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Chinese Military and Determining A Winning Mechanism of Intelligent Warfare Strategy

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中國軍隊與智慧戰爭戰略制勝機制的確定

現代英語音譯：

Through the smoke of war, we can see that today’s war has developed from barbaric flesh-and-blood battles and battles to capture cities and territories to information-led precise beheadings and fierce competition on the intellectual battlefield. This objective fact tells us that war, as a specific complex social phenomenon, will present different war forms and winning mechanisms in different historical periods. As American futurist Toffler pointed out, “Artificial intelligence is like previous missiles and satellites. Whether you are prepared or not, it will enter the historical stage of human civilization war.” President Xi clearly pointed out: “If we do not understand the winning mechanism of modern war, then we can only look at a diorama and miss the point.” The winning mechanism of war refers to the way in which various war factors play a role in winning a war. and the laws and principles of interconnection and interaction. Compared with information-based warfare in the traditional sense, the winning mechanism of future intelligent warfare has undergone significant changes.

The method of confrontation has changed from “system confrontation” to “algorithmic game”, and algorithmic advantages dominate war advantages.

Algorithms are strategic mechanisms for solving problems. In fact, an “algorithm” is a series of clear instructions for solving a problem. It is a clear step to solve a certain type of problem according to certain rules. In future wars, the party that masters the advantages of algorithms can quickly and accurately predict battlefield situations, innovate optimal combat methods, and achieve the war goal of “victory before fighting”.

Algorithms are the key to leading intelligent warfare. First, algorithmic advantages dominate cognitive advantages. After big data is processed through high-performance and efficient algorithms, massive data is quickly converted into useful intelligence. Therefore, the party with the advantage of the algorithm can dispel the “battlefield fog” caused by the lack of timely processing of data, making the understanding more profound. Second, the algorithm advantage dominates the speed advantage. Compared with classical algorithms, quantum algorithms have achieved exponential acceleration effects. In addition, quantum computers have increased from 1 qubit in 2003 to 1,000 qubits in 2015. The computing efficiency is 100 million times faster than that of classical computers. Artificial intelligence has achieved a qualitative leap. Third, algorithmic advantages dominate decision-making advantages. Algorithms, with their high-speed and precise calculations, replace people’s “meditation” and repeated exploration, thereby accelerating knowledge iteration. Mastering super powerful algorithms can quickly propose flexible and diverse combat plans and countermeasures in response to changes in the enemy’s situation, constantly disrupting the enemy’s established intentions and deployment.

Algorithms are at the heart of the jump in war effectiveness. First, war is more efficient. With the support of algorithms, artificial intelligence can react hundreds to thousands of times faster than humans. In 2016, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the United States has a reaction speed 250 times faster than humans. It controlled a third-generation aircraft to defeat a manned fourth-generation aircraft in a simulated air battle. Second, the war endurance is stronger. Artificial intelligence is not limited by physiological functions and can continuously perform repetitive and mechanical tasks. In September 2016, an F-16 fighter jet reached 8 times gravity during training, causing the pilot to lose consciousness. However, before the plane hit the ground, the onboard “automatic anti-collision system” automatically pulled the plane up, avoiding the tragedy. occur. Third, the outcome of the war is better. With the support of massive data and supercomputing capabilities, artificial intelligence judgment and prediction results are more accurate. The combined use of manned and unmanned equipment in the U.S. military’s search and hunt for bin Laden is a successful example.

Combat elements are changing from “information-led” to “machine-based warfare”, and machine-based warfare reshapes the combat process

In the future, intelligent technology will penetrate into all elements and processes of war. The Internet of Things, the Internet of Intelligence, and the Internet of Brains have become the basis of war. The four domains of physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, and social domain are deeply integrated, making the battlefield holographically transparent. There are people to control the war and no one to fight on the battlefield. Intelligent weapons and equipment will reshape the combat process “from sensor to shooter”.

“Detection” with a keen eye. “Reconnaissance” refers to intelligent intelligence reconnaissance. It can use multi-dimensional sensors such as land, sea, air, space, and electricity for virtualized collaborative networking, self-organized dynamic scheduling, automatic mining of multi-source intelligence, and order-based on-demand use to maximize information shortage or information redundancy. The “fog of war” brought about by the epidemic has opened up the “eyes” to see through intelligent warfare.

Loop “control”. “Control” refers to intelligent command and control. Focusing on the core of decision-making advantages, we use the human-machine collaboration technology of “human in the loop” and adopt three decision-making and control methods of “human in the loop”, “human in the loop” and “human outside the loop” according to the autonomous authority of the machine. , forming a comprehensive advantage with superior decision-making quality and action speed.

Smart “hit”. “Strike” refers to intelligent offensive and defensive operations. Relying on the advantages of system structure and algorithm, it mobilizes all-domain multi-dimensional, manned and unmanned combat platforms in real time, quickly couples combat forces, builds combat systems on demand, focuses on targets, independently implements “distributed” and “swarm” collaborative operations, and quickly resolves battles after they are completed. Couple and wait for the battle, so that the troops can gather and disperse randomly. At the end of 2015, Russia invested 6 tracked unmanned combat vehicles, 4 wheeled unmanned combat vehicles and 1 drone to support the Syrian government forces in storming Islamic extremist strongholds and achieved the world’s first unmanned combat victory. Victory in the tough battle dominated by cars. During the battle, about 70 extremist militants were killed, while only four Syrian government troops were injured.

The decision-making method changes from “human brain decision-making” to “intelligent decision-making”, and intelligent decision-making optimizes combat operations

With the emergence of intelligent auxiliary decision-making technology and “cloud brain”, “digital staff” and “virtual warehousing”, war decision-making has evolved from pure human brain decision-making to human-machine hybrid decision-making, cloud-brain intelligent decision-making and neural network decision-making.

Human-machine hybrid decision-making. Reasonable division of labor and interaction and collaboration between humans and machines are the best solutions to explore and solve problems. The advantages of the human brain are creativity, flexibility, and initiative; the advantages of machines are fast speed, high precision, and resistance to fatigue. Artistic tasks such as high-level decision-making are handled by the human brain, and big data calculations are completed by machines. Human-computer interaction allows machines to “listen” to understand human language, “see” human movements and expressions, “understand” human emotions and intentions, and present the calculation process and results in a way that is easy for humans to understand.

Cloud brain intelligent decision-making. In future intelligent warfare, there will be a “brain” metaphor center, and distributed combat units will be linked through the cloud brain. This cloud brain is not only a physical information, physiological information and psychological information center, but also a military command center. Cloud brain decision-making is based on the intelligent “network, cloud and terminal” system. “Net” is an intelligent combat basic network integrating intelligent battlefield perception, decision-making and weapons control systems. “Cloud” is built on the basis of “network”, with the intelligent resource service layer as the main body. It is not only a “resource pool” that integrates various combat resources, but also an “intelligent cloud” that provides intelligent services for combat operations. Due to the coupling of multiple centers, rapid networking and decision-making can be achieved even when bombarded by information. “End” refers to the combat resource end, discrete intelligence and networked intelligence in combat processes, which can not only make independent decisions, but also provide distributed intelligent resources for the war system, allowing the new war system to emerge with group intelligence.

Neural network decision-making. In July 2018, Russia developed artificial neural network fully automatic software that can destroy immediately upon discovery. The intelligent decision-making tool developed by the US military is intended to shorten the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. The application of neural networks was once limited to tactical-level calculations, making it difficult to make qualitative analysis and decisions on strategic-level macro-complex situations. “AlphaGo” has made a breakthrough in the field of Go by simulating the working mechanism of the human brain’s neural network. In the future, the super self-evolution and strategic decision-making capabilities of deep neural networks will realize a combat cycle of “people outside the loop”.

The combat style has changed from “breaking links and breaking bodies” to “extreme operations”, which subvert traditional combat methods.

Extreme warfare breaks through the boundaries of traditional warfare, subverts traditional combat styles, dramatically increases war effectiveness, and creates a truly all-weather, all-time, all-dimensional, all-domain intelligent warfare.

Break through the limits of human physiology and thinking. First, the combat space and fields have been extremely expanded. Intelligent warfare in the future will be three-dimensional, all-dimensional, and all-domain operations. The war space will expand from the traditional space field to the polar regions, deep seas, outer space, and other extremes. It will especially penetrate into the cognitive domain, information domain, and penetrate into other fields, including combat fields. More blurry. Second, the combat process has been extremely accelerated. Unmanned autonomous warfare has greatly compressed the “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle, developing from the “instant destruction” of information warfare to the “instant destruction” of intelligent warfare. The victory of intelligent warfare is achieved by advancing the warning time, shortening the decision-making time, and extending the combat operations forward to achieve the effect of preemptive layout and preemptive strike. Third, combat operations are extremely flexible. In intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence can propose extremely rich combat plans, and the unmanned combat platform can quickly switch between different functional roles, making combat operations more bold and adventurous, and tactics more unexpected. Even if one of the combat elements loses its function, the “decentralization” function will ensure that the function of the group is not affected.

Subvert the traditional combat style. The first is intrusive lone wolf operations. That is, a single unmanned system operates independently. The second is the manned and unmanned coordinated system attack battle. That is, based on intelligent unmanned systems, through mixed operations with and without unmanned equipment, combat objectives can be quickly achieved. The third is the independent operation of unmanned system formations. Multiple sets of unmanned systems constitute a combat unit that can perform complex tasks such as multi-target attacks. The fourth is mothership swarm operations. Using the mothership as the transportation carrier and command center, a manned and unmanned hybrid swarm combat style is formed.

It has the combat effectiveness of “nuclear power”. Intelligent warfare maximizes the characteristics and potential of intelligent robots, leading to combat effectiveness approaching the limit. First, the target is small and difficult to find. For example, miniaturized stealth robots are difficult to detect with radar and sonar. The U.S. hybrid UAV with an Optode chip embedded in the Dragonfly is smaller, lighter and more stealthy, with a battery life of up to several months. Second, confrontation is difficult and costly. For example, as long as a beetle-sized micro-drone scans a human face, it can directly hit the target’s head after data analysis and determination, and it can carry enough ammunition to penetrate the brain. Third, the cost is low and the damage is great. In the future, the use of intelligent weapons in extreme operations will have the power of nuclear weapons, especially extremely large-scale intelligent weapons and equipment, extremely low-cost robot automatic production, and extremely flexible robot swarm operations, which may exceed the maximum explosion power of nuclear weapons.

國語音譯：

2019年01月15日08:00 | 来源：解放军报

透过战争的硝烟，我们可以看到，今天的战争已经从蒙昧野蛮的血肉之搏、攻城略地的兵戎相见发展到信息主导的精确斩首、智域疆场的激烈角逐。这一客观事实告诉我们，战争作为一种特定的复杂社会现象，在不同的历史时期会呈现出不同的战争形态与制胜机理。正如美国未来学家托夫勒指出，“人工智能就像先前的导弹、卫星一样，无论你是否有所准备都将登上人类文明战争的历史舞台”。 习主席明确指出：“如果不把现代战争的制胜机理搞清楚，那就‘只能是看西洋镜，不得要领’。”战争制胜机理，是指为赢得战争胜利，战争诸因素发挥作用的方式及相互联系、相互作用的规律和原理。未来智能化战争与传统意义上的信息化战争相比，制胜机理发生了显著变化。

对抗方式从“体系对抗”向“算法博弈”转变，算法优势主导战争优势

算法是求解问题的策略机制。实际上，“算法”是一系列解决问题的清晰指令，是按照一定规则解决某一类问题的明确步骤。未来战争掌握算法优势的一方，能快速准确预测战场态势，创新最优作战方法，实现“未战而先胜”的战争目的。

算法是主导智能化战争的关键。第一，算法优势主导认知优势。大数据通过高性能、高效率的算法进行处理后，将海量数据快速转换为有用的情报。因此，占有算法优势的一方，能驱散因数据得不到及时处理而产生的“战场迷雾”，使得认知更为深刻。第二，算法优势主导速度优势。量子算法相比于经典算法，实现了指数级的加速效果，再加上量子计算机从2003年的1位量子比特，到2015年1000位量子比特，计算效率比经典计算机快了一亿倍，使人工智能实现了质的飞跃。第三，算法优势主导决策优势。算法以其高速、精确的计算，代替人的“冥思苦想”和反复探索，从而加速知识迭代。掌握超强算法能够针对敌情变化快速提出灵活多样的作战方案与应对之策，不断打乱敌既定企图和部署。

算法是战争效能跃升的核心。一是战争效率更高。在算法的支撑下，人工智能的反应速度是人类的成百上千倍。2016年，美国研发的“阿尔法”智能软件，反应速度比人类快250倍，在模拟空战中操控三代机击败了有人驾驶的四代机。二是战争耐力更强。人工智能不受生理机能限制，可连续执行重复性、机械性任务。2016年9月，一架F-16战机在训练中达到8倍重力过载，导致飞行员失去知觉，然而，在飞机撞击地面前，机载“自动防撞系统”自动将飞机拉起，避免了悲剧发生。三是战争结局更好。在海量数据和超算能力支持下，人工智能的判断和预测结果更加准确。美军寻找和捕杀本·拉登行动，有人和无人装备的组合运用就是一个成功的战例。

作战要素从“信息主导”向“机器主战”转变，机器主战重塑作战流程

未来智能科技将渗透到战争全要素全过程。物联网、智联网与脑联网成为战争的基础，物理域、信息域、认知域、社会域四域深度融合，使战场全息透明，战争控制有人，战场交锋无人。智能化武器装备将重塑“从传感器到射手”的作战流程。

慧眼“侦”。“侦”，即智能化情报侦察。能将陆、海、空、天、电等多维传感器，进行虚拟化协同组网、自组织动态调度、多源情报自动挖掘、订单式按需使用，最大程度上拨开信息不足或信息冗余带来的“战争迷雾”，开启透视智能化战争的“慧眼”。

回路“控”。“控”，即智能化指挥控制。围绕决策优势这一核心，运用“人在回路”的人机协同技术，按照机器的自主权限，采取“人在回路中”“人在回路上”“人在回路外”三种决策与控制方式，以高敌一筹的决策质量和行动速度形成全面优势。

智能“打”。“打”，即智能化攻防作战。依托体系结构和算法优势，实时调集全域多维、有人无人作战平台，快速耦合作战力量，按需构建作战体系，聚焦目标，自主实施“分布式”“蜂群式”协同作战，交战完毕迅速解耦待战，做到兵无常势、聚散随机。2015年底，俄罗斯投入6台履带式无人战车、4台轮式无人战车和1架无人机，支援叙利亚政府军强攻伊斯兰极端势力据点，取得了世界上第一场以无人战车为主的攻坚战胜利。战斗中约70名极端势力武装分子被击毙，而叙利亚政府军只有4人受伤。

决策方式从“人脑决策”向“智能决策”转变，智能决策优化作战行动

随着智能辅助决策技术和“云端大脑”“数字参谋”“虚拟仓储”的出现，战争决策由单纯的人脑决策发展为人机混合决策、云脑智能决策和神经网络决策。

人机混合决策。人与机器的合理分工与交互协同是探索解决问题的最优方案。人脑的优势在于创造性、灵活性、主动性；机器的优势在于速度快、精度高、抗疲劳。高层决策等艺术性强的工作由人脑来处理，大数据计算由机器完成。人机交互是让机器能“听”懂人类语言、“看”懂人类动作与表情、“理解”人的情绪和意图，把计算过程和结果用人容易理解的方式呈现出来。

云脑智能决策。未来智能化战争，将有一个“大脑”的隐喻中心，分布式的作战单元将通过云大脑链接。这个云大脑既是物理信息、生理信息和心理信息中心，也是军事指控中心。云脑决策以智能“网、云、端”体系为依托。“网”，是集智能化战场感知、决策和武器控制系统于一体的智能型作战基础网络。“云”，依“网”而建，以智能型资源服务层为主体，既是融合各类作战资源的“资源池”，也是为作战行动提供智能化服务的“智能云”。由于多中心的耦合，即使遭受信息轰炸也能快速组网和决策。“端”，是指作战资源端，作战流程上的分立智能和联网智能，既能自主决策，又能为战争体系提供分布式智能资源，使新的战争体系涌现出群体智能。

神经网络决策。2018年7月，俄罗斯研制的人工神经网络全自动软件，能做到发现即摧毁。美军研发的智能化决策工具，意在缩短决策周期，提高决策效率。神经网络的应用曾局限于战术级计算，难以对战略级宏观复杂态势做出定性分析和决策。“阿尔法狗”通过模拟人脑神经网络工作机制在围棋领域取得突破。未来深度神经网络的超强自我进化和战略决策能力，将实现“人在回路外”的作战循环。

作战样式从“断链破体”向“极限作战”转变，极限作战颠覆传统作战手段

极限作战突破了传统战争的界限，颠覆了传统的作战样式，使战争效能剧增，出现了真正意义上的全天候、全时空、全方位、全领域的智能化战争。

突破人类生理和思维极限。一是作战空间和领域极度拓展。未来智能化作战是立体、全维、全领域作战，战争空间将从传统的空间领域，向极地、深海、太空等极限拓展，特别是向认知域、信息域渗透并贯穿其他领域，作战领域更加模糊。二是作战进程极度加快。无人自主作战大幅压缩“观察—判断—决策—行动”周期，从信息化战争的“瞬时摧毁”发展为智能化战争的“即时摧毁”。智能化战争的胜利，是通过预警时间提前、决策时间缩短，作战行动向前延伸，达到先手布局、先发制人的效果。三是作战行动极度灵活。智能化战争中，人工智能能够提出极为丰富的作战方案，加之无人作战平台，能够在不同功能角色之间快速切换，作战行动更为大胆冒险，战术战法更为出乎意料。即使作战要素中的某一个丧失功能，“去中心化”的功能也会确保群体功能不受影响。

颠覆传统作战样式。一是侵入式独狼作战。即单套无人系统独立作战。二是有人无人协同体系破击战。即基于智能无人系统，通过有无人装备混合作战，快速达成作战目的。三是无人系统编队独立作战。多套无人系统构成作战单元，可执行多目标攻击等复杂任务。四是母舰蜂群集群作战。以母舰为运输载体和指挥中心，形成有人无人混合集群作战样式。

具备“核威力”的作战效能。智能化战争把智能机器人的特性和潜能发挥到极致，导致作战效能接近极限。一是目标小、难发现。比如微型化隐身机器人，雷达和声呐很难发现。美国在“蜻蜓”中嵌入“光极”芯片的混合无人机，更小更轻更隐秘，续航时间高达几个月。二是对抗难，代价高。比如甲虫大小的微型无人机只要扫描到人脸景象，经数据分析和确定即可直接撞向目标头部，携带的弹药足以穿透大脑。三是造价低、破坏大。未来运用智能化武器极限作战具有核武器的威力，特别是极大体量的智能化武器装备，极低成本的机器人自动生产，极度灵活的机器人集群作战，可能会超越核武器爆炸威力的极大化。

中國政府原文來源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0115/c1011-3053888.html

Multi-Domain Operations

Chinese Military: Profound Effects of Quasi-Cognitive Warfare Domains and Applying Rules of Multi-Domain Operations

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中國軍隊：準認知戰領域的深遠影響與多域作戰的應用規則

From the battlefield of “bows and horses, riding and shooting, and swords and weapons” in the era of cold weapons to the three-dimensional battlefield of land, sea, and air in the era of industrialization, to the integrated battlefield covering multiple domains such as physics, information, and cognition in the era of informationization and intelligence, war One of the core logics of form evolution is to continuously enter new domains and integrate multiple domains. Cross-domain aggregation of operational effectiveness has become a basic and decisive mechanism for winning wars. In this process, the cognitive domain has increasingly become a new battlefield that penetrates and affects multi-domain operations, and a new commanding height that determines the success or failure of the war.

The cognitive domain becomes the key to seizing comprehensive control

In modern warfare, the cognitive domain has become the key to seizing comprehensive control. War practice shows that the cognitive domain has increasingly become the focus of planning modern wars and achieving multi-domain integrated linkage for victory.

Cognitive domain advantage supports multi-domain combat effectiveness doubling. In modern warfare, in the physical domain, we destroy the enemy, preserve ourselves, and compete for control of the land, sea, air, and sky; in the information domain, we block the enemy, connect ourselves, and compete for network and information control, all related to the cognitive domain. There is a profound connection between the advantage and the initiative position. In the system-versus-system game, once the opponent is suppressed in the cognitive domain and takes the initiative, it can interfere with decision-making on the key nodes of the enemy’s command chain, kill chain, and support chain, making the actions in the physical domain and information domain gain “a huge advantage”. asymmetric benefits, thereby improving the input-output ratio of combat, enhancing the speed and efficiency of local victory leading to overall victory, and reducing the subsequent constraints caused by military strikes in the economic and social life fields.

When planning and implementing multi-domain operations, attention should be paid to the role of the cognitive domain. Modern warfare is significantly complex. Elements of multi-domain operations are interconnected, impacts are transmitted in multiple directions, and risks are superimposed on each other. Every action or even a detail of a multi-domain combat operation will trigger a chain reaction in the cognitive domain at the levels of decision-making issues, military morale, public opinion concerns, social confidence, international public opinion, etc. of both the enemy and ourselves, resulting in rapid, sudden, and unexpected consequences. It affects the overall situation of the war and even creates a “butterfly storm” that changes the domestic and foreign affairs situation of the warring parties and even the long-term development trend of the country. To plan and implement operations in the physical domain and information domain, we must not only focus on shaping the situation and creating conditions in the cognitive domain, but also accurately control the direction and size of the release of effectiveness in the cognitive domain in accordance with the need to control the brain, mind, and intelligence. Dynamic changes in the number of enemy annihilations, temporary gains and losses in one city and one place, etc., are increasingly losing their significance as indicators for evaluating the direction of the war situation. The overall impact of military operations on the war situation increasingly needs to be measured from the changes in international and domestic public perceptions it triggers. and the psychological impact on specific objects to be evaluated and considered.

The material and technical conditions for the cognitive domain to trigger integrated linkage of multiple domains are becoming increasingly mature. The rapid development of information-based intelligent cognitive perception technology has rapidly developed the game confrontation in the cognitive domain from absolutely “uncalculable” and “uncontrollable” to a considerable degree of “calculable” and “controllable”. Assisted decision-making by technologies such as big data and intelligent algorithms supports the deep integration of different combat forces in the cognitive domain and multi-dimensional command coordination, strengthening political, economic, diplomatic, cultural, military and other aspects of power, means and actions. The consistency and coordination bring about the operability of designing multiple domains, commanding multiple domains, and controlling multiple domains focusing on the cognitive domain. The widespread use of weapons and equipment such as drones and precision-guided bombs has also provided realistic and feasible tactical options for precision strikes through combat operations. The rapid popularization of intelligent communication technologies such as accurate portraits, intelligent distribution, social media live broadcast, robot writing, and virtual reality, as well as the cross-integrated development of neuroscience, cognitive science, and intelligent technology, have made it possible to plan and implement “X+ cognitive attack and defense” and achieve integrated Linked operations have become convenient and efficient.

Cognitive domain penetration affects multi-domain win-win paths

The penetration of the cognitive domain affects the integrated linkage of multiple domains. It is not a simple “1+1”, but the energy of multi-domain actions is instantly concentrated in the cognitive domain, thereby continuously injecting emergent effects that are beneficial to oneself into the overall war. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the innovative design of combat planning and implementation paths to ensure that multi-domain advantages can be achieved under the influence of cognitive domain penetration.

Use cognitive domain operational requirements to deepen understanding of multi-domain tasks. Focus on the overall national strategy, clarify operational requirements in the cognitive domain, and calculate and determine operational tasks in each domain based on this. Establish the must-hit targets and avoidable targets for fire strikes, hit targets first and hit later, hit targets openly and covertly, hit targets hard and hit lightly, etc., and focus on the effect of disintegrating the morale of the opponent’s military. When establishing the goal, timing, intensity, etc. of channel seizure, we must focus on the effectiveness of depriving the opponent of social mobilization and international communication capabilities and the effectiveness of supporting our information release and external propaganda. To establish the focus of intelligence information collection, it is necessary to focus on the ability to grasp the combat power in the cognitive domain of combat opponents, describe the characteristics of cognitive attack and defense target objects in a fine-grained manner, and dynamically grasp international and domestic public opinion and social trends of thought.

Use cognitive domain combat tasks to guide multi-domain action design. Focusing on questions such as “who, what kind of cognitive impact, and to what extent”, the cognitive domain combat tasks in different combat stages and different combat scenarios are subdivided. Based on this, what actions should be organized in each domain and what actions should be captured? Overall planning and detailed design of fighter aircraft, which forces to invest, what tactics to use, how to connect and intersect various actions, etc. The reason why the besieged troops on all sides were able to disintegrate the powerful Chu army was firstly because the Han army completed the military encirclement of the Chu army, and secondly, it used the ingenuity of capturing prisoners to sing Chu songs at night. In fact, different timing of operations, different task forces, different weapons and equipment, different choices of tactics and even different naming of operations will convey very different information, and the intensity of the generated cognitive impact will also be significantly different, which requires careful consideration and scientific Research and judge, and strive to maximize efficiency and optimize effects. When loading cognitive offensive and defensive actions for fire strikes, network offense and defense, electronic countermeasures, defensive operations, special operations and other operations, different imagination and creative thinking levels, different technical understanding, application and innovation, the final effect achieved is even more It’s like clouds and mud.

Organize multi-domain collaborative support with cognitive domain combat operations. Cognitive domain combat operations involve multiple participants and various action styles. Normally, they require coordinated support of military and firepower such as precise strikes, seizing key areas, and displaying momentum. In special cases, they also require coordinated strategic forces such as the deployment of cutting-edge weapons and equipment, and the organization of major training exercises. Guarantee requires the commander to make public statements and the media to embed reports and other specific personnel and specific combat units to coordinate the guarantee throughout the entire operation. Collaborative guarantee in terms of intelligence data, channel bandwidth, forensic information, and technical equipment is even more indispensable. To this end, it is necessary to mobilize multi-domain forces and resources in a full, real-time, systematic and precise manner, so that military warfare, mental warfare, and intellectual warfare can take advantage of each other and support each other to form a game of chess and create a combination of punches.

Pay attention to deepening the conceptual understanding of cognitive domain penetration and impact on multiple domains

Establishing the role of the cognitive domain in penetrating and influencing multi-domain actions and promoting integrated linkage to win is a deep-seated conceptual revolution that requires strengthening various supporting constructions to create conditions and lay the foundation.

Strengthen institutional guarantees. Using cognitive domain penetration to influence multi-domain integrated linkage operations puts forward higher requirements for cross-department and cross-agency collaboration. It is necessary to form a scientific and efficient command link that supports cognitive domain penetration to influence multi-domain and multi-domain integrated linkage. It is necessary to clarify the cognitive domain operational responsibilities of each element of the joint operations command organization, optimize and reorganize the command process, and ensure that the penetration and influence of the cognitive domain are reflected in operational determination, mission planning, and action design. Focusing on cross-domain integrated linkage, establish and improve working systems and collaboration mechanisms at strategic, operational, tactical and other levels, strengthen the mutual support of cognitive domain operations, physical domain operations, and information domain operations, and fully consider military strength and local related functions. The effective cooperation of departments and professional forces transforms comprehensive advantages into cognitive domain capabilities that penetrate, influence, and empower multiple domains.

Improve the commander’s ability and quality. The foreign military believes that qualified commanders in modern warfare need to be good at “quickly transforming proactive kinetic energy operations into more subtle cultural wars” and should have “unique intuition” and “comprehensive leadership capabilities” in this regard. In order to realize the integrated linkage of cognitive domain penetration and influence on multiple domains in war practice, we first need to strengthen the awareness of cognitive domain operations in the minds of commanders at all levels, and strengthen the formation of a conscious initiative to use cognitive domain penetration to influence multi-domain mission planning and action design. nature, strengthen and improve the ability to implement high-efficiency cognitive attack and defense using military firepower operations and information control as means. Multi-domain coordinated command under the influence of cognitive domain penetration should be regarded as an important part of strategic battle drills, highlighting the ability of commanders to command and control multiple domains with a focus on cognitive shaping, and promote the training field to continue to be closer to winning political and military The actual requirements of the war.

Promote the updating and improvement of joint cultural concepts. Cognitive domain penetration affects multi-domain integrated joint operations, which are the sublimation and optimization of joint operations concepts and mechanisms. In particular, it requires the support and guarantee of joint culture construction that is suitable for it. On the one hand, we must strive to break the influence of traditional war thinking, break down some traditional conceptual barriers, and make cognitive guidance, multi-domain integration, and joint operations the forefront of joint cultural construction and focus on updating concepts. On the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of the theoretical system of cognitive domain penetration affecting multi-domain integrated joint operations, carry out in-depth research on the winning mechanism of cognitive domain operations and innovation of tactics, and lay a solid ideological foundation with theoretical accumulation.

(Author’s unit: School of Political Science, National Defense University)

繁體中文：

引言

从冷兵器时代“弓马骑射、刀兵相接”式战场到工业化时代的陆、海、空三维战场，再到信息化智能化时代涵盖物理、信息、认知等多域的一体战场，战争形态演进的核心逻辑之一即在于不断迈入新域、整合多域。跨域聚合作战效能，成为带有一定基础性和决定性的战争制胜机理。而在此过程中，认知域日益成为渗透影响多域作战的新战场，以及攸关战争成败的新的制高点。

认知域成为夺控综合制权的关键

现代战争中，认知域成为夺控综合制权的关键。战争实践表明，认知域日益成为运筹现代战争、实现多域一体联动制胜的重心所在。

认知域优势支援实现多域作战效能倍增。现代战争中，在物理域消灭敌人、保存自己，争夺制陆、制海、制空、制天权；在信息域阻断敌人、联通自己，争夺制网、制信息权，都与认知域的优势和主动地位有着极为深刻的关联。在体系对体系的对垒博弈中，一旦在认知域压制对手、掌握主动，就能对敌指挥链、杀伤链、保障链的关键节点形成决策干扰，使得物理域信息域的行动获得“四两拨千斤”的非对称收益，从而提高作战的投入产出比，增强局部胜利导向全局胜利的速度和效率，减少军事打击在经济社会生活领域所产生的后续掣肘。

筹划实施多域作战行动应重视认知域作用发挥。现代战争具有显著的复杂性，多域作战之间的要素相互联通、影响多向传递、风险彼此叠加。多域作战行动的每个动作甚至某个细节都会在敌我双方的决策议题、军心意志、民意关切、社会信心、国际舆论等层面引发认知域连锁反应，由此迅速、突然、出乎预料地影响战争全局，甚至酿成改变交战方内政外交时局乃至国家长期发展走势的“蝴蝶风暴”。筹划实施物理域信息域行动，既要着重在认知域塑造态势、创造条件，又要按照夺控制脑、制心、制智权的需要，在认知域精准控制效能释放的方向和大小。歼敌数字的动态变化、一城一地的一时得失等，本身越来越失去评价战局走向的指标意义，军事行动对于战局的总体影响，越来越需要从其引发的国际国内公众认知改变和对特定对象的心理影响等层面去评估考量。

认知域引发多域一体联动的物质和技术条件日渐成熟。信息化智能化认知感知技术的飞跃发展，使得认知域博弈对抗由绝对的“不可算”“不可控”快速向相当程度上的“可算”“可控”发展。大数据、智能算法等技术的辅助决策，支撑了对不同作战力量在认知域的深度融合、多维聚力的指挥协同，加强了政治、经济、外交、文化、军事等方面力量、手段和行动的一致性协调性，带来了着眼认知域设计多域、指挥多域、控制多域的可操作性。无人机、精确制导炸弹等武器装备的广泛使用，也为通过作战行动点穴式精准打击提供了现实可行的战术方案选项。精准画像、智能分发、社交媒体直播、机器人写作、虚拟现实等智能化传播技术的快速普及，神经科学、认知科学与智能技术的交叉融合发展，使筹划实施“X+认知攻防”、实现一体联动作战变得便捷高效。

认知域渗透影响多域的聚优制胜路径

认知域渗透影响多域一体联动，不是简单的“1+1”，而是将多域行动的能量在认知域即时聚优，从而将有利于己的涌现效应不断注入战争全局。为此，需要加强对作战筹划和实施路径的创新性设计，确保在认知域渗透影响下实现多域聚优制胜。

以认知域作战需求加深多域任务理解。着眼国家战略全局，明确认知域作战需求，据此倒推测算和确定各域作战任务。确立火力打击的必打目标和避打目标、先打目标和后打目标、明打目标和暗打目标、重打目标和轻打目标等，要重点考量对作战对手军心士气的瓦解效能。确立信道夺控的目标、时机、强度等，要重点考量对作战对手社会动员能力、国际传播能力等的剥夺效能和对我信息释放、对外宣传的支撑效能。确立情报信息搜集的重点，要重点考量掌握作战对手认知域作战力量、细颗粒描述认知攻防目标对象特征、动态掌握国际国内舆情和社会思潮动态等方面的能力。

以认知域作战任务引导多域行动设计。围绕“对谁、产生何种认知影响、影响到何种程度”等问题，细分不同作战阶段、不同作战场景下的认知域作战任务，据此对各域组织哪些行动、抓住哪些战机、投入哪些力量、采用何种战法、各类行动如何衔接交叉等进行总体规划和细节设计。四面楚歌之所以能瓦解强楚军队，首先是因为汉军在军事上完成了对楚军的包围，其次是运用了俘虏夜唱楚歌这一攻心巧思。事实上，不同的行动时机、不同的任务部队、不同的武器装备、不同的战法选择甚至不同的行动命名，传递的信息都大相径庭，生成的认知影响强度也有显著区别，需要精心推敲、科学研判，力求实现效能最大化、效果最优化。在为火力打击、网络攻防、电子对抗、防卫作战、特种作战等行动加载认知攻防动作时，不同的想象能力和创意思维水平，不同的技术理解力运用力创新力，最终实现的效果更是判若云泥。

以认知域作战行动组织多域协同保障。认知域作战行动参与主体多元、行动样式多样，常态需要精确打击、要地夺控、示形造势等兵力火力协同保障，特殊时也需要亮相尖端武器装备、组织重大演训演练等战略力量协同保障，在作战全程还需要指挥员公开发声、媒体嵌入报道等特定人员、特定作战单元协同保障，情报数据、信道带宽、取证信息、技术装备方面的协同保障更是须臾不可或缺。为此，就要全程、实时、体系、精准调动多域力量和资源，使兵战、心战、智战相互借势、相互策应，形成一盘棋、打出组合拳。

注重深化认知域渗透影响多域的理念认识

确立认知域对多域行动的渗透影响地位、推动一体联动制胜，是一场深层次的理念革命，需要加强各项支撑性建设以创造条件、奠定基础。

加强制度保障。以认知域渗透影响多域一体联动作战，对跨部门、跨机构的协作联合提出了更高要求，需要形成支撑支持认知域渗透影响多域、多域一体联动的科学高效指挥链路。要明确联合作战指挥机构各要素的认知域作战职责，优化重整指挥流程，确保将认知域的渗透影响作用体现在作战决心、任务规划、行动设计之中。围绕跨域一体联动，在战略、战役、战术等各个层面建立健全完善工作制度和协作机制，强化认知域作战与物理域、信息域作战的相互借势策应，充分考虑军队力量与地方相关职能部门以及专业力量的有效配合，使综合优势转化为认知域渗透影响多域、赋能多域的能力优势。

提升指挥员能力素养。外军认为，现代战争中合格的指挥员需要善于“将主动的动能作战快速转变为更为微妙的文化战争”，对此应具有“独一无二的直觉”和“全面领导能力”。在战争实践中实现认知域渗透影响多域一体联动，首先需要在各级指挥员头脑中强化认知域作战意识，强化形成以认知域渗透影响多域任务规划和行动设计的自觉性主动性，强化提升以兵力火力行动和信息制权夺控为手段载体实施高效能认知攻防的能力水平。要把认知域渗透影响下的多域统筹指挥作为战略战役演训重要内容，突出锤炼指挥员着眼认知塑造来指挥多域、控制多域的能力，促进演训场不断贴近打赢政治军事仗的现实要求。

推动联合文化理念更新完善。认知域渗透影响多域一体联动作战是对联合作战理念和机制的升华和优化，特别需要与之相适应的联合文化建设支撑保障。一方面，要着力破除传统战争思维定式影响，打破一些传统观念壁垒，把认知引导、多域一体、联动作战作为联合文化建设的前沿重点抓好理念更新。另一方面，要加强认知域渗透影响多域一体联动作战的理论体系建设，深入展开认知域作战制胜机理研究和战法创新，以理论积淀打牢思想根基。

（作者单位：国防大学政治学院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-01/19/content_332188.htm

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2023年1月19日 星期四