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China Strengthening Innovation in Military Theory During the New Era and New Journey

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新時代新徵中國加強軍事理論創新

吳霞
2025-05-29 08:xx 資料來源：中國軍網

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping stressed that in the new era and new journey, the world is undergoing a century-long transformation, the new military revolution is developing rapidly, and my country’s security and development needs are undergoing profound changes. It is more urgent to achieve the goal of strengthening the military, and we must comprehensively strengthen military theory work. To accelerate the formation of a military theory system that is contemporary, leading, and unique, we must expand our thinking horizons, strengthen military theory innovation, strive to seize the commanding heights of military theory innovation, and gain new advantages in military theory competition, and thus seize the initiative in the strategic game between major powers.

Reconstructing a pluralistic cognitive framework based on the characteristics of the war era

Since the 21st century, with the development of global politics, economy, culture, and science and technology, the characteristics of modern warfare have undergone profound changes. The system confrontation, spatial superposition, and multi-domain hybrid characteristics of the high-end war game between major powers have become more prominent. The war form is accelerating towards a highly dispersed force, highly circulated information, and highly coordinated actions. We urgently need to examine the driving force of the times for innovation in military theory.

The timeliness of the evolution of war forms. After combing through the development context from traditional warfare to modern warfare and comparing and analyzing it, we can find that the simple primitive form of “building a stronghold, fighting a stupid battle, and fighting in a group” has already moved towards multiple advanced forms such as multi-domain warfare and hybrid warfare. The war concept, combat system, tactics and fighting methods are all evolving continuously. The driving force of the times is the coupling effect of “technical background determines tactical quality, and tactical innovation forces technological innovation”. Against this background, future wars will present the three major characteristics of “full-domain linkage, intelligent dominance, and unmanned front”. In essence, it is a breakthrough in nonlinear state, an update of war philosophy, and even a super-dimensional power game. The driving force behind it is the endless emergence of new combat concepts. Military theory innovation must face the compound challenges of full-domain confrontation, hybrid competitive capabilities and technological breakthroughs. The core lies in building a new war concept that can break the constraints of thinking and achieve cross-domain victory.

The leading nature of military theory game. The game between major powers is a long-term process, in which the arms race is a traditional path of mutual game, while another emerging track is the military theory competition. First of all, military theory is the high-level logic of the game between major powers. The alternating evolution of leading, accompanying and follow-up military theories provides a blueprint for resource integration, training iteration and force optimization for the game between major powers. It also provides methods and strategies for restricting and cracking the opponent’s capabilities, which can accelerate the trend of the military system to win the battle. Secondly, with the continuous changes in the international situation and scientific and technological development, new contradictions, new problems, new goals and new threats continue to emerge, and the causes, subjects, forms, and scenarios of war and confrontation will be more complex, diverse and multi-domain integrated, and their performance will be more uncertain and nonlinear. Whoever can recognize the future war form and style and whoever has a rich concept of combat concepts can take the initiative in international games.

The deterrent effect of advanced military theories. Advanced military theories can coordinate existing war resources to the greatest extent through scientific theoretical design, and fully transform war potential into war power. Therefore, advanced military theories are both combat effectiveness that can win wars and deterrence that can deter wars. For example, people’s war is our magic weapon to defeat the enemy, which has been proven by war practice. For a long time after the founding of New China, imperialism and hegemonism did not dare to act rashly against our country. One important reason was that they were afraid of the power of our people’s war. In recent years, the form of war has accelerated its evolution towards intelligence, and new combat concepts of foreign armies have emerged in an endless stream. In the face of competition in military theory innovation on the “silent battlefield”, we must have insight into the new development of intelligent combat theory, examine the new changes in intelligent combat styles, and adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”. We must be good at creating advanced fighting methods to defeat the superior, and we must also be good at avoiding the real and attacking the virtual to attack the incapable, and innovate and develop theoretical deterrence with our own characteristics.

Promote cross-domain communication and integration, and deconstruct multi-dimensional innovation mechanisms

Modern warfare has broken through the boundaries of land, sea, air, space and power grids, proving the necessity of multi-domain linkage and multi-dimensional connection. In this vast military and even civilian field, the military theory innovation must integrate scientific and technological channels, build a strategic and tactical research and training platform, and seek breakthroughs from the innovation mechanism by gathering the best and releasing energy, integrating information, and integrating strikes.

The battlefield space is ubiquitous and multi-dimensionally reconstructed. The essence of battlefield space reconstruction is the breakthrough of technological civilization on physical boundaries, that is, when new technologies develop to a certain extent, the physical domain, information domain, social domain, etc. will present a reconstructed form. This reconstruction breaks the spatial limitations and time dimensions of the traditional battlefield, and deeply promotes the war confrontation from the centralized and linear physical space to the hyper-dimensional space of multi-domain integration and boundless linkage, which brings about the ubiquitous combat domain, all-encompassing combat elements, and all-encompassing combat forces, and will form a new combat form. This requires military theory to reconstruct the three-dimensionality, multi-dimensionality and linkage of modern warfare from the aspects of combat system, strategy and tactics, and node elements. Especially in the future, the mixed linkage of battlefield space such as politics, economy, military, and public opinion will bring about many sources of struggle, wide fields, and strong coupling. Military theory innovation needs to have a deep insight into the connotation and essential characteristics of the endogenous development of battlefield space, so as to reconstruct an autonomous, flexible, elastic, and closed-loop combat space and highlight the battlefield ecological mechanism of linkage and balance.

Reshaping of multi-layer technology nested structure. Modern warfare needs to integrate technical systems at different levels and in different fields to form a highly coordinated and dynamically adaptive combat system to cope with the complex needs of informatization, intelligence and precision. The huge combat system urgently needs to evolve from a single function to a systematized and networked one. The core lies in breaking the boundaries of traditional military services and equipment technology and building a multi-dimensional linkage technology ecosystem. For example, the strategic early warning system requires three-dimensional networking of space satellites, ground radars, underwater sonars, etc., that is, integration and nesting from the physical layer; the global battlefield perception network requires real-time data of space-based surveillance, air early warning, and ground reconnaissance, that is, fusion and interaction from the information layer; the joint global command and control system needs to complete target identification, threat assessment and target allocation within seconds, that is, intelligent decision-making from the cognitive layer. These cross-domain communication integrations force the deep reconstruction of the technical architecture, which in turn triggers the transformation of military organizations and actions. Technological innovation drives tactical breakthroughs, promotes the iteration of equipment systems and the reshaping of military theory systems, which is the secret of the innovation mechanism of military theory.

Cross-domain knowledge integration and cognitive reconstruction. Modern warfare has broken through the Clausewitzian “trinity” framework and presents the characteristics of quantum entanglement-style full-dimensional confrontation. For example, the US military’s “mosaic warfare” theory integrates AI and biological nerves to construct a dynamic and reconfigurable killing network. This requires that military theory innovation must have the ability of cross-domain deconstruction and cognitive reconstruction. This integration and reconstruction is not a simple superposition of knowledge, but a new dimension of understanding of war and a metacognitive system through the “emergence effect”. This requires breaking down disciplinary barriers and traditional thinking frameworks, integrating advanced technologies such as communications, navigation, detection, and quantum on the basis of cybernetics, information theory, and systems theory, and forming a knowledge ecosystem with its internal logic that can couple new tactics, combat systems, and war forms.

Create an open source theoretical ecosystem and form a distributed innovation pattern

With the development of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain-computer interfaces, and multi-dimensional information, the development of military theory has shown an era trend of diversified innovation. If we can activate the innovation potential with an open source ecosystem, we may be able to develop a different innovation model for military theory from the existing ones – one that maintains the traditional background of military theory while also having the technological sharpness of the intelligent era. Its core lies in stimulating innovation through an open ecosystem, diversified cooperation, and localization.

Shaping an open source ecosystem. Traditional military theory research is highly confidential and exclusive, and inevitably has information barriers, thinking limitations, and technical gaps, which can no longer meet the needs of war development. The superiority, vitality, and professionalism shown by the open source big model inspire the world. The open source military theory ecosystem can also build an advanced basic military theory base through a controllable open sharing ecosystem of theoretical frameworks, tactical deductions, and technical solutions under the support of a hierarchical collaboration system and blockchain technology, and then derive concrete military theory plug-ins for operational concept trees, scenario sets, and style groups in various fields. Its ecological connotation lies in breaking departmental boundaries, integrating military units, scientific research institutes, local universities, social think tanks, etc., and using supply and demand announcement platforms, war game deduction platforms, information interaction platforms, etc. to form a closed-loop feedback environment of “theoretical crowd creation” with multi-party participation. This distributed collaborative ecology can accelerate the formation of theoretical innovation and iteration through the interaction between nodes, and achieve sustainable development advantages in a complex internal and external environment.

Integration of military democracy. In the process of military theory innovation, through a professional and efficient collective collaboration mechanism, scattered cognitive resources are transformed into collective combat effectiveness, forming cross-domain and cross-weapon collaboration. Its success depends on three fulcrums: an open resource organization structure, an efficient knowledge management mechanism, and a deep integration of science and technology. This innovation model reshapes the production process of modern military theory: breaking the vertical, closed, and minority participation characteristics of traditional military theory innovation, and forming a collaborative paradigm that includes sharing and competitive participation of multiple subjects. This means that military theory innovation has entered a new stage of “collective wisdom + knowledge transfer”. The key is to release innovation potential through a military democracy mechanism, and to enhance the system resilience of theoretical innovation while ensuring military effectiveness. The ultimate goal is to form a theoretical system that can both guide its own military practice and contribute to human war cognition.

Highlight its own characteristics. The “two combinations” are the fundamental way to promote the theoretical innovation of the Party. To strengthen the innovation of military theory, we must insist on combining the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of building the people’s army and absorbing the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture. We should focus on using the “arrow” of truth to shoot the “target” of military practice in the new era, and innovate and develop military theory in the process of creatively applying Marxism to analyze and deal with contemporary Chinese military issues. We should focus on extracting rich nutrition from China’s excellent traditional military culture, absorbing the war concepts, military wisdom, strategic thinking, military tactics and strategies contained therein, and giving military theory distinct Chinese characteristics, Chinese style and Chinese style. In particular, we should focus on deeply integrating the laws of modern warfare and the laws of war guidance, the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture and China’s national conditions and military conditions, forming a military theory generation system with autonomy, adaptability and foresight, and constantly opening up new horizons for the development of our military’s military theory.(Editors: Dai Xiaoling, Wan Peng)

現代國語：

習主席強調指出，新時代新征程，世界百年變局加速演進，新軍事革命迅速發展，我國安全和發展需求深刻變化，實現強軍目標任務更加緊迫，必須全面加強軍事理論工作。加速形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的軍事理論體系，就要拓展思維視野，加強軍事理論創新，努力搶佔軍事理論創新制高點，奪得軍事理論競爭新優勢，進而在大國戰略博弈中掌握主動權。

立足戰爭時代特徵，重建多元式認知框架

自21世紀以來，隨著全球政治、經濟、文化、科技的發展，現代戰爭特徵發生了深刻變化，大國高端戰爭博弈下的體系對抗、空間疊加、多域混合特徵更加突出。戰爭形態向力量高度混散、資訊高度流動、行動高度協同的方向加速演進，亟需我們檢視軍事理論創新的時代動因。

戰爭形態演化的時代性。梳理傳統戰爭到現代戰爭的發展脈絡，對比分析後可以發現「結硬寨、打呆仗、群毆式」的單純原始形態已然走向多域戰、混合戰等多元高級形態，戰爭理念、作戰體系、戰法打法等均在持續發生演化，其時代動因是「技術底色決定逼成色，戰術創新技術革新」的戰術效應。在此背景下，未來戰爭將呈現「全域連動、智能主導、無人爭鋒」三大特徵，其本質上是一種非線性狀態突破，是一種戰爭哲學更新，更是一種超維力量博弈。背後推手是層出不窮的新型作戰概念，軍事理論創新必須直面全局對抗、混合競能與技術突進的複合挑戰，其核心在於建構能夠打破思維掣肘、實現跨域制勝的新型戰爭觀。

軍事理論博弈的先導性。大國博弈是一個長期過程，其中的武器裝備競賽是互相博弈的一種傳統路徑，而另一個新興賽道則是軍事理論競賽。首先，軍事理論是大國博弈的高層邏輯，先導式、伴隨式與跟進式軍事理論交替演進，為大國博弈提供了資源整合、演訓迭代和力量優化的藍圖指引，也為制約與破解對手能力提供了方法策略，可以加速軍事體系決勝的衝線趨勢。其次，隨著國際情勢、科技發展等方面的不斷變化，新矛盾、新問題、新目標、新威脅不斷湧現，戰爭和對抗的誘因、主體、形式、場景等方面將更為複雜多元和多域融合，其表現也更加充滿不確定和非線性。誰能認清未來戰爭形態樣式，誰能擁有豐富的作戰理念概念，誰能在國際博弈中佔據主動。

先進軍事理論的威懾性。先進軍事理論可以透過科學的理論設計，最大程度地統籌現有的戰爭資源，把戰爭潛力充分轉化為戰爭實力。所以，先進軍事理論既是能夠勝戰的戰鬥力，也是能夠懾戰的威懾力。例如，人民戰爭是我克敵制勝的法寶，已經得到戰爭實踐的證明。新中國成立後的相當長一段時間裡，帝國主義、霸權主義不敢對我國輕舉妄動，一個重要原因就是懼怕我人民戰爭的威力。近年來，戰爭形態向智能化加速演進，外軍新型作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰樣式新變化，堅持“你打你的、我打我的”，既要擅長創造高級打法以優制工業理論，也要避實擊擊你的、我打我的”，既要擅長創造高級打法以優適能避實擊

促進跨域交流集成，解構多維式創新機理

現代戰爭突破陸海空天電網的界限，印證了多域聯動多維連結的必要性。而在此龐大的軍事甚至民用領域中聚優釋能、資訊整合、融合打擊，軍事理論創新必須整合科學技術通道、搭建戰略戰術研練平台，更需多維多域互通，從創新機理中去尋求突破。

戰場空間泛在多元重建。戰場空間重構的本質是科技文明對物理邊界的突破，也就是新科技發展到一定程度後，物理域、資訊域、社會域等將呈現重構形體。這種重建打破了傳統戰場的空間限制、時間維度，深入推動戰爭對抗從集中式、線性化的物理空間轉向多域融合、無界聯動的超維空間，由此帶來作戰要域無所不在、作戰要素無所不包、作戰力量無所不及，並將形成全新的作戰形態。這需要軍事理論從作戰體系、戰略戰術、節點要素等方面重新解構現代戰爭的立體性、多維性和連結性。特別是今後時期，政治、經濟、軍事、輿論等戰場空間的混合連動帶來的鬥爭來源多、領域廣、耦合強，軍事理論創新需深刻洞悉戰場空間內生髮育的內涵要義與本質特徵，以重構自主、靈活、彈性、閉環的作戰空間，凸顯聯動平衡的戰場生態機理。

多層技術嵌套結構重塑。現代戰爭需要透過整合不同層級、不同領域的技術系統，形成高度協同、動態適應的作戰體系，以因應資訊化、智慧化、精確化的複雜需求。龐大的作戰體系亟須將單一功能向體系化和網路化演變，其核心在於打破傳統軍兵種和裝備技術領域的界限，建構多維連動的技術生態。例如，戰略預警體系需要太空衛星、地面雷達、水下聲吶等立體組網，即從物理層整合嵌套；全局戰場感知網絡需要天基監視、空中預警、地面偵察的即時數據，即從資訊層融合交互；聯合全局指揮控制系統需要數秒內完成目標識別、威脅評估與目標分配，即從認知層智能決策。這些跨域交流整合倒逼技術架構的深度重構，由此引發軍事組織與行動破繭化蝶。技術創新驅動戰術突破，推動裝備體系迭代和軍事理論體系重塑，是軍事理論創新機制的奧秘所在。

跨域知識整合認知重建。現代戰爭突破克勞塞維茨式「三位一體」框架，呈現量子糾纏式的全維度對抗特質。如美軍「馬賽克戰」理論將AI與生物神經融合，架構動態可重建殺傷網。這要求軍事理論創新必須具備跨域解構與認知重建能力。這種整合與重建不是簡單的知識疊加，而是透過「湧現效應」產生新的戰爭理解維度與後設認知體系。這要求打破學科壁壘與傳統思維框架，在控制論、資訊理論、系統論基礎上，融合通訊、導航、偵測、量子等先進技術，以其內在邏輯形成能夠耦合新型戰術戰法、作戰體系、戰爭形態的知識生態系統。

打造開源理論生態，形成分散式創新格局

隨著人工智慧、腦機介面、多維度資訊等顛覆性技術發展，軍事理論發展呈現多元創新的時代趨勢。若能以開源生態活化創新潛力，或可走出一條不同於既有的軍事理論創新模式──既保持軍事理論傳統底色，又兼具智慧化時代的科技銳度，其核心在於從開放生態、多元合作和本土化路徑中去激發創新。

塑造開源生態。傳統軍事理論研究多具有高度保密性與排他性，也不可避免地存在資訊障礙、思考限制和技術鴻溝，已無法滿足戰爭發展需求。開源大模型顯示出的超群性、生命性、專業性給世人以啟發，開源軍事理論生態亦可在分級協作體系與區塊鏈技術的支撐下，透過理論架構、戰術推演、技術方案的可控式開放共享生態，建構一個先進的基本軍事理論基座，再衍生出各領域作戰概念樹、場景集、具象化的場景具象集。其生態內涵在於打破部門邊界，整合軍事單位、科研院所、地方高校、社會智庫等，利用供求揭榜平台、兵棋推演平台、資訊互動平台等，形成多方參與的「理論眾創」閉環回饋環境。這種分散式協作生態，可透過節點間的互動加速形成理論創新迭代合力，在複雜的內外環境中實現永續發展優勢。

融合軍事民主。在軍事理論創新過程中，透過專業、高效率的集體協作機制，將分散的認知資源轉化為集體戰鬥力，形成跨領域、跨武器協同。其成功依賴三個支點：開放的資源組織架構、高效率的知識管理機制，以及深度的理技融合。這種創新模式重塑了現代軍事理論生產流程：打破傳統軍事理論創新的垂直化、封閉化、少數化的參與特徵，形成包容多元主體共享與競爭參與的協作典範。這意味著軍事理論創新進入「集體智慧+知識遷移」的新階段，其關鍵是透過軍事民主機制釋放創新潛能，在確保軍事效能的同時提升理論創新的體系韌性。最終目的是形成既能引導自身軍事實踐，也能貢獻於人類戰爭認知的理論體系。

突顯自身特色。 「兩個結合」是推動黨的理論創新的根本途徑。加強軍事理論創新就要堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同人民軍隊建設實踐結合，汲取中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華。注重以真理之“矢”去射新時代軍事實踐之“的”，在創造性運用馬克思主義分析和處理當代中國軍事問題的過程中創新發展軍事理論。注重從中華優秀傳統軍事文化中萃取豐富營養，汲取蘊含其中的戰爭觀念、治軍智慧、戰略思想、兵法謀略等，賦予軍事理論鮮明的中國特色、中國風格、中國氣派。特別是注重將現代戰爭規律與戰爭指導規律、中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華與中國國情軍情深度融合，形成具有自主性、適應性和前瞻性的軍事理論生成體系，不斷開闢我軍軍事理論發展新境界。

(編按：代曉靈、萬鵬)

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2025/0529/c40531-40490232888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military to Utilize Artificial Intelligence Empowering Cognitive Confrontation Success on the Modern Battlefield

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中國軍隊將利用人工智慧增強現代戰場認知對抗的成功

現代英語：

With the advent of the “smart +” era, artificial intelligence is widely used in the military field, and conventional warfare in physical space and cognitive confrontation in virtual space are accelerating integration. Deeply tapping the potential of artificial intelligence to empower cognitive confrontation is of great significance to improving the efficiency of cross-domain resource matching and controlling the initiative in future operations.

Data mining expands the boundaries of experience and cognition

Data-driven, knowing the enemy and knowing yourself. With the advancement of big data-related technologies, data information has become cognitive offensive and defensive ammunition, and information advantage has become increasingly important on the battlefield. Empowering traditional information processing processes with artificial intelligence technology can enhance the ability to analyze related information, accelerate information integration across domains through cross-domain data collection and false information screening, and enhance dynamic perception capabilities. Artificial intelligence can also help alleviate battlefield data overload, organically integrate enemy information, our own information, and battlefield environment information, and build a holographic intelligent database to provide good support for cognitive confrontation.

Everything is connected intelligently, and humans and machines collaborate. Modern warfare is increasingly integrated between the military and civilians, and the boundaries between peace and war are blurred. Technology has redefined the way people interact with each other, people with equipment, and equipment with equipment, and battlefield data is constantly flowing. Through big data mining and cross-domain comparative analysis, unstructured data such as images, audio, and video can be refined, and the truth can be retained to expand the boundaries of experience cognition and improve the level of human-machine collaboration. The in-depth application of the Internet of Things and big data technologies has promoted the continuous improvement of the intelligent level of data acquisition, screening, circulation, and processing processes, laying a solid foundation for the implementation of cognitive domain precision attacks.

Break through barriers and achieve deep integration. Relying on battlefield big data can effectively break through the barriers of full-domain integration, help connect isolated information islands, promote cross-domain information coupling and aggregation, accelerate barrier-free information flow, and promote the transformation of data fusion and information fusion to perception fusion and cognitive fusion. The comprehensive penetration of intelligent equipment into the command system can accelerate the deep integration of situation awareness, situation prediction and situation shaping, optimize multi-dimensional information screening and cognitive confrontation layout, and promote the continuous iteration and upgrading of cognitive domain combat styles.

Intelligent algorithms enhance decision-making efficiency

Accelerate decision-making and cause confusion to the enemy. The outcome of cognitive confrontation depends to a certain extent on the game of commanders’ wisdom and strategy. Through full-dimensional cross-domain information confrontation and decision-making games, with the help of intelligent technology, we can analyze and intervene in the opponent’s cognition and behavior, and finally gain the initiative on the battlefield. At present, artificial intelligence has become a catalyst for doubling combat effectiveness. In peacetime, it can play the role of an intelligent “blue army” to simulate and deduce combat plans; in wartime, through intelligent decision-making assistance, it can improve the quality and efficiency of the “detection, control, attack, evaluation, and protection” cycle, create chaos for the enemy, and paralyze its system.

Autonomous planning and intelligent formation. In the future intelligent battlefield, “face-to-face” fighting will increasingly give way to “key-to-key” offense and defense. In cognitive domain operations, the use of intelligent algorithms to accurately identify identity information, pre-judge the opponent’s intentions, and control key points in advance can quickly transform information advantages into decision-making advantages and action advantages. Using intelligent algorithms to support cognitive domain operations can also help identify the weaknesses of the enemy’s offense and defense system, autonomously plan combat tasks according to the “enemy”, intelligently design combat formations, and provide real-time feedback on combat effects. Relying on data links and combat clouds to strengthen intelligent background support, we can strengthen combat advantages in dynamic networking and virtual-real interaction.

Make decisions before the enemy and attack with precision. Intelligent algorithms can assist commanders in predicting risks, dynamically optimizing combat plans according to the opponent’s situation, and implementing precise cognitive attacks. In future intelligent command and control, the “cloud brain” can be used to provide algorithm support, combined with intelligent push to predict the situation one step ahead of the enemy, make decisions one step faster than the enemy, and completely disrupt the opponent’s thinking and actions. We should focus on using intelligent technology to collect and organize, deeply analyze the opponent’s decision-making and behavioral preferences, and then customize plans to actively induce them to make decisions that are beneficial to us, aiming at the key points and unexpectedly delivering a fatal blow to them.

Powerful computing power improves the overall operation level

Plan for the situation and create momentum, and suppress with computing power. “He who wins before the battle has more calculations; he who loses before the battle has less calculations.” The situation of cognitive confrontation is complex and changeable, and it is difficult to deal with it only by relying on the experience and temporary judgment of commanders. Intelligent tools can be used to strengthen the penetration of enemy thinking before the battle, actively divide and disintegrate the cognitive ability of the enemy team, and improve our battlefield control ability and combat initiative. At the same time, we should use powerful intelligent computing power to improve flexible command and overall planning capabilities, take advantage of the situation, build momentum, and actively occupy the main position of cognitive confrontation.

Smart soft attack, computing power raid. The rapid development of artificial intelligence has promoted the transformation of war from “hard destruction” to “soft killing”, which is expected to completely subvert the traditional war paradigm. For example, the latest technical concepts can be used to gain in-depth insights into the operating mechanism of the enemy system, actively familiarize oneself with the opponent, and mobilize the opponent. It is also possible to use the psychological anchoring effect and the network superposition amplification effect to interfere with the opponent’s cognitive loop link, disrupt the opponent’s command decision-making, and slow down the opponent’s reaction speed.

Cross-domain coordination and computing power support. To win the proactive battle of cognitive confrontation, we must coordinate across domains, gather forces in multiple dimensions, use intelligent tools to autonomously control the flow of information, realize the integrated linkage of physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, lead forward-looking deployment and distributed coordination, launch a comprehensive parallel offensive, and form cognitive control over the enemy. Effectively carry out joint actions of virtual and real interaction in the entire domain, intervene in the enemy’s cognition, emotions and will, and use powerful computing power to take the initiative and fight proactive battles.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Thursday, April 20, 2023

Chen Jialin, Xu Jun, Li Shan

現代國語：

伴隨「智慧+」時代的到來，人工智慧廣泛應用於軍事領域，物理空間的常規戰爭與虛擬空間的認知對抗加速融合。深度挖掘人工智慧潛力為認知對抗賦權，對提升跨域資源匹配效率，掌控未來作戰主動權具有重要意義。

資料挖潛拓展經驗認知邊界

數據驅動，知彼知己。隨著大數據相關技術的進步，數據資訊已成為認知攻防彈藥，資訊優勢在戰場上變得越來越重要。運用人工智慧技術賦能傳統資訊加工流程，可強化關聯資訊分析能力，透過跨領域資料擷取、虛假資訊甄別，加速資訊全局融合，強化動態感知能力。人工智慧還可協助緩解戰場數據過載，有機整合敵情、我情、戰場環境訊息，建立全像智慧資料庫，為認知對抗提供良好支撐。

萬物智聯，人機協同。現代戰爭日漸軍民一體、平戰界線模糊，技術重新定義了人與人、人與裝備、裝備與裝備的互動方式，戰場資料源源不絕。透過大數據探勘與跨域比較分析，可對影像、音訊、視訊等非結構化資料去粗取精、去偽存真，拓展經驗認知邊界，提升人機協同水準。物聯網、大數據技術的深度運用，推動資料取得、篩選、流轉、加工流程的智慧化程度不斷提升，為實施認知域精準攻擊夯實基礎。

打通壁壘，深度融合。依靠戰場大數據可有效突破全域融合的壁壘，有助於聯通條塊分割的資訊孤島，促進跨域資訊耦合聚合，加速資訊無障礙流通，推動資料融合與資訊融合向感知融合與認知融合轉化。智慧裝備全面滲透進入指揮體系，能夠加速態勢感知、態勢預測與態勢塑造的深度融合，優化多維資訊篩選與認知對抗佈局，推動認知域作戰樣式不斷迭代升級。

智慧演算法強化輔助決策效能

加速決策，致敵混亂。認知對抗的勝負，某種程度上取決於指揮家智慧謀略的博弈。可透過全維度跨域資訊對抗與決策博弈，借助智慧技術分析並介入對手認知與行為，最終贏得戰場主動。目前，人工智慧已成為戰鬥力倍增的催化劑，平時可扮演智慧「藍軍」模擬推演作戰方案；戰時透過智慧輔助決策，提升「偵、控、打、評、保」循環品質效率，給敵方製造混亂，促使其體系癱瘓。

自主規劃，智能編組。未來智慧化戰場上，「面對面」的拼殺將越來越多地讓位給「鍵對鍵」的攻防。在認知域作戰中，利用智慧演算法精準甄別身分資訊、預先研判對手企圖、事先扼控關鍵要點，能夠將資訊優勢快速轉化為決策優勢與行動優勢。利用智慧演算法支撐認知域作戰，還可協助摸清敵方攻防體系弱點，因「敵」制宜自主規劃作戰任務，智慧設計作戰編組，即時回饋作戰效果，依托資料鏈、作戰雲強化智慧後台支撐，在動態組網、虛實互動中強化作戰勝勢。

先敵決策，精準攻擊。智慧演算法可輔助指揮者預判風險，根據對手狀況動態優化作戰方案，實施精準認知攻擊。在未來智慧化指揮控制中，可利用「雲端大腦」提供演算法支撐，結合智慧推送先敵一步預判態勢，快敵一招制定決策，徹底打亂對手思路和行動。應著重運用智慧科技收集整理、深度分析對手決策和行為偏好，進而專項客製化計劃，積極誘導其作出有利於我的決策，瞄準要害出其不意地對其進行致命一擊。

強大算力提升全域運籌水平

謀勢造勢，算力壓制。 「夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。」認知對抗態勢複雜多變，僅靠指揮經驗和臨時判斷難以應對，可利用智能工具在戰前即對敵思維認知加強滲透，積極分化瓦解敵方團隊認知力，提升我戰場控局能力和作戰性。同時，應藉助強大智能算力，提升靈活指揮與全局運籌能力，順勢謀勢、借勢造勢，積極佔領認知對抗主陣地。

巧打軟攻，算力突襲。人工智慧的快速發展，推動戰爭進一步從「硬摧毀」轉向「軟殺傷」，可望徹底顛覆傳統戰爭範式。如可運用最新技術理念，深入洞察敵方體系運作機理，積極熟悉對手、調動對手。還可利用心理沉錨效應和網路疊加放大效應，幹擾對手認知循環鏈路，打亂對手指揮決策，遲滯對手反應速度。

跨域統籌，算力支撐。打贏認知對抗主動仗須全域跨域統籌、多維同向聚力，利用智慧工具自主控制資訊的流量流向，實現物理域、資訊域與認知域的一體聯動，引領前瞻性布勢與分散式協同，全面展開並行攻勢，形成對敵認知控制。有效進行全域虛實相生的聯合行動，對敵認知、情緒和意志實施幹預，借助強大算力下好先手棋、打好主動仗。

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年4月20日 星期四

陳佳琳 徐 珺 李 山

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-04/20/content_338002888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Combat Management System: Core of Modern Combat Command & Control

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中國軍事作戰管理系統：現代作戰指揮控制的核心

現代英語：

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Yang Lianzhen Editor-in-charge: Yang Fanfan

2022-04-22 06:42

Combat management is the foundation for winning modern wars and the core of the modern combat system. It is the planning, organization, coordination and control of personnel, equipment, information, resources, time and space and other elements during the combat process.

Combat management system refers to the command information system used to support combat management activities, including intelligence collection, information transmission, target identification, threat assessment, weapon allocation, mission planning, etc. It has gradually developed with the evolution of war and technological progress.

Combat Management System: The Core of Modern Combat System

Schematic diagram of the combat management system

Past and present life

Implementing timely and accurate command and control of combat operations and making timely and decisive combat decisions are the goals and dreams that commanders have always pursued in different war periods. Before the emergence of scientific management, there was no concept of combat management in war, and naturally there was no combat management system. However, simple combat management activities and systems have always been associated with war and developed in an integrated manner.

The core of combat management is to ensure that commanders and troops can exchange information and instructions smoothly. In the ancient combat command system, gongs, drums, and flags were called the “three officials”. “When words cannot be heard, gongs and drums are used; when sight cannot be seen, flags are used.” Sight and hearing are the primitive means of command and control.

After the invention of the telegraph, telephone, and radio, long-distance and rapid transmission of combat orders and combat information became a reality, and the scope of combat management shifted from two-dimensional to three-dimensional. The war decision-making of “planning and winning thousands of miles away” is no longer a myth. Of course, traditional battlefield management methods are not completely ineffective. For example, in the Korean War, due to limited communication conditions, our army still used bugles to transmit combat orders to the company and below, and there were more than 20 types of bugle calls related to combat. “The sound of bugles from all sides rose up,” and the bugles on the Korean battlefield once frightened the US military. Ridgway wrote in his memoirs: “As soon as it sounded, the Chinese Communist Army would rush towards the coalition forces as if it were under a spell. At this time, the coalition forces were always beaten back like a tide.”

At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of scientific management gradually gained popularity, and the military quickly applied it to combat. The term “combat management” first appeared in the US Air Force, where combat managers provided long-range target indication and voice guidance to fighters based on radar detection. The core combat organization is called the BM/C3 system, namely Battle Management and Command, Control, and Communication. In 1946, the first electronic computer “ENIAC” was successfully developed, and the military began to use computers to store and process various data related to combat. In 1958, the US military built the world’s first semi-automated combat management system-the “Seqi” air defense command and control system, which used computers to realize the automation of part of the information collection, processing, transmission and command decision-making process for the first time. In the same year, the Soviet Army built the “Sky No. 1” semi-automated air defense command and control system. Combat management systems began to appear on the war stage, and human-machine collaborative decision-making gradually became the main form of combat decision-making for commanders. During the “Rolling Thunder” campaign of the Vietnam War, the U.S. military commanded more than 5,000 aircraft to dispatch 1.29 million sorties and dropped 7.75 million tons of bombs, which would have been impossible to achieve by manual command alone.

The combat management system has gone through weapon-centered, platform-centered, network-centered, and system-centered construction stages, and has gradually been able to receive and process information from sensors and other sources in multiple domains, perceive and generate combat situation maps in real time, automatically implement command and control of troops and equipment, and intelligently assist commanders in making decisions, involving the army, navy, air force and other military services.

For example, the Israeli Army’s “Ruler” combat management system uses a single-soldier digital device to connect to a channel state information device to provide real-time situational awareness and command and control information for troops performing tactical operations and fire support. The U.S. Navy’s “Aegis” combat system uses a multi-task signal processor to integrate air defense and anti-missile capabilities, and realizes the integration of shipborne phased array radars, command decisions, and weapon control. The NATO Air Force’s ACCSLOC1 system, based on network distributed deployment, integrates 40 types of radars and more than 3,000 physical interfaces, and undertakes air operations such as mission planning, combat command, and combat supervision. From the launch of the first Gulf War to the Libyan War, the time from sensor information acquisition to firing by the U.S. military has been shortened from 24 hours to 2.5 minutes.

Features

The combat management system is a rapidly developing and constantly improving distributed operating system. It mainly collects and processes sensor data, facilitates the transmission and integration of various types of information, conducts situation identification and prediction, generates combat plans, completes action evaluation and selection, and issues combat orders to weapon platforms and shooters. Its essence is to achieve an efficient combat “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle (OODA loop).

The combat management system widely uses situation assessment and prediction, combat space-time analysis, online real-time planning, combat resource management and control, and combat management engine technologies, and adopts a “cloud + network + terminal” technical architecture based on information technology.

For example, the U.S. military took the lead in using information technology to build a C4ISR system that integrates command, control, computers, communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, laying the foundation for the combat management system. In the Afghanistan War, the C4ISR system achieved near-real-time transmission of combat information to combat platforms for the first time. With the continuous maturity of sensors, networks and artificial intelligence, technologies such as intelligent situation understanding and prediction, intelligent information push, intelligent task planning, intelligent collaborative control, intelligent rapid reconstruction and intelligent parallel command and control are having an increasingly significant impact on combat management systems.

Combat management systems usually support functions such as situational awareness, mission planning, engagement management, communications, modeling, simulation and analysis, and test training. For example, a missile defense combat management system mainly includes command and control, engagement management, and communications. The command and control function enables pre-battle combat planning and battlefield situation awareness; the engagement management function enables auxiliary combat decision-making, allocation of anti-missile weapons, and completion of strike missions; and the communication function enables the transmission and sharing of intelligence and data among the anti-missile units in the system.

The combat management system is an open and complex system. The structure determines the function. Different system structures determine the functional expansion of different systems: the ship’s self-defense combat management system enables the ship to have a strong self-defense capability through automated weapon control regulations, collaborative engagement management systems and tactical data links; the electromagnetic combat management system improves the planning, sharing and mobility of the electromagnetic spectrum by integrating and displaying battlefield electromagnetic spectrum data; the individual combat system enhances the soldier’s mobility, support, lethality and survivability by integrating individual protection, individual combat weapons and individual communication equipment.

Combat management systems generally have the characteristics of integration, automation, optimization, and real-time. The combat mode of modern warfare is complex and the battlefield scale is expanding. The requirements for force control, resource integration, and task scheduling have increased, and system integration must be achieved. The French Army’s “Scorpion” system fully integrates tanks, armored vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, drones, and attack helicopters into the same combat group, and links all platforms and combat units in the task group.

With the increase of combat elements in modern warfare and the expansion of battlefield perception space, the command automation system that relies heavily on people can no longer fully adapt, and the system must be automated. All operating functions of Pakistan’s combat management artillery control system are fully automated, “providing an automated solution for preparing, coordinating, transmitting, executing and modifying fire support plans and firing plans.”

The pace of modern warfare is accelerating and battlefield data is massive. It is necessary to quickly grasp the situation and make decisions efficiently, and it is necessary to achieve system optimization decision-making. Military powers are combining artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things and big data technologies to facilitate faster decision-making in multi-domain operations.

Future Development

Traditional combat management systems place more emphasis on pre-established engagement sequences and combat rules. However, future wars will emphasize the confrontation between systems, and it is impossible to exhaust all situations in advance. The battlefield information that needs to be mastered is also becoming more complex and massive. For this reason, the armies of various countries have begun to abandon the traditional method of developing combat management systems for each combat domain separately, and are network-centric and supported by artificial intelligence, trying to help commanders make combat decisions more quickly and realize real-time connection between sensors in each combat domain and any shooter.

The combat management system will promote the implementation of combat concepts. The “Advanced Combat Management System” developed by the US Air Force plans to connect all military services and their weapon platforms in real time in a military Internet of Things. Its core is to seamlessly link various intelligence reconnaissance platforms, command and control platforms, strike platforms and combat management platforms with various cross-domain capabilities, convert intelligence and target indication data into timely and usable information, shorten the “discovery-positioning-tracking-targeting-strike-assessment” cycle, and execute combat operations at a speed that opponents cannot keep up. The Russian military proposed the “military unified information space” theory and organized the development of the “automatic control system” for integrated joint operations of land, sea and air networks. By establishing a network-centric command model, it attempts to integrate the command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, and support of the entire army, realize cross-domain operations in the true sense, and improve battlefield situation awareness and combat command efficiency.

The combat management system will rely on artificial intelligence technology. The application of artificial intelligence will not only multiply the capabilities of weapon systems, but will also fundamentally change the implementation of the OODA loop. In future combat management systems, artificial intelligence technology will become the core support and driving engine, and the key factor is the quality of the algorithm. The system will have built-in upgradeable artificial intelligence, and people will be in a supervisory or collaborative state to minimize manual input, spontaneously identify and classify threat targets in the combat environment, autonomously evaluate and weigh, and automatically allocate weapons, thereby providing adaptive combat advantages and decision-making options.

For example, the “Intelligent Autonomous Systems Strategy” released by the US Navy in July 2021 aims to accelerate the development and deployment of intelligent platforms through a highly distributed command and control architecture, integrate unmanned systems, artificial intelligence, and autonomous driving technologies, and realize future combat decisions facilitated by intelligent autonomous systems. The Russian military has more than 150 artificial intelligence projects under development, one of the focuses of which is to introduce artificial intelligence into command and control systems, adapt intelligent software to different weapon platforms, achieve the unification of physical and cognitive domains, and double combat effectiveness through intelligent empowerment.

The combat management system will achieve a breakthrough in cross-domain capabilities. The military’s combat management capabilities are shifting towards full-domain coordination, including land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognitive domain, and social domain. To adapt to the full-domain environment, the combat management system needs to have the following functions: a resilient and redundant communication system, flexible and secure data operation; artificial intelligence and machine learning directly extract and process data from sensors, and conduct decentralized integration and sharing; segmented access based on confidentiality levels to meet perception, understanding, and action needs. On this basis, it is also necessary to provide troops with reconnaissance and surveillance, tactical communications, data processing, network command and control, and other capabilities.

The future combat management system will focus on security processing, connectivity, data management, application, sensor integration and effect integration, optimize data sharing, collaborative operations and command and control in the entire combat domain, and support decision-making advantages from the tactical level to the strategic level. Its purpose is only one: to give commanders the ability to surpass their opponents.

(The author is the deputy director and professor of the Training Management Department of the Armed Police Command Academy)

現代國語：

作戰管理，是打贏現代化戰爭的基礎，是現代化作戰體系的核心，也是作戰過程中對人員、裝備、資訊、資源和時空等要素進行的規劃、組織、協調與控制活動。

作戰管理系統，指用來支撐作戰管理活動的指揮資訊系統，包括情報採集、資訊傳輸、目標識別、威脅判斷、分配武器、任務規劃等。其隨戰爭演化、技術進步而逐步發展。

作戰管理系統：現代化作戰體系核心

■楊蓮珍

作戰管理系統示意圖

前世今生

對作戰行動實施適時精確的指揮控制和作出及時果斷的作戰決策，是不同戰爭時期指揮員始終追求的目標與夢想。在科學管理產生前，戰爭中並無作戰管理這一概念，自然談不上作戰管理系統。但樸素的作戰管理活動和系統一直與戰爭相伴、融合發展。

作戰管理的核心是保證指揮員與部隊能順暢地交換資訊和指示。在古代作戰指揮號令系統中，金、鼓、旗號稱為“三官”，“言不相聞，故為之金鼓；視不相見，故為之旌旗”，目視耳聽是原始的指揮控製手段。

電報、電話、無線電發明後，作戰命令和戰鬥訊息的遠距離快速傳輸成為現實，作戰管理範圍由平面走向立體，「運籌帷幄、決勝千裡」的戰爭決策不再是神話。當然，傳統的戰場管理手段並非完全失去作用，例如在抗美援朝戰場上，我軍因通信條件受限，連以下分隊仍在通過軍號傳遞作戰命令，與作戰相關的號聲就有20餘種。 “四面邊聲連角起”，朝鮮戰場上的軍號曾讓美軍聞風喪膽。李奇微在回憶錄裡寫道：“只要它一響，中共軍隊就如著了魔法一般，全部不要命地撲向聯軍。這時，聯軍總被打得如潮水般潰退。”

20世紀初，科學管理的概念逐漸升溫，軍隊迅速將其應用於作戰。 「作戰管理」一詞，最早出現在美國空軍，其編成內的作戰管理員，基於雷達探測情況向戰機進行遠程目標指示和話音引導。作戰核心組織則稱為BM/C3系統，即作戰管理(Battle Management)和指揮、控制、通訊(Command，Control，Communication)。 1946年，第一台電子計算機「埃尼阿克」研製成功，軍隊開始使用計算機存儲和處理有關作戰的各種數據。 1958年，美軍建成世界上第一個半自動化作戰管理系統－「賽其」防空指揮控制系統，使用電腦首次實現了資訊擷取、處理、傳輸和指揮決策過程部分作業的自動化。同年，蘇軍建成「天空1號」半自動化防空指揮控制系統。作戰管理系統開始登上戰爭舞台，人機協作決策逐漸成為指揮主要的作戰決策形式。越戰中的「滾雷」戰役，美軍指揮5,000多架飛機出動129萬架次，投彈775萬噸，如果單靠人工指揮是不可能實現的。

作戰管理系統經歷了以武器為中心、以平台為中心、以網絡為中心和以體係為中心的建設階段，逐步能夠接收、處理來自多域的傳感器和其他來源信息，實時感知並生成作戰態勢圖，自動對兵力及裝備實施指揮控制，智能輔助指揮員決策，涉及陸、海、空等軍兵種。

如以色列陸軍的「統治者」作戰管理系統，單兵數字化裝置連接通道狀態資訊設備，用於為執行戰術作戰、火力支援等部隊提供即時態勢感知和指揮控制資訊。美國海軍的「宙斯盾」作戰系統，採用多任務訊號處理器整合防空與反導能力，實現艦載相控陣雷達、指揮決策、武器控制等一體化整合。北約空軍的ACCSLOC1系統，基於網路分散部署，整合40種型號的雷達和3000多個物理接口，承擔任務規劃、作戰指揮和戰鬥監督等空中行動。從發動第一次海灣戰爭到利比亞戰爭，美軍從傳感器獲取資訊到開火，時間由24小時縮短至2.5分鐘。

功能特徵

作戰管理系統是一個迅速發展並不斷完善的分散式操作系統，主要通過收集、處理傳感器數據，暢通各類信息傳輸和融合，進行態勢識別和預測，生成作戰方案，完成行動評估與選擇，下發作戰指令給武器平台和射手。其本質是實現高效率的作戰「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」循環（OODA環）。

作戰管理系統廣泛使用態勢評估與預測、作戰時空分析、線上即時規劃、作戰資源管控和作戰管理引擎技術等，採用基於資訊技術的「雲+網+端」的技術架構。

如美軍率先運用資訊技術，建構了集指揮、控制、計算機、通訊、情報、監視和偵察於一體的C4ISR系統，為作戰管理系統打下了基礎。阿富汗戰爭中，C4ISR系統首次實現作戰資訊近實時傳輸到作戰平台。隨著傳感器、網絡和人工智慧的不斷成熟，智能態勢理解和預測、智慧資訊推送、智慧任務規劃、智慧協同控制、智慧快速重構和智慧平行指控等技術，正在對作戰管理系統產生越來越重大的影響。

作戰管理系統通常支援態勢感知、任務規劃、交戰管理、通訊、建模及模擬與分析、試驗訓練等功能。如導彈防禦作戰管理系統，主要包括指揮控制、交戰管理及通訊等功能構成。指揮控制功能，實現對戰前的作戰規劃及對戰場態勢的感知；交戰管理功能，實現輔助作戰決策和分配反導武器並完成打擊任務；通信功能，實現系統各反導單元情報、數據的傳輸和共享。

作戰管理系統是一個開放的複雜系統。結構決定功能，不同的系統結構，決定不同系統的功能拓展：艦艇自防禦作戰管理系統通過自動化武器控制條令、協同交戰管理系統和戰術數據鍊等，使艦艇具備了強大的自防禦能力；電磁作戰管理系統通過融合並顯示戰場電磁頻譜數據，提高電磁戰兵器規劃能力、共享電磁力和單兵作戰力量；

作戰管理系統普遍具有一體化、自動化、最優化、即時化等特徵。現代戰爭作戰模式複雜、戰場規模擴大，對力量管控、資源整合和任務調度要求的提高，必須實現系統一體化整合。法國陸軍的「蝎子」系統，就將坦克、裝甲車、步兵戰車、無人地面車輛、無人機與攻擊直升機完整整合到同一個作戰群，並連結任務群中的所有平台和作戰單元。

現代戰爭作戰要素增加、戰場感知空間擴大，對人依賴較高的指揮自動化系統已無法完全適應，必須實現系統自動化運作。巴基斯坦作戰管理火砲控制系統所有操作功能全部自動化，「為準備、協調、傳遞、執行和修改火力支援計畫與射擊方案提供了自動化解決方案」。

現代戰爭作戰節奏加快、戰場數據海量，需要快速掌握狀況、有效率定下決心，必須實現系統最優化決策。各軍事強國正將人工智慧、雲端運算、物聯網與大數據技術結合起來，以利在多域作戰中更快決策。

未來發展

傳統作戰管理系統，更強調基於事先制定的交戰序列、作戰規則。但未來戰爭更突出體係與體系之間的對抗，不可能預先窮盡各種情況，需要掌握的戰場資訊也更趨複雜、海量。為此，各國軍隊開始摒棄傳統上為各作戰域單獨開發作戰管理系統的方法，以網絡為中心、以人工智能為支撐，力圖幫助指揮員更迅速作出作戰決策，實現各作戰域的傳感器與任意射手的實時連接。

作戰管理系統將推動作戰概念落地。美國空軍開發的“先進作戰管理系統”，規劃將各軍種及其武器平台實時連接在一個軍事物聯網中，其核心是將各類情報偵察平台、指揮控制平台、打擊平台和作戰管理平台與各種跨域能力無縫鏈接，把情報和目標指示數據轉化為及時、可用的信息，縮短“發現-定位-跟踪-瞄準-打擊-評估”速度，以執行對手的速度執行。俄羅斯軍隊提出“軍隊統一資訊空間”理論，組織開發陸海空網絡一體化聯合作戰“自動控制系統”，通過建立網絡中心指揮模式，試圖將全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等進行融合，實現真正意義上的跨域作戰，提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。

作戰管理系統將依賴人工智慧技術。人工智慧的應用不僅引起武器系統能力的倍增，也將從根本上改變OODA環的實現。未來的作戰管理系統，人工智慧技術將成為核心支撐和驅動引擎，關鍵因素是演算法的品質。系統將內置可升級的人工智慧，人們將處於監督或協同狀態的位置，最大限度地減少人工輸入，對作戰環境中的威脅目標進行自發識別分類、自主評估權衡和自動分配武器，從而提供自適應的作戰優勢和決策可選性。

如2021年7月美海軍發布的“智能自主系統戰略”，旨在通過高度分佈式的指揮和控制架構，加速智能平台的開發和部署，綜合無人系統、人工智能和自動駕駛等技術，實現由智能自主系統促成的未來作戰決策。俄軍在研的人工智慧項目超過150個，其重點之一是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統，為不同武器平台適配智慧軟件，實現物理域與認知域的統一，以智慧賦能的方式實現戰鬥力倍增。

作戰管理系統將實現跨域能力突破。軍隊作戰管理能力正向陸、海、空、天、電、網和認知域、社會域等全域協同轉變。適應全局環境，作戰管理系統需要具備以下功能：有彈性和冗餘的通信系統，靈活安全的數據運行；人工智能和機器學習直接從傳感器中提取、處理數據，並進行去中心化集成、共享；根據保密級別分段訪問，滿足感知、理解和行動需要。在此基礎上，還需具備向部隊提供偵察監視、戰術通訊、數據處理、網路指控等能力。

未來的作戰管理系統，將聚焦安全處理、連通性、數據管理、應用、傳感器整合和效果整合等能力，優化全作戰域的數據共享、協同作戰和指揮控制，支援從戰術級到戰略級的決策優勢。其目的只有一個：賦予指揮員超越對手的能力。

（作者係武警指揮學院訓練管理系副主任、教授）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10149663888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍事智能化, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military Evaluation of Foreign Armed Forces Perspectives on Multi-domain Operations

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中國軍方對外軍多域作戰觀點的評估

現代英語：

The opening of each combat domain will inevitably lead to a new round of changes in combat methods. Driven by the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution characterized by intelligence, ubiquity and integration, emerging combat domains such as space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, and cognitive space have an increasing impact on future operations. The concept of “multi-domain combat” has emerged through cross-domain collaboration with traditional land, sea, and air combat domains to achieve complementary advantages and system efficiency, and is becoming a new combat theory that adapts to the evolution of war forms.

The concept of “multi-domain combat” was first proposed by the US military. Subsequently, the United Kingdom, France, and other NATO member states have developed the concept of “multi-domain combat” in different forms. Israel was the first to apply the concept of “multi-domain operations” in actual combat. The Russian army innovatively proposed its own “multi-domain operations” theory from the perspective of its opponents. At present, the concept of “multi-domain operations” has become an important concept that triggers a new round of changes and transformations in foreign military operations.

The concept of “multi-domain operations” is a new operational concept first proposed by the US Army and jointly promoted by other services based on the changes in operational methods in the information age.

The US military believes that the winning mechanism of the concept of “multi-domain operations” is to form multiple advantages in a specific time window through the rapid and continuous integration of all war domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace) and force the enemy into a dilemma. The U.S. Army proposed to be guided by the idea of ​​”global integrated operations” and the concept of “cross-domain collaboration”, and strive to form an asymmetric advantage in future wars through “multi-domain operations”. The multi-domain task force (brigade level) will be the core combat force of the U.S. Army to implement multi-domain operations, integrating artillery, land-based tactical missiles, land aviation, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, space and air defense forces, and forming multi-domain combat capabilities through cross-domain mixed formations. The U.S. Air Force actively responded to the concept of “multi-domain operations”, focused on building a joint combat command and control system, proposed the concept of multi-domain command and control, and focused on developing advanced combat management systems, sinking multi-domain operations to the tactical level to improve the agility and cross-domain collaboration capabilities of future operations. The U.S. Navy has absorbed the core idea of ​​the “multi-domain combat” concept, proposed to build an “integrated global maritime military force”, focused on developing the “distributed lethality” combat concept, and proposed to strengthen the design and exercise of global combat.

The U.S. Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff have gathered the ideas and mechanisms of the new combat concept of “multi-domain combat” of the military services, and proposed the top-level concept of “global combat”, aiming to form a new round of asymmetric advantages, lead the transformation of combat methods and military transformation. The global combat concept is centered on joint global command and control, aiming to integrate traditional combat domains with space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, air defense and anti-missile and cognitive domain capabilities, and compete with global competitors in a full-spectrum environment. It is reported that the concept is still in its infancy and is undergoing theoretical deepening, experimental verification, exercise evaluation and doctrine transformation, and is constantly enriching its conceptual core through multiple work lines. Among them, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff leads the transformation of concepts into policies, doctrines and requirements; the Air Force promotes the concept to maturity by developing advanced combat management systems, the Army by implementing the “Convergence Project”, and the Navy by launching the “Transcendence Project”. The US theater supports the development of multi-domain combat concepts and multi-domain combat modes through war games, project demonstrations and joint exercises.

Based on the perspective of reference and integration, NATO countries such as the United Kingdom actively participated in the development and testing of the US military’s “multi-domain operations” concept, and revised the operational concept in combination with actual conditions.

The British Ministry of Defense proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration”, which is consistent with the concept mechanism of the US military’s “multi-domain operations”, focusing on integrating operations in different domains and at different levels, preparing for the development of a joint force and maintaining competitive advantages in 2030 and beyond. The British Ministry of Defense pointed out that “integrating capabilities in different domains and at different levels through information systems, creating and utilizing synergies to gain relative advantages is the winning mechanism of the multi-domain integration concept.” The concept emphasizes gaining information advantages, shaping strategic postures, building a multi-domain combat environment, and creating and utilizing synergies. The concept raises four specific issues: how to provide an advantage over rivals by 2030 and beyond through “multi-domain integration”; how to achieve cross-domain integration of the Ministry of Defense in cooperation with allies, governments and civilian departments; how to solve the policy issues involved in the concept of “multi-domain integration”; how to promote research on defense concepts, capabilities and war development. With this as a starting point, the British Army has launched a multi-faceted, step-by-step, and systematic military transformation.

Other NATO countries are also jointly developing and innovatively applying the concept of “multi-domain operations” to varying degrees, and promoting the transformation and implementation of the concept of “multi-domain operations” in the form of joint exercises and allied cooperation. In 2019, the US Army led the “Joint Operational Assessment (2019)” exercise, which aimed to assess the combat capabilities of the Indo-Pacific Command’s multi-domain task force. Forces from France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries formed a multinational task force to participate in the exercise, which assessed the multi-domain combat concepts, formations and capabilities in the combat environment from 2025 to 2028. In October 2019, the NATO Joint Air Power Competition Center held a meeting on “Shaping NATO’s Future Multi-Domain Combat Posture”. In order to shape NATO’s future multi-domain combat posture, it explored and studied military thinking, multi-domain combat forces, multi-domain combat operations and training joint forces. In June 2020, the NATO Command and Control Center of Excellence released a white paper on the Multi-Domain Operations Command and Control Demonstration Platform, which aims to respond to threats and challenges in multiple operational domains with a decentralized, data-driven integrated environment by bridging the command and control gap between technology and operators, tactics and campaign levels, and academia and the military.

Based on the perspective of its opponents, the Russian army seeks a way to crack it on the one hand, and on the other hand, based on the winning mechanism of “cross-domain operations”, it combines its own characteristics to innovate combat theories

After the US military proposed the concept of “multi-domain operations”, the Russian army actively sought a way to crack it based on its own security interests. In December 2020, the Russian magazine “Air and Space Power Theory and Practice” published an article titled “Argument for the Use of Aviation Power to Break the Enemy’s Large-Scale Joint Air Strikes in Multi-Domain Operations”, which stated that large-scale joint air strikes are the initial stage for NATO countries to implement multi-domain operations. Large-scale coordinated operations will be carried out against Russia’s most important key facilities, creating conditions for subsequent decisive actions by NATO joint armed forces. The Russian army must comprehensively use the reconnaissance and strike system composed of the aviation forces of the theater forces to cause unbearable losses to the enemy, break its large-scale joint air strikes, and force NATO’s initial stage goals of multi-domain operations to fail to be achieved, causing NATO’s political and military leadership to abandon the attempt to continue to implement multi-domain operations.

On the other hand, the Russian army proposed the “military unified information space” theory for the new combat method of “cross-domain combat”. Its core idea is: to use modern information technology to establish a networked command and control system to achieve the deep integration of the army’s command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, support and other elements, thereby improving the battlefield situation perception capability and combat command efficiency. The Russian military continues to promote theoretical development around the realization of cross-domain combat capabilities: first, relying on the unified information space of the army to establish a network-centric command model; second, introducing artificial intelligence into the command and control system to achieve the unification of the physical domain and the cognitive domain; third, developing network, space and underwater combat forces to gain advantages in emerging combat fields; fourth, establishing a unified military standard system to enhance the interoperability of forces and weapons. The Russian military has not completely absorbed the Western concept of “multi-domain combat”, nor has it completely denied the beneficial elements of the Western “multi-domain combat”, but has combined its own absorption of some advanced combat ideas of “multi-domain combat” to enrich its own unique combat theory.

Based on the perspective of combat needs, Israel took the lead in applying the concept of “multi-domain combat” on the Gaza battlefield, and used the multi-domain combat force “Ghost” as the main combat force.

The Israeli army believes that multi-domain joint combat is an inevitable trend in the development of future wars. For Israel, which mainly relies on ground combat, by integrating land, air, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum and sea elite forces, it can quickly identify, track and destroy enemy targets, and further improve the lethality of the Israeli army. This concept is in line with the concept of “multi-domain combat” proposed by the US Army. Under the guidance of this concept, the Israeli army formed the “Ghost” force and took the lead in actual combat testing on the Gaza battlefield. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in May 2021, Israel used the “Ghost” combat battalion for the first time to implement multi-domain operations in the code-named “Wall Guardian” operation against Hamas, which was called the world’s first “artificial intelligence war”. The Israeli army mainly relied on machine learning and data collection in this war, and artificial intelligence became a key component of combat and a force multiplier for the first time. In the operation to clear the Hamas tunnel network, the Israeli army used big data fusion technology to pre-identify and target, and then dispatched 160 fighter jets to carry out precise strikes, which greatly destroyed the Hamas tunnel network and achieved air control over the ground; in the attack on Hamas rocket launchers, the Israeli fighter pilots, ground intelligence forces and naval forces used command and control systems to quickly find targets and carry out real-time precise strikes, quickly shaping a favorable battle situation.

According to the Israeli army, the “Ghost” force is very different from traditional forces in terms of combat organization, weapon configuration and combat methods. The unit is temporarily organized under the 98th Paratrooper Division of Israel, including the brigade reconnaissance battalion, the ground forces of the Paratrooper Brigade, the armored brigade, the engineering corps, the special forces, the F-16 squadron and the Apache helicopter, as well as the “Heron” drone and other multi-domain combat forces. Through the use of multi-domain sensors and precision strike weapons, cross-domain maneuvers and strikes are achieved, “changing the battlefield situation in a very short time”. The battalion was established in July 2019. Although it is a ground force, it integrates multi-domain combat forces such as air strikes, network reconnaissance, precision firepower, electronic confrontation, intelligence interconnection and maritime assault. It is a battalion-level combat unit with division-level combat capabilities. After its establishment, the unit has continuously improved its multi-domain integration and cross-domain strike capabilities through exercises, and has quickly exerted two major functions with the support of the newly developed artificial intelligence technology platform: one is to serve as an elite weapon on the battlefield and fight in an asymmetric manner; the other is to serve as a test unit to continuously innovate and develop new combat concepts, combat theories and technical equipment, and to promote successful experiences to other units at any time.

現代國語：

褚 睿 劉瑤琦

每一個作戰域的開闢，必將引發新一輪作戰方式的變革。在以智慧、泛在、融合為特點的新一輪科技革命和產業革命的加速推動下，太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、認知空間等新興作戰域對未來作戰影響日益增大，透過與傳統陸、海、空作戰域跨域協同實現優勢互補、體系增效的「多域作戰理論」概念應而生，正成為適應戰爭形態演進的新型作戰理論。

「多域作戰」概念最早由美軍提出。隨後，英國、法國以及其他北約成員國均以不同形式發展「多域作戰」概念。以色列率先將「多域作戰」概念運用於實戰。俄軍從對手視角創新提出了自己的「多域作戰」理論。當前，「多域作戰」概念已成為引發外軍新一輪作戰方式變革轉型的重要概念。

「多域作戰」概念是基於資訊時代作戰方式變革，由美陸軍率先提出、其他軍種協力推進的新型作戰概念

美軍認為，透過所有戰爭領域（陸、海、空、太空、網路空間）快速且持續的整合，在特定時間窗口形成多重優勢，迫使敵人陷入困境是「多域作戰」概念的製勝機理。美陸軍提出以「全球一體化作戰」思想和「跨域協同」理念為指導，力求透過「多域作戰」方式形成未來戰爭非對稱優勢。多域特遣部隊（旅級）將是美陸軍實施多域作戰的核心作戰力量，集砲兵、陸基戰術導彈、陸航、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、太空以及防空力量於一身，通過跨域混合編組形成多域作戰能力。美空軍積極響應「多域作戰」概念，著眼於建構聯合作戰指揮與控制體系，提出多域指揮與控制概念，聚力開發先進作戰管理系統，將多域作戰向戰術級下沉，以提高未來作戰的敏捷性和跨域協同能力。美國海軍吸納“多域作戰”概念的核心思想，提出打造“一體化全局海上軍事力量”，重點開發“分佈式殺傷”作戰概念，提出加強全局作戰設計和演習。

美國國防部和參聯會匯集軍種「多域作戰」新型作戰概念的思想與機理，提出了「全局作戰」頂層概念，旨在瞄準形成新一輪非對稱優勢，牽引作戰方式變革與軍事轉型。全局作戰概念以聯合全局指揮與控制為核心，旨在將傳統作戰域與太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、防空反導和認知領域等能力整合在一起，與全球性競爭對手在全頻譜的環境中競爭。據悉，該概念目前尚處於萌芽期，正在進行理論深化、試驗驗證、演習評估和條令轉化，並通過多條工作線，不斷豐富其概念內核。其中美軍參聯會領導概念向政策、條令和需求轉化；空軍通過開發先進作戰管理系統、陸軍通過實施“融合項目”、海軍通過啟動“超越項目”共同推動該概念走向成熟。美戰區透過兵棋推演、項目展示和聯合演習等形式支援多域作戰概念和多域作戰模式開發。

英國等北約國家基於借鑑與融入視角，積極參與美軍「多域作戰」概念的發展與試驗，並結合實際修訂作戰概念

英國國防部提出了「多域融合」概念，與美軍「多域作戰」概念機理相一致，著重於整合不同領域和不同層次的作戰，為2030年及以後發展一支聯合部隊、保持競爭優勢做準備。英國國防部指出，「透過資訊系統整合不同領域和不同層級的能力，創造和利用協同效應，以獲得相對優勢，是多域融合概念的製勝機理。」該概念強調奪取資訊優勢、塑造戰略態勢、構設多域作戰環境、創造和利用協同效應。該概念提出4個具體問題：如何透過「多域融合」為2030年及以後提供超越對手的優勢；如何實現國防部與盟友、政府和民事部門合作的跨域融合；如何解決「多域融合」概念涉及的政策問題；如何促進國防概念、能力和戰爭發展方面的研究。以此為抓手，英軍開啟了多面向、分步驟、體系化的軍事轉型。

其他北約國家也正在不同程度地聯合開發和創新運用「多域作戰」概念，並以聯合演習、盟國協作等形式推動「多域作戰」概念轉化落地。 2019年美陸軍領導開展的、旨在評估印太司令部多域特遣部隊作戰能力的「聯合作戰評估（2019）」演習中，法國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭等國部隊組成多國任務組織參與其中，評估了2025-2028年作戰環境下的多域作戰概念、編組、能力。 2019年10月，北約聯合空中力量競爭中心召開了「塑造北約未來的多域作戰態勢」會議，為塑造北約未來多域作戰態勢，從軍事思想、多域作戰力量、多域作戰行動和訓練聯合部隊等方面進行了探索和研究。 2020年6月，北約指揮控制卓越中心發布了多域作戰指揮控制演示平台白皮書，旨在通過彌合技術和作戰人員、戰術和戰役層面、學術界和軍方之間的指揮控制鴻溝，以分散、數據驅動的綜合環境來應對多個作戰域的威脅與挑戰。

俄軍基於對手視角，一方面尋求破解之道，另一方面基於「跨域作戰」制勝機理，結合自身特點創新作戰理論

美軍提出「多域作戰」概念後，俄軍基於自身安全利益考量，積極尋求破解之道。 2020年12月，俄羅斯《空天力量理論與實踐》雜志刊發《論證運用航空力量打破敵方多域作戰中大規模聯合空襲》的文章，認為大規模聯合空襲是北約國家實施多域作戰的初始階段，將對俄羅斯最為重要的關鍵設施實施大規模協同作戰，為北約聯合武裝力量後續決定性行動創造條件。俄軍必須綜合運用戰區部隊的航空力量組成的偵察打擊系統，給敵造成無法承受的損失，打破其大規模聯合空襲，迫使北約多域作戰初始階段目標無法實現，致使北約政治軍事領導層放棄繼續實施多域作戰的企圖。

另一方面，俄軍針對「跨域作戰」這種新型作戰方式，提出了「軍隊統一資訊空間」理論，其核心思想是：利用現代資訊技術建立網絡化的指揮控制系統，以實現全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等要素的深度融合，進而提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。圍繞實現跨域作戰能力，俄軍持續推進理論開發：一是依托軍隊統一資訊空間，建立網絡中心指揮模式；二是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統，實現物理域與認知域的統一；三是發展網絡、太空和水下作戰力量，爭取新興作戰領域優勢；四是建立統一的軍事標準體系，提升兵力兵器互操作能力。俄軍沒有全盤吸收西方「多域作戰」概念，也沒有全盤否定西方「多域作戰」有益成分，而是結合自身將「多域​​作戰」的一些先進作戰思想吸收，充實自身特色的作戰理論。

以色列基於作戰需求視角，率先運用「多域作戰」概念於加薩戰場，將多域作戰力量「幽靈」部隊作為主要作戰力量

以軍認為，多域聯合作戰是未來戰爭發展的必然趨勢，對於以地面作戰為主的以色列而言，透過整合陸上、空中、網絡空間、電磁頻譜和海上精銳力量，迅速識別、追踪和摧毀敵方目標，能夠進一步提高以軍的殺傷力。這一理念與美陸軍提出的「多域作戰」概念一脈相承。在這一理念的指導下，以軍組建了「幽靈」部隊，並率先在加薩戰場上進行了實戰檢驗。在2021年5月的巴以沖突中，以色列在對哈馬斯的代號為「城牆衛士」行動中首次運用「幽靈」戰鬥營實施了多域作戰，被稱為世界上第一場「人工智慧戰爭」。以軍在這場戰爭中主要依靠機器學習和數據收集，人工智慧首次成為作戰的關鍵組成部分和力量倍增器。在對哈馬斯地道網的清除行動中，以軍通過大數據融合技術進行預先識別和瞄準，而後出動戰機160架次進行精確打擊，極大破壞了哈馬斯的地道網，實現以空制地；在對哈馬斯火箭發射裝置的打擊中，以軍戰鬥機飛行員、地面情報部隊和海軍部隊之間使用和控制系統，快速指揮目標

根據以軍的說法，「幽靈」部隊在作戰編成、武器配置和作戰方式等方面與傳統部隊迥然不同。該部隊編制暫屬以色列第98傘兵師，包括旅偵察營、傘兵旅的地面部隊，裝甲旅、工程兵、特種部隊，F-16中隊和阿帕奇直升機，以及“蒼鷺”無人機等多域作戰力量，通過使用多域傳感器和精確打擊武器，實現跨域機動與打擊，“在極短時間內改變戰場局勢”。該營成立於2019年7月，雖然是一支地面部隊，但它整合了空中打擊、網絡偵防、精確火力、電子對抗、情報互聯以及海上突擊等多域作戰力量，是具備師旅級作戰能力的營級作戰單元。該部隊組建以後，不斷通過演習提升多域融合和跨域打擊能力，並在新開發的人工智能技術平台的支撐下迅速發揮兩大功能：一是在戰場上作為精兵利器，以非對稱方式作戰；二是作為試驗部隊，不斷創新和發展新型作戰概念、作戰理論和技術裝備，隨時將成功經驗推廣到其他部隊。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/xxqj_207719/xxjt/ll/10068139888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations

Chinese Military Analysis Development Trends of Combat Coordination During Era of Intelligence

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中國軍事分析智能化時代作戰協同發展趨勢

現代英語：

Operational coordination is a key element in achieving systemic operations, releasing overall effectiveness, and achieving operational objectives in modern warfare. In recent years, with the breakthrough progress of military science and technology represented by artificial intelligence, the enabling and efficiency-enhancing role of science and technology has become more prominent. While profoundly changing the form of war and combat style, it has also spawned a new mode of operational coordination – autonomous coordination. At present, we should scientifically grasp the opportunities and challenges of the new military revolution, dynamically coordinate the development trend of autonomous coordination, and thus promote the accelerated transformation and upgrading of combat methods.

Transforming towards intelligent empowerment and autonomous collaboration

Future wars will be all-round confrontations between the two sides using “people + intelligent equipment”. Limited by military technology, system platforms, combat capabilities, etc., traditional combat coordination has been difficult to adapt to the modern battlefield where opportunities are fleeting due to limitations such as periodic solidification and low fault tolerance. With the strong support of advanced technical means such as artificial intelligence and big data, the autonomy and automation level of combat coordination will be greatly improved, and autonomous coordination under intelligent empowerment will also become the key to defeating the enemy.

Wide-area ubiquitous collaboration. In recent years, the in-depth development of communication technology and intelligent technology, the accumulation of data, algorithms, and computing power have promoted the interconnection and aggregation of people, machines, objects, and energy, and extended the military Internet of Things to many fields such as situational awareness, command and control, information and fire strikes, and after-sales support. While promoting the iterative upgrade of combat capabilities, it also provides more options for modern combat collaboration. It can be foreseen that the military Internet of Things will shine on future battlefields. It is not only a key infrastructure to support combat operations, but also a joint hub to maintain combat collaboration. With this as a basis, it will give rise to ubiquitous operations with wide-area dispersion of forces, organizational modules, and highly coordinated actions, which are omnipresent, ubiquitous, and uncontrolled and autonomous.

Deep collaboration between humans and machines. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Azerbaijani army built a strong battlefield advantage with the advantage of drones, and to some extent, it also announced the debut of “robot war”. In future wars, unmanned combat forces such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned ships are accelerating from backstage support and guarantee to front-line combat, and are beginning to play the “protagonist” of the battlefield. Compared with traditional combat coordination, manned and unmanned intelligent coordination presents the characteristics of “decentralization” of combat command, “de-division of labor” in the combat process, high-end skill operation, and fuzzification of the front and rear, and emphasizes human-machine collaboration and algorithm victory. Especially in recent years, intelligent unmanned clusters have emerged and begun to strongly impact the modern battlefield. In the face of these new situations and changes, cluster formation algorithms, formation control algorithms, and complex scene optimization algorithms should be used in a coordinated manner to promote unmanned and manned networking communications and intelligent coordination, promote the integrated operation of intelligence chain, command chain, mobility chain, strike chain, and support chain, and accelerate the generation of precise enemy comprehensive combat capabilities.

Digital intelligence drives collaboration. The traditional combat coordination model under progressive command is no longer able to adapt to the multi-dimensional fast pace of modern warfare. In future wars, intelligence is the key and data is king. The deep integration of big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence has realized the storage, analysis, integration, and application of massive battlefield data, making command and control more scientific and combat coordination more efficient. With powerful resource integration, computing processing, and data analysis capabilities, battlefield intelligence can be quickly integrated, battlefield situation can be perceived in real time, coordination plans can be efficiently formulated, and threat levels can be instantly assessed. The prediction of combat operations, the dissection of typical scenarios, the deployment of combat forces, and the allocation of combat resources can be coordinated as a whole, thereby comprehensively improving the comprehensive quality and efficiency of command and control, firepower strikes, and comprehensive support, and promoting revolutionary changes in combat coordination.

Evolving towards multi-domain linkage and autonomous collaboration

In future wars, the participating forces will be complex and diverse, weapons and equipment will be matched at different levels, and combat methods will be used in a mixed manner, showing distinct characteristics such as intelligent dynamic dispersion of combat command, intelligent wide-area deployment of combat forces, and intelligent dynamic differentiation of combat tasks. It can be foreseen that multi-domain linkage and autonomous coordination will become an important component of combat coordination.

System self-reshapes coordination. In future wars, the multi-domain battlefield space will be a combination of virtual and real, various military operations will interact, and constraints and collaboration will be randomly transformed. Only by adopting an engineered and systematic organizational model can we adapt to the complex multi-domain coordination needs. The essence of this coordination model is to form a wide-area holographic support framework for system self-reshape coordination. Specifically, it is to highlight the concept of system combat, and to solve the practical contradictions such as organizational system construction, institutional mechanism establishment, and coordination rule formulation from an overall perspective; to pay more attention to the system integration effect, and to achieve beyond-visual-range combat and cross-domain coordinated combat of combat units from a wide area; to emphasize efficient and flexible command, to refine the command relationship from various dimensions, and to clarify the command responsibilities; to pay more attention to data precision drive, to integrate network system platforms at all levels, and to establish a dynamic optimization network for detection, control, attack, evaluation and protection tasks. Once this coordination model is formed, it will undoubtedly be able to study and predict typical confrontation scenarios, dynamically select action coordination links, and plan combat operations in various fields in an integrated manner according to the combat environment, combat opponents, and combat tasks.

Tactical adaptive coordination. Local wars and conflicts in recent years have repeatedly shown that the complexity and systemicity of combat coordination have increased exponentially due to the extension of combat data information to the tactical level. Only by achieving efficient processing, integration and sharing of combat data information can adaptive and autonomous coordination between combat users be guaranteed. This coordination model pays more attention to scientific planning and innovative means to form a universal battlefield situation map with full-dimensional coverage, support hierarchical, leapfrog and cross-domain sharing and collaboration among users of all levels and types deployed in a wide area, realize the common perception of battlefield situation by command elements and combat units, and ensure self-synchronous operations within the framework of unified strategic intent, campaign guidance and coordination plan. This coordination model emphasizes the vertical integration of strategy, campaign and tactics, and the horizontal integration of land, sea, air, space and electricity, provides strong information sharing services in detection, early warning and surveillance, and relies on information media to promote the extension of campaign-level joint to tactical-level joint. This coordination model highlights the standardized operation of command operation and force application, and promotes the connection of combat command levels, cross-domain linkage, element interaction and situation sharing with the help of cutting-edge technologies such as big data and cloud computing, realizes intelligent coordination between command systems, weapon platforms and sensors, and implements the key to winning by defeating slowness with speed.

Advantages and intelligence complement and synergy. In future wars, combat operations in space, network and other fields will be deeply integrated into the traditional battlefield space, requiring higher standards and higher requirements for planning and design of the overall combat situation. Only by clarifying the complementary relationship of advantages in various combat domains and the proportion of input and effectiveness, and then sorting out the operational relationship of cross-domain coordination, can we bridge the gap in field operations and achieve complementary advantages on the multi-dimensional battlefield. In essence, this is also a concentrated reflection of the view of war efficiency. From another perspective, in a war, when the local advantage of the battlefield is not obvious or there is a hidden crisis, by gaining local advantages in other fields to make up for it and achieve comprehensive advantages, the overall goal of winning can also be achieved. In the future information-based and intelligent wars, this point will be more prominent and more complex, requiring comprehensive measures in the fields of military, politics, public opinion, legal theory, psychology, diplomacy, etc., and leveraging each other to fully release the maximum combat effectiveness; requiring traditional forces and new forces to work closely together, relying on the network information system to build an integrated combat system, and maximizing overall effectiveness through advantage synergy.

Transition to Dynamically Coupled Autonomous Collaboration

In the era of artificial intelligence, along with the profound changes in information technology and weapons and equipment, combat operations place more emphasis on breaking up traditional force groupings, connecting traditional platform functions, breaking traditional offensive and defensive boundaries, and achieving full-time dynamic control of combat operations through dynamic coupling and autonomous coordination.

Dynamic focal point coordination. In future wars, the enemy-to-enemy confrontation will be more intense, and the battlefield situation will be more changeable. The previous static, extensive, and step-by-step coordination methods will be difficult to adapt. It is necessary to pay close attention to the key nodes of the operation. On the basis of keeping a close eye on the overall situation, anchoring the combat mission, and focusing on the combat objectives, we must assess the situation and seize the opportunity. According to the predetermined coordination rules, we can flexibly change the coordination objects, flexibly adjust the coordination strategies, and autonomously negotiate and coordinate actions. It should be noted that this coordination method based on key combat nodes particularly emphasizes that combat forces transcend structural barriers and organically aggregate combat effectiveness. Through the flexible structure of the collaborative organization, self-coupling and autonomous elimination of contradictions and conflicts, bridging combat gaps, and promoting the precise release of the combined forces of the combat system.

Dynamic control and coordination. The battlefield situation in future wars is changing rapidly, and the combat process is often difficult to advance according to the predetermined combat plan, and combat operations have great uncertainty. Invisibly, this also requires us to break through traditional combat thinking, keep a close eye on the changes in the battlefield situation, and implement immediate, flexible and autonomous coordination of the combat process. This collaborative method, through real-time assessment of battlefield situation changes, the degree of damage to enemy targets, and the scale and efficiency of combat operations, can achieve rapid command and control, precise coordination in force projection, fire support, and comprehensive support, and always grasp the initiative on the battlefield. This collaborative method requires relying on advanced intelligent auxiliary means to quickly divide the combat phase, predict the duration of combat operations, analyze the overall deployment of combat forces, calculate the allocation of combat operation resources, and accurately control the decision-making cycle and combat rhythm, and accurately coordinate the actions of troops and the combat process to ensure that various randomness and uncertainties in combat can be effectively dealt with.

Dynamic response coordination. The operational mechanism of future wars is unpredictable. The deep effects of asymmetric operations, hybrid games, and system emergence will inevitably lead to various emergencies in the implementation of the planned operational plans. To this end, dynamic coordination for emergencies is an effective strategy to resolve the above-mentioned contradictions. This coordination method emphasizes the dynamic adjustment of coordinated actions according to different situations. When an emergency occurs on a local battlefield or in a local action, which has little impact on the overall operation and has sufficient time, the combat system automatically responds, partially adjusts the combat deployment and combat operations, and ensures the achievement of the expected combat objectives. When multiple urgent and slow situations coexist on the battlefield and partially affect the battlefield situation, the combat actions are dynamically and immediately coordinated according to the principle of first urgent and then slow according to the specific situation, so as to promote the development of the war in a direction that is beneficial to me. When there are multiple major unexpected situations or unexpected changes in the overall development of the war situation, coordination is carried out according to the principle of first major direction and then minor direction, and new coordinated disposal measures are quickly generated to effectively respond to various emergencies on the battlefield.

現代國語：

■吳思亮　賈春傑　侯永紅

引言

作戰協同是現代戰爭中實現體係作戰、釋放整體效能、達成作戰目標的關鍵要素。近年來，隨著以人工智慧為代表的軍事科學技術取得突破性進展，科技的賦能增效作用進一步凸顯，在深刻改變戰爭形態、作戰樣式的同時，也催生出一種新的作戰協同模式——自主協同。當前，應科學掌握新軍事革命的機會挑戰，動態統籌好自主協同發展走向，從而推動作戰方式加速轉型升級。

向智能賦能自主協同蛻變

未來戰爭將是對抗雙方採用「人+智慧裝備」展開的全方位對抗。受軍事技術、系統平台、作戰能力等限制，傳統作戰協同因為存在周期固化、容錯率低等局限，已難以適應戰機轉瞬即逝的現代戰場。在人工智慧、大數據等先進技術手段的強力支撐下，作戰協同的自主性、自動化水準將極大提升，智慧賦能下的自主協同也將成為克敵制勝的關鍵。

廣域泛在協同。近年來，通訊技術、智慧技術的深度發展，數據、演算法、算力的累積疊加，促進了人、機、物、能的互聯聚合，將軍事物聯網延伸擴展至態勢感知、指揮控制、信火打擊、後裝保障等諸多領域，在促進作戰能力迭代升級的同時，也為現代作戰協同提供了更多選項。可以預見，軍事物聯網將在未來戰場上大放異彩，不僅是支撐作戰行動的關鍵性基礎設施，也是維繫作戰協同的關節樞紐。以此為依托，將催生出力量廣域分散、組織模塊構成、行動高度協同的泛在式作戰，無時不在、無處不在、無控自主。

人機深度協同。在納卡沖突中，阿塞拜疆軍隊憑借無人機優勢構建起強大戰場優勢，某種程度上也宣告「機器人戰爭」登場。未來戰爭，無人機、無人車、無人艦等無人作戰力量，正加速從後台支援保障走向一線作戰前台，開始擔當戰場「主角」。較之傳統作戰協同，有人無人智能協同呈現出作戰指揮「去中心化」、作戰過程「去分工化」、技能操作高端化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點，更加強調人機協同、演算法取勝。尤其是近年來，智慧無人集群異軍突起，開始強烈沖擊現代戰場。面對這些新情況新變化，應統籌運用集群編隊演算法、隊形控制演算法以及復雜場景優化演算法等，推動無人與有人組網通訊、智慧協同，促進情報鏈、指揮鏈、機動鏈、打擊鍊和保障鏈一體運轉，加快生成精確制敵綜合作戰能力。

數智驅動協同。逐層遞進指揮下的傳統作戰協同模式，已難以適應現代戰爭的多維度快節奏。未來戰爭，智能為要，數據為王。大數據、雲計算、人工智慧等深度融合，實現了對海量戰場數據的儲存、分析、融合和運用，從而使得指揮控制更加科學、作戰協同更有效率。透過強大的資源整合、計算處理和數據分析能力，可以快速融合戰場情報、實時感知戰場態勢、高效製定協同計劃、瞬時評估威脅等級，將預測作戰行動、解剖典型場景、布勢作戰力量和配置作戰資源一體統籌，從而全面提升指揮控制、火力打擊、綜合保障等方面的綜合質效，推動作戰協同革命性變革。

向多域聯動自主協同演進

未來戰爭，參戰力量複雜多元、武器裝備高低搭配、作戰方法混合運用，呈現作戰指揮智能動態分散、作戰力量智聯廣域部署、作戰任務智配動態區分等鮮明特徵。可以預見，多域聯動自主協同將成為作戰協同的重要組成。

體係自重塑協同。未來戰爭多域戰場空間虛實結合、多樣軍事行動交互作用，約束與協作隨機轉化，只有採取工程化、系統化的組織模式，才能適應龐雜的多域協同需求。這種協同模式，其實質是要形成體係自重塑協同的廣域全像支撐架構。具體來看，就是更突顯體係作戰理念，從整體上破解組織體系建構、制度機制設立、協同規則制訂等現實矛盾；更重視體系融合效應，從廣域上實現作戰單元超視距作戰、跨域協同作戰；更強調高效率靈活指揮，從諸維度細化指揮指揮、釐清指揮權責優化；這種協同模式一旦形成，無疑能夠針對作戰環境、作戰對手和作戰任務等，研判預測典型對抗態勢場景，動態選擇行動協同鏈路，一體規劃各領域作戰行動。

戰術自適應協同。近年來的局部戰爭沖突一再表明，由於作戰數據資訊向戰術層共享應用延伸，作戰協同的複雜性系統性呈指數級躍升。只有實現作戰數據資訊的高效處理、融合共享，才能保證作戰用戶間自適應、自主化協同。這種協同模式，更重視科學規劃、創新手段，形成全維覆蓋的通用戰場態勢圖，支持廣域分散部署的各級各類用戶間按級、越級、跨域共享協作，實現指揮要素、作戰單元共同感知戰場態勢，確保在統一的戰略意圖、戰役指導、協同計劃框架內自同步作戰。這種協同模式，更強調縱向貫通戰略、戰役、戰術，橫向融匯陸海空天電，在探測、預警、監視等方面提供強力資訊共享服務，依托資訊介質推動戰役級聯合向戰術級聯合延伸。這種協同模式，更加突出指揮運行、力量運用等的標準化運行，借助大數據、雲計算等前沿技術推動作戰指揮層級銜接、跨域聯動、要素交互、態勢共享，實現指揮系統、武器平台、傳感器間的智能化協同，落地落實以快製慢制勝關鍵。

優勢智互補協同。未來戰爭，太空、網路等領域作戰行動深度融入傳統戰場空間，要求對作戰全局實施更高標準更高要求的規劃設計。只有搞清各作戰域優勢互補關聯、投入成效比重，進而梳理出跨領域協同的運行關系，才能彌合領域作戰縫隙，實現多維戰場優勢互補。從本質上看，這也是戰爭效益觀的集中反映。從另一個視角來看，一場戰爭，當戰場局部優勢不明顯或暗藏危機時，透過在其他領域取得局部優勢予以彌補並達成綜合優勢，同樣可以實現整體制勝目的。未來資訊化智能化戰爭，這一點將體現得更為突出也更為復雜，要求針對軍事、政治、輿論、法理、心理、外交等領域綜合施策，相互借力充分釋放最大作戰效能；要求傳統力量、新質力量密切配合，依托網絡信息體系打造一體化作戰體系，通過優勢協同實現整體效能最大化。

向動態耦合自主協同變遷

人工智慧時代，伴隨資訊科技與武器裝備的深度變革，作戰行動更強調打散傳統力量編組、打通傳統平台功能、打破傳統攻防界限，透過動態耦合自主協同實現對作戰行動的全時動態可控。

動態聚點協同。未來戰爭敵我對抗更加激烈、戰場態勢更為多變，以往那種靜態粗放、按部就班的協同方式將難以適應。必須對作戰的關鍵節點給予高度關注，在緊盯整體態勢、錨定作戰任務、聚焦作戰目標的基礎上，審時度勢把握戰機，依據預定的協同規則，敏捷變換協同對象、靈活調整協同策略、自主協商協同行動。需要注意的是，這種基於關鍵作戰節點的協同方式，特別強調作戰力量跨越結構壁壘、有機聚合作戰效能，透過協同組織的彈性結構，自耦合自主化消解矛盾沖突、彌合作戰縫隙，促進作戰體系合力精準釋放。

動態調控協同。未來戰爭戰場態勢瞬息萬變，作戰進程往往難以依照預定作戰計畫推進，作戰行動有著極大的不確定性。在無形中，這也要求我們突破傳統作戰思維，緊盯戰場態勢變化對作戰進程實施即時靈活自主協同。這種協同方式，透過即時評估戰場態勢變化、敵方目標毀傷程度、作戰行動規模效益等，從而在力量投送、火力支援、綜合保障等方面實現快速指控、精準協同，始終把握戰場主動權。這種協同方式，要求依托智能輔助先進手段，快速切分作戰階段，預測作戰行動持續時間，研判作戰力量整體布勢，計算作戰行動資源分配，據此精準控制決策週期和作戰節奏，精準協調部隊行動和作戰進程，確保能夠有效應對作戰中的各種隨機性、不確定性。

動態響應協同。未來戰爭作戰機理變化莫測，非對稱作戰、混合賽局、體制湧現等的深層作用，使得預定作戰方案計劃在執行中必然遇到各類突發情況。為此，針對突發情況動態協同是解決上述矛盾問題的有效策略。這種協同方式，更強調依據不同情況動態調整協同行動。當局部戰場或局部行動出現突發情況，對作戰全局影響不大且時間充裕時，作戰體係自動響應，部分調整作戰部署和作戰行動，確保實現預期作戰目標。當戰場出現多個急緩並存情況且部分影響戰場態勢時，根據具體情況按照先急後緩原則動態即時協調作戰行動，推動戰局向著有利於我的方向發展。當戰局整體發展出現多個重大意外情況或出現未曾預想的變化時，按先主要方向、後次要方向的原則展開協同，快速生成新的協同處置措施，有效應對戰場各類突發情況。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16378145888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations

Develop Chinese Military Operational Concepts Design China’s Future War Success

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發展中國軍事作戰理念，規劃中國未來戰爭勝利

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月22日 星期三

現代英語：

Since the 21st century, with the deepening of the world’s new military revolution, the world’s military powers have put forward a series of new operational concepts and continuously improved them in war practice, thus driving the accelerated evolution of war. With the rapid development of information technologies such as cloud computing, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and big data, and their widespread application in the military field, people’s understanding of war has gradually changed from summarizing actual combat experience to studying and judging future wars. At present, as the source of military capability building, the strength of operational concept development capabilities will directly affect the seizure of victory opportunities. In particular, the vigorous development of the world’s new military revolution is calling for innovation in operational theory all the time. Only by developing new operational concepts and designing future wars with a forward-looking vision can we gain the initiative in military struggle preparation.

The concept of combat fundamentally solves the problem of how to fight a war.

First-rate armies design wars, second-rate armies respond to wars, and third-rate armies follow wars. The so-called “real wars happen before wars” means that before a war starts, the theory, style, and method of fighting have already been designed. How can we not win if we fight according to the designed war? The key to designing a war is to design and develop new combat concepts based on understanding the characteristics and laws of war, promote innovation in combat styles and tactics, and fundamentally solve the problem of “how to fight a war.”

In designing wars, theories come first. In recent years, the U.S. military has proposed new concepts such as “network-centric warfare”, “air-sea integrated warfare” and “hybrid warfare”, and the Russian military has proposed theories such as “non-nuclear containment strategy”, “strategic air-space campaign” and “national information security doctrine”, reflecting that the world’s military powers are vigorously studying operational theories and seizing military commanding heights. To a certain extent, operational concepts are the “organizational cells” for the formation of operational theories. Without a perfect concept generation capability, it is difficult to give birth to advanced theories. When an operational theory is proposed, it is necessary to develop relevant operational concepts so that the operational theory can be “sunk” and visualized, and better improved and transformed into military practice. When there is no operational theory concept, operational concept innovation can provide “raw materials” for the study of operational theories. The military field is the most uncertain field, and people’s understanding of war is constantly evolving. However, operational theory innovation cannot wait for the understanding to mature before starting, but needs to be based on the existing understanding, through active development and innovation of operational concepts, constructing future operational scenarios, exploring future winning mechanisms, and guiding and guiding military practice, in order to seize the initiative in war. Therefore, operational concept innovation is becoming a strategic fulcrum and lever for military construction and development.

The development of operational concepts focuses on designing core operational concepts. The core operational concept is the nucleus and embryo of the operational concept, which reflects the essential requirements of operations and contains the “genetic genes” for the growth of operational concepts. The entire concept system is derived and developed from this. At present, the understanding of the winning mechanism of informationized and intelligent warfare is becoming clearer, and it is time to focus the design of war on the development of major operational theories and key operational concepts.

Operational concept is an abstract expression of operational thinking.

The term “operational concept” originated from the US military. It is a description of how to fight in the future and is increasingly becoming an important tool for promoting the development of the military. The US Army Training and Doctrine Command Concept Development Guide points out that the operational concept is a concept, idea, and overall understanding. It is based on the inference of specific events in the combat environment. In the broadest sense, it outlines what will be done and describes how to fight in more specific measures. The US Marine Corps Combat Development Command Operations Development and Integration Directive points out that the operational concept is an expression of how to fight, used to describe future combat scenarios and how to use military art and scientific capabilities to meet future challenges. The US Air Force Operational Concept Development Directive points out that the operational concept is a conceptual description at the level of war theory, which realizes the established operational concept and intention through the orderly organization of combat capabilities and combat tasks.

In summary, the operational concept can be understood as an abstract cognition of operational ideas and action plans that is refined for specific operational problems at present or in the future. Generally speaking, the operational concept includes three parts: the first is the description of the operational problem, that is, the background of the operational concept, the operational environment, the operational opponent, etc.; the second is the description of the solution, that is, the concept connotation, application scenario, action style, winning mechanism, capability characteristics and advantages, etc.; the third is the description of capability requirements, that is, the equipment technology, basic conditions, and implementation means required to implement the operational concept. It can be seen that the operational concept should have the characteristics of pertinence, scientificity, adaptability and feasibility, and its connotation and extension will be constantly adjusted with the changes in factors such as strategic background, military policy, threat opponent, time and space environment, and capability conditions.

In a sense, operational concepts are actually transitional forms of operational theories, and their ultimate value is to guide military practice. The purpose and destination of developing new operational concepts is to tap into and enhance the combat effectiveness of the military. Only by transforming operational concepts into operational regulations and operational plans can their value be fully realized.

Innovation in combat concepts drives changes in combat styles

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the world’s military powers have, in accordance with national strategic requirements and in response to new threats and challenges, developed new operational concepts as a key means of transforming military capabilities, promoting changes in operational styles, and seeking to gain the upper hand in future battlefields. In order to further strengthen their military advantages, the world’s military powers are accelerating the introduction of a series of new operational concepts.

The US military has actively seized the opportunities brought about by scientific and technological progress, comprehensively used cutting-edge technologies such as new-generation information technology, artificial intelligence technology, unmanned autonomous technology, and proposed a series of new combat concepts such as mosaic warfare, multi-domain warfare, distributed lethality, decision-center warfare, and joint global command and control, promoting fundamental changes in combat thinking, combat style, combat space, and combat systems.

Unlike the U.S. military, the Russian military has achieved iterative innovation in operational concepts in military practice. Recently, the Russian military has been committed to promoting the construction of joint combat capabilities, accelerating the development and deployment of new unmanned equipment, focusing on building advantages in the network information battlefield, and constantly enriching the connotation of its traditional operational concepts, integrating them with new operational concepts such as hybrid warfare and mental warfare to guide war practice.

In general, in recent years, the new operational concepts proposed by the world’s military powers are driving profound changes in combat styles. Their capabilities, characteristics and advantages are mainly reflected in the following five aspects: First, the unmanned combat equipment. The proportion of unmanned equipment systems based on the new operational concept has increased significantly, and manned-unmanned collaborative combat has become one of the main combat styles, forming an advantage of unmanned over manned; second, the deployment method is decentralized. The force deployment based on the new operational concept is distributed, and the systems are interconnected and interoperable, forming an advantage of division over combination; third, the kill network is complicated. The kill network based on the new operational concept has more diverse functions. A single system can perform multiple tasks, and its failure has little impact on the combat system, forming an advantage of many over single; fourth, the response time is agile. The new operational concept emphasizes quick battles and quick decisions, taking the initiative to catch the enemy off guard, forming an advantage of fast over slow; fifth, the combat field is multidimensional. The new operational concept pays more attention to multi-domain linkage, expanding the battlefield from the traditional land, sea and air to the electromagnetic, network and cognitive domains, forming an advantage of invisible over visible.

The development of combat concepts should adhere to the systematic design approach

Using operational concepts to guide military force construction is a common practice among the world’s military powers. In comparison, the US military’s operational concept development mechanism is relatively complete, and a relatively complete operational concept development system has been established, consisting of concept types, organizational structures, normative standards, and support means.

In terms of concept types, the U.S. military’s combat concepts can basically be divided into three categories: First, a series of combat concepts developed by each service, mainly from the perspective of the service, to study potential enemies and future battlefields, redefine combat styles, and seek new ways to win. Second, a series of joint combat concepts developed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, mainly composed of three levels: top-level concepts, action concepts, and supporting concepts. Third, combat concepts developed by academia, think tanks, etc., the number of such combat concepts is not as large as the first two categories, but it is still an important part of the combat concept system. Through this system, the U.S. military has implemented the grand military strategy through combat concepts layer by layer into various combat operations, various combat capabilities, and various types of weapons and equipment performance for the troops, guiding the construction of joint forces and various services.

In terms of organizational structure, taking the development of joint operational concepts as an example, the US military has established a working system consisting of five types of institutions. The first is the Joint Concept Working Group, whose main responsibility is to review the overall issues of the concept outline and concept development; the second is the Joint Concept Steering Committee, whose main responsibility is to supervise and guide the concept development plan; the third is the core writing team, whose main responsibility is to transform the original ideas in the concept outline into joint operational concepts; the fourth is the concept development team, whose main responsibility is to provide operational concept development methods and plans; the fifth is the independent red team, whose main responsibility is to conduct independent evaluations to judge the rigor and scientificity of the concept.

In terms of norms and standards, the U.S. military has a complete system of institutions to constrain and guide the development of joint operational concepts, making them standardized, standardized, and procedural, so as to manage the entire chain of concept development, which is mainly reflected in a series of directives of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and joint publications. For example, the “Joint Concept Development and Implementation Guide” aims to establish a governance structure for joint concept development, clarify the framework for joint operational concept planning, execution, and evaluation, and promote the implementation of joint operational concepts; the “Joint Regulations Preparation Process” aims to standardize the preparation process of joint regulations and provide a clear process framework for converting operational concepts into operational regulations.

In terms of support means, the design, development and verification of operational concepts is a systematic project that cannot be separated from the support of various development tools and means. For example, tools such as the DODAF2.0 model, IDEFO model and SYSML modeling language can provide standardized structured analysis models and logical description models for operational concept designers; model-based system engineering methods can provide operational concept designers and evaluation and verification personnel with capability models of equipment elements in operational concepts for designing and building operational concept frameworks. The U.S. military’s joint operational concept development uses network-based digital software with strong interconnection capabilities. All institutions involved in the development can share information in real time to improve development efficiency.

The development of combat concepts requires collaboration among multiple parties

Developing operational concepts is a multidisciplinary and multi-field task that involves many fields such as military science, philosophy, operations research, and systems science. It requires collaboration among multiple parties to ensure that it is both advanced and forward-looking in theory and applicable and feasible in practice.

Establish a small core and large peripheral research team. The department initiating the development of the operational concept should give full play to its leading role, coordinate and dispatch the research work from a global perspective; establish a joint research and development team, give full play to the collective wisdom, and widely obtain various new ideas, new methods and new viewpoints on the research of operational concepts from all parties; establish a cross-domain and cross-departmental expert committee to supervise, review and guide related work from multiple angles.

Form a multi-departmental working mechanism. To ensure smooth communication and efficient operation among departments, we must first clarify their respective tasks and responsibilities. For example, the concept initiating department is responsible for overall planning and implementation, the laboratory is responsible for technical verification, the industrial department is responsible for equipment research and development, and the combat troops are responsible for actual combat testing. Secondly, relevant normative documents should be formulated to ensure that all work has rules to follow and is carried out in an orderly manner, providing institutional guarantees for the development of combat concepts. Finally, it is also necessary to establish demand traction mechanisms, collaborative research mechanisms, iterative feedback mechanisms, etc., to open up the link from research and development to practical application of combat concepts.

Promote the organic combination of theory and practice. Only through the iterative cycle of “design research-deduction verification-actual troop test” can the operational concept be gradually adjusted, optimized and improved, and the development of war theory can be driven. Therefore, the development of operational concepts should pay special attention to the combination of theoretical innovation and practical application, and achieve the fundamental purpose of driving the generation of new quality combat power through the mutual drive of theory and practice. Specific methods include timely incorporating mature operational concepts into operational regulations, compiling training outlines or teaching materials accordingly, and gradually promoting them to troops for use; organizing relevant exercises or tests to test the maturity and feasibility of operational concepts under conditions close to actual combat, and finding and solving problems; using the capability indicators determined by the operational concept as a reference for equipment demand demonstration, driving the development of equipment technology, and promoting the improvement of combat capabilities.

The rapid development of science and technology in the new era has brought many new opportunities and challenges to the construction of military capabilities. The development of new operational concepts will help us to seize the military opportunities brought by scientific and technological progress, actively respond to the threats and challenges formed by scientific and technological development, and timely grasp the direction and laws of the evolution of war forms, which can provide important support for leading future war styles and seizing the first chance to win. At present, the international security situation is complex and changeable. To win the future information war, we need to take the development of operational concepts as the origin of national defense and military construction, actively carry out military technological innovation, promote the upgrading of weapons and equipment, achieve leapfrog development, and thus lead the trend of the new military revolution.

(Author’s unit: Second Academy of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation)

現代國語：

宋曉明

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月22日 星期三

自21世紀以來，隨著世界新軍事革命的深入推進，世界軍事強國提出了一系列新作戰概念，並在戰爭實踐中不斷改進，從而牽引戰爭加速演變。隨著雲端運算、區塊鏈、人工智慧、大數據等資訊科技的日新月異，以及在軍事領域的廣泛應用，人們理解戰爭的模式逐漸由歸納總結實戰經驗向研判未來戰爭轉變。目前，作為軍事能力建構源頭，作戰概念開發能力強弱，將直接影響勝戰先機的奪取。尤其是世界新軍事革命蓬勃發展，無時無刻不在呼喚作戰理論創新，只有以前瞻眼光開發新作戰概念、設計未來戰爭，才能獲得軍事鬥爭準備的主動權。

作戰概念從根本解決仗怎麼打

一流軍隊設計戰爭，二流軍隊應對戰爭，三流軍隊尾隨戰爭。所謂“真正的戰爭，發生在戰爭之前”，意思是戰爭開打之前，戰爭的理論、樣式、打法早已被設計出來。依照設計好的戰爭來打，豈有不勝之理？設計戰爭，關鍵在於摸清戰爭特徵規律的基礎上，設計發展新作戰概念，推動作戰樣式和戰法創新，從根本上解決「仗怎麼打」。

設計戰爭，理論先行。近年來，美軍先後提出「網路中心戰」「空海一體戰」等理論，反映了世界軍事強國都在大力研究作戰理論，搶佔軍事制高點。從某種程度上說，作戰概念是作戰理論形成的“組織細胞”，沒有完善的概念生成能力，很難催生先進的理論。當一個作戰理論提出時，需要發展相關作戰概念，才能使作戰理論「下沉」具象化，更好地完善並向軍事實踐轉化。當沒有作戰理論構想時，作戰概念創新可以為研究作戰理論提供「原料」。軍事領域是最具不確定性的領域，人們對戰爭的認知始終在不斷發展。但是，作戰理論創新不能坐等認識成熟後再起步，而是需要在現有認識的基礎上，透過主動開發、創新作戰概念，構設未來作戰圖景，探索未來制勝機理，牽引並指導軍事實踐，才能掌握戰爭主動權。因此，作戰概念創新，正成為軍隊建設與發展的戰略支點與槓桿。

作戰概念開發，重點在於設計核心作戰概念。核心作戰概念，是作戰概念的細胞核、胚胎，集中反映作戰本質要求，包含著作戰概念生長的“遺傳基因”，整個概念體係由此衍生與發展。目前，對資訊化、智慧化戰爭的致勝機理等的認識漸趨清晰，將設計戰爭的重心聚焦到主要作戰理論、關鍵作戰概念開發正當其時。

作戰概念是作戰思想的抽象表達

「作戰概念」一詞源自美軍，是對未來如何作戰的描述，正日益成為推進軍隊建設發展的重要抓手。美《陸軍訓練與條令司令部概念開髮指南》指出，作戰概念是理念、想法、總體認識，是依據作戰環境中具體事件的推斷，在最廣泛的意義上勾勒將要做什麼，在更具體的舉措上描述仗怎麼打。美《海軍陸戰隊作戰發展司令部作戰發展與一體化指令》指出，作戰概念是表達如何打仗，用來描述未來作戰景象及如何利用軍事藝術和科學能力迎接未來挑戰。美《空軍作戰概念發展條令》則指出，作戰概念是戰爭理論層面的概念描述，透過對作戰能力和作戰任務的有序組織，實現既定的作戰構想和意圖。

綜上所述，作戰概念可以理解為是針對當前或未來的具體作戰問題，提煉的對作戰思想與行動方案的抽象認知。一般而言，作戰概念包括三部分內容：一是對作戰問題的描述，即作戰概念的提出背景、作戰環境、作戰對手等；二是對解決方案的描述，即概念內涵、應用場景、行動樣式、制勝機理、能力特徵及優勢等；三是對能力需求的描述，即實施該作戰概念所需的裝備技術、基礎條件、實現手段等。可以看出，作戰概念應具備針對性、科學性、適應性與可行性等特徵，其內涵與外延會隨著戰略背景、軍事方針、威脅對手、時空環境、能力條件等因素的變化而不斷調整。

從某種意義上說，作戰概念其實是作戰理論的過渡形態，最終價值是指導牽引軍事實踐。發展新作戰概念的目的和歸宿，是挖掘和提升軍隊戰鬥力，只有把作戰概念轉化為作戰條令、作戰計劃，才能充分發揮其價值。

作戰概念創新牽引作戰樣式變革

進入21世紀以來，世界軍事強國根據國家戰略要求，針對新威脅挑戰，把開發新作戰概念作為軍事能力轉型的關鍵抓手，推動作戰樣式變革，謀求贏得在未來戰場中的製勝先機。為進一步強化軍事上的領先優勢，世界軍事強國正加速推出一系列新作戰概念。

美軍積極搶奪科技進步帶來的機遇，綜合運用新一代資訊科技、人工智慧技術、無人自主技術等尖端技術，提出馬賽克戰、多域作戰、分散式殺傷、決策中心戰、聯合全局指揮控制等一系列新作戰概念，推動作戰思想、作戰樣式、作戰空間和作戰體系發生根本性變化。

與美軍不同，俄軍是在軍事實踐中實現作戰概念的迭代創新。近期，俄軍致力於推動聯合作戰能力建設，加速發展部署新型無人裝備，注重打造網路資訊戰場優勢，不斷豐富其傳統作戰概念的內涵，並與混合戰爭、心智戰等新作戰概念相集成，用以指導戰爭實踐。

整體而言，近幾年，世界軍事強國提出的新作戰概念正牽引作戰樣式發生深刻變化，其能力特徵及優勢主要體現在以下五個方面：一是作戰裝備無人化，基於新作戰概念的無人裝備體系佔比顯著提高，有人無人協同作戰成為主要作戰樣式之一，形成以無人制有人的優勢；二是部署方式分散化，基於新作戰概念的力量部署呈分佈式，系統間互聯互通，具備互操作能力，形成以分制合的優點；三是殺傷網複雜化，基於新作戰概念的殺傷網功能更加多樣，單一系統可執行多種任務，且其失效對作戰體系影響較小，形成以多製單的優勢；四是響應時間敏捷化，新作戰概念更強調速戰速決，先發制人使敵方措手不及，形成以快製慢的優勢；五是作戰領域多維化，新作戰概念更注重多域聯動，將戰場從傳統的陸海空拓展到電磁、網絡和認知域，形成以無形制有形的優勢。

作戰概念開發應堅持體系化設計思路

以作戰概念指導軍事力量建設，是世界軍事強國的共同做法。比較而言，美軍的作戰概念開發機制較為完善，建構了相對完整的作戰概念開發體系，由概念類型、組織架構、規範標準、支撐手段等部分組成。

在概念類型方面，美軍作戰概念基本上可分為三類：一是各軍種主導開發的系列作戰概念，主要從本軍種角度出發，研判潛在敵人和未來戰場，對作戰樣式進行重新定義，謀求打贏的新途徑。二是參會主導開發的一系列聯合作戰概念，主要由頂層概念、行動概念和支持性概念等三個層次構成。三是學術界、智庫等主導開發的作戰概念，這類作戰概念的數量沒有前兩類那麼多，但仍是作戰概念體系的重要組成部分。透過此體系，美軍把宏大的軍事戰略透過作戰概念逐層落實為面向部隊的各類作戰行動、各種作戰能力、各型武器裝備性能，指導聯合部隊及各軍兵種建設。

在組織架構方面，以聯合作戰概念發展為例，美軍建立了由五類機構組成的工作體系。一是聯合概念工作小組，主要職責是審查概念大綱及概念研發的整體問題；二是聯合概念指導委員會，主要職責是對概念研發計畫進行監督指導；三是核心編寫團隊，主要職責是將概念大綱中原始理念轉化為聯合作戰概念；

在規範標準方面，針對聯合作戰概念的開發，美軍有完善的製度體系約束、指導，使其規範化、標準化、程序化，以便對概念開發進行全鏈條管理，主要體現在一系列參謀長聯席會議主席指令及聯合出版物中。例如，《聯合概念開發與實施指南》旨在為聯合概念發展建立治理結構，明確聯合作戰概念規劃、執行和評估的框架，推動聯合作戰概念落實；《聯合條令編制流程》旨在對聯合條令的編制流程進行規範，為把作戰概念轉化為作戰條令提供一個明確的流程框架。

在支撐手段方面，作戰概念的設計開發與驗證是一項系統工程，離不開各類開發工具與手段的支撐。例如，DODAF2.0模型、IDEFO模型及SYSML建模語言等工具，可為作戰概念設計人員提供規範的結構化分析模型與邏輯描述模型；基於模型的系統工程方法，可為作戰概念設計人員和評估驗證人員提供作戰概念中裝備要素的能力模型，用於設計並搭建作戰概念框架。美軍聯合作戰概念開發使用了基於網路的數位化軟體，具有較強的互聯互通能力，所有參與開發的機構都可以即時共享訊息，提高開發效率。

作戰概念開發成熟需要多方協同合作

發展作戰概念是一項多學科、多領域交叉的工作，涉及軍事學、哲學、運籌學、系統科學等諸多領域，需要多方協同合作，以確保其既在理論層面具備先進性、前瞻性，又在實踐層面具備適用性、可行性。

組成小核心大外圍研究團隊。作戰概念開發發起部門要充分發揮群體智慧作用，從全局角度出發，對研究工作進行統籌與調度；成立聯合研發團隊，充分發揮群體智慧作用，廣泛獲取各方對作戰概念研究的各種新方法與新觀點；設立跨領域、跨部門的專家委員會，多角度對相關工作進行監督、審查與指導。

形成多部門連動的工作機制。為確保各部門之間溝通順暢、運作高效，首先要明確各自的任務與職責。例如，概念發起部門負責總體計畫與實施、實驗室負責技術驗證、工業部門負責裝備研發、作戰部隊負責實戰檢驗。其次，要製定相關規範文件，確保各項工作有章可循、有序推進，為作戰概念研發提供製度保障。最後，還要建立需求牽引機制、協同攻關機制、迭代回授機制等，打通作戰概念從研發到實務運用的連結。

推動理論與實務有機結合。作戰概念只有透過「設計研究—推演驗證—實兵檢驗」的循環迭代，才能逐步調整、優化、完善，牽引戰爭理論發展。因此，作戰概念發展要特別注重理論創新與實務運用結合，透過理論與實務的相互驅動，達成牽引新質戰鬥力生成的根本目的。具體方式包括，將開發成熟的作戰概念及時納入作戰條令，相應地編寫訓練大綱或教材，逐步推廣至部隊使用；透過組織相關演訓或試驗，在貼近實戰條件下檢驗作戰概念的成熟度與可行性，查找並解決問題；把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考，促進引裝備技術發展，尋找並解決問題；把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考，促進引裝備技術發展，找到並解決問題；把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考，促進引裝備技術發展，找到並解決問題；把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考，促進引裝備技術發展，作戰能力提升。

新時代科技發展態勢迅猛，為軍事能力建設帶來許多新機會與新挑戰。發展新作戰概念，有助於敏銳抓住科技進步帶來的軍事機遇，積極應對科技發展形成的威脅與挑戰，及時掌握戰爭形態演進方向與規律，可為主導未來戰爭樣式、搶佔制勝先機提供重要支撐。當前，國際安全情勢複雜多變，打贏未來資訊化戰爭，需要我們把作戰概念開發作為國防和軍隊建設的原點，積極開展軍事技術創新，推進武器裝備更新換代，實現跨越式發展，從而引領新軍事革命潮流。

（作者單位：中國航太科工集團第二研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2022-06/22/content_31822288.htm

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Exploring the Laws of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Design

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探索中國軍事智慧戰爭設計規律

現代英語：

At present, with the widespread application of disruptive technology groups represented by artificial intelligence technology, the form of warfare is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence. Scientific planning and proactive design of intelligent warfare has become an issue of the times facing war preparation. To truly organize intelligent warfare design well, we must accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare design, clarify its position and role in war planning and preparation, so as to better serve winning the war.

Focus on development and make reasonable foresight

Correct decisions come from correct judgments, and correct judgments come from scientific foresight for the future. Scientific prediction is the prerequisite for operational design, and operational design is the application of prediction results. Tomorrow’s war will not be a replica of today’s war, but its shadow can be found in today’s war. Therefore, the design of intelligent warfare should be based on a full assessment and scientific prediction of future war forms and ways to win, and the forms, styles, methods, and means of intelligent warfare should be predicted through today’s wars.

In a battlefield full of uncertainty and ambiguity, in order to make war design more realistic, we must focus on the development and changes of intelligent weapons and equipment of both sides in the future, the updating of combat theories, the development of combat capabilities, and the innovation of winning methods. We must make scientific and reasonable predictions, estimates, and analyses of the timing of launching intelligent warfare, scale and level, style and intensity, development process, outcome of war, and other various complex situations that may arise, and on this basis, make systematic concepts and advance plans.

Be proactive and prioritize shaping

Sun Tzu said, “Victorious troops first win and then seek battle.” Intelligent warfare design focuses on grasping the characteristics, laws, and development trends of war. Based on possible enemy situations, our own situations, and battlefield environment, it prioritizes creating a favorable situation, and strives to lead and control wars by studying, designing, and planning wars, so as to achieve the goal of deterring war and defeating the enemy without fighting.

The battlefield space of intelligent warfare is a multi-dimensional and multi-domain space that combines reality and virtuality, providing war designers with a stage to give full play to their intelligence, implement autonomy and creativity. As the initiative in initiating wars increases, the initiative and creativity in war design also increase accordingly. War designers can proactively design intelligent warfare based on future war forms. When designing it, we focus on both responding to current urgent threats and targeting future operations. To this end, we should firmly grasp the characteristics of the era of intelligent warfare design, take proactive actions, enhance the ability of active design and dynamic design in various links such as concepts, plans, and construction, take the initiative, fight proactively, ensure that we can always adapt to the rapid changes in the situation, make the war develop in the designed direction as much as possible, and strive for the initiative in war preparation.

Based on the existing situation, innovate and change

Intelligent warfare design is an original combination of the war designer’s cognitive concepts, cognitive levels, guiding ideas, and operational strategies. The courage to innovate is the soul of intelligent warfare design. To this end, the entire process, all fields, and aspects of intelligent warfare design should focus on innovation-led design.

Intelligent warfare design is a research based on the development predictions of intelligent warfare military theories, weapons and equipment, battlefield construction, etc. It is an expansion and innovation based on the existing situation. Due to the development and evolution of war forms, some combat methods that have been successful in history may become ineffective in intelligent warfare; and some unprecedented combat rules that are adapted to the combat theories and weapons and equipment of intelligent warfare need to be created. Intelligent warfare design understands, conceives and describes complex problems through critical and creative thinking, so as to help war designers more deeply understand and grasp the winning rules and guiding rules of intelligent warfare operations, discover the key points and deep-seated reasons that restrict the combat progress, and thus creatively propose solutions to the problems.

Various forms, eclectic

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Protracted War”: “The ancients said that ‘the secret of applying the strategy lies in one’s heart’. We call this ‘secret’ flexibility, which is the product of a smart commander.”

The flexibility of intelligent warfare design is determined by the differences in combat operations and the variability, uncertainty and contingency of situations and tasks. Appropriate reasoning and decisions must be made based on different situations. War design methods are quite diverse and eclectic. Traditional research and prediction methods include Markov method, Delphi method, brainstorming method, scenario analysis method, etc. When designing intelligent warfare, we should combine it with actual combat research and flexibly adopt different methods. At present, with the widespread application of cloud computing, big data and other technologies in the military field, computer simulation, modeling and simulation, war game confrontation and other methods are increasingly becoming important forms of combat exercises and confrontation simulation training, and are also commonly used methods in intelligent warfare design.

Reverse thinking, strategic confrontation

War is a confrontation between the comprehensive strength of two hostile parties, but also a confrontation between the strategies and wisdom of the commanders of both sides. Antagonism is one of the basic characteristics of intelligent warfare design, and it is also the main feature that distinguishes warfare design from design activities in other fields.

The main object of intelligent warfare design is the combat activities carried out by the hostile parties on the battlefield. These activities are “live” confrontation actions between people, supported by information-based intelligent weapons and equipment and technical means. They are inseparable from the battle of wits and courage between the war designers of the hostile parties. Therefore, designers of intelligent warfare must not only be familiar with their own situation, but also stand in the opponent’s position and think from the opponent’s perspective about how the intelligent warfare will start, control, and end, and what specific combat actions will be taken to organize and implement it. Before the war, they must conduct a comprehensive analysis and prediction of various situations that may arise during the implementation of the combat, and then propose effective countermeasures. Only in this way can the designed war be targeted and can they take the initiative in confrontational combat activities.

Multi-domain linkage, comprehensive system

Intelligent warfare design is a complex systematic project involving various fields such as military, politics, diplomacy, and economy. The specific methods involve knowledge from many disciplines such as military science, political science, and operations research. The battlefield involves multi-dimensional spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and power grids.

Intelligent warfare design is neither a simple listing of all war-related content nor specific planning and preparation for an impending war. Rather, it is an all-round, full-system, and full-element conception and design of the content covered by intelligent warfare in a certain period of time in the future. In terms of content, it includes the combat scenarios, combat objectives, combat scale, combat direction, battlefield environment, possible combat styles, combat methods, etc. of intelligent warfare; in terms of time, it is the whole process from the time when the war designers conceive or plan the operation to the planning, preparation, implementation, and end of the operation. To design intelligent warfare, we must not only conduct in-depth research on the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of intelligent warfare, study the situation of combat opponents, the war environment, and weapons and equipment; we must also study many scientific fields such as war science, system science, and modern engineering science, and predict the impact of scientific and technological development on future wars and operations, so that we can scientifically design the combat theories and processes of intelligent warfare.

Overall planning, multiple case selection

Clausewitz said: “War is the kingdom of uncertainty, and three-quarters of the factors on which war depends are more or less surrounded by a fog of uncertainty.”

Intelligent warfare design is a general plan and conception of intelligent warfare operations. It is a creative thinking activity based on the wisdom and strategy of the designer, and is imaginative and challenging. The design of intelligent warfare only knows the approximate area and method of launching an operation, but there is no specific clarification on the scale and action style of the participating forces. The combat objectives and combat indicators are not specific. It is necessary to make rough plans and bold assumptions about the combat objectives, scale, action style, etc. of intelligent warfare based on the tasks undertaken and the threats faced in peacetime, and on the basis of comprehensive analysis and prediction, without sticking to the existing stereotyped thinking. The objectives and scale of intelligent warfare operations can be large or small, and the action composition can be flexible and diverse. The design results of intelligent warfare should include multiple cases coexisting, multiple cases being compared, and multiple methods being demonstrated to enhance the pertinence and reliability of the results.

Iterative development, rolling improvement

Intelligent warfare design is a long-term and complex system engineering project, which cannot be achieved overnight or once and for all. The probability of war itself, the uncertainty of factors affecting victory or defeat, and the complexity of confrontation in intelligent warfare combat systems all determine the complexity and variability of intelligent warfare design. At the same time, when designing the opponent, one is also being designed by the opponent. Any negligence or carelessness may lead to a complete loss in one wrong move. It is not easy to carry out accurate war design.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the continuous evolution of war forms, and the ever-changing strategic threats and security environment faced in the future, intelligent warfare design should also keep pace with the development of the situation and tasks, and pay more attention to iterative development and design. In line with this, various operational concepts, operational plans, operational regulations, etc. should also be revised in a timely manner, continuously updated, and improved to adapt to the ever-changing new situations.

現代國語：

探尋智慧化戰爭設計規律

■陳建社

引言

當前，隨著以人工智慧技術為代表的顛覆性技術群的廣泛運用，戰爭形態加速向智能化演進，科學籌劃並主動設計智能化戰爭成為戰爭準備面臨的時代課題。要真正組織好智慧化戰爭設計，就要準確把握智慧化戰爭設計的特點規律，弄清楚其在戰爭籌劃和準備中的地位作用，從而更好地為打贏戰爭服務。

著眼發展，合理預見

正確的決策來源於正確的判斷，而正確的判斷來源於對未來所做的科學預見。科學預測是作戰設計的前提，作戰設計是預測結果的運用。明天的戰爭，不會是今天戰爭的翻版，卻可以在今天的戰爭中找到影子。因此，進行智慧化戰爭設計，應以對未來戰爭形態和製勝方式的充分研判和科學預測為前提，通過今天的戰爭預測智能化戰爭的形態、樣式、方法、手段等。

在充滿不確定性和模糊性的戰場上，要使戰爭設計更加符合實際，就要著眼未來一個時期敵我雙方智能化武器裝備的發展變化、作戰理論的更新、作戰能力的發展、制勝途徑的創新等因素，對智能化戰爭的發起時機、規模層次、樣式烈度、發展進程、戰爭結局和其他可能出現的各種復雜情況，進行科學合理預測、此構想等，

積極主動，優先塑造

孫子曰：「勝兵先勝而後求戰。」智能化戰爭設計著眼於把握戰爭的特點、規律和發展趨勢，基於可能的敵情、我情和戰場環境，優先塑造有利態勢，力爭通過研究戰爭、設計戰爭、謀劃戰爭，從而主導和控制戰爭，達到以止止戰、不戰而屈懾人之兵的目的。

智慧化戰爭的戰場空間是現實和虛擬結合的多維多域空間，為戰爭設計者提供了一個充分發揮聰明才智、實施自主與創造的舞台。戰爭發起的主動性增強，戰爭設計的主動性、創造性也隨之提升，戰爭設計者可根據未來的戰爭形態，主動對智慧化戰爭進行超前設計。設計時，既注重應對當前緊迫威脅，也著重於瞄準未來作戰。為此，應緊緊把準智慧化戰爭設計的時代特徵，積極主動作為，在概念、預案、建設等各個環節，增強主動設計、動態設計能力，下好先手棋，打好主動仗，確保始終適應情況的快速變化，盡可能使戰爭按照所設計的方向發展，爭取戰爭準備的主動。

立足現有，創新求變

智慧化戰爭設計是對戰爭設計者認識理念、認知層次、指導思想、運籌謀略等的原創性組合，勇於創新是智慧化戰爭設計的靈魂。為此，智慧化戰爭設計全過程、諸領域、各方面都應著重以創新引領設計。

智慧化戰爭設計是建立在對智慧化戰爭軍事理論、武器裝備、戰場建設等發展預測基礎上的研究，是在立足現有情況基礎之上的拓展創新。由於戰爭形態的發展演進，一些歷史上曾經成功的作戰方法，在智能化戰爭中可能會失效；而一些前所未有，適應智能化戰爭作戰理論和武器裝備的戰法則需要被創造出來。智慧化戰爭設計透過批判性和創造性思維，理解、構想和描述復雜問題，以幫助戰爭設計者更深入地理解把握智能化戰爭作戰的製勝規律和指導規律，發現制約作戰進程的關鍵點及深層原因，從而創造性地提出解決問題的辦法。

形式多樣，不拘一格

毛澤東同志在《論持久戰》中指出：“古人所謂‘運用之妙，存乎一心’，這個‘妙’，我們叫做靈活性，這是聰明的指揮員的出產品。”

智慧化戰爭設計的靈活性，是由作戰行動的差異性以及形勢任務的變化性、不確定性和偶然性決定的，要根據不同的情況進行相應的推理和決斷。戰爭設計方法比較多樣，不拘一格，傳統的研究預測方法有馬爾可夫法、德爾菲法、頭腦​​風暴法、情境分析法等。進行智慧化戰爭設計時，應結合作戰研究實際，靈活採用不同的方法。當前，隨著雲計算、大數據等技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，計算機模擬、建模模擬、兵棋對抗等方法，正日益成為作戰演習及對抗模擬訓練的重要形式，也是智能化戰爭設計普遍採用的方法。

逆向思維，謀略對抗

戰爭是敵對雙方綜合實力的對抗，更是雙方指揮員謀略和智慧的對抗。對抗性是智慧化戰爭設計的基本特點之一，也是戰爭設計區別於其他領域設計活動的主要特徵。

智慧化戰爭設計的主要對象，是敵對雙方在戰場上進行的作戰活動，這些活動是人與人之間，在資訊化智慧化武器裝備及技術手段支撐下「活」的對抗行動，是與敵對雙方戰爭設計者的鬥智鬥勇分不開的。因此，智慧化戰爭設計者不僅要熟悉掌握己方情況，還要站在對手的立場，從對手的角度來思考智能化戰爭會以什麼樣的方式開局、控局、收局，會具體採取什麼樣式的作戰行動來組織實施，要在戰前對作戰實施過程中可能出現的各種情況進行全面分析預測，進而提出有效的對策措施，這樣主動設計的戰爭才有針對性，也能在戰鬥中掌握戰爭的活動中才有針對性。

多域聯動，系統全面

智慧化戰爭設計是一項複雜的系統性工程，涉及軍事、政治、外交、經濟等各個領域，具體方法涉及軍事學、政治學、運籌學等諸多學科領域知識，戰場涉及陸海空天電網等多維空間。

智慧化戰爭設計既不是簡單羅列與戰爭相關的所有內容，也不是對即將發生的戰爭進行具體籌劃和準備，而是對未來一定時期智能化戰爭所涵蓋內容的全方位、全系統、全要素構想和設計。從內容上講，包括智慧化戰爭的作戰場景、作戰目的、作戰規模、作戰方向、戰場環境、可能採取的作戰樣式、作戰方法等；從時間上講，是從戰爭設計者構思或謀劃作戰開始，一直到作戰籌劃、作戰準備、作戰實施、作戰結束的全過程。進行智慧化戰爭設計，不僅要深入研究智能化戰爭的特點、規律和製勝機理，研究作戰對手情況、戰爭環境情況、武器裝備情況；而且要研究戰爭科學、系統科學和現代工程科學等眾多科學領域，並要預測科學技術發展對未來戰爭和作戰的影響，進而對智能化戰爭的作戰理論、作戰進程等進行科學設計。

概略謀劃，多案優選

克勞塞維茨說：“戰爭是不確定性的王國，戰爭所依據的四分之三的因素或多或少地被不確定性的迷霧包圍著。”

智慧化戰爭設計是對智慧化戰爭作戰的概略性籌劃與設想，是建立在設計者智慧與謀略基礎之上的一種創造性思維活動，富有想像力與挑戰力。智慧化戰爭設計只知道作戰發起的概略區域和方式，但對參戰力量的規模、行動樣式等沒有具體明確，作戰目標和作戰指標都不具體，需要根據平時所擔負的任務和麵臨的威脅，在綜合分析預測的基礎上，對智能化戰爭的作戰目的、作戰規模、行動樣式等進行略籌和設想，不拘化和設想，不拘化思維，不拘化思維。智能化戰爭作戰目的和規模可大可小，行動構成靈活多樣，智能化戰爭設計結果應多案並存、多案對比、多法論證，增強結果的針對性和可靠性。

迭代開發，滾動完善

智慧化戰爭設計是一項長期的複雜系統工程，不是一蹴可幾、一勞永逸的事。戰爭本身的蓋然性和勝負影響因素的不確定性以及智能化戰爭作戰體系對抗的複雜性等，都決定了智能化戰爭設計的復雜多變。與此同時，己方在設計對手時，也在被對手設計，任何疏忽或大意都可能導致一著不慎，滿盤皆輸，進行準確的戰爭設計絕非易事。

隨著科學技術的不斷發展、戰爭形態的不斷演變，以及未來面臨的戰略威脅和安全環境的不斷變化，智慧化戰爭設計也應隨著形勢任務的發展而與時俱進，更加註重迭代開發設計。與之相適應，各種作戰構想、作戰概念、作戰預案、作戰條令等也應適時修訂，不斷更新、滾動完善，以適應不斷發展變化的新情況。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/1634673288.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare

Chinese Military Era of Intelligent Integration Calls for Smart Transformation Training

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中国军事智能化时代呼唤智能转型训练

現代英語：

At present, the new military is exciting the rapid development of scientific and technological revolution and revolution. Revolutionary technologies represented by artificial intelligence promote the transformation of war forms to intelligent warfare with artificial intelligence. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. Military training, as a pre-practice of military warfare, should promptly mark new goals, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, accelerate “intelligence” training, continuously improve the military science and technology level and “intelligence content”, and comprehensively upgrade combat capabilities to accelerate generation.

Keep up with the changes in the form of war and upgrade the concept of transformation

As the scale of the military and the number of equipment are no longer the key to victory in war, upgrading war thinking and training concepts is imperative. We should take a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, keep up with the trend of focus development, and strive to create a new thinking for military victory.

Grasp the inherent cause and effect of intelligent manufacturing victory. The winning chart is a manifestation of the inherent laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and driven by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled are increasingly evident, reflected in various links such as actuarial and joint systems. A certain flow chart, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, further training thinking remains at the mechanization level. We should use the courage of self-revolution to trigger a “headache storm”, upgrade standardized combat, strengthen the theoretical research of standardized training, and use “intelligence” soldiers to deal with mechanized, informationized, and standardized combat issues, organically connect with fighting, design wars with technology, and practice wars with intelligent means, so as to clarify the fog of war.

At present, the military implements training mobilization with a focus on transformation, trying to further widen the generation gap in combat power with other countries’ armies. Once the generation gap in the military is widened, it will be difficult to recover. If you can’t keep up with it, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping an eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must stand out in military training, and improve the level of military transformation and non-target combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the target positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat effectiveness has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and the cutting-edge competition in high-end and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological armament, it will only be at the forefront of low-level intelligence. Therefore, we should firmly establish the goal of winning by science and technology, firmly grasp the “life gate” and “key point” of winning future wars, greatly improve the connotation of military science and technology, increase the practical application of new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, unveil the mysterious veil of focusing on war, and control the initiative of future wars.

Keep up with the changes in scientific and technological development and build strong conditions for automation transformation

Automation training conditions are the basic training support for organizing and implementing automation training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of automation training. To build an automated training environment, we need to focus on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and automated operations, and continue to work hard in building environments, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a battlefield environment. Modified operations, training space is more convenient, the field is wider, and the methods are more diverse. The battlefield environment construction under easy mechanization and information conditions can no longer support the needs of modified training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and linkage confrontation supported by the modification conditions, tap into the existing existing training equipment and field functions, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network. For example, digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies are used to simulate and display visualized three-dimensional landforms, weather and complex combat scenes, and build rich and rich combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods help improve training results. Transformation of military training should transform the key factor of “data-centric” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration to form a “pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and immediately command organizations to end individual soldiers; develop data intelligent analysis tools, use training cloud computing, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies to integrate and mine data operations; develop intelligent training systems, increase the construction of simulation methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent judgment, and overall promote the transformation and upgrading of military methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of the standardization level of military personnel must determine the quality of customized training. To win the information-based local war with standardized characteristics, we should accurately meet the future military needs, strengthen the transformation of traditional combat talents, make good use of the power resources of “technology +”, “maker +” and “think tank +”, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technologists”, form a professional and standardized new military talent group, and realize the intelligent interaction between people and equipment, the deep integration of people and environment, and the extensive adaptation of people and environment.

At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream. On the one hand, they support standardized military training, and on the other hand, they are constantly tested and improved. To this end, we should make full use of the war-building and preparation strengthening mechanism, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligence +” construction of the new generation of equipment, adhere to the research, construction, use and modification, break through the customization level of weapon upgrades and equipment through training practice, and finally make efforts to achieve a multiplier effect. The entire weapon equipment goes from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence” to better support standardized military training.

Keep up with the changes in war practice and innovate customized training models

The military style training model has been developed many times and has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, standardized operations have begun to show their edge, and thus have shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. The combat style has changed, and the training model must also change accordingly and actively change. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of war, innovate military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

We must base ourselves on the basic point of fighting high-end wars with strong enemies, highlight the essence of breaking high-end wars, continue to deepen research on strong enemies, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to clarify the laws of war development and key points for winning. Predict future wars and design combat styles from the perspective of intelligence and innovation to study the unique and wonderful ways to defeat the enemy. Emphasize key actions such as joint anti-missile defense, organize strategic and campaign training tactics to defeat the enemy with disadvantages, organize non-combat training to win, and organize training to fight against new domains such as the far sea and the far domain. Seize the high position of future wars in innovative training and form a combat capability of “superior intelligence” and “superior skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the research and training of new quality forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by intelligence has made new combat forces a new growth pole of combat effectiveness. According to information, the US military plans to standardize 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian army expects that more than 30% of key weapons and equipment will be used in the battlefield by 2025. As the army’s new equipment with intelligent attributes increases, it is necessary to take the path of actual combat training with new combat forces as the leading element, highlight the formation and combat use of new combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and victory, strengthen new styles of training such as unmanned combat, promote the combat system of new combat forces, and make new combat power resources move and come alive.

Highlight intelligent command research and training. How to change the form of war and command, ability is always the key ability to win the battle. As the degree of war continues to increase, planning and commanding based on experience and personal wisdom alone can no longer adapt to any rapidly changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, planning, command and control. Commanders and command organizations are the key to the system of operations. We need to make breakthroughs in the scientificity, accuracy and timeliness of command planning. We rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “artificial intelligence algorithms” and new means such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrade of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We can judge the enemy situation, establish plans and determine actions in the process of actuarial calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and taking the lead.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語：

曾海清

引言

目前，新軍事激動科技革命和革命快速發展，以人工智慧為代表的革命性技術，以人工智慧推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭轉型，打贏智慧化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍事訓練作為軍事戰爭的預實踐，應及時邁開標記新目標，實現向“智”轉型、正加速“智”練兵，不斷提高軍事科技度和“含智量”，全面升級作戰能力加速生成。

緊跟形態戰爭之變，升級改造概念

隨著軍事規模、裝備數量已不再是戰爭決定制勝的關鍵，升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更開放的視野，緊跟著焦點發展趨勢，全力打造軍事制勝新思維。

把握智能製造勝的內在因果關係。制勝圖表是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下，資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢日益顯現，體現在精算、聯合體係等各個環節。一定的流程圖，可以說「智」有多高，戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以，進一步訓練思維停留在機械化層面應該以自我革命的勇氣來引發“頭痛風暴”，升級標準化作戰，加強標準化訓練理論研究，以“智”兵練處理機械化、信息化、標準化作戰問題，把和打仗有機銜接起來，用技術設計戰爭，用智能手段演練戰爭，從而輪廓清晰化戰爭的迷霧。

目前，軍事實施以轉型為重點的訓練動員，試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回，一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人，只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要向強在軍事訓練中突出出來，在練兵中提高軍事轉型水準和非目標作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下，戰鬥力形態已從機械能型、資訊能型向型躍升，傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台，高端、新興領域的尖端量日益激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技武裝，將只能在低層次智能外圍前沿，很為此，應樹牢科技制勝目標，緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”，大幅提高軍事科技內涵，加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新手段的實踐運用，揭開聚焦戰爭的神秘面紗，加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新手段的實踐運用，揭開聚焦戰爭的神秘面紗，掌控未來行動權。

緊跟科技發展之變，建強自動化改造條件

自動化訓練條件是組織實施自動化訓練的基礎訓練支撐，直接關係自動化訓練品質。建構自動化訓練條件環境，需要我們緊緊圍繞智慧理念、智慧科技和自動化作戰的發展，在建構環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續發力。

構設戰場環境。 改裝作戰，訓練空間更加便利、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元，易機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐改裝訓練需求。應突顯改裝條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、連動對抗，挖掘充分現有的訓練裝置和現場功能，加強大數據分析、智慧穿戴裝置、機器「深度學習」等技術應用，把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各領域有效融合起來，例如利用數位地圖、虛擬實境等技術模擬顯示可視化的內涵地貌、天誌場景，建構內

開發先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段，有助於提升訓練成果。轉型軍事訓練應轉變「以數據為中心」這一關鍵因素，將最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應著重加強資料連動融合，形成覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術，立即指揮機構走向終結單兵的「池」；開發資料智慧分析工具，藉助訓練雲運算、人工智慧等先進技術，整合挖掘資料作戰；開發智慧演訓系統，加大模擬模擬、兵棋對抗、網路對抗、智慧判決等模擬手段，整體軍事模擬向「科技+升級」「智慧手段」。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變，人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員標準化水準的優劣，一定編程了客製化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有標準化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭，應精準對接未來軍事需求，加強傳統作戰力人才轉型，用好「科技+」「創客+」「智庫+」力量資源，推動「指揮官」「戰鬥員」與「科學家」「技術家」融合發展，形成專業化、標準化的新型軍事人才群體，實現人與裝備智能、人與深度融合。

目前，世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展，無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮，一方面支撐標準化軍事訓練，一方面又在不斷檢驗完善。為此，應充分用好戰建備強化機制，大力推進現有裝備“+智能”和新一代裝備“智能+”建設，堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改，以訓練實踐突破武器升級裝備定制水平，最終發力實現倍增效應，整個武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸，更好地支撐標準化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變，創新客製化訓練模式

軍事樣式訓練模式經過多次發展，從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中，標準化作戰已初露鋒芒，並由此顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」決定的潛力。作戰樣式變了，訓練模式也要隨之變、主動變。要盯緊戰爭特點，創新軍事訓練模式，在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

要立強敵打高端戰爭這個基點，突顯破解高端戰爭本質，持續深化強敵研究，以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手，搞清戰爭發展規律和製勝要點。從的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰風格，智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招要突出聯合反導等關鍵行動，瞄準強敵組織以劣勢勝優的戰略戰役訓練戰術，瞄準勝勝組織非謀求制衡實戰訓練，瞄準全域組織對抗遠海域等新域延伸訓練，在創新運動中搶奪制衡實戰訓練，瞄準全球組織對抗遠海域等新域延伸訓練，在創新訓練中佔高優勢訓練中佔未來的高超能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變，使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。根據資料介紹，美軍計畫在2030年達到60%地面作戰平台標準化，俄軍預計2025年重點武器裝備戰場將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智慧屬性的新裝備增多，要走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子，突顯新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用，開展與新域作戰理念、制勝相適應的訓法戰法，加強無人作戰等新樣式訓練，推動新質作戰力量作戰體系，讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突顯智能指揮研練。戰爭形態如何轉變指揮，能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭程度不斷提高，僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行規劃和指揮已不能適應任何瞬息萬變的戰場局勢，人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、規劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。指揮員和指揮機構這一體係作戰關鍵，在指揮謀劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破，依托「大數據」「人工智慧演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段，推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級，在精算學、先定階段中求敵情、先定階段。

（作者單位：中部戰區）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/xxqj_207719/xxjt/ll/1017241088.html?

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Space #Warfare, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars

What is “new” about Chinese Military New Warfare Domain and New Quality Combat Force?

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軍新戰爭領域、新優質作戰力量究竟「新」在哪裡？

來源：解放軍報 作者：劉海江 責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-11-29 15:14:13

現代英語：

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress proposed to increase the proportion of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. In today’s world, the war situation is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence, and a large number of advanced technologies are widely used in the military field. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have become the commanding heights of strategic competition among major powers and the key force to win the future. Developing new-domain and new-quality combat forces has become a priority option for the world’s military powers. Understanding what is “new” about new-domain and new-quality combat forces is of great value in clarifying ideas, building scientifically, and improving quality and efficiency.

New developments in space

The space domain is the attribute embodiment of the environment that combat forces rely on and the scope of influence. With the expansion of the scope of human activities and the development of national interests, the current military struggle space has exceeded the traditional land, territorial waters and airspace, and has continuously expanded to the deep sea, space, electromagnetic and other fields, and new domains and new types of combat forces have also emerged.

The scope of action has entered social cognition. The scope of action of new-domain and new-quality combat forces has expanded from the traditional physical domain to the social domain and cognitive domain. In the era of intelligence, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the expansion of the scope of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as biological cross-fertilization, brain science, and human-computer interface has promoted the deep penetration and high integration of intelligent network systems and human social activities. New situations and new means such as “intelligent deep forgery” and “fabrication of information manholes” have surfaced in large numbers, and the struggle in the social domain and cognitive domain has gradually evolved into a new domain and new “trend” for power games.

The activity space is more three-dimensional and diversified. Driven by advanced technology, new domain and new quality combat forces have broken through the traditional space of land, sea, air and space, and the scope of activities is more three-dimensional and diversified. The deep sea, space, underground, polar regions, etc. have become new territories for the competition of new domain and new quality combat forces, and have grown into a “new section” for leveraging the combat space. In 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense issued the “National Defense Space Strategy”. Against the background of the establishment of an independent space force and space command in the United States, its space force has evolved into a synonym for comprehensive space capabilities that integrate military, political, economic, and diplomatic capabilities.

Battlefield dimensions emphasize high-level multi-dimensionality. New domain and new quality combat forces often achieve performance aggregation through high-level multi-dimensional deployment, which is very different from the battlefield deployment of conventional forces. With the extension of battlefield dimensions such as network and electromagnetic, the matrix distribution of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the traditional three-dimensional limitations and expanded to a high-level space of high-dimensional, full-dimensional, and large-scale joint. At the end of 2019, the US military launched the concept of “all-domain operations”, integrating space, network, electromagnetic and missile defense capabilities, claiming to compete with competitors in all possible conflict dimensions.

Winning mechanism highlights new changes

The winning mechanism contains the mechanism and principle of seizing the right to occupy and winning. At present, the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare is undergoing profound changes. The new domain and new quality combat force is precisely the “blade” that conforms to the evolution of the war form and conforms to the winning mechanism of intelligent high-end warfare.

The focus of force confrontation is on dimensionality reduction and intelligence control. For new domain and new quality combat forces, data drive is the driving force of power, breaking the network chain is the focus of action, and dimensionality reduction and intelligence control is the focus of confrontation. New domain and new quality combat forces confront based on advanced algorithms and intelligent models, effectively drive key nodes such as cloud, terminal, and library of intelligent combat systems, and form intelligent advantages based on data resources. At the same time, focus on attacking weak links such as the enemy’s data chain system and mobile communication network, cut off the enemy’s cross-domain actions, and block its energy release.

The action path tends to be compound and iterative. Conventional combat forces generally achieve the expected effect through the superposition and accumulation of soft kill and hard destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces use compound iteration of action effects as an effective path for efficient energy release. In the process of action, it not only emphasizes the role of new forces and new means such as hypersonic, long-range precision, laser electromagnetic and high-power microwave, but also focuses on multi-domain effects such as comprehensive algorithm control, network point paralysis, electromagnetic confrontation, psychological offense and defense, and public opinion building, so as to achieve cross-domain release of combat effects, multi-domain resonance and iterative efficiency enhancement.

The game mode focuses on gray over-limit. Traditional combat forces often pursue the direct effect of damage and destruction, while new domain and new quality combat forces pay more attention to gray over-limit battlefield games. The essence is to effectively reduce domains and control intelligence through non-military destruction, unconventional warfare and non-physical destruction in more fields, wider dimensions and wider ranges based on intelligent means and intelligent tools. It is reported that the US military has developed more than 2,000 computer virus weapons such as Stuxnet, Flame, and Shute, and has successfully used them in battlefields such as Syria and Iran. At present, the US military is striving to use projects such as the “National Cyber ​​​​Range” to continue to consolidate its dominant position.

New mutations emerge in science and technology

Science and technology have always been the most dynamic and revolutionary factor in military development. Entering the new century, leading, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies have shown a “booming” growth and have become an important variable in promoting the development of new domains and new types of combat forces.

Mutations come from emerging technologies. Advanced technologies play a vital role in driving the development of combat forces. The core technologies that support new-domain and new-quality combat forces have been rapidly transformed from traditional categories to emerging fields. In today’s world, intelligent technology has made new progress, unmanned system technology has entered an explosive period, space confrontation technology has flourished, network combat technology has advanced in depth, new concept weapons technology has attracted much attention, and fusion technology has given birth to disruptive innovation. As the key to changing the rules of the war game, new-domain and new-quality combat forces must firmly grasp the “key to victory” of emerging technologies.

Mutations present cluster effects. Breakthroughs in advanced science and technology often have a decisive impact on the development of new domain and new quality combat forces. In the era of intelligence, the science and technology system is more complex and systematic, and the role of core and key technologies emphasizes cluster effects and overall emergence. At present, the world’s military science and technology presents an all-round, multi-domain, and deep-level development trend. Various professional directions are accelerating through multi-point breakthroughs, multi-party penetration, and deep integration. The key technologies that support new domain and new quality combat forces are also undergoing a transformation from single competition to cluster promotion.

Mutation favors integration and crossover. Advanced science and technology have a subversive effect of changing the rules of engagement and breaking the conventional path in promoting the development of new domain and new quality combat forces. Today, the development of cutting-edge technology is shifting from conventional disciplines to cutting-edge crossovers. Big crossovers, big integrations, and big breakthroughs have become the general trend. The world’s military powers have increased their investment in artificial intelligence, biological crossovers, advanced computing, hypersonics, and other directions, and have used integration and crossover as an effective way to innovate cutting-edge technologies, competing for the strategic commanding heights of the development of new domain and new quality combat forces.

New modes for weapons and equipment

Weapons and equipment have always been an effective carrier for combat forces to exert their effectiveness. The weapons and equipment of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have the characteristics of new technology, new functions, and new modes. They can effectively exert new-domain and new-quality combat capabilities, create a window of advantage, paralyze the opponent’s system, and form a shock effect.

Platform equipment focuses on intelligent unmanned. At present, the platform equipment of new domain and new quality combat forces has broken through the conventional manned control mode and accelerated the transformation to intelligent unmanned form. In recent years, based on the rapid application of intelligent unmanned technology, full-spectrum unmanned platforms, intelligent equipment and unmanned swarms have experienced explosive growth. The US military’s “Global Hawk” and “Predator” drones have been put into actual combat in large numbers, and the F-35 and the unmanned version of the F-16 have continuously strengthened manned and unmanned collaboration through the “Loyal Wingman” program. The US military plans that drones will account for 90% of its air force aircraft equipment in the future.

The weapon system highlights heterogeneity and versatility. The integration of various types of data links, standards and waveforms provides a richer set of technical integration tools for the weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces. The weapon systems of new-domain and new-quality combat forces have changed the fixed state of individual operation and static combination, and have placed more emphasis on heterogeneous hinges and data conversion based on network information systems to quickly build cross-domain and cross-dimensional wide-area distributed weapon systems. In 2017, the US military proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, envisioning the use of dynamic distribution technology to transform the previously centralized and static weapon systems into heterogeneous and multi-functional ones.

The equipment system is more flexible and open. The equipment system of the new domain and new quality combat force has changed the structural mode of element series connection and unit parallel connection, becoming more flexible and open. With the help of “decentralized” design, the new domain and new quality combat force distributes the key functions of the equipment system nodes to each unit module, which can effectively avoid the passive situation of paralysis as a whole once a certain type or some key equipment is hit. In recent years, the US military has actively promoted the test and verification of “sewing” new electronic system integration technology, which is to accelerate the development of new information fusion and interoperability technologies.

New forms of force formation

Force organization is a form of deployment of combat forces, which directly affects the role and effectiveness of combat forces. New-domain and new-type combat forces have the characteristics of new force platforms, wide range of areas involved, innovative combat mechanisms, and sudden technological development. Force organization is significantly different from traditional forces.

The integration of elements emphasizes dynamic reconstruction. New-domain and new-quality combat forces have realized the dynamic reconstruction and cross-domain integration of combat elements, and promoted the transformation of combat elements from static matching to dynamic reconstruction. Based on the support of intelligent network information system, new-domain and new-quality combat forces can give full play to the derivative effectiveness of intelligent technology, and build a fusion iterative update mechanism of system elements based on autonomous and intelligent battlefield real-time command and control. Through heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules, iterative updates of system elements, reorganization and optimization of system structure, and evolutionary improvement of system capabilities can be achieved.

The unit architecture relies on cross-domain networking. The new domain and new quality combat force has achieved a leap from intra-domain combination to multi-domain aggregation of the unit architecture. Using advanced information network technology and based on mutually cooperative functional nodes, the new domain and new quality combat force can build a distributed “kill network” with good resilience to achieve wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. In the U.S. Army’s “Convergence Plan 2020” exercise, the “Firestorm” artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making system was able to achieve target input for the cutting-edge “Gray Eagle” drone within 20 seconds, and connect with attack weapons such as glide guided bombs, helicopters, and ground artillery.

The formation structure emphasizes human-machine hybrid. The new domain and new quality combat force has realized the transformation of the formation structure from manned to man-machine hybrid. The application of a large number of unmanned platforms and unmanned combat clusters enables the new domain and new quality combat force to rely on the intelligent combat system to form a heterogeneous and diverse open hybrid formation. Various unmanned system platforms are based on artificial intelligence and machine learning technology to autonomously build links and networks and generate multiple sets of combination plans. With the help of auxiliary decision-making tools, commanders can quickly select the best man-machine hybrid formation to achieve intelligent decision-making and unexpected victory.

現代國語：

來源：解放軍報 作者：劉海江 責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-11-29 15:14:13

黨的二十大報告提出，增加新域新質作戰力量比重。當今世界，戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變，大量先進科技在軍事領域廣泛應用，新域新質作戰力量已成為大國戰略競爭的製高點和製勝未來的關鍵力量。發展新域新質作戰力量已成為世界軍事強國的優先選項。認清新域新質作戰力量到底「新」在哪裡，對於釐清思維、科學抓建、提升質效有重要價值。

空間領域出現新拓展

空間領域是作戰力量環境依賴和影響範圍的屬性體現。隨著人類活動範圍的擴大和國家利益的發展，當前軍事鬥爭空間已經超越傳統的領陸、領海和領空，不斷向深海、太空、電磁等領域拓展，新域新質作戰力量也隨之應運而生。

作用領域進入社會認知。新域新質作戰力量的作用領域已由傳統的物理域擴展進入社會域、認知域。智慧化時代，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術加速擴展作戰力量的影響領域。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機介面等技術的快速應用，促使智慧化網絡體係與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。 「智慧深度偽造」「編制資訊繭房」等新情況、新手段大量浮出水面，社會域、認知域的鬥爭已逐漸演變為力量博弈的新領域和新「風口」。

活動空間更加立體多元。在先進技術推動下，新域新質作戰力量已突破陸、海、空、天等傳統空間，活動範圍更加立體多元。深海、太空、地下、極地等都已成為新域新質作戰力量角逐比拼的新領地，並成長為撬動作戰空間的「新版塊」。 2018年，美國國防部發布《國防太空戰略》，在美國成立獨立太空軍和太空司令部的背景下，其太空力量已經演變成為集軍事、政治、經濟、外交等於一體的太空綜合能力代名詞。

戰場維度強調高階多維。新域新質作戰力量往往透過高層的多維布勢實現效能聚合，與常規力量的戰場部署表現出極大不同。隨著網絡、電磁等戰場維度的延展，新域新質作戰力量的矩陣分佈已突破傳統的三維限制，擴展到高立體、全維度、大聯合的高階空間。 2019年底，美軍推出「全域作戰」概念，將太空、網路、電磁和導彈防禦等能力整合，聲稱要與競爭對手在所有可能的沖突維度展開競爭。

制勝機理突顯新變化

制勝機理蘊含著搶佔制權、奪取勝利的機制和原理。當前，智慧化高端戰爭的製勝機理正在發生深刻改變，新域新質作戰力量恰恰正是順應戰爭形態演變、契合智能化高端戰爭制勝機理的「刀鋒」。

力量對抗聚焦降維制智。對新域新質作戰力量來說，數據驅動是力量的動力源，破擊網鍊是作用的著力處，降維制智是對抗的聚焦點。新域新質作戰力量基於先進演算法和智慧模型對抗，有效驅動智慧化作戰體系雲、端、庫等關鍵節點，形成基於數據資源的智慧優勢。同時，注重打擊敵方數據鏈體系和行動通訊網等弱點，切斷敵跨域行動，阻隔其能量釋放。

作用路徑傾向複合迭代。常規作戰力量一般透過軟殺傷和硬摧毀的疊加累積達成預期效果，新域新質作戰力量則將作用效果的複合迭代作為高效釋能的有效路徑。作用過程中，其不僅強調發揮高超聲速、遠程精確、雷射電磁和高功率微波等新力量、新手段的作用，而且注重綜合演算法控制、網點毀癱、電磁對抗、心理攻防和輿論造勢等多域效果，以實現作戰效果的跨域釋放、多域共振和迭代增效。

博弈方式註重灰色超限。傳統作戰力量常常追求毀傷破壞的直接作用，新域新質作戰力量更重視灰色超限的戰場賽局。實質是基於智慧手段和智慧工具，在更多領域、更寬維度和更廣範圍，通過非軍事破壞、非常規作戰和非物理摧毀等作用方式，有效降域制智。據悉，美軍已研發出震網、火焰、舒特等2,000多種電腦病毒武器，並在敘利亞、伊朗等戰場成功使用。目前，美軍正力求藉助「國家網絡靶場」等項目，持續鞏固其優勢地位。

科學技術湧現新突變

科學技術一直以來都是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。進入新世紀，先導性、前衛性、顛覆性技術呈現「井噴式」成長，並成為推動新域新質作戰力量發展的重要變數。

突變源於新興科技。先進科技對作戰力量的產生發展具有至關重要的驅動作用，而支撐新域新質作戰力量的核心技術已由傳統範疇加速向新興領域轉變。當今世界，智慧技術取得新進展，無人系統技術進入爆發期，空間對抗技術蓬勃興起，網絡作戰技術向縱深推進，新概念武器技術備受關注，融合技術催生顛覆性創新。新域新質作戰力量作為改變戰爭遊戲規則的關鍵，必須緊緊扭住新興科技這把「勝利之鑰」。

突變呈現集群效應。先進科技的突破往往對新域新質作戰力量的發展有決定性影響。在智慧化時代，科技體系的複雜程度更高、系統性更強，核心和關鍵技術的作用發揮更加強調集群效應和整體湧現。當前，世界軍事科技呈現全方位、多領域、深層的發展態勢，各專業方向透過多點突破、多方滲透和深度融合等方式加速推進，支撐新域新質作戰力量的關鍵技術也正在經歷由單項比拼向集群推動轉換。

突變青睞融合交叉。先進科技對於推動新域新質作戰力量發展，具有改變交戰規則、打破常規路徑的顛覆性效果。如今，前沿技術的發展正由常規學科延伸向前沿交叉轉移，大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為大勢所趨。世界軍事強國紛紛在人工智慧、生物交叉、先進計算、高超音波等方向加大投入，並將融合交叉作為前沿技術創新的有效途徑，爭相搶佔新域新質作戰力量發展的戰略制高點。

武器裝備呈現新模態

武器裝備一直以來都是作戰力量發揮效用的有效載體。新域新質作戰力量的武器裝備具有技術新、功能新、模態新等特點，可有效發揮新域新質作戰能力，創設優勢窗口，毀癱對方體系，形成震懾效應。

平台裝備側重於智慧無人。當前，新域新質作戰力量的平台裝備已經突破有人為主的常規操控模式，加速向智慧化無人形態轉變。近年來，基於智慧化無人技術的快速應用，全譜係無人平台、智慧裝備和無人蜂群迎來爆發性成長。美軍「全球鷹」「掠食者」等無人機已大量投入實戰，F-35與無人版F-16通過「忠誠僚機」計畫不斷強化有人無人協同。美軍規劃未來無人機將佔到其空軍飛機裝備量的90%。

武器系統突顯異構多能。多種類型的數據鏈、標準和波形的整合，為新域新質作戰力量的武器系統提供了更豐富的技術整合工具。新域新質作戰力量的武器系統改變了個體運行、靜態組合的固定狀態，更加強調基於網絡資訊體系的異構鉸鍊和數據轉換，以快速構建跨領域、穿維度的廣域分散式武器系統。 2017年，美軍提出「馬賽克戰」概念，設想藉助動態分佈技術將以往集中靜態的武器系統變得異構且多能。

裝備體系更彈性開放。新域新質作戰力量的裝備體系改變了要素串聯、單元並聯的結構化模式，變得更有彈性開放。透過「去中心化」設計，新域新質作戰力量將裝備體系節點的關鍵功能分散至各單元模塊，可有效避免一旦某類或某些重點裝備遭到打擊，整體陷入癱瘓的被動局面。近幾年，美軍積極推進「縫合」全新電子系統整合技術的試驗驗證，就是要加速研發新型資訊融合與互通技術。

力量編組顯現新樣態

力量編組是作戰力量編配的形式體現，直接影響作戰力量的角色發揮與效能釋放。新域新質作戰力量具有力量平台新生性、涉及領域廣泛性、作戰機理創新性和技術發展突變性等特徵，力量編組與傳統力量相比有著明顯不同。

要素融合強調動態重構。新域新質作戰力量實現了作戰要素的動態重構與跨域融合，推動了作戰要素由靜態搭配向動態重構的轉變。基於智慧化網絡資訊體系的支撐，新域新質作戰力量可充分發揮智慧技術的衍生效能，基於自主化、智慧化的戰場實時指揮控制，構建一種體係要素的融合式迭代更新機制。通過異構的功能要素和單元模塊，實現體係要素的迭代更新、體系結構的重組優化和體系能力的演進提升。

單元架構借助跨域組網。新域新質作戰力量實現了單元架構由域內組合向多域聚合躍升。利用先進的資訊網絡技術，基於相互協作的功能節點，新域新質作戰力量可構建具有良好韌性的分佈式“殺傷網”，以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。在美陸軍「融合計畫2020」演習中，「火焰風暴」人工智慧輔助決策系統能夠在20秒鐘內實現前沿「灰鷹」無人機的目標輸入，並與滑翔導引炸彈、直升機、地面火砲等攻擊武器連接起來。

編組構成講求人機混合。新域新質作戰力量實現了編組構成由有人為主向人機混合轉變。大量無人平台和無人作戰集群的應用，使得新域新質作戰力量能夠依托智能化作戰體系，形成異構多樣的開放式混合編組。各類無人系統平台基於人工智慧與機器學習技術，自主建鏈組網，產生多套組合方案。指揮員借助輔助決策工具，可快速選定最優的人機混合編組，以實現智慧決策、出奇制勝。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/492720888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Brief Analysis on the Development of Chinese Military Intelligent Command Information Systems

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淺析我軍智慧指揮資訊系統發展

現代英語：

The prelude to the era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nerve” of future intelligent combat command and control, and are the supporting means of intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of intelligent command information system research and development, and exploring the key points of intelligent command information system development can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems and gain the upper hand in future intelligent combat.

Clarify the key points of developing intelligent command information system

Intelligent command information system is the inevitable choice for the development of war form towards information-based intelligent warfare, the inevitable result of the development of scientific and technological revolution, and the era’s call for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information system will help to guide the construction direction of intelligent command information system and establish the long-term goal of system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of war. In the future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation is changing rapidly and the battlefield environment is complex and severe. In order to take the initiative on the battlefield, “control of intelligence” has become a new commanding height, and the intelligent command information system is undoubtedly an important means of supporting future combat command and action. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of war to intelligence, and is an important support for intelligent warfare to gain the initiative and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent combat requires a combat command concept that is compatible with it, and the intelligent command information system is an important support for the practical application of the combat command concept, and is the soil for the innovation and development of the intelligent combat command concept. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formation, data-driven command activities, open development command mode, and intelligent force-focused command process are inseparable from the support of the intelligent command information system. The intelligent command information system will serve as the extension of the human brain, breaking through the physiological limits of the human body and realizing the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about major changes in the combat victory mechanism. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods change from “combat networks + precision-guided weapons” in the information age to “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age, and the basic combat style will evolve from “network-centric warfare” to “cognitive-centric warfare” accordingly.

Grasp the key points of intelligent command information system research and development

The command information system is a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade of the command information system is imminent. We should highlight the key points of functional research and development and create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super-brainization” assists decision-making. In the future intelligent warfare, the amount of battlefield information data is huge and complex and changeable. Commanders are easily trapped in the “sea of ​​information” during the command process, resulting in information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making technology and “cloud brain” and “digital staff”, a new decision-making model based on the collaboration of “human brain + artificial intelligence” is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence, as an extension of the human brain, assist the commander’s work, and develop war decisions from simple human brain decisions to “human brain + artificial intelligence” super-brainized command decisions.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent combat, the space will be multi-dimensional, the forces will be diversified, the styles will be diverse, and the pace will be accelerated. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of battlefield situations will become the basis for commanders to make decisions, and multi-domain integration and intelligent dynamic presentation of full-dimensional battlefield situations will become an inevitable requirement for the construction and development of command information systems. The command information system’s perception, understanding, integration and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future war situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces to cognitive and social domains, realizing “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent warfare will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the intelligent information and communication system must be connected to the command and control platform and the weapon platform. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, the intelligent information and communication system plays a linking and lubricating role in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an intelligent information network with full-dimensional coverage and uninterrupted communication to support the connection and control of intelligent equipment, form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network anti-destruction, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities, so as to ensure intelligent collaborative operations between platforms and exert the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been used in large numbers and have played an important role in determining the direction of war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis of intelligent warfare, and have formed disruptive combat styles based on this, such as invasive lone wolf warfare, manned/unmanned collaborative system sabotage warfare, unmanned system formation independent warfare, and drone swarm cluster warfare. Although unmanned warfare is led by humans, machines are given a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby realizing unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be more intelligent and be able to conduct autonomous and coordinated combat according to the purpose of the operation.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the “intellectual power” struggle on the battlefield and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security technologies, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and strengthen intelligent traceability and countermeasure capabilities to effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key to the development of intelligent command information system

The development of intelligent command information system is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of mind and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information system, we must change the traditional idea of ​​adding hardware, building a large “network”, collecting and storing various types of data, break through the inherent hierarchical settings, create an open and service-oriented system, aim at the needs of intelligent combat command and action, and explore and study the key points of the development of intelligent command information system.

Innovative concepts. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, combine actual needs, and explore a development path with its own characteristics. We must break the traditional “building chimneys” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of command information systems, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system development ideas that combine research, construction and use, formulate short-term, medium-term and long-term development strategies, and standardize the direction of system construction and development; adhere to iterative upgrades and optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems such as command control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information confrontation and comprehensive support, to ensure the continuous and healthy development of intelligent command information systems.

Focus on the key. Focusing on the construction of key capabilities of intelligent command information systems is an important support for intelligent warfare to gather intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to intelligent warfare to gain the “right to win”. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the internal driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of the next generation of computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; deeply explore the deeper and wider dimensional information value in massive combat data resources to seek the initiative to win.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-domain, multi-disciplinary, multi-departmental and multi-unit integrated and coordinated project. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collective wisdom, pioneering and innovation, aiming at strategic forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, and insist on high-tech promotion and intelligent combat demand. Carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, multiple levels, and multiple forms, continuously break through innovation, iterative upgrades, and make the intelligent command information system more complete and more intelligent.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the era of innovation and development of artificial intelligence in the world. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is booming, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application and broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to achieve the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. We must study and formulate general technical standards, remove barriers, break the ice, facilitate military-civilian cooperation, and realize the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. We must cultivate and shape new military talents through collaboration, so that they can constantly adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

現代國語：

來源：解放軍報 作者：李建平 紀鳳珠 李琳 責任編輯：王鳳 2022-08-09 12:40

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開，具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”，是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建設是軍事智慧化發展的內在要求，只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點，探索智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津，才能更好地推動智能化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程，贏得未來智能化作戰制勝先機。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇，是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建設方向，確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰，戰場形勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境復雜嚴酷，要想在戰場上取得主動，「制智權」成為新的製高點，而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智能化發展可助推戰爭形態向智能化演變，是智能化作戰贏得先機、謀求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智能化創新。未來智慧化作戰，需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托，是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐，智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延，突破人體生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術和智能技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化，智慧超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網絡＋精確制導武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網＋有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網絡中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物，隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用，指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發點，打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

“超腦化”輔助決策。未來智能化作戰，戰場資訊數據量龐大且複雜多變，指揮員在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫，影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數字參謀」的出現，以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限，作為人腦的外延，輔助指揮員工作，使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智能化作戰，空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出，全面靈動地掌握戰場態勢成為指揮員決策的基礎，多域一體、智能動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對諸如目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測，正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域，實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網絡通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台，而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管，智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑作用。因此，要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡，支撐智慧化裝備的連結和控制，形成網絡結構智能優化、網絡抗毀智能重組以及智能抗干擾能力，以確保平台間智能化的協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。近期世界局部沖突中，無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用，引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎，並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式，如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導，並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協同被破壞將成為常態，無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧，要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊，資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此，應主動作為，積極制定及完善網絡防護策略，豐富入侵檢測能力及認證識別手段，加強資訊安全高新技術運用，強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力，建強智能化溯源反制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展，要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集存儲各類數據的思路，突破固有層級設定，打造開放式、服務型系統，瞄準智能化作戰指揮與行動需要，探索研究智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引，借用軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路，結合實際需求，探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法，堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃，統一介面、協議和標準，形成開放式、可持續發展的系統架構佈局；堅持研建用相結合的系統研發策略，制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化持續策略，不斷提升指揮、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化持續性策略，不斷提升指揮控制、長期不同階段發展策略、各分列系統建設發展方向；堅持版本

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設，是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托，是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐，也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力要求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢；加快量子計算機等為代表的下一代計算機研發，為智能化指揮信息系統提供更強的算力支持；深度挖掘海量作戰數據資源中更深層次、更廣維度信息價值，謀求制勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一，是一個多領域、多學科交叉，多部門、多單位參與的大融合大聯動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神，瞄準傳感器、量子信息、網絡通信、集成電路、關鍵軟件、大數據、人工智能、區塊鍊等戰略性前瞻領域，堅持高新技術推動、智能化作戰需求拉動，開展多領域、多層次、多形式深度研究交流，更加創新、進一步迭代創新

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展，必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果，融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。當前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢，人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準，拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作，實現技術成果共享連結。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求，充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/491773588.html?