Tag Archives: #Chinese Artificial Intelligence

AI integrated into Chinese Armed Forces: PLA Strategic Support Force Developed Artificial Intelligence Innovation Capabilities

人工智慧融入中國軍隊:解放軍戰略支援部隊發展人工智慧創新能力

現代英語:

Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) technology has advanced by leaps and bounds in recent years . All major powers have developed advanced AI capabilities and attempted to effectively integrate AI into their armed forces. Beijing has also released an ambitious plan to make China a global leader in advanced artificial intelligence by 2030. Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping also reiterated at the 20th Party Congress that China should attach equal importance to the development of artificial intelligence and “intelligent warfare.”

Although China’s strategic goals in the field of artificial intelligence are clear, how it will integrate artificial intelligence into the People’s Liberation Army remains opaque. But at least the recently established PLA Strategic Support Force (SSF) provides some clues: the organization has been given an innovative mission and is responsible for integrating multiple “strategic functions.” To effectively understand the Strategic Support Force, we need to explore whether it will have a “game-changing” impact in future conflicts, where mastery of the information domain and effective integration of artificial intelligence may determine victory or defeat.

The PLA’s “Joint Operationality”: Strategic Support Force

The PLA underwent major reforms in 2015, partly motivated by the need to shift the PLA’s force focus from land territorial defense to extended force projection to ensure China’s strategic interests in areas such as space, cyber warfare and the far seas. A key element of these reforms is the creation of the Strategic Support Force, which concentrates tasks in these broad areas.

The Strategic Support Force (SSF) is tasked with integrating many “strategic” functions and capabilities previously dispersed across the PLA, including space, cyber, information, and psychological warfare. Today, the Strategic Support Force consists of two departments covering these functions: the Space Systems Department, which is responsible for all space-related missions; and the Cyber ​​Systems Department, which undertakes the PLA’s broad information warfare activities.

The ultimate goal of the Strategic Support Force is to gain information advantage, achieve decision-making advantage, and thus achieve ultimate victory. Analysts recently concluded that its mission is likely to support the pursuit of information superiority and can be divided into two categories: providing strategic information superiority and support capabilities to the PLA’s top leadership, including counter-space operations and offensive cyber warfare, and providing information support services to theater military commands.

The Strategic Support Force appears to be designed to enhance the PLA’s “jointness,” or its ability to conduct joint operations. Historically, the PLA has faced challenges integrating joint operations due to the difficulty in innovating and implementing new command and control and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Because the information support provided by the Strategic Support Force is likely to include “intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance to achieve operational and strategic objectives”, some experts believe that the Strategic Support Force plays a key role in improving the overall joint combat effectiveness of the PLA.

The SSF also appears to have several mechanisms in place to develop or acquire technology in order to carry out its mission effectively. While the SSF is not the only agency within the PLA with this function, the SSF is responsible for more AI-related equipment contracts than any other service in the PLA. For example, the Strategic Support Force has made significant investments in artificial intelligence innovation, leveraging citizen partnerships to acquire new technologies such as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, autonomous vehicles, information and electronic warfare, simulation and training, and target identification.

On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency
On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency

PLA Artificial Intelligence Innovation

The U.S. National Security Council pointed out in its 2022 final report that “while artificial intelligence will be widely used in all fields, the large amount of data associated with space, cyber, and information operations makes these application cases particularly suitable for priority integration of AI technology in war simulations, exercises, and experiments.” This is exactly the area where the Strategic Support Force operates.

Many of the Strategic Support Force’s functions involve processing a variety of diverse, large volumes of rapidly changing information flows at speeds exceeding human capacity, making them excellent candidates for the application of artificial intelligence. For example, AI can help create and maintain situational awareness and can be used for prediction by collecting, integrating and analyzing information. AI can also be used to analyze the consequences and planning of potential actions and conduct war simulations.

However, actual command decisions are made by the theater military command or the Joint Chiefs of Staff. At the same time, the development of AI for decision-support applications may be the responsibility of other PLA components, such as the National University of Defense Technology and the Academy of Military Sciences, rather than the Strategic Support Force. Nevertheless, in providing information support to these decision makers, the Strategic Support Force is likely to play an important role in human-machine interface interaction with such artificial intelligence systems, thereby effectively supporting decision making.

At the same time, of the twelve major military applications currently being developed by the PLA, at least five are closely related to the missions of the Strategic Support Force, namely smart satellites, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance software, automated cyber attack software, cognitive electronic software, and possible automated vehicles, including:

  1. Space Battle
  2. Cyber ​​Warfare
  3. Electronic warfare
Schematic diagram. The picture shows facial recognition technology demonstrated at the "Security China" held in Beijing, China in 2018. Photo/Associated Press

While many applications of AI within the SSU mission area can be identified today, the most important long-term impacts may be difficult to predict. Furthermore, the AI ​​plans proposed in China’s national white paper are not consistent with actual innovation progress.

In fact, most of China’s major investments in AI appear to be business-related and have little to do with military missions. Some assessments suggest that previous estimates of China’s current AI capabilities may be overstated. This means that it is not possible to immediately see the effective integration of artificial intelligence into the PLA’s mission areas, but the Strategic Support Force does have the mission of gaining information advantages to achieve decision-making advantages and ultimate victory.

As for artificial intelligence, it means that the Strategic Support Force must integrate artificial intelligence applications to make up for the PLA’s weaknesses in ensuring and utilizing information advantages. But this does not mean that the Strategic Support Force will become the focus of the PLA’s overall artificial intelligence innovation.

While many of the SSF’s missions are amenable to AI and there may be synergies between missions for applying AI, it is unclear which applications the SSF will use, whether these synergies are feasible, and whether the SSF has the capability to execute them. There will inevitably be a certain degree of prioritization in innovation for specific AI applications that are differentiated across different tasks.

China is determined to become a global leader in artificial intelligence and apply its technology to military missions to suppress U.S. advantages in the Indo-Pacific region. In many ways, the SSF has the advantages to achieve these goals, including a relaxed policy environment that promotes innovation, the SSF’s clear innovation responsibilities, and senior leadership support for “smartness.” The SSF also builds partnerships with China’s high-tech commercial sector and academia. These efforts are consistent with China’s military-civil fusion agenda, which aims to overcome barriers that prevent the People’s Liberation Army from acquiring resources from the commercial sector.

Schematic diagram. Photo/Associated Press
Schematic diagram. Photo/Associated Press

Obstacles to the Strategic Support Force’s Implementation of the PLA’s Innovation Plan

However, the Strategic Support Force also faces huge obstacles in implementing the People’s Liberation Army’s innovation-driven plan. The SSF and the PLA as a whole will face several challenges in AI applications, including attracting and retaining high-quality high-tech talent and mainland China’s inability to domestically develop and manufacture advanced logic and memory chips that are critical to developing cutting-edge AI—a clear weakness now that the United States has disrupted its supply of high-end semiconductors. In addition, research institutions in the United States and other Western countries are now increasingly cautious about collaborating with Chinese researchers in fields such as artificial intelligence, which have significant military potential.

The PLA’s limited combat experience has led to a lack of relevant “real and empirical” data, which may hinder the development of decision-making support artificial intelligence systems. More importantly, unless the PLA focuses on understandable, trustworthy AI, the use of AI systems with opaque operations, uncertain effective areas, and uncertain failure modes could cause serious damage.

For the national army , although there may be some limitations and uncertainties in the military application of artificial intelligence, with the continuous development and maturity of artificial intelligence technology, its application potential in the military field is still huge. As technology advances, we can expect to see more artificial intelligence systems introduced into military applications to improve operational efficiency and combat effectiveness.

However, to ensure that artificial intelligence technology can be robustly applied to military missions, it is necessary to strengthen technology research and development and testing, ensure the safety and reliability of the system, and rationally plan and manage the use of artificial intelligence technology. Only in this way can we better utilize artificial intelligence technology to enhance the information-based combat effectiveness of our military and achieve stronger and more robust combat capabilities.

現代國語:

近年來人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)技術突飛猛進,所有主要大國都發展先進的AI能力,並試圖將AI有效地融入武裝力量。北京亦發佈雄心勃勃之計畫,要求2030年將中國建設成為全球先進人工智能強國。中共領導人習近平亦於第20次黨代表大會再次強調,中國應於人工智慧領域發展與「智慧戰爭」 並重。

雖然中國大陸於人工智能領域的戰略目標明確,但其如何將人工智能融入解放軍仍然是不透明的。但至少,最近成立的解放軍戰略支援部隊(Strategic Support Force, SSF)提供了一些線索:該組織賦予了創新任務,負責整合多種「戰略功能」。為了有效理解戰略支援部隊,探究它是否將在未來衝突中產生「改變遊戲規則」的影響,其中掌握資訊領域和有效整合人工智能可能決定勝負。

解放軍的「聯合作戰性」:戰略支援部隊

2015年解放軍軍隊進行重大改革,部分動機是將解放軍武力重點從陸地領土防禦轉向延伸武力投射,以確保中國在太空、網絡戰和遠海等領域的戰略利益。這些改革的主要關鍵要素即為成立戰略支援部隊,集中了這些廣泛領域中的任務。

戰略支援部隊(SSF)的任務是整合先前分散在解放軍各部隊的許多「戰略」職能和能力,包括太空、網絡、資訊與心理戰等。如今,戰略支援部隊由兩個部門組成,涵蓋了這些職能:太空系統部門,負責所有與太空有關的任務;網路系統部門,承擔解放軍廣義的資訊戰活動。

戰略支援部隊最終目標是獲得資訊優勢,實現決策優勢,從而取得最終勝利。分析家最近得出結論,其任務很可能是支援追求資訊優勢,並可分為兩類:為解放軍最高層領導提供戰略資訊優勢和支援能力,包括反太空行動和攻擊性網絡戰,以及向戰區軍事指揮部提供資訊支援服務。

戰略支援部隊設計似乎旨在提升解放軍的「聯合作戰性」,或其進行聯合作戰的能力。歷史上,因新的指揮掌控與情報、監視和偵察能力的創新和實施方面實存在困難性,解放軍在整合聯合作戰方面面臨挑戰。因戰略支援部隊提供的資訊支援很可能包含「情報、監視和偵察,以實現作戰和戰略目標」,一些專家認為戰略支援部隊在提高解放軍整體聯合作戰性方面起到了關鍵作用。

為了有效遂行任務,戰略支援部隊似乎還擁有若干機制來開發或取得技術。雖然戰略支援部隊並非解放軍內唯一承擔此功能的機構,戰略支援部隊負責與人工智能相關的裝備合約比解放軍的任何一個服務都要多。例如戰略支援部隊在人工智慧創新方面進行了大量投資,利用公民合作夥伴關係來獲取情報、監視和偵察、自主車輛、資訊與電子戰、模擬與訓練、以及目標識別等新技術。

2015年12月31日,中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。 圖/新華社
2015年12月31日,中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。 圖/新華社

解放軍人工智慧創新

美國國家安全委員會於2022年最終報告中指出,「雖然人工智能將在所有領域普遍應用,但與空間、網絡和信息作戰領域相關的大數據量,使得這些領域的應用案例特別適合優先整合AI技術應用於戰爭模擬、演習和實驗。」而這正是戰略支援部隊所運營的領域。

戰略支援部隊許多功能涉及處理各種多樣、大量和快速變化之信息流,處理速度超過人類容量,都是應用人工智能的絕佳候選領域。例如,人工智慧可以幫助創建和維持態勢感知,透過收集、整合和分析信息,也可用於預測;另人工智能還可於分析潛在行動的後果與規劃、進行戰爭模擬。

然而實際指揮決策則由戰區軍事指揮部或聯合參謀部負責。同時,用於決策支援應用的人工智慧的開發可能由其他解放軍組成部分,如中國國防科技大學和軍事科學院,並非由戰略支援部隊負責。儘管如此,在為這些決策者提供資訊支援方面,戰略支援部隊很可能在與此類人工智慧係統進行人機界面互動發揮重要作用,並進而有效支援決策制定。

與此同時,解放軍刻正開發的十二個主要軍事應用中,至少五個與戰略支援部隊的任務密切相關,分別是智慧衛星、情報、監視和偵察軟件、自動化網絡攻擊軟件、認知電子軟件以及可能的自動化車輛,包含:

太空戰
對於太空戰,解放軍可能探索應用人工智能,內含用於管理大規模衛星;與在地球觀測資料集分析(處理和目標識別衛星圖像);認知無線電技術,一種「智慧」無線電技術,旨在藉由自主切換頻道來避免干擾和擁擠,從而使空間通訊更加高效;自主衛星操作,以彌補有限的帶寬和延遲與減輕地面衛星操作員的工作負荷。

網路戰
網路戰,即為網路安全和電子戰都依賴於即時處理大量資料以識別威脅並更新防禦措施。如藉由人工智能引導對敵對網絡的指引,亦可同時支援技術偵察和網絡攻擊。此任務處於戰略支援部隊的職責範圍內,此部隊的創立旨在鞏固解放軍在網路安全和電子戰方面的聯繫。自動化還可以提高網絡防禦的速度和規模,減輕先前解放軍面臨的限制。

電子戰
人工智能亦可協助電子戰,增強電子戰系統的自主性。如人工智能可以識別和分類雷達或通訊系統的信號,檢測和分類幹擾器,提高幹擾信號的到達方向估計,開發高效的抗干擾協議與即時更新防禦措施(認知電子戰)。


示意圖。圖為2018年中國北京舉行的「安全中國」(Security China)上展示的人臉辨識技術。 圖/美聯社

雖然目前可確定戰略支援單位任務範圍內許多人工智能的應用,但最重要的長期影響可能難以預測。此外,中共國家白皮書中提出的人工智慧計劃並非與實際的創新進展一致。

實際上,中共於人工智能大部分重要投資似乎與商業相關,與軍事任務關係不大。一些評估先前關於中國當前人工智能能力的估計可能過於誇大。意謂不可能立即看到人工智能有效整合於解放軍的任務領域,但戰略支援部隊確實賦予提取信息優勢以實現決策優勢和最終勝利的任務。

至於人工智能方面,意謂戰略支援部隊必然整合人工智能應用,以彌補解放軍在確保和利用資訊優勢方面之弱點。但這不意謂戰略支援部隊將成為解放軍整體人工智慧創新的焦點。

儘管戰略支援部隊的許多任務均適用於人工智能,而且在任務之間可能存在應用人工智能的協同效應,但目前尚不清楚戰略支援部隊將使用哪些應用,這些協同效應是否具有可行性,與戰略支援部隊是否有能力執行。對於在不同任務中具有差異的特定人工智慧應用,創新中必然會存在一定程度的優先考慮。

中國決心成為全球人工智慧領域領導者,並將其技術應用於軍事任務,以壓制美國在印太地區的優勢。在許多方面,戰略支援部隊都具備説明實現這些目標的優勢,包括寬鬆的政策環境促進創新、戰略支援部隊明確的創新職責以及高層領導對「智慧化」的支持。戰略支援部隊也與中國的高科技商業部門和學術界建立合作關係。這些努力與中國的軍民融合協議一致,旨在克服妨礙解決中國人民解放軍從商業部門獲取資源屏障。

戰略支援部隊執行解放軍創新計畫的障礙

不過戰略支援部隊在執行中國人民解放軍創新驅動計畫時,亦面臨巨大障礙。戰略支援部隊和解放軍總體上將在人工智能應用面臨一些挑戰,包括吸引和留住高素質高科技人才,與中國大陸無法於國內研發和製造對開發尖端人工智能至關重要的先進邏輯和存儲芯片——這是目前美國已中斷對高端半導體的供應所導致的明顯弱點。此外,美國和其他西方國家的研究機構現在對與具有重大軍事潛力的人工智能等領域的中國研究人員進行合作越來越謹慎。

根據解放軍有限的戰鬥經驗,導致了相關「實踐實證」資料匱乏,可能妨礙發展決策支援人工智慧系統。更重要的是,除非解放軍專注於可理解、值得信賴的人工智能,否則使用具有不透明操作、不確定有效區域和不確定故障模式的人工智能係統可能會造成嚴重損害。

對於國軍而言,儘管人工智能於軍事應用可能存在一些限制和不確定性,但隨著人工智能技術的不斷發展和成熟,其在軍事領域的應用潛力仍然巨大。隨著技術的進步,我們有望看到更多人工智慧係統被引入軍用應用中,提高作戰效率和戰鬥力。

然而,要確保人工智能技術能夠穩健地應用於軍事任務中,需要加強技術研發和測試,確保系統的安全性和可靠性,以及合理規劃和管理人工智能技術的使用。只有這樣,我們才能更好地利用人工智慧技術來提升國軍資訊化戰鬥力,並實現更強大、更穩健的作戰能力。

中國原創軍事資源:https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/123525/7360758884

China’s Military Era of Intelligence Calls for Training to Transform into “Smart Warfare”

中國軍事智能化時代呼喚訓練向「智慧戰爭」轉型

現代英語:

Zeng Haiqing

introduction

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the evolution of war to intelligent warfare. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. As a pre-practice of war, military training should take a new step towards intelligence in a timely manner, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, train soldiers with “intelligence”, continuously improve the scientific and technological level and “intelligence content” of military training, and help accelerate the generation of intelligent combat capabilities.

Keeping up with the changes in the war situation, upgrading the concept of intelligent training

With the acceleration of the intelligent era, high-tech has been widely used in the military field, which is causing major changes in the concept, elements and methods of winning wars. The size of the army and the number of equipment are no longer the key to winning a war. It is imperative to upgrade the war thinking and training concepts. We should follow the development trend of intelligence with a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, and advocate new thinking in intelligent military training.

Grasp the internal mechanism of intelligent victory. The winning mechanism is the manifestation of the internal laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and guided by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled capabilities are becoming increasingly apparent, reflected in actuarial science, jointness, systems, and other aspects. To a certain extent, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, an army whose training thinking remains at the mechanized level will never be able to keep up with the pace of intelligent warfare no matter how it is trained. We should have a “brain storm” with the courage of self-revolution, upgrade the concept of intelligent warfare, strengthen the theoretical research of intelligent training, deal with the problems of mechanized, informationized, and intelligent warfare with the thinking of training troops with “intelligence”, organically connect training and fighting, design wars with advanced technology, and rehearse wars with intelligent means, so as to clear up the fog of intelligent warfare.

Establish the goal of “strengthening the strong”. At present, the military of developed countries is implementing a training transformation with an emphasis on intelligence, trying to further widen the gap in combat power with the military of other countries. Once the military gap is widened, it will be difficult to make up. If you can’t keep up, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping a close eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must highlight the goal of “strengthening the strong” in military training, and improve the level of military intelligence and asymmetric combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the goal positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat power form has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to intelligent type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and cutting-edge competition in high-tech and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological content, it will only be able to linger at a low level and it will be difficult to open the door to intelligent warfare. To this end, we should firmly establish the concept of winning through science and technology, firmly grasp scientific and technological innovation, the “life gate” and “key point” to winning future wars, greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, and increase the practical application of new technologies and new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, so as to unveil the mystery of intelligent warfare and control the initiative in future wars.

Keep up with the changes in technological development and strengthen intelligent training conditions

Intelligent training conditions are the basic support for organizing and implementing intelligent military training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of intelligent training. To build an intelligent training environment, we need to keep a close eye on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and intelligent warfare, and continue to work hard in building a training environment, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a realistic battlefield environment. Intelligent warfare has a wider space, a wider range of fields, and more diverse methods. The battlefield environment construction under the conditions of simple mechanization and informatization can no longer support the needs of intelligent training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and joint confrontation under the support of intelligent conditions, fully tap the potential of existing training methods and training venues, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. For example, use digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies to simulate and display intuitive three-dimensional terrain, weather and complex combat situations, and construct vivid and realistic intelligent actual combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods are helpful to improve training effectiveness. Intelligent military training should grasp the key factor of intelligent “data-centricity” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration, creating a “data pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and connecting command organizations to end-users; developing data intelligent analysis tools, integrating and mining combat data with the help of advanced technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence; developing intelligent training systems, increasing the construction of simulation training methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent decision-making, and overall promoting the transformation and upgrading of military training methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war situation evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of military personnel’s intelligence level determines the quality and effect of intelligent training to a certain extent. To win the information-based local war with intelligent characteristics, we should accurately match future military needs, strengthen the intelligent training of traditional combat force talents, make good use of “technology +”, “maker +”, “think tank +” power resources, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technicians”, and forge a new type of professional and intelligent military talent group to achieve intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and extensive adaptation between people and the environment.

Strengthen support for intelligent equipment. At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream, supporting intelligent military training while constantly testing and improving them in training practice. To this end, we should make full use of the overall coordination mechanism of war construction, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligent +” construction of a new generation of equipment, insist on researching, building, using and improving, and improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment through breakthroughs in training practice. We should work on both ends to achieve a multiplier effect, shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and better support intelligent military training.

Keeping up with the changes in war practices, innovating intelligent training models

The combat style determines the training mode. After years of development, military intelligence has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, intelligent warfare has begun to show its edge and has shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. As the combat style changes, the training mode must also change and change proactively. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

Highlight high-end warfare research and training. We should focus on cracking the essence of high-end warfare by strengthening the enemy, continue to deepen research on strengthening the enemy, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to understand the development laws and winning mechanisms of high-end warfare. We should predict future wars and design combat styles from a high-end perspective, and pool wisdom and innovation to research unique, clever, and high-level strategies to defeat the enemy. We must emphasize key actions such as joint missile defense, target strategic campaign and tactical training to force strong organizations to defeat the strong with the weak, target practical training for asymmetric checks and balances to win decisive battles in high-end organizations, target extended training in new domains such as the far sea and far domain for all-domain confrontation organizations, seize high positions in future wars through innovative training, and develop combat capabilities that are “one step ahead in intelligence” and “one step ahead in skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the training of new-type forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by wisdom has made new-type combat forces a new growth pole of combat power. According to information, the US military plans to achieve intelligentization of 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian military expects that the proportion of intelligent weapons and equipment will exceed 30% by 2025. As the army has more and more new equipment with intelligent attributes, it should move away from the actual combat training path with new-type combat forces as the dominant element, highlight the formation and combat use of new-type combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and winning mechanism, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, promote the integration of new-type forces into the combat system, and make new-type combat power resources move and come alive.

Emphasize intelligent command training. No matter how the war situation evolves, command capability is always the key to winning the war. As the intelligence level of war continues to increase, planning and command based solely on experience and personal wisdom can no longer adapt to the ever-changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, combat planning, and command and control. We should focus on commanders and command organizations, which are the key to the system’s operations, seek breakthroughs in the scientific nature, accuracy, and timeliness of command planning, and rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “AI algorithms” and new methods such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrading of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We should judge the enemy’s situation, formulate plans, and determine actions through actuarial and detailed calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and getting the upper hand over the enemy.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

■曾海清

引言

當前,新一輪科技革命和軍事革命快速發展,以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術,正加速推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變,打贏智能化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍訓作為戰爭的預實踐,應該及時邁開智能化新步伐,實現向“智”轉型、以“智”練兵,不斷提高軍事訓練科技度和“含智量”,助力智能化作戰能力加快生成。

緊跟戰爭形態之變,升級智慧化訓練概念

隨著智慧化時代的加速到來,高新技術在軍事領域廣泛應用,正引發戰爭制勝理念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。軍隊規模、裝備數量已不再是決定戰爭勝負的關鍵,升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢在必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更加開放的視野,緊跟智慧化發展趨勢,倡導智慧化軍事訓練新思維。

把握智能製勝的內在機理。制勝機理是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下,資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢愈發顯現,體現在精算、聯合、體係等各個面向。在某種程度上,可以說「智」有多高,戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以,一支訓練思維停留在機械化層面的軍隊,如何訓練都不可能跟上智慧化戰爭的腳步。應該以自我革命的勇氣來一場“頭腦風暴”,升級智能化作戰理念,加強智能化訓練理論研究,以以“智”練兵思維處理機械化、信息化、智能化作戰問題,把訓練和打仗有機銜接起來,用先進技術設計戰爭,用智慧手段演練戰爭,從而廓清智能化戰爭的迷霧。

立起向強制強的標靶指向。目前,發達國家軍隊正實施以智慧化為重點的訓練轉型,試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回,一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人,只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要把向強制強在軍訓中突出出來,在練兵中提高軍事智慧化水準和非對稱作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下,戰鬥力形態已經從機械能型、資訊能型向智能型躍升,傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台,高科技、新興領域的尖端較量日趨激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技含量,將只能在低層次徘徊,很難叩開智能化戰爭的大門。為此,應該樹牢科技制勝理念,緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”,大幅提高軍事訓練科技含量,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新科技新手段的實踐運用,從而揭開智慧化戰爭的神秘面紗,掌控未來戰爭主動權。

緊跟科技發展之變,建強智能化訓練條件

智慧化訓練條件是組織實施智慧化軍事訓練的基礎支撐,直接關乎智慧化訓練質效。建構智慧化的訓練條件環境,需要我們緊盯智慧理念、智慧科技和智慧化作戰的發展,在構設訓練環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續用力。

構設逼真戰場環境。智慧化作戰,空間更加廣闊、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元,單純機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐智慧化訓練需求。應突顯智慧化條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、聯動對抗,充分挖潛現有訓練手段及訓練場地功能,加強大數據分析、智慧穿戴設備、機器「深度學習」等技術應用,把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各個領域有效融合起來,例如利用數字地圖、虛擬現實等技術模擬顯示形象直觀的三維地貌、天候氣象和復雜交戰態勢,構建生動、逼真的智能化實戰場景。

發展先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段,有助於提升訓練成效。智慧化軍事訓練應掌握智慧化「以數據為中心」這個關鍵因素,把最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應著重加強數據連結融合,打造覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術,貫通指揮機構到末端單兵的「數據池」;開發數據智慧分析工具,借助雲計算、人工智慧等先進技術,整合挖掘作戰數據;開發智慧演訓系統,加大模擬模擬、兵棋對抗、網絡對抗、智慧裁決等模擬訓練手段建設,整體推動軍事訓練手段向「科技+」「智慧+」轉型升級。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變,人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員智能化程度的優劣,某種程度上決定了智慧化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭,應該精準對接未來軍事需求,加強傳統作戰力量人才智能化培育,用好“科技+”“創客+”“智庫+”力量資源,推動“指揮員」「戰鬥員」與「科學家」「技術家」融合發展,鍛造專業化、智慧化的新型軍事人才群體,實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境廣泛適應。

強化智能裝備支撐。目前,世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展,無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮,一邊支撐智慧化軍事訓練,一邊又在訓練實踐中不斷檢驗完善。為此,應充分以好戰建備統籌機制,大力推進現有裝備「+智慧」與新一代裝備「智慧+」建設,堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改,以訓練實踐突破提升武器裝備智慧化水平,兩端發力實現倍增效應,縮短武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸,更好地支撐智能化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變,創新智能化訓練模式

作戰樣式決定訓練模式。軍事智能化經過多年發展,已經從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中,智慧化作戰已經初露鋒芒,並顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」的潛力。作戰樣式變了,訓練模式也要跟著變、主動變。要緊盯智慧化戰爭特點,創新智慧化軍事訓練模式,在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

突顯高端戰爭研練。要立足強敵打高端戰爭這個基點,突顯破解高端戰爭本質,持續深化強敵研究,以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手,搞清高端戰爭發展規律和製勝機理。從高端的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰樣式,集智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招、高招。要突顯聯合反導等關鍵行動,瞄準向強制強組織以劣勝優的戰略戰役戰術訓練,瞄準決勝高端組織非對稱制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全局對抗組織遠海遠域等新域延伸訓練,在創新訓練中搶佔未來戰爭高位,形成對強敵「智高一籌」「技高一籌」的作戰能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變,使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。據資料介紹,美軍計畫在2030年實現60%地面作戰平台智能化,俄軍預計2025年智慧化武器裝備佔比將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智慧屬性的新裝備越來越多,應走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子,突顯新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用,開展與新域作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法,加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練,推動新質力量融入作戰體系,讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突出智能指揮研練。無論戰爭形態如何演變,指揮能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭智能化程度不斷提高,僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行籌劃和指揮已不能適應瞬息萬變的戰場局勢,人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。應該扭住指揮員和指揮機構這個體係作戰關鍵,在指揮籌劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破,依托「大數據」「AI演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段,推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級,在精算深算細算中判敵情、立方案、定行動,達到以快吃慢、先敵一手。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4916122888.html

Prosperity and Development Support a Strong Chinese Military Culture Leading to Victory

繁榮發展支撐中國軍事文化走向勝利

現代英語:

A strong military culture is the inner guarantee for the people’s army to be invincible, invincible, and continuously develop and grow. It is a fertile spiritual ground for nourishing officers and soldiers, and an important factor in improving the combat effectiveness of the army. The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the need to “prosper and develop a strong military culture and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit.” In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s cultural thoughts, for the people’s army, is to prosper and develop a strong military culture. Through the education and influence of culture, we can cultivate the fighting spirit and brave and tenacious fighting style of the officers and soldiers who dare to fight and win, and use advanced culture to sharpen the spirit of defeating the enemy, providing spiritual motivation for being able to fight and win wars, and truly make the culture of a strong army point to winning and winning. Win with service and win with support.

one

To comprehensively strengthen military training and preparations and improve the People’s Army’s ability to win, we must attach great importance to the valuable function of a strong military culture in educating people for war and assisting a strong military. Prosperity and development support the culture of a strong military that wins and wins. It is not only a historical inheritance, a need of the times, but also the call of the cause of strong military.

The basic direction of continuing our military’s cultural tradition. Culture is the root of a nation’s prosperity and an important support for a strong military. More than 80 years ago, Comrade Mao Zedong said at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art: “If we want to defeat the enemy, we must first rely on the army with guns in hand. But it is not enough to have this kind of army. We also need an army with culture. This is An army that is indispensable for uniting ourselves and defeating the enemy. “In the long-term practice of revolution, construction and reform, our army has used its blood and lives to forge the “cultural gene” of victory and the “cultural bloodline” of heroes, nourishing generations after generations. A generation of officers and soldiers. All the winning culture for victory contains a strong bloody gene and shows a clear direction of winning. In the new era and new journey, the key to extracting the essence and absorbing energy from our military’s cultural traditions is to polish the sharp knives and swords of the officers and soldiers’ fighting spirit, continue to enhance the officers and soldiers’ awareness of war, and constantly strengthen the joy of hearing war, bravery and tenacity, and The martial spirit of winning if you dare to fight.

An inevitable choice to adapt to the evolution of war patterns. The world’s new military revolution is accelerating the evolution of war toward information-based warfare with intelligent characteristics, showing characteristics such as informatization of technology, systematization of organization, and digitization of weapons and equipment. The evolution of war patterns will inevitably lead to the reshaping of military cultural patterns. From mechanized warfare to informatized and intelligent warfare, from “large corps” operations and “large depth” assaults, to “asymmetric operations”, “non-line operations”, “integrated joint operations”, and then to “multi-domain precision warfare” “Cognitive domain warfare” and the evolution of the mechanism for winning wars have promoted corresponding changes in the form of military culture. On the new journey, our military promotes the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. It must not only accelerate the iterative update of weapons and equipment, but also actively promote the transformation and development of military culture, shape and reflect the characteristics of the times in terms of military theory, strategy, tactics, and fighting spirit. Create a strong military culture in the new era that is compatible with the development of the times and in line with technological progress to support victory.

The essential requirement of prospering and developing a strong military culture. The fundamental function of a strong military culture is to serve as a military force for war, which determines that the fundamental purpose of building a strong military culture is to provide spiritual motivation for being able to fight and win wars. The culture of a strong military is extremely permeable and durable. The loyalty, quality and will to fight it contains forge the spirit of the people’s army and cultivate the invincible combat effectiveness of the people’s army. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the People’s Army has been reborn, transformed and reshaped. The entire military has taken the ability to fight and win wars as its fundamental focus, and has taken the prosperity and development of a strong military culture as a powerful measure to generate combat effectiveness. It is closely integrated with the generation of combat effectiveness. At the same time, it is closely integrated with the main responsibilities and main business of the army, constantly improving the contribution rate of a strong military culture to combat effectiveness, and fully demonstrating the combat function of a strong military culture in troop training and preparation.

two

To prosper and develop a strong military culture that supports victory, we must be guided by Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, grasp the main thread, highlight the key points, and strive to cultivate a strong military cultural system with combat culture, joint culture, and military characteristic culture as the main content. .

Cultivate a fighting culture that can win battles. Combat culture reflects the inherent essence of a strong military culture and determines the value positioning and value orientation of a strong military culture. Combat culture is a bloody culture that has been tempered, washed, and accumulated through the practice of military struggle. It has profound cultural heritage, strong combat characteristics, and distinctive characteristics of the times. Its value functions are mainly manifested in strengthening war awareness, improving combat skills, and sharpening combat skills. Spirit is an important component of combat effectiveness, the main body of the cultural system of a strong military, and an important magic weapon for the people’s army to win. To cultivate a combat culture, efforts must be made to strengthen the responsibility of officers and soldiers to serve as soldiers in war, lead troops to fight, and train troops to fight. The fighting spirit of “one is not afraid of hardship, and the other is not afraid of death” and the fighting qualities of bravery, tenacity, and determination to win if they dare to fight, and effectively set the standard of combat effectiveness. As the basic focus and foothold for the prosperity and development of a strong military culture, it serves as the fundamental criterion for testing the quality and effectiveness of the construction of a strong military culture.

Cultivate a joint culture that unites to win. Modern warfare cannot be fought without alliances and cannot be won without alliances. The basic combat style is integrated joint operations. Joint culture is based on the sum of joint knowledge systems, values, ways of thinking and behavioral norms that are required to win modern wars. It widely penetrates into the joint combat system, force structure, behavioral norms and models. It is like an invisible hand, effectively promoting the joint combat system from “physical connection” to “spiritual connection”, from “heart to heart” to “heart to heart.” To cultivate a joint culture, we must rely on task traction and joint exercises and training to solidify the political soul of officers and soldiers to obey the party’s command, cultivate the operational concept of joint victory, improve the knowledge system of joint operations, temper the way of thinking of integrated linkage, and cultivate common emotions and values, strengthen and stabilize the collective psychological identity, and condense the unbreakable will to win.

Cultivate a rich and colorful military culture. One flower blooming alone is not spring, but a hundred flowers blooming together fills the garden. In military practice, our army has formed its own distinctive service and service cultures, including the Army’s “Armored Iron Style” culture, “Artillery God of War” culture, and “Army Aviation War Eagle” culture, the Navy’s “Deep Blue Culture”, and the Air Force’s “Sky” culture. The culture of “Eagle”, “Ladder to Heaven” and “Arrow of Heaven”, the Rocket Army’s “Sword Sharpening Culture” and “Lang Ying Culture”, etc. The magnificent flowers of military service culture not only constitute a unique spiritual symbol, but also become a “multiplier” to improve the combat effectiveness of the troops. Creating a service culture with distinctive characteristics and profound heritage is not inconsistent with cultivating a joint culture. The culture of the services and arms supports the joint culture, and the joint culture realizes the organic integration of the cultures of the services and arms. The deeper the roots of the distinctive cultures of the services and arms are, the stronger the combat nature and combat effectiveness of the joint culture will be. At the same time, it is necessary to vigorously carry out colorful military camp cultural activities, use characteristic culture to build the soul of the army, gather soldiers’ hearts, and improve morale, and strive to create a lively situation where everyone has a stage, and more effectively use culture to educate people, Use educated people and literary talents to fight for their role.

three

To prosper and develop a strong military culture in the new era, we must adhere to serving to win as the fundamental orientation, strengthen historical confidence, and continue to win the gene; persist in fighting for war and strengthen combat attributes; take multiple measures, integrate innovation, and create a military-minded and capable military culture. Create a strong atmosphere and effectively use a strong military culture to generate combat effectiveness.

Foster the winning genes of revolutionary soldiers in the new era. Culture is essentially a spiritual carrier. Over the course of more than 90 years of struggle, our army has forged a combat culture that dares to fight and must win, and has created unique advantages for defeating the enemy and winning the future. On the new journey, we must vigorously carry forward the glorious tradition of the People’s Army, publicize the typical deeds of advanced heroes and combat heroes, guide officers and soldiers to draw nourishment from the revolutionary spirit, draw fighting spirit from the glorious war history, and draw strength from combat honors, so that the people’s army can The winning gene is passed down from generation to generation. At present, the world’s major changes are accelerating. Changes in the world, the times, and history are unfolding in an unprecedented way. It is necessary to educate and guide the officers and soldiers not to be afraid of powerful enemies, to understand clearly that adhering to the party’s absolute leadership over the military is the fundamental guarantee for our army to win the war, to understand clearly that the overall power of the people’s war is the magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy, and to combine the fighting spirit with the scientific spirit , continue the fine traditions of our army, and firmly establish the confidence and determination to win based on existing equipment.

Improve the combat index of building a strong military culture. President Xi pointed out: “We must combine the traditions and mission characteristics of each army, strengthen the construction of military culture, create a strong military culture, and cultivate the fearless heroism and brave and tenacious fighting style of the troops.” The fundamental direction of military cultural work must be reformed to support capabilities. To fight and win the battle. Deeply explore the revolutionary historical themes, highlight the creation of realistic military themes, and always shape people with a noble spirit and inspire people with excellent works. Regular arrangements are made for the literary and artistic light cavalry, field propaganda teams, and field photography teams to go to cold areas, go to the Gobi, go to plateaus, go to coastal defenses, go to border crossings, and join squads to prepare for military training and war, warm the hearts of soldiers, boost morale, and inspire fighting spirit. . We must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from culture, and promote the construction of a strong military culture to extend from the camp to the battlefield, and from peacetime to wartime. Organize wartime cultural work drills, explore the content, timing, methods and means of wartime cultural work, and provide important support for improving the combat effectiveness of the troops.

Enhance the military atmosphere and military atmosphere of the military camp. To build a strong military culture, an important task is to create an environment with a strong sense of war, so that officers and soldiers can be constantly influenced and subtly cultivate their will to fight and sharpen their fighting character. To create a strong atmosphere for military training and war, raise battle flags, shout battle slogans, and sing battle songs to strengthen the army, set up cultural light boxes, battle slogans, sculptures of heroes and models, etc., build cultural venues that reflect the military’s war history, battle examples, and revolutionary spirit, and continuously strengthen the officers and soldiers War awareness, combat readiness concepts, and fighting spirit. We should pay close attention to mass cultural activities, hold lectures on the culture of a strong army, organize forums on the culture of a strong army, organize officers and soldiers to tell battle stories and read books on combat culture, and carry out extensive assassination combat training and martial arts competitions to inspire officers and soldiers to dare to fight and fight well. . Innovate methods and methods, combine the elements of the times, science and technology with culture and art, and use technological means such as VR, AR, and MR to create battlefield cultural simulation rooms, etc., so that officers and soldiers can “immerse themselves” in the battlefield atmosphere and hone their winning capabilities.

(Author’s unit: Army Party Innovation Theory Research Center)

現代國語:

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16279540888.html■陳 陣

強軍文化是人民軍隊戰無不勝、攻無不克,不斷發展壯大的內在保證,是滋養官兵的精神沃土,是提高部隊戰鬥力的重要因素。黨的二十大報告強調要「繁榮發展強軍文化,強化戰鬥精神培育」。深入學習貫徹習近平文化思想,對人民軍隊而言,就是要繁榮發展強軍文化。通過文化的教化與薰陶,培育廣大官兵敢打必勝的戰鬥血性、英勇頑強的戰鬥作風,以先進文化砥礪克敵制勝精神,為能打仗、打勝仗提供精神動力,真正讓強軍文化指向打贏、服務打贏、支撐打贏。

全面加強練兵備戰,提升人民軍隊打贏能力,必須重視發揮強軍文化為戰育人、助力強軍的價值功能。繁榮發展支撐打贏制勝的強軍文化,既是歷史傳承、時代所需,也是強軍事業的召喚。

賡續我軍文化傳統的根本指向。文化是一個民族昌盛的根脈,也是一支軍隊強大的重要支撐。 80多年前,毛澤東同志在延安文藝座談會上說:「我們要戰勝敵人,首先要依靠手裡拿槍的軍隊。但是僅僅有這種軍隊是不夠的,我們還要有文化的軍隊,這是團結自己、戰勝敵人必不可少的一支軍隊。一代官兵。一切為了勝利的勝戰文化,蘊含著強大的血性基因,彰顯著鮮明的打贏指向。新時代新征程,從我軍文化傳統中萃取精華、汲取能量,關鍵要著力擦亮官兵戰鬥精神的尖刀利劍,持續增強官兵的向戰為戰意識,不斷強化聞戰則喜、英勇頑強、敢打必勝的尚武精神。

適應戰爭形態演變的必然選擇。世界新軍事革命正推動戰爭形態朝向具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭加速演進,呈現出技術形態資訊化、組織形態體系化、武器裝備數字化等特徵。戰爭形態的演變,必然引發軍事文化形態的重塑。從機械化戰爭到資訊化、智慧化戰爭,從“大兵團”作戰、“大縱深”突擊,到“非對稱作戰”“非線式作戰”“一體化聯合作戰”,再到“多域精確戰”“認知域作戰”,戰爭制勝機理的演變,推動軍事文化形態相應隨之改變。新征程上,我軍推進機械化資訊化智慧融合發展,既要加速武器裝備的迭代更新,更要積極推進軍事文化轉型發展,從軍事理論、戰略戰術、戰鬥精神等方面塑造和體現時代特質,打造與時代發展相適應、與技術進步相符的新時代支撐打贏制勝的強軍文化。

繁榮發展強軍文化的本質要求。強軍文化姓軍為戰的根本職能,決定了打造強軍文化的根本目的就是為能打仗、打勝仗提供精神動力。強軍文化具有極強的滲透性、持久性,其所蘊含的忠誠品質和鬥爭意志,鍛造著人民軍隊的精氣神,培育著人民軍隊無堅不摧的戰鬥力。黨的十八大以來,人民軍隊浴火重生、轉型重塑,全軍部隊以能打仗、打勝仗為根本著眼點,把繁榮發展強軍文化作為催生戰鬥力的有力舉措,與戰鬥力生成緊密結合在一起,與軍隊主責主業緊密結合在一起,不斷提升強軍文化對戰鬥力的貢獻率,充分彰顯了強軍文化在練兵備戰中的戰鬥功能。

繁榮發展支撐打贏制勝的強軍文化,必須以習近平強軍思想為指導,把準主脈、突出重點,著力培塑以戰鬥文化、聯合文化、部隊特色文化等為主體內容的強軍文化體系。

培育能打勝仗的戰鬥文化。戰鬥文化反映強軍文化的內在本質,決定強軍文化的價值定位與價值取向。戰鬥文化是歷經軍事鬥爭實踐錘煉、淘洗、積蓄形成的血性文化,具有深厚的文化底蘊、強烈的戰鬥特性和鮮明的時代特徵,其價值功能主要表現為強化打仗意識、提升作戰本領、砥礪戰鬥精神,是戰鬥力的重要構成要素,是強軍文化體系的主體,是人民軍隊打贏制勝的重要法寶。培育戰鬥文化,要著力強化官兵當兵打仗、帶兵打仗、練兵打仗的責任擔當,「一不怕苦、二不怕死」的戰鬥精神和英勇頑強、敢打必勝的戰鬥品質,切實把戰鬥力標準作為繁榮發展強軍文化的基本著力點和根本落腳點,作為檢驗強軍文化建設質效的根本尺度。

培育聯合製勝的聯合文化。現代戰爭無戰不聯、無聯不勝,基本作戰樣式是一體化聯合作戰。聯合文化是基於打贏現代戰爭所具備的聯合知識體系、價值觀念、思維方式和行為規範的總和,廣泛滲透於聯合作戰體制編制、力量結構、行為準則和模式之中。它就像看不見的手,有力地推動著聯合作戰體係從“形聯”到“神聯”,從“芯聯芯”到“心連心”。培育聯合文化,要依托任務牽引和聯演聯訓,鑄牢官兵聽黨指揮的政治靈魂,培塑聯合製勝的作戰理念,完善聯合作戰的知識體系,錘煉一體聯動的思維方式,培育共同的情感和價值,強固穩定的集體心理認同,凝聚牢不可破的打贏意志。

培育豐富多彩的部隊特色文化。一花獨放不是春,百花齊放春滿園。我軍在軍事實踐中形成了各具特色的軍兵種文化,有陸軍的“裝甲鐵流”文化、“砲兵戰神”文化、“陸航戰鷹”文化,海軍的“深藍文化”,空軍的“天鷹”“天梯”“天箭”文化,火箭軍的“礪劍文化”“長纓文化”,等等。一朵朵軍兵種文化的瑰麗之花,既構成了獨特的精神標識,也成為部隊戰鬥力提升的「倍增器」。打造具有鮮明特色、底蘊深厚的軍兵種文化,與培育聯合文化並不矛盾。軍兵種文化支撐聯合文化,聯合文化實現了軍兵種文化的有機融合,軍兵種特色文化的根扎得越深,聯合文化戰鬥性就越強,就越有戰鬥力。與此同時,要大力開展多姿多彩的軍營文化活動,以特色文化鑄軍魂、聚兵心、提士氣,著力形成人人都有舞台的生動活潑局面,更有效地發揮以文育人、以文化人、以文資戰作用。

繁榮發展新時代強軍文化,必須堅持把服務打贏作為根本指向,堅定歷史自信,賡續勝戰基因;堅持向戰為戰,強化戰鬥屬性;多措並舉,融合創新,營造尚武精武的濃厚氛圍,切實用強軍文化催生戰鬥力。

厚植新時代革命軍人的勝戰基因。文化在本質上是一種精神承載,我軍在90多年的奮鬥歷程中鍛造形成的敢打必勝的戰鬥文化,鑄就了克敵制勝、贏得未來的特有優勢。新旅程上,我們要大力弘揚人民軍隊光榮傳統,宣傳先進英模、戰鬥英雄典型事跡,引導官兵從革命精神中汲取營養,從輝煌戰史中汲取鬥志,從戰鬥榮譽中汲取力量,讓人民軍隊的勝戰基因薪火相傳。當前,世界大變局加速演進,世界變化、時代之變、歷史變正以前所未有的方式展開。要教育引導廣大官兵不畏強敵,認清堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導是我軍能打勝仗的根本保證,認清人民戰爭的整體威力是我軍克敵制勝的法寶,把戰鬥精神與科學精神結合起來,賡續我軍優良傳統,穩固樹立立足現有裝備打贏制勝的信心決心。

提升強軍文化建設的戰鬥指數。習主席指出:「要結合各部隊傳統和任務特點,加強軍事文化建設,打造強軍文化,培養部隊大無畏的英雄氣概和英勇頑強的戰鬥作風。」要把軍事文化工作根本指向歸正到支撐能打仗、打勝仗上。深入探討革命歷史題材,突顯現實軍事題材創作,始終以高貴的精神塑造人、以優秀的作品鼓舞人心。常態安排文藝輕騎隊、戰地宣傳隊、戰地攝影隊等進寒區、入戈壁、上高原、下海防、走邊關、進班排,為練兵備戰、矢志打贏溫暖兵心、鼓舞士氣、激發鬥志。堅持向文化要戰鬥力,推動強軍文化建設重心從營區延伸至戰場、從平時拓展到戰時。組織戰時文化工作演練,探索戰時文化工作的內容、時機和方式手段,為提升部隊戰鬥力提供重要支撐。

增強軍營文化氛圍的兵味戰味。打造強軍文化,一項重要任務是營造兵味戰味濃厚的環境氛圍,使官兵時時受到薰陶,在潛移默化中培養戰鬥意志、砥礪戰鬥品格。濃厚練兵打仗氛圍,把戰鬥旗幟揚起來、戰鬥口號喊起來、強軍戰歌唱起來,設置文化燈箱、戰鬥標語、英模雕塑等,修建反映部隊戰史戰例、革命精神的文化場所,不斷強化廣大官兵戰爭意識、戰備觀念、戰鬥精神。抓好群眾性文化活動,開設強軍文化講座,舉辦強軍文化論壇,組織官兵講戰鬥故事、讀戰鬥文化書籍,廣泛開展刺殺格鬥訓練和比武競賽活動,激發官兵敢戰能戰善戰的血性膽氣。創新方式方法,將時代元素、科學技術與文化藝術結合起來,運用VR、AR、MR等科技手段,打造戰場文化模擬室等,讓官兵「身臨其境」感受戰場氛圍、錘煉打贏能力。

(作者單位:陸軍黨的創新理論研究中心)

Artificial Intelligence Will Profoundly Change the Face of Warfare for China

人工智慧將深刻改變中國的戰爭面貌

現代英語:

Defeating dozens of top Go players in a man-machine battle, defeating a retired US Air Force pilot in a simulated air combat… In recent years, artificial intelligence has been like an omnipotent “magician”, creating endless miracles, shocking many people and constantly refreshing people’s imagination.

As a technical science dedicated to simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence, artificial intelligence has long surpassed scientists’ initial imagination and entered a “booming period” of rapid development. It is profoundly changing the way humans produce and live, and promoting the social form to accelerate from digitalization and networking to intelligence. At the same time, the widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the military field will fundamentally change the winning mechanism and combat methods of modern warfare, give birth to new combat means and combat ideas, and promote the war form to accelerate into the intelligent era.

In intelligent warfare, intelligent equipment, intelligent command, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent combat methods are all conceivable – “fake news” created by artificial intelligence is everywhere in the entire process of war preparation, conduct and conclusion, and it is “false and true”; the role of inanimate intelligent entities and robot fighters in intelligent warfare is prominent, and artificial intelligence combat forces such as “cloud brain”, “digital staff” and “virtual warehouse” used for information support, command and control, effect evaluation and logistics support will play an increasingly important role in future wars. Intelligent machines and intelligent weapons will become the main force on future battlefields; remote and precise Specific, miniaturized, and large-scale unmanned attacks will become the main form of attack. “Man-to-man” warfare will expand to “machine autonomous warfare” warfare; intelligent swarm attrition warfare, cross-domain mobile warfare, and cognitive control warfare will become basic combat types; decentralized deployment of humans and machines, autonomous coordination, and concentrated energy offensive and defensive operations will become the basic principles of cross-domain integration and global operations; the “observation-judgment-decision-action” link will be greatly shortened, the combat rhythm will be faster, the actions will be more precise, and the efficiency will be higher; upgrading and training artificial intelligence systems and various unmanned combat platforms through continuous confrontation exercises will become an important way to enhance combat effectiveness. Intelligence will surpass firepower, mobility, and information power and become the most critical factor in determining the outcome of a war. As a result, the meaning of battlefield control will need to be redefined, new topics will be added to international arms negotiations, and textbooks on intimidation theory will need to be rewritten.

The world’s military powers, represented by the United States, have foreseen the broad application prospects of artificial intelligence technology in the military field. They believe that future wars will be intelligent wars and future arms competitions will be intelligent competitions. They have also laid out a series of research plans in advance, hoping to seize the initiative in the military application of artificial intelligence and strive to open up a “generation gap” with potential opponents. In recent years, NASA, the Department of Defense and various military services have deployed a series of artificial intelligence technology research projects in the military field. The U.S. Department of Defense has also proposed the establishment of a “Joint Artificial Intelligence Center” to jointly promote artificial intelligence projects with the U.S. military and 17 intelligence agencies, and coordinate the planning and construction of an intelligent military system supported by military technology and military applications. Russia also sees artificial intelligence as the commanding heights of future military competition. The Russian military is stepping up the development of humanoid robots that can drive vehicles and build robot troops that can fight side by side with human soldiers. Russian President Vladimir Putin said: “Artificial intelligence is not only the future of Russia, but also the future of all mankind. It contains huge opportunities and threats that are difficult to predict today.” Countries such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, South Korea, and India are also increasingly paying attention to the development and application of artificial intelligence in the military field.

Today, the pace of military application of artificial intelligence may be difficult to stop. Faced with the new situation, we need to firmly grasp the major historical opportunities for the development of artificial intelligence, judge the general trend, take the initiative to plan, grasp the direction, seize the initiative, and effectively safeguard national security. At the same time, from the perspective of the future and destiny of mankind, the international community should establish a mechanism to prevent the excessive military application of artificial intelligence as soon as possible. After all, the power of human beings to create civilization should not become a tool to destroy civilization, and scientific and technological progress should be a blessing for the benefit of mankind, rather than a death knell that threatens human survival and development.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science)

現代國語:

■遊光榮

在人機大戰中擊敗數十名頂級圍棋高手、在模擬空戰中擊敗美國空軍退役飛行員……近年來,人工智能猶如萬能的“魔法師”,創造了層出不窮的奇跡,在驚掉不少人下巴的同時,也不斷刷新著人們的想像。

作為一門致力於模擬、延伸和擴展人的智慧的技術科學,人工智慧早已超越了科學家最初的想像,進入了一個高速發展的“井噴期”,正在深刻改變人類的生產生活方式,推動社會形態從數位化、網絡化向智慧化加速躍升。同時,人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用,將從根本上改變現代戰爭制勝機理和作戰方式,催生新的作戰手段和作戰思想,推動戰爭形態加速邁入智能化時代。

在智慧化戰爭中,智慧化裝備、智慧化指揮、智慧化維修、智慧化作戰方式都是可以想像的——人工智慧製造的「虛假新聞」在戰爭準備、進行和結束的全過程中無處不在,而且“以假亂真”;無生命智能體、機器人戰鬥員在智能化戰爭中的作用凸顯,用於信息支援、指揮控制、效果評估、後勤保障的“雲大腦”“數字參謀”“虛擬倉儲”等人工智慧作戰力量將在未來戰爭中發揮越來越重要的作用,智慧機器和智慧武器將成為未來戰場的主力;遠程化、精確化、小型化、大規模無人攻擊將成為主要進攻形式,「人對人」的戰爭將向「機器自主作戰」的戰爭拓展;智慧化的蜂群消耗戰、跨域機動戰、認知控制戰將成為基本作戰類型;人機分散部署、自主協同、集中能量攻防作戰,成為跨域融合、全局作戰的基本準則;「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」連結大大縮短,作戰節奏更加快速、行動更加精準、效率更高;透過持續的對抗演習對人工智慧系統和各類無人化作戰平台的升級訓練,將成為戰鬥力提升的重要方式。智能將超越火力、機動性和資訊力,成為決定戰爭勝負的最關鍵因素。隨之而來的是,戰場控制權的內涵將需要重新界定,國際軍備談判將增加新主題,威懾理論的教科書也將改寫。

以美國為代表的世界軍事強國,預見到人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣闊應用前景,認為未來的戰爭將是智慧化戰爭、未來的軍備競賽將是智慧化競賽,並已提前佈局了一系列研究計劃,希望搶佔人工智慧軍事化應用先機,力求與潛在對手拉開「代差」。近年來,美國國家航空暨太空總署、國防部和各軍種在軍事領域部署了一系列人工智慧技術研究項目,美國國防部還提出建立“聯合人工智慧中心”,計劃聯合美軍和17家情報機構共同推進人工智慧項目,統籌規劃建設以軍事技術和軍事應用為支撐的智慧軍事體系。俄羅斯也視人工智慧為未來軍事競爭的製高點,俄軍正加緊研發可以駕駛車輛的類人機器人、組建可與人類戰士並肩戰鬥的機器人部隊。俄總統普丁提出:「人工智慧不僅僅是俄羅斯的未來,也是全人類的未來。這包含著巨大的機會和當今難以預測的威脅。」英國、日本、澳洲、韓國、印度等國家也日益重視人工智能在軍事領域的發展與應用。

現今,人工智慧軍事化應用步伐或許難以阻止,面對新形勢,我們需要牢牢掌握人工智慧發展的重大歷史機遇,研判大勢、主動謀劃、把握方向、搶佔先機,有效維護國家安全。與此同時,從人類自身前途命運出發,國際社會應該早日建立防止人工智慧在軍事上過度應用的機制。畢竟,人類創造文明的力量不應該成為毀滅文明的工具,科技進步應該成為造福人類的福音,而不是成為威脅人類生存與發展的喪鐘。

(作者單位:軍事科學院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4826892.html?big=fan

Artificial Intelligence Brings About New Changes in Chinese Military Training

人工智慧為中國軍事訓練帶來新變化

現代英語:

The widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military has triggered changes in the field of military training, which is reflected in specific training activities, that is, it has given rise to new changes in training elements. This is particularly evident in the fact that intelligent equipment systems have become important training targets, intelligent combat theories have begun to enter training content, and intelligent technology has been deeply integrated into training methods and training support.

The training object has changed from “human-only” to “human-machine hybrid”. The object of traditional military training is a single person. Both the trainer and the trainee are human. Humans are the only object of military training activities. Artificial intelligence technology is embedded or integrated into weapons and equipment, making weapons and equipment that previously required human control have machine intelligence and a certain degree of autonomy. Intelligent robots that can autonomously perform combat missions have appeared in large numbers on modern battlefields, making intelligent unmanned systems and manned systems “close comrades-in-arms”. Mixed operations of “unmanned forces” and “manned forces” will become a new formation pattern. These weapons and equipment with machine intelligence are different from traditional manned weapons and equipment. At their core, they are artificial intelligence algorithms embedded or integrated with learning capabilities. They need to be trained through repeated training in actual combat or battlefield environments that are close to actual combat, so as to accumulate experience and improve performance, and then gradually enhance the actual combat capability of the equipment to fight autonomously. Therefore, weapons and equipment with machine intelligence also need to form and improve their combat capabilities through continuous training and become new trainees. At the same time, training systems with machine intelligence can also become training platforms for military personnel to acquire combat skills or the right-hand man of military training organizers, playing the role of trainers. It can be seen that, with the empowerment of artificial intelligence, weapons and equipment and related systems are gradually becoming the same training targets as military personnel. The targets of military training are no longer just military personnel, but also include weapons and equipment or systems with a certain level of autonomy, presenting a new scene of people training machines, machines training people, and human-machine hybrid training.

The content of training has expanded from “enhancing physical fitness and skills” to “enhancing intelligence and integration”. Training content is the core element of military training and is constantly changing with the development of technical forms and situations and tasks. The content of traditional military training is mainly to enhance the combat fitness, skills and command capabilities of military personnel. The widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field has made battlefield winning weapons and equipment and systems more and more intelligent, breaking through the limits of human cognition of traditional time and space, reconstructing the relationship between humans and weapons and equipment, incubating new command and control methods, and giving rise to the continuous emergence of new combat methods and the evolution of war forms. Human-machine integration has become a prominent feature of intelligent warfare, and “controlling the brain and seizing intelligence” is the key to winning intelligent warfare. Therefore, military training in the intelligent era will compress traditional military training content and strengthen perception and cognition, human-machine collaboration, intelligent decision-making and command, etc. The training for people is mainly to understand and master the basic principles, thinking concepts, operating skills, and command art of intelligent warfare; the training for intelligent equipment and systems is mainly to improve learning ability, autonomy, collaboration, and the ability to integrate with human intelligence. The main training content system includes thinking training content focusing on intelligent cognition and human-computer interaction, intelligent skill training content focusing on intelligent equipment operation and human-computer interaction, intelligent command training content focusing on giving full play to the advantages of intelligent information systems such as autonomous analysis, auxiliary decision-making, and accurate evaluation, and intelligent coordination training content focusing on autonomous coordination of unmanned intelligent platforms and human-computer collaborative actions. In order to improve the combat reliability of intelligent weapons and equipment and enhance the intelligent system’s understanding of combat intent, the “deep learning” training content of intelligent autonomous weapons and equipment emphasizes enhancing the intelligence of humans and machines, and strengthening the collaborative training of humans and machines, so as to achieve a perfect integration of man and machine.

The training method has moved from “human-dominated” to “human-led”. The way people produce determines the way they fight and the way they train. Traditional military training methods, lacking the support of artificial intelligence technology, are mainly determined based on factors such as the ability characteristics of trainers and the ability foundation of trainees. The organizational form is limited, the implementation procedures are rigid, and the methods and means are single. At present, the intelligence of war is forcing the intelligence of military training. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, military training planning will move from artificial intelligence planning to system intelligence planning. With the assistance of cloud computing, new algorithms, big data analysis and other technologies, the intelligent training system can autonomously generate training plans with requirements on training content, conditions, standards and other aspects according to the training objectives, efficiently assist training planning and improve the quality and efficiency of training planning; training management will leap from artificial extensive type to intelligent and precise type, and the intelligent training system can overcome the traditional training There are problems in management such as incomplete elements, incomplete processes, untimely feedback, and inaccurate guidance. By automatically collecting training data of all elements and the whole process, using artificial intelligence technology to conduct in-depth analysis of training data, analyzing and evaluating the training effectiveness of trainees, generating real-time training evaluation reports, accurately feedback on problems in training, and proposing personalized improvement suggestions, the training method has been transformed from the previous single “human-dominated” type to the “human-host-assisted” “human-dominated” type.

The training environment has extended from “relying on reality” to “virtual and real integration”. Organizing training in a training environment based on real equipment and real scenes is the main mode of traditional military training. This training mode has problems such as high requirements for training venues, large consumption of materials and equipment, great difficulty in training support, long training preparation time, and difficulty in grasping training safety, which makes a certain gap between training and actual combat. Training like fighting is the development direction of military training, and artificial intelligence technology provides conditions for realizing this development direction. The combination of virtual and real can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, conduct virtual war experiments, realistically simulate combat processes, accurately evaluate combat concepts, and thus narrow the gap between training and actual combat, so that the odds of victory can be established in the laboratory first. Intelligent simulation training systems can be used to repeat, reproduce and create scenes, environments and conditions of classic battles and difficult training courses, and set up difficult and dangerous situations to test and train troops. In individual soldier training, artificial intelligence and technologies such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and simulation are used to provide a “virtual-reality integration” platform and environmental support for the officers and soldiers’ combat skills, physiological functions, and psychological effectiveness training. Officers and soldiers can see, hear, and “touch” the “real” weapons and equipment and battlefield environment; in unit training, a “real” battlefield environment can be set up, a “homogeneous” combat time domain can be created, and a simulated blue army with “both form and spirit” can be built, effectively improving the quality and effectiveness of confrontational training with actual soldiers and equipment, enhancing the training effect of “being in the situation and feeling the same”, and achieving the training goal of “based on reality, with the help of virtuality, and transcending reality”.

現代國語:

人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用,引發了軍事訓練領域的變革,反映在具體訓練活動中,就是催生了訓練要素的新變化。這突顯在智慧化裝備系統成為重要的訓練對象,智慧化作戰理論開始進入訓練內容,智慧化技術深度融入訓練方法與訓練保障。

訓練對象由「人為唯一」轉變為「人機混合」。傳統軍訓的對像是單一的人,組訓者和受訓者都是人,人是軍訓活動的唯一對象。人工智慧技術嵌入或融入武器裝備中,使得以往需要人操控的武器裝備有了機器智能,具備了一定自主性。能夠自主遂行作戰任務的智慧機器人大量出現在現代戰場,使得智能無人系統與有人系統成為“親密戰友”,“無人部隊”與“有人部隊”混編作戰將成為新的編組樣式。這些具有機器智慧的武器裝備不同於傳統有人操控的武器裝備,其核心是嵌入或融入了學習能力的人工智慧演算法,需要在實戰或近似實戰的戰場環境中,通過多次反復的訓練獲取數據來對演算法進行訓練,從而實現經驗累積、性能提升,進而逐步增強裝備自主作戰的實戰能力。因此,具有機器智慧的武器裝備也需要透過不斷訓練來形成和提高作戰能力,成為新的受訓者。與此同時,具有機器智慧的訓練系統還能夠成為軍事人員獲取作戰技能的訓練平台或軍事訓練組訓者的得力助手,扮演組訓者的角色。由此可見,在人工智慧的賦能下,武器裝備及相關係統逐步成為與軍事人員同樣的訓練對象,軍事訓練的對像不再是單一的軍事人員,也包括具有一定自主化程度的武器裝備或系統,呈現人訓機、機訓者、人機混合訓練的新景象。

訓練內容由「增體強技」向「增智強融」拓展。訓練內容是軍事訓練的核心要素,隨著技術形態和形勢任務的發展而不斷變化。傳統軍事訓練的內容主要是為了增強軍事人員的戰鬥體能、技能和指揮能力。人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用,使得戰場制勝的武器裝備和系統越來越具有智慧化的特徵,突破了人類對傳統時空認知的極限,重構了人與武器裝備的關系,孵化了全新的指揮控制方式,催生了新型作戰方式不斷湧現和戰爭形態的嬗變。人機融合成為智慧化戰爭的顯著特徵,「制腦奪智」是製勝智能化戰爭的關鍵。因此,智能化時代的軍事訓練將壓縮傳統軍事訓練內容,加強感知認知、人機協同、智慧決策指揮等內容。針對人的訓練主要是理解和掌握智能化作戰的基本原理、思維理念、操作技能、指揮藝術等;對於智能化裝備和系統的訓練主要是學習能力、自主能力、協同能力以及與人類智能共融的能力。主要訓練內容體系包括以智慧化認知、人機互動為重點的思維訓練內容,以智慧化裝備操作、人機互動為重點的智慧化技能訓練內容,以發揮智慧資訊系統自主分析、輔助決策、精確評估等優勢為重點的智慧化指揮訓練內容,以無人智慧化平台自主協同、人機協同行動等為重點的智慧化協同訓練內容,為提高智慧化武器裝備作戰可靠性、增強智慧化系統對作戰意圖理解力的智慧自主武器裝備「深度學習」訓練內容,突顯增強人和機的智慧、強化人與機的協同訓練,從而達到人機一體的完美融合。

訓練方法由「人為主宰」向「人為主導」邁進。人的生產方式決定了作戰方式,也決定了訓練方式。傳統軍事訓練的方法由於缺乏人工智慧技術支撐,主要是根據組訓人員的能力特點和受訓人員的能力基礎等因素來確定,組織形式受限,實施程序固化,方法手段單一。當前,戰爭的智慧化倒逼軍事訓練的智慧化。在人工智慧技術的助力下,軍事訓練籌劃將由人工集智籌劃向系統智能籌劃邁進,智能化訓練系統在雲計算、新型演算法、大數據分析等技術的輔助下,能夠根據訓練目標自主生成關於訓練的內容、條件、標準等方面指標要求的訓練方案,高效輔助訓練籌劃,提高訓練籌劃的質效;訓練管理由人為粗放型向智能精確型跨越,智能化訓練系統能夠克服傳統訓練管理存在要素不全面、流程不完整、回饋不及時、指導不精確等問題,透過自動採集全要素、全過程訓練數據,利用人工智慧技術對訓練數據進行深度分析,對受訓者的訓練成效進行分析評估,產生即時性訓練評估報告,精準回饋訓練中存在的問題,提出個性化的改進建議,使訓練方法由以往單一的「人為主宰」式向「人主機輔」的「人為主導」式邁進。

訓練環境由「依托現實」延伸至「虛實一體」。依托實裝實景的訓練環境組織訓練是傳統軍事訓練的主要模式。這種訓練模式存在對訓練場地要求高、物資器材消耗大、訓練保障難度大、訓練準備耗時長、訓練安全難把握等問題,使訓練與實戰之間存在一定的差距。像作戰一樣訓練是軍事訓練的發展指向,人工智慧技術為實現這一發展指向提供了條件。利用虛實結合的方式能夠創設更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境,能夠進行虛擬戰爭實驗,逼真演繹作戰進程,準確評估作戰構想,從而縮小訓練與實戰之間的差異,讓勝算先在實驗室裡奠定。可利用智慧化模擬訓練系統,重復、再現和創設經典戰例、重難點訓練課目的場景、環境及各項條件,設置難局危局險局摔打錘煉部隊。單兵訓練中,運用人工智慧以及增強現實、虛擬現實、模擬模擬等技術,為官兵的戰鬥技能、生理機能、心理效能等訓練提供「虛實融合」的平台與環境支撐,官兵可看到、聽到、「觸摸」到「真實」的武器裝備和戰場環境;部(分)隊訓練中,可以設置「真實」的戰場環境、創造「同質」的作戰時域、打造「神形兼具」的模擬藍軍,有效提升實兵實裝對抗性訓練的質效,增強「身臨其境、感同身受」的訓練效果,達成「基於現實、借助虛擬、超越現實」的訓練目標。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?

Chinese Military to Distinguish Role and Function of Artificial Intelligence in War

中國軍方將區分人工智慧在戰爭中的作用和功能

現代英語:

This article reviews the article “Foresight and Judgment: Why Artificial Intelligence Enhances the Importance of Humans in Future Wars” published in the journal “International Security”. It explores the contextual challenges faced by artificial intelligence in the process of war strategic decision-making, as well as the difficulty and uncontrollability of artificial intelligence’s participation in prediction and judgment in a war environment. It analyzes the common decision-making process and characteristics of artificial intelligence in military decision-making, and points out the important role played by human factors.

In recent years, artificial intelligence has developed rapidly and has been widely used in many fields such as business, logistics, communications, transportation, education, communication, translation, etc. The military field also attaches great importance to it. A large number of studies and practices have shown that artificial intelligence can generally replace human work in many positions. Therefore, using artificial intelligence to carry out military operations and dominate all actions in future wars has become the goal of artificial intelligence in the military field. Future wars are essentially wars of artificial intelligence. Avi Goldfarb and Jon R. Lindsay pointed out in the article “Prediction and Judgment: Why Artificial Intelligence Increases the Importance of Humans in War” that in future wars, artificial intelligence cannot replace humans. Artificial intelligence has not weakened the role of humans, but has increased the importance of humans in war. The author believes that artificial intelligence supported by pure machines cannot solve the problems in current and future wars, mainly due to data quality issues and the difficulty of judgment. Coupled with the opponent’s cover-up, deception and interference, the role of artificial intelligence supported by pure machines in future wars will be greatly reduced. The two authors mainly discussed four main aspects: strategic context, artificial intelligence in war, the performance of artificial intelligence in military decision-making, and discussion and reflection on the strategic significance of military artificial intelligence. They discussed that artificial intelligence still cannot replace pure artificial intelligence in current and future wars. On the contrary, the role of humans will still be important in future wars. The analysis process and main points are as follows. In order to facilitate direct evaluation of relevant views, we also gave corresponding comments after the views of all parties.

  The strategic context of military organizational decision-making poses a huge challenge to artificial intelligence

  The author points out that the decision-making of military organizations will be affected by many factors. Generally speaking, it may manifest as follows: (1) Political context: The political context is mainly manifested in the strategic environment, facility conditions and psychological preferences; (2) Technical context: The rapid advancement of machine learning can complete more accurate, complex, convenient and larger-scale forecasts including image recognition and navigation; (3) Decision-making process: This process mainly involves the objective facts of goals, values, and environment and the reasoning extracted from them, that is, a process of judgment, data and prediction; (4) Division of labor between man and machine: The application of artificial intelligence is a function of data quality and judgment difficulty. The quality of data and the clarity or difficulty of judgment determine the relative advantages of man and machine in decision-making.

  It should be said that the author has grasped the main macro-contextual factors that artificial intelligence faces in the process of participating in military decision-making, taking on specific military roles, completing various military tasks, and realizing strategic and campaign intentions. Political context is often the most difficult condition for artificial intelligence to grasp. International politics and domestic politics, especially the instability of international diplomatic relations, the sudden changes in international politics, the stability and mutation of domestic politics, the unpredictability of changes in international geography and natural environment, and the psychological changes of international and domestic personnel are difficult for artificial intelligence to grasp. In terms of technology, although artificial intelligence has developed rapidly, it cannot be separated from its high dependence on data, which makes technological development equivalent to the basic fact in physics, that is, no matter how fast an object moves, it cannot exceed the speed of light. The decision-making process is the most important aspect of artificial intelligence participating in military decision-making and affecting future wars, and it is also the most complex process of military command under the background of war. However, at present, no army of any country or commander of any army can say so confidently that artificial intelligence can make all aspects of decision-making as rational as humans. In the face of huge amounts of data, the biggest advantage of artificial intelligence is computing. However, the prerequisite for humans is that some data does not need to be calculated and conclusions can be drawn by intuition. Moreover, decision-making and command often reflect the commander’s higher wisdom and art. The context of human-machine division of labor actually makes us more aware that more data will be used in war decisions in the future. Humans can hand over the decision-making power of certain matters to artificial intelligence, and necessary decisions must still be made by humans. The actual stage of human-machine division of labor is the harmonious division of labor and human-machine collaboration, especially the emphasis on rationality, humanity, morality and ethics of war by humans.

  The unreliability of artificial intelligence in prediction and judgment during war

  (1) Uncontrollable data in the strategic environment inevitably affects predictions: This may be reflected in the data itself and in the acquisition and use of data. The more prominent manifestations in data are: data falsification, data restriction, data control, data invalidity, and inability to analyze. The main manifestations in the source of data and data analysis are: there are many data sources and it is difficult to predict; data analysis is limited by technology; the scope of data continues to expand with the development of the network, diluting effective data; network systems and software are susceptible to interference from multiple parties; hackers and multiple parties harassment; conflicts among multiple technologies.

  (2) Military management judgment cannot be separated from human participation: Artificial intelligence faces many challenges in the process of participating in military management. First, military management judgment is a highly subjective issue. Second, the use of machine learning to complete this calculation process is also inevitably affected by human judgment. Third, the function used by AI has clear goals, and all relevant parties are guided by common goals to reach a consensus and exert the leadership and command of the troops. The command of the army often faces different military services, branches, and units. Their respective skills, tactics, capabilities, and cognition will be different. When artificial intelligence is used to solve these collective action problems, huge disputes are inevitable, which often makes the problem worse.

  In this section, the author points out two fatal weaknesses that artificial intelligence must face in participating in military command, and at least cannot be solved at present: one is that the reliability of data is difficult to guarantee, and the other is the problem of human participation. Regarding the reliability of data, in the course of war, there are often a lot of data that are difficult to distinguish between true and false. In addition to the controllability of data, as an opponent or a third party, they may intentionally control certain aspects of data, and the data provided may also be arranged with special content and logical relationships. It is even possible to intentionally distort the data and provide irrational scattered data, making the data analysis results irrelevant and unable to draw effective conclusions, thus losing the ability to judge. Humans will not solve the problem that human participation is necessary in the judgment process of artificial intelligence for a long time in the future. The current artificial intelligence is designed by humans. Although it can be trained and optimized through a large amount of data, humans do not allow artificial intelligence to break away from the regulations and constraints of humans in advance. Artificial intelligence is completely determined by its own design, optimization and upgrade. Considering that the military decision-making process is full of variables, it is impossible to completely hand over a military decision-making process to artificial intelligence. What artificial intelligence can accomplish is to automatically transmit data and analyze large quantities of data and provide results. If general management decisions can be handed over to artificial intelligence, then the real key decisions still need to be made manually. In fact, considering the decision-making of military management, especially the more complex, challenging and controlled decision-making and process in the war environment, artificial intelligence still has a long way to go to perfectly reflect the personal decision-making charm and intention of the commander, and to fully realize the collective integrated action of the army and the personalized command of diversified military services. Under human war conditions, each combatant, especially the end and senior commander of the combatant, has many variables in the execution of the war. For example, changes in wind, rain, ice and snow, rivers, lakes and seas, fighting will, road conditions, transportation capacity, production operation, material supply, etc. often lead to emergencies. Therefore, the actual battlefield often has more variables than design. In the many judgments of military management and battlefield decision-making, even under the conditions of future intelligent combat, human participation will still be dominant.

  Artificial intelligence has limited involvement in military decision-making tasks

  The article points out that artificial intelligence embodies four decision-making processes in the military decision-making task mechanism, and also embodies four corresponding decision-making characteristics, which are mainly manifested as follows.

  Automated decision-making process: The best example of AI performance is “automated decision-making”. First, it can reduce the work of administrative agencies. Second, AI helps to improve the efficiency and scale of routine activities. Finally, AI helps to optimize logistics supply chains. But even in these tasks, the intervention of human judgment is the basis and scale of automated decision-making.

  Manual decision-making process: AI cannot perform tasks characterized by limited, biased data and ambiguous, controversial judgments, which must be completed by human decision-making. For military strategy and command tasks, the “fog” in the environment and the “friction” in the organization all require human “ingenuity” to solve. Whenever the “fog” and “friction” are the greatest and human “genius” is most needed, the role of AI becomes weak.

  Decision-making automation process: Premature automation mainly refers to the intervention of AI when the conditions are not mature. Relying on AI is particularly dangerous when the data quality is low, but the machine has a clear goal and is authorized to act. The risk is greatest when the killing action is authorized. In addition, the data may be biased, and the machine may not understand human behavior well. The risks of premature automation are extreme in the military field (for example, friendly fire and civilian casualties). AI weapons may inadvertently target innocent civilians or friendly forces, or provoke hostile retaliation. As a result, AI often kills without regard for the consequences.

  Human-machine cooperation process: Human-machine cooperation refers to the need for the joint cooperation of humans and machines in the processing of large amounts of information. In fact, many judgment tasks are difficult, and human intervention is necessary to obtain high-quality data. In practice, intelligence analysts have an instinct to deal with deceptive targets and ambiguous data, and it is difficult for artificial intelligence to learn this instinct-based ability. Applying artificial intelligence to the judgment of such problems is a difficult and challenging practice. However, in human-machine cooperation, artificial intelligence is more about solving complex and large data and analyzing complex problems under human guidance. However, whether it is high-quality data analysis or the final decision, the dominant force is still people.

  The above lists the role of artificial intelligence in four different decision-making modes in the current military decision-making mechanism. Although the author did not say it explicitly, we can feel that these four processes either require human participation or the role of artificial intelligence is limited; in this overall process, artificial intelligence is also showing a weakening trend. These four processes can be reinterpreted as: artificial intelligence dominates the automatic decision-making process, artificial intelligence decision-making is limited in the manual decision-making process, decision-making is prematurely automated in the decision-making automation process, and human experience is difficult to replace in the human-machine cooperation process. In the first process, it is obvious that artificial intelligence can demonstrate its advantages in routine routine work, big data repetitive tasks, and programmed procedural activities. However, even in such activities, the scale and basis of human judgment are still the key to the realization of artificial intelligence. In the second process, it is mainly those cases where the data is small, the attitude is strong, the subjectivity is prominent, and the judgment is very easy to be ambiguous. Due to insufficient data, machine learning is difficult to complete, and each case may have specific changes, and it is impossible to form an overall judgment scale. In such a situation, artificial intelligence is often difficult to act. Humans’ unique values, worldviews, outlooks on life, moral emotions, personal spiritual realms, and personal work experiences often lead to very reasonable judgments on decisions like this, which is difficult for artificial intelligence to accomplish for the time being. Although there are still many experiments in this area, the ability of humans to comprehensively call on personal comprehensive knowledge, emotions, and value judgments in decision-making is significantly better than that of artificial intelligence. In the third process, the decision-making automation process has the advantages of huge data volume, fast data processing response, real-time data analysis results, and a reader-friendly interface. Therefore, for many problems, people are particularly inclined to collect relevant data from the beginning and use artificial intelligence to conduct data learning and analysis. However, since the data may have just begun to appear, or the data is easy to be manipulated or arranged, the actual data obtained is often only the front end of the actual data. Therefore, whether it is deep learning with artificial intelligence or data analysis with artificial intelligence, there will be premature automated analysis, and the trained artificial intelligence or the results of the analysis cannot fully identify the issues of concern. In fact, when we conduct research on any problem, it is difficult to guarantee that the data we obtain in a certain aspect represents all the data of the problem we are concerned about. Although the external data looks huge, this data may only be extremely biased or extremely local, extremely early or even immature data about the relevant things. The artificial intelligence based on this, whether it is training or calculation, the result is premature calculation, prematurely representing all the problem data information. And artificial intelligence itself, due to its high dependence on data, is difficult to escape the pre-determination of the data itself. Therefore, in the context of war, if the data of artificial intelligence is often interfered with, destroyed, deceived, manipulated and designed by relevant parties, then the decision-making judgments made by artificial intelligence are often unreliable, even very dangerous or tragic. Therefore, the outcome of leaving the war completely to artificial intelligence must be terrible: either the war has unlimited intensity, or there will be inhumane killings. After all, it is difficult for artificial intelligence to make rational value judgments and humane emotional decisions. In the fourth process, the author highly emphasizes that in human-machine cooperation, human judgment can produce a high level of judgment in deceptive, slightly different, ambiguous, unclear data and diversified data. This is an instinct generated by professional experience. Although artificial intelligence can obtain some amazing conclusions in the study of big data, such analysis standards and strategies can never escape human design and are constantly adjusted under human intervention. Of course, we must also point out that artificial intelligence’s values, moral sense, humanity and emotions cannot surpass humans in any way. Although it can have super knowledge content, logic and computing power, at present and for a long time in the future, considering the auxiliary data processing status of artificial intelligence in human-machine cooperation, even if artificial intelligence reaches human sensitivity, complexity, sharpness, consciousness and intuition, we will still give the complex and important final decision-making power to humans themselves.

  In response to the above situation, the author discussed and reflected on the role of artificial intelligence in war and came to the following conclusions: First, the artificial intelligence data and judgments used by military organizations rely on human intervention; second, opponents in war have the motivation to complicate the data and judgments that artificial intelligence relies on; third, it is too early for artificial intelligence machines to replace human soldiers; finally, the unintended consequences and controversies brought about by artificial intelligence-driven wars are becoming increasingly prominent. For this reason, the author emphasizes that it is too early to assume that artificial intelligence will replace humans in war or any other competitive activities. Whether from the environment and conditions of the war itself, the process of war decision-making, the deep learning and computing of artificial intelligence in war, and the performance of artificial intelligence in the execution of military tasks, there is every reason to believe that even in future wars dominated by artificial intelligence, the role of humans will become increasingly important.

  Here, the author puts forward a view that is very different from the current mainstream view: military artificial intelligence will not replace human dominance in war, but will instead highlight the prominent position and role of artificial intelligence in future wars. The author’s view should be worthy of deep thinking by artificial intelligence researchers, especially military artificial intelligence researchers. The author analyzes from many aspects why artificial intelligence cannot be independent of humans, act alone, and take on major tasks in future wars: the diverse context of war brings insurmountable challenges to artificial intelligence; the prediction and judgment of artificial intelligence in war cannot be reliable; artificial intelligence has limited ability to participate in military decision-making and cannot completely replace human participation and decision-making. In particular, it emphasizes the difficulty of grasping war itself, the unpredictability of multiple factors, the elusiveness and deliberate design and deception of all parties involved, the complexity, variability, deception, uncontrollability and difficulty in ensuring the authenticity of the war data obtained, and the vulnerability of artificial intelligence in prediction and judgment: the problems solved by artificial intelligence, the basis for solving them, the process of solving them, the procedures for solving them and the models for solving them are all affected by human factors, as well as the limited ability of artificial intelligence to participate in military decision-making. These three aspects show that artificial intelligence still faces many challenges in war and give us important inspiration: it is too early for artificial intelligence to dominate the future battlefield and become a truly independent warrior and war commander in future wars. Only humans are the masters and rulers of war. Due to the high degree of dominance of humans in the design of artificial intelligence, we hope that the day when artificial intelligence dominates war will never come. As humans, we expect that when artificial intelligence is galloping on the track of war, the developers of artificial intelligence should also always take ethical emotions and international law, the law of war and humanitarianism as the bottom line. This is the basic guarantee for peaceful development, harmonious development and harmonious development on the earth, and the pursuit of beauty, peace and happiness.

  At present, we are paying close attention to the rapid development of artificial intelligence. In particular, the development of ChatGPT, which can handle all kinds of challenges in daily chatting, knowledge search, question answering, problem solving, programming, business management, project planning, language translation, paper writing, and literary creation, has indeed sounded the alarm for many positions that undertake deep mental work. However, no matter how artificial intelligence develops, no matter how subversive artificial intelligence like ChatGPT develops in the military field, humans are the leaders of artificial intelligence and the masters of war, and only humans can ensure the humanity, legitimacy, and effectiveness of war. I hope that the development of artificial intelligence can eliminate war.

現代國語:

摘要:本文評論了《國際安全》期刊上發表的《預見與判斷:為什麼人工智慧增強了人在未來戰爭中的重要性》一文,探討了人工智慧在戰爭戰略決策過程中所面臨的脈絡挑戰問題,以及戰爭環境下人工智慧參與預測與判斷的難度與不可控性,分析了軍事決策中人工智慧常見的決策過程及其特點,指出其中人工因素所扮演的重要角色。

近年來,人工智慧發展迅猛,被廣泛應用於商業、物流、通訊、交通、教育、傳播、翻譯等眾多領域,軍事領域也對其高度重視。大量研究和實踐表明,人工智慧大體可以取代人類在眾多崗位上的工作,因此,用人工智慧進行軍事行動並主導未來戰爭中的所有行動成為人工智慧在軍事領域的目標。未來戰爭,實質是人工智慧的戰爭。高德法伯與喬恩R.林賽在《預見與判斷:為什麼人工智慧增強了人在未來戰爭中的重要性》(Prediction and Judgment: Why Artificial Intelligence Increases the Importance of Humans in War)一文中指出,未來戰爭中,人工智慧不可能取代人類,人工智慧不但沒有弱化人類的作用,相反也增強了人類在戰爭中的重要性。作者認為,純粹機器支援下的人工智慧解決不了當下和未來戰爭中的問題,主要是數據的品質問題以及判斷的困難性,加上對手的掩蓋、欺騙和乾擾,純粹機器支持下的人工智慧在未來戰爭中的作用將大打折扣。兩位作者主要從戰略脈絡、戰爭中的人工智慧、人工智慧在軍事決策中的表現以及軍事人工智慧戰略意義的討論與反思四個主要方面論述了人工智慧在當下及未來戰爭中依然無法取代純人工,相反,人類的角色在未來戰爭中依舊重要。其分析過程和主要觀點如下所示。為了便於對相關觀點直接做出評價,我們也一併在各方觀點之後給出了相應的評論。

軍事組織決策的戰略脈絡為人工智慧帶來了巨大挑戰

作者指出,軍事組織的決策會受到多方面的影響,整體說來,可能會表現為如下情況:(1)政治脈絡:政治脈絡主要表現為戰略環境與設施條件與心理偏好;(2)技術脈絡:機器學習的快速推進可以完成包括影像辨識、導航等在內的更精準、複雜、便捷以及更大數量上的預報;(3)決策過程:本過程主要涉及目標、價值、環境的客觀事實以及由此抽取的推理,也就是一個判斷、數據以及預測的過程;(4)人機分工:人工智慧的運用都是數據品質和判斷困難性所形成的函數,數據的品質高低、判斷的明確或困難決定了人機在決策上的相對優勢。

應該說,作者此處抓住了當前人工智慧參與軍事決策、擔任軍事具體角色、完成各種軍事任務、實現戰略戰役意圖過程中面臨的主要宏觀語境因素。政治脈絡往往是人工智慧最難掌握的條件,國際政治與國內政治,特別是國際間外交關係不穩定、國際政治的風雲突變、國內政治的穩定與突變性、國際地理和自然環境變化的不可預測性、國際與國內人員的心理變化等,是人工智慧難以掌握的。在技​​術方面,儘管人工智慧快速發展,但是,其無法脫離對資料的高度依賴性,這使得技術發展等同於物理學中的基本事實,即物體的移動速度再快也無法超越光速限制。決策過程,是人工智慧參與軍事決策影響未來戰爭的最重要的方面,也是戰爭背景下軍事指揮最為複雜的過程。但是,目前還沒有哪一個國家的軍隊、哪一個軍隊的指揮官能夠如此自信地說,人工智慧可以將決策的所有環節做到像人一樣有獨特的理性。面對龐大的數據,人工智慧的最大優勢是計算,但是,人類的先決條件是,有些數據不需要計算,憑直覺便能得出結論,更何況決策指揮往往體現指揮員更為高超的智慧與藝術。人機分工的脈絡其實讓我們愈發體認到,未來將有更多數據運用到戰爭決策中,人類可以將某些事務的決策權交給人工智慧,必要的決策仍要由人類來做。人機分工實際走向的階段,是人機的和諧分工與人機協同,特別是人類對戰爭的理性、人性、道德與倫理的重視。

戰爭中人工智慧在預測與判斷上的不可靠性

(1)戰略環境的不可控制資料難免影響預測:這可能表現在資料本身以及資料的取得與使用。資料方面較突出的表現為:資料造假、資料受限、資料受控、資料無效、無法分析等。在資料的源頭和資料分析中的主要表現為:資料來源眾多,難以預料;資料分析受技術限制;資料範圍隨網路發展不斷擴大,稀釋有效資料;網路系統和軟體易受多方幹擾;駭客以及多方的襲擾;多種技巧的衝突。

(2)軍事管理的判斷無法脫離人工參與:人工智慧在參與軍事管理過程中面臨眾多考驗。第一,軍事管理的判斷是個主觀性極強的問題。第二,運用機器學習來完成這個計算過程也不得不受人為判斷影響。第三, AI所使用的函數目標明確,各相關方為共同目標所牽引達成一致,發揮部隊領導指揮力。軍隊的指揮往往要面臨不同軍兵種、分支機構、單位人員,各自的技戰術、能力以及認知等都會有差異,讓人工智慧來解決這些集體行動問題時,難免會出現巨大的爭議,往往會使得問題變得更糟。

在這部分,作者指出了人工智慧參與軍事指揮中不可不面對,而且至少當下無法解決的兩個致命弱點:一個是數據的可靠性難以保證,一個是人工參與問題。關於數據的可靠性,在戰爭過程中,數據往往存在大量真假難辨的情況。再加上數據的受控性,作為對手一方以及第三方,可能有意控制某方面的數據,提供的數據也做了特殊內容以及邏輯關係的安排,甚至還有可能將數據做有意歪曲以及提供無理性的分散數據,使得數據分析結果毫無關聯性,也無法得出有效結論,從而喪失判斷能力。人類在未來很長一段時間內不會解決人工智慧判斷過程中必須有人工參與此問題。當下的人工智慧都是由人類設計出來的,儘管可以透過大量資料進行訓練以及優化,但是,當下人類還不允許人工智慧脫離人類事先的規定和約束,完全由人工智慧來決定自身的設計與優化和升級。考慮到軍事決策過程充滿了變數,不可能將一個軍事決策過程完全交給人工智慧來完成。人工智慧能夠完成的,就是自動化的傳遞數據以及大量的數據分析並提供結果。如果說一般的管理決策可以交給人工智慧來完成,那麼真正的關鍵決策,還是要交給人工來實現。實際上,考慮到軍事管理的決策,特別是戰爭環境下更為複雜、更具有挑戰性、更為受控的決策與過程,人工智慧要想完美體現指揮官的個人決策魅力和意圖,要想完全實現軍隊集體一體化行動以及多樣化軍兵種的個人化指揮,還有很長的路要走。人類戰爭條件下,每一個參戰方,特別是作戰者末端和高級指揮方對戰爭的執行有著很多的變量,比如,風雨冰雪、江河湖海、戰鬥意志、道路狀況、運輸能力、生產運行、材料補給等方面的變化往往會導致突發狀況。因此,實際的戰場往往變數大於設計。在軍事管理與戰場決策的眾多判斷中,即便是在未來智慧化作戰條件下,人工的參與將依舊處於主導地位。

人工智慧在軍事決策任務機制中參與受限

文章指出,人工智慧在軍事決策任務機制中體現了四種決策過程,也體現了相應的四種決策特點,其主要表現如下。

自動決策過程:人工智慧效能的最佳案例就是「自動決策」。首先,它可以減少行政機構的工作。其次,人工智慧有助於提高常規活動的效率和規模。最後,人工智慧有利於優化物流供應鏈。但即便是在這些任務中,人的判斷的介入才是自動決策提供決策的依據和判斷的尺度。

人工決策過程:人工智慧無法執行以有限、有偏見的數據和模棱兩可、有爭議的判斷為特徵的任務,這必須要人工決策來完成。對於軍事戰略和指揮任務來說,環境中的「迷霧」、組織中的「摩擦」等都需要人類的「聰明才智」來解決。每當「迷霧」和「摩擦」最大,最需要人類「天才」的時候,人工智慧的作用就變得弱小了。

決策自動化過程:過早的自動化主要是指在條件不成熟的情況下進行人工智慧的介入。在資料品質低但機器有明確目標並獲得授權採取行動的情況下,依賴人工智慧尤其危險。當授權採取殺戮行動時,風險最大。另外,數據也可能有偏差,而且機器也不能很好地理解人類的行為。過早自動化的風險在軍事領域是極端的(例如,誤傷和平民傷亡)。人工智慧武器可能無意中以無辜平民或友軍為目標,或引發敵對報復。因此,AI 往往會不顧及後果地殺人。

人機合作過程:人機合作指的是在大量資訊處理中需要人工和機器的共同協作。實際上,在許多判斷任務中困難重重,要獲得高品質的數據必須介入人工。在實踐中,情報分析人員處理欺騙性目標和模糊資料有著一種本能,人工智慧難以學到這種基於本能的能力。將人工智慧應用到這類問題的判斷中是一項困難和挑戰性極大的實踐。但是,人工智慧在人機合作中更多的還是在人工指導下解決複雜、龐大的數據以及分析複雜問題。不過,無論是高品質的數據分析,還是最後的決策,主導力量仍然是人。

以上羅列了當前人工智慧在參與軍事決策機制過程中,四種不同決策模式情況下人工智慧所扮演的角色。儘管作者沒有明說,但是我們能夠感覺到,這四個過程要不是需要人工的參與,就是人工智慧的作用受限;在這個整體過程中,人工智慧還隱約呈現出弱化的趨勢。這四個過程可以重新解讀為:自動決策過程中人工智慧占主導地位,人工決策過程中人工智慧決策受限,決策自動化過程中決策過早自動化以及人機合作過程中人工經驗難以取代。在第一個過程中,顯然人工智慧能夠體現自身在常規慣例性工作、大數據重複性任務、程式化程序性活動中的優勢,但是,即便是在這類活動中,人的判斷尺度和依據依舊是人工智慧得以實現的關鍵。在第二個過程中,主要是那些數據偏小、態度性強、主觀性突出、判斷極易出現模棱兩可情況,由於數據量不足,機器學習難以完成,而且每一個個案可能都有具體變化,無法形成總體的判斷尺度,在這樣的情況下,人工智慧往往難以作為。人類獨有的價值觀、世界觀、人生觀、道德情感、個人精神境界以及個人工作經驗,往往會對類似這樣的決策做出非常合理的判斷,這個是人工智慧一時難以完成的,儘管這方面的實驗依舊很多,但是人類決策中綜合調用個人綜合知識以及情感與價值判斷的能力明顯優於人工智慧。在第三個過程中,決策自動化過程由於具有資料量龐大、處理資料反應快、分析資料結果即時化、讀者介面親近友善等優勢,因此,對於許多問題來說,人們特別傾向於一開始就將相關數據集合起來,並利用人工智慧進行數據學習和分析,但由於數據可能剛開始呈現,或者數據易被操控或者安排,實際獲得數據往往只是實際數據的前端部分,因此,無論是用人工智能進行深度學習還是用人工智慧進行資料的分析,都會出現過早自動化分析的情況,所訓練的人工智慧或說分析的結果都無法全面標識所關心的問題。而實際上,我們在進行任何問題研究時,很難保證我們獲取的某個方面的數據代表了所關心問題的全部數據,儘管外部數據看上去很龐大,但是這個數據很可能只是有關事物的極為偏態或極為局部、極為初期乃至不成熟的資料。在此基礎上的人工智慧,無論是訓練和計算,其結果都是過早計算,過早代表了問題資料資訊的全部。而人工智慧自身,由於對於資料的高度依賴性,很難逃離資料本身的先設決定。因此,在戰爭背景下,如果人工智慧的數據經常受到有關方面的干擾、破壞、欺騙、操控與設計,那麼,人工智慧得出的決策判斷往往是不可信賴,甚至是非常危險或可悲的。因此,完全把戰爭交給人工智慧的結局肯定是可怕的:要么是戰爭出現了無限制的烈度,要么出現慘無人道的殺戮,畢竟人工智慧很難做到人類理性的價值判斷以及人道情感決策。在第四個過程中,作者高度強調了人機合作中,人工的判斷能夠在欺騙性、微小差別、模棱兩可、模糊不清的數據以及多樣化數據中產生一種高水平的判斷,這是一種職業經驗產生的本能;儘管人工智慧能在大數據的學習中獲取某些讓人驚嘆的結論,但是這樣的分析標準和策略,始終逃脫不過人工的設計,也始終在人工的干預下不斷調整。當然,我們也要指出的是,人工智慧的價值觀、道德感、人性和情感,無論如何是超越不了人類的,儘管其可以具備超強的知識含量、邏輯性和計算能力,但是在目前和未來相當長一段時間,考慮到人工智慧在人機合作中的輔助處理資料地位,即便人工智慧達到人類的敏感、複雜、敏銳、自覺與直覺,我們仍會將複雜而重要的最後決策權交給人類本身。

針對以上情況,作者對人工智慧在戰爭中的作用做了一番討論和反思,得出如下結論:首先,軍事組織使用的人工智慧數據和判斷都依賴人工的干預;其次,戰爭中的對手有動機使人工智慧依賴的數據和判斷複雜化;再一次,現在人工智慧機器取代人類戰士所帶來的優勢還為時過早;最後,人工智慧所驅動的戰爭帶來的不可意想的後果和爭議日益突出。為此,作者強調,現在就認為人工智慧將在戰爭或任何其他競爭活動中取代人類還為時過早。無論從戰爭本身的環境和條件,戰爭決策的過程,戰爭的人工智慧深度學習與運算,以及人工智慧參與軍事任務執行的表現來看,有充分的理由相信,即便是未來在由人工智慧主導的戰爭中,人類的角色也會愈加重要。

此處,作者提出了與當下主流觀點很是相左的觀點:軍事人工智慧不會在戰爭中取代人類的主導,相反還會凸顯人工在未來戰爭中的突出地位與作用。作者的觀點應該值得人工智慧研究者,特別是軍事人工智慧研究者的深度思考。作者從多方面分析了人工智慧無法做到在未來戰爭中獨當一面、獨立人類、獨行其道、獨當大任:戰爭的多樣化語境為人工智慧帶來不可逾越的挑戰;戰爭中人工智慧的預測與判斷無法做到可靠;人工智慧在軍事決策中參與能力有限、無法完全取代人類的參與和決策。特別是強調了戰爭本身的難以捉摸性、多方因素的不可預測性、各參與者的難以捉摸和刻意設計與欺騙性,所獲得的戰爭數據的複雜性、多變性、欺騙性、不可控制性、難以確保真實性,人工智慧在預測和判斷中的脆弱性:人工智慧所解決的問題、解決的依據、解決問題的過程、解決的程序以及解決的模型都受人工因素的影響,以及人工智慧在軍事決策中參與能力的受限三大面向,向人們展示了戰爭中人工智慧還面臨諸多挑戰,給了我們重要的啟示:人工智慧要主宰未來戰場,成為未來戰爭中真正獨立於人類之外的戰士和戰爭指揮者,還為時過早。唯有人類才是戰爭的主人和主宰者。由於人類對人工智慧設計的高度主宰性,我們希望人工智慧主宰戰爭這一天永遠不會到來。當人類的我們期望人工智慧在戰爭的賽道上疾馳時,人工智慧的開發者也要把倫理情感和國際法、戰爭法、人道主義始終作為底線,這是在地球上和平發展、和諧發展、和諧發展,追求美好、追求和平、追求幸福的基本保證。

當前,我們對人工智慧的快速發展高度關注。特別是ChatGPT的發展,它在日常聊天、知識搜尋、問題回應、難題解題、編寫程式、經營管理、專案規劃、語言翻譯、論文撰寫、文學創作等方面能夠接受百般刁難,確實已向承擔深度腦力工作的眾多崗位拉響了警報。但是,無論人工智慧如何發展,無論類似ChatGPT這樣具有顛覆性的人工智慧在軍事領域怎樣發展,人類才是人工智慧的主導者和戰爭中的主宰者,也只有人類才能確保戰爭的人道性、合法性和有效性。但願人工智慧的發展能夠消滅戰爭。

原文責任編輯:舒建軍 馬氍鴻

(本文註釋內容略

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cssn.cn/dkzgxp/zgxp_gjshkxzzzwb/gjshkxzz202301/202308/t20230807_5677376.shtml

China’s Position Paper : Regulating Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence

中國的立場文件:規範人工智慧的軍事應用

現代英語:

The rapid development and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology are profoundly changing human production and lifestyles, bringing huge opportunities to the world while also bringing unpredictable security challenges. It is particularly noteworthy that the military application of artificial intelligence technology may have far-reaching impacts and potential risks in terms of strategic security, governance rules, and moral ethics.

AI security governance is a common issue facing mankind. With the widespread application of AI technology in various fields, all parties are generally concerned about the risks of AI military applications and even weaponization.

Against the backdrop of diverse challenges facing world peace and development, all countries should uphold a common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable global security concept and, through dialogue and cooperation, seek consensus on how to regulate the military applications of AI and build an effective governance mechanism to prevent the military applications of AI from causing significant damage or even disasters to humanity.

Strengthening the regulation of the military application of artificial intelligence and preventing and controlling the risks that may arise will help enhance mutual trust among countries, maintain global strategic stability, prevent an arms race, alleviate humanitarian concerns, and help build an inclusive and constructive security partnership and practice the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind in the field of artificial intelligence.

We welcome all parties including governments, international organizations, technology companies, research institutes and universities, non-governmental organizations and individual citizens to work together to promote the safe governance of artificial intelligence based on the principle of extensive consultation, joint construction and sharing.

To this end, we call for:

– In terms of strategic security, all countries, especially major powers, should develop and use artificial intelligence technology in the military field with a prudent and responsible attitude, not seek absolute military advantage, and prevent exacerbating strategic misjudgments, undermining strategic mutual trust, triggering escalation of conflicts, and damaging global strategic balance and stability.

– In terms of military policy, while developing advanced weapons and equipment and improving legitimate national defense capabilities, countries should bear in mind that the military application of artificial intelligence should not become a tool for waging war and pursuing hegemony, and oppose the use of the advantages of artificial intelligence technology to endanger the sovereignty and territorial security of other countries.

– In terms of legal ethics, countries should develop, deploy and use relevant weapon systems in accordance with the common values ​​of mankind, adhere to the people-oriented principle, uphold the principle of “intelligence for good”, and abide by national or regional ethical and moral standards. Countries should ensure that new weapons and their means of warfare comply with international humanitarian law and other applicable international law, strive to reduce collateral casualties, reduce human and property losses, and avoid the misuse of relevant weapon systems and the resulting indiscriminate killing and injury.

– In terms of technical security, countries should continuously improve the security, reliability and controllability of AI technology, enhance the security assessment and control capabilities of AI technology, ensure that relevant weapon systems are always under human control, and ensure that humans can terminate their operation at any time. The security of AI data must be guaranteed, and the militarized use of AI data should be restricted.

– In terms of R&D operations, countries should strengthen self-discipline in AI R&D activities, and implement necessary human-machine interactions throughout the weapon life cycle based on comprehensive consideration of the combat environment and weapon characteristics. Countries should always insist that humans are the ultimate responsible party, establish an AI accountability mechanism, and provide necessary training for operators.

– In terms of risk management, countries should strengthen supervision of the military application of artificial intelligence, especially implement hierarchical and classified management to avoid the use of immature technologies that may have serious negative consequences. Countries should strengthen the research and judgment of the potential risks of artificial intelligence, including taking necessary measures to reduce the risk of proliferation of military applications of artificial intelligence.

——In rule-making, countries should adhere to the principles of multilateralism, openness and inclusiveness. In order to track technological development trends and prevent potential security risks, countries should conduct policy dialogues, strengthen exchanges with international organizations, technology companies, technology communities, non-governmental organizations and other entities, enhance understanding and cooperation, and strive to jointly regulate the military application of artificial intelligence and establish an international mechanism with universal participation, and promote the formation of an artificial intelligence governance framework and standard specifications with broad consensus.

– In international cooperation, developed countries should help developing countries improve their governance level. Taking into account the dual-use nature of artificial intelligence technology, while strengthening supervision and governance, they should avoid drawing lines based on ideology and generalizing the concept of national security, eliminate artificially created technological barriers, and ensure that all countries fully enjoy the right to technological development and peaceful use.

現代國語:

人工智慧技術的快速發展及其廣泛應用,正深刻改變人類生產和生活方式,為世界帶來巨大機會的同時,也帶來難以預測的安全挑戰。特別值得關注的是,人工智慧技術的軍事應用,在戰略安全、治理規則、道德倫理等方面可能產生深遠影響和潛在風險。

人工智慧安全治理是人類面臨的共同課題。隨著人工智慧技術在各領域的廣泛應用,各方普遍對人工智慧軍事應用甚至武器化風險感到擔憂。

在世界和平與發展面臨多元挑戰的背景下,各國應秉持共同、綜合、合作、永續的全球安全觀,透過對話與合作,就如何規範人工智慧軍事應用尋求共識,建構有效的治理機制,避免人工智慧軍事應用為人類帶來重大損害甚至災難。

加強對人工智慧軍事應用的規範,預防和管控可能引發的風險,有利於增進國家間互信、維護全球戰略穩定、防止軍備競賽、緩解人道主義關切,有助於打造包容性和建設性的安全夥伴關係,在人工智慧領域實踐建構人類命運共同體理念。

我們歡迎各國政府、國際組織、技術企業、科研院校、民間機構和公民個人等各主體秉持共商共建共享的理念,協力共同促進人工智慧安全治理。

為此,我們呼籲:

——戰略安全上,各國尤其是大國應本著慎重負責的態度在軍事領域研發和使用人工智慧技術,不謀求絕對軍事優勢,防止加劇戰略誤判、破壞戰略互信、引發衝突升級、損害全球戰略平衡與穩定。

——在軍事政策上,各國在發展先進武器裝備、提高正當國防能力的同時,應銘記人工智慧的軍事應用不應成為發動戰爭和追求霸權的工具,反對利用人工智慧技術優勢危害他國主權和領土安全的行為。

——法律倫理上,各國研發、部署和使用相關武器系統應遵循人類共同價值觀,堅持以人為本,秉持「智能向善」的原則,遵守國家或地區倫理道德準則。各國應確保新武器及其作戰手段符合國際人道法和其他適用的國際法,努力減少附帶傷亡、降低人員財產損失,避免相關武器系統的誤用惡用,以及由此引發的濫殺。

——在技術安全上,各國應不斷提昇人工智慧技術的安全性、可靠性和可控性,增強對人工智慧技術的安全評估和管控能力,確保相關武器系統永遠處於人類控制之下,保障人類可隨時中止其運作。人工智慧資料的安全必須得到保證,應限制人工智慧資料的軍事化使用。

——研發作業上,各國應加強對人工智慧研發活動的自我約束,在綜合考慮作戰環境和武器特性的基礎上,在武器全生命週期實施必要的人機互動。各國應時常堅持人類是最終責任主體,建立人工智慧問責機制,對操作人員進行必要的訓練。

——風險管控上,各國應加強對人工智慧軍事應用的監管,特別是實施分級、分類管理,避免使用可能產生嚴重負面後果的不成熟技術。各國應加強對人工智慧潛在風險的研判,包括採取必要措施,降低人工智慧軍事應用的擴散風險。

——規則制定上,各國應堅持多邊主義、開放包容的原則。為追蹤科技發展趨勢,防範潛在安全風險,各國應進行政策對話,加強與國際組織、科技企業、技術社群、民間機構等各主體交流,增進理解與協作,致力於共同規範人工智慧軍事應用並建立普遍參與的國際機制,推動形成具有廣泛共識的人工智慧治理框架和標準規範。

——國際合作上,已開發國家應協助發展中國家提升治理水平,考慮到人工智慧技術的軍民兩用性質,在加強監管和治理的同時,避免採取以意識形態劃線、泛化國家安全概念的做法,消除人為製造的科技壁壘,確保各國充分享有技術發展與和平利用的權利。

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/wjb_673085/zzjg_673183/jks_674633/zclc_674645/rgzn/202206/t20220614_10702838.shtml

How Can Chinese Military Research Institutes Achieve “accelerated” Innovation in National Defense Science and Technology?

中國軍事科學研究院所如何實現國防科技創新「加速」?

現代英語:

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and emerging fields such as space and the Internet will become the focus of future competition. The rapid development of science and technology, the ever-changing weapons and equipment and combat methods have put forward new requirements for military research institutes to conduct full-domain battlefield research.

Standing at the forefront of the times, how can military research institutes promote the implementation of the national defense science and technology innovation strategy and transform scientific research results into real combat effectiveness? How can we achieve the transition from “squatting to running” to “jumping” in scientific and technological innovation and achieve “acceleration” in scientific and technological innovation? Please read the news investigation brought by the PLA Daily reporter from the National Defense Engineering Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences.

Defense Science and Technology Innovation: Forging a Powerful Engine to Enhance National Defense Strength

■China National Defense News reporter Pan Di and special correspondent Zhao Jie

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and emerging fields such as space and the Internet will become the focus of future competition. The rapid development of science and technology, the ever-changing weapons and equipment and combat methods have put forward new requirements for military research institutes to conduct full-domain battlefield research.

President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen national defense science and technology innovation and vigorously improve the ability of independent innovation in national defense science and technology when attending the plenary meeting of the PLA and armed police delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress. Standing at the forefront of the times, how can military research institutes promote the implementation of national defense science and technology innovation strategies and transform scientific research results into real combat effectiveness? How can we achieve the transition from “squatting to running” to “jumping” in scientific and technological innovation and achieve “acceleration” in scientific and technological innovation? Please see the news investigation brought by reporters from the National Defense Engineering Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences.

Research direction——

We must work hard to study and strive for the future, and never lose our ambition

In late March, at a research institute of the National Defense Engineering Research Institute, researchers who had completed the experimental content of a project were busy collecting, organizing and analyzing data, which also meant that a forward-looking topic they had been studying had entered the finalization stage.

A few years ago, when the concept of a certain type of weapon was just proposed, researchers were keenly aware that with the continuous development of science and technology, once this type of weapon breaks through the technical barriers and is successfully developed, it will bring new challenges to the construction of national defense projects. Time waits for no one, and they have planned in detail the research direction of the subject and the key issues that need to be solved in combination with the current status of my country’s national defense projects. Today, the project team has basically mastered the damage effect of a certain new type of weapon on the target, and has proposed a new protection concept accordingly.

The successful completion of the project stems from the accurate aiming of the scientific research target, and the establishment of the scientific research direction is due to the keen insight and foresight of the scientific research team. This kind of forward-looking research is not an isolated case in the institute.

Engineer Han Yu recalled that as early as the 1980s, the research staff of the institute proposed the research direction of information warfare in the future war based on the development trend of warfare. After extensive data collection, investigation and understanding of the situation, and analysis of research rules, they outlined a forward-looking development blueprint for this research direction.

Thanks to the long-term research accumulation on informationized combat styles, after the institute formally established the relevant protection research laboratory last year, the laboratory’s researchers have been advancing related scientific research topics in an orderly and intensive manner.

The application and research cycle of a project is long, ranging from a few years to more than ten years, or even longer. If the research topic lacks foresight, the scientific research direction is not closely connected to the battlefield, and the results are difficult to help improve the combat effectiveness of the troops, it will inevitably cause a waste of manpower and material resources. In response to this situation, the institute clearly requires: “For research topics related to national defense projects, if they are not practical and forward-looking, they will not be allowed to be established.”

“Our research results usually have to be tested in the training ground, and the opinions and suggestions from the troops are summarized and collected on the feedback form, which provides an important reference basis for the next step of scientific research.” Wang Mingzhe, an engineer who is about to visit a certain test site, told reporters that in order to make the research topics stand the test of future wars, the researchers of the institute often go to plateaus and islands, and travel all over the country to investigate, inspect and demonstrate.

A few years ago, when conducting research in the army, researchers discovered that the camouflage cloth used by a brigade during a live-fire exercise was not conducive to camouflage and cover in special terrain. In response to the problem, researchers quickly organized a research project and designed a new information-based shielding system and cloth, making battlefield laying more convenient, faster, more confusing and concealed.

“When attending the plenary meeting of the People’s Liberation Army and the Armed Police Force delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, President Xi stressed the need to pay close attention to the development trends of world military technology and weaponry. Indeed, conducting scientific research is like fighting a war. Only with a forward-looking vision can we win the commanding heights in overcoming difficult problems and seize the initiative for victory.” Speaking of the institute’s project approval standards, researcher Liu Ruichao said with emotion that scientific research in the field of national defense engineering must conform to the latest trends in combat styles and weapon development, and take one step ahead while being down-to-earth.

Scientific research talents——

How can the water be so clear? Because it comes from a source of fresh water.

“Look, these are the cracks that appeared after treatment…” On the afternoon of March 13, a laboratory of the institute was occasionally filled with the sound of machines roaring and explanations of experimental content.

In the laboratory, the reporter saw a soldier with gray hair in military uniform. Researcher Chen Anmin told the reporter that the old man was Gu Jincai, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the voice just heard outside the door was Academician Gu explaining the experiment content to the young backbone.

As an academician, the scientific research tasks are already very busy and there is no need for him to always be on the front line. However, Academician Gu, who is already 80 years old, still insists on patiently and meticulously teaching his apprentices and leading the team.

“Academician Gu and his group of veteran comrades have been working on the front line since the establishment of the unit, providing hands-on training and guidance to scientific researchers. I am especially grateful to the predecessors for their guidance and support in getting to where I am today.” Engineer Ma Dongliang is deeply impressed by the good atmosphere of the institute.

In 2009, Ma Dongliang was assigned to a research institute in the Central Plains. As a new employee, Ma Dongliang, who had not yet understood the content of his job, thought he would be assigned to do some “odd jobs” such as organizing documents. What he did not expect was that he was entrusted with an important task as soon as he arrived at the unit and participated in a major protection research project throughout the process.

“The project team is full of teachers with many books, and I, a ‘rookie’, can complete the project tasks?” Ma Dongliang recalled that he was both excited and terrified at the time. After working in the institute for a long time, he learned that the institute would formulate a capacity improvement plan for each key talent, formulate a targeted training plan for those with development potential, and cultivate a team of key talents through job training, sending students to study, cooperation and exchange, etc.

At the 2017 National Science and Technology Awards Commendation Conference, the project in which Ma Dongliang participated won the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award. What surprised him was that the project leader put him in the position of the seventh author after considering everyone’s contribution, which is not only an honor but also a spur and encouragement for young researchers.

“My contribution to scientific research has not been ignored just because I am young. This is also an important reason why our young backbones stay here to concentrate on scientific research. The evaluation of awards focuses on professional ability and contribution. When evaluating and adjusting positions, it is not based on awards or achievements, but on comprehensive evaluation.” Ma Dongliang told reporters that he is currently working on four projects at the same time, working more than 10 hours a day, and working overtime on weekends is the norm. As he said, this fair competition method and evaluation mechanism make them “excited” and “energized” to do scientific research here.

Like Ma Dongliang, there are many young backbones born in the 1980s who like the talent training atmosphere of the institute and engage in scientific research and have achieved success and development. Some have become senior engineers, and some have served as laboratory leaders. A large number of scientific research backbones have grown rapidly here.

Research conditions——

The phoenix will come to roost when the phoenix tree is lush and leafy.

If information technology is the “multiplier” of combat effectiveness, then scientific research conditions are the “incubator” that gives birth to innovative results.

During the interview at the research institute, the reporter found that the place where the researchers spent the longest time was the test site.

At a test site of the institute, the reporter met Associate Researcher Xu Xiangyun who was preparing the test content. He told the reporter that each research room has several laboratories or test sites built according to the needs of scientific research projects. In addition to purchasing local mature technology products, most of the equipment is independently developed. A new type of test equipment next to him was developed and put into use last year.

At the end of 2012, a new type of weapon was released abroad. According to information obtained by scientific and technological personnel, its attack performance and its destructiveness to protective projects are astonishing, and it is likely to cause many protective projects to lose their due effectiveness.

As it concerns the safety of national defense projects, researchers need to find out the relevant performance of this type of weapon as soon as possible, and to obtain the most accurate information, they need to conduct relevant tests. Because it is a new type of weapon, there is no alternative test method in China, and it often takes 3 years or even longer to apply for the development of test equipment. This practical problem made the researchers of the institute frown. What should they do?

“A special research team composed of academicians and experts will be established to work together to overcome difficulties.” After the researchers reported the situation, the institute also invited experts in related fields from all over the country to discuss the matter. After multiple scientific discussions, they immediately decided to start the development of the test equipment as soon as possible.

In 2015, the Institute developed a certain type of test equipment when most similar test equipment in China could only be used in a fixed manner. With the test equipment, the research team quickly began to apply for a certain evaluation test project. Today, the research team has successfully conducted tests such as weapon power research and target damage, and has proposed new protection concepts and structures accordingly.

“Today, a big challenge facing military research institutions is how to fully mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative and innovation of researchers. We must try our best to provide researchers with advanced research conditions in a timely manner to ensure innovative research.” said the leader of the institute. In recent years, they have successively built an engineering comprehensive demonstration environment laboratory with an area of ​​more than 1,000 square meters and more than 200 sets of equipment and software, as well as dynamic and static load test platforms.

If you want to do your work well, you must first sharpen your tools. At present, while continuing to implement the tasks of scientific research conditions construction, the institute focuses on the current situation at home and abroad and the development trend of related majors, actively plans new scientific research conditions construction projects, and promotes the application of the “Major Underground Engineering Safety” National Key Laboratory. A project aimed at the protection technology research of the world’s cutting-edge weapons will be carried out in the newly built simulation test center…

Accelerate national defense science and technology innovation

■Weidong

At the plenary meeting of the PLA and Armed Police Force delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen national defense science and technology innovation, accelerate the construction of a military-civilian integration innovation system, and vigorously improve the independent innovation capabilities of national defense science and technology. This important thought profoundly reveals the objective laws of national defense science and technology development and points out the direction for the prosperity and development of modern military science.

In recent years, as the strategic commanding heights of science and technology have accelerated their development to the deep earth, deep sea and deep space, the forms of war and combat styles have undergone profound changes, and the process of transforming combat theories into battlefield actions and technology into equipment has continued to accelerate, and the cycle has been further shortened. Many military powers have seen the dawn of intelligent military transformation and have launched a new round of military technology innovation.

In the face of the ever-changing technological development, military research institutes must take the lead in the national defense science and technology game, take the opportunity of reshaping the military research system, stand at the overall height of ensuring victory in the informationized war, step up the strategic transformation, and firmly grasp the “bull’s nose” of independent innovation, so as to take the initiative in the grand journey of becoming world-class.

Qian Xuesen once said that national defense science and technology innovation must not be satisfied with “chasing tail” or “looking in the mirror”. Military research institutes should be bold in their ideas, have the courage to emancipate their minds, break the mindset, make macro plans for their long-term development, and optimize the top-level design. At the same time, they should also carry out forward-looking demonstrations of the needs for the development of national defense science and technology innovation, independently and proactively carry out basic, leading, and disruptive innovative technology research, keenly discover new directions and new fields for the generation of new quality combat effectiveness, and strive to stand at the forefront and be at the forefront of the world’s military science and technology competition.

It is the duty of the general to not forget to fight while defending; it is the duty of the soldiers to be well-prepared for training. Focusing on actual combat is both a goal and a guide. Military research institutes should firmly establish the idea of ​​research for combat, implement President Xi’s instructions and requirements of “facing the battlefield, facing the troops, and facing the future”, and follow the requirements of “improving joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems”. We should strive to conduct research in the way the war is fought and what is needed for the war, focus on improving the contribution rate of military research and innovation to the combat effectiveness of the troops, and continuously provide strong scientific and technological support for strengthening the army.

A first-class army needs first-class scientific research units, and first-class scientific research units need first-class talents. Only when talents emerge in competition can there be a burst of innovative vitality. Military scientific research institutes should always adhere to the awareness of talent cultivation as the main battlefield, highlight the cultivation of creative thinking and innovative capabilities of military scientific researchers, rely on first-class military talents to create first-class military theories and first-class military technology, and implant the winning genes for decoding future wars into the body of the army.

President Xi stressed that we should focus on the coordinated innovation of military and civilian science and technology in key areas. The fields of national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment are the focus of military-civilian integration. As military research institutes, we should focus on meeting national strategic needs, integrating into the national scientific research system, strengthening the coordinated research of major projects, and strengthening the deep integration of industry, academia and research. Relying on the superior resources of the military and the local government, we should strengthen the strategic cooperation between the military and the local government, build a service platform for the joint research and sharing of national defense science and technology achievements, the joint construction and sharing of conditions and facilities, and the connection of common standards between the military and the local government, and form a new situation of open, integrated and innovative development of national defense science and technology.

Stride forward, reshape and reconstruct is not a minor repair, and must not be a small fight. We must seize the opportunity of the start, release the starting momentum, take steps and speed up in key areas, important directions and major tasks, and create new models and set new benchmarks as soon as possible, so as to take the lead in achieving leading results in the world military science and technology competition, occupy a number of strategic commanding heights and winning points, use first-class military technology to create a first-class combat offense and defense system, and gradually achieve the goal of building a first-class army.

(Author’s unit: National Defense Engineering Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences)

Military scientific and technological innovation should focus on basic scientific research, improve basic scientific research support capabilities, and lay a solid foundation for national defense scientific and technological innovation.

In recent years, we have made great progress in the field of national defense science and technology, but there is still a gap with foreign countries in some key technologies, mainly because the basic research is not solid enough, and there is still room for improvement in professional basic theoretical research, digital military simulation platform development, large-scale distributed numerical computing technology, etc. These factors have restricted the scientific research progress and development in the military field to a certain extent, affecting the emergence and breakthroughs of cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovations.

Basic key technologies cannot be bought, and you will not get far if you rely on buying second-hand technologies from abroad. We should start from the aspects of top-level planning design, scientific research management system, and incentive mechanism for scientific researchers, attach importance to and support basic research work, carry out basic research work in depth, and enhance original innovation capabilities.

Military research institutions must break down the “barriers” between the military and civilian science and technology systems, and focus on collaborative innovation in military and civilian science and technology in key areas.

With the rapid development of high-tech weapons and equipment, the styles and forms of warfare are constantly changing, which puts higher requirements on battlefield construction. We must actively explore many disciplines such as earth sciences, high-tech equipment manufacturing, and automatic control, and study the construction of a full-domain intelligent battlefield.

Based on this, military research units need to cooperate with local governments to jointly carry out in-depth engineering research, integrate high-quality local military resources in the fields of electronic information, drones, artificial intelligence and bionics, and use the best scientific and technological resources in the country to build a modern military force system. For our national defense engineering field, we must attach importance to promoting the application of building information modeling (BIM) in military engineering and realize the informationization and refined management of engineering construction and operation and maintenance.

Innovation-driven development is essentially talent-driven. Whoever possesses first-class innovative talents will have the advantage and dominance in scientific and technological innovation.

At present, the most urgent need for strengthening national defense and military construction is talent; looking to the future, the core of achieving leapfrog development in military construction is still talent. Only by fully driving the talent training engine can we strongly promote independent innovation in national defense science and technology.

Many years of experience in scientific research have made me feel that talent cultivation is a systematic project and strategic task. We need to focus on the overall situation, strengthen top-level design, scientifically set up echelons, and strive to create a vivid situation where outstanding talents emerge and everyone competes to be a “maker” in the military camp. Talent cultivation has its inherent characteristics and laws. It cannot be achieved overnight or in a short period of time. We need to firmly establish a scientific concept of talent cultivation, with the ideological realm and confidence and courage of “success does not have to be mine, but the effort will not be in vain”, and work hard for a long time and continue to relay, so as to turn the talent cultivation blueprint into reality and provide solid talent support for the development of the military through science and technology.

Conducting military scientific research is like fighting a war. Only with a forward-looking vision can you gain the commanding heights in overcoming difficult problems and seize the initiative for victory.

In recent years, national defense science and technology at home and abroad has developed rapidly, the all-round reconnaissance technology integrating land, sea, air and space has been continuously improved, the use of troops and weapons supported by highly information technology on the battlefield and the emergence of new weapons have greatly changed the combat style and characteristics of future wars. Scientific researchers must deeply grasp and base themselves on the characteristics of future wars and carry out innovative scientific research in a targeted manner.

Specifically in the field of national defense engineering research, military researchers must keep up with the forefront of the development of world weapons and equipment and protection technology, and focus on preventing both “hard kill” and “soft kill”; they must pay attention to the protection of key parts as well as the protection of the overall system; they must do a good job in passive protection, and also track and study active protection and new weapon protection technologies, promote disruptive technological innovation, and strive to improve the battlefield survivability and combat support capabilities of national defense engineering.

現代國語:

目前,新一輪科技革命、工業革命、軍事革命正加速推進,太空、網路等新興領域將成為未來競爭的焦點。科學技術日新月異,武器裝備和作戰方式日新月異,對軍事科學研究院所進行全域戰場研究提出了新的要求。

站在時代前沿,軍隊科學研究院所如何推動國防科技創新戰略實施,將科學研究成果轉化為現實戰力?如何實現科技創新從“蹲著跑”到“跳起來”,實現科技創新“加速”?請閱讀解放軍報記者軍事科學院國防工程研究所帶來的新聞調查。

國防科技創新:為提升國防實力鍛造強大引擎

■中國國防報記者 潘娣 特約記者 趙傑

目前,新一輪科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命加速推進,太空、網路等新興領域將成為未來的爭奪焦點。快速發展的科學技術、日新月異的武器裝備及作戰方式,給軍科研院所提出了全域戰場研究的新要求。

習主席出席十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時強調,加強國防科技創新,並大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。挺立時代潮頭,軍事科研院所如何推進國防科技創新戰略落地生根,把科學研究成果轉化為實實在在的戰鬥力?如何實現科技創新“深蹲助跑”到“起跳跨越”,跑出科技創新“加速度”?請看記者從軍事科學院國防工程研究院帶來的新聞調查。

科學研究方向——

躬身必以研為戰,望遠不墜鯤鵬志

3月下旬,在國防工程研究院某研究所,已經完成某專案試驗內容的科研人員正在緊張地進行資料的蒐集、整理與分析,這也意味著他們潛心鑽研的某前瞻性課題進入結題階段。

幾年前,某型武器的概念剛被提出時,科研人員就敏銳地認識到:隨著科學技術不斷發展,該型武器一旦突破技術壁壘研製成功,將會對國防工程建設帶來新的挑戰。時間不等人,他們結合我國國防工程現狀,詳細規劃了主題的研究方向和需要重點解決的關鍵問題。現今,本計畫組基本上掌握某新型武器對目標的毀傷效果,並相應提出新的防護理念。

專案成功結題的背後,源自於科研標靶的準確瞄準,而科研方向的確立得益於科研團隊敏銳的洞察力與前瞻性。這種具有前瞻性的研究在該研究院並非個案。

根據工程師韓彧回憶,早在1980年代,該研究院科研人員根據作戰發展趨勢,預見未來戰爭資訊化作戰的研究方向。經過廣泛收集資料、調查了解情況、剖析研究規律,他們為研究方向勾勒出前瞻性的發展藍圖。

得益於長期資訊化作戰樣式的研究積累,去年研究院正式組成相關防護研究室之後,研究室科研人員便有條不紊、緊鑼密鼓地推進相關科研課題。

課題申請立項與研究週期長,短則幾年多則十幾年,甚至會更長。如果研究主題缺乏前瞻性,科學研究方向對接戰場不緊密,出了成果也難以助力部隊戰鬥力的提升,勢必會造成人力物力的浪費。針對這種情況,該研究院明確要求:“事關國防工程的研究主題,不具備實用性前瞻性決不允許立項。”

「我們的研究成果通常要經過演練場檢驗,匯總收集部隊反饋的意見建議到意見反饋表上,為下一步科研攻關提供重要參考依據。」即將赴某試驗場考察的工程師王明哲告訴記者,為了讓研究主題經得起未來戰爭的檢驗,研究院的科研人員常上高原、下海島,走南闖北去研究、考察與論證。

幾年前,科學研究人員在部隊調查時發現,某旅在實兵演練過程中使用的迷彩遮蔽佈在特殊地形下不利於偽裝掩護。針對發現的問題,科學研究人員快速組織主題立項研究,設計出新型資訊遮蔽系統與遮蔽布,使戰場鋪設更加方便快捷,更具迷惑性和隱蔽性。

「習主席在出席十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時強調,要密切關注世界軍事科技和武器裝備發展動向。的確,搞科研如同打仗,有前瞻性視野才能贏得攻克難題的製高點,把握勝利的主動權。 。

科學研究人才—

問渠哪得清如許,為有源頭活水來

「你們觀察一下,這是處理後顯現的裂縫…」3月13日下午,研究院某實驗室不時傳出陣陣機器轟鳴與講解試驗內容的聲音。

在實驗室裡,記者看到一位穿著軍服、頭髮花白的軍人。研究員陳安敏告訴記者,這位老者是中國工程院院士顧金才,剛在門外聽到的聲音就是顧院士在為年輕骨幹講解試驗內容。

身為院士,科學研究任務本就十分繁忙,完全不需要一直盯在一線,但已經80歲高齡的顧院士卻仍堅持耐心細緻地教徒弟、帶團隊。

「顧院士那一批老同志自單位成立以來就一直奮戰在一線,手把手地對科研人員進行傳幫帶。我能走到今天特別感謝前輩們的教導和扶持。」工程師馬棟良對研究院良好的氛圍感受頗深。

2009年,馬棟良被分配到地處中原地的某研究所。新到工作單位,還沒了解工作內容的馬棟良以為會被派去幹一些整理文檔的“雜活兒”,讓他沒想到的是,剛到單位就被委以重任,全程參與某重大防護研究課題。

「專案組裡都是著作等身的老師,而我一個『菜鳥』能把專案任務完成好嗎?」馬棟良回想當時的心情既激動又惶恐。他在研究院待久了才知道,原來研究院對每位骨幹人才都會製訂能力提升計劃,對有發展潛力的針對性製訂培養方案,透過崗位鍛鍊、送學培養、合作交流等方式,培養骨幹人才方隊。

在2017年度國家科學技術獎勵表揚大會上,馬棟良參與的這個計畫獲得國家科學技術進步獎二等獎。讓他既驚訝又意外的是,專案組組長綜合考慮每個人的貢獻後,將他放在了第七作者的位置,這對年輕科研人員來說既是榮譽,更是鞭策和激勵。

「並沒有因為年輕就忽略我在科研中的貢獻,這也是我們年輕骨幹留在這裡潛心搞科研的重要原因。評獎看重專業能力與所作所為,在評職調級時不唯獎不唯成果,而是依據綜合性評估。如他所說,這種公平的競爭方式與評價機制,讓他們在這裡搞科研「得勁兒」「有勁兒」。

而和馬棟良一樣,喜歡研究院人才培養氛圍而深耕科研,並取得成就與發展的「80後」年輕骨幹不在少數,有的成為了高級工程師,有的擔任了研究室領導,一大批科研骨幹在這裡快速成長起來。

科學研究條件——

梧桐枝繁葉茂,自有鳳凰來棲

如果資訊科技是戰鬥力的“倍增器”,那麼科研條件就是催生創新成果的“孵化器”。

在研究院採訪的日子裡,記者發現科學研究人員待得最久的地方就是試驗場。

在研究院某試驗場地,記者見到正在準備試驗內容的副研究員徐翔雲,他告訴記者,每個研究室都有幾處根據科研項目需求建造的實驗室或試驗場,除了購置地方技術成熟的產品,大部分是自主研發的設備,他身旁的某新型試驗設備就是去年研發投入使用的。

2012年年底,國外發布了一款新型武器,根據科技人員掌握到的情況,其攻擊性能及其對防護工程的破壞性令人吃驚,很可能會導致許多防護工程失去其應有的效用。

關乎國防工程的安全問題,科學研究人員要盡快摸清該型武器的相關性能,而要掌握到最準確的資料,需要進行相關試驗。由於是新型武器,國內尚未有可以作為替代的試驗手段,而要報項申請研發試驗裝備,往往需要3年甚至更長的時間。這個現實難題讓研究院科研人員皺緊了眉頭,怎麼辦?

「成立由院士專家組成的專題課題攻關小組,群策群力攻堅克難。」科研人員報告情況後,研究院還請來全國相關領域的專家探討,經過多方科學論證,他們當即拍板兒,盡快開展試驗設備的研發。

2015年,在國內大多數同類型試驗裝備只能固定使用的情況下,研究院研發出某型試驗裝備。有了試驗裝備,課題組很快就開始進行某評估試驗課題的申報工作。如今,該研究小組成功進行武器威力研究、目標毀傷情況等試驗,並相應提出新的防護理念和結構。

「如今,軍事科研機構面臨的很大一個難題,就是如何充分調動科研人員的積極性、主動性和創新性。我們要盡力為科研人員及時提供先進的科研條件,保障創新研究。」該研究院領導說。近年來,他們先後建造1000多平方公尺、200餘台(套)設備軟體的工程綜合論證環境實驗室、動載和靜載試驗平台。

工欲善其事,必先利其器。目前,該研究院在持續抓好科研條件建設任務落實的同時,著眼於國內外現狀與相關專業的發展趨勢,積極籌劃新的科研條件建設項目,推動“重大地下工程安全”國家重點試驗室等申報工作。瞄準世界前沿武器的防護技術研究的某個主題將在剛建成的模擬試驗中心開展…

跑出國防科技創新“加速”

■衛東

習主席在出席十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議時強調,要加強國防科技創新,加速建立軍民融合創新體系,大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。這一重要思想,深刻揭示了國防科技發展的客觀規律,為繁榮發展現代軍事科學指明了前進方向。

近年來,隨著科技戰略制高點朝向深地、深海、深空加速發展,戰爭形態和作戰樣式深刻嬗變,作戰理論轉化為戰場行動、技術物化為裝備的進程不斷加快,週期進一步縮短。不少軍事強國看到了智慧化軍事變革破曉的訊號,紛紛啟動新一輪軍事技術革新。

軍事競爭唯創新者勝。面對日新月異的科技發展態勢,軍事科研院所必須在國防科技博弈中率先投子佈勢、走開棋路,以軍事科研體系重塑為契機,站在保障打贏資訊化戰爭的全局高度,加緊推進戰略轉型,緊緊扭住自主創新這個“牛鼻子”,才能在邁進世界一流的宏闊征程中下好先手棋,掌握主動權。

錢學森曾說過,國防科技創新絕對不能滿足於「追尾巴」「照鏡子」。軍事科學研究院所應大膽構想,勇於解放思想,破除思維定式,對其長遠發展進行宏觀規劃,優化頂層設計。同時,也應進行前瞻性國防科技發展創新需求論證,自主超前展開基礎性、先導性、顛覆性創新技術研究,敏銳發現新質戰鬥力生成的新方向新領域,努力在世界軍事科技競爭中站上前沿、走在前面。

守不忘戰,將之任也;訓練有備,兵之事也。聚焦實戰是目標,也是牽引。軍事科研院所應牢固樹立研為戰思想,貫徹習主席「面向戰場、面向部隊、面向未來」的指示要求,按照「提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」的要求,努力做到仗怎麼打科學研究就怎麼搞,打仗需要什麼科學研究就搞什麼,著力提升軍事科學研究創新對部隊戰鬥力的貢獻率,不斷為強軍興軍提供強而有力的科技支撐。

一流的軍隊需要一流的科學研究單位,一流的科學研究單位需要一流的人才。只有人才競相湧現,才有創新活力迸發。軍事科研院所應始終堅持人才培養的主陣地意識,突顯對軍事科研工作者創造性思維、創新型能力的培養,靠一流軍事人才創造一流軍事理論和一流軍事科技,為軍隊的肌體植入解碼未來戰爭的致勝基因。

習主席強調,要突顯抓好重點領域軍民科技協同創新。國防科技與武器裝備領域是軍民融合的重點,作為軍事科研院所,應注重對接國家戰略需求,融入國家科研體系,加強重大項目協同攻關,強化產研深度融合。依托軍地優勢資源,強化軍地戰略協作,建構國防科技成果共研共享、條件設施共建共用、通用標準軍地銜接的服務平台,形成國防科技開放融合創新發展新局面。

闊步前進,重塑重構不是小修小補,絕不能小打小鬧。必須抓住開局契機,釋放起跑動能,在重點領域、重要方向和重大任務上把步子邁起來、速度提上去,盡快打造新樣板,樹起新標桿,從而在世界軍事科技競爭中率先取得引領性成果,佔據若干戰略制高點、致勝點,以一流軍事科技打造一流作戰攻防體系,逐步實現一流軍隊的建設目標。

(作者單位:軍事科學學院國防工程研究院)

軍事科技創新要聚焦基礎科學研究,提升基礎研究支撐能力,築牢國防科技創新的根基。

近年來,我們在國防科技領域取得非常大的進展,但在一些關鍵技術上和國外仍存在差距,主要是因為基礎性研究不夠紮實,在專業基礎理論研究、數位化軍事模擬平台研發、大型分散式數值計算技術等方面仍有待提升。這些因素都在一定程度上限制了軍事領域的科研進步與發展,影響著前沿引領技術、現代工程技術、顛覆性技術創新等方面的產生與突破。

基礎性關鍵技術絕對買不來,靠從國外買二手技術是走不遠的。若要從規劃頂層設計、研究管理制度、研究人員激勵機制等面向入手,實際重視與扶持基礎研究工作,深入進行基礎研究工作,提升原始創新能力。

軍事科研機構必須破除軍民科技體系之間的“藩籬”,突顯抓好重點領域軍民科技協同創新。

隨著當前高新技術武器裝備迅速發展,戰爭樣式和形態推陳出新,對戰場建設提出了更高要求,要積極探索地球科學、高新技術裝備製造、自動控制等眾多學科,研究全局智能戰場建設。

基於此,軍事科研單位需要和地方協同合作,共同做好深部工程研究,在電子資訊、無人機、人工智慧和仿生技術等高新科技研究方向,整合軍隊地方優質資源,用全國最優質的科技資源建構現代軍事力量體系。對我們國防工程領域而言,要重視推進建築資訊模型(BIM)在軍事工程的應用,實現工程建設與運作維護的資訊化、精細化管理。

創新驅動實質上是人才驅動,誰擁有了一流的創新人才,誰就擁有了科技創新的優勢和主導權。

著眼當下,加強國防和軍隊建設最緊張的就是人才;放眼未來,實現軍隊建設跨越式發展最核心的還是人才。全力驅動人才培養引擎,才能強勢助推國防科技自主創新。

多年的科學研究工作經驗使我感到,人才培育工作是一項系統工程和策略任務,需要著眼全局,加強頂層設計,科學設置梯次,著力形成優秀人才競相湧現、人人爭當軍營「創客」的生動局面。人才培育有其固有的特點和規律,不可能一蹴而就、短期速成,需要牢固樹立科學的人才培養觀,以「功成不必在我,而功力必不唐捐」的思想境界和信心勇氣,久久為功、持續接力,才能把人才培養藍圖變成現實,為科技興軍提供堅實的人才支撐。

搞軍事科研如同打仗,有前瞻性視野才能贏得攻克難題的製高點,把握勝利的主動權。

近年來,國內外國防科技快速發展,陸海空天一體的全方位偵察技術不斷提升,戰場中以高度資訊化技術為支撐的兵力武器運用以及新式武器的問世,大大改變了未來戰爭的作戰樣式和特徵,科學研究人員要深刻掌握並立足未來戰爭特點,有針對性地進行創新性科學研究工作。

具體到國防工程研究領域,軍事科研人員要緊跟世界武器裝備和防護技術發展的前沿,既要注重防“硬殺傷”,也要注重防“軟殺傷”;既要注重對要害部位的防護,也要注重整體系統防護;既要搞好被動防護,也要追蹤研究主動防護和新型武器防護技術,推動顛覆性技術創新,努力提升國防工程戰場生存能力和作戰保障能力。

来源:中国军网综合

作者:潘娣 赵杰等责任编辑:柳晨

2018-05-02 

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/2018zt/2018-05/02/content_8020899.htm

Chinese Military Analysis on the Strategic Application of Intelligent Warfare


中國軍事對智慧戰爭戰略應用的分析

現代英語:

An analysis of the use of strategies in intelligent warfare

■Chen Dongheng, Zhong Ya

Reading Tips: “Warfare is the art of deception”. War is a competition of comprehensive strength. Ancient Chinese military strategists have always attached great importance to “strategizing in the tent and winning thousands of miles away”, and all of them regard strategy as the way to victory. War practice shows that as long as war is a confrontation between humans, smart strategies will not withdraw from the battlefield. Today’s battlefield competition is about intelligent skills, and what is fought is smart strategies.

“The best military is to attack the enemy’s strategy, the next best is to attack the enemy’s alliance, the next best is to attack the enemy’s soldiers, and the worst is to attack the city.” Strategy, as a component of combat power and a weapon to win the war, runs through ancient and modern times and transcends national boundaries, and has an important function of influencing and determining the outcome of the war. Although the role of science and technology is more prominent in intelligent warfare, it does not exclude the use of strategy. With the support and guidance of strategy, the combat system is more efficient. In-depth research and mastery of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare will be more conducive to winning the initiative in intelligent warfare.

The status and role of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare

The essence of strategy lies in the intelligent release of power. Scientific strategy application can often defeat the majority with the minority, the big with the small, and the strong with the weak. The battlefield of intelligent warfare presents more transparency, more extended combat space, more diverse means of confrontation, and more complex winning mechanism. This provides a solid material foundation and technical support for the implementation of strategy, and the status and role of strategy are becoming more and more important.

The internal driving force of the army construction and development planning. Demand is the order of the army, and use is the commander of the weapon. How science and technology are innovated, how weapons and equipment are developed, and how the national defense forces are built are often driven by demand and forward-looking planning. For example, in order to make up for the gap between Russia and the United States in terms of overall air defense and anti-missile strength, Russia used “asymmetric” strategies to focus on penetration technology and developed the “Zircon” and “Dagger” hypersonic missiles before the United States. Facts show that the application of strategies mainly focuses on “Tao” and “Fa”. The more reasonable the design and the more scientific the application, the more it can stimulate the motivation, vitality and potential of innovation and creation, and trigger a revolution in science and technology, weapons and equipment, and military construction and combat methods. Only when intelligent warfare, scientific and technological innovation and weapons and equipment development are closely connected with the needs of scientific war strategies can they adhere to the correct direction and be better transformed into actual combat power.

A multiplier of the actual combat effectiveness of the combat system. In the combat power spectrum, strategy, as an important soft power, has the value and significance of providing scientific methodological guidance, appropriate time and opportunity selection and correct path support for the use of military hard power. For example, Iran once used the “dislocation” tactics to launch a large-scale retaliatory air strike against Israel, first using hundreds of cheap drones to attract the consumption of Israel’s expensive air defense system, and then using more advanced high-value ballistic missiles to penetrate, which improved the hit rate to a certain extent. Facts show that when facing an opponent with superior hard power, if the strategy is used properly, it can also achieve miraculous results; and the same hard power may have very different combat effectiveness when using different strategies and tactics. In intelligent warfare, although the “blade” of military hard power is faster, in order to make it more effective, it still needs to rely on more sophisticated strategic “sword skills”.

Dependent variables of hybrid warfare operations. Strategy can not only empower military hard power, but also has a strong direct combat function, and can even defeat the enemy without fighting by “soft killing”. For example, the United States once spent a lot of money to capture the leader of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, but he seemed to have disappeared from the world, and technical means could not determine his exact hiding place. He was finally tracked down by targeting his messenger through strategic use. The United States’ “live broadcast” “Spear of Poseidon” operation attempted to show the strength of the US military by killing Bin Laden to shock the international community. Intelligent warfare is a hybrid warfare, which has entered a new era of global live broadcast, universal participation, and full coverage. More and more countries are adopting strategic methods to enhance their own confidence and strike the opponent’s will to resist, and the strategic “soft kill” combat function is becoming more and more apparent.

Basic mechanism of intelligent warfare strategy application

Intelligent warfare, high-level development of artificial intelligence, rapid iteration, full spectrum penetration, and high-efficiency release, make the application of strategy have more dimensional support and stronger drive, showing a unique operation mechanism.

Cluster operation of strategy application. The application of strategy is based on the underlying logic of war operation and follows the law of evolution of the subject from individual to team and then to system. From a historical perspective, the application of strategy warfare in the cold weapon era relied more on the wisdom and experience accumulation of generals. Natural factors such as geography and weather are the main grasps of strategy operation. The burning of Red Cliff and borrowing arrows from straw boats are vivid footnotes. In the mechanized era, in order to adapt to the increasingly complex composition of military branches and the needs of fast-paced operations, the “General Staff” of senior military institutions dedicated to war planning services came into being. The “General Staff” in the two world wars is a typical representative. In the information age, the use of war strategies mainly relies on the control of information, and information power has become the main support behind strategic planning. In intelligent warfare, the comprehensiveness of technology application, the systematic nature of force planning, and the platform characteristics of game confrontation are more prominent, and the internal requirements are that the subject of strategy implementation should shift to a more powerful systematic platform.

Algorithm-driven strategy application. Strategy is based on strategy. The essence of planning is calculation, calculation of the world situation, calculation of military situation, calculation of development trend, calculation of strength and weakness, calculation of winning advantage… Whether it is calculation by human brain or machine, calculation by generals or calculation by teams, calculation is always the most critical supporting factor. Generally speaking, whoever has stronger computing power, more precise algorithms, and faster calculations can grab the “calculation” machine and win the victory. In the era of intelligent calculation, artificial intelligence participates in strategic decision-making with human-machine hybrid algorithms or machine algorithms, which greatly enhances the efficiency of calculation. It is based on this that major countries have focused on breakthroughs in artificial intelligence to win the future competition. These artificial intelligences, characterized by strong computing power, have great application potential in simulating battlefield situations, simulating war processes, and assisting decision-making and command. Only by guarding against the opponent’s technical aggression, vigorously improving our computing power, and adding the wings of algorithms to traditional strategies can we be invincible in the strategic game confrontation.

Intelligent support for the use of strategies. In intelligent warfare, strategies are based on the rapid development of artificial intelligence and its extensive military applications. It is a two-way “rush” of human strategic wisdom and “technical” wisdom. Now, the generals’ ingenuity and traditional staff work have become increasingly difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Comprehensive intelligent command and decision-making platforms have become an important support for the implementation of strategies. The command and decision-making system of the US military has developed into a large platform that integrates four-layer structural functions, including “intelligence support, information fusion, mission coordination, autonomous decision-making, action deployment, force allocation, situation adjustment, and real-time tracking”, and has become the brain of its “decision-making center warfare”. The Russian Federation Armed Forces Combat Command Center can dispatch and monitor the training and exercises of the entire army in real time, and undertake combat command tasks in low-intensity small-scale conflicts. It can be seen that intelligent support for strategic planning and strategy implementation has gradually taken shape. Intelligent strategic confrontation has put forward higher requirements for the professional integration of strategic subjects, and promoted the deep integration of human biological intelligence and artificial intelligence, which is “human-like intelligence”.

Main ways to use strategies in intelligent warfare

In intelligent warfare, the era background, supporting conditions, and action mechanisms of strategy application have undergone profound changes. The way of implementing strategies must keep pace with the times, strive to combine traditional strategic advantages with new technologies and new forms of warfare, innovate and expand scientific paths to effectively release strategic energy, and strive to plan quickly, plan carefully, and integrate strategy and attack.

Intelligent technology integration releases energy. That is, make full use of intelligent technology to empower and release energy for strategies. Generally speaking, the effective implementation of strategies is inseparable from accurate information perception, rapid personnel mobilization, and efficient force strikes. The innovative application of artificial intelligence enables people to see farther, hear more closely, know more, and calculate faster, making the army gather and disperse more quickly, move more covertly, and release power more rapidly, which is more conducive to the generation of strategies and the achievement of effectiveness. On the one hand, with the help of the rapidity and autonomy of artificial intelligence, the enemy situation can be quickly grasped through intelligent reconnaissance, the decision-making time can be greatly shortened by using machine algorithms, and the optimal strategy can be selected with the help of simulation deduction; on the other hand, relying on artificial intelligence to release and enhance the efficiency of strategies, modern brain control technology, deep fake technology, information confusion technology, public opinion guidance technology, etc., have greatly expanded the space and means of implementing strategies.

Human-machine complementation releases energy. That is, the strengths and weaknesses of human intelligence and machine intelligence complement each other and enhance efficiency and release energy. The biggest advantage of machine intelligence over human intelligence is that it can fight continuously without being affected by biological factors such as will, emotion, psychology, and physical strength. However, the “meta-intelligence” of human intelligence and its ability to adapt to changes are not possessed by machine intelligence. The two intelligence advantages complement each other and aggregate to form a powerful hybrid intelligence, which strongly supports the use of strategies in war. On the one hand, the “machine brain” safely and efficiently makes up for the shortcomings of the human brain; on the other hand, the human brain responds to special situations on the spot. Facts show that the biggest advantage of human intelligence over machine intelligence is that it can make decisions and deal with different situations on the spot, which just makes up for the shortcomings of machine intelligence. Only by combining the two can we form the optimal solution for intelligent calculation and gather the strongest strategic application.

The platform releases energy as a whole. It is to create a modular intelligent system, an integrated intelligent decision-making command action platform that integrates strategy generation and release. Intelligent warfare, every second counts, improves the time sensitivity of target strikes. The intelligent platform comprehensively uses intelligent computing and command automation technology to efficiently process massive data and complex battlefield situations, creating a “super brain” for commanders. It has significant advantages of good functional connection, high stability, fast operation speed, and high combat efficiency. It is a new quality combat force for strategic planning. Relying on the intelligent command and control system, it can make real-time decisions, form a list of time-sensitive targets, and independently solve the combat units and strike platforms that can be summoned and struck the fastest and best. The hardware and software can accurately strike the targets, and accurate strikes on time-sensitive targets can be achieved in real-time decisions, providing more options for assisting war decision-making and command.

(Author unit: Academy of Military Science)

現代國語:

試析智慧化戰爭的謀略運用

■陳東恆 鐘 婭

閱讀提示 「兵者,詭道也」。戰爭是綜合實力的比拼和競賽。我國古代兵家歷來重視“運籌帷幄之中,決勝千里之外”,無不把謀略視為取勝之道。戰爭實踐表明,只要戰爭是人類的對抗,智慧謀略就不會退出戰場。今天的戰場比拼,打的是智能技能,拼的更是智慧謀略。

「上兵伐謀,其次伐交,其次伐兵,其下攻城。」謀略作為戰鬥力的構件和製勝戰爭的利器,貫穿古今、超越國界,具有影響和決定戰爭勝負的重要功能。智能化戰爭中雖然科技的角色更突顯,但並不排斥謀略的運用,在謀略的支撐和引領推動下,作戰體系反而效率更高。深入研究掌握智慧化戰爭的謀略運用,更有利於贏得智慧化戰爭的主動權。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的地位作用

謀略的本質在於力量的智慧化釋放。科學的謀略運用常能以少勝多、以小博大、以弱勝強。智慧化戰爭戰場呈現更透明、作戰空間更延展、對抗手段更多樣化、制勝機理更複雜等特點,這為施謀用計提供了堅實物質基礎和技術支撐,謀略的地位作用愈發重要。

軍隊建設發展規劃的內動力。需為軍之令,用為器之帥。科學技術如何創新、武器裝備怎樣發展、國防軍隊怎麼建設,常常由需求牽引、前瞻謀劃。例如,俄羅斯為彌補防空反導整體力量方面與美國的差距,運用「非對稱」謀略在突防技術上發力,先於美國研發出「鋯石」「匕首」高超聲速導彈。事實表明,謀略運用主要著力於“道”和“法”,其設計越合理、運用越科學,越能激發創新創造的動力、活力和潛力,引發科學技術、武器裝備和軍隊建設作戰方式的革命。智慧化戰爭,科技創新和武器裝備開發只有緊密對接科學的戰爭謀略需求,才能堅持正確的方向,更好地轉化為現實的戰鬥力。

作戰體系實戰效能的倍增器。在戰鬥力譜系中,謀略作為重要的軟力量,其存在的價值和意義在於為軍事硬實力運用提供科學的方法論指引、合適的時機場合選擇和正確的路徑支撐。例如,伊朗曾利用「錯置」戰法對以色列發動大規模報復性空襲,先是以數百架廉價無人機吸引消耗以軍昂貴的防空系統,繼而用更先進的高價值彈道導彈突防,一定程度上提高了命中率。事實顯示,面對硬實力佔優的對手,如果謀略運用得當也能收到奇效;而同樣的硬實力運用不同的策略戰法,作戰效能可能大相徑庭。智慧化戰爭,雖然軍事硬實力的「刀鋒」更快,但要使其發揮更大戰鬥效能,還需藉助更高明的謀略「刀法」。

混合戰爭作戰運籌的因變數。謀略不僅能為軍事硬實力賦能,本身還有強大的直接作戰功能,甚至能以「軟殺傷」不戰而屈人之兵。例如,美國曾重金緝拿基地組織頭目本·拉登,但他好像人間蒸發一樣,技術手段無法確定其確切藏身處,最終通過謀略運用盯上其信使才追踪到。而美國「直播」「海神之矛」作戰行動,則企圖透過擊殺賓拉登來展現美軍的強大,以震撼國際社會。智慧化戰爭是混合戰爭,已經進入全球直播、全民參與、全域覆蓋的全新時代,越來越多的國家採取謀略方式增強己方信心、打擊對手抵抗意志,謀略「軟殺傷」的作戰功能越加顯現。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的基本機理

智慧化戰爭,人工智慧的高階位元發展、快速度迭代、全頻譜滲透、高效能釋放,使謀略運用有了更多維的支撐、更強大的驅動,展現出獨特的運行機理。

謀略運用的集群作業。謀略的運用,既基於戰爭運行的底層邏輯,也遵循施動主體從個體到團隊再到體系的流轉演進規律。從歷史上看,冷兵器時代的謀略戰爭運用,更多靠將帥的智謀和經驗積累,地理、天候等自然因素是謀略運籌的主要抓手,火燒赤壁、草船借箭就是其生動註腳。機械化時代,適應日益復雜的軍兵種構成和快節奏作戰需要,專司戰爭謀劃服務的高級軍事機構“參謀部”便應運而生,兩次世界大戰中“總參謀部”就是其中的典型代表。資訊化時代謀略的戰爭運用,依靠的主要是對資訊的掌控,資訊力成為謀略運籌背後的主要支撐力。智慧化戰爭,技術應用的綜合性、力量運籌的體系性、博弈對抗的平台化特徵更加突出,內在要求謀略的施動主體向功能更強大的體系化平台轉進。

謀略運用的演算法驅動。謀略以謀為關鍵。謀的本質是算,算天下大勢、算軍事態勢、算發展趨勢、算強弱勝勢、算制勝優勢……無論是人腦算還是機器算、將帥算還是團隊算,算始終是最關鍵的支撐要素。一般情況下,誰的算力更強、演算法更精、算計更快,誰就能搶得「算」機、贏得勝算。智能化時代的算,人工智慧以人機混合演算法或機器演算法參與謀略決算,極大增強了算的效率。正是基於此,各主要國家紛紛把贏得未來競爭的成長點聚焦到人工智慧突破上。這些以強算力為特徵的人工智慧,在模擬戰場態勢、模擬戰爭進程、輔助決策指揮上有極大應用潛力。謹防對手技術突襲,大力提高我們的算力,為傳統謀略插上演算法的翅膀,才能在謀略博弈對抗中立於不敗之地。

謀略運用的智慧支撐。智慧化戰爭,謀略基於的是人工智慧迅猛發展及其廣泛軍事應用,是人的謀略之智與「技術」之智的雙向「奔赴」。現在,將帥的神機妙算、傳統的參謀作業,已經越來越難以適應智能化戰爭需要,綜合性的智能化指揮決策平台,成為施謀用計的重要支撐。美軍的指揮決策體系,已經發展成為融「情報保障、資訊融合,任務協調、自主決策,行動展開、力量配屬,態勢調整、實時跟踪」等四層結構功能於一體的大平台,成為其「決策中心戰”的大腦。俄羅斯聯邦武裝力量作戰指揮中心,可即時調度監控全軍訓練演習,並在低強度小規模沖突中擔負作戰指揮任務。可見,智慧支撐謀略運籌、策略實施逐步形成。智慧化謀略對抗,對謀略主體的專業化整合性提出了更高要求,推動人的生物智慧與人工智慧這一「類人智慧」深度融合結合。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的主要方式

智慧化戰爭,謀略運用的時代背景、支撐條件、作用機理等發生了深刻變化。施謀用計的方式必須與時俱進,努力把傳統謀略優勢與新的技術、新的戰爭形態結合起來,創新拓展有效釋放謀略能量的科學路徑,致力先知快謀、精謀巧打、謀打融合。

智技融合釋能。就是充分利用智慧科技為謀略賦能釋能。通常而言,謀略的有效實施離不開準確的資訊感知、迅捷的人員調動、高效的力量打擊。人工智慧的創新應用,使人看得更遠、聽得更切、知得更多、算得更快,使軍隊集散更迅速、行動更隱蔽、力量釋放更迅猛,更加有利於謀略生成和謀效達成。一方面,借助人工智慧的快速性、自主性,透過智慧偵察迅速掌握敵情,運用機器演算法極大縮短決策時間,借助模擬推演優選謀略方案;另一方面,依靠人工智慧為謀略釋放增效,現代控腦技術、深度偽造技術、資訊迷茫技術、輿論引導技術等,極大拓展了施謀用計的空間與手段。

人機互補釋能。就是人體智能與機器智能長短互補、增效釋能。機器智能與人體智能相比的最大優勢在於,能不受意志、情緒、心理、體力等生物因素的影響連續作戰。而人體智能的「元智能」及其隨機應變的能力則為機器智能所不具備。兩種智能優勢互補聚合形成強大的混合智能,強力支撐謀略的戰爭運用。一方面,「機腦」安全高效補人腦不足;另一方面,人腦臨機應對處置特殊情況。事實表明,人體智慧相比機器智慧的最大優勢在於面對不同情況能臨機決策處置,這恰好彌補了機器智慧的不足。只有把兩者結合起來,才能形成智慧運算最優解,聚成謀略運用最強能。

平台一體釋能。就是打造模塊化的智慧系統,整合謀略生成、釋放的一體化智慧決策指揮行動平台。智慧化戰爭,分秒必爭,提高了目標打擊時敏感性。智慧化平台綜合運用智慧化計算和指揮自動化技術,高效處理海量數據及復雜戰場態勢,為指揮員打造“超強大腦”,具有功能銜接好、穩定程度高、運行速度快、作戰效率高的顯著優勢,是謀略運籌的新質作戰力量。依托智能化指揮控制系統能夠實時決斷,形成時敏目標清單,自主解算能夠最快召喚、最優打擊的作戰單元、打擊平台,軟硬一體對目標進行精確打擊,在實時決斷中實現對時敏目標的精確打擊,為輔助戰爭決策指揮提供了更多選項。

(作者單位:軍事科學院)

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16345416888.html

Chinese Military Experts: Seize the Brainpower of Future Wars to Safeguard National Cognitive Space Security

中國軍事專家:抓住未來戰爭智囊,維護國家認知空間安全

現代英語:

With the rise of the global Internet and the development of emerging media, the world’s major military powers are now paying great attention to the strategic issue of cognitive space security. The recently published monograph “Brain Control: The Laws of War and National Security Strategy in the Global Media Age” focuses on the future development trend of war and the issue of national cognitive space security in the global media era. It puts forward the concept of “brain control” in cognitive space, which has attracted the attention of the military academic community. On this topic, the reporter interviewed the main author of the book, Professor Zeng Huafeng, Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of the National University of Defense Technology.

  “Subjugating the enemy without fighting” is the highest realm of information warfare

  Reporter: The concept of brain control is inseparable from the understanding of cognitive space. What is cognitive space and what is brain control?

  Zeng Huafeng: Information warfare is the unity of material and spirit, concept and reality. It is not only the manifestation of the development of material form, but also the inevitable result of the action of spiritual factors. Information warfare has enabled human warfare to truly have three combat spaces for the first time: one is the natural space composed of land, sea, air, and space; the second is the network electromagnetic space based on physical principles, which is essentially a technical space; the third is the cognitive space composed of human spiritual and psychological activities. To win the future information warfare, we must grasp the initiative of the war, obtain the control of the war domain, and dominate the discourse of the war. Seizing the control of the brain in the cognitive space and “defeating the enemy without fighting” is the highest realm of information warfare.

  Cognitive space refers to the scope and field of human cognitive activities. It is an invisible space that reflects people’s emotions, will, beliefs and values, and exists in the minds of participants in the struggle. The national cognitive space exists in the subjective world of each individual, and is composed of the superposition of the cognitive spaces of countless individuals in the whole society. National interests exist not only in physical form in natural space and technological space, but also invisibly in cognitive space. “Brain control” is to use the spiritual information carried by propaganda media, national languages, cultural products, etc. as weapons, to infiltrate, influence and even dominate the cognition, emotions and consciousness of the general public and national elites, and ultimately manipulate a country’s values, national spirit, ideology, cultural traditions, historical beliefs, etc., to prompt it to abandon its own theoretical understanding, social system and development path, and achieve the strategic goal of winning without fighting.

  Reporter: At present, with the advent of the global media age, especially the development of emerging social media, the political game between major powers continues to intensify, and “cognitive domain symptoms” such as human psychological confusion, moral crisis, and loss of faith continue to emerge. What do you think are the characteristics of cognitive space confrontation?

  Zeng Huafeng: I think there are three main characteristics: First, the security boundary of the national cognitive space is ambiguous. The national cognitive space is a boundless, invisible, shadowless, but not negligible space of interests and confrontation. Social public opinion and ideology are the main areas of competition in the cognitive space, and spiritual information is the main weapon. Wherever spiritual information can be spread, it can become a battlefield for cognitive space competition. Second, the information attack and defense of the national cognitive space is manipulable. The reception, processing and feedback of spiritual information are not only closely related to the function of the human brain, but also have distinct national and ethnic characteristics. At the same time, spiritual information is prone to distortion in the process of dissemination and diffusion. In the era of global media, individuals are both recipients and publishers of information. Theoretically, any individual or group can instantly spread the specific information they process and produce in the world and have an impact on specific target objects. Third, the strategic confrontation in the national cognitive space is persistent. The role of spiritual information needs to be carried out step by step, and we cannot expect to produce immediate results. For example, during the Cold War, Western countries led by the United States gradually infiltrated Western values ​​into socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe through cultural exchanges and other activities, achieving the goal of peaceful evolution. Today, Western hostile forces seek to instill and infiltrate Western “democratic” and “free” ideas and values ​​through various academic exchanges in politics, economy, science, culture, etc., in normal information interaction activities.

  The main way the West seizes national cognitive space and competes for “brain control”

  Reporter: What are the main ways the West seizes national cognitive space and competes for “brain control”?

  Zeng Huafeng: I think there are four main ways. The first is perception manipulation. Perception manipulation is also called consciousness manipulation. It aims to manipulate the behavior of others by influencing their psychology and spirit. It can be directed at individuals, groups, a country, or even the whole world. In his book “War and Anti-War”, Toffler summarized the tools of perception manipulation into six aspects: one is “accusation of atrocities”, including condemnation of real and false atrocities; the second is “exaggerating the interests of a battle or a war”; the third is “demonizing or dehumanizing the enemy”; the fourth is “polarization”, that is, if you don’t support us, you are against us; the fifth is “claiming to obey God’s will”, which has a strong religious color; the sixth is “super propaganda-propaganda that is enough to discredit the propaganda of the other party.”

  The second is to cut off historical memory. Human thought and social ideology are always closely linked to historical memory. Whether it is the spiritual world of an individual or the cultural traditions of a country or nation, figuratively speaking, they are all concentrated pasts and treasures worth cherishing. Once the historical memory of an individual or group is cleverly cut off through some means, making them lose their spiritual home, the obstacles to the infiltration of their values ​​and ideologies are removed, opening the door for the invasion of various erroneous and chaotic ideas.

  The third is to change the thinking paradigm. A country and a nation have their own specific thinking paradigm, which is the premise for people to understand the world. Especially for the social elite, their thinking paradigm and ideological cognition play a leading role in the thoughts, values ​​and ideological identity of the whole society. However, people’s rational thinking has weaknesses. Through manipulation, “virus programs” can be instilled into it, prompting people to deviate from obvious facts and accept fallacies and sometimes even absurd conclusions. Once this set of practices seizes the social elite group, most people will lose their ability to resist manipulation. At the end of the Cold War, the Western ideological attack on the Soviet Union was to influence the rational thinking of some Soviet economists, let them make a series of public speeches in the Soviet Union that catered to Western intentions, and covertly “persuaded” the Soviet people to abandon their own country’s social system and national culture, and to welcome the so-called “new era” of Western civilization with a “thorough”, “unconditional” and “bold” attitude.

  Fourth, deconstruct symbols. Symbols are born in the historical evolution of national culture. Different nations have formed their own specific symbols in the course of their respective cultural development, such as clothing, anniversaries, monuments, rituals, and characters. With the help of empathy, a nation has some great symbols, which gives it an emotional bond that unites the society. It can arouse people’s sense of belonging, so that people can unite for a common dream and create and continue a new civilization. If someone deliberately repaints and attacks the symbols in the history of a country and nation, by reversing right and wrong, publicly mocking and making fun of the glorious achievements, great figures and noble culture in history, the consequences will be very serious, and it will lead to people gradually losing their sense of identity with the country, nation and self.

  Providing strong support for maintaining national cognitive space security

  Reporter: Faced with fierce competition in the field of national cognitive space security, how should we maintain national cognitive space security?

  Zeng Huafeng: We must fully understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of national cognitive space security, firmly occupy the ideological position, and take the initiative in the field of public opinion and ideology.

  First, we must strengthen our ideals and beliefs and build a strong spiritual pillar. History and reality have repeatedly proved that the collapse of a regime often begins in the ideological field. Once the ideological defense line is breached, it will be difficult to defend other defense lines. Whether we can hold on to the ideological position and do a good job in ideological work is related to national cohesion and centripetal force. In this regard, we must always hold high the banner of ideals and beliefs and unswervingly adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.

  Second, we must be vigilant against the emergence of historical nihilism. Historical nihilism originated with the denial of the “Cultural Revolution” and reform and opening up, and then gradually moved towards the denial of the historical view of historical materialism and the denial of the cultural traditions of the Chinese nation. We must be highly vigilant against its harm, and clearly oppose historical nihilism, oppose all pseudo-historical narratives that glorify aggression and oppression and vilify revolution and resistance, face history sincerely, cherish the subjectivity established by the Chinese nation in the long course of the Chinese revolution, and enhance the self-esteem and self-confidence of the Chinese nation, so as to lay a solid cultural foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

  Third, we should seek national cultural identity in the collision between Chinese and Western cultures. While promoting military and economic hegemony, the United States actively promotes cultural hegemony. Under the banner of “economic integration”, it strongly impacts the heterogeneous cultures of various countries and tries to influence other countries’ cultures with American culture. In this context, in the process of cultural exchanges with other countries and nations in the world, we should not only continue to absorb and integrate the essence of the cultures of all nations in the world, but also enhance our national cultural consciousness and confidence, and improve the creativity and vitality of national culture in the process of continuous inheritance.

  Fourth, we should actively participate in the global governance of cyberspace security. In the Internet era, the United States, with its high-tech monopoly advantage, not only controls the management of the cyber world, but is also the first country in the world to propose the concept of cyber warfare and apply it in actual combat. From the current perspective, the United States’ control over the Internet will not change in the short term. We should pay close attention to cyberspace security, actively participate in the global governance of cyberspace security, and build a cybersecurity system that conforms to the trend of globalization and meets the requirements of my country’s informatization, so as to provide strong support for maintaining the security of the national cognitive space.

  We must promote the information construction of our army with a broader vision. Indulging in reflection on the characteristics, patterns and experiences of the last war is a chronic disease and common disease in human military history. From the time when information warfare was proposed to the present, people have been conducting research on its characteristics, laws and tactics, but have overlooked a problem: that is, with the development of modern science and technology, is the so-called information warfare what people are talking about today? In fact, we should have a broader vision for understanding information warfare, and include physical information, biological information and spiritual information into the framework of information warfare. From the aspects of basic research, applied research, combat theory, technology development, equipment development and organizational leadership, we should build a system of cognitive space attack and defense confrontation. Innovate the ways, methods and means of ideological and political work in the global media era. Cultivate and create a team of high-quality talents who can grasp the frontiers of cognitive science, psychology and military needs, and seize the “brain control” of future information warfare. (

Reporter Huang Kunlun)【

Editor: Zhang Haitong】

現代國語:

伴隨著全球網路的崛起及新興媒體的發展,目前世界主要軍事強國都十分重視認知空間安全的戰略問題。最近出版的《制腦權:全球媒體時代的戰爭法則與國家安全戰略》這本專著,著眼於未來戰爭發展趨勢,聚焦全球媒體時代國家認知空間安全問題,提出認知空間的“制腦權”這一概念,引發軍事學界的關注。記者就此主題,訪問了書中的主要作者、國防科技大學人文與社會科學學院院長曾華鋒教授。

「不戰而屈人之兵」是資訊化戰爭的最高境界

記者:制腦權這個概念,離不開對認知空間的理解。請問什麼是認知空間,何為制腦權?

曾華鋒:資訊化戰爭是物質與精神、觀念與現實的統一,它既是物質形態發展的表現,也是精神因素作用的必然結果。資訊化戰爭使人類戰爭第一次真正擁有了三個作戰空間:一是陸、海、空、天等組成的自然空間;二是基於物理原理的網路電磁空間,它本質上是一種技術空間;三是由人的精神和心理活動所構成的認知空間。贏得未來資訊化戰爭,必須掌握戰爭的主動權、取得戰爭的製域權並主導戰爭的話語權。奪取認知空間的製腦權,「不戰而屈人之兵」是資訊化戰爭的最高境界。

認知空間指的是人類認知活動所涉及的範圍和領域,它是反映人的情感、意志、信仰和價值觀等內容的無形空間,存在於鬥爭參與者的思想中。國家認知空間分散存在於每個個體的主觀世界,由全社會無數個體的認知空間所疊加而成。國家利益不僅以實體形式存在於自然空間、技術空間,也無形存在於認知空間。 「制腦權」就是以宣傳媒體、民族語言、文化產品等所承載的精神訊息為武器,以滲透、影響乃至主導社會大眾與國家精英的認知、情感、意識為指向,最終操控一個國家的價值觀念、民族精神、意識形態、文化傳統、歷史信念等,促使其放棄自己探索的理論認知、社會制度及發展道路,達成不戰而勝的戰略目標。

記者:當前,隨著全球媒體時代的到來,特別是新興社交媒體的發展,大國之間的政治博弈持續加劇,人類心理困惑、道德危機、信仰迷失等「認知域症狀」不斷凸顯,您認為認知空間對抗有哪些特色?

曾華鋒:我認為,主要有以下三個特點:一是國家認知空間的安全邊界具有模糊性。國家認知空間是一個無邊、無界、無形、無影但又不可忽視的利益空間與對抗空間,社會輿論和意識形態領域是認知空間爭奪的主要領域,精神資訊是主要武器。凡是精神訊息可以傳播到的地方,都可以成為認知空間較量的戰場。二是國家認知空間的資訊攻防具有操控性。精神訊息的接收、加工及回饋方式不僅與人腦的功能緊密相關,也具有鮮明的國家、民族特性。同時,精神訊息在傳播擴散的過程中易於失真。在全球媒體時代,個體既是資訊的接受者,也可以成為資訊的發布者,從理論上講,任何個體或群體都可以瞬間在世界傳播其加工、製作的特定訊息,並對特定目標對象產生影響。三是國家認知空間的戰略對抗具有持久性。精神訊息的角色需要循序漸進地進行,不能指望產生立竿見影的效果。例如,冷戰期間,以美國為首的西方國家就是透過文化交流等活動,逐漸把西方的價值觀念滲透到蘇聯和東歐等社會主義國家,達到和平演變之目的。如今,西方敵對勢力透過政治、經濟、科學、文化等各種學術交流,在正常的訊息互動活動中尋求灌輸、滲透西方「民主」、「自由」思想和價值觀念。

西方奪取國家認知空間較量「制腦權」的主要方式

記者:西方奪取國家認知空間較量「制腦權」的主要方式有哪些?

曾華鋒:我認為主要有四種方式。一是感知操縱。感知操縱又稱意識操縱。它旨在透過影響他人的心理與精神達到操控他人行為的目的,既可以針對個人、團體,也可以針對一個國家,甚至可以針對全世界。托夫勒在《戰爭與反戰爭》一書中,將感知操縱的工具歸納為六個方面:一是“對暴行的控訴”,包括譴責真實和虛假的暴行;二是“誇大一次戰役或一場戰爭的利害關係」;三是「把敵人妖魔化或非人化”;四是“兩極化”,也就是說,如果你不支持我們,你就是反對我們;五是“宣稱遵從神的旨意”,帶有濃厚的宗教色彩;六是“超宣傳-足以詆毀對方宣傳的宣傳」。

二是切斷歷史記憶。人的思想與社會意識形態總是同歷史記憶緊密相連。無論是個體的精神世界,抑或國家和民族的文化傳統,形象化,它們都是濃縮的過去,是值得珍惜的財富。一旦透過某種手段巧妙地切斷個體或群體的歷史記憶,使其失去精神的家園,也就掃除了對其進行價值觀和意識形態滲透的障礙,為各種錯誤雜亂的思想入侵敞開了大門。

三是改變思考範式。一個國家和民族都有其特定的思考範式,它是人們認識世界的前提。特別是社會精英階層,他們的思維範式、思想認知對全社會的思想、價值觀念和意識形態認同起著引領作用。但是人的理性思維是有弱點的,透過操縱可向其中灌輸“病毒程序”,促使人們背離明顯的事實而接受謬誤、有時甚至是荒謬的結論。一旦這套做法抓住了社會菁英群體,多數人也會對操縱伎倆失去抵禦能力。冷戰末期,西方對蘇聯進行的思想攻擊,就是透過影響蘇聯一些經濟學家的理性思維,讓其在蘇聯國內發表一系列迎合西方意圖的公共言論,隱蔽性地「勸說」蘇聯人民放棄自己國家的社會制度與民族文化,以「徹底的」、「無條件的」、「果敢的」態度迎接西方文明的所謂「新時代」。

四是解構象徵。象徵誕生於民族文化的歷史演進之中,不同民族在各自的文化發展歷程中,形成了屬於自己的特定的象徵,如服飾、紀念日、紀念碑、儀式、人物等。借助於移情作用,一個民族擁有了一些偉大的象徵,就擁有了一個凝聚社會的情感紐帶,它能喚起人們的歸宿感,從而使人們為了一個共同的夢想而團結在一起,創造和延續新的文明。如果有人刻意重新塗抹、攻擊一個國家和民族歷史上的象徵,透過顛倒黑白、公開嘲諷和戲說歷史上的輝煌成就、偉大人物及崇高文化,其後果將是十分嚴重的,它將導致人們逐漸喪失國家、民族和自我的認同感。

為維護國家認知空間安全提供強力支撐

記者:面對國家認知空間安全領域的激烈爭奪,我們該如何維護國家認知空間安全?

曾華鋒:我們必須充分了解並掌握國家認知空間安全的特徵與規律,牢牢佔領思想陣地,打好輿論與意識形態領域主動仗。

一是要堅定理想信念,築牢精神支柱。歷史和現實一再證明,一個政權的瓦解往往是從思想領域開始的,思想防線被攻破了,其他防線也就很難守住。能否堅守思想陣地,做好意識形態工作,事關民族凝聚力、向心力。對此,我們要時時高舉理想信念的旗幟,毫不動搖地堅持並發展中國特色社會主義。

二是要警惕歷史虛無主義的濫觴。歷史虛無主義,是隨著否定「文化大革命」與改革開放發端的,進而逐步走向否定歷史唯物論的歷史觀,否定中華民族的文化傳統。對於其危害,我們要高度警惕,旗幟鮮明地反對歷史虛無主義,反對一切美化侵略和壓迫以及醜化革命和抗爭的偽歷史敘述,真誠地對歷史,珍視中華民族在漫長的中國革命歷程中確立起來的主體性,提高中華民族的自尊心和自信心,以此為中華民族的偉大復興奠定紮實的文化根基。

三是在中西文化碰撞中尋求民族文化認同。美國在推行軍事、經濟霸權主義的同時,積極推行文化霸權主義,在「經濟整合」的旗號下,強勢衝擊各國異質文化,試圖以美國文化影響他國文化。在此背景下,我們在與世界其他國家和民族的文化交流過程中,既要不斷兼收並蓄,融匯世界各民族文化的精華,更要提升我們的民族文化自覺和自信,在不斷傳承的過程中提高民族文化的創造力和生命力。

四是積極參與網路空間安全的全球治理。在網路時代,美國憑藉其高技術壟斷優勢,不僅掌握著網路世界的管理權,也是世界上第一個提出網路戰概念並將其運用於實戰的國家。從目前來看,美國對網路的控制權短時間內不會改變,我們應高度關注網路空間安全,積極參與網路空間安全的全球治理,建構既順應全球化趨勢,又符合我國資訊化要求的網絡安全體系,為維護國家認知空間安全提供強力支撐。

我們要以更寬廣的視野推動我軍資訊化建設。沈湎於對上次戰爭的特徵、模式、經驗的反思,是人類軍事史上屢見不鮮的痼疾與通病。資訊戰從提出到現在,人們都在圍繞其特徵、規律、戰法展開研究,卻忽略了一個問題:那就是隨著現代科學技術的發展,所謂的資訊戰,是否就是今天人們所津津樂道的這般模樣?其實,對於資訊戰的理解,我們應該有更寬廣的視野,要將物理資訊、生物資訊及精神資訊都納入資訊戰的框架。從基礎研究、應用研究、作戰理論、技術開發、設備研發和組織領導等層面,建構認知空間攻防對抗的體系。創新全球媒體時代的思想政治工作途徑、方法與手段。培養並造就一支能掌握認知科學、心理學前線和軍事需求的高素質人才隊伍,奪取未來資訊化戰爭的「制腦權」。 (記者 黃崑崙)

【編輯:張海桐】

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.chinanews.com.cn/mil/2014/06-16/628358988.shtml