中，回路時間已縮短至10分鐘以內；而在敘利亞戰爭中，回路已幾乎實現了近實時。在智能化戰爭中，利用察打一體無人平台對敵方的核心指揮所、高層指揮官等高價值目標進行快速定點清除，將使對方還來不及反應就遭受重創，甚至面臨癱瘓的險境。可見勝利並不一定眷顧軍力規模龐大的一方，行動迅速而精准的一方將更有可能贏得戰場先機。據統計，人工智能應對戰場變化所需的反應時間比人類快400倍以上。面對瞬息萬變的戰場態勢，人們將更傾向於借助人工智能技術實現指控系統的自適應規劃和自主決策，使指控模式由“人在環路上”轉變為“人在環路外”，從而在減輕指揮人員負擔的同時，提高作戰效率和執行任務的成功率。

從“集成制勝”到“集群制勝”

傳統的裝備發展理念是將大量資金投入到高度集成的高精尖武器平台研發中，以期在戰爭中憑借代際優勢和性能優勢實現對敵方的降維打擊。然而，開發部署多功能高端平台不僅需要耗費大量的時間和經費，當把多個軟硬件模塊集成到單一武器平台時，還可能出現相互之間不兼容的情況。一旦該平台被毀，將造成重大損失。人工智能等顛覆性技術的軍事應用促使無人集群得到快速發展。無人集群具有數量規模大、綜合成本低、去中心化等優勢，無人平台之間相互協調、分工合作，可自主決策並有組織地執行作戰任務，即使部分無人平台被毀，也不影響整體作戰效能。外軍提出的“決策中心戰”“馬賽克戰”等作戰概念，即著眼利用無人集群完成作戰任務。在智能化戰爭中，通過將偵察監視、信息通聯、指揮控制、火力打擊等功能分散到大量功能單一的無人作戰單元中，構建高魯棒性、高彈性的“殺傷網”，然後根據任務需要對組合方式進行調整，將使其湧現出強大的群體智能，給對手制造極大的不確定性，進而把對手困在OODA環的判斷環節，無法做出有效決策。此外，由於無人集群數量龐大，可使對手的探測、跟蹤、攔截能力迅速達到飽和，對手因無法摧毀集群中的所有無人平台，而不得不面臨防御工事失效的困境。

從“軍事主導”到“多元混合”

傳統戰爭主要依靠暴力手段使敵方屈服於己方意志，通常具有較強的戰爭烈度，平時與戰時界限分明。隨著軍事斗爭領域向太空、網絡、智能等新型領域不斷拓展，以及經濟、文化、外交、法律等手段在戰爭中的作用不斷凸顯，智能化戰爭將在“灰色地帶”為代表的多個領域以“多管齊下”的形式展開。戰爭烈度可能會有所減弱，平戰界限將更加模糊。無論是2019年沙特油田因遭到無人機襲擊而導致其一半石油停產，還是2021年美國最大輸油管道因遭遇網絡攻擊而導致大面積油料短缺，各類新型攻擊手段所帶來的深遠影響均不可小覷。

隨著智能化技術的發展成熟，綜合運用多種手段向對手的工業、交通、金融、通信、能源、醫療等設施和網絡發起的攻擊將更加普遍。智能化戰爭的門檻將呈現下降趨勢，參戰方可能采取不宣而戰的方式發起融合經濟戰、外交戰、網絡戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等多種樣式的混合戰爭，使對手疲於應付。

從“實戰驗兵”到“實驗演兵”

在傳統條件下，由於缺少科學的模擬仿真與評估工具，因此只有在實戰中才能檢驗出軍隊的真實能力。在智能化條件下，利用虛擬現實技術可基於實際的戰場環境和任務背景創建具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景。該場景不僅可以從聲音、外觀、性能等多個維度對武器裝備等客觀事物進行還原，還能模擬大霧、大雨和暴風雪等各種惡劣天氣，以可視化的形式展現戰場的地形、氣象、水文、電磁、核化等信息，接近戰場的真實狀況。

根據現實中敵方的特征設定虛擬環境中的假想敵，並對戰局的可能走向進行智能模擬仿真，可使官兵在正式開戰前就已在虛擬現實中數次“親歷”戰爭，從而對裝備性能、戰爭節奏、敵我情況都了然於胸，在執行現實任務時將更加游刃有余。在伊拉克戰爭爆發前，美軍曾秘密開發了一款模擬巴格達作戰環境的電腦游戲，在被派遣到伊拉克執行任務的人員中，接受過游戲訓練的人員生存率高達90%。隨著現實中收集到的數據不斷豐富完善，虛擬戰場的搭建將更加逼真，對戰場態勢的走向預測將更加准確，關於演習的綜合評估將更加可信，敵對雙方都力圖通過智能推演即可預先獲知戰爭結果，將可能出現不戰或小戰就“屈人之兵”的情況。

來源：解放軍報 作者：謝愷　 張東潤 　梁小平 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2022-04-26 06:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/yw_21840868/4898098286.html

#Chinese #Quantum #technology, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #quantum computing warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare

Chinese Military AI Empowerment: Accelerating the Iterative Upgrade of Cognitive Electronic Warfare

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中國軍事人工智慧賦能：加速認知電子戰迭代升級

現代英語：

In the invisible dimension of war, a silent contest has been raging for a century. From the electromagnetic fog of the Battle of Tsushima to the spectral chaos of modern battlefields, from the rudimentary metal chaff used during World War II to the cognitive electronic warfare systems incorporating artificial intelligence, electronic warfare has undergone a magnificent transformation from a supporting role to a pillar of war. It is now deeply embedded in the “operating system” of modern warfare, rewriting its form and rules. It is invisible and intangible, yet it profoundly controls the lifeline of battlefield operations; it is silent, yet it is enough to determine the life and death of thousands of troops. The balance of future wars will increasingly depend on who can see more clearly, react faster, and control more firmly in this silent yet deadly spectrum.

In modern warfare, the field of electronic warfare is evolving rapidly. The electromagnetic spectrum is considered an important operational domain after land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace, becoming a focal point for both sides to gain comprehensive dominance in joint operations. As warfare accelerates its evolution towards intelligence, cognitive electronic warfare, which integrates artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, is increasingly demonstrating its autonomous countermeasure advantages, becoming a crucial tool for paralyzing entities in the electromagnetic space.

New Needs of Intelligent Warfare

In informationized and intelligent warfare, information equipment is widely distributed, and unmanned intelligent equipment is deployed, making the battlefield electromagnetic environment increasingly complex. Due to the adoption of cognitive and adaptive technologies, radar and communication equipment are becoming increasingly resistant to interference, rendering traditional electronic countermeasures inadequate. Therefore, it is necessary to leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning to endow electronic warfare systems with the ability to self-identify threats, extract threat source signals in real time, quickly organize and analyze them, determine the threat level and weaknesses of the signals, and promptly and effectively counteract them.

The need for precise perception. In modern warfare, to increase battlefield “transparency,” both sides extensively utilize electronic information equipment. Simultaneously, unmanned equipment and “swarm” systems are widely employed. On a battlefield filled with numerous information devices and massive amounts of electromagnetic signals, a single electronic warfare device may simultaneously receive radiation from dozens or even hundreds of other electronic devices, making signal identification extremely difficult. This necessitates that electronic warfare systems break through existing technological limitations, integrate big data analysis and deep learning technologies, enhance their perception capabilities, and comprehensively identify various electromagnetic radiation targets on the battlefield.

The need for intelligent countermeasures. Driven by emerging technologies, agile radar, frequency-hopping radios, and other equipment have been deployed extensively on the battlefield. These devices form a closed loop between transmission and reception, and can autonomously adjust their operating modes, transmission parameters, and waveform selection according to the environment, possessing autonomous interference avoidance capabilities. Traditional electronic warfare equipment, based on existing experience and pre-set interference rule libraries, has rigid functions and poor flexibility, making it unable to cope with emerging adaptive electronic targets. This necessitates that electronic warfare systems integrate intelligent algorithms to become “smarter,” possessing adaptive countermeasure capabilities of “using intelligence against intelligence.”

The need to disrupt networked systems. The winning mechanism of modern combat systems, when mapped onto the information domain, has spurred the networked operation of radar and communication systems. The aim is to eliminate the global loss of control caused by interference with a single device or part of the link through information fusion and redundant design, leveraging the resilience of the network system. Faced with networked information systems, electronic warfare systems need to embed intelligent countermeasure analysis and reasoning technologies, possessing the ability to effectively identify networked information systems in order to discover key nodes and critical parts, and implement targeted, integrated hardware and software attacks.

A New Transformation Driven by Digital Intelligence

Cognitive electronic warfare can be considered a combination of electronic warfare and artificial intelligence. It is a new generation of electronic warfare systems with autonomous perception, intelligent decision-making, and adaptive jamming capabilities, representing a major upgrade to traditional electronic warfare.

The shift from human to machine cognition. Advances in modern electronic technology have enabled electronic information equipment to offer diverse functions and multiple modes. Traditional electronic warfare systems rely on manually analyzed threat databases for countermeasures, which are only effective against known signal patterns and become significantly less effective against unknown threats. Cognitive electronic warfare systems, through autonomous interactive swarm learning and intelligent algorithms, can quickly intercept and identify signal patterns, analyze changing patterns, make autonomous decisions based on changes in the electromagnetic environment, optimize interference signal waveforms, and autonomously complete the operational cycle of “observation-judgment-decision-action.”

The focus is shifting from precision-driven to data-driven. Electronic warfare systems rely on the measurement and sensing of electronic signals as their fundamental premise. However, with the rise of new technologies, the sensitivity and resolution of these systems are approaching their limits, hindering their development and upgrades. Recognizing that electronic warfare systems can break through traditional models by utilizing big data analytics and mining large datasets can not only efficiently intercept and accurately identify unknown signals, but also predict the timing of frequency changes, mode adjustments, and power conversions. This allows for the correlation analysis of the electronic target’s operational patterns, enabling proactive adjustments to jamming strategies, rules, and parameters to conduct targeted electronic attacks.

The focus has shifted from jamming single targets to disrupting networked targets. Driven by network technology, new-generation radar and communication equipment are beginning to network, using system advantages to compensate for the shortcomings of single points. Traditional electronic warfare jamming relies on human experience and knowledge, lacking sufficient self-learning capabilities. It is mainly used to jam point and chain-like electronic targets, and cannot effectively jam networked targets. Cognitive electronic warfare systems utilize deep learning technology to perceive the network structure and operating modes of new networked systems such as radar and communication. Based on logical reasoning, it can identify nodes, hubs, and key links in the networked system, thereby implementing precise jamming and making it possible to disrupt the system.

New forms of structural reshaping

Cognitive electronic warfare systems, based on the traditional open-loop structure, introduce behavioral learning processes and reshape the modular architecture, enabling them to evaluate the effectiveness of interference and optimize interference strategies based on interference feedback, thus completing a closed loop of “reconnaissance-interference-evaluation” countermeasures.

Reconnaissance and Sensing Module. Reconnaissance and sensing is the primary link in electronic warfare and a crucial prerequisite for the successful implementation of cognitive electronic warfare. This module utilizes deep learning and feature learning techniques to continuously learn from the surrounding environment through constant interaction with the battlefield electromagnetic environment. It performs parameter measurement and sorting of signals, analyzes and extracts characteristic data of target threat signals with the support of prior knowledge, assesses behavioral intent, determines the threat level, and transmits the data to the decision-making and effectiveness evaluation module.

Decision-Making Module. The decision-making module is the core of the cognitive electronic warfare system, primarily responsible for generating interference strategies and optimizing interference waveforms. Based on the analysis and identification results of reconnaissance and perception, the feedback effect of interference assessment, and a dynamic knowledge base, this module uses machine learning algorithms to predict threat characteristics, generates countermeasures through reasoning from past experience, rapidly formulates attack strategies and optimizes interference waveforms, automatically allocates interference resources, and ultimately completes autonomous attacks on target signals.

Effectiveness assessment module. Effectiveness assessment is key to the closed-loop operation of cognitive electronic warfare systems, playing a crucial role in linking all modules. This module analyzes the target’s response to the jamming measures based on feedback information after the signals sensed by reconnaissance are jammed. It calculates and assesses the degree of jamming or damage to the target online, and then feeds the results back to the decision-making module to help adjust jamming strategies and optimize waveforms.

The dynamic knowledge base module primarily provides basic information and data support, including a threat target base, an interference rule base, and a prior knowledge base. This module provides prior information such as models, parameters, and data for reconnaissance and perception, decision-making, and performance evaluation. It utilizes feedback information for cognitive learning, accumulates learning results into experience, and updates the knowledge graph, knowledge rules, and reasoning models in the knowledge base, achieving real-time updates to the knowledge base.

New applications that enhance efficiency

With further breakthroughs in algorithm models and learning reasoning technologies, information-based and intelligent warfare will lead to more mature and sophisticated cognitive electronic warfare systems. Their role in empowering and enhancing efficiency will become more prominent, their application scenarios will become more diverse, and they will become an indispensable weapon on the battlefield.

Precision energy release for strike operations. Under informationized and intelligent conditions, the battlefield situation is presented in real time, command and decision-making are timely and efficient, and combat operations are controlled in real time, enabling precision operations to move from scenario conception to the real battlefield. At the same time, with the connection of cyber information facilities, the combat system has a higher degree of coupling and stronger resilience, becoming an important support for the implementation of joint operations. The cognitive electronic warfare system possesses high-precision perception capabilities and strong directional jamming capabilities. Through its distributed deployment across a wide battlefield, it can work in conjunction with troop assaults and fire strikes, under the unified command of joint operations commanders, to conduct precise attacks on key nodes and important links of the combat system. This includes precise targeting, precise frequency coverage, and precise and consistent modulation patterns, thereby blinding and degrading the effectiveness of enemy early warning detection and command and control systems, and facilitating the implementation of system disruption operations.

Networked Collaborative Swarm Warfare. In future warfare, unmanned swarms such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned boats will be the main force in combat, making the construction of a low-cost, highly redundant force system crucial for victory. Facing unmanned combat systems like “swarms,” ​​”wolf packs,” and “fish schools,” cognitive electronic warfare systems possess a natural advantage in evolving into unmanned electronic warfare swarms. Based on networked collaborative technologies, reconnaissance and jamming payloads are deployed on unmanned swarm platforms. Information and data exchange between platforms is achieved through information links. With the support of intelligent algorithms, cognitive electronic warfare systems can optimize the combination of jamming functions and dynamically allocate resources based on the battlefield electromagnetic situation. Based on autonomous collaborative guidance and centralized control, they can conduct swarm-to-swarm electronic attacks.

Electronic warfare and cyber warfare are two fundamentally different modes of combat. Electronic warfare focuses on low-level confrontation at the physical and signal layers, while cyber warfare focuses on high-level confrontation at the logical and information layers. However, with information networks covering the electromagnetic spectrum, the convergence of electronic and cyber warfare has become increasingly possible. Breakthroughs in wireless access and encryption technologies have enabled cognitive electronic warfare systems to infiltrate network infrastructure, achieving seamless integration of cyber and electronic space situational awareness and mission decision-making. By combining autonomous learning, pattern evaluation, and algorithmic prediction, a closed-loop system integrating cyber and electronic space perception, evaluation, decision-making, and feedback can be established, enabling integrated cyber and electronic warfare offense and defense.

現代國語：

在戰爭的無形維度中，一場無聲的較量已持續了一個世紀。從馬海戰的電磁迷霧到現代戰場的光譜混亂，從二戰時期簡陋的金屬箔條到融合人工智慧的認知電子戰系統，電子戰經歷了從輔助角色到戰爭支柱的華麗蛻變。如今，它已深深融入現代戰爭的“操作系統”，改寫了戰爭的形式和規則。它無形無質，卻深刻地掌控著戰場行動的生命線；它悄無聲息，卻足以決定成千上萬士兵的生死。未來戰爭的勝負將越來越取決於誰能更清晰地洞察、更快地反應、更牢固地掌控這片無聲卻致命的頻譜。

在現代戰爭中，電子戰領域正快速發展。電磁頻譜被視為繼陸地、海洋、空中、太空和網路空間之後的重要作戰領域，成為交戰雙方在聯合作戰中爭奪全面優勢的關鍵所在。隨著戰爭加速朝向智慧化演進，融合人工智慧和機器學習技術的認知電子戰正日益展現其自主對抗優勢，成為癱瘓電磁空間目標的關鍵工具。

智慧戰爭的新需求

在資訊化和智慧化戰爭中，資訊裝備廣泛分佈，無人智慧裝備也投入使用，使得戰場電磁環境日益複雜。由於認知和自適應技術的應用，雷達和通訊裝備的抗干擾能力不斷增強，傳統的電子對抗手段已難以應對。因此，必須利用人工智慧和機器學習技術，賦予電子戰系統自主識別威脅、即時提取威脅源訊號、快速整理分析、判斷威脅等級和訊號弱點並及時有效對抗的能力。

精準感知的需求。在現代戰爭中，為了提高戰場“透明度”，交戰雙方廣泛使用電子資訊裝備。同時，無人裝備和「集群」系統也被廣泛應用。在充斥著大量資訊設備和海量電磁訊號的戰場上，單一電子戰設備可能同時接收來自數十甚至數百個其他電子設備的輻射，使得訊號識別極為困難。這就要求電子戰系統突破現有技術限制，融合大數據分析與深度學習技術，增強感知能力，並全面辨識戰場上各種電磁輻射目標。

智能對抗的需求。在新興技術的推動下，敏捷雷達、跳頻無線電等設備已廣泛部署於戰場。這些設備在收發之間形成閉環，能夠根據環境自主調整工作模式、發射參數和波形選擇，並具備自主抗干擾能力。傳統的電子戰設備基於現有經驗和預設的干擾規則庫，功能僵化，靈活性差，難以應對新興的自適應電子目標。這就要求電子戰系統融合智慧演算法，變得更加“智慧”，具備“以智制智”的自適應對抗能力。

顛覆網路化系統的需求。現代作戰系統的致勝機制，一旦映射到資訊領域，便會推動雷達和通訊系統的網路化運作。其目標是透過資訊融合和冗餘設計，利用網路系統的韌性，消除因單一設備或連結某部分受到干擾而導致的全局失控。面對網路化資訊系統，電子戰系統需要嵌入智慧對抗分析和推理技術，具備有效識別網路化資訊系統的能力，從而發現關鍵節點和重要部件，並實施有針對性的軟硬體一體化攻擊。

數位智慧驅動的新轉型

認知電子戰可以被視為電子戰與人工智慧的結合。它是新一代電子戰系統，具備自主感知、智慧決策和自適應幹擾能力。智慧電子戰系統代表傳統電子戰的重大升級。

認知方式的轉變：從人腦認知轉向機器認知。現代電子技術的進步使得電子資訊設備能夠提供多樣化的功能和多種模式。傳統的電子戰系統依賴人工分析的威脅資料庫進行對抗，而這種方法僅對已知的訊號模式有效，而對未知威脅的對抗效果則顯著降低。認知電子戰系統透過自主互動群體學習和智慧演算法，能夠快速截獲和識別訊號模式，分析變化的模式，根據電磁環境的變化做出自主決策，優化干擾訊號波形，並自主完成「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」的作戰循環。

電子戰的重點正從精度驅動轉向數據驅動。電子戰系統以測量和感知電子訊號為基本前提。然而，隨著新技術的出現，這些系統的靈敏度和解析度正接近極限，阻礙了其發展和升級。認識到電子戰系統可以透過利用大數據分析和挖掘大型資料集來突破傳統模式，不僅可以高效截獲和準確識別未知訊號，還可以預測頻率變化、模式調整和功率轉換的時機。這使得對電子目標的運作模式進行關聯分析成為可能，從而能夠主動調整幹擾策略、規則和參數，並實施有針對性的電子攻擊。

幹擾的重點已從單一目標轉向幹擾網路化目標。在網路技術的驅動下，新一代雷達和通訊設備開始連網，利用系統優勢彌補單點目標的不足。傳統的電子戰幹擾依賴人的經驗和知識，缺乏足夠的自學習能力，主要用於幹擾點狀和鏈狀電子目標，無法有效幹擾網路化目標。認知電子戰系統利用深度學習技術感知雷達、通訊等新型網路化系統的網路結構與運作模式。基於邏輯推理，該系統能夠識別網路系統中的節點、樞紐和關鍵鏈路，從而實現精準幹擾，並有可能破壞系統。

新型結構重塑

認知電子戰系統在傳統開環結構的基礎上，引入行為學習過程並重塑模組化架構，使其能夠評估幹擾效果，並基於乾擾反饋優化干擾策略，從而形成「偵察-幹擾-評估」對抗的閉環。

偵察感知模組。偵察感知是電子戰的核心環節，也是成功實施認知電子戰的關鍵前提。本模組利用深度學習和特徵學習技術，透過與戰場電磁環境的持續交互，不斷學習周圍環境。它對訊號進行參數測量和分類，在先驗知識的支持下分析和提取目標威脅訊號的特徵數據，評估行為意圖，確定威脅等級，並將數據傳輸至決策和效果評估模組。

決策模組。決策模組是認知電子戰系統的核心，主要負責產生幹擾策略和最佳化干擾波形。此模組基於偵察感知的分析識別結果、幹擾評估的回饋效果以及動態知識庫，利用機器學習演算法預測威脅特徵，透過對過往經驗的推理生成對抗措施，快速制定攻擊策略並優化干擾波形，自動分配幹擾資源，最終完成對目標訊號的自主攻擊。

效果評估模組。效果評估是認知電子戰系統閉環運作的關鍵，在連接所有模組中發揮至關重要的作用。此模組在偵察感知到訊號被幹擾後，基於回饋資訊分析目標對幹擾措施的反應，在線上計算和評估目標受到的干擾或損害程度，並將結果回饋給決策模組，以幫助調整幹擾策略和優化波形。

動態知識庫模組主要提供…此模組提供基礎資訊和資料支持，包括威脅目標庫、幹擾規則庫和先驗知識庫。它提供先驗信息，例如用於偵察感知、決策和性能評估的模型、參數和數據。它利用回饋資訊進行認知學習，將學習結果累積為經驗，並更新知識庫中的知識圖譜、知識規則和推理模型，從而實現知識庫的即時更新。

提升效率的新應用

隨著演算法模型和學習推理技術的進一步突破，資訊化和智慧化戰爭將催生更成熟和精密的認知電子戰系統。它們在增強作戰效率方面的作用將更加突出，應用場景將更加多樣化，並將成為戰場上不可或缺的武器。

精確能量釋放用於打擊行動。在資訊化和智慧化條件下，戰場態勢即時呈現，指揮決策及時高效，作戰行動即時控制，使精確打擊行動能夠從場景構思到實際戰場。同時，隨著網路資訊設施的互聯互通，作戰系統具有更高的耦合度和更強的韌性，成為聯合作戰的重要支撐。認知電子戰系統具備高精度感知能力及強大的定向幹擾能力。透過其在廣大戰場上的分散部署，該系統可在聯合作戰指揮官的統一指揮下，與部隊突擊和火力打擊協同作戰，對作戰系統的關鍵節點和重要環節進行精確打擊。這種打擊包括精確目標定位、精確頻率覆蓋以及精確一致的調製模式，從而乾擾和削弱敵方預警和指揮控制系統的效能，並為系統破壞作戰的實施提供便利。

網路協同集群作戰。在未來的戰爭中，無人機、無人車輛、無人艇等無人集群將成為作戰的主力，因此建造低成本、高冗餘度的作戰系統對於取得勝利至關重要。面對「集群」、「狼群」和「魚群」等無人作戰系統，認知電子戰系統在演進為無人電子戰集群方面具有天然優勢。基於網路協同技術，偵察和乾擾載荷部署在無人集群平台上。平台間的資訊和資料交換透過​​資訊鏈路實現。在智慧演算法的支援下，認知電子戰系統能夠根據戰場電磁態勢優化干擾功能組合併動態分配資源。基於自主協同導引和集中控制，它們可以進行群集間的電子攻擊。

電子戰和網路戰是兩種截然不同的作戰模式。電子戰著重於實體層和訊號層的低層對抗，而網路戰則著重於邏輯層和資訊層的高層對抗。然而，隨著資訊網路覆蓋電磁頻譜，電子戰和網路戰的融合變得越來越可能。無線存取和加密技術的突破使得認知電子戰系統能夠滲透網路基礎設施，實現網路空間和電子空間態勢感知及任務決策的無縫融合。透過結合自主學習、模式評估和演算法預測，可以建立一個整合網路空間和電子空間感知、評估、決策和回饋的閉環系統，從而實現網路戰和電子戰的一體化攻防。

王志勇　楊連山　崔怡然

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王志勇　楊連山　崔怡然 責任編輯：林詩清 發布：2026-01-22

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/168483878784.html

Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Combat Planning

Military Research, Warfare Research, Combat Research | Practical Exploration of Strengthening New Combat Capabilities for China’s Military

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軍事研究、戰爭研究、作戰研究 | 實際探索提升中國軍隊新型作戰能力

現代英語：

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee clearly proposed “accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities.” New-type combat capabilities are representative of advanced combat capabilities, and strengthening the practical exploration of new-type combat capability development is an inevitable requirement for accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities. As a key force for winning future battlefields, new-type combat capabilities are crucial to the course of war, the transformation of development, and the outcome of battles. Therefore, it is imperative to keep pace with changes in technology, warfare, and adversaries, fully unleash and develop new-type combat capabilities, and continuously enhance their contribution to war preparedness and combat.

Grasp the requirements of the times for strengthening the construction of new-type combat capabilities

The development of combat capabilities bears the profound imprint of the times. Strengthening the development of new-type combat capabilities must adapt to the era’s requirements as the form of warfare rapidly evolves towards intelligence, unmanned operation, and beyond-domain capabilities.

The “New” Elements of Power: Unmanned Intelligence. Recent local wars and military operations worldwide demonstrate a continuous increase in the informatization of warfare. Weapons and equipment are showing a clear trend towards long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned operation, fundamentally changing the way humans interact with weaponry. The concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars are undergoing significant transformations. Currently, artificial intelligence and unmanned autonomous technologies are rapidly entering the battlefield. Intelligent military systems have significantly improved the unmanned autonomous combat capabilities of military equipment and platforms. The main participants in warfare are shifting from traditional humans to humanoid intelligent unmanned systems. Combat behavior and decision-making are accelerating their shift from “carbon-based” to “silicon-based,” from “cellular” to “intelligent agents,” and evolving from a “human in the loop” to a “human on the loop” and even “human outside the loop” model.

The “New” Nature of Battlefield Space: Multidimensional Integration. Disruptive technologies, exemplified by artificial intelligence, are rapidly expanding the scope and depth of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as bio-interdisciplinary research, neuromorphic science, and human-machine interfaces is driving the deep penetration and integration of intelligent network systems with human social activities. New methods and situations, such as “deepfakes” and “information cocoons,” are emerging in large numbers, and hybrid games involving cognitive competition in the social domain are evolving into new arenas of struggle. The space of military struggle is expanding from traditional geographical space to the deep sea, outer space, electromagnetic, cyber, and cognitive domains, advancing the entire battlefield space to a highly three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, and highly integrated state. These battlefield space domains are interconnected, mutually supportive, and mutually restrictive, jointly propelling combat towards complex intelligence.

The “New” Aspect of Combat Formation: Dynamic Reconfiguration. Combat formation reflects the combination of personnel and weaponry, the relationships between combat units, and between different units, determining the role and effectiveness of new-type combat capabilities. Looking towards the real-time optimization of joint forces and firepower in future operations, new-type combat capabilities will rely on intelligent network information systems, shifting from static configuration to dynamic reconfiguration, from “building blocks” to “solving a Rubik’s Cube.” Each combat element will be functionally decoupled as needed, and then cross-domain integration will connect heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules to construct a resilient distributed “kill network,” enabling wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking, and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. This dynamic formation requires the support of network information systems and the coordinated cooperation of new-type combat capabilities, connecting heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules throughout the entire combat system through cross-domain integration.

Focus on key aspects of strengthening new combat capabilities

The key difference between new-type combat capabilities and traditional combat capabilities lies in the new quality of combat capabilities. The construction of new-type combat capabilities should take the new quality as an important starting point, empower combat capability elements and transform combat capability generation models through technological innovation, thereby promoting the leap in combat capabilities.

Intelligent algorithms are key to victory. New combat capabilities, exemplified by intelligent weaponry, place greater emphasis on gaining strategic control in combat. The competition between opposing sides hinges on the level of intelligent cognition and the superiority of their algorithms. Intelligent algorithms can be seamlessly integrated into the decision-making and command chains at every stage of the kill chain—observation, location, tracking, judgment, decision-making, strike, and assessment—achieving “victory before battle.” Data mining algorithms, such as deep learning and self-learning, can rapidly integrate various types of battlefield data, deeply correlate and analyze valuable intelligence, and help combat personnel predict the battlefield situation more quickly and effectively. Intelligent game theory and decision-making algorithms, such as reinforcement learning, can autonomously engage in combat in virtual environments, rapidly and fully explore the war decision-making space, help commanders identify and anchor decision points, and more efficiently create and generate action plans, thus assisting in combat planning. For the command and control of numerous unmanned equipment and platforms, autonomous control algorithms, such as autonomous planning and collaborative algorithms, can dynamically combine combat resources according to mission objectives and capability requirements, forming human-machine hybrid formations to efficiently execute combat missions.

The system is highly interconnected. Combat power generation is a complete system formed by the development and internal movement of the various elements constituting combat power, as well as the interconnections and interactions between different elements and subsystems. The characteristics of system confrontation, hybrid game, and cross-domain competition are more prominent in informationized and intelligent combat operations. The dispersed battlefield sensors, combat forces, and weapon platforms become network information nodes based on various information links. Intelligence information, mission instructions, battle situation, and battle results information can all be interactively shared in the battlefield network that is connected across the entire domain. The entire combat operation, while pursuing individual platform indicators, places greater emphasis on the real-time linkage effect of the entire combat system. Through functional coupling and structural emergence, it achieves the goals of “energy aggregation” and “energy enhancement” to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy with overall strength.

Human-machine interaction is gradually advancing. Unmanned equipment, as a crucial element of new combat capabilities and an important supplement to traditional weaponry, is transforming from a battlefield support role to a primary combat role. Broadly speaking, unmanned equipment will expand the combat capabilities of weaponry and gain information and firepower mobility advantages. First, unmanned combat equipment can enrich and improve manned combat systems. Utilizing the advantages of unmanned equipment—less restricted battlefield environment, stronger penetration capabilities, and more diverse missions—it can enhance the scope, accuracy, and timeliness of reconnaissance and intelligence gathering and assessment, as well as increase the density, intensity, and sustainability of firepower strikes. Second, coordinated operations between manned and unmanned forces can achieve a “1+1>2” combat effectiveness. For example, drones can conduct forward reconnaissance and early warning, becoming an extension of manned aircraft perception, leveraging the mobility and firepower advantages of manned aircraft while utilizing the information advantages of drones. Third, unmanned swarm operations can achieve the goal of rapidly depleting enemy resources. Unmanned swarm forces, including drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned boats, unmanned underwater vehicles, bionic robots, and smart munitions, will conduct autonomous and coordinated unmanned operations. Their nonlinear and emergent characteristics will highlight their advantages in scale, cost, autonomy, and decision-making. They will strike targets such as heavily fortified air defense missile sites deep within enemy territory, greatly depleting the enemy’s reconnaissance, interception, and firepower resources.

Building a scientific framework for enhancing new combat capabilities

Building new combat capabilities is a systemic and arduous battle that requires overcoming difficulties. We must break away from the path dependence of “technology-oriented” approaches and construct a scientific chain of “theoretical interpretation, system construction, training transformation, and resource adaptation.”

Emphasizing “theory first, system support,” these two aspects are crucial foundations for generating new-type combat capabilities. A hierarchical theoretical framework and resilient system architecture are essential to solidify the foundation for new-type combat capabilities to serve actual combat. From the perspective of hierarchical theoretical framework construction, basic theory must focus on the essential mechanisms of new-type combat elements, analyzing the operational characteristics, boundaries of action, and coupling logic of emerging domain elements with traditional elements, and exploring scientific paths for aligning basic theory with practice. Applied theory must closely adhere to actual combat scenarios, constructing application rules based on the typological classification of future combat missions, and expanding the paths for transforming applied theory into tactical practice. The innovative theoretical layer must anticipate the evolution of warfare, combining technological advancements to predict theoretical development directions, providing guidance for the evolution of new-type elements. From the perspective of resilient system architecture design, “system resilience” should be the goal to break down inter-domain barriers, establishing a potential database through the Internet of Things and big data technologies to achieve rapid reorganization and response of new-type resources and troop needs, ensuring that the system resonates with the demands of “war.”

Adhering to the principle of “you fight your way, I fight my way,” we must boldly innovate and explore new models for the construction and application of combat forces. The essence of this approach lies in building “asymmetric advantages.” From the perspective of cultivating asymmetric advantages, we must rely on “operational domain advantage maps” for assessment and construct differentiated force layouts. We must promote the transformation of advantageous elements into core capabilities, build a “strengths against weaknesses” pattern, and ensure the long-term sustainability of these advantages through the establishment of a dynamic monitoring mechanism. From the perspective of innovatively reconstructing operational paths, we must break through the boundaries of traditional operational domains, open up new dimensions of confrontation in unmanned domains, and design modular solutions based on mission requirements, flexibly combining new qualitative elements with traditional forces to avoid path dependence.

Strengthening “realistic training and adversarial drills” is crucial. Realistic training and adversarial drills serve as the intermediaries for transforming new combat capabilities from theory to actual combat. To establish a closed-loop mechanism of “integrated training and combat,” it is necessary to enhance the combat adaptability of new combat capabilities through high-fidelity construction of training scenarios, high-intensity design of adversarial drills, and quantitative modeling of effectiveness evaluation. Regarding the high-fidelity construction of realistic training scenarios, it is essential to actively organize drone units to conduct training in reconnaissance and rescue, airlift, and other subjects. The concept of “environmental complexity gradient” should be introduced to force officers and soldiers to utilize new equipment under extreme conditions. A quantitative evaluation system should be established to assess training effectiveness. Regarding the high-intensity design of adversarial drills, it is necessary to set up adversarial scenarios closely resembling those of a strong enemy, set adversarial intensity thresholds, and establish a closed-loop improvement mechanism to promote iterative upgrades of combat capabilities.

The principle is “not seeking ownership, but utilizing.” This is a crucial path for generating new combat capabilities. Its core lies in the innovative generation model of the “resource pooling” theory. This requires breaking the binding relationship between “resource possession” and “capability generation” through cross-domain resource integration and dynamic resource allocation. From the perspective of cross-domain resource integration, “resource pooling” is the core, integrating local technology, talent, and equipment resources to build a military-civilian integrated resource support network. From the perspective of dynamic resource allocation, a classified and graded management system is constructed, categorizing new resources according to their operational value into core, support, and auxiliary categories, clarifying the deployment process for new equipment, and ensuring that resource benefits are transformed into actual combat capabilities.

現代國語：

加強新質戰斗力建設實踐探索

■王璐穎  李  滔

引 言

黨的二十屆四中全會鮮明提出“加快先進戰斗力建設”。新質戰斗力是先進戰斗力的代表，加強新質戰斗力建設實踐探索是加快先進戰斗力建設的必然要求。新質戰斗力作為制勝未來戰場的關鍵力量，關乎戰爭走向、關乎建設轉型、關乎作戰勝負，必須緊跟科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，充分解放和發展新質戰斗力，不斷提升新質戰斗力對備戰打仗的貢獻率。

把握加強新質戰斗力建設時代要求

戰斗力建設有著深刻的時代烙印，加強新質戰斗力建設要順應戰爭形態加速向智能化、無人化、超域化演進的時代要求。

力量要素之“新”：無人智能。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看，戰爭信息化程度不斷提高，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢明顯，正在改變人與武器裝備的結合方式，戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。當前，人工智能技術和無人自主技術快速走向戰場，智能化軍事系統顯著提高了軍事裝備和平台的無人自主作戰能力，戰爭主要參與者從傳統的人向類人智能無人系統的跨越，作戰行為與決策加速從“碳基”向“硅基”轉移，從“細胞體”向“智能體”讓渡，從“人在環中”向“人在環上”乃至“人在環外”的模式演進。

戰場空間之“新”：多維融合。以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術，正加速擴展作戰力量的作用領域、影響深度。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機接口等技術的快速應用，促使智能化網絡體系與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。“深度偽造”“信息繭房”等新手段、新情況大量產生，社會域的認知爭奪等混合博弈，正演變為新的角力場。軍事斗爭空間從傳統地理空間，不斷向深海、外太空、電磁、網絡、認知等領域拓展，整個戰場空間進階到高立體、全維度、大融合。這些戰場空間領域之間既相互聯系、相互支撐，又相互制約，共同推動作戰向復雜智能的方向發展。

作戰編組之“新”：動態重構。作戰編組是人與武器裝備結合、作戰單元之間、部隊與部隊之間關系的體現，決定著新質戰斗力的作用發揮和效能釋放。著眼未來聯合作戰兵力火力的即時聚優，新質戰斗力將依托智能化網絡信息體系的支撐，由靜態搭配向動態重構轉變，由“拼積木”向“擰魔方”轉變，各作戰要素根據需要進行功能解耦，再通過跨域融合將異構的功能要素和單元模塊聯結在一起，構建具有良好韌性的分布式“殺傷網”，以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。這種動態編組更需要網絡信息體系的支撐和新質戰斗力的協同配合，通過跨域融合將整個作戰體系中異構的功能要素和單元模塊聯結在一起。

扭住加強新質戰斗力建設重要抓手

新質戰斗力區別於傳統戰斗力的關鍵在於戰斗力呈現的新質態，新質戰斗力建設要以新質態為重要抓手，通過科技創新賦能戰斗力要素、變革戰斗力生成模式，從而推動戰斗力躍遷。

智能算法制勝。以智能化武器裝備為代表的新質戰斗力更加重視追求作戰制智權，敵我雙方比拼的是智能認知水平的高下、算法的優劣。在觀察、定位、跟蹤、判斷、決策、打擊和評估等殺傷鏈的各個環節，智能算法都可以及時融入決策鏈、指揮鏈，實現“未戰而先勝”。以深度學習、自學習為代表的數據挖掘算法，能夠對戰場收集的各類數據快速整合，深度關聯分析有價值的情報信息，幫助作戰人員更快更好預測戰場態勢。以強化學習為代表的智能博弈和決策算法，能夠在虛擬環境中自主博弈對抗，快速充分探索戰爭決策空間，幫助指揮員發現和錨定決策點，更加高效地創造生成行動方案，輔助作戰籌劃。針對大量無人裝備和平台的指揮控制，自主規劃與協同算法等自主控制算法，能夠根據任務目標和能力需求對作戰資源進行動態組合，形成人機混合編組，高效執行作戰任務。

體系高度關聯。戰斗力生成，是由構成戰斗力的各要素自身發展、內在運動，以及不同要素和分系統之間相互聯系、相互作用而形成的完整體系。信息化智能化作戰行動的體系對抗、混合博弈、超域競爭等特征更加突出，分散配置的戰場傳感器、作戰力量和武器平台基於各種信息鏈路成為網絡信息節點，情報信息、任務指令、戰況態勢和戰果信息均可在全域聯通的戰場網絡中交互共享，整個作戰行動在追求單個平台單項指標的基礎上，更強調整個作戰體系的實時聯動效應，通過功能耦合和結構湧現，達到“聚能”和“增能”的目的，以整體力量達到克敵制勝的目的。

人機互動漸進。無人裝備作為新質戰斗力的重要抓手和傳統武器裝備的重要補充，正從過去戰場配屬角色向主戰角色轉變。從廣義角度看，無人裝備將以拓展武器裝備作戰能力獲得信息、火力機動優勢。首先，無人作戰裝備可充實完善有人作戰體系。利用無人裝備戰場環境限制小、突防能力強、執行任務多的優勢，提升己方偵察情報和評估工作范圍、精度和時效性，提升火力打擊密度、強度和持續性。其次，有人與無人力量協同作戰能夠發揮“1+1＞2”的作戰效能。例如，無人機可前出偵察預警，成為有人機感知的延伸，發揮有人機機動和火力優勢，發揮無人機信息優勢。再次，無人集群作戰能夠實現快速消耗敵方資源目的。無人機、無人車、無人艇、無人潛航器、仿生機器人、智能彈藥等無人集群力量實施無人自主協同作戰，將發揮其非線性、湧現性等特征所凸顯的規模優勢、成本優勢、自主優勢、決策優勢，打擊敵方縱深地域嚴密設防的防空導彈陣地等目標，極大消耗敵方偵察攔截和火力抗擊資源。

構建加強新質戰斗力建設科學鏈路

新質戰斗力建設是一場向難攻堅的系統性硬仗，要破除“技術導向”的路徑依賴，構建“理論闡釋—體系建構—訓練轉化—資源適配”的科學鏈路。

突出“理論先行，體系支撐”。理論先行與體系支撐是新質戰斗力生成的兩個重要基礎。要以理論體系層級化建構與體系架構韌性化設計，夯實新質戰斗力服務實戰基礎。從理論體系層級化建構看，基礎理論必須聚焦新質作戰要素的本質機理，剖析新興領域要素的作戰特性、作用邊界及與傳統要素的耦合邏輯，探索基礎理論對接實踐的科學路徑。應用理論必須緊扣實戰場景，基於未來作戰任務的類型化劃分構建運用規則，拓展應用理論轉化為戰術實踐的路徑。創新理論層須前瞻戰爭形態演進，結合技術預見理論發展方向，為新質要素演化提供指引。從體系架構的韌性化設計看，要以“體系韌性”為目標打破域際壁壘，通過物聯網、大數據技術建立潛力數據庫，實現新質資源與部隊需求的快速重組響應，確保體系與“戰”的需求同頻共振。

堅持“你打你的，我打我的”。大膽創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，“你打你的，我打我的”，本質在於建構“非對稱優勢”。從非對稱優勢的培育看，要依托“作戰域優勢圖譜”開展評估，構築差異化力量布局。要推動優勢要素向核心能力轉化，構建“以長擊短”格局，通過建立動態監測機制，確保優勢長存。從作戰路徑創新性重構看，須突破傳統作戰域邊界，在無人域開辟對抗新維度，還要基於任務需求設計模塊化方案，靈活組合新質要素與傳統力量，避免路徑依賴。

加強“實案化訓練，對抗性演練”。實案化訓練和對抗性演練是新質戰斗力從理論向實戰的轉化中介。要構成“戰訓一體化”的閉環機制，須通過訓練場景的高保真建構、對抗演練的高強度設計與效能評估的量化模型化，提升新質戰斗力的實戰適配性。從實案化訓練的高保真建構看，要積極組織無人機分隊開展偵察救援、空中投送等課目訓練，要引入“環境復雜度梯度”理念，倒逼官兵在極限條件下運用新質裝備。要建立量化評估體系，評估訓練成效；從對抗性演練的高強度設計看，要設置貼近強敵的對抗場景，設定對抗強度閾值，建立閉環改進機制，推動戰斗力迭代升級。

做到“不求所有，但為所用”。“不求所有，但為所用”是新質戰斗力生成的重要路徑，其內核在於“資源池化”理論的生成模式創新，須通過資源整合的跨域化建構與資源運用的動態化調度，打破“資源佔有”與“能力生成”的綁定關系。從資源整合的跨域化建構看，以“資源池化”為核心，整合地方技術、人才、裝備資源，構建軍地一體的資源支撐網絡。從資源運用的動態化調度看，構建分類分級管理體系，將新質資源按作戰價值分為核心、支撐、輔助類，明確新質裝備的調用流程，確保資源效益轉化為實戰能力。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王璐穎 李 滔 責任編輯：孫悅

2025-12-04 0xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_2085843/16842852875.html

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Reshaping the PLA’s force Structure to Ensure Winning Future Battlefields

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重塑解放軍部隊結構，確保贏得未來戰場

現代英語：

The reason why outstanding professional athletes can maximize their physical capabilities compared to ordinary people lies in the fact that long-term scientific training strengthens their bones, removes excess fat and bulges their muscles, and achieves a perfect proportion and coordination of the body’s functional elements. Similarly, those armies that can dominate the battlefield and fully exert their combat effectiveness are all powerful forces that have achieved an optimized combination of military force systems in their respective eras.

“Military tactics are ever-changing, just as water has no fixed shape.” Since its inception, the People’s Liberation Army has continuously innovated its force structure in response to changes in the situation and tasks and the needs of actual military struggles. In particular, the several major streamlining and reorganizations since the reform and opening up have promoted the continuous optimization of the PLA’s size, structure, and force composition, effectively liberating and developing its combat capabilities.

“Standard systems cannot meet the demands of change, and one approach cannot address all situations.” Faced with the rapidly evolving nature of warfare in the world today and the new requirements for the expansion of the PLA’s missions and tasks, the shortcomings and weaknesses in the PLA’s force structure have once again become prominent. Problems such as excessive size and scale, imbalance in major proportions, insufficient proportion of new combat capabilities, and low degree of modularization and integration of troops have become bottlenecks affecting and restricting the improvement of the PLA’s combat capabilities and its ability to win future battlefields.

In matters of the world, “what must be seized is the momentum, and what must not be missed is the opportunity.” Only by assessing the situation and seizing the moment can one “easily gain advantage.” The world today faces unprecedented changes. The rapid development of global technological and military revolutions has historically converged with the deepening of my country’s efforts to strengthen its military. Changes in warfare, technology, and the overall landscape of struggle are profoundly impacting national security and military strategy. The historical responsibility of reshaping and rebuilding the PLA’s force structure, and constructing a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics capable of winning informationized wars and effectively fulfilling its missions, has been placed before the People’s Liberation Army.

The system determines the structure and function. The composition of the military’s force system determines the size of the military’s energy and the form, scale, and effect of releasing that energy in the appropriate time and space. The Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi Jinping, after careful consideration and decisive decision-making, comprehensively launched reforms to the size, structure, and force composition of the military, undertaking a holistic and revolutionary reshaping of the PLA’s force system. This strategic deployment is a crucial step in rationally allocating and optimizing the PLA’s force system, gaining the initiative in future fierce military competition by “strengthening its muscles and bones.”

“One part planning, nine parts implementation”—the restructuring of the PLA’s force system has been rapidly and steadily unfolding. The total number of officers has decreased, with a batch of civilian personnel or soldiers in brand-new uniforms filling the original officer positions, thus optimizing the officer-to-soldier ratio. The number of active-duty personnel in regimental-level and above organs has been significantly reduced, resulting in a marked optimization of the ratio between organs and troops, and between combat and non-combat units. Despite the reduction in the overall size of the military, the number of personnel in combat units has increased rather than decreased, making the “muscle” stronger. The size of the army has been reduced, with traditional branches and outdated equipment units being repurposed for new combat forces, optimizing the structure of the services and increasing the proportion of new combat capabilities, making the “skeleton” stronger. With a more streamlined size, more scientific organization, and more optimized layout, the PLA is continuously transforming from a quantity-oriented to a quality- and efficiency-oriented force, and from a labor-intensive to a technology-intensive force. The organization of troops is developing towards being more robust, integrated, multi-functional, and flexible, and a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as its main body has been basically formed.

The reshaping of the force structure has unlocked the full potential for combat effectiveness, enabling the PLA to take solid steps toward achieving the Party’s goal of building a strong military under the new circumstances. This provides a stronger guarantee for effectively safeguarding my country’s sovereignty, security, and development interests, and for making greater contributions to maintaining world peace and stability.

With sails hoisted high, the People’s Liberation Army embarks on a journey across vast oceans. Reborn and transformed, the People’s Liberation Army will surely achieve new leaps forward on the path to building a strong military with Chinese characteristics and stride towards an even more glorious future!

現代國語：

優秀專業運動員與一般人相比，之所以能把人體機能發揮到極限，關鍵在於長期的科學訓練強壯了骨骼，去除了多餘的贅肉與脂肪，實現了人體機能要素群的完美比例與配合。同樣道理，那些能夠笑傲疆場充分發揮出戰鬥力能效的軍隊，無不是在其所處時代實現了軍事力量體系優化組合的雄師勁旅。

「兵無常勢，水無常形。」人民軍隊自誕生以來，力量體系構成一直隨著形勢任務的變化和現實軍事鬥爭的需要而不斷自我革新。特別是改革開放以來幾次大的精簡整編，推動了我軍規模結構和力量編成的不斷優化，有效解放和發展了戰鬥力。

「常制不可以待變化，一塗不可以應萬方。」面對當今世界戰爭形態加速演變新趨勢、我軍使命任務拓展新要求，我軍力量體系構成方面的不足和短板再次凸顯，規模體量偏大、重大比例關係失衡、新質戰鬥力比重偏小、部隊模組化合成化程度低等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場戰鬥力提升、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場的戰鬥力提升、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場戰鬥力提升、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場等問題，成為影響力、制約軍場戰鬥力提升、制約軍戰的未來。

天下事，“所當乘者勢也，不可失者時也”，審時度勢，乘勢而上，才能“取之易也”。當今世界面臨前所未有之大變局，世界科技革命、軍事革命迅速發展與我國強軍興軍事業的深入推進歷史性地交匯在一起，戰爭之變、科技之變、鬥爭格局之變深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局。實現我軍力量體系的重塑再造，建構能夠打贏資訊化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系，這一重任歷史性地擺在人民軍隊面前。

體系決定結構和功能，軍隊的力量體系構成，決定了軍隊能量的大小及其在適當的時間和空間內釋放能量的形態、規模與效果。黨中央、中央軍委會和習主席審時度勢、果斷決策，全面啟動軍隊規模結構與力量編成改革，對我軍力量體系進行整體性、革命性重塑。這項戰略部署是對我軍力量體系進行合理編配與優化組合，透過「強肌、壯骨骼」贏得未來激烈軍事競爭主動權的關鍵一環。

“一分部署，九分落實”，我軍力量體系重塑快速而穩健地鋪開。軍官總數減少，一群身穿嶄新制服的文職人員或士兵補充到原軍官崗位上，官兵比例得到優化。團級以上機關現役員額明顯壓縮，機關與部隊比例、作戰部隊與非戰鬥單位比例已明顯優化。在軍隊總規模壓下來以後，作戰部隊人員不減反增，「肌肉」更豐滿了。壓縮陸軍規模，傳統兵種及老舊裝備部隊為新型作戰力量“騰籠換鳥”，軍兵種結構得到優化，新質戰鬥力的比重增加，“骨骼”更加強壯了。規模更精幹、編成更科學、佈局更優化，不斷推動我軍由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的轉變，部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展，以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體系基本形成。

力量體系的重塑打通了激活戰鬥力的“任督二脈”，我軍向著實現黨在新形勢下的強軍目標邁出了堅實步伐，為有效捍衛我國主權安全發展利益、為維護世界和平穩定作出更大貢獻提供了更加堅強有力的保證。

雲帆已高掛，征程濟滄海。換羽重生的人民軍隊一定能夠在中國特色強軍之路上實現新的跨越、邁向更光輝的未來！

中國軍網 國防部網
2018年12月18日 星期二

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-12/18/content_282834834.htm