Category Archives: Multi-Domain Operations

China’s Emphasis on Accelerating the Advancement of Military Intelligence

中國重視加速軍事情報進步

現代英語:

Today, the world’s science and technology is brewing new breakthroughs. With the man-machine war as a symbol, the development of artificial intelligence has made significant progress and is accelerating its development into the military field, which will inevitably have an impact on the war situation and even a subversive impact. Therefore, our military must accelerate the promotion of military intelligence construction and accelerate the forging of an intelligent army.

Create intelligent theory. Create the basic theory of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the concept connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat style, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanism, characteristic laws, etc. of intelligent warfare; continuously innovate the tactics of intelligent warfare, such as intelligent cluster warfare, precise second-kill warfare, cognitive control warfare, intelligent ambush warfare, etc.; study and master the basic technical theories of intelligent warfare, including the perception and understanding of highly complex battlefield environments, human-machine hybrid intelligence in human-machine collaborative operations, etc. These theories are the cornerstone of the intelligent warfare theory system. In the future, the war theory with “algorithm-centric warfare” as the core is very likely to replace the war theory with “network-centric warfare” as the core.

Reshape the intelligent form. Military organization is the link between military technology and combat theory, and is the lever for exerting the overall combat effectiveness of the army. In the future intelligent warfare, along with the pace of new military reforms, the development trend of military organization will be built and developed in the direction of “globally distributed, networked matrix” leadership and management system, “algorithm-supported, human-machine integration” combat command system, “small and flexible, modular cluster” scale structure, and “military integration, military and civilian integration, traditional forces as the main body, intelligent forces as the backbone, unmanned and adaptive” force composition. The organizational structure of future intelligent warfare will be to form small, multi-functional, intelligent, new joint combat forces of different types and purposes according to different levels of strategy, campaign, and tactics and different military services.

Develop intelligent weapons. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent warfare system operations and intelligent weapons and equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall coordination, compile a roadmap for the development of intelligent weapons and equipment systems, and develop intelligent unmanned combat equipment systems that match operations and support, covering land, sea, air, space, and network space domains, in a planned, focused, and step-by-step manner, and with high, medium, and low-end, large, medium, and small, long, medium, and short ranges, and enhance the system integration of various services and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent operations, and focus on the research and development of weapons and equipment systems for anti-enemy intelligent unmanned operations to ensure that we can effectively conduct intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontations with the enemy.

Innovate intelligent training. At present, the concept and method of intelligent combat are constantly updated, and the training mode has changed from “mechanical + information” dominated to “intelligent +” dominated. Artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, can realistically simulate the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. Exploring new models of intelligent training and improving intelligent combat capabilities will become an important part of future military training and preparation. In particular, intelligent warfare and unmanned combat should be included in the training outline and carried out on a regular basis.

Cultivate intelligent talents. Talent is the first resource. The cultivation of artificial intelligence talents is the foundation for strengthening the country’s intelligent infrastructure. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of complexity, advancement, and humanization. It has the characteristics of decentralized combat command, de-division of combat processes, de-stratification of talent structure, high-end skill operation, research-based working methods, and fuzzification of the front and rear. Correspondingly, it also requires intelligent military talents to have the characteristics of talent group, advanced skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Therefore, to build an intelligent army and win intelligent warfare, it is first necessary to have a large number of specialized technical talents and command talents in the field of artificial intelligence.

Deepen intelligent integration. Breakthroughs in the core key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “national heavy weapon” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. In the tide of the intelligent era, we must focus on achieving integrated breakthroughs in the following disruptive technologies: around algorithm support, develop intelligent data mining technology for massive intelligence information and intelligent planning technology; around machine combat, develop intelligent chip technology and autonomous unmanned system technology; around intelligent decision-making, develop explainable high-reliability auxiliary decision-making technology, human-computer interaction and intelligent fusion technology; around extreme combat, develop intelligent cluster combat coordination technology and energy and information intelligent confrontation technology. Therefore, the research and development of core key technologies of military intelligence should not only carry out cross-disciplinary and cross-domain collaborative innovation, but also connect the development of social intelligence with that of military intelligence, draw on the mature technologies and successful experiences of social intelligence development, vigorously strengthen the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and promote the rapid embedding of various artificial intelligence technologies into combat elements and processes.

國語中文:

當今世界科技正醞釀著新的突破,以人機大戰為標志,人工智慧發展取得重大進展,並加速向軍事領域發展,這必將對戰爭形態產生沖擊甚至顛覆性影響。因此,我軍必須加速推進軍事智慧化建設,加速鍛造智慧化軍隊。

創建智能化理論。創造智慧化戰爭基礎理論,深入研究智能化戰爭的概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰樣式、攻防行動、制勝機理、特點規律等內容;不斷創新智能化戰爭的戰法,如智能集群戰、精確秒殺戰、認知控制戰、智能伏擊戰等;研究掌握智能化戰爭的技術基礎理論,包括高復雜戰場環境的感知與理解、人機協同作戰的人機混合智能等。這些理論是智慧化戰爭理論體系的基石。未來以「演算法中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論,極有可能取代以「網絡中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論。

重塑智能化形態。軍隊組織是聯結軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶,也是發揮軍隊整體作戰效能的槓桿。在未來智慧化戰爭中,伴隨著新軍事變革的步伐,軍隊組織的發展趨勢,將按照領導管理體制「全局分散式、網絡矩陣式」、作戰指揮體制「演算法支撐、人機融合」、規模結構「小型靈巧、模塊集群」、力量編成「軍種融合軍民一體、傳統部隊為主體、智慧部隊為骨幹的無人化、自適應」方向建設發展。未來智慧化戰爭的體制編制將依戰略、戰役、戰術不同層次和不同軍兵種,組建不同類型、不同用途的小型多能智能化新型聯合作戰部隊。

發展智能化武器。應著眼於智慧化戰爭體係作戰和智慧化武器裝備體系建設的雙重需要,搞好頂層設計和整體統籌,編制智能化武器裝備體系發展路線圖,按計劃、有重點、分步驟地研製高中低端、大中小型、遠中近程,覆蓋陸、海、空、天和網絡等空間領域,作戰與保障相配套的智能化無人作戰裝備體系,增強各軍兵種和作戰、保障等各種智能化武器裝備的體系融合度。與此同時,應著眼無人和反無人、智能與反智能作戰需要,注重研發反敵智能化無人作戰的武器裝備系統,確保能夠有效地與敵進行智能化無人攻防對抗。

創新智能化訓練。當前,智慧化作戰理念、作戰方式不斷更新,訓練模式由「機械+資訊」主導型向「智慧+」主導型轉變。人工智慧技術能夠創造出更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境,能夠逼真地演繹作戰進程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰構想。探索智慧化訓練新模式,提升智慧化作戰能力,將成為未來練兵備戰的重要內容。特別是將智慧化戰爭和無人化作戰納入訓練大綱,常態化展開進行。

培養智能化人才。人才是第一資源。人工智慧人才的培養是加強國家智慧化基礎建設的根本。智慧化戰爭具有複雜性、超前性、類人化等特徵,存在作戰指揮去中心化、作戰過程去分工化、人才結構去分層化、技能操作高端化、工作方式研究化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點,相應也要求智慧化軍事人才具有人才群體性、技能精尖性、知識復合性、思維創新性、決策智能性等特點。因此,建設智慧化軍隊,打贏智慧化戰爭,首要是擁有一大批人工智慧領域的專門技術人才和指揮人才。

深化智能化融合。人工智慧核心關鍵技術的突破,是應對智慧化戰爭威脅和挑戰的「國之重器」。在智慧時代的浪潮中,要重點在以下顛覆性技術上取得融合突破:圍繞演算法支撐發展海量情報資訊智慧數據挖掘技術、智慧規劃技術;圍繞機器主戰發展智慧晶片技術、自主無人系統技術;圍繞智慧決策發展可解釋高可信賴輔助決策技術、人機互動與智慧融合技術;圍繞極限作戰發展智慧集群作戰協同技術、能量與資訊智慧對抗技術。因此,軍事智慧化核心關鍵技術的研發,不僅要開展跨學科、跨領域協作創新,還要使社會智能化與軍事智能化發展對接並軌,借鑒社會智能化發展的成熟技術和成功經驗,大力加強軍民融合深度發展,推動各類人工智慧技術快速嵌入作戰要素、作戰流程。

來源:解放軍報 作者:李明海 責任編輯:喬楠楠 2019-10-08 10:39:28

中國軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4852388.html

China’s Military Metaverse: A New Frontier for Future Cognitive Warfare

中國軍事元宇宙:未來認知戰爭的新領域

現代英語:

 ●The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but also reacts to the real world.

  ●Parallel with the real world, reaction to the real world, and integration of multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse.

  ●The metaverse provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society.

  ● Strengthening the follow-up research on the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare and highlighting the exploration of the mechanism of the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare will help enrich and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

  The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but reacts to the real world. When virtual technologies such as digital, Internet, augmented reality and modern communications, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies develop to a certain stage, the metaverse will emerge. Being parallel to the real world, reacting to the real world, and integrating multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural law of human understanding and transformation of the world. It directly acts on human thinking and cognition but is not bound by the essential attributes of thinking and cognition, which determines that it carries the operating laws of the real world, provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex systems in reality, and a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. At the same time, it is itself a complex cognitive body, so it has immeasurable cognitive warfare application value.

  The basic mechanism of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

  The difference between the metaverse and other technologies is that it builds a complete digital world. Its operation is not supported by a single or a few technologies, but by a complex high-tech complex. This complex is built by humans, is a product of cognition, and continues to develop and evolve with the development of human cognitive practice. Its cognitive application has a unique regular mechanism.

  System enhancement mechanism. The digital world constructed by the metaverse is itself a highly developed cognitive world. In this special cognitive world, technology not only exists as an additional role such as support and guarantee, but also directly participates in the shaping of cognition itself as a basic element of cognition. In other words, the technology that constitutes the metaverse itself has a distinct cognitive background, which not only supports the operation of cognition but also realizes the self-construction, revolution and transcendence of cognition; it not only provides a series of necessary technical services, but also creates a holographic technical soil for human cognition to operate independently and fight independently. The effect of the metaverse on cognition is not one-dimensional, but full-dimensional; not single-line, but full-system; not independent, but immersive; not fragmentary, but continuous; not cyclical, but full-life process. How far the thinking cognition develops, how far the metaverse develops, and thus it can shape people’s thinking cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly. Therefore, humans have used high technology to create a complex system combining man and machine called “Avatar”, and have also created a life form on “Pandora” that can think independently, recognize itself, and think and act on its own. This life form, which was created by humans and is independent of humans, has achieved self-improvement and development in the new universe.

  The mechanism of mutual construction of technology and knowledge. Unlike the one-way effect of individual technologies such as artificial intelligence and information networks on thinking and cognition, the metaverse provides a space for mutual construction of technology and cognition, and the effect and counter-effect. In this space, we can simulate, demonstrate, simulate, and verify the process and results of this two-way mutual construction and promotion, so as to understand cognition more accurately and efficiently, improve cognitive warfare methods, and directly engage in real cognitive confrontation. The metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenes, where cognitive warfare can be promoted efficiently, enhanced at a fast pace, and presented in a panoramic manner. It is reported that the US military uses virtual technology to verify the performance of new weapons and equipment, test the effectiveness of the use of new tactics, and conduct combat simulation training, relying on the deployment of troops, combat terrain, human characteristics, and other scenes similar to actual combat constructed in virtual spaces such as the metaverse. At the same time, more and more countries and armies are conducting direct cognitive attacks and defenses with their opponents through virtual spaces, confusing their minds, misleading their directions, and eroding their will.

  Active reflection mechanism. As a virtual existence parallel to the real world, the metaverse is not a simple digital copy of the three-dimensional space, but has its own operating rules and can actively act on the real world. This active action is the focus of the cognitive application of the metaverse. The metaverse space game reflects the characteristics of cognitive warfare. The war results deduced in the metaverse through virtual simulation may directly affect the real world, extending to the conscious cognitive game through sensory touch, thereby winning the dominant position in cognitive warfare. In the cognitive perspective, the metaverse is both a new cognitive space and the main battlefield of cognition, as well as an extended domain of cognition and a new cognitive component. At present, the military of many countries uses sandbox operations, war games and even computer simulations to formulate and test strategies and tactics, revise the application of tactics, improve training methods, and improve weapons and equipment. This is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to reality. With the continuous development and integration of the metaverse technology group, cognitive confrontation will inevitably shift more and faster from the real world to a hybrid world combining virtuality and reality.

  The basic characteristics of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

  Existence determines consciousness, and technology drives creation. The metaverse has many characteristics, such as parallelism with the real world, initiative in the real world, and comprehensiveness that integrates multiple technologies. These prominent characteristics determine the different characteristics and laws of its effects on thinking and cognition.

  Cross-domain construction. The formation, development and evolution of cognition are rarely determined by a single factor, but are often the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. The metaverse originates from the real world and is presented in the virtual space. It has the characteristics of multi-domain interconnection that runs through the real and virtual worlds. As the saying goes, “a lot of gossip can melt gold, and accumulated criticism can destroy bones.” This cross-domain characteristic that spans different fields and opens up related spaces can best influence and shape people’s thinking and cognition from different angles. The most typical case is that game developers are increasingly focusing on using virtual stories based on historical facts and real feelings to attract and infect people. The United States has used this cross-domain shaped surreal “real” experience to spread values. At present, the most representative “metaverse” themed science fiction work is “Ready Player One” directed by Spielberg. The play focuses on depicting the era background of the birth of the “metaverse” and the huge contrast between the real status and virtual status of the protagonist. Through the plot and special effects shots, it delicately portrays the real sense of human participation, thereby spreading the American ideology, especially the values, that wealth, status, love and friendship can be obtained through “bloodless” struggle in the virtual world.

  Integrated influence. The important fulcrums of cognitive warfare are strategy and technology. With the development of science and technology and the progress of society, the proportion of technology in cognitive warfare is increasing and its role is becoming more and more prominent. It can be said that cognitive warfare without scientific and technological support is a cognitive warfare without power, and cognitive warfare with advanced technology is more likely to win. As a complex system integrating multiple cutting-edge technologies, the metaverse has a natural advantage in the use of cognitive warfare. Many people, including adults, are deeply trapped in the virtual world and indulge in online games. It is very important that the virtual space gives game operators a super-time and space experience and a sense of achievement. If martial arts novels are fairy tales for adults, then the metaverse, which can be “as one pleases”, creates a super fairy tale world, which has an immeasurable impact on people’s thinking, cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns.

  Compromising influence. A big difference between the metaverse and other technical means is that it constructs a virtual world that originates from the real world but reacts to the real world. In this complex domain space, people’s thinking and cognition go back and forth between the real world and the virtual space, verify each other, repeatedly confirm, and constantly correct, thereby generating new thinking and cognition, and exerting a dynamic influence on both worlds. This two-way interactive compromising influence, on the one hand, is conducive to the formation and development of correct thinking and cognition, making the cognition of the real world more imaginative with the wings of the virtual world’s thoughts, and at the same time, it also makes the cognition of the virtual space find the material support of the real world and become more scientific. On the other hand, if it is not operated properly, it is likely to cause great safety hazards and ethical problems. In recent years, the U.S. military has relied on artificial intelligence and virtual technology to remotely control drones to attack opponents, which is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to the real world. This attack is far away from the tragic scene of face-to-face fighting, which greatly dilutes the drone operator’s awe of life and lowers the threshold for remotely controlling the opponent. At the same time, due to the imperfect reconnaissance and identification technology, incidents of accidental shooting, injury, and killing of civilians, friendly forces, and even their own troops often occur.

  The basic style of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

  Metaverse cognitive warfare is based on reality and leads future development. It involves both the virtual and real worlds, penetrates multiple fields, and covers a variety of technologies. There are many different combat styles, and there is great uncertainty, but there are rules to follow. Comprehensive analysis shows that there are three basic styles.

  Platform confrontation. In terms of its relationship with human thinking and cognition, the metaverse itself is a complex cognitive actor, a derivative of human thinking and cognition, and an important component and platform of cognitive warfare. When hostile countries and armies regard the metaverse as an important position for cognitive warfare, cognitive offensive and defensive operations between different camps within the metaverse exist in reality. On this platform, all technologies, resources and forces of the metaverse are integrated and operated with thinking and cognition as the center. Metaverse operations are prominently manifested as cognitive offensive and defensive operations aimed at disrupting, delaying, blocking, destroying and eliminating the existence and operation of the opponent’s metaverse. In this field, whoever has higher-end strategic planning, more flexible tactical application, more advanced technical force and more solid material support will be able to gain the initiative in metaverse cognitive warfare.

  System attack. The metaverse is a cognitive system composed of a series of cutting-edge technologies, and systemicity is its inherent attribute and vitality guarantee. Advanced technologies such as digital foundation, efficient communication, blockchain identity authentication, holographic AR imaging, artificial intelligence, and high-performance Internet constitute a unified body with tight structure, functional coupling, and complete system. The components are indispensable for the formation and development of thinking cognition and offensive and defensive confrontation. It is difficult to imagine that the metaverse still has the possibility of existence without the support of advanced technology groups such as high-level digitization, high-quality communication, and high-speed computing. Using superior forces to force or use asymmetric tactics to attack and block the key nodes and technological operation chains of the opponent’s metaverse system, hinder its operation, suppress its functions, and destroy its existence is an important style and efficient path of metaverse cognitive warfare.

  Divert the flow. An important value and significance of the existence and development of the metaverse lies in serving and supporting the related activities of the real world. Under normal circumstances, the metaverse can demonstrate, display, review and predict the related activities of the real world in a digital form. Once the communication between the virtual and real worlds is disturbed or the self-operation of the metaverse is disordered, it is easy to cause the situation reflected to be untrue, the information analyzed to be distorted, the conclusions derived to be invalid, and the suggestions provided to be wrong, causing the related activities of the real world to deviate. It is based on this that we can concentrate our efforts on inducing attacks on the internal operation of the opponent’s metaverse or the communication technology devices of the two worlds, and use extremely confusing and deceptive information and scenes to divert the flow, confuse their cognition, interfere with their judgment, and mislead their decision-making. Therefore, we should strengthen the tracking research on the cognitive warfare of the role of the metaverse, highlight the exploration of the cognitive warfare mechanism of the role of the metaverse, and strengthen and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

  (Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

國語中文:

●元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。

●與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合,是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。

●元宇宙提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式,以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。

●加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究,突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機理探索,將有助於豐富及促進認知戰理論建構。

元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發達的虛擬世界。當數位、網路、擴增實境等虛擬技術和現代通訊、區塊鏈、人工智慧等技術發展到一定階段,元宇宙就橫空出世。與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合,是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運作符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律,其直接作用於人的思維認知但又不拘泥於思維認知的本質屬性,決定其本身承載了現實世界的運作規律,提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段,同時它本身就是一個複雜的認知體,因而具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本機理

元宇宙相對於其他技術的不同在於構築了一個完整的數位世界,支撐其運作的不是單一或幾個技術,而是一個複雜的高科技複合體。這個複合體是人構築的,是認知的產物並隨人類認知實踐的發展不斷發展演變,其認知運用具有獨特的規律機制。

體系增強機制。元宇宙構築的數位世界本身就是一個高度發展的認知世界,在這個特殊的認知世界裡,科技不僅以支撐和保障等附加角色存在,也直接作為認知的基本元素參與認知本身的塑造。也就是說構成元宇宙的技術本身俱有鮮明的認知底色,既支撐了認知的運作又實現了認知的自我建構、革命與超越;既提供了一系列必要的技術服務,又打造了一個人類認知自我運作、獨立作戰的全息技術土壤。元宇宙對認知的作用不是單向度的,而是全維度的;不是單線的,而是全系統的;不是獨立式的,而是沉浸型的;不是片段的,而是持續型的;不是周期階段型的,而是全壽命流程的。思維認知發展有多遠,元宇宙發展就有多遠,因而能夠更全面更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知。於是,人類既用高科技打造了「阿凡達」這個人機結合的複雜系統,同時也打造了一個在「潘朵拉星球」上能夠自主思維、自我認知、自行思想與行動的生命體,這個產生於人又獨立於人的生命體在新的宇宙空間中實現了自我完善與發展。

技知互構機理。與人工智慧、資訊網路等單一技術對思考認知的單向作用不同,元宇宙提供了一個技術與認知作用與反作用、影響與反影響的互構空間。在這個空間裡,我們能夠模擬、展示、模擬、驗證這種雙向互構共促的過程與結果,進而更加精準高效地認識認知、改進認知戰方式,同時也可以直接進行真刀真槍的認知對抗。元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間,在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進、快節奏增強、全景式呈現。據悉,美軍將虛擬技術運用於新武器裝備性能驗證、新戰法運用效果檢驗及作戰模擬訓練等,依託的就是在元宇宙等虛擬空間中構建的兵力佈置、作戰地形、人文特徵等近似實戰的場景。同時,也有越來越多的國家和軍隊透過虛擬空間與對手進行直接的認知攻防,迷茫其心智,誤導其方向,銷蝕其意志。

能動反射機理。元宇宙作為與現實世界平行的虛擬存在,不是簡單地將三維空間數位化複製,而有著自身運行規則並能動作用於現實世界,這種能動作用即是元宇宙認知運用的著力點。元宇宙空間博弈體現認知戰特點,透過虛擬模擬在元宇宙中推演出的戰爭結果,可能直接作用於現實世界,透過感官觸覺延伸到意識認知的爭奪博弈,從而贏得認知戰主導權。在認知視域下,元宇宙既是認知的新空間也是認知的主戰場,既是認知的延伸域也是認知的新構件。目前,不少國家軍隊透過沙盤作業、兵棋推演甚至電腦模擬模擬來發展和檢驗戰略戰術、修訂戰法運用、完善訓練方法、改進武器裝備,就是虛擬世界反作用於現實的典型案例。隨著元宇宙技術群不斷發展融合,認知對抗必將更多、更快由現實世界向虛實結合的混合世界發展轉進。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本特徵

存在決定意識,技術驅動創造。元宇宙具有與現實世界的平行性、對現實世界的能動性、融多種技術於一體的綜合性等諸多特徵。這些突出特徵,決定其作用於思考認知的不同特徵規律。

跨領域構塑。認知的形成發展演變很少由單一因素決定,往往是多種因素綜合作用的結果。元宇宙源自現實世界、呈現於虛擬空間,具有貫穿現實與虛擬的多域連結特徵。所謂“眾口鑠金,積毀銷骨”,這種跨越不同領域、打通關聯空間的跨域特質,最能從不同角度影響和塑造人的思維認知。最典型的案例就是遊戲開發商越來越注重用建立在歷史事實和現實感受基礎上的虛擬故事吸引人感染人。美國已將這種跨領域塑造的超現實「真實」體驗用於價值觀的傳播。目前最具代表性的「元宇宙」主題科幻作品是史匹柏導演的《頭號玩家》,該劇聚焦於描繪「元宇宙」誕生的時代背景及主角的現實地位與虛擬地位之間的巨大反差,透過故事情節和特效鏡頭細膩地刻畫人類的真實參與感,從而傳播在虛擬世界裡透過「不流血」的鬥爭也能獲得財富、地位、愛情和友誼的美式意識形態特別是價值觀。

融合式影響。認知戰運作依託的重要支點是謀略和技術,隨著科技的發展和社會的進步,技術之於認知戰構成所佔比重越來越大、作用越來越突出。可以說,缺乏科技支撐的認知戰是缺乏力量的認知戰,有先進科技加持的認知戰獲勝的可能性更大。元宇宙作為融多種前沿科技於一體的複雜系統,在認知戰運用上具有天然優勢。不少人包括成年人深陷虛擬世界、沉湎網路遊戲,很重要的是虛擬空間賦予遊戲操盤手的超時空體驗和成就快感。如果說武俠小說是成人的童話,那麼可以「隨心所欲」縱橫馳騁的元宇宙,則打造了一個超級童話世界,其對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等的影響不可限量。

折衝性浸染。元宇宙與其他技術手段的一個很大不同,在於其建構的是一個源自現實世界但又反作用於現實世界母體的虛擬世界。在這個複雜領域空間中,人的思維認知在現實世界與虛擬空間之間往來折衝、相互印證、反覆確認、不斷修正進而產生新的思考認知,並對兩個世界都產生施動性影響。這種雙向互動的折衝性浸染,一方面有利於正確思維認知的形成與發展,使現實世界的認知插上虛擬世界思想放飛的翅膀而更富想像力,同時也使虛擬空間的認知找到現實世界的物質支撐而更科學。另一方面如果操作不當,很可能產生極大的安全隱患和倫理問題。這些年美軍依賴人工智慧和虛擬技術遙控的無人機攻擊對手,就是虛擬世界反作用於現實世界的典型案例。這種攻擊因遠離面對面搏殺的慘烈現場,極大淡化了無人機操作員對生命的敬畏,降低了其遙控攻擊對手的門檻。同時,由於偵察辨識技術不完善,誤擊誤傷誤殺平民、友軍甚至自己軍隊的事時有發生。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本樣式

元宇宙作用認知戰基於現實基礎、引領未來發展,涉及虛實兩界、貫通多個領域、涵蓋多種技術,作戰樣式多種多樣,有很大的不確定性,但並非無規律可循。綜合分析,基本樣式有以下三種。

平台對抗。元宇宙就其與人的思維認知的關係而言,本身就是一個複雜的認知行為體,是人類思維認知的衍生品,也是認知戰的重要構件和平台。當敵對國家和軍隊都將元宇宙視為認知戰的重要陣地時,元宇宙內部不同陣營間的認知攻防作戰就會現​​實存在。在這個平台上,元宇宙的一切技術、資源和力量都以思維認知為中心來整合運作。元宇宙作戰突顯為以擾亂、遲滯、阻擋、摧毀、消滅對手元宇宙存在和運作為目的的認知攻防作戰。在這個領域中,誰的戰略運籌更高端、戰術運用更靈活、技術力量更先進、物質支撐更堅實,誰就能取得元宇宙認知戰主動權。

體系破襲。元宇宙是由一系列前沿技術所構成的認知系統,而體系性則是其固有屬性和活力保證。數位基礎、高效通訊、區塊鏈身分認證、全像AR成像、人工智慧、高效能互聯網等先進科技,構成結構緊密、功能耦合、體系完整的統一體,其中構件對思維認知的形成發展與攻防對抗缺一不可。很難想像缺乏高階階數位化、高品質通聯、高速度計算等先進技術群的支撐,元宇宙還有存在的可能性。運用優勢力量高壓強製或以非對稱戰法攻擊和阻斷對手元宇宙體系的關鍵節點和科技運行鏈條,阻遏其運作、壓制其功能、摧毀其存在,是元宇宙認知戰的重要樣式和高效路徑。

曲嚮導流。元宇宙存在發展的一個重要價值和意義在於服務支持現實世界關聯活動。正常情況下,元宇宙能夠以數位形式全景展示、展示、複盤和預測現實世界的相關活動。一旦虛實兩個世界的通聯受擾受阻或元宇宙內部自運行失序,很容易導致其反映的情況失實、分析的信息失真、推導的結論失效、提供的建議失策,使現實世界的關聯活動跑偏走向。正是基於此,可集中力量對對手元宇宙內部運作或兩個世界的通聯技術裝置進行誘導攻擊,用極具迷惑性欺騙性的信息和場景曲嚮導流,迷茫其認知,幹擾其判斷,誤導其決策。因此,應加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究,突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索,強化促進認知戰理論建構。

(作者單位:軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:https://appapi.81.cn/v5/public/jfjbshare/?itemid=284_416888&type=3

Communist China’s Emphasis On the Evolution of Warfare

共產中國對戰爭演變的重視

2019年12月12日10:20 | 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

What is the driving force behind the evolution of war forms, and what laws can be followed? To answer this question well and analyze the evolution trend of contemporary war forms, we should first start from the characteristics of the times, grasp the social motivations that promote its development from an overall perspective, and then examine the breadth, depth, magnitude, and intensity of the effects of various influencing factors, so as to make scientific judgments. At present, human society is in a historical period where the scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are strongly intersecting, and the war forms and combat methods are likely to undergo subversive changes.

A new round of global technological revolution is the fundamental driving force behind the evolution of contemporary warfare

Science and technology is a revolutionary force that has played a driving role in history. It is also the original driving force for the development of war and the basic basis for understanding the development of war. Engels once pointed out: “Once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the way of warfare.” At the beginning of this century, the scientific community predicted that the “scientific silence” has lasted for more than 60 years since the second half of the 20th century, and the historical cycle of technological revolution is approaching. In recent years, a new round of scientific and technological revolution is ready to take off. Original breakthroughs in some major scientific issues such as the structure of matter, the evolution of the universe, the origin of life, and the nature of consciousness are opening up new frontiers and new directions. Some major disruptive technological innovations are creating new industries and new formats. Information technology, biotechnology, manufacturing technology, new material technology, and new energy technology have penetrated into almost all fields, driving a major collective technological change characterized by green, intelligent, and ubiquitous. The military field is the most sensitive field to the development of science and technology. Every major scientific and technological progress and innovation will cause a profound change in the form of war and the way of warfare. With the brewing of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, emerging strategic military technologies, especially disruptive military technologies, are emerging in a concentrated manner, and the driving force for military development is unprecedentedly strong. At present, the “perception revolution” caused by the Internet of Things technology, the “computing revolution” caused by cloud computing, the “prediction revolution” caused by big data, the “communication revolution” caused by quantum technology, the “material revolution” caused by nanotechnology, the “behavior revolution” caused by artificial intelligence technology, and the “strike revolution” caused by military aerospace, new aviation, electromagnetic launch, directed energy weapons, deep-sea development, unmanned combat systems, and smart ammunition are developing in a coordinated manner, converging and integrating, accelerating the comprehensive reshaping of combat means, showing unprecedented transformation and subversion, and becoming the “first driving force” for the evolution of war forms and combat methods.

Global strategic adjustments and intensified competition among major powers provide the background for the evolution of contemporary warfare

At present, the international situation is at a new turning point. Various strategic forces are accelerating their differentiation and combination, and the international system has entered a critical period of accelerated evolution and profound adjustment. The collective rise of emerging market countries and the accelerated rise and fall of international strategic power have posed a great impact on the international governance structure dominated by the West. Hegemonism and power politics are becoming increasingly unpopular. The social economy and comprehensive national strength of the West, represented by the United States, have grown slowly, and the internal centripetal force and cohesion have declined. Many populists have risen, politics have turned right, and social contradictions have surged. Under the general trend of gradually losing comprehensive advantages, some countries rely more on military means. After Trump came to power, he significantly increased the defense budget under the condition of tight financial resources. The budget for fiscal year 2018 was US$692 billion, an increase of more than 10%; the total amount of the Department of Defense’s proposal for fiscal year 2019 reached US$716 billion, an increase of 12% over the application for fiscal year 2018. The new US national security strategy clearly lists Russia and China as strategic competitors. Moreover, the U.S. military has a tradition of seeking absolute military superiority through technological advantages. It is currently promoting a military transformation with intelligence as the main direction. The fundamental purpose is to use artificial intelligence, a disruptive technology that “changes the future war situation”, to reshape the military system, seek to form a new generation gap, seize the initiative in future wars, obtain the “core competitiveness” of the 21st century, and ensure the absolute military superiority of the U.S. military in the next few decades. The U.S. military’s approach will inevitably stimulate the military of other countries to take preventive measures and intensify military competition. The extensive and profound development and changes in the military field must be “one of the important contents of the world’s great development, great change, and great adjustment”, providing a strong impetus for the evolution of war forms and combat methods.

A new round of industrial revolution lays a new social foundation for the evolution of contemporary warfare

The scientific and technological revolution leads to the industrial revolution, which triggers the reshaping of the material production base and social organization. War and military are human practices rooted in the social production base. The arrival of a new round of industrial revolution will provide new support for the new military revolution and the evolution of war. At present, the integration of new generation information technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and mobile Internet with robots and intelligent manufacturing technologies is accelerating, the chain of scientific and technological innovation is more flexible, technology updates and results transformation are faster, and industrial renewal is accelerating, making social production and consumption shift from industrialization to automation and intelligence. Social productivity will be greatly improved again, and labor productivity will achieve a big leap. Germany’s Industry 4.0, the United States’ “re-industrialization”, and the corresponding policies of other major countries will promote the arrival of a new round of industrial revolution and promote the comprehensive spread of scientific and technological revolution from the technical field to the entire economic field and even the entire society. In the military field, the traditional “waterfall-type” sequential R&D model of weapons and equipment will be replaced by an intelligent, real-time, personalized, and collaborative parallel R&D model, which will greatly shorten the R&D production cycle and improve efficiency. New production tools and production methods will also greatly improve the production efficiency of weapons and equipment. For example, the benefits of digital manufacturing exceed those of traditional methods by more than an order of magnitude; the raw materials required by 3D printing technology are only one-tenth of the original, the production efficiency is doubled, the cycle is doubled, and the energy consumption is far lower than the traditional method. The new round of industrial revolution will greatly improve the efficiency of research and development, production and procurement of war tools, accelerate metabolism, and provide social and material support for the rapid evolution of war forms.

Forward-looking military theories provide powerful catalysts and guidance for the evolution of contemporary warfare

Military theory and military technology are known as the “twin engines” of military development, and they are also a strong driving force for the evolution of war forms. At present, the speed of innovation of war and combat concepts in major countries in the world is accelerating, and the innovation intensity is unprecedented. They have made forward-looking outlines and designs for future war forms, guiding the development of war and the direction of military construction. The US military has always attached great importance to the guidance of military theory, and even proposed that “one theory guides one war, and one war eliminates one theory.” In recent years, the US military and academic circles have successively proposed a series of innovative strategies and combat concepts, which are dazzling. For example, in 2009, Air Force Chief of Staff Schwartz and Navy Chief of Operations Roughead jointly signed a memorandum proposing the “Air-Sea Battle” concept; in January 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that it would replace the “Air-Sea Battle” concept with “Global Public Domain Intervention and Joint Mobility”; in November 2014, then-U.S. Secretary of Defense Hagel clearly proposed the “National Defense Innovation Initiative” with the third “offset strategy” as its connotation to accelerate the military transformation of the U.S. military; in 2012, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff proposed the concept of “joint electromagnetic spectrum operations” in the “JP3-13.1 Joint Electronic Warfare Ordinance”; in 2014, a U.S. think tank launched “Robots on the Battlefield II – Clusters of the Future”, proposing “UAV swarm operations” ” concept; since 2013, retired US Air Force Lieutenant General DePutula and others have successively proposed a series of concepts such as “combat cloud”, “combat cloud”, “campaign cloud” and “cloud combat”; in early 2015, the US Navy surface ship force proposed the “distributed lethality” combat concept; in October 2016, the US Army Association proposed “multi-domain warfare” and officially included it in the Army’s regulations in November of the same year; in April 2017, Robert Walker, former Deputy Secretary of Defense of the United States, proposed the concept of “algorithmic warfare”, which is essentially an “intelligent +” war based on artificial intelligence… These war and combat concepts are both joint and military, both strategic and tactical and technical, and many have been incorporated into regulations, entered into practice and research and development. For example, the third “offset strategy” attaches great importance to artificial intelligence and autonomous capabilities, incorporates them into the combat network, attempts to make “unmanned and autonomous systems play a core role” and usher in “war in the robot era”, and envisions the full realization of intelligence in combat platforms, information systems and command and control by 2050, thereby forming a new overwhelming technological advantage. These innovative theories will have a strong and lasting impact on the development direction of future war forms and combat methods.

New war practices provide a stage for exploring paths for the evolution of contemporary war forms

Entering the new century, especially in recent years, some new changes have occurred in human war practice, from which we can see some clues of the evolution of future war forms. For example, on the land battlefield, cluster warfare with ground unmanned systems as the main body has entered the battlefield and has begun to show its edge. At the end of 2015, the Russian army used the “Andromeda-D” automated command system in Syria to command 6 “Platform-M” and 4 “Argo” combat robots. With the support of self-propelled artillery groups and several drones, it carried out the world’s first ground combat with combat robot clusters as the main body and successfully completed the combat mission. For example, from the evening of January 5 to the early morning of January 6, 2018, Syria time, the Russian Khmeimim Air Force Base and Tartus Naval Base in Syria were attacked by 13 drones of Syrian militants. The Russian army responded with electronic attacks and firepower strikes in time, successfully controlled 6 drones, and another 7 drones were destroyed by the Russian air defense forces. In addition, through “pre-practice”, it can also be used to rehearse and preview the future war forms and combat methods in advance. For example, in April 2017, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense jointly held the Military Academy Swarm Drone Challenge with the Air Force Academy, West Point Military Academy, and the Naval Academy, exploring and testing key technical tactics and related tactics of drone swarms. In the recent practice and pre-practice of many related wars, the embryonic form of future warfare is taking shape and growing.

國語中文:

引言

戰爭形態演進的動力是什麼,有什麼規律可循?回答好這個問題,分析當代戰爭形態演進趨勢,首先應從時代特徵出發,對推動其發展的社會動因從整體上加以把握,繼而考察各類影響因素作用的廣度、深度、幅度、烈度,從而作出科學判斷。目前,人類社會正處於科技革命、產業革命與軍事革命強勢交會的歷史時期,戰爭形態和作戰方式很可能發生顛覆性變化。

新一輪全球科技革命是當代戰爭形態演進的根本動因

科學技術是一種在歷史上起推動作用的革命性力量,也是推動戰爭發展的原始動力和認知戰爭發展的基本依據。恩格斯曾指出:「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的,它們便立刻幾乎強制地,而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。」在本世紀初,科學界就預測,自20世紀下半葉以來「科學的沉默」已達60餘年,迫近爆發技術革命的歷史週期。近年來,新一輪科技革命蓄勢待發,物質結構、宇宙演化、生命起源、意識本質等一些重大科學問題的原創性突破正在開闢新前沿新方向,一些重大顛覆性技術創新正在創造新產業新業態,資訊科技、生物技術、製造技術、新材料技術、新能源技術廣泛滲透到幾乎所有領域,帶動了以綠色、智慧、泛在為特徵的群體性重大技術變革。軍事領域是對科技發展最敏感的領域,每一次重大科技進步和創新都會引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變革。隨著新一輪科技革命的醞釀形成,新興的戰略性軍事技術特別是顛覆性軍事技術正在集中湧現,對軍事發展的推動力空前強勁。當前,物聯網技術引發的“感知革命”,雲端運算等引發的“計算革命”,大數據引發的“預測革命”,量子科技引發的“通信革命”,奈米技術引發的“材料革命”,人工智慧技術引發的“行為革命”,以及軍事航太、新型航空、電磁發射、定向能武器、深海開發、無人作戰系統、智慧彈藥等引發的“打擊革命”,協同發展、匯聚融合,正在加速作戰手段的全面重塑,展現出空前的變革性與顛覆性,成為戰爭形態與作戰方式演進的「第一推動力」。

全球戰略調整與大國競爭加劇為當代戰爭形態演進提供時代背景

目前,國際情勢正處於新的轉折點,各種戰略力量加速分化組合,國際體系進入加速演變和深刻調整的關鍵時期。新興市場國家群體性崛起,國際戰略力量對比消長加快,對西方主導的國際治理格局構成極大衝擊,霸權主義和強權政治越來越不得人心。以美國為代表的西方社會經濟和綜合國力成長緩慢,內部向心力凝聚力下降,多國民粹抬頭、政治右轉、社會矛盾激增。在綜合優勢逐漸喪失的大趨勢下,一些國家對軍事手段更加倚仗。川普上台後,在財力吃緊的情況下大幅增加國防預算。 2018年財政年度預算為6,920億美元,增幅10%以上;2019財年國防部提案總額達7,160億美元,比2018財年申請金額增加12%之多。美國新國家安全戰略,明確將俄羅斯、中國列為戰略競爭對手。而且,美軍素有透過技術優勢謀求絕對軍事優勢的傳統,目前正在推動一場以智慧化為主要方向的軍事變革,根本目的是利用人工智慧這項「改變未來戰局」的顛覆性技術重塑軍事體系,尋求形成新的代差,掌握未來戰爭主動權,獲取21世紀“核心競爭力”,確保美軍在未來幾十年內的絕對軍事優勢。美軍的做法必然刺激其他國家軍隊採取防範措施,加劇軍事競爭。軍事領域廣泛而深刻的發展變化,必然是“世界大發展、大變革、大調整的重要內容之一”,為戰爭形態和作戰方式的演進提供了強勁動力。

新一輪產業革命為當代戰爭形態演進奠定新的社會基礎

科技革命導致產業革命,產業革命引發物質生產基礎與社會組織方式的重塑。戰爭和軍事是植根於社會生產基礎的人類實踐,新一輪產業革命的到來將為新的軍事革命和戰爭演進提供新的支撐。目前,大數據、雲端運算、行動互聯網等新一代資訊科技同機器人、智慧製造技術相互融合步伐加快,科技創新鏈條更加靈巧,技術更新和成果轉化更加快捷,產業更新換代不斷加快,使社會生產和消費從工業化向自動化、智慧化轉變,社會生產力將再次大幅提高,勞動生產力將實現大躍進。德國工業4.0、美國“再工業化”,以及其他主要國家的相應政策,將促成新一輪產業革命的到來,促使科技革命由技術領域向整個經濟領域乃至整個社會的全面擴散。軍事領域,傳統的武器裝備「瀑布型」順序式研發模式,將被智慧化、即時化、個人化、協作化的平行研發模式所取代,極大縮短研發週期、提高效益。新的生產工具和生產方法也將大大提高武器裝備生產效率。例如,採用數位製造帶來的效益超出傳統手段一個數量級以上;採用3D列印技術所需原料只有原來的十分之一,生產效率成倍提高,週期成倍縮短,能源消耗也遠低於傳統方式。新一輪產業革命,將大幅提升戰爭工具的研發生產和採購效率,加速新陳代謝、騰籠換鳥速度,為戰爭形態快速演進提供社會物質支撐。

前瞻性軍事理論為當代戰爭形態演進提供強力催化引領

軍事理論與軍事技術並稱軍事發展的“雙引擎”,同樣也是推動戰爭形態演進的強勁動力。目前,世界主要國家有關戰爭和作戰概念推陳出新的速度加快,創新密集度前所未有,對未來戰爭形態進行了前瞻性勾勒設計,引導著戰爭發展走向和軍隊建設方向。美軍歷來高度重視軍事理論的引領,甚至提出「一個理論指導一場戰爭、一場戰爭淘汰一種理論」。近年來,美國軍界、學術界先後提出一系列創新戰略和作戰概念,讓人目不暇給。如2009年,美空軍參謀長施瓦茨、海軍作戰部長拉夫黑德聯合簽署備忘錄,提出「空海一體戰」作戰概念;2015年1月,美國防部又宣布以「全球公域介入和機動聯合”取代“空海一體”作戰概念;2014年11月,美時任國防部長哈格爾明確提出以第三次“抵消戰略”為內涵的“國防創新倡議”,加快推進美軍軍事變革;2012年,美參聯會在《JP3-13.1聯合電子戰條令》中提出「聯合電磁頻譜作戰」概念;2014年,美一智庫推出《戰場上的機器人Ⅱ-未來的集群》,提出「無人機蜂群作戰」概念;2013年以來,美空軍退役中將德普圖拉等人先後提出「作戰雲」「戰鬥雲」「戰役雲」「雲作戰」等系列概念;2015年初,美海軍水面艦艇部隊提出「分散式殺傷」作戰概念;2016年10月,美陸軍協會提出「多域戰」並於同年11月正式列入陸軍條令;2017年4月,美國防部原常務副部長羅伯特·沃克提出「演算法戰」概念,實質是基於人工智慧的「智慧+」戰爭……這些戰爭和作戰概念,既有聯合的也有軍兵種的,既有戰略層面也有戰術技術層面的,有許多已經納入條令、進入實務和研發環節。如,第三次“抵消戰略”高度重視人工智慧和自主能力,將其納入作戰網絡,企圖使“無人和自主系統扮演核心角色”、迎接“機器人時代的戰爭”,並設想2050年前在作戰平台、資訊系統和指揮控制方面全面實現智慧化,藉此形成新的壓倒性技術優勢。這些創新理論,將對未來戰爭形態和作戰方式發展方向產生強勁持久的引領。

新的戰爭實踐為當代戰爭形態演進提供探索路徑的舞台

進入新世紀,特別是近幾年來,人類戰爭實踐出現一些新的變化,從中可以看出未來戰爭形態演化的一些端倪。例如,在陸戰戰場,以地面無人系統為主體的集群作戰已經走上戰場並初露鋒芒。 2015年底,俄軍在敘利亞使用「仙女座-D」自動化指揮系統指揮6部「平台-M」和4部「阿爾戈」作戰機器人,在自行火砲群、數架無人機的支援下,實施了世界首次以戰鬥機器人集群為主的地面作戰,順利完成作戰任務。再如,敘利亞時間2018年1月5日晚至6日清晨,俄駐敘赫梅米姆空軍基地和塔爾圖斯海軍基地遭到敘武裝分子13架無人機的集群式攻擊,俄軍及時採取電子攻擊和火力打擊應對,成功控制6架無人機,另有7架無人機被俄防空部隊摧毀。此外,透過「預實踐」也可為未來戰爭形態和作戰方式提前彩排預演。如2017年4月,美國國防部高級研究計畫局(DARPA)與空軍學院、西點軍校、海軍學院共同舉辦了軍事院校集群無人機挑戰賽,探索試驗了無人機集群關鍵技術戰術和相關戰法。在近期許多相關戰爭的實踐與預實踐中,未來戰爭形態的萌芽正在形成壯大。

中國軍事資源:https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/1212/c1011-3158888.html

Chinese Military’s Three Core Focuses on Understanding Winning Mechanisms of Information Warfare

中國軍隊三大核心聚焦資訊戰制勝機制

2016-11-22 03:03

現代英語:

Naval Command College Research Group

The winning mechanism of war is the most prominent and core characteristic of war. The winning mechanism of informationized war mainly includes three core contents: winning by information advantage, winning by structural destruction and winning by joint action.

Winning with information advantage

In the information age, wars are won mainly by information. Information is the first element of modern warfare, information resources are the first resource of modern warfare, and information advantage is the first advantage of modern warfare, and it determines the victory of the war.

The core of winning with information advantage is the right to control information. War is conducted under the guidance of information, which is implemented according to the law of events turning into information, information turning into situation, situation turning into cognition, cognition turning into decision, and decision turning into action. Information supports command and control, and dominates combat operations and the course of war. Only by gaining the right to control information can we seize the initiative and freedom on the battlefield.

Ways to achieve victory with information advantage. First, information flow leads material flow and energy flow, and information advantage multiplies cognitive power, control power and attack power, thereby regulating the course, direction, target and action of war. Second, information system leads weapon platform, combat force, unit and element are in the loop, the loop is under human control, under the guidance of information system, material energy can produce geometric series “fusion” and extremely precise “energy release”, so that combat power will have a qualitative leap. Then realize long-range rapid precision strike, system structure fixed point destruction and paralysis, and multi-method comprehensive victory. Third, cyberspace is based on physical space, penetrates physical space, transcends physical space and dominates physical space. Occupying the new field and new height of cyberspace warfare will gain new means and advantages of information warfare, and then evolve new concepts, new tactics and new ways to win in combat. Fourth, advanced technology, high-tech equipment, brilliant achievements and public opinion propaganda can have a strong deterrent and striking effect on the enemy’s psychology, fully disintegrate the enemy’s political will, resistance determination and public confidence, and then achieve all-round victory.

Structural destruction wins

Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The essence of system confrontation is a holistic and comprehensive confrontation. The formation, development and function of any overall comprehensive capability depends on the structure of the system.

The structure of the system determines the function, and the function generates the capability. Structural damage causes the system elements to be missing and the relationships to be out of order, which destroys the technical structure and system structure, and causes the loss of the organizational structure and functional structure, making it impossible to generate system capabilities.

The core of winning by structural destruction is network control. Network energy gathering, network energy empowerment, and network energy empowerment are the major functions of the network, which are based on the inherent characteristics of the information network system and the combat system. The first is network energy gathering. Through the network, various information is gathered together, and combat forces, units and elements are integrated into an organic whole. This whole is actually a collection of information energy, energy energy, and material energy, forming a full-factor advantage of information, energy, and material. The second is network energy empowerment. The combat forces, units, and elements in the system obtain all kinds of required information and support and coordination through the network, and have capabilities that they did not originally have, thereby improving their combat effectiveness. The third is network energy empowerment. In the combat system, target information, guidance information, coordination information, and command information are distributed to combat forces and units through the network, so that they are integrated into the system from the original passive listeners and executors, and become equal participants, executors, and advisers in the system, forming a flat charge. To control the network is to destroy the foundation and remove the fuel from under the cauldron, so that the combat system cannot gather energy; to break the network is to destroy the “hub”, cut off the flow of information, and make it impossible for the combat system to empower and authorize.

The strength of a system is based on its structure, the benefits of a system depend on its structure, and the strength of a system also lies in its structure. If you knock out the key nodes, the system will collapse; if you hit the vital point, the system will collapse. First, destroy the technical structure. The technical structure refers to the network structure, data structure, and software structure in the system. By destroying the key nodes of the network structure, destroying the software system of the network, destroying the database and information nodes, the various elements in the system cannot be interconnected and become a mess. Second, destroy the system structure. The combat system based on the information network is composed of a reconnaissance and early warning system, a command and control system, a precision strike system, an information confrontation system, and an integrated support system. Destroying the reconnaissance and early warning system will make the system “blind” and “deaf”. Destroying the command and control system will knock out the “vital point”, making the system leaderless and out of order. Destroying the integrated support system will make the system lose its support and become a water without a source and a tree without roots. Third, destroy the overall structure. The power structure, organizational structure, operation structure, and functional structure are the core of the overall structure. Destroying the power structure will cause the system elements to be missing, destroying the organizational structure will cause the system to be disordered, and destroying the operation structure will cause the system to malfunction, ultimately achieving the purpose of destroying the functional structure.

Joint action wins

Joint operations are the organic integration of combat forces, units, and element functions, which maximizes the combat effectiveness of the system. There is no joint operation without war, no war without joint operation, and no victory without joint operation. This has become the basic consensus of the world’s military powers and is an inevitable trend in future wars.

The connotation of joint operations is technology + tactics, system + system, plan + autonomy, action + support, discovery + destruction. It is a vivid manifestation of 1+1>2, the combination of combat operations, the integration of combat functions, and the concentrated release of combat effectiveness.

The core of winning joint operations is force control. Mechanized warfare pursues firepower, mobility, protection and support. Informationized warfare pursues the system’s reconnaissance and early warning capabilities, command and control capabilities, precision strike capabilities, information confrontation capabilities, and comprehensive support capabilities.

The implementation of joint operations must follow the rigid requirements of combat planning and the internal logic of “situation map”, “combat process”, “combat list”, “combat planning”, “autonomous action” and “effectiveness evaluation”. The first is the situation map that concerns the overall situation. Use a picture to fully present the battlefield situation. The second is a strict combat process, that is, the action process of detection, control, attack and evaluation, the command process of target discovery, target determination and action control, and the information process of information acquisition, transmission and processing. The third is a clear combat list, that is, the task list, target list and strike list. The task list is the clarification and summary of the combat tasks of the combat forces, units and elements. The target list is the batch numbering and sorting of the enemy’s targets. The strike list is the sorting and allocation of the strike targets according to the threat level of the enemy’s targets. The fourth is a detailed combat plan, that is, force planning, firepower planning, and information planning. It is a deepening, refinement and concretization of the combat plan, and it is also a substitute for the extensive combat plan. The fifth is flexible autonomous action, that is, self-organization, self-coordination, and self-action. It is the highest realm of joint action and the development of coordinated operations and contract operations, which enables temporary groups to effectively organize and coordinate and smoothly implement joint operations. The “three selfs” are organized and implemented in strict accordance with the combat process, based on the task list and strike list, and in accordance with the combat plan. Without the above prerequisites, it is impossible to achieve a real joint action. The sixth is a complete evaluation system to conduct timely and accurate evaluation of battlefield combat effectiveness and strike effects, providing a basis for subsequent combat planning.

In joint operations, the goal is the premise, calculation is the key, and precision is the core, and combat calculations run through the entire combat process, among which “one picture” is the preliminary calculation, “three processes” are the actuarial calculation, “three lists” are the in-depth calculation, three plans are the detailed calculation, three autonomies are the planning, and performance evaluation is the settlement.

國語中文:

海軍指揮學院主題組

戰爭制勝機理是戰爭最突出、最核心的特質。資訊化戰爭制勝機制主要包含資訊優勢制勝、結構破壞制勝和聯合行動制勝三個核心內容。

資訊優勢制勝

資訊時代的戰爭,主要靠資訊制勝。資訊是現代戰爭的第一要素,資訊資源是現代戰爭第一資源,資訊優勢是現代戰爭的第一優勢,決定戰爭勝勢。

資訊優勢制勝的核心是製資訊權。戰爭在資訊主導下進行,主導是依照事件轉化為資訊、資訊轉化為態勢、態勢轉化為認知、認知轉化為決策、決策轉化為行動的規律實施的。資訊支撐著指揮控制,主導作戰行動和戰爭進程。只有取得制資訊權,才能掌握戰場主動權、自由權。

資訊優勢制勝的實現途徑。一是以資訊流主導物質流、能量流,以資訊優勢倍增認知力、控制力和攻擊力,進而調控戰爭的進程、方向、目標和行動。二是資訊系統主導武器平台,作戰力量、單元、要素在迴路中,迴路在人的控制中,在資訊系統的引導下,使物質能產生幾何級數“聚變”和極其精準的“能量釋放” ,使戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。進而實現遠程快速精確打擊、體系結構定點毀癱、多法綜合製勝。第三是網路空間基於實體空間、滲透物理空間、超越實體空間、主導實體空間。佔領網路空間作戰這個新領域、新高點,便獲得了資訊作戰新手段、新優勢,進而演化出作戰制勝的新觀念、新戰法、新途徑。四是先進技術、高新裝備、輝煌戰果、輿論宣傳都能對敵方心理產生強大的威懾和打擊作用,充分瓦解敵方的政治意志、抵抗決心和民眾信心,進而實現全方位勝利。

結構破壞制勝

現代戰爭是體系與體系的對抗,體系對抗實質是整體性對抗、綜合性對抗,而任何一個整體綜合能力的形成、發展和發揮作用,都在於體系的結構。

體系的結構決定功能,功能產生能力。結構破壞就是造成體係要素缺失、關係失序,使技術結構、系統結構破壞,組織結構、功能結構喪失,無法產生體系能力。

結構破壞制勝的核心是製網。網能聚能、網能賦能、網能賦權,這是網路的重大作用,是基於資訊網路體系、作戰體系的內在特徵。一是網能聚能。透過網路把各種資訊聚在一起,把作戰力量、單元和要素融合為有機整體。這個整體其實就是資訊能、能量能、物質能的集合體,形成了資訊、能量、物質的全要素優勢。二是網能賦能。體系內的作戰力量、單元、要素,透過網路獲得各種所需的資訊和支援配合,具備了自身原來不具備的能力,因而提高了其作戰效能。三是網能賦權。在作戰體系內,透過網路給作戰力量、單元分配目標訊息、引導訊息、協同訊息、指令訊息,使之由原來的被動聽令者、執行者融入體系,成為體系內平等的參與者、執行者、建議者,形成扁平化的指控。制網就是破根基,釜底抽薪,使作戰體係不能聚能;破網就是毀“中樞”,切斷資訊流,使作戰體係不能賦能、賦權。

體系之堅基礎在結構,體系之利取決於結構,體系之肋也在於結構。打掉關鍵節點,體係不攻自破;打準命門,體系土崩瓦解。一是破壞技術結構。技術結構指的是體系中網路結構、資料結構和軟體結構。透過破壞網路結構的關鍵節點、毀癱網路的軟體系統、破壞資料庫和資訊節點,使體系中的各要素無法互聯互通,成為一盤散沙。二是破壞系統結構。基於資訊網路的作戰體係是由偵察預警系統、指揮控制系統、精確打擊系統、資訊對抗系統、綜合保障系統所構成的。毀癱偵察預警系統,就會使體系變成「瞎子」和「聾子」。毀癱指控系統,就打掉了“命門”,使體系群龍無首、運行失序。毀癱綜合保障系統,體係就失去了支撐,成為無源之水、無本之木。三是破壞總體結構。力量結構、組織結構、運作結構、功能結構是整體結構的內核,破壞力量結構就會使體係要素缺失,破壞組織結構就會使體系失序,破壞運作結構就會使體系運作失靈,最終達到破壞功能結構的目的。

聯合行動制勝

聯合作戰是對作戰力量、單元、要素功能的有機融合,使體係作戰效能能最大限度地釋放。無戰不聯、無聯不戰、無聯不勝,已成為世界軍事強國的基本共識,是未來戰爭的必然趨勢。

聯合行動的內涵是技術+戰術、系統+系統、計畫+自主、行動+保障、發現+摧毀,是1+1>2的生動體現,是作戰行動的聯合,是作戰功能的融合,是作戰效能集中釋放。

聯合行動制勝的核心是製力。機械化戰爭追求的是火力、機動性、防護力和保障力。資訊化戰爭追求的是體系的偵察預警能力、指揮控制能力、精確打擊能力、資訊對抗能力、綜合保障能力。

實施聯合行動必須遵循作戰規劃的剛性要求和「態勢圖」「作戰流程」「作戰清單」「作戰規劃」「自主行動」「效能評估」的內在邏輯。一是事關全局的態勢圖。用一張圖把戰場態勢全面呈現出來。二是嚴格的作戰流程,即偵、控、打、評的行動流程,目標發現、目標確定、行動控制的指控流程,資訊取得、傳遞、處理的資訊流程。三是明確的作戰清單,即任務清單、目標清單、打擊清單。任務清單是己方對作戰力量、單元、要素作戰任務的明確和匯總,目標清單是對敵方目標的分批編號和梳理,打擊清單是根據敵方目標的威脅程度,對打擊目標的排序和分配。四是詳盡的作戰規劃,即兵力規劃、火力規劃、資訊規劃。它是對作戰方案的深化、細化和具體化,也是對粗放作戰計畫的替代品。五是靈活的自主行動,即自組織、自協同、自行動,它是聯合行動的最高境界,是協同作戰、合約作戰的發展,使臨時編組進行有效的組織和協同,順利實施聯合行動。 「三自」是嚴格遵循作戰流程,依據任務清單和打擊清單,依照作戰規劃組織實施的,沒有上述的前提條件,就無法實現真正意義上的聯合行動。六是完善的評估體系,對戰場作戰效能和打擊效果進行及時且準確的評估,為後續作戰規劃提供基礎。

聯合行動,目標是前提、計算是關鍵、精準是核心,且作戰計算貫穿作戰全過程,其中「一張圖」是初算、「三個流程」是精算、「三個清單」是深算、三個規劃是細算、三個自主是謀算、效能評估是結算。

資料來源:解放軍報作者:海軍指揮學院研究小組責任編輯:菅琳

中國軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/jwzl/2016-11/22/content_73788.htm

Chinese Military Discussion on Integration of Intelligence into Military Command and Decision-making

中國軍隊關於情報融入軍事指揮決策的探討

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年6月30日 星期四

現代英語:

With the widespread use of advanced technologies such as big data, neural networks, and cloud computing, artificial intelligence is driving the transformation of decision-making thinking, models, and methods with unprecedented power. Decisions based on intuition and experience in the era of small data will give way to decisions based on full sample data in the era of intelligence, and the latter will become a new paradigm for winning on the battlefield. Accelerating the integration of artificial intelligence into modern command decision-making and better realizing the complementary advantages of human brain thinking and machine computing can promote the overall improvement of the level of military command decision-making.

Clarify the advantages of intelligent integration

The intelligent nature of future wars will continue to increase, and it is necessary to make the best decision quickly according to the changes in the enemy situation, our situation and battlefield environment. Simple human brain decision-making is no longer able to adapt to the rhythm of modern warfare. It is necessary to actively use artificial intelligence to achieve rapid and efficient military command decision-making through human-machine collaboration and complementarity. Data-driven decision-making focuses on big data resources for data mining and comprehensive analysis, discovers data associations and unknown laws, and assists commanders in making decisions based on this. Autonomous decision-making relies on the big data analysis platform, combines perception, cognition and decision support, and accurately generates and optimizes decision-making plans on the basis of ensuring timeliness. Pre-practice decision-making, by using the decision simulation system, experiments, tests, demonstrates and optimizes the combat plan before the combat decision results are converted into combat actions, and extracts the best action plan. From this point of view, artificial intelligence will become the “all-source analyst” of the battlefield. With its powerful data and algorithm advantages, it will expand the commander’s breadth and depth of cognition of the battlefield, and can achieve more accurate situation perception, more reliable battle situation judgment, and faster command and control.

Focus on integrating quasi-intelligent

Algorithms, computing power and data are both the internal driving force and core support for the development of artificial intelligence, and should be integrated into the key links of the entire command and control process. We should enhance situational awareness and provide an intelligence basis for command decision-making. We should network and connect the perception systems in the multi-dimensional battlefield, use data mining, deep learning and other technologies to process and utilize a large number of heterogeneous data streams obtained from multiple sources, extract useful battlefield intelligence, and grasp the changes in battlefield situation, so as to achieve effective transformation from information advantage to decision-making advantage. We should strengthen cognitive decision-making capabilities and provide important support for command decision-making. We should focus on the objective reality that the battlefield situation is changing rapidly and the weight of the time factor is constantly increasing. Based on data information technology and artificial intelligence technology, we should organically combine new technologies, new tactics and experience decisions, so as to combine qualitative and quantitative analysis, improve the single-loop decision-making speed of our own OODA loop, expand the breadth of parallel decision-making, and seize cognitive initiative by using speed to defeat slowness, so as to form an effect similar to dimensionality reduction strike. We should optimize coordination and control capabilities and provide solid guarantees for command decision-making. We should use big data analysis technology to explore and compare anomalies in enemy data, quickly capture opportunities for enemy confusion, errors, weaknesses, etc., change the past command model of determining the next action based on the results of the action, adjust decisions in advance, dynamically deploy troops, simulate and measure the effects of actions, and coordinate and control troops to launch troop maneuvers.

Avoiding the risks and challenges of integrating intelligence

Artificial intelligence is susceptible to defective data input, and there are problems such as “garbage in, garbage out”. At the same time, the black box nature of artificial intelligence makes it difficult for people to understand why and how the machine makes decisions, and it is difficult to identify whether the data is damaged and produces wrong results. Therefore, we must work hard on the input end of artificial intelligence. Focus on the application scenarios of artificial intelligence, identify false, forged, and low-quality data, deeply explore data relationships, and improve the integrity of information required for decision-making. Remove the false and retain the true, and increase the accuracy of training data. We must work hard on the interactive end of human-machine collaboration. The biggest dilemma of human-machine collaborative decision-making lies in the interaction between people and machines. There is uncertainty in human-machine interaction, and poor information communication may produce unpredictable and inexplicable results. It is necessary to accelerate the development of intelligent human-machine communication models. We must work hard on the operation end of machine inference. The current “machine learning”, “supervised learning” and “reinforcement learning” have been realized, but we should continue to seek breakthroughs, fully absorb various technical means, optimize model design, and improve database construction. We must work hard on the distribution end of human-machine decision-making. The human brain and machines each have their own advantages. We should focus on strengthening artificial intelligence with “human participation”, reasonably define the level, scope and degree of integration of artificial intelligence into command decision-making, intervene in human brain judgment at critical times, and control the overall safety and reliability of human-machine collaboration.

Realize efficient and orderly integration of intelligence

At present, military intelligence, with intelligence as the core, informatization as the basis, and networking as the symbol, is developing rapidly. Major countries in the world are actively exploring the advantages of artificial intelligence, hoping to make faster and better military decisions than their opponents, while creating more decision-making dilemmas for their opponents. We must keep up with the world trend, focus on top-level design, fully understand and give play to the auxiliary support role of intelligent technology in command decision-making, explore the human-machine collaborative decision-making model that conforms to the characteristics of our army, and guide the construction of the command capability system. We must adhere to systematic guidance and optimize the structure to design the human-machine collaborative path. According to the decision-making purpose and capacity requirements of strategic, campaign, and tactical combat command, distinguish between command, control, communication and other task areas, take into account the respective advantages and characteristics of “man and unmanned”, fully demonstrate the adaptability of artificial intelligence in the field of military command decision-making and possible problems, and systematically design the fields, methods and integration degree of artificial intelligence integration. We must adhere to the division of labor principles of human-led, machine-assisted, learning from each other’s strengths and weaknesses, and coordinated cooperation, design our respective exploration boundaries, and realize the transformation from auxiliary decision-making to intelligent decision-making.

國語中文:

週國輝 劉文術 張 鑑

隨著大數據、神經網路、雲端運算等先進技術的廣泛運用,人工智慧正以前所未有的力量推動決策思維、模式和方法的變革。小數據時代基於直覺和經驗的決策將讓位給智慧化時代基於全樣本數據的決策,後者將成為主導戰場制勝的新典範。加速人工智慧融入現代指揮決策,更能實現人腦思維與機器運算的優勢互補,才能推動軍事指揮決策水準的整體提升。

釐清智能化融入的優勢所在

未來戰爭的智慧化屬性將持續增強,時刻需要根據敵情、我情和戰場環境的變化快速做出最優決策。單純的人腦決策已經難以適應現代戰爭節奏,需要積極借助人工智慧,透過人機協同互補,實現軍事指揮決策的快速且高效。資料驅動式決策,著眼於大數據資源進行資料探勘與綜合研析,從中發現資料關聯、未知規律並據此輔助指揮官進行決策。自主決策依託大數據分析平台,感知、認知和決策支援結合,在確保時效性基礎上,精確產生並優選決策方案。預先實踐式決策,透過利用決策模擬系統,在作戰決策結果未轉化為作戰行動之前,先對作戰方案進行實驗、檢驗、論證與最佳化,從中萃取最佳行動方案。由此觀之,人工智慧將成為戰場的“全源分析師”,以其強大的數據和演算法優勢,拓展指揮官對戰場的認知廣度和深度,可以實現更精準的態勢感知、更可信的戰局研判、更迅速的指揮控制。

把準智能化融入的重點指向

演算法、算力以及資料既是人工智慧發展的內在動力,也是核心支撐,應融入指揮控制整個流程的關鍵環節之中。要增強態勢感知能力,為指揮決策提供情報基礎。應網路化連接多維戰場中的感知系統,借助運用資料探勘、深度學習等技術,處理並利用多源獲取的大量異質資料流,提取戰場有用情報,掌握戰場態勢變化,以實現資訊優勢到決策優勢的有效轉化。要強化認知決斷能力,為指揮決策提供重要支撐。應著眼戰場情勢瞬息萬變,時間要素權重不斷上升的客觀實際,基於數據資訊技術與人工智慧技術,有機結合新技術、新戰法與經驗決策等,使定性與定量相結合,提升己方OODA環的單環決策速度,拓展並行決策廣度,透過以快製慢,奪取認知先手,以形成近似降維打擊的效果。要優化協調控制能力,為指揮決策提供堅實保障。應藉助大數據分析技術,挖掘比對敵情資料中的異常現象,迅速捕捉敵混亂、錯誤、弱點等戰機,改變過去根據行動結果確定下一步行動的指揮模式,預先調整決策,動態調配兵力,模擬、計算行動效果,協調控制部隊展開兵力機動。

規避智慧化融入的風險挑戰

人工智慧易受缺陷資料輸入的影響,存在「垃圾進、垃圾出」等問題。同時,人工智慧的黑盒子性質,使人很難理解機器為何以及如何做出決策,難以辨識數據是否因受到損害並產生錯誤結果的情況。因此,要在人工智慧的輸入端下功夫。著眼於人工智慧應用場景,辨識虛假、偽造、劣質數據,深度挖掘數據關係,提升決策所需資訊的完整性。去偽存真,增加訓練資料的準確性。要在人機協同的互動端下功夫。人機協同決策的最大困境在於人與機器之間的交互,人機互動存在不確定性,訊息溝通不暢,可能會產生無法預料和無法解釋的結果,必須加速開發人機交流智能化模式。要在機器推論的運轉端下功夫。目前的「機器學習」「監督學習」與「強化學習」等已實現,但應不斷尋求突破,充分吸收各類技術手段,優化模型設計,完善資料庫建置。要在人機決策的分配端下功夫。人腦與機器各有優長,應著重強化「有人參與」下的人工智慧,合理界定人工智慧融入指揮決策的層級、範圍和程度,關鍵時介入人腦判斷,整體把控住人機協作的安全性和可靠性。

實現智慧化融入的高效有序

目前,以智慧化為核心、資訊化為基礎、網路化為標誌的軍事智慧化發展迅猛,世界各主要國家積極發掘人工智慧優勢,希冀做出比對手更快、更好的軍事決策,同時給對手製造更多決策困境。我們必須緊跟世界潮流,聚焦頂層設計,充分認識並發揮智慧技術對指揮決策的輔助支援作用,探索符合我軍特色的人機協同決策模式,引導指揮能力體系建構。要堅持系統指導,優化結構設計人機協同路徑。依照戰略、戰役、戰術層級作戰指揮的決策主旨、容量要求,區分指揮、控制、通訊等任務領域,兼顧「有人、無人」各自的優勢特點,充分論證人工智慧在軍事指揮決策領域中應用的適應性及可能存在的問題,系統設計人工智慧融入的領域、方式和整合程度。要堅持人為主導、機器為輔、取長補短、協同配合的分工原則,設計各自的探觸邊界,實現從輔助決策轉向智慧決策的轉變。

中國軍事原文來源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-06/30/content_318790.htm

Developing the Strategy and Tactics of People’s War

軍事論壇丨發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

來源:解放軍報 作者:李銀祥 宋文超 責任編輯:劉上靖 2022-11-15

Chairman Xi Jinping clearly pointed out in his report to the 20th CPC National Congress that we should develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war. Looking back at the glorious course of the People’s Army in strengthening its military and winning victory, one of the red lines running through it is that it has always insisted on proposing and implementing a complete set of strategies and tactics of people’s war under the leadership of the Party. To win future wars, we must keep a close eye on changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, continue to carry forward the fine traditions of our army, develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, and make the magic weapon for defeating the enemy and winning the battle powerful on the modern battlefield.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war have always been an important magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy and win victory.

Developing the people’s war strategy and tactics is not only a profound insight into the internal laws of our army’s victory over the enemy, but also a far-reaching plan for building a strong country and a strong army. It has important strategic value for achieving the goal of building the army for the centenary as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war are the concentrated embodiment of the Marxist art of directing war. Marxism believes that the masses are the creators of history and the decisive force driving historical progress. Starting from this basic viewpoint and fundamental standpoint, the strategy and tactics of people’s war profoundly explain the basic principles of people’s war, such as soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, the decisive factor in victory or defeat in war is people, not things, and the need to organize, mobilize and arm the broad masses of the people. Our army was born in the flames of war. Faced with extremely cruel objective conditions, the Chinese Communists represented by Comrade Mao Zedong insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxist people’s war with the reality of China’s revolutionary war and created a people’s war strategy and tactics with flexibility as its prominent feature. Its essence is “you fight yours and I fight mine”, aiming to make the best use of strengths and attack weaknesses, and seize and master the initiative in the war. This concentratedly embodies the Marxist art of guiding war, shining with the truth of scientificity, people-orientedness, practicality and openness to development.

The strategy and tactics of the people’s war are the winning code for the party to lead the practice of all military struggles. Since our party built the people’s army, it has created a complete set of strategies and tactics of the people’s war based on the cruel reality that the enemy is strong and we are weak, and the enemy is big and we are small. From the “sixteen-character formula” during the Red Army period, to the “protracted war” during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, from the “ten military principles” during the War of Liberation, to the “piecemeal” during the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, and then to the continuous adjustment of military strategic guidelines after the founding of New China. The People’s Army learned war from war, explored its laws from practice, and adhered to and developed this winning code in keeping with the times. During the war years, it created one war miracle after another in which the few defeated the many and the weak defeated the strong. In peacetime, it firmly defended national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and wrote a glorious chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war directing in the world’s military history.

Actively developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is an inherent requirement for building a world-class military. “The importance of a country depends on the victory of its army.” The ultimate measure of whether an army is a world-class army is its military strength. The strategy and tactics of people’s war are both the way for our army to win and the way for it to grow stronger. To accelerate the building of a world-class military and a strong strategic deterrence system, we must adhere to and develop this unique advantage, strengthen research on opponents and the enemy, proactively understand the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of modern warfare, innovate the people’s war strategy and tactics in line with the times, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, give full play to the strategic function of military power in shaping the security situation, curbing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars, and effectively complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is the inevitable choice for our army to win future wars. The war situation is evolving rapidly, but the nature of war has not changed, and the fundamental law that the deepest root of war power lies among the people has not changed. The wars we will face in the future are mainly wars to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. They are in line with the fundamental interests of all Chinese people and are just actions that follow the trend of the times. They will continue to receive the support of the vast majority of the people and the people of the world. Adhering to and developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war will surely become an important way and inevitable choice for our army to win future wars and check and balance powerful enemies.

Scientifically grasp the contemporary connotations of the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics

The people’s war strategy and tactics are living theories and practices, not rigid dogmas. They must proactively adapt to the requirements of the development of the times and inject new contemporary connotations into them in order to maintain their strong vitality.

Adhere to the just war, establish the broadest united front, and fight a good political and military battle. Pay attention to guiding the war from a political perspective and consolidate the political foundation for victory. This is the basic experience of the Party in winning the war and the core of the strategy and tactics of the people’s war. In today’s era, the connection between the military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on the war are becoming increasingly prominent. In developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must always uphold the role of the Party Central Committee in coordinating the overall situation and all parties, mobilize, unite and organize the broadest masses of the people to participate in and support the war; strengthen the political and organizational functions, and strengthen the ideological, organizational and will preparation of the whole Party, the whole army and the whole people to cope with and win the war; strengthen political diplomacy and the struggle for international public opinion and law, form the broadest united front in support of a just war, firmly occupy the moral high ground, give full play to the combined effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes, and coordinate and fight well the political and military battles.

Adhere to active defense, highlight activeness, and attach importance to offensive operations. Active defense is the product of people’s war, and practicing active defense is the fundamental requirement of the strategy and tactics of people’s war. In the future, the progress of war will accelerate, and it may be possible to achieve strategic goals in one battle or battle, and often the first battle will be the decisive battle. In developing the people’s war strategy and tactics, we must persist in organically combining defense, counterattack and offense, place greater emphasis on internal and external counterattacks at the strategic level, comprehensively utilize elite combat forces at the outset of the war, implement a resolute and powerful strategic counterattack that combines internal and external lines, form a high-pressure counterattack posture and pressure, inflict the greatest pain and fear on the enemy, and achieve the strategic objectives of using offense to assist defense, strike later but arrive first, quickly defeat the enemy, contain the enemy as quickly as possible, and win the war.

Adhere to asymmetric checks and balances, you fight yours, I fight mine, and use what we can to defeat what we cannot. This is the soul and essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics, a high-level summary and vivid description of the laws of war and war guidance, revealing the war guidance laws and combat guidance methods of defeating the enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raising the flexible and maneuverable strategy and tactics to a new level. Compared with the past, the modern war combat system is huge, with many nodes, and there are many “vital points” that are vulnerable to attack, which provides an opportunity to implement “using what we can to defeat what we cannot”. In developing the strategies and tactics of the people’s war, we must follow the winning mechanisms of modern warfare, fully recognize the inherent weaknesses of information-based and intelligent warfare, conduct in-depth research on the opponent’s weaknesses and fatal points, innovate core operational concepts, intensify the training of new-domain and new-quality operational capabilities and means, and refine tactics such as dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. We must not fight according to the enemy’s routines, but focus on the enemy’s weaknesses and strike according to our army’s strengths, and create new winning advantages by “using the capable to defeat the incapable.”

Adhere to the principle of accumulating small victories into big ones and be good at concentrating forces to fight and destroy. Our army has been in an overall disadvantageous position for a long time in the revolutionary war. In the local area, we use the strong against the weak and accumulate small victories into big ones, which is the key to defeating the strong enemy. Compared with the past, modern war operations are often carried out in multiple dimensions and domains, providing a broader space for the implementation of “accumulating small victories into big ones”. In developing the strategies and tactics of the people’s war, we must strengthen the concept of “dispersed in appearance but concentrated in spirit, dispersed in form but united in strength”, dynamically concentrate and unite the various combat forces distributed in the multi-dimensional battlefield, and through the fusion of efficiency and instant optimization, implement local rapid concentrated energy attacks and wide-area guerrilla raids, and carry out devastating blows and destructive attacks on key points of enemy distribution. This will not only have a heavy hammer effect, but also continuously consume the enemy, causing the opponent to gradually lose the initiative on the battlefield.

Adhere to the principle that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, and consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. The army wins battles with the people as its backing. At the beginning of the founding of the army, our party regarded the revolutionary war as a struggle of the masses, emphasized that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can the war be carried out, and created a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics, which is the winning code for the people’s army to remain invincible. The confrontation under the conditions of informatization and intelligence is more clearly manifested as a system confrontation based on the overall strength of the country. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must constantly consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, exert comprehensive efforts in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, culture, and diplomacy, build a strong war capability and war potential that can achieve both strategic quick victory and strategic persistence, and plunge the enemy into the vast ocean of people’s war.

Vigorously promote the development and innovation of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era

In the new era, the connotation of the people’s war strategy and tactics has undergone great changes. It is necessary to strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose, strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen simulation exercises and testing in order to gather the driving force for innovation and development.

Strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party and gather the great power of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The Party’s leadership is the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and an important guarantee for the embodiment and implementation of the people’s war strategy and tactics. We must uphold the Party’s leadership and mobilize and organize the people as a whole. Actively explore the people’s war strategy and tactics in the fields of financial warfare, cyber warfare, and cognitive warfare. Organize the people to carry out intelligence warfare, harassment warfare, ambush warfare, etc. in a timely manner to flexibly contain and consume the enemy.

Strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose and consolidate the foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The secret of the victory of the people’s war lies in its sincere pursuit of the interests of the masses and winning the trust and support of the broad masses of the people. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our army and the strategic foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era. The people’s army must stand firmly on the people’s side, always put the people first, rely closely on the people, continuously benefit the people, firmly rooted in the people, and always maintain the nature, purpose, and character of the people’s army.

Strengthen the drive of scientific and technological innovation and enhance the driving force for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. With the entry of high-tech such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology into the military field, the technological content of war has undergone a qualitative leap. It is necessary to innovate and develop the people’s war strategy and tactics supported by information and intelligent technology, continue to promote the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence, and innovate and create the “key” of “using the capable to defeat the incapable”, so that “wisdom victory” will become the main feature of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era, and form a new era of people’s war strategy and tactics with contemporary leadership and unique characteristics.

Strengthen simulation and exercise testing to improve the quality and effectiveness of the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. In the information age, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong sense of three-dimensionality and reality based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. Officers and soldiers can “experience” war several times in virtual reality before the war begins, and strengthen their understanding of the real battlefield such as equipment performance, enemy and our situation, and the rhythm of war. This provides a testing platform for whether the strategy and tactics are correct. In developing the people’s war strategy and tactics, special attention should be paid to the use of simulation, exercises and other war pre-practice means, conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis, and further improve them in practice.

國語中文:

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

■李銀祥 宋文超

引言

習主席在黨的二十大報告中明確指出,發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。回望人民軍隊強軍制勝的光輝歷程,貫穿其中的一條紅線,就是始終堅持在黨的領導下,提出和實施一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術。打贏未來戰爭,必須緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,賡續傳承好我軍優良傳統,發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威現代戰場。

人民戰爭戰略戰術始終是我軍克敵制勝的重要法寶

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,既是對我軍克敵制勝內在規律的深刻洞察,也是對強國強軍的高遠謀劃,對於如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標,加快把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊具有重要的戰略價值。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術的集中體現。馬克思主義認為,人民群眾是歷史的創造者,也是推動歷史進步的決定性力量。人民戰爭戰略戰術從這一基本觀點和根本立場出發,深刻闡釋了兵民是勝利之本,戰爭勝負的決定因素是人不是物,以及必須組織、動員和武裝廣大人民群眾等人民戰爭的基本原理。我軍在戰火中誕生,面對異常殘酷的客觀條件,以毛澤東同志為代表的中國共產黨人,堅持把馬克思主義人民戰爭基本原理與中國革命戰爭實際相結合,創造了以靈活機動為顯著特點的人民戰爭的戰略戰術,其精髓是“你打你的、我打我的”,旨在力求揚長擊短,奪取和掌握戰爭主動權。這集中體現了馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術,閃爍著科學性、人民性、實踐性和發展開放性的真理光芒。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是黨領導全部軍事鬥爭實踐的製勝密碼。我們黨締造人民軍隊以來,立足於敵強我弱,敵大我小的殘酷現實,創立了一整套人民戰爭的戰略戰術。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”,到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”,從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”,到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”,再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整。人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭,從實踐中探索規律,與時俱進地堅持和發展這個制勝密碼,戰爭年代創造了一個又一個以少勝多、以弱勝強的戰爭奇跡,和平時期堅決捍衛國家主權、安全和領土完整,在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的光輝篇章。

積極發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是全面建成世界一流軍隊的內在要求。 「凡國之重也,必待兵之勝也。」衡量一支軍隊是不是世界一流軍隊,最終要看其軍事實力。人民戰爭戰略戰術既是我軍的製勝之道,也是發展壯大之道。加速建成世界一流軍隊、建立強大的戰略威懾體系,必須堅持和發展這一特有優勢,加強對手研究、敵情研究,前瞻認識現代戰爭特點規律和製勝機理,與時俱進創新人民戰爭戰略戰術,堅定靈活展開軍事鬥爭,充分發揮軍事力量塑造安全態勢,遏止危機沖突,打贏局部戰爭的戰略功能,切實完成好黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是我軍打贏未來戰爭的必然選擇。戰爭形態加速演變,但戰爭的本質沒有變,戰爭偉力之最深厚根源存在於民眾之中這一根本規律沒有改變。我們未來面對的戰爭,主要是捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰爭,符合全體中國人民的根本利益,是順應時代潮流的正義之舉,必將繼續得到最廣大人民群眾和世界人民的支持。堅持並發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必將成為我軍打贏未來戰爭、制衡強敵的重要途徑和必然選擇。

科學掌握人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的時代內涵

人民戰爭戰略戰術,是活的理論與實踐,不是死板的教條,必須主動順應時代發展要求,注入新的時代內涵,才能維持強大旺盛的生命力。

堅持正義戰爭,建立最廣泛的統一戰線,打好政治軍仗。注重從政治高度指導戰爭,夯實制勝的政治基礎,是黨奪取戰爭勝利的基本經驗,也是人民戰爭戰略戰術的核心要義。在當今時代,軍事和政治的聯繫更加緊密,在戰略層面的相關性和整體性日益增強,政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制日益突出。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必須始終堅持黨中央統攬全局、協調各方的作用,動員、團結、組織最廣大人民參與、支持戰爭;增強政治功能和組織功能,強化全黨全軍全國人民應對戰爭、打贏戰爭的思想準備、組織準備、意志準備;加強政治外交和國際輿論法理鬥爭,形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛統一戰線,牢牢佔領道義制高點,發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能,統籌打好政治軍仗。

堅持積極防禦,突顯積極性,重視攻勢作戰。積極防禦是人民戰爭的產物,實行積極防禦是人民戰爭戰略戰術的根本要求。未來戰爭進程加快,可能一場戰役或戰鬥就能達成戰略目的,往往是首戰即決戰。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要堅持將防禦、反攻和進攻有機結合,更加強調戰略層次的內外線反擊,在戰爭伊始就綜合運用精銳作戰力量,實施內外線結合、堅決凌厲的戰略反擊,形成高壓反擊態勢和壓力,最大限度地打痛打怕敵人,達到以攻助防、後發先至,速戰制敵、盡快遏制、打贏戰爭的戰略目的。

堅持非對稱制衡,你打你的,我打我的,以能擊不能。這是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓,是對戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律的高度概括和生動描述,揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法,把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。相較於以往,現代戰爭作戰體系龐大、節點眾多,存在許多易受攻擊的“命門”,為實施“以能擊不能”提供了契機。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理,充分認清資訊化智能化戰爭本身的固有弱點,深入研究對手的軟肋和死穴,創新核心作戰概念,加緊鍛造新域新質作戰能力手段,錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等戰法,不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打,在「以能擊不能」中創造新的製勝優勢。

堅持積小勝為大勝,善於集中力量打殲滅戰。我軍在革命戰爭中長期處於全局劣勢的地位,局部上以強對弱、積小勝為大勝,是戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往,現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開,為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要強化「貌散而神聚,形散而力合」的概念,將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來,透過效能融合、即時聚優,實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾,對敵分佈的要點實施殲滅性打擊、破壞性襲擊,這既有重錘效應,又能不斷消耗敵人,使對手逐步喪失戰場主動權。

堅持兵民是勝利之本,鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力。軍隊打勝仗,人民是靠山。建軍伊始,我們黨就把革命戰爭視為群眾的鬥爭,強調只有動員和依靠群眾才能進行戰爭,並創造了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術,這是人民軍隊立於不敗之地的製勝密碼。資訊化智能化條件下的對抗,更鮮明地表現為以國家整體實力為基礎的體系對抗。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要不斷鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力,在政治、軍事、經濟、文化、外交等多維度全面發力,構建起既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力,陷敵於人民戰爭的汪洋大海。

大力推動新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展創新

新時代,人民戰爭戰略戰術的內涵發生了很大變化,必須加強黨的集中統一領導,加強踐行根本宗旨,加強科技創新驅動,加強模擬演訓檢驗,才能匯聚起創新發展的前行力量。

加強黨的集中統一領導,匯聚人民戰爭戰略戰術磅礴偉力。黨的領導是中國特色社會主義制度的最大優勢,也是人民戰爭戰略戰術得以體現和實施的重要保證。必須堅持黨的領導,把人民群眾整體動員起來、組織起來。積極探索金融戰、網絡戰、認識域作戰等領域的人民戰爭戰略戰術。適時組織人民群眾開展情報戰、襲擾戰、伏擊戰等,靈活牽制、消耗敵人。

加強踐行根本宗旨,夯實人民戰爭戰略戰術發展根基。人民戰爭的製勝奧秘,就在於它真心實意地為群眾謀利益,贏得了廣大人民群眾的信賴和支持。全心全意為人民服務是我軍的根本宗旨,也是新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的戰略根基。人民軍隊必須站穩人民立場,始終堅持人民至上,緊緊依靠人民,不斷造福人民,牢牢植根人民,永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

加強科技創新驅動,增強人民戰爭戰略戰術發展動力。隨著人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等高新技術進入軍事領域,戰爭的科技含量已發生質的飛躍,必須創新發展以資訊化智慧化技術為支撐的人民戰爭戰略戰術,持續推進機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,創新創造“以能擊不能”的“密鑰”,讓“智勝”成為新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的主要特徵,形成具有時代性引領性獨特性的新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

加強模擬演訓檢驗,提升人民戰爭戰略戰術發展質效。在資訊時代,利用虛擬現實技術可基於實際的戰場環境,以及任務背景創造具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景,官兵在戰爭開始前就可以在虛擬現實中數次「親歷」戰爭,加強對裝備性能、敵我情況、戰爭節奏等真實戰場的了解,這就給戰略戰術正確與否提供了檢驗平台。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,應特別重視運用模擬、演習等戰爭預實踐手段,對其進行定性與定量分析,並在實務上進一步加以完善。

中國軍事資料來源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926888.html?big=fan

Chinese Military Considers Metaverse the New Frontier for Future Cognitive Warfare

中國軍方認為元宇宙是未來認知戰的新領域

現代英語翻譯:

●The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but also reacts to the real world.

●Parallel with the real world, reaction to the real world, and integration of multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse.

●The metaverse provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society.

● Strengthening the follow-up research on the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare and highlighting the exploration of the mechanism of the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare will help enrich and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but reacts to the real world. When virtual technologies such as digital, Internet, augmented reality and modern communications, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies develop to a certain stage, the metaverse will emerge. Being parallel to the real world, reacting to the real world, and integrating multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural law of human understanding and transformation of the world. It directly acts on human thinking and cognition but is not bound by the essential attributes of thinking and cognition, which determines that it carries the operating laws of the real world, provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex systems in reality, and a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. At the same time, it is itself a complex cognitive body, so it has immeasurable cognitive warfare application value.

The basic mechanism of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

The difference between the metaverse and other technologies is that it builds a complete digital world. Its operation is not supported by a single or a few technologies, but by a complex high-tech complex. This complex is built by humans, is a product of cognition, and continues to develop and evolve with the development of human cognitive practice. Its cognitive application has a unique regular mechanism.

System enhancement mechanism. The digital world constructed by the metaverse is itself a highly developed cognitive world. In this special cognitive world, technology not only exists as an additional role such as support and guarantee, but also directly participates in the shaping of cognition itself as a basic element of cognition. In other words, the technology that constitutes the metaverse itself has a distinct cognitive background, which not only supports the operation of cognition but also realizes the self-construction, revolution and transcendence of cognition; it not only provides a series of necessary technical services, but also creates a holographic technical soil for human cognition to operate independently and fight independently. The effect of the metaverse on cognition is not one-dimensional, but full-dimensional; not single-line, but full-system; not independent, but immersive; not fragmentary, but continuous; not cyclical, but full-life process. How far the thinking cognition develops, how far the metaverse develops, and thus it can shape people’s thinking cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly. Therefore, humans have used high technology to create “Avatar”, a complex system combining man and machine, and have also created a life form on “Pandora” that can think independently, recognize itself, and think and act on its own. This life form, which was created by humans and is independent of humans, has achieved self-improvement and development in the new universe.

The mechanism of mutual construction of technology and knowledge. Unlike the one-way effect of individual technologies such as artificial intelligence and information networks on thinking and cognition, the metaverse provides a space for mutual construction of technology and cognition, and influence and counter-influence. In this space, we can simulate, demonstrate, simulate, and verify the process and results of this two-way mutual construction and promotion, so as to understand cognition more accurately and efficiently, improve cognitive warfare methods, and directly engage in real cognitive confrontation. The metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenes, where cognitive warfare can be promoted efficiently, enhanced at a fast pace, and presented in a panoramic manner. It is reported that the US military uses virtual technology to verify the performance of new weapons and equipment, test the effectiveness of the use of new tactics, and conduct combat simulation training, relying on the deployment of forces, combat terrain, human characteristics, and other scenes similar to actual combat constructed in virtual spaces such as the metaverse. At the same time, more and more countries and armies are conducting direct cognitive attacks and defenses with their opponents through virtual spaces, confusing their minds, misleading their directions, and eroding their will.

Active reflection mechanism. As a virtual existence parallel to the real world, the metaverse is not a simple digital copy of the three-dimensional space, but has its own operating rules and can actively act on the real world. This active action is the focus of the cognitive application of the metaverse. The metaverse space game reflects the characteristics of cognitive warfare. The war results deduced in the metaverse through virtual simulation may directly affect the real world, extending to the conscious cognitive competition game through sensory touch, thereby winning the dominant position in cognitive warfare. In the cognitive perspective, the metaverse is both a new cognitive space and the main battlefield of cognition, as well as an extended domain of cognition and a new cognitive component. At present, the military of many countries uses sandbox operations, war games and even computer simulations to formulate and test strategies and tactics, revise the application of tactics, improve training methods, and improve weapons and equipment. This is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to reality. With the continuous development and integration of the metaverse technology group, cognitive confrontation will inevitably shift more and faster from the real world to a hybrid world combining virtuality and reality.

The basic characteristics of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

Existence determines consciousness, and technology drives creation. The metaverse has many characteristics, such as parallelism with the real world, initiative in the real world, and comprehensiveness that integrates multiple technologies. These prominent characteristics determine the different characteristics and laws of its effects on thinking and cognition.

Cross-domain construction. The formation, development and evolution of cognition are rarely determined by a single factor, but are often the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. The metaverse originates from the real world and is presented in the virtual space. It has the characteristics of multi-domain interconnection that runs through the real and virtual worlds. As the saying goes, “a lot of gossip can melt gold, and accumulated criticism can destroy bones.” This cross-domain characteristic that spans different fields and opens up related spaces can best influence and shape people’s thinking and cognition from different angles. The most typical case is that game developers are increasingly focusing on using virtual stories based on historical facts and real feelings to attract and infect people. The United States has used this cross-domain shaped surreal “real” experience to spread values. At present, the most representative “metaverse” themed science fiction work is “Ready Player One” directed by Spielberg. The play focuses on depicting the era background of the birth of the “metaverse” and the huge contrast between the real status and virtual status of the protagonist. Through the plot and special effects shots, it delicately portrays the real sense of human participation, thereby spreading the American ideology, especially the values ​​of gaining wealth, status, love and friendship through “bloodless” struggle in the virtual world.

Integrated influence. The important fulcrums of cognitive warfare are strategy and technology. With the development of science and technology and the progress of society, the proportion of technology in cognitive warfare is increasing and its role is becoming more and more prominent. It can be said that cognitive warfare without scientific and technological support is cognitive warfare without power, and cognitive warfare with advanced technology is more likely to win. As a complex system integrating multiple cutting-edge technologies, the metaverse has a natural advantage in the use of cognitive warfare. Many people, including adults, are deeply trapped in the virtual world and indulge in online games. It is very important that the virtual space gives game operators a super-time and space experience and a sense of achievement. If martial arts novels are fairy tales for adults, then the metaverse, which can “do whatever you want”, creates a super fairy tale world, which has an immeasurable impact on people’s thinking, cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns.

Compromising influence. A big difference between the metaverse and other technical means is that it constructs a virtual world that originates from the real world but reacts to the real world. In this complex domain space, people’s thinking and cognition go back and forth between the real world and the virtual space, verify each other, repeatedly confirm, and constantly correct, thereby generating new thinking and cognition, and exerting a dynamic influence on both worlds. This two-way interactive compromising influence, on the one hand, is conducive to the formation and development of correct thinking and cognition, making the cognition of the real world more imaginative with the wings of the virtual world’s thoughts, and at the same time, it also makes the cognition of the virtual space find the material support of the real world and become more scientific. On the other hand, if it is not operated properly, it is likely to cause great safety hazards and ethical problems. In recent years, the U.S. military has relied on artificial intelligence and virtual technology to remotely control drones to attack opponents, which is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to the real world. This attack is far away from the tragic scene of face-to-face fighting, which greatly dilutes the drone operator’s awe of life and lowers the threshold for remotely controlling the opponent. At the same time, due to the imperfect reconnaissance and identification technology, incidents of accidental shooting, injury, and killing of civilians, friendly forces, and even their own troops often occur.

The basic style of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

Metaverse cognitive warfare is based on reality and leads future development. It involves both the virtual and real worlds, penetrates multiple fields, covers multiple technologies, and has a variety of combat styles. There is great uncertainty, but it is not without rules. Comprehensive analysis shows that there are three basic styles.

Platform confrontation. In terms of its relationship with human thinking and cognition, the metaverse itself is a complex cognitive actor, a derivative of human thinking and cognition, and an important component and platform of cognitive warfare. When hostile countries and armies regard the metaverse as an important position for cognitive warfare, cognitive offensive and defensive operations between different camps within the metaverse exist in reality. On this platform, all technologies, resources and forces of the metaverse are integrated and operated with thinking and cognition as the center. Metaverse operations are prominently manifested as cognitive offensive and defensive operations aimed at disrupting, delaying, blocking, destroying and eliminating the existence and operation of the opponent’s metaverse. In this field, whoever has higher-end strategic planning, more flexible tactical application, more advanced technical force and more solid material support will be able to gain the initiative in metaverse cognitive warfare.

System attack. The metaverse is a cognitive system composed of a series of cutting-edge technologies, and systemicity is its inherent attribute and vitality guarantee. Advanced technologies such as digital foundation, efficient communication, blockchain identity authentication, holographic AR imaging, artificial intelligence, and high-performance Internet constitute a unified body with tight structure, functional coupling, and complete system. The components are indispensable for the formation and development of thinking cognition and offensive and defensive confrontation. It is difficult to imagine that the metaverse still has the possibility of existence without the support of advanced technology groups such as high-level digitization, high-quality communication, and high-speed computing. Using superior forces to force or use asymmetric tactics to attack and block the key nodes and technological operation chains of the opponent’s metaverse system, hinder its operation, suppress its functions, and destroy its existence is an important style and efficient path of metaverse cognitive warfare.

Divert the flow. An important value and significance of the existence and development of the metaverse lies in serving and supporting the related activities of the real world. Under normal circumstances, the metaverse can demonstrate, display, review and predict the related activities of the real world in a digital form. Once the communication between the virtual and real worlds is disturbed or the self-operation of the metaverse is disordered, it is easy to cause the situation reflected to be untrue, the information analyzed to be distorted, the conclusions derived to be invalid, and the suggestions provided to be wrong, causing the related activities of the real world to deviate. It is based on this that we can concentrate our efforts on inducing attacks on the internal operation of the opponent’s metaverse or the communication technology devices of the two worlds, and use extremely confusing and deceptive information and scenes to divert the flow, confuse their cognition, interfere with their judgment, and mislead their decision-making. Therefore, we should strengthen the tracking research on the cognitive warfare of the role of the metaverse, highlight the exploration of the cognitive warfare mechanism of the role of the metaverse, and strengthen and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語:

●元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。

●與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合,是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。

●元宇宙提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式,以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。

●加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究,突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索,將有助於豐富促進認知戰理論建構。

元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。當數位、網路、擴增實境等虛擬技術和現代通訊、區塊鏈、人工智慧等技術發展到一定階段,元宇宙就橫空出世。與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合,是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運作符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律,其直接作用於人的思維認知但又不拘泥於思維認知的本質屬性,決定其本身承載了現實世界的運作規律,提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段,同時它本身就是一個複雜的認知體,因而具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本機制

元宇宙相對於其他技術的差異在於構築了一個完整的數位世界,支撐其運作的不是單一或幾個技術,而是一個複雜的高科技複合體。這個複合體是人構築的,是認知的產物並隨人類認知實踐的發展不斷發展演變,其認知運用具有獨特的規律機制。

體系增強機理。元宇宙構築的數位世界本身就是一個高度發展的認知世界,在這個特殊的認知世界裡,科技不僅以支撐和保障等附加角色存在,也直接作為認知的基本元素參與認知本身的塑造。也就是說構成元宇宙的技術本身俱有鮮明的認知底色,既支撐了認知的運作又實現了認知的自我建構、革命與超越;既提供了一系列必要的技術服務,又打造了一個人類認知自我運作、獨立作戰的全息技術土壤。元宇宙對認知的作用不是單向度的,而是全維度的;不是單線的,而是全系統的;不是獨立式的,而是沉浸型的;不是片段的,而是持續型的;不是周期階段型的,而是全壽命流程的。思維認知發展有多遠,元宇宙發展就有多遠,因而能夠更全面更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知。於是,人類既用高科技打造了「阿凡達」這個人機結合的複雜系統,同時也打造了一個在「潘朵拉星球」上能夠自主思維、自我認知、自行思想與行動的生命體,這個產生於人又獨立於人的生命體在新的宇宙空間中實現了自我完善與發展。

技知互構機理。與人工智慧、資訊網路等單一技術對思考認知的單向作用不同,元宇宙提供了一個技術與認知作用與反作用、影響與反影響的互構空間。在這個空間裡,我們能夠模擬、展示、模擬、驗證這種雙向互構共促的過程與結果,進而更加精準高效地認識認知、改進認知戰方式,同時也可以直接進行真刀真槍的認知對抗。元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間,在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進、快節奏增強、全景式呈現。據悉,美軍將虛擬技術運用於新武器裝備性能驗證、新戰法運用效果檢驗及作戰模擬訓練等,依託的就是在元宇宙等虛擬空間中構建的兵力佈置、作戰地形、人文特徵等近似實戰的場景。同時,也有越來越多的國家和軍隊透過虛擬空間與對手進行直接的認知攻防,迷茫其心智,誤導其方向,銷蝕其意志。

能動反射機理。元宇宙作為與現實世界平行的虛擬存在,不是簡單地將三維空間數位化複製,而有著自身運行規則並能動作用於現實世界,這種能動作用即是元宇宙認知運用的著力點。元宇宙空間博弈體現認知戰特點,透過虛擬模擬在元宇宙中推演出的戰爭結果,可能直接作用於現實世界,透過感官觸覺延伸到意識認知的爭奪博弈,從而贏得認知戰主導權。在認知視域下,元宇宙既是認知的新空間也是認知的主戰場,既是認知的延伸域也是認知的新構件。目前,不少國家軍隊透過沙盤作業、兵棋推演甚至電腦模擬模擬來發展和檢驗戰略戰術、修訂戰法運用、完善訓練方法、改進武器裝備,就是虛擬世界反作用於現實的典型案例。隨著元宇宙技術群不斷發展融合,認知對抗必將更多、更快由現實世界向虛實結合的混合世界發展轉進。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本特徵

存在決定意識,技術驅動創造。元宇宙具有與現實世界的平行性、對現實世界的能動性、融多種技術於一體的綜合性等諸多特徵。這些突出特徵,決定其作用於思考認知的不同特徵規律。

跨領域構塑。認知的形成發展演變很少由單一因素決定,往往是多種因素綜合作用的結果。元宇宙源自現實世界、呈現於虛擬空間,具有貫穿現實與虛擬的多域連結特徵。所謂“眾口鑠金,積毀銷骨”,這種跨越不同領域、打通關聯空間的跨域特質,最能從不同角度影響和塑造人的思維認知。最典型的案例就是遊戲開發商越來越注重用建立在歷史事實和現實感受基礎上的虛擬故事吸引人感染人。美國已將這種跨領域塑造的超現實「真實」體驗用於價值觀的傳播。目前最具代表性的「元宇宙」主題科幻作品是史匹柏導演的《頭號玩家》,該劇聚焦於描繪「元宇宙」誕生的時代背景及主角的現實地位與虛擬地位之間的巨大反差,透過故事情節和特效鏡頭細膩地刻畫人類的真實參與感,從而傳播在虛擬世界裡透過「不流血」的鬥爭也能獲得財富、地位、愛情和友誼的美式意識形態特別是價值觀。

融合式影響。認知戰運作依託的重要支點是謀略和技術,隨著科技的發展和社會的進步,技術之於認知戰構成所佔比重越來越大、作用越來越突出。可以說,缺乏科技支撐的認知戰是缺乏力量的認知戰,有先進科技加持的認知戰獲勝的可能性更大。元宇宙作為融多種前沿科技於一體的複雜系統,在認知戰運用上具有天然優勢。不少人包括成年人深陷虛擬世界、沉湎網路遊戲,很重要的是虛擬空間賦予遊戲操盤手的超時空體驗和成就快感。如果說武俠小說是成人的童話,那麼可以「隨心所欲」縱橫馳騁的元宇宙,則打造了一個超級童話世界,其對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等的影響不可限量。

折衝性浸染。元宇宙與其他技術手段的一個很大不同,在於其建構的是一個源自現實世界但又反作用於現實世界母體的虛擬世界。在這個複雜領域空間中,人的思維認知在現實世界與虛擬空間之間往來折衝、相互印證、反覆確認、不斷修正進而產生新的思考認知,並對兩個世界都產生施動性影響。這種雙向互動的折衝性浸染,一方面有利於正確思維認知的形成與發展,使現實世界的認知插上虛擬世界思想放飛的翅膀而更富想像力,同時也使虛擬空間的認知找到現實世界的物質支撐而更科學。另一方面如果操作不當,很可能產生極大的安全隱患和倫理問題。這些年美軍依賴人工智慧和虛擬技術遙控的無人機攻擊對手,就是虛擬世界反作用於現實世界的典型案例。這種攻擊因遠離面對面搏殺的慘烈現場,極大淡化了無人機操作員對生命的敬畏,降低了其遙控攻擊對手的門檻。同時,由於偵察辨識技術不完善,誤擊誤傷誤殺平民、友軍甚至自己軍隊的事時有發生。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本樣式

元宇宙作用認知戰基於現實基礎、引領未來發展,涉及虛實兩界、貫通多個領域、涵蓋多種技術,作戰樣式多種多樣,有很大的不確定性,但並非無規律可循。綜合分析,基本樣式有以下三種。

平台對抗。元宇宙就其與人的思維認知的關係而言,本身就是一個複雜的認知行為體,是人類思維認知的衍生品,也是認知戰的重要構件和平台。當敵對國家和軍隊都將元宇宙視為認知戰的重要陣地時,元宇宙內部不同陣營間的認知攻防作戰就會現​​實存在。在這個平台上,元宇宙的一切技術、資源和力量都以思維認知為中心來整合運作。元宇宙作戰突顯為以擾亂、遲滯、阻擋、摧毀、消滅對手元宇宙存在和運作為目的的認知攻防作戰。在這個領域中,誰的戰略運籌更高端、戰術運用更靈活、技術力量更先進、物質支撐更堅實,誰就能取得元宇宙認知戰主動權。

體系破襲。元宇宙是由一系列前沿技術所構成的認知系統,而體系性則是其固有屬性和活力保證。數位基礎、高效通訊、區塊鏈身分認證、全像AR成像、人工智慧、高效能互聯網等先進科技,構成結構緊密、功能耦合、體系完整的統一體,其中構件對思維認知的形成發展與攻防對抗缺一不可。很難想像缺乏高階階數位化、高品質通聯、高速度計算等先進技術群的支撐,元宇宙還有存在的可能性。運用優勢力量高壓強製或以非對稱戰法攻擊和阻斷對手元宇宙體系的關鍵節點和科技運行鏈條,阻遏其運作、壓制其功能、摧毀其存在,是元宇宙認知戰的重要樣式和高效路徑。

曲嚮導流。元宇宙存在發展的一個重要價值和意義在於服務支持現實世界關聯活動。正常情況下,元宇宙能夠以數位形式全景展示、展示、複盤和預測現實世界的相關活動。一旦虛實兩個世界的通聯受擾受阻或元宇宙內部自運行失序,很容易導致其反映的情況失實、分析的信息失真、推導的結論失效、提供的建議失策,使現實世界的關聯活動跑偏走向。正是基於此,可集中力量對對手元宇宙內部運作或兩個世界的通聯技術裝置進行誘導攻擊,用極具迷惑性欺騙性的信息和場景曲嚮導流,迷茫其認知,幹擾其判斷,誤導其決策。因此,應加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究,突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索,強化促進認知戰理論建構。

(作者單位:軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院)

中國軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/03/content_310888.htm

Chinese Military Values Attack & Defense as the Important Focus of Combat in Cognitive Domain Operations

中國軍隊把攻防當作認知域作戰作戰的重要著力點

現代英語翻譯:

Value attack and defense is an important way to conduct cognitive domain operations from a strategic level. Usually, value attack and defense is achieved by intervening in people’s thinking, beliefs, values, etc., in order to achieve the purpose of disintegrating the enemy’s consensus, destroying the enemy’s will, and then gaining comprehensive control over the battlefield. Accurately grasping the characteristics, mechanisms, and means of value attack and defense is crucial to gaining future cognitive domain combat advantages.

Characteristics of the cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense refers to the intervention and influence on relatively stable cognitive results by inducing deep logical thinking and value judgment changes of individuals or groups, in order to reconstruct people’s cognitive abilities such as will, thinking, psychology, and emotions. Value attack and defense mainly has the following characteristics:

Soft confrontation. Traditional warfare mainly relies on violent means to weaken and disintegrate the enemy’s military capabilities, and usually has a high intensity of war. Cognitive domain warfare will no longer be limited to hard confrontations such as siege and conquest, but will focus more on infiltration and counter-infiltration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control around value positions. By competing for the dominance of cognitive domain confrontation, the combat effectiveness of the physical domain and information domain will be further stimulated, thereby seizing the initiative on the battlefield and even achieving the effect of defeating the enemy without fighting. In practice, value offense and defense often focus on the cultural traditions, values ​​and social psychology of a country or nation, and ultimately achieve the purpose of destroying the enemy’s will, cognitive manipulation, and mental control.

Full-dimensional release. Modern warfare is increasingly characterized by being holistic, multi-domain, and all-time. Cognitive domain warfare aims to influence battlefield effects by intervening in human consciousness, and the relative stability of consciousness determines that people’s worldviews, beliefs, and other values ​​are generally relatively stable. Therefore, value offense and defense need to be carried out in a long-term, uninterrupted, holographic, and full-dimensional manner. From a temporal perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between peace and war, and is always at war, constantly accumulating and gradually releasing combat effectiveness; from a spatial perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between the front and rear of combat, and is carried out in all directions in tangible and intangible spaces; from a field perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between military and non-military, and occurs not only in the military field, but also in the political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural fields, showing the characteristics of full-domain coverage.

Empowered by science and technology. Cognitive domain warfare is a technology-intensive and complex system engineering. The full-process penetration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain science, and quantum computing is triggering iterative upgrades and profound changes in cognitive domain warfare. Intelligent tools fundamentally enhance the ability of cognitive domain combatants to manipulate and interfere with the opponent’s thinking. Human-machine hybrid as a new means and new style of combat power will change the main body of future wars. Autonomous confrontation and cloud brain victory may become the mainstream attack and defense mode. In recent years, NATO has launched cognitive electronic warfare equipment aimed at changing the opponent’s value cognition and behavior through information attack and defense. Technological development has also triggered a cognitive revolution. The rapid spread of information has further accelerated the differences in public value cognition. Cognitive islands have exacerbated the value gap between different subjects. The social structure changes brought about by intelligence are profoundly changing the political and cultural pattern. From this point of view, in future cognitive domain warfare, it is crucial to grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological innovation and master key core technologies to seize the initiative on the battlefield.

The mechanism of cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense is a high-level confrontation in cognitive domain operations, and the target of action is people’s deep cognition. Consciousness is the reflection of social existence in the brain. The regulation of social existence, the guidance of public consciousness and the change of human brain function can strengthen or reverse human consciousness. If you want to win the opponent in the attack and defense confrontation, you must follow the laws of thinking and cognition and grasp the winning mechanism of value attack and defense.

Impacting the value “protection zone”. Occupying the commanding heights of values ​​is the logical starting point for conducting value offense and defense. Social consciousness is often composed of relatively stable core values ​​and peripheral auxiliary theories. Various theories such as economy, politics, religion, and culture can be constructed and adapted to protect core values ​​from external shocks, and therefore also bear the impact and challenge of other values. In the eyes of foreign militaries, value offense and defense is to continuously impact the “protection zone” of the opponent’s ideology through cultural infiltration, religious conflict, strategic communication and other means, in conjunction with actions in the physical and information domains. This often requires seizing the values, political attitudes, religious beliefs, etc. that affect the opponent’s cognition, disrupting their social group psychology, inducing value confusion, shaking their will to fight, destroying cultural identity, and even changing and disintegrating their original cognitive system, so as to instill or implant new values ​​that are beneficial to themselves in order to achieve combat objectives.

Ignite the “trigger point” of conflict. Cognitive domain warfare involves multiple categories such as history and culture, political system, national sentiment, and religious beliefs. The main body of the war has also expanded from simple military personnel to ordinary people. It will become an important means of cognitive domain warfare to stimulate cognitive conflicts among ordinary people by hyping up topic disputes and public events. In recent local conflicts, it is not uncommon for the warring parties to ignite national sentiments through purposeful narratives, trigger political crises and thus affect the war situation. In future wars, some countries will use hot and sensitive events to detonate public opinion, rely on network technology to gather, absorb, mobilize, accurately manipulate and induce ordinary people, thereby promoting general conflicts to rise to disputes of beliefs, disputes of systems, and disputes of values. It will become the norm.

Control the cognitive “fracture surface”. Cognitive space, as an existence at the conceptual level, is composed of the superposition of the subjective cognitive spaces of all combat individuals. It is a collection of differentiated, differentiated, and even conflicting values. However, ideology has a “suturing” function. Through cognitive shaping and discourse construction, it can effectively “suturing” the broken cognition, condense the scattered values, and form a relatively stable cognitive system. After World War II, France had carried out effective cognitive “suturing” on the trauma of defeat. It used a whole set of independent narrative logic to explain how the war provided France with “new opportunities”, which greatly condensed the political identity of the French people with the government. In the battle for value positions in cognitive domain operations, we should focus on the cognitive fracture surface within the enemy, find the cognitive connection points between the enemy and us, and “suturing” the cognition, so as to unite the forces of all parties to the greatest extent and isolate and disintegrate the enemy.

The main means of cognitive domain in value attack and defense

Value attack and defense expands cognitive confrontation from public opinion, psychology and other levels to thinking space, and from the military field to the overall domain, thus achieving a blow to the enemy’s deep political identity. At present, the world’s military powers are strengthening strategic pre-positioning, aiming at the profound changes in target subjects and tactics, changing combat thinking, and actively controlling the initiative of cognitive domain operations.

Aiming at deep destruction. Cognitive domain warfare directly affects people’s brain cognition, and is easier to achieve deep strategic intentions than physical domain warfare. In particular, once the “high-level cognition” of people’s language level, thinking level, and cultural level is broken through, it will help to strategically reverse the battlefield situation and achieve the political purpose of the war. Based on this, cognitive domain warfare often begins before the war, by intervening in the opponent’s internal and foreign affairs, shaking its ideological and value foundations, etc.; during war, it focuses on influencing the enemy’s war decision-making, campaign command, and combat implementation. The value judgment, attack or weaken the decision-making ability and resistance will of combatants, etc. All hostile parties try to “maintain their own world while increasing the destructive pressure of the opponent” in order to achieve decision-making advantages by competing for cognitive advantages, and then achieve the goal of action advantages.

Centered on ordinary individuals. In the future, the subjects of cognitive domain operations will no longer be limited to military personnel. Broadly speaking, individuals who can communicate and disseminate information may become participating forces. Compared with elites in the social field, ordinary people are more likely to accept and disseminate diverse values, and their cognitive space is more likely to be manipulated. At present, online media is becoming the main channel for information exchange and dissemination in the social field, and the purpose of cognitive shaping can be achieved through targeted information guidance and information delivery. Foreign military practices have proved that with the help of cognitive shaping of ordinary individuals, progressive infiltration and cognitive interference can be caused from bottom to top, causing a deviation in the consciousness and ideas between ordinary people and social decision-makers, and failing to reach an effective consensus in key actions.

In the form of protracted warfare. Unlike the direct attack and destruction of “hard” targets in the physical domain military struggle, the potential target of cognitive domain warfare is human cognition. The value attack and defense is aimed at changing the concepts, beliefs, will, emotions, etc. of the combat targets, which often requires subtle influence and step-by-step operations. Effective cognitive offense is generally launched in the combat preparation stage and runs through the entire war. By collecting the opponent’s cognitive situation, decision-making habits, thinking patterns, etc., targeted actions such as creating a situation and changing the atmosphere are carried out. Therefore, cognitive domain warfare needs to strengthen the overall design, especially focusing on coordinating multiple forces, and strengthening pre-positioned preparations in multiple positions such as public opinion field creation and diplomacy, so as to form an overall combat force.

現代國語:

價值攻防是從戰略層面進行認知域作戰的重要方式,通常價值攻防是透過幹預人的思維、信念、價值觀等,以達成瓦解敵方共識,摧毀敵方意志,進而掌控戰場綜合控制權的目的。精確掌握價值攻防的特性、機制、手段,對奪取未來認知域作戰優勢至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的特點

價值攻防是指透過引發個體或群體的深層邏輯思辨、價值判斷改變,完成其對相對穩定的認知結果的干預和影響,以期重構人的意志、思維、心理、情感等認知能力。價值攻防主要有以下幾個特點:

軟性對抗。傳統戰爭主要依賴暴力手段來削弱瓦解敵方的軍事能力,通常具有較強的戰爭強度。認知域作戰將不再侷限於攻城略地等硬性對抗,而更著重於圍繞價值陣地展開滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制,透過爭奪認知域對抗的主導權,進一步激發物理域和資訊域的作戰效能,從而奪取戰場主動,甚至達到不戰而屈人之兵的效果。在實踐中,價值攻防往往著眼於一個國家、民族的文化傳統、價值觀念和社會心理展開,最終達到對敵方意志摧毀、認知操縱、精神控制的目的。

全維度釋放。現代戰爭日益呈現總體性、多域性、全時性特徵。認知域作戰旨在透過幹預人的意識進而影響戰場效果,而意識的相對穩定決定了人的世界觀、信仰等價值觀念一般情況下往往較為穩固,因此價值攻防需要長期的、不間斷的、全息全維度地進行。從時間上看,價值攻防模糊了平戰邊界,常態在戰、隨時在戰,持續積累、逐步釋放作戰效能;從空間上看,價值攻防模糊了作戰前後方界限,在有形空間與無形空間全方位展開;從領域上看,價值攻防模糊了軍事與非軍事的界限,不僅發生在軍事領域,也存在於政治、經濟、外交、文化等領域,呈現出全局覆蓋的特徵。

科技賦能。認知域作戰是一項技術密集的複雜系統工程。人工智慧、腦科學、量子運算等新興技術手段全流程滲透,正在引發認知域作戰的迭代升級與深刻變革。智慧化工具從根本上增強了認知域作戰人員操縱對手思想和乾預對手思維的能力,人機混合作為作戰力量新手段新樣式將改變未來戰爭主體,自主對抗、雲腦制勝或成為主流攻防模式。近年來,北約推出的認知電子戰設備,旨在透過資訊攻防來改變對手價值認知及行為。科技發展也引發了認知革命,資訊的快速傳播進一步加速了大眾價值認知差異,認知孤島加劇了不同主體之間的價值鴻溝,智能化帶來的社會結構變遷則深刻改變著政治文化格局。從這點出發,在未來認知域作戰中,牽住科技創新的“牛鼻子”,掌握關鍵核心技術,對於奪取戰場主動至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的機理

價值攻防是認知域作戰的高階對抗,作用對象指向的是人的深層認知。意識是社會存在在大腦中的反映,對社會存在的調節、對大眾意識的引導和人腦作用的改變,都能強化或扭轉人的意識。要在攻防對抗中製勝對手,就要遵循思考認知規律,掌握價值攻防制勝機理。

衝擊價值「保護帶」。佔領價值制高點是開展價值攻防的邏輯起點。社會意識往往由相對穩定的核心價值觀念和外圍的輔助性理論所構成,經濟、政治、宗教、文化等各種理論都能被建構調適以用來保護核心價值觀念免受外來衝擊,因此也承受著其他價值觀的衝擊挑戰。在外軍看來,價值攻防就是要透過文化滲透、宗教衝突、戰略傳播等手段,配合物理域和資訊域的行動,不斷衝擊對手意識形態的「保護帶」領域。這往往需要抓住影響對手認知的價值觀念、政治態度、宗教信仰等,透過擾亂其社會群體心理,誘發價值困惑,動搖作戰意志,摧毀文化認同,甚至改變瓦解其原有的認知體系,從而灌輸或植入新的、於己有利的價值觀念,以實現作戰目的。

點燃衝突“引爆點”。認知域作戰涉及歷史文化、政治制度、民族情感、宗教信仰等多個範疇,戰爭主體也從單純軍事人員拓展到一般民眾。透過炒作話題爭端、公共事件,激發一般民眾的認知衝突,將成為認知領域作戰的重要手段。在近幾場局部衝突中,交戰各方透過有目的性的敘事點燃國家民族情緒,引發政治危機進而影響戰局已屢見不鮮。未來戰爭,一些國家利用熱點敏感事件引爆輿論,依托網路技術對一般民眾進行聚攏吸附、煽動動員、精準操控和誘導塑造,從而推動一般性衝突上升為信仰之爭、制度之爭、價值之爭將成為常態。

控制認知「斷裂面」。認知空間作為觀念層面的存在,由全部作戰個體的主觀認知空間疊加而成,是分化的、差異性的乃至衝突性的價值集合體。然而,意識形態具有「縫合」功能,透過認知塑造、話語建構,可以把斷裂的認知有效地「縫合」起來,把分散的價值凝聚起來,形成相對穩固的認知體系。二戰後法國對戰敗創傷曾進行過有效的認知“縫合”,其運用一整套獨立敘事邏輯,闡述戰爭如何為法國提供了“新的機會”,極大地凝聚了法國人民對政府的政治認同。在認知域作戰中開展價值陣地爭奪,應注重敵方內部的認知斷裂面,尋找敵我之間的認知連接點進行認知“縫合”,最大限度地團結各方力量,孤立瓦解敵人。

價值攻防作用認知域的主要手段

價值攻防使認知對抗從輿論、心理等層面拓展到思維空間,從軍事領域拓展到整體全局,從而實現了對敵方深層的政治認同的打擊。當前世界軍事強國都在加強戰略預置,瞄準目標主體、戰法手段的深刻變化,變革作戰思維,積極掌控認知域作戰的主動權。

以深層摧毀為目標。認知域作戰直接作用於人的大腦認知,相較於物理域作戰,更容易實現深層的戰略意圖。特別是人的語言層級、思維層級和文化層級的「高階認知」一旦被突破,有助於從戰略上扭轉戰場態勢,實現戰爭的政治目的。基於此,認知域作戰往往始於未戰,透過幹預對手內政外交,動搖其意識形態和價值觀基礎等;戰時則注重影響敵方戰爭決策、戰役指揮、戰鬥實施的價值判斷,打擊或削弱作戰人員的決策能力和抵抗意誌等。敵對各方都試圖做到“維繫自己的世界,同時增加對手的破壞性壓力”,以通過爭奪認知優勢實現決策優勢,進而取得行動優勢的目標。

以普通個體為中心。未來認知域作戰的主體將不再局限於軍事人員,廣義上講,可以進行資訊交流傳播的個體都可能成為參戰力量。相較於社會領域的精英,一般民眾更容易接受和傳播多元價值,其認知空間被操縱的機率更大。目前,網路媒體正成為社會領域資訊交流傳播的主要管道,透過有針對性的訊息引導、訊息傳遞,進而達到認知塑造的目的。外軍實踐證明,借助對一般個體的認知塑造,可以造成從下到上的遞進滲透和認知幹擾,使一般民眾與社會決策層之間的意識觀念產生背離,在關鍵行動中無法達成有效共識。

以持久作戰為形式。與物理域軍事鬥爭直接打擊摧毀「硬」目標不同,認知域作戰的潛在目標為人的認知,價值攻防指向的是改變作戰對象的觀念、信念、意志、情感等,往往需要潛移默化、步步為營。有效的認知進攻一般在作戰準備階段就發起,並貫穿戰爭始末,透過收集對手的認知態勢、決策習慣、思考模式等情況,有針對性地進行營造態勢、改變氛圍等行動。因此,認知域作戰更需要加強整體設計,尤其要注重協調多方力量,在輿論場營造、外交等多個陣地多點強化預置準備,進而形成整體作戰合力。

中國軍事資源:https://www.163.com/dy/article/HDOT8JIM0511DV4H888.html

China’s “War of Annihilation” from the Perspective of Modern Warfare

現代戰爭視角下的中國“殲滅戰”

現代英語:

“Based on the evolution of war, grasp the “cautious first battle””

  Written in front

  In the history of our army, fighting a war of annihilation is one of the most distinctive and important guiding ideas for operations. As early as the Agrarian Revolutionary War, based on the war purpose of “preserving ourselves and destroying the enemy”, our army clearly proposed that the basic policy in operations was to fight a war of annihilation. Since then, in different historical periods, according to different environments, situations and tasks, our army has maintained a high degree of flexibility and maneuverability in combat guidance, and has resolutely implemented the principle of fighting a war of annihilation, continuously enriched and developed combat theories, and wrote classic examples of the weak defeating the strong in the history of world wars.

  With the advent of the information age, the form of warfare, battlefield environment, military technology, and warfare mechanisms have undergone major changes. How the traditional theory of annihilation warfare can adapt to the changes of the times, give full play to our strengths, attack the enemy’s weaknesses, and innovate and develop is a question of the times that our generation of soldiers must answer well.

  Depriving the enemy of its combat power is the key to winning a war of annihilation

  In the long-term practice of revolutionary wars, our army is often at a disadvantage in terms of quantity, scale and equipment. In order to dampen the enemy’s spirit, seize the initiative and defeat the enemy, while emphasizing the cautiousness of the first battle, we pay great attention to planning and fighting a war of annihilation to quickly weaken the enemy’s strategic advantage. Therefore, “it is better to cut off one finger than to injure ten fingers”, completely depriving the enemy of its combat capability, avoiding a war of attrition or a war of defeat, has also become a key indicator for measuring the success or failure of a war of annihilation and the comprehensive effectiveness of combat. Combat under traditional conditions is often the physical superposition of troops and weapons in the same time and space, emphasizing hard killing as the main method, and the strength of combat effectiveness is mainly manifested through parameters such as mobility, firepower, and protection. Correspondingly, quickly and effectively eliminating the enemy’s living forces has become the most effective means of winning hearts and minds and disintegrating the enemy.

  Entering the information age, information power has driven the displacement of combat effectiveness measurement standards in an exponential manner. While becoming the dominant factor in the informationized battlefield, it has strongly promoted the organic integration of combat power with early warning detection, reconnaissance intelligence, command and control, and rear-end support. The warring parties are showing a trend of full-system and full-factor confrontation. The informationized battlefield no longer simply emphasizes the spatial and temporal concentration of troops and weapons to suppress and attack the enemy, but focuses on relying on the network information system to seize information space and compete for information advantages, so that the enemy “cannot see clearly, cannot connect, and cannot hit accurately”, thereby completely depriving the enemy of its combat effectiveness. In the Kosovo War, after suffering 78 days of continuous air strikes by NATO, although the Yugoslav army did not suffer major losses in its manpower, it was always in a passive position because the material basis of the war and the reconnaissance and early warning, command and control, air defense and anti-missile systems were destroyed and paralyzed by the enemy, and was forced to sign a humiliating treaty.

  In today’s era, destroying the enemy’s key war support elements, depriving it of the objective material basis for continuous combat, and undermining its will to wage war are not only important options for annihilation warfare to pursue deterrence effects and deprive the enemy of its combat effectiveness, but also a necessary way for annihilation warfare to achieve combat intentions and defeat the opponent.

  Attacking the key points and breaking the system is the key to winning a war of annihilation

  For a long time, pulling teeth out of a tiger’s mouth and striking the enemy’s vital points have been important indicators for testing the courage and command art of commanders and fighters, and are also effective means to defeat the enemy and achieve the goal of annihilation warfare. During the Hujia Wopeng Battle of the Liaoshen Campaign during the War of Liberation, the 3rd Column of the Northeast Field Army first destroyed the Liao Yaoxiang Corps Command through bold penetration, infiltration, and division, and quickly trapped the enemy in a state of collapse and defeat. But at the same time, we should also see that due to the constraints of military technology level and the effectiveness of weapons and equipment, in traditional operations, there are often many practical difficulties in accurately striking core targets such as enemy command organizations and key defense positions, and there is a lack of effective means to “go straight to Huanglong”. It can be said that traditional annihilation warfare is still more about annihilating the opponent’s living forces. This also makes it an important factor in designing the combat process and considering the success or failure of operations in traditional operations to measure and compare the number and scale of troops and weapons of both sides.

  In the information age, on the one hand, the environmental situation and war thinking have undergone profound changes. The necessity and possibility of expanding the size of the army in exchange for improved combat effectiveness and then winning the war by annihilating a large number of enemy heavy troops are becoming less and less; on the other hand, new weapons and equipment such as precision guidance and unmanned intelligence, with the support of powerful information networks and aerospace reconnaissance capabilities, can implement “decapitation operations” and “targeted elimination” more quickly and accurately, and quickly achieve the goal of annihilation warfare. The combat mode of seizing the key nodes and parts of the enemy’s combat system, carrying out precise strikes and structural destruction, paralyzing the enemy’s combat system while reducing collateral damage and achieving combat objectives is becoming more and more respected. As a result, command centers, communication hubs, radar positions, network nodes, etc. have become sensitive parts that the warring parties focus on protecting and the key points of attacking. In the Iraq War, the US military launched a comprehensive structural paralysis operation against the Iraqi army. By implementing “decapitation operations” against Iraqi military and political leaders and “targeted elimination” of the Iraqi army’s communication command and air defense systems, the Iraqi army was placed in a completely passive position throughout the process, and the war process was accelerated.

  In today’s era, with the rapid development of information technology and war practice, “system destruction” is becoming a keyword in modern combat theory, and is gradually promoting the overall transformation of combat modes. It has not only become a new way and means to win wars, but also an important way to win modern annihilation wars.

  Controlling operational control is the key to winning a war of annihilation

  In previous war practices, the combat environment faced by our army was relatively simple, and the battlefield was mainly carried out on land. Although our army is often at a disadvantage compared to the opponent’s weapons and equipment, it can often defeat the strong with the weak and defeat the enemy by exploring its own advantages, exploiting the enemy’s weaknesses, and actively looking for opportunities. In the second battle of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the volunteer army adopted the combat strategy of internal operations, luring the enemy deep into the enemy, and defeating them one by one. They made full use of the darkness of night and terrain to secretly engage the enemy, dared to cut off the enemy’s retreat, interspersed attacks, and divided and surrounded the enemy, giving the enemy an annihilating blow, and finally won the battle and reversed the entire situation in one fell swoop. This shows that for a party that is temporarily unable to seize comprehensive control of the battlefield in combat, as long as it is good at exploiting the enemy’s weaknesses and cleverly reducing the enemy’s sharp attack momentum, it can still seek the initiative to win in difficult and difficult situations and achieve the goal of annihilation warfare.

  In the information age, wars are fought on vast battlefields, both visible and invisible. In addition to the traditional battlefields of land, sea and air, they are also further extended to deep sea, space, electromagnetic, network, intelligence, biology and other space fields, presenting a complex situation. The armies of the world’s powerful countries have taken the seizure of comprehensive control and the initiative in war as important indicators and necessary ways to build their army and defeat their opponents. Dimensionality reduction strikes have become a must-have in battlefield confrontations. In recent years, the US military’s foreign aggression has relied on the battlefield comprehensive control dominated by the advantages of air and space control and information control. However, we must also see that no matter how powerful the opponent is, there will be fatal weaknesses. Even if it is difficult for the party with relatively backward weapons and equipment to fully seize the battlefield comprehensive control, it can still “attack the incapable with the capable” in the local battlefield, seek local combat initiative, and thus win the local annihilation war, and use the local initiative to drive the overall initiative, and use asymmetric single control to help seize local comprehensive control and achieve final victory.

  In today’s era, we must accelerate the construction of all aspects of the military and step up the forging of capabilities and means to seize comprehensive control and take the initiative on the battlefield. We must also follow the winning mechanism of modern warfare, flexibly use “total war”, “cognitive war”, “cross-domain war”, “intelligent war” and other tactics, use dimensionality reduction strikes, asymmetric strikes and other tactics, turn disadvantages into advantages, turn passivity into initiative, control combat control by “attacking the incapable with the able”, and win the war of annihilation.

  Accurately releasing energy is the key to winning a war of annihilation

  Traditional warfare is restricted by factors such as command and communication, mobility, firepower speed, and weather conditions. The use of forces is often limited to a certain combat area. There is little change in combat command and troop actions, and offensive and defensive actions are relatively clear. In the past, annihilation warfare was more often achieved through echelon (group) deployment, continuous attack (resistance), layer-by-layer capture (defense), combined with interspersed detours, segmentation and encirclement, and cutting off the enemy’s flanks. For this reason, “concentrating superior forces and annihilating the enemy one by one” often becomes the fundamental principle and important way to plan annihilation warfare.

  In the information age, the combat force structure has undergone major changes. With the emergence of space combat, intelligent combat, stealth combat forces, as well as a large number of new weaponry and equipment such as hypersonic aircraft and kinetic weapons, the military’s information power, mobility, and strike power have unprecedentedly increased, and the effectiveness of unmanned intelligent combat has become increasingly prominent. Although quantity and scale are still important criteria for measuring the combat effectiveness of an army, “newer, faster, more accurate, and smarter” has begun to become an important indicator for measuring an army’s ability to adapt to modern warfare. Correspondingly, scientifically and rationally organizing combat forces and focusing on the best to release combat effectiveness have become important links in winning modern annihilation wars.

  Structural strength determines combat effectiveness, and advanced and applicable structural formation is an important prerequisite for multi-functional and powerful combat effectiveness. In the information age, only by jointly using new and old combat forces, realizing the organic integration of new quality capabilities and traditional capabilities, and then building a new force formation that integrates multiple capabilities, can we promote the overall optimization of the combat system and the aggregation of advantages, and accurately control the combat rhythm, combat time and space, combat operations and combat process. In the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Azerbaijan adopted a flexible formation mode for manned and unmanned combat forces, using low-cost An-2 drones to lure the Armenian air defense system to open fire, and followed up with Habib-2 anti-radar drones and TB-2 reconnaissance and strike drones to destroy more than a dozen air defense systems on the Armenian side in one fell swoop, and then calmly defeated the Armenian ground armored forces.

  In today’s era, as the status and role of combat operations such as network and electronic warfare, air and space attacks, and unmanned combat become more prominent, more attention should be paid to scientific design and rational organization of troops and weapons, so as to achieve the effect of clenching fingers into a fist through the accumulation of quality and integration of efficiency, and fight a war of annihilation that is quick to strike and quick to retreat, and wins with precision.

現代國語(繁體):

《立足戰爭演變把握「慎重初戰」》

寫在前面

在我軍戰史上,打殲滅戰是最鮮明、最重要的作戰指導思想之一。早在土地革命戰爭時期,基於「保存自己,消滅敵人」這場戰爭目的,我軍明確提出作戰中基本的方針是打殲滅戰。此後在不同歷史時期,根據環境、情勢和任務的不同,我軍在作戰指導上既保持了高度的靈活機動,又堅決貫徹打殲滅戰的原則,不斷對作戰理論予以豐富發展,在世界戰爭史上寫下了一個以弱勝強的經典戰例。

進入資訊時代,戰爭形態、戰場環境、軍事科技和戰爭機理等已發生重大變化,傳統的殲滅戰理論如何適應時代之變,揚我之長、擊敵之短並創新發展,是我們這代軍人必須回答好的時代課題。

剝奪敵方戰力是打好殲滅戰的關鍵

在長期革命戰爭實踐中,我軍在數量、規模和裝備上常常處於劣勢。為挫敵銳氣、奪取主動、克敵制勝,在強調慎重初戰的同時,十分注重籌劃和打好殲滅戰,以迅速削弱敵方戰略優勢。由此,“傷其十指,不如斷其一指”,徹底剝奪敵方作戰能力,力避打成消耗戰、擊潰戰,也成為衡量殲滅戰成敗和作戰綜合效益的關鍵指標。傳統條件下的作戰,往往是兵力兵器在同一時空的物理疊加,強調以硬殺傷為主要方式,戰鬥力強弱主要透過機動、火力、防護等參數表現。與之相應,迅速有效消滅敵有生力量,成為攻心奪志、瓦解敵方最有效的手段。

進入資訊時代,資訊力以指數級方式推動戰鬥力衡量標準發生位移,在一躍成為資訊化戰場主導要素的同時,強力推動作戰力量與預警探測、偵察情報、指揮控制、後裝保障等要素有機融合,交戰雙方呈現全系統全要素對抗之勢。資訊化戰場不再單純強調兵力兵器時空集中以壓制打擊敵方,而是注重依托網路資訊體系,透過搶佔資訊空間、爭奪資訊優勢,使敵“看不清、聯不上、打不準”,進而全盤剝奪敵方戰力。在科索沃戰爭中,在遭受北約78天持續空中打擊後,南聯盟軍隊有生力量儘管沒有遭受重大損失,但由於戰爭物質基礎和偵察預警、指揮控制、防空反導體係等被敵毀癱,始終處於被動挨打境地,被迫簽訂城下之盟。

當今時代,摧毀敵方戰爭關鍵支持要素,剝奪其持續作戰的客觀物質基礎,瓦解其遂行戰爭意志,既是殲滅戰追求震懾效應、剝奪敵方戰力的重要選項,也是殲滅戰達成作戰企圖、制勝對手的必要途徑。

擊要害破體係是打好殲滅戰的重心

一直以來,虎口拔牙、擊敵要害既是考驗指戰員膽略勇氣、指揮藝術的重要指標,也是克敵制勝、達成殲滅戰目標的有效手段。解放戰爭期間遼沈戰役的胡家窩棚戰鬥,東北野戰軍3縱經過大膽穿插、滲透、分割,首先搗毀了廖耀湘兵團指揮部,迅速陷敵於土崩瓦解、潰不成軍的境地。但同時我們也應當看到,因為軍事技術水準、武器裝備效能的製約,在傳統作戰中,要對敵指揮機構等核心目標和重點防禦部位實施準確打擊,往往存在諸多現實難題,缺乏「直搗黃龍」的有效手段。可以說,傳統殲滅戰仍是殲滅對方有生力量。這也使得在傳統作戰中,衡量對比雙方兵力兵器數量與規模,始終是設計作戰進程、考量作戰成敗的重要因素。

資訊時代,一方面,環境情勢、戰爭思維發生了深刻變化,那種以擴充兵力規模換取作戰效能提高,進而透過大量殲滅敵方重兵集團奪取戰爭勝利的必要性和可能性越來越小;另一方面,精確導引、無人智慧等新型武器裝備在強大資訊網路、空天偵察能力加持下,可以更快捷精準地實施“斬首行動”“定點清除”,迅速達成殲滅戰目標。抓住敵作戰體系關鍵節點及部位,實施精確打擊和結構破壞,在減少附帶損傷的同時癱瘓敵作戰體系、達成作戰目標的作戰模式,越發受到推崇。由此,指揮中心、通訊樞紐、雷達陣地、網路節點等,則成為交戰雙方重點防護的敏感部位及尋隙打擊的要害。在伊拉克戰爭中,美軍對伊軍全面展開了結構癱瘓式作戰,透過對伊拉克軍政首腦實施“斬首行動”,對伊軍通信指揮、防空系統進行“定點清除”,全程置伊軍於完全被動挨打境地,戰爭進程得以加快。

當今時代,伴隨資訊科技與戰爭實踐的快速發展,「體系破擊」等正成為現代作戰理論的關鍵詞,並逐步推動作戰模式整體轉型,不僅成為戰爭制勝的新方式新手段,也成為打贏現代殲滅戰的重要途徑。

掌控作戰制權是打好殲滅戰的樞紐

以往戰爭實踐中,我軍面對的作戰環境相對單一,戰場主要在陸地展開。儘管相較於對手武器裝備我軍常處於劣勢,但透過發掘自身優勢、利用敵方弱點、主動尋找戰機,往往能夠以弱勝強、克敵制勝。在抗美援朝戰爭第二次戰役中,志願軍部隊透過採取內線作戰、誘敵深入、各個擊破的作戰方針,充分利用夜暗、地形等條件隱蔽接敵,敢於斷敵退路、穿插襲擊、分割圍殲,予敵殲滅性打擊,最終取得戰役勝利,一舉扭轉整個戰局。這表明,對於作戰中一時難以奪控戰場綜合製權的一方,只要善於利用敵方弱點,巧妙消減敵方攻擊銳勢,仍可在難局、困局中求得制勝先機,達成殲滅戰目標。

資訊時代,戰爭展開於有形無形廣大戰場,除了傳統的陸、海、空戰場,也進一步向深海、太空、電磁、網路、智慧、生物等太空領域擴展延伸,呈現出錯綜複雜的態勢。世界強國軍隊紛紛把奪控綜合製權、佔據戰爭主動,作為軍隊建設、制勝對手的重要指標和必要途徑,降維打擊成為戰場對決的必殺技。美軍近年來對外侵略就是依仗以製空天權和製資訊權優勢主導的戰場綜合製權。但是我們也要看到,對手再強大也會有致命的弱點,武器裝備相對落後的一方,即便難以全面奪控戰場綜合製權,卻依然可以在局部戰場“以能擊不能”,求得局部作戰主動,從而打贏局部殲滅戰,並以局部主動帶動全局主動,以非對稱的單項制權助力奪取局部綜合製權,並取得最終勝利。

當今時代,固然要加快軍隊各項建設,加緊鍛造奪控綜合製權、佔據戰場主動的能力手段,更要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理,靈活運用“總體戰”“認知戰”“跨域戰” 「智能戰」等戰法,以降維打擊、非對稱打擊等打法,化劣勢為勝勢,變被動為主動,在「以能擊不能」中掌控作戰制權,打贏殲滅戰。

聚優精準釋能是打好殲滅戰的要則

傳統作戰,受指揮通信、機動能力、火力速度、天候氣像等因素影響制約,力量運用往往局限於一定的作戰區域,作戰指揮和部隊行動臨機變化小,攻防行動比較分明。以往的殲滅戰,更多的還是透過梯隊(群隊)式部署,以及連續攻擊(抗擊)、層層奪佔(防守),結合穿插迂迴、分割包圍、斷敵側後等手段達成作戰目標。正因此,「集中優勢兵力,各個殲滅敵人」往往成為籌劃殲滅戰的根本遵循與重要途徑。

資訊時代,作戰力量結構發生重大變化。伴隨太空作戰、智慧作戰、隱身作戰力量,以及高超音波速飛行器、動能武器等新型武器裝備的大量湧現,軍隊資訊力、機動力、打擊力空前增大,無人智能作戰效能日益突出。儘管數量、規模仍是衡量一支軍隊戰鬥力的重要標準,但“更新、更快、更準、更智”,已開始成為衡量一支軍隊對現代戰爭適應能力的重要指標。與之相應,科學合理編組作戰力量,聚優釋放作戰效能,成為打贏現代殲滅戰的重要關節。

結構力決定戰鬥力,結構編成先進適用是戰鬥力多能、強大的重要前提。資訊時代,只有透過新舊作戰力量的聯合運用,實現新質能力與傳統能力的有機融合,進而建構集多種能力於一體的新型力量編組,才能促進作戰體系整體優化與優勢聚合,精準控製作戰節奏、作戰時空、作戰行動和作戰過程。在2020年的納卡衝突中,阿塞拜疆對有人和無人作戰力量採取了靈活編組模式,用價格低廉的安-2無人機引誘亞美尼亞防空系統開火,用哈比-2反雷達無人機和TB -2察打一體無人機跟進打擊,一舉摧毀亞方十餘套防空系統,進而從容打掉亞方地面裝甲部隊。

當今時代,隨著網電作戰、空天襲擊、無人作戰等作戰行動地位作用的進一步凸顯,更應注重科學設計、合理編組兵力兵器,透過質量累加、效能融合,達到攥指成拳的效果,打好快打快收、精打製勝的殲滅戰。

中國軍事資源:https://military.cctv.com/2022/07/07/ARTIWv2oVWmzfSsX9KKVoDPW220888.shtml

來源:解放軍報 | 2022年07月07日 08:OO

Chinese Government Mandate for Military Cognitive Confrontation : Focus on Cognitive Domain Penetration Emphasizing Multi-domain Operations

中國政府對軍事認知對抗的要求:著重認知域滲透,強調多域作戰

現代英語翻譯:

Introduction

From the battlefield of “bows, horses, and swords” in the cold weapon era to the three-dimensional battlefield of land, sea, and air in the industrial era, and then to the integrated battlefield covering multiple domains such as physics, information, and cognition in the information and intelligent era, one of the core logics of the evolution of war forms is to continuously enter new domains and integrate multiple domains. Cross-domain aggregation of combat effectiveness has become a war-winning mechanism with certain basic and decisive characteristics. In this process, the cognitive domain has increasingly become a new battlefield that infiltrates and affects multi-domain operations, as well as a new commanding height that determines the success or failure of the war.

The cognitive domain has become the key to seizing comprehensive control

In modern warfare, the cognitive domain has become the key to seizing comprehensive control. War practice shows that the cognitive domain has increasingly become the focus of planning modern warfare and achieving multi-domain integrated linkage victory.

The cognitive domain advantage supports the doubling of multi-domain combat effectiveness. In modern warfare, destroying the enemy and preserving oneself in the physical domain, fighting for the right to control land, sea, air, and space; blocking the enemy and connecting oneself in the information domain, fighting for the right to control the network and information, are all deeply related to the advantages and active position of the cognitive domain. In the game of system-to-system confrontation, once the opponent is suppressed and the initiative is taken in the cognitive domain, decision-making interference can be formed on the key nodes of the enemy’s command chain, kill chain, and support chain, so that the actions in the physical domain and information domain can obtain asymmetric benefits of “four ounces to move a thousand pounds”, thereby improving the input-output ratio of operations, enhancing the speed and efficiency of local victory leading to global victory, and reducing the subsequent constraints of military strikes in the economic and social life fields.

The planning and implementation of multi-domain combat operations should pay attention to the role of the cognitive domain. Modern warfare is significantly complex, and the elements of multi-domain operations are interconnected, the impact is transmitted in multiple directions, and the risks are superimposed on each other. Every action or even a detail of a multi-domain combat operation will trigger a chain reaction in the cognitive domain at the decision-making issues, military morale, public opinion, social confidence, and international public opinion levels of both sides, thereby quickly, suddenly, and unexpectedly affecting the overall situation of the war, and even causing a “butterfly storm” that changes the internal and foreign affairs of the warring parties and even the long-term development trend of the country. In planning and implementing physical domain and information domain operations, we must not only focus on shaping the situation and creating conditions in the cognitive domain, but also accurately control the direction and size of the release of effectiveness in the cognitive domain in accordance with the need to seize control of the brain, heart, and intelligence. The dynamic changes in the number of enemy annihilation, the temporary gains and losses of a city or a place, etc., are increasingly losing their significance as indicators for evaluating the direction of the war. The overall impact of military operations on the war situation increasingly needs to be evaluated and considered from the perspectives of the changes in international and domestic public cognition and the psychological impact on specific objects.

The material and technical conditions for the cognitive domain to trigger multi-domain integration are becoming increasingly mature. The leapfrog development of information-based intelligent cognitive perception technology has made the cognitive domain game confrontation rapidly develop from absolute “uncalculated” and “uncontrollable” to a considerable degree of “calculated” and “controllable”. The decision-making support of technologies such as big data and intelligent algorithms supports the deep integration of different combat forces in the cognitive domain and the command and coordination of multi-dimensional forces, strengthens the consistency and coordination of forces, means and actions in politics, economy, diplomacy, culture and military, and brings the operability of designing multiple domains, commanding multiple domains and controlling multiple domains with a focus on the cognitive domain. The widespread use of weapons and equipment such as drones and precision-guided bombs also provides realistic and feasible tactical options for precise strikes through combat operations. The rapid popularization of intelligent communication technologies such as precise profiling, intelligent distribution, social media live broadcast, robot writing, and virtual reality, and the cross-integration and development of neuroscience, cognitive science and intelligent technology have made it convenient and efficient to plan and implement “X+ cognitive attack and defense” and realize integrated joint operations.

Cognitive domain penetration affects the winning path of multi-domain aggregation

Cognitive domain penetration affects the integrated linkage of multiple domains. It is not a simple “1+1”, but the energy of multi-domain actions is instantly optimized in the cognitive domain, so as to continuously inject the emergence effect that is beneficial to oneself into the overall situation of the war. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the innovative design of combat planning and implementation paths to ensure that multi-domain convergence and victory are achieved under the influence of cognitive domain penetration.

Deepen the understanding of multi-domain tasks with cognitive domain combat needs. Focusing on the overall national strategy, clarify the cognitive domain combat needs, and calculate and determine the combat tasks of each domain based on this. Establish the must-hit targets and avoidance targets of firepower strikes, the first targets and the last targets, the open targets and the hidden targets, the heavy targets and the light targets, etc., and focus on the effectiveness of destroying the morale of the combat opponent. Establish the goals, timing, and intensity of channel control, and focus on the deprivation of the combat opponent’s social mobilization capabilities, international communication capabilities, etc., and the support effectiveness for our information release and external propaganda. Establish the focus of intelligence information collection, and focus on the ability to grasp the combat opponent’s cognitive domain combat power, describe the characteristics of cognitive attack and defense targets in fine granularity, and dynamically grasp the international and domestic public opinion and social trends.

Guide multi-domain action design with cognitive domain combat tasks. Focusing on the questions of “who, what kind of cognitive impact, and to what extent”, the cognitive domain combat tasks in different combat phases and different combat scenarios are subdivided, and based on this, the overall planning and detailed design of what actions to organize in each domain, what opportunities to seize, what forces to invest, what tactics to adopt, and how various actions are connected and crossed are carried out. The reason why the “Four-sided Chu Song” was able to disintegrate the powerful Chu army was first because the Han army completed the military encirclement of the Chu army, and secondly, it used the clever idea of ​​the captives singing Chu songs at night. In fact, different action timings, different task forces, different weapons and equipment, different tactics selections, and even different action names convey very different information, and the intensity of cognitive impact generated is also significantly different. It requires careful consideration and scientific research and judgment to strive to maximize efficiency and optimize the effect. When loading cognitive attack and defense actions for fire strikes, network attack and defense, electronic countermeasures, defensive operations, special operations and other actions, different imagination and creative thinking levels, different technical understanding, application and innovation, and the final effect achieved is even more different.

Organize multi-domain collaborative support with cognitive domain combat actions. Cognitive domain combat operations involve multiple participants and various action styles. Normal operations require coordinated support from forces and firepower, such as precision strikes, seizing key areas, and demonstrating momentum. In special cases, coordinated support from strategic forces, such as the display of cutting-edge weapons and equipment and the organization of major exercises and drills, is also required. Throughout the entire operation, specific personnel and specific combat units, such as commanders speaking publicly and media embedded reports, are also required to coordinate support. Intelligence data, channel bandwidth, forensic information, and technical equipment are also indispensable. To this end, it is necessary to mobilize multi-domain forces and resources throughout the entire process, in real time, systematically, and accurately, so that military warfare, psychological warfare, and intellectual warfare can leverage each other’s strengths and support each other, forming a chess game and playing a combination of punches.

Focus on deepening the understanding of the concept of cognitive domain penetration and influence on multiple domains

Establishing the status of cognitive domain penetration and influence on multi-domain operations and promoting integrated linkage victory is a deep-level conceptual revolution, which requires strengthening various supporting constructions to create conditions and lay the foundation.

Strengthen institutional guarantees. The cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain integrated joint operations have put forward higher requirements for cross-departmental and cross-institutional collaboration and cooperation, and it is necessary to form a scientific and efficient command chain that supports the cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain and multi-domain integrated linkage. It is necessary to clarify the cognitive domain combat responsibilities of each element of the joint combat command organization, optimize and reorganize the command process, and ensure that the penetration and influence of the cognitive domain are reflected in combat determination, task planning, and action design. Focusing on cross-domain integrated linkage, we will establish and improve work systems and cooperation mechanisms at all levels such as strategy, campaign, and tactics, strengthen the mutual leverage and coordination of cognitive domain operations and physical domain and information domain operations, and give full consideration to the effective coordination of military forces and local relevant functional departments and professional forces, so that the comprehensive advantages can be transformed into the ability advantages of cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain empowerment.

Improve the ability and quality of commanders. Foreign militaries believe that qualified commanders in modern warfare need to be good at “rapidly transforming active kinetic operations into more subtle cultural warfare” and should have “unique intuition” and “comprehensive leadership capabilities” for this. In order to achieve cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain integrated linkage in war practice, it is necessary to first strengthen the awareness of cognitive domain operations in the minds of commanders at all levels, strengthen the consciousness and initiative of forming cognitive domain penetration to influence multi-domain task planning and action design, and strengthen the ability to implement high-efficiency cognitive offense and defense with force and firepower operations and information control and seizure as means and carriers. It is necessary to take multi-domain coordinated command under the influence of cognitive domain penetration as an important content of strategic and campaign exercises and training, highlight the training of commanders to command and control multiple domains with a focus on cognitive shaping, and promote the training field to keep close to the actual requirements of winning political and military battles.

Promote the updating and improvement of joint cultural concepts. Cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain integrated linkage operations are the sublimation and optimization of joint combat concepts and mechanisms, and especially require the support and guarantee of joint cultural construction that is adapted to them. On the one hand, we must strive to break the influence of traditional war thinking patterns, break some traditional concept barriers, and focus on cognitive guidance, multi-domain integration, and linkage operations as the forefront of joint cultural construction to update concepts. On the other hand, we must strengthen the construction of a theoretical system for cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain integrated joint operations, conduct in-depth research on the winning mechanism of cognitive domain operations and innovation of tactics, and lay a solid ideological foundation with theoretical accumulation.

(Author’s unit: Political College of National Defense University)

現代國語大五:

引言

從冷兵器時代「弓馬騎射、刀兵相接」式戰場到工業化時代的陸、海、空三維戰場,再到資訊化智能化時代涵蓋物理、資訊、認知等多域的一體戰場,戰爭形態演進的核心邏輯之一即在於不斷邁入新域、整合多域。跨域聚合作戰效能,成為帶有某種基礎性和決定性的戰爭制勝機制。而在此過程中,認知域日益成為滲透影響多域作戰的新戰場,以及攸關戰爭成敗的新的製高點。

認知域成為奪控綜合製權的關鍵

在現代戰爭中,認知域成為奪控綜合製權的關鍵。戰爭實踐表明,認知域日益成為運籌現代戰爭、實現多域一體聯動制勝的重心所在。

認知域優勢支援實現多域作戰效能倍增。現代戰爭中,在物理域消滅敵人、保存自己,爭奪制陸、製海、制空、制天權;在資訊域阻斷敵人、連結自己,爭奪制網、制資訊權,都與認知域的優勢和主動地位有著極為深刻的關聯。在體系對體系的對壘博弈中,一旦在認知域壓制對手、掌握主動,就能對敵指揮鏈、殺傷鏈、保障鏈的關鍵節點形成決策幹擾,使得物理域信息域的行動獲得“四兩撥千斤”的非對稱收益,從而提高作戰的投入產出比,增強局部勝利導向全局勝利的速度和效率,減少軍事打擊在經濟社會生活領域所產生的後續掣肘。

規劃實施多域作戰行動應重視認知域作用發揮。現代戰爭具有顯著的複雜性,多域作戰之間的要素相互連結、影響多向傳遞、風險彼此疊加。多域作戰行動的每個動作甚至某個細節都會在敵我雙方的決策議題、軍心意志、民意關切、社會信心、國際輿論等層面引發認知域連鎖反應,由此迅速、突然、出乎預料地影響戰爭全局,甚至釀成改變交戰方內政外交時局乃至國家長期發展走勢的「蝴蝶風暴」。規劃實施物理域資訊域行動,既要著重在認知域塑造態勢、創造條件,又要按照奪控制腦、制心、制智權的需要,在認知域精準控制效能釋放的方向和大小。殲敵數字的動態變化、一城一地的一時得失等,本身越來越失去評價戰局走向的指標意義,軍事行動對於戰局的整體影響,越來越需要從其引發的國際國內公眾認知改變和對特定對象的心理影響等層次去評估考量。

認知域引發多域一體連動的物質和技術條件日漸成熟。資訊化智慧化認知感知技術的飛躍發展,使得認知域博弈對抗由絕對的「不可算」「不可控」快速地向相當程度上的「可算」「可控」發展。大數據、智慧演算法等技術的輔助決策,支撐了對不同作戰力量在認知域的深度融合、多維聚力的指揮協同,加強了政治、經濟、外交、文化、軍事等方面力量、手段和行動的一致性協調性,帶來了著眼於認知域設計多域、指揮多域、控制多域的可操作性。無人機、精確導引炸彈等武器裝備的廣泛使用,也為透過作戰行動點穴式精準打擊提供了現實可行的戰術方案選項。精準畫像、智慧分發、社群媒體直播、機器人寫作、虛擬實境等智慧化傳播技術的快速普及,神經科學、認知科學與智慧科技的交叉融合發展,使規劃實施「X+認知攻防」、實現一體聯動作戰變得便捷有效率。

認知域滲透影響多域的聚優制勝路徑

認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動,不是簡單的“1+1”,而是將多域行動的能量在認知域即時聚優,從而將有利於己的湧現效應不斷注入戰爭全局。為此,需要加強對作戰規劃和實施路徑的創新設計,確保在認知域滲透影響下實現多域聚優制勝。

以認知域作戰需求加深多域任務理解。著眼國家戰略全局,明確認知域作戰需求,據此倒推測算和確定各域作戰任務。確立火力打擊的必打目標和避打目標、先打目標和後打目標、明打目標和暗打目標、重打目標和輕打目標等,要重點考慮對作戰對手軍心士氣的瓦解效能。確立頻道奪控的目標、時機、強度等,要重點考慮對作戰對手社會動員能力、國際傳播能力等的剝奪效能和對我訊息釋放、對外宣傳的支撐效能。確立情報資訊蒐集的重點,要重點考慮掌握作戰對手認知域作戰力量、細顆粒描述認知攻防目標對象特徵、動態掌握國際國內輿情和社會思潮動態等方面的能力。

以認知域作戰任務引導多域行動設計。圍繞著「對誰、產生何種認知影響、影響到何種程度」等問題,細分不同作戰階段、不同作戰場景下的認知域作戰任務,據此對各域組織哪些行動、抓住哪些戰機、投入哪些力量、採用何種戰法、各類行動如何銜接交叉等進行總體規劃與細節設計。四面楚歌之所以能瓦解強楚軍隊,首先是因為漢軍在軍事上完成了對楚軍的包圍,其次是運用了俘虜夜唱楚歌這一攻心巧思。事實上,不同的行動時機、不同的任務部隊、不同的武器裝備、不同的戰法選擇甚至不同的行動命名,傳遞的訊息都大相徑庭,生成的認知影響強度也有顯著區別,需要精心推敲、科學研判,力求效能最大化、效果最優化。在為火力打擊、網路攻防、電子對抗、防衛作戰、特種作戰等行動加載認知攻防動作時,不同的想像能力和創意思維水平,不同的技術理解力運用力創新力,最終實現的效果更是判若雲泥。

以認知域作戰行動組織多域協同保障。認知域作戰行動參與主體多元、行動樣式多樣,常態需要精確打擊、要地奪控、示形造勢等兵力火力協同保障,特殊時也需要亮相尖端武器裝備、組織重大演訓演練等戰略力量協同保障,在作戰全程還需要指揮官公開發聲、媒體嵌入報道等特定人員、特定作戰單元協同保障,情報資料、頻道頻寬、取證資訊、技術裝備方面的協同保障更是須臾不可或缺。為此,就要全程、即時、體系、精準調動多域力量和資源,使兵戰、心戰、智戰相互借勢、相互策應,形成一盤棋、打出組合拳。

注重深化認知域滲透影響多域的理念認識

確立認知域對多域行動的滲透影響地位、推動一體聯動制勝,是一場深層的理念革命,需要強化各項支撐性建設以創造條件、奠定基礎。

加強制度保障。以認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動作戰,對跨部門、跨機構的協作聯合提出了更高要求,需要形成支撐支持認知域滲透影響多域、多域一體聯動的科學高效指揮鏈路。要明確聯合作戰指揮機構各要素的認知域作戰職責,優化重整指揮流程,確保將認知域的滲透影響作用體現在作戰決心、任務規劃、行動設計之中。圍繞跨域一體連動,在戰略、戰役、戰術等各個層面建立健全完善工作制度與協作機制,強化認知域作戰與物理域、資訊域作戰的相互借勢策應,充分考慮軍隊力量與地方相關職能部門以及專業力量的有效配合,使綜合優勢轉化為認知域滲透影響多域、賦能多域的能力優勢。

提升指揮官能力素養。外軍認為,現代戰爭中合格的指揮官需要善於“將主動的動能作戰快速轉變為更為微妙的文化戰爭”,對此應具有“獨一無二的直覺”和“全面領導能力”。在戰爭實踐中實現認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動,首先需要在各級指揮員頭腦中強化認知域作戰意識,強化形成以認知域滲透影響多域任務規劃和行動設計的自覺性主動性,強化提升以兵力火力行動和資訊制權奪控為手段載體實施高效能認知攻防的能力水準。要把認知域滲透影響下的多域統籌指揮作為戰略戰役演訓重要內容,突顯錘鍊指揮員著眼認知塑造來指揮多域、控制多域的能力,促進演訓場不斷貼近打贏政治軍事仗的現實要求。

推動聯合文化理念更新與完善。認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動作戰是對聯合作戰理念和機制的昇華和優化,特別需要與之相適應的聯合文化建設支撐保障。一方面,要著力破除傳統戰爭思維定式影響,打破一些傳統觀念壁壘,把認知引導、多域一體、聯動作戰作為聯合文化建設的前沿重點抓好理念更新。另一方面,要加強認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動作戰的理論體系建設,深入展開認知域作戰制勝機理研究與戰法創新,以理論累積打牢思想根基。

(作者單位:國防大學政治學院)

2023-01-19 14:35 解放軍報 濮端華 李習文 肖飛

中國政府原文來源: