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Implementation of the “Outline of Joint Cooperation” Within the People’s Liberation Army of China

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中國人民解放軍內部實施《聯合合作綱要》

現代英語：

With the approval of Xi Jinping, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the Central Military Commission issued the “Outline of Joint Cooperation between the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)”, which will come into effect on November 7, 2020.

The Outline focuses on building a legal system for joint operations and strengthening the clear orientation of preparing for war. It is of great significance to consolidate and deepen the results of the reform of the leadership and command system, scale structure and force composition, and to promote the liberation and development of our military’s joint operations capabilities.

The Outline is the top-level regulation of our military’s new-era combat doctrine system. It focuses on clarifying the basic issues of joint combat organization and implementation, unifying combat thinking, clarifying responsibilities and procedures, and guiding combat operations. It also clarifies major principles, requirements, and basic procedures for joint combat command, combat operations, combat support, national defense mobilization, and political work.

The Central Military Commission requires that all levels should earnestly study and implement the “Outline”, adhere to combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, use the “Outline” as the basic basis for organizing and implementing joint operations and joint training, and comprehensively improve the ability to win in the new era.

The battle flag hunt, the military parade ground was full of ups and downs, and the climaxes continued——

From north to south, the surging iron torrents train elite soldiers; in the deep blue ocean, soldiers step on the waves to forge sharp swords; above the vast sky, eagles fly thousands of miles towards the blue sky; deep in the dense forests, the east wind roars to the sky; the skynet controls power, and the invisible war defeats the visible… One after another joint combat exercises are gradually unfolding in multiple domains and all dimensions, presenting a picture of a strong army that trains together to plan for war, uses training to promote war, and wins war through strong training, sounding the strong note of a new era in the history of our army’s training and preparation.

Over the past year, the world has been undergoing unprecedented changes unseen in a century, intertwined with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Under the sky shrouded by the epidemic, the international situation has been in constant turmoil and confrontation. The drone warfare that has shined in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has shown the world the unique characteristics of modern warfare.

“When times change, things change. When things change, we must be prepared for change.” In the future, “what kind of war to fight and how to fight it” carries the heavy mission, and the entire military is surging with enthusiasm for researching and winning wars.

Faced with new changes in the national security situation, new threats from powerful enemies and adversaries, and new developments in the form of warfare, we urgently need to provide answers to strengthening the military, winning battles, and meeting the needs of the times.

“Overall, modern warfare has indeed undergone profound changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are regularities behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed.” Faced with the rapid development of the new world military revolution and changes in the war situation, under the guidance of the commander-in-chief and in accordance with the unified deployment of the CMC’s policy and system reforms, the CMC Joint Staff Department organized experts from the Academy of Military Sciences and capable personnel from relevant departments of the CMC, various theater commands, various military services and armed police forces to form a joint research group to pool wisdom and strength to tackle key problems and advance the formulation of new-era combat regulations.

On November 7, 2020, the “Outline of the Joint Cooperation Warfare of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial Implementation)” was implemented throughout the army, marking a new coordinate system for our army’s joint cooperation war in the new era.

Since the issuance of the Outline, commanders have taken the lead in learning it, agencies have taken the lead in studying it, and troops have practiced learning it. The officers and soldiers of the whole army have been enthusiastic about learning and publicizing the Outline. A great discussion on joint operations in the new era, a great liberation of thoughts, and a great practice of preparation for war have been vigorously carried out in the whole army.

Pointing to victory, leading the new practice of preparing for war in the new era

“Following the main road, who would you follow to seek a shortcut?” In the world of soldiers, there is no such thing as “easy”. The only way to win a battle is to be prepared.

What kind of war we will fight in the future will require innovative tactics; if we cannot innovate tactics, it will be difficult to win future wars.

In essence, combat regulations are about solving the problem of how to fight and how to win, and are the refinement, deepening and concretization of military strategic policies. The Outline of Joint Cooperation of the People’s Liberation Army of China (Trial) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline) deeply studies the characteristics and laws of future wars, accurately grasps the era characteristics of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligentization of our army, and through the forward-looking and concrete design of future operations, implements the spiritual essence and content requirements of the new era’s military strategic policy into the troops’ preparation for war.

The Outline is not only a guideline for preparing for war, but also a guideline for winning joint operations.

At the beginning of the new year of 2021, a certain area of the Eastern Theater Command is organizing a multi-service, multi-directional, systematic combat training. Under the guidance of the newly issued “Outline”, this exercise involves the full-domain linkage of land, sea, air, space, network and electric power, close coordination of political and public opinion, and information-led throughout the entire process from combat preparation to situation shaping to mission implementation. All units work closely together, demonstrating the firm determination and strong ability to maintain national unity with a thunderous momentum, and also witnessing the transformation of our military joint cooperation from “formal linkage” to “spiritual linkage”.

In the west, at midnight in mid-spring 2021, a series of urgent alarm bells rang. According to the level transfer order of a certain base of the Western Theater Air Force, the officers and soldiers of a certain air defense battalion of the Army quickly rushed to their positions, and the level transfer time was further shortened. According to the unified deployment, more than 10 Army air defense forces in the theater air force responsibility area entered the Air Force command chain in an organized manner, breaking the information barrier of the services, sharing early warning information, and jointly taking on combat readiness duty, and initially forming a joint air defense combat system. “You lend me the ‘eye in the sky’, and I will help you with the ‘iron fist'”, the integrated joint air defense combat across the services has taken a new step and entered a new stage.

In the north, at the beginning of the summer of 2021, war eagles soared and iron currents rolled, and an exercise with the theme of air-ground joint operations was in full swing. According to the plan, a certain command post of the Air Force of the Northern Theater Command and a certain group army of the Army jointly organized a brigade-level command post exercise to study and explore the composition of joint command institutions and test the integrated joint combat command capabilities of the command post personnel. Intelligence analysis and processing, joint firepower strikes, and integrated rear-end support were coordinated and planned and carried out in an integrated manner, and the command institutions were organized in an integrated manner with all elements. Through repeated joint combat and training, the policy of leading training through combat and carrying out combat through training has been further implemented, and the joint combat and command capabilities of commanders of all services and arms have been significantly improved.

In the direction of the South China Sea, war eagles roared and attacked fiercely, dragons took off and stepped on the sea and waves, radars flew and missiles raised their heads… Under the unified command of the theater joint command, all mission forces worked as a whole and coordinated closely to quickly build a battlefield layout that was multi-domain joint, both offensive and defensive, and deployed in echelons. They adopted a combination of centralized command and decentralized command, and flexibly carried out sea and air escort and deterrence and expulsion in a reasonable, forceful and restrained manner, effectively maintaining peace and tranquility in the South China Sea.

In the past year since the implementation of the Outline, the orientation of preparing for war has become clearer and firmer, the sole fundamental standard of combat effectiveness has been more firmly established, training and preparation for war as the main responsibility of the troops has become more prominent, researching and planning war as the primary responsibility of officers and soldiers has become clearer, the ideas and measures for joint operations and victory have become increasingly effective, and the entire army has continued to set off a new upsurge in training and preparation for war.

Keep pace with the times and clarify the new mechanism of joint cooperation in the new era

“All beneficial ways go with the times.”

Military theorist Douhet once said: “Victory smiles only on those who can foresee the changes in the character of war, not on those who wait for the changes to happen and then adapt to them.”

Looking around the world, the game and struggle among major powers are intensifying, the threat of war exists, the war situation continues to evolve, new military reforms are booming, stealth, unmanned and intelligent weapons and equipment have become the mainstream trend, the battlefield space has expanded to all domains and dimensions, the integrated linkage of combat forces has become the norm, combat command, action and support have become more sophisticated, and winning future wars requires the support of more advanced combat theories.

The gap in combat concepts is the fundamental gap, and the backwardness of combat theory is the biggest backwardness. When modern wars are surging in the world, what is most needed is newer and braver minds.

The new-era combat regulations, led by the Outline, adhere to Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking and the new-era military strategic policy as the soul and outline, deeply grasp the new changes in national security, new adjustments in combat opponents, new designs in strategic layout, new connotations of active defense, and new developments in combat guidance, and materialize the principles and methods of commanders’ understanding and guidance of war into norms and standards for the specific implementation of the troops, so as to promote our military-joint cooperation war to a higher level.

——It comprehensively expounds the contemporary connotation of war guidance under information conditions.

The Outline aims to win future high-end wars, accurately grasps the characteristics of lowered thresholds for future armed conflicts, blurred boundaries of war, and increasingly prominent mutual influence and efficiency between the war field and other fields, strengthens the political and social attributes of combat operations, innovatively develops military struggle paradigms, emphasizes relying on the country’s integrated strategic system and capabilities, emphasizes the integration of war and non-war domains, emphasizes the comprehensive implementation of military and political, diplomatic, economic, cultural and other means, and gives full play to the overall advantages of the party, government, military, police and people. It reflects the modern war concept and the war guidance for winning the people’s war and total war in the new era.

——All elements standardize the style and methods of our joint military operations.

The Outline is based on the tasks and development of our army, and systematically expounds on the possible joint operations in the future, covering the core missions of various strategic directions, covering land, sea, air, space, network and electromagnetic multi-dimensional space. At the same time, it also creatively summarizes the basic types of joint operations, highlights the basic actions that run through the joint operations and have common characteristics, and forms a closed-loop chain of joint operations with all elements and in all fields.

——The joint combat command system and organizational operation mode were designed throughout the entire process.

The implementation of joint operations organizations is extremely complex and difficult. Whether they can be “coordinated” in terms of strength, “joined” in operations, and “excellent” in effectiveness depends crucially on whether they can achieve “unification” in command. The “Outline” focuses on building a strong and efficient joint operations command structure, closely integrates the Central Military Commission and the theater joint command operation model mechanism, fully considers that it not only complies with the general direction and general requirements of the reform, but also leaves room for flexible formation in practice. It focuses on solving major issues such as the construction of a joint operations command system, the differentiation of command authority and responsibility interfaces, and the integration of services into the joint system, so as to ensure that thousands of troops and horses can jointly act under unified orders.

Taking joint training as the guideline, promoting a new leap forward in joint training in the new era

At the Central Military Commission’s military training conference, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen joint training, adhere to joint training as the key, develop a joint training system with Chinese characteristics, and accelerate the improvement of integrated joint combat capabilities. Soldiers should be trained in the way they fight, and troops should be trained in what is needed for fighting. Today’s world-class armies all regard improving joint training as the top priority for war preparation.

The Outline is the opening chapter of the new era combat doctrine and the guiding principle for the transformation of joint training in the new era. The Outline provides direction, inspires vitality, and gives birth to a new pattern of joint training in the new era.

——Incorporate combat into training to present an “integrated posture” of training.

In the Taiwan Strait, the naval and air fleets carried out joint combat readiness patrols to test and enhance the joint combat capabilities of multiple services, maintain a high state of alert at all times, and resolutely defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Exercise preparation is combat preparation, and the exercise state is the combat state. Joint military exercises are no longer simple training activities, but have become a preparation process to promote combat readiness and enhance capabilities. Joint training, the “source” and “main stream” full of power, is guiding and driving the in-depth advancement and vigorous development of military struggle preparations, and fully unleashing the role and effectiveness of training to carry out combat and training to promote preparations.

——Systematic training has become the “new normal” of joint training.

“East”, “South”, “West”, “North”, and “Central” are joint live-fire exercises organized by various theater commands, “Crossing”, “Mobility”, “Red Sword”, “Sky Sword”, and “Joint Logistics Mission” are series of systematic exercises organized by various services, covering all seasons, all weather, and all regions. The CMC, theater commands, and services are responsible for division of labor, overall design, and systematic organization. They are decomposed from top to bottom and integrated from bottom to top, driving the operation and inspection of the joint combat system. Joint exercises and systematic training present a new look, and new changes have taken place in the training and preparation mode. Our military’s joint training has entered a new stage of all-round transformation and overall improvement.

——Joint training between China and foreign countries highlights the “integration” of joint exercises.

At the foot of the Helan Mountains and in the heart of the Bronze Gorge Desert, the “Western Joint-2021” China-Russia joint exercise was booming. In this joint exercise, the Chinese and Russian militaries were mixed and planned together. The two sides shared their positions, coordinated closely, and acted together. They practiced more than 20 subjects such as joint air defense, joint obstacle removal, and joint three-dimensional seizure. With the support of the deeply integrated combat system between China and Russia, new breakthroughs in joint exercises and training were achieved. “Maritime Joint”, “Common Destiny”, “Peace Mission”… With the joint training between China and foreign countries as a “window”, the new changes in the joint training of the Chinese military are being brilliantly presented to the world.

——Intensive training in new domains, demonstrating an “open attitude” in research and warfare.

In joint exercises, underwater unmanned “fish schools”, land unmanned “wolf packs”, and air unmanned “bee swarms” began to emerge. New domains and new types of forces such as land aviation, special operations, electric power, unmanned, network, and aerospace were deeply integrated into the joint combat system and the joint exercise process, and realistic combat scenarios were carefully constructed to accurately experiment with modern war organization and management. As the most active practice area for preparing for war, joint training, with an innovative and open attitude, boldly tried and made great strides towards the new combat areas pointed out in the Outline.

Integrating war and construction to shape a new pattern of system construction in the new era

President Xi stressed that we must adhere to the principle of building the country in accordance with war, strengthen the coordination of war and construction, speed up the promotion of major strategic, leading and fundamental projects, and accelerate the creation of a high-level strategic deterrence and joint combat system.

If the “trouble” in the construction of the joint combat system is not resolved quickly, once the “interest” of the debt accumulates, it will become a “pain” on the battlefield tomorrow. From the perspective of war, the “Outline” calibrates the “sight” of construction and firmly points to the correct direction of military construction.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the needs of joint operations.

Under the guidance of the Outline, the concept of jointness has been gradually established, and the barriers of “coordination” of military operations and “integration” of combat domain capabilities have been gradually broken down. The land, sea, air, and fire arms have been combined in the same domain, and cross-domain integration of combat domains such as space, network, and electromagnetic space has gradually become a reality. With the support of the network information system and combat data information as the link, a full-time and smooth command link has been built. The system is internally connected to each combat sub-center, and is connected to each combat group (team) command post. When necessary, it can directly reach the end of the individual platform to achieve joint command to the end. All operational forces worked together around the overall intention, realizing the transformation of the joint combat concept from focusing on the “service attributes” of combat forces to focusing on the “operational domain”, which has become the main feature of future joint combat. Studying, planning, and training for war with the “Outline” has become a trend throughout the military.

——Calibrate construction’s “sights” to point to system shortcomings and weaknesses.

Based on the Outline, our army insists on combining inheritance and innovation, theory and practice, innovatively designs strategies for winning future wars, focuses on highlighting problem orientation, takes root in training and preparation for war, promotes the construction of joint combat command system and new combat force construction, and effectively solves the outstanding shortcomings and weaknesses in military combat preparation. In mid-May 2021, the Party Committee of the Northern Theater Command held a special war meeting, and in accordance with the Outline, thoroughly identified contradictions and problems in joint combat research, command and control mode transformation, joint handling level, and efficient command capabilities. According to the Outline, it optimized system support, improved command and control methods, and improved command means, which promoted the transformation of the operation mode of the theater joint command center and the improvement of command effectiveness. Looking across the entire military, similar practices are becoming more and more common. Referring to the Outline to find gaps, ideas, and methods in the near and long term has become the new mainstream for planning and promoting construction at all levels and in all fields.

——Calibrate the construction “sight” to point to the urgent need to balance powerful enemies.

To implement the principle of building the military in accordance with war and coordinating the military construction, we must not only focus on solving current practical problems, but also pay attention to solving long-term development problems. The Outline is anchored on the future of defeating the strong and contains a far-sighted plan to build a world-class military. Guided by the Outline and focusing on changes in the war situation and changes in scientific and technological development, the construction of asymmetric means to check and balance powerful enemies has ushered in a qualitative leap. Batches of new drones, new helicopters and other advanced weapons and equipment have been tested and deployed, and a series of high-tech equipment has been deployed and developed, which has given us more confidence and stronger capabilities to win the war. The Outline condenses the “war code” of historical wisdom and also integrates the way to build first-class and win the future in the new era.

“But look at the path you have come from, and you will see verdant and green mountains.” One year after the implementation of the Outline, the new-era combat regulations are releasing capabilities and increasing efficiency in building a joint combat system with Chinese military characteristics.

In the new era and new journey, our path of joint military operations will surely become broader, our ability to defend the country’s strategic development interests will surely become stronger, our confidence in winning future informationized wars will surely become firmer, and the great goal of building a world-class military will surely be fully realized.

“We have a string that is tightly tied to us, a mission that we shoulder, and a storm that we are watching closely… We are always ready!”

現代國語：

經中央軍委主席習近平批准，中央軍委印發《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要（試行）》，於2020年11月7日起施行。

《綱要》著眼構建聯合作戰法規體系，強化備戰打仗的鮮明導向，對鞏固深化領導指揮體制、規模結構和力量編成改革成果，對推動我軍聯合作戰能力解放和發展，具有重要意義。

《綱要》是我軍新時代作戰條令體系的頂層法規，重在明確聯合作戰組織實施的基本問題，重在統一作戰思想、釐清權責程序、指導作戰行動，明確聯合作戰指揮、作戰行動、作戰保障、國防動員、政治工作等重大原則、要求和基本程序。

中央軍委要求，各級要認真抓好《綱要》的學習貫徹，堅持戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准，將《綱要》作為組織實施聯合作戰和聯合訓練的基本依據，全面提高新時代打贏能力。

戰旗獵獵，演兵場上風起雲湧、高潮迭起——

大江南北，鐵流澎湃礪精兵；深藍大洋，蹈海踏浪鑄利劍；蒼穹之上，鵬飛萬裡向碧空；密林深處，東風浩蕩嘯九天；天網制權，無形之戰勝有形……一場場聯合作戰演練在多域全維漸次展開，鋪陳出一幅幅聯訓謀戰、以訓促戰、強訓勝戰的強軍畫卷，奏響著我軍練兵備戰史上新的時代強音。

一年來，世界百年未有之大變局交織全球新冠疫情之大流行，疫霾籠罩的天空之下，國際局勢波瀾不斷，伴隨著動蕩和對抗，納卡沖突中大放異彩的無人機作戰，向世界展現出現代戰爭獨有的特征。

“世異則事異，事異則備變。”未來“打什麼仗、怎麼打仗”承載著使命之重，全軍上下處處湧動著研戰謀勝的熱潮。

面對國家安全形勢新的變化，面對強敵對手新的威脅，面對戰爭形態新的演進，迫切需要我們給出強軍答案，給出勝戰答案，給出時代答案。

“總的看，現代戰爭確實發生了深刻變化。這些變化看上去眼花繚亂，但背後是有規律可循的，根本的是戰爭的制勝機理變了。”面對迅猛發展的世界新軍事革命和戰爭形態變化，在統帥指引下，按照軍委政策制度改革統一部署，軍委聯合參謀部組織軍事科學院專家力量和軍委機關有關部門、各戰區、各軍兵種和武警部隊精干人員成立聯合課題組，集智聚力攻關，緊前推動新時代作戰條令制定工作。

2020年11月7日，《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要（試行）》在全軍施行，標定了新時代我軍聯合作戰新的坐標系。

《綱要》頒發以來，指揮員率先領學、機關帶頭熱學、部隊實際踐學，全軍官兵學習宣貫《綱要》熱潮奔湧，一場新時代聯合作戰大討論、思想大解放、備戰大實踐，在全軍部隊蓬勃開展。

劍指勝戰，引領新時代備戰打仗新實踐

“遵通衢之大道兮，求捷徑欲從誰？”軍人的世界，沒有“容易”二字。勝戰之道，唯有備戰。

未來打什麼樣的仗，就要創新什麼樣的戰法；創新不了戰法，就難以打贏未來的戰爭。

作戰條令實質上就是解決如何打仗、怎麼打贏的問題，是對軍事戰略方針的細化、深化和具體化。《中國人民解放軍聯合作戰綱要（試行）》（以下簡稱《綱要》）深入研究未來戰爭特點規律，准確把握我軍機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展的時代特征，通過對未來作戰的前瞻性具象化設計，將新時代軍事戰略方針的精神實質和內容要求具體落實到部隊備戰打仗實踐中去。

《綱要》既是備戰指導綱要，更是聯戰勝戰綱要。

2021年新春伊始，東部戰區某區域，正在組織一場多軍種多方向成體系實戰化訓練。此次演練，在新出台的《綱要》引領下，陸海空天網電全域聯動，政治輿論密切配合，從作戰准備到態勢塑造再到任務實施，全流程信息主導，各單位密切協同，以雷霆萬鈞之勢彰顯了維護國家統一的堅定決心和強大能力，也見證了我軍聯合作戰由“形聯”到“神聯”的蛻變。

西部方向，2021年仲春午夜，一陣急促的警鈴聲響起，根據西部戰區空軍某基地等級轉進指令，陸軍某防空營官兵迅速奔向戰位，等級轉進時間進一步縮短。按照統一部署，戰區空軍責任區內，10余支陸軍防空力量成建制進入空軍指揮鏈條，打破軍種信息壁壘，實現共享預警信息、共同擔負戰備值班，初步形成聯合防空作戰體系。“你借我‘天眼’，我助你‘鐵拳’”，跨軍兵種的一體化聯合防空作戰邁出了新步伐，進入了新階段。

北部方向，2021年盛夏之初，戰鷹翱翔，鐵流滾滾，一場以空地聯合為主題的演習正在火熱進行。根據計劃，北部戰區空軍某指揮所與陸軍某集團軍共同組織軍旅兩級指揮所演習，研究探索聯合指揮機構編成，檢驗指揮所人員一體化聯合作戰指揮能力。情報分析處理、聯合火力打擊、綜合後裝保障等環節協同籌劃、一體展開，指揮機構人員一體編設、要素齊全。在一次次聯戰聯訓的淬煉下，以戰領訓、以訓載戰進一步落地落實，各軍兵種指揮員的聯合作戰指揮能力得到明顯提升。

南海方向，戰鷹呼嘯、攻勢凌厲，蛟龍出動、蹈海踏浪，雷達飛轉、導彈昂首……在戰區聯指的統一指揮下，各任務部隊一體聯動、密切協同，迅速構建起多域聯合、攻防兼備、梯次部署的戰場布勢，采取集中指揮與分散指揮相結合的方式，靈活機動開展海空護航和威懾驅離，有理有力有節，有效維護了南海的和平與安寧。

《綱要》施行一年來，備戰打仗的導向更加鮮明堅定，戰斗力這個唯一的根本的標准樹得更牢，練兵備戰作為部隊主責主業更加突出，研戰謀戰作為官兵第一責任更加清晰，聯戰勝戰的思路舉措越來越見成效，全軍持續掀起練兵備戰新的熱潮。

與時俱進，釐清新時代聯合作戰新機理

“凡益之道，與時偕行。”

軍事理論家杜黑曾言：“勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生再去適應的人微笑。”

放眼世界，大國博弈斗爭加劇，戰爭威脅現實存在，戰爭形態持續演進，新軍事變革蓬勃發展，武器裝備隱身化、無人化、智能化成為主流趨勢，戰場空間向全域全維拓展，作戰力量一體聯動成為常態，作戰指揮、行動和支援保障更趨精細，打贏未來戰爭需要更加先進的作戰理論支撐。

作戰理念的差距才是根本的差距，作戰理論的落後才是最大的落後。當現代化戰爭在世界洶湧澎湃的時候，最需要的是更新銳、更勇敢的頭腦。

以《綱要》為統領的新時代作戰條令，堅持把習近平軍事戰略思想、新時代軍事戰略方針作為魂和綱，深刻把握國家安全新變化、作戰對手新調整、戰略布局新設計、積極防御新內涵、作戰指導新發展，將統帥認知戰爭、指導戰爭的原則和方法，物化為部隊具體執行的規范標准，推進我軍聯合作戰邁向更高層次。

——全維度闡述了信息化條件下戰爭指導的時代內涵。

《綱要》瞄准打贏未來高端戰爭，准確把握未來武裝沖突門檻降低、戰爭界限模糊，戰爭領域與其他領域的斗爭相互影響增效日漸突出等特點，強化作戰行動的政治、社會屬性，創新發展軍事斗爭范式模式，強調依托國家一體化戰略體系和能力，強調戰與非戰多域融合，強調軍事與政治、外交、經濟、文化等多手段綜合施策，發揮黨政軍警民整體優勢，反映了現代戰爭理念和打贏新時代人民戰爭、總體戰的戰爭指導。

——全要素規范了我軍聯合作戰行動樣式和行動方法。

《綱要》立足我軍擔負任務和建設發展實際，對未來可能實施的聯合作戰樣式進行了系統闡述，覆蓋各戰略方向核心使命，遍及陸、海、空、天、網絡和電磁多維空間。同時，還創造性地總結歸納了聯合作戰基本行動類型，將貫穿聯合作戰始終並具有共性特征的基本行動突出出來，形成全要素全領域聯合行動的閉環鏈路。

——全流程設計了聯合作戰指揮體系及組織運行方式。

聯合作戰組織實施復雜度極高、難度極大，能否在力量上“合”、行動上“聯”、效能上“優”，關鍵要看指揮上能否實現“統”。《綱要》圍繞打造堅強高效的聯合作戰指揮機構，緊密結合軍委、戰區聯指運行模式機制，充分考慮到既順應改革大方向和總要求，又為實際中靈活編組留有余地，重點解決聯合作戰指揮體系構建、指揮權責界面區分、軍種融入聯合體系等重大問題，確保千軍萬馬在統一號令下聯合行動。

以聯為綱，推動新時代聯合訓練新躍升

一引其綱，萬目皆張。習主席在中央軍委軍事訓練會議上強調，要強化聯合訓練，堅持以聯為綱，發展我軍特色聯合訓練體系，加速提升一體化聯合作戰能力。仗怎麼打、兵就怎麼練，打仗需要什麼、部隊就應該練什麼。當今世界一流軍隊，無不把提高聯合訓練水平視為戰爭准備的第一要務。

《綱要》是新時代作戰條令的開篇之作，也是新時代聯合訓練轉型的指向遵循。《綱要》指引著方向，《綱要》激發著活力，催生了新時代聯合訓練的新格局。

——寓戰於訓，呈現訓備“一體態”。

台灣海峽，海空編隊實施聯合戰備警巡，檢驗提升多軍兵種聯合作戰能力，時刻保持高度戒備狀態，堅決捍衛國家主權和領土完整。演練准備就是作戰准備，演練狀態就是作戰狀態，聯合演兵不再是單純的訓練活動，已經成為推進備戰、提升能力的准備過程。聯合訓練這個充滿力量的“源頭”“干流”，正在牽引、帶動軍事斗爭准備深入推進、蓬勃發展，充分釋放以訓載戰、以訓促備的作用功效。

——體系實訓，成為聯訓“新常態”。

“東部”“南部”“西部”“北部”“中部”，各戰區組織的一場場聯合實兵演習，“跨越”“機動”“紅劍”“天劍”“聯勤使命”，各軍兵種組織的系列體系化演訓，覆蓋了全季節、全天候、全地域。軍委機關、戰區、軍兵種分工負責，整體化設計、體系化組織，從上到下逐級分解，從下向上逐級集成，帶動聯合作戰體系運轉檢驗。聯合演訓、體系練兵呈現新氣象，練兵備戰模式出現新變化，我軍聯合訓練進入了全方位變革、整體性提升的新階段。

——中外聯訓，突顯聯演“融合態”。

賀蘭山下，青銅峽大漠腹地，“西部·聯合-2021”中俄聯演炮聲隆隆。此次聯演，中俄兩軍混合編組、合帳籌劃，雙方態勢共享、密切協同、聯合行動，演練聯合防空、聯合破障、聯合立體奪要等20余個課目，在中俄深度融合的作戰體系支撐下，實現聯演聯訓的新突破。 “海上聯合”“共同命運”“和平使命”……以中外聯訓為“窗口”，中國軍隊聯合訓練的新變化正在向世界精彩呈現。

——新域精訓，展現研戰“開放態”。

一場場聯合演練活動中，水下無人“魚群”、陸上無人“狼群”、空中無人“蜂群”開始真正湧現，陸航、特戰、電抗、無人、網絡、空天等新域新質力量，深度融入聯合作戰體系，深度進入聯合演練流程，精細構設現實作戰場景，精准實驗現代戰爭組織管理。作為備戰打仗最活躍的實踐領域，聯合訓練以創新、開放的姿態，朝著《綱要》指出的新型作戰領域，大膽嘗試、闊步前進。

戰建一體，塑造新時代體系建設新格局

習主席強調指出，要堅持以戰領建，加強戰建統籌，抓緊推進戰略性、引領性、基礎性重大工程，加快打造高水平戰略威懾和聯合作戰體系。

聯合作戰體系建設上的“患”，如不加快解決，一旦欠賬“復息”疊加，就將成為明天戰場上的“痛”。《綱要》從戰的角度，校准建的“准星”，堅定地指向軍隊建設正確的方向。

——校准建設“准星”指向聯合作戰所需。

在《綱要》指引下，聯合理念逐步確立，軍兵種行動“配合”、作戰域能力“整合”的壁壘逐漸被打破，陸、海、空、火等軍兵種並域聯合，太空、網絡、電磁空間等作戰域跨域融合逐步成為現實。以網絡信息體系為支撐，以作戰數據信息為紐帶，構建起全時暢通的指揮鏈路。系統內聯各作戰分中心，下接各作戰群（隊）指揮所，必要時直達單兵平台末端，實現聯合指揮到底到邊。各行動力量圍繞整體意圖共同發力，實現了聯合作戰理念以作戰力量“軍種屬性”為著眼，向以“作戰域”歸屬為著眼的轉變，成為未來聯合作戰的主要特征。拿著《綱要》研打仗、謀打仗、練打仗，在全軍上下蔚然成風。

——校准建設“准星”指向體系短板弱項。

以《綱要》為依據，我軍堅持繼承與創新、理論與實踐相結合，創新設計未來戰爭制勝之策，注重突出問題導向，植苗扎根練兵備戰，推進聯合作戰指揮體系建設、新型作戰力量建設，有效解決了軍事斗爭准備的突出短板弱項。2021年5月中旬，北部戰區黨委召開專題議戰會，對照《綱要》深入查找聯合作戰研究、指控模式轉變、聯合處置層次、高效指揮能力等方面的矛盾問題，依據《綱要》優化體系支撐、改進指控方法、完善指揮手段，推動了戰區聯指中心運行模式轉變和指揮效能提升。放眼全軍，類似的做法越來越多，參照《綱要》顧近及遠找差距、找思路、找方法，成為各層級各領域謀劃推動建設的新主流。

——校准建設“准星”指向制衡強敵所急。

落實以戰領建、戰建統籌，既要立足解決當前實際問題，又要注重解決長遠發展問題。《綱要》錨定未來制強勝強，蘊含著建設世界一流軍隊的深遠謀劃。以《綱要》為引領，著眼戰爭形態之變、科技發展之變，制衡強敵非對稱手段建設迎來了質的飛越。一批批新型無人機、新式直升機等先進武器裝備試驗列裝，一系列高新技術裝備部署研發，我們勝戰的底氣更足、能力更強。《綱要》濃縮了歷史智慧的“戰爭法典”，也融匯了新時代建設一流、制勝未來的勝戰之道。

“卻顧所來徑，蒼蒼橫翠微。”《綱要》施行一年來，新時代作戰條令正在為構建我軍特色的聯合作戰體系釋能增效。

新時代新征程，我軍聯合作戰之路必將更加寬廣，捍衛國家戰略發展利益的能力必將更加強大，打贏未來信息化戰爭的信心必將更加堅定，建設世界一流軍隊的偉大目標必將全面實現。

“有一根弦我們緊繃著，有一種使命我們肩扛著，有一片風浪我們緊盯著……我們時刻准備著！”

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/qwfb/4902340888.html

#Chinese #Navy, #Chinese Military Joint Oprations, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #Distributed Maritime Operations, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Maritime Operations, People's Liberation Navy

What are the Advantages of Chinese Navy Distributed Maritime Operations?

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中國海軍分散式海上作戰有哪些優勢？

現代英語：

In recent years, with the development of intelligent unmanned technology, the navies of developed countries in the world have proposed the concept of “distributed lethality” with surface ships as the main body, aiming to achieve distributed maritime operations and gain battlefield advantages. Distributed maritime operations aim to integrate combat platforms in multiple domains, build an all-round three-dimensional situational awareness network, and form a seamlessly linked combat system of manned platforms and distributed unmanned platforms through communication networks throughout various domains and an integrated command and control system, thereby improving the overall combat and strike effectiveness.

The concept of distributed maritime operations

Distributed maritime operations are the integration and expansion of combat concepts such as “distributed lethality” and “manned-unmanned collaborative operations”. The main idea is that large-scale, multi-purpose, high-value combat platforms are no longer required to independently complete diversified combat missions, but rather the main combat capabilities such as reconnaissance, command, strike, and interference are dispersedly deployed on various heterogeneous unmanned platforms in various combat domains. A highly resilient combat system is formed by the fusion of a small number of manned platforms and a large number of distributed unmanned platforms, which can complete various complex combat missions through efficient, precise, and real-time collaboration. This combat system includes a small number of high-value manned platforms and a large number of low-cost unmanned platforms. The manned platforms serve as battlefield decision makers, responsible for relatively complex tasks such as combat plan planning and combat mission allocation and implementation; the unmanned platforms are used to perform relatively dangerous or simple tasks such as situational awareness and fire strikes. Manned/unmanned platforms work closely together to complete combat missions.

The essence of distributed maritime operations is to seamlessly link and organically integrate high-value manned platforms and low-cost unmanned platforms at sea, and to achieve common operational goals through high information sharing, precise task aggregation, and efficient operational coordination. It has the remarkable characteristics of on-demand sharing of operational information, deep integration of operational tasks, precise planning of operational resources, and optimized organization of operational processes. Through manned/unmanned distributed coordination, a new type of efficient maritime combat system can be formed that complements each other’s strengths, integrates functions, and has complementary capabilities. Distributed maritime operations highlight the combinability, consumability, and “decentralization” of force utilization, and focus on the deep embedding and comprehensive application of artificial intelligence technology, which can enhance the resilience of the combat system and promote the development of joint global operations in the maritime direction towards intelligence.

Typical characteristics of distributed maritime operations

At present, intelligent unmanned equipment is developing rapidly, and is increasingly possessing advantages such as human-equipment integration, cross-domain coordination, cluster confrontation, and autonomous combat. Distributed maritime combat is accelerating to present typical characteristics such as wide-area distribution coordination, cross-domain multi-dimensional integration, and manned and unmanned integration.

Wide-area distributed coordination. Wide-area distributed coordination means that various combat elements or combat resources can be adaptively optimized and combined and dispatched according to the battlefield situation, so as to realize the precise energy concentration and release of the combat system. The first is the distributed deployment of the combat system. In distributed maritime operations, the combat space is deeply embedded in various combat domains, and the combat forces can be distributed and deployed in a decentralized wide area. The second is the intelligent reconstruction of the combat system. The combat system is lighter, more capable, and more agile, and its battlefield environment adaptability and system dynamic optimization and reconstruction capabilities are significantly enhanced, and it can quickly and flexibly adjust the required combat forces and battlefield resources. The third is the concentrated release of combat energy. The combat system can achieve rapid mobility, real-time response and coordinated operations of various combat platforms and combat forces in the global combat space through semi-autonomous or autonomous coordinated control of equipment, ensuring the precise concentration and release of combat forces.

Cross-domain multi-dimensional integration. Distributed maritime operations transform the centralized combat group mode into a distributed, agile combat mode. Various combat units are distributed in multiple combat domains, which can realize the monitoring and positioning of cross-domain targets, and then implement effective strikes. The first is the cross-domain integration of combat forces. The combat forces deployed in multiple domains will be dynamically networked through intelligent systems to form a cross-domain combat system. The second is the seamless connection between strategy, campaign, and tactics. New domain and new quality combat forces will directly participate in intelligent naval warfare as the main combat role, achieving comprehensive coverage from strategy to campaign, seamless connection from campaign to tactics, giving birth to a new quality combat capability of rapid assault, multi-dimensional integration, and full-domain offense and defense, and realizing cross-domain coordinated strikes on combat targets.

Manned and unmanned are one. Distributed maritime operations can rely on a large number of intelligent unmanned equipment to form a “manned-unmanned” joint strike system with high autonomy and coordination. By accelerating the development of unmanned equipment such as ship-borne drones, surface unmanned boats, and underwater unmanned vehicles, long-, medium-, and short-range echelon configurations can be achieved, and cross-domain integration of unmanned equipment such as air, surface, underwater, and land can be achieved. The unmanned and manned equipment systems are seamlessly integrated, and the mission domain is expanded from information assurance to firepower strikes. This will promote changes in maritime combat styles, accelerate the formation of new combat styles such as manned system collaborative operations, unmanned system single operations, unmanned system cluster operations, and frontier preset operations, and achieve a subversion of traditional manned combat styles.

The winning mechanism of distributed maritime operations

The reason why major scientific and technological progress can promote the evolution of the war situation is largely because it has profoundly changed the mechanism of winning wars. At present, cutting-edge technology has significantly improved the level of equipment intelligence, profoundly changed the combat power generation mode, and accelerated the evolution of the mechanism of winning naval battles.

“Distributed interconnection, human-machine collaboration” wins. The distributed, intelligent, and networked command information system built on cloud computing, data chain, Internet of Things and other technologies has brought profound changes to modern naval warfare. Supported by the cloud edge, the command information system realizes real-time interaction between various combat platforms through high-speed and secure network connections, significantly improving the information interconnection, interoperability and interoperability between different combat platforms; it can efficiently analyze and process massive battlefield information, accurately judge the battlefield situation, and transform combat command to an intelligent decision-making method centered on “data, algorithms and models”; commanders at each node share information in real time in the cloud network, synchronously judge the situation, and coordinate command, so that command and control activities are concise and optimized, and combat decisions are more efficient and accurate. In addition, under “distributed interconnection”, intelligent unmanned combat has developed from a single platform to a multi-platform cluster, and from remote-controlled combat to semi-autonomous and autonomous combat. Multiple “single-person-single-machine” command chains running in parallel have gradually formed a single simple command chain of “commander-unmanned combat cluster”. Through the efficient and autonomous coordination of manned platforms and unmanned platforms and their clusters, the combat potential of intelligent unmanned equipment can be fully activated, and the advantages of various advanced equipment can be maximized.

“Algorithm-driven, fast and accurate cognition” wins. In intelligent warfare, advanced algorithms replace commanders’ thinking through precise and high-speed calculations, promoting the accelerated integration of rational combat knowledge and emotional commander experience. With advanced algorithms, we can quickly and accurately understand the situation on the naval battlefield, and then accurately and quickly plan scientific and feasible combat plans for changes in the situation on the naval battlefield, disrupting the opponent’s established deployment and combat intentions. Algorithms can effectively process massive amounts of high-value intelligence information and increase the speed of the “OODA” cycle. Mastering the advantages of algorithms can achieve fast and accurate cognition of the enemy’s situation, our situation, and the battlefield environment, thereby accurately predicting the enemy’s combat actions and innovating and optimizing our own action plans in a targeted manner.

“Cloud brain support, network failure and disconnection” will win. In distributed maritime operations, the command and control system will operate in a collaborative way of “human brain + cloud brain”, and the intelligent advantage will become an “advanced” advantage based on information advantage, and “network failure and disconnection” will become one of the main patterns of maritime operations. On the one hand, unmanned intelligent combat actions supported by cloud brain will penetrate the entire process of operations. In distributed maritime operations, the collaborative mode of “human brain + cloud brain” runs through all aspects of operations such as intelligent assisted command decision-making, automatic intelligence reconnaissance, automatic combat planning, autonomous precision strikes, and intelligent logistics support. On the other hand, targeting the intelligent ubiquitous network structure covering the entire domain and multiple dimensions, using intelligent equipment or means to attack key nodes and hubs such as its reconnaissance and surveillance network, information transmission network, command and control network, and comprehensive support network can paralyze its combat network system.

“Cross-domain integration, integrated energy release” wins. Distributed maritime operations will leap from integrated joint operations under information conditions to autonomous cross-domain collaborative operations under intelligent conditions. Different types of new-quality combat capabilities will be integrated and coordinated across domains, and flexibly and accurately integrated to release combat effectiveness. On the one hand, relying on the cross-domain, distributed, and networked collaborative combat system supported by the cloud edge, through the cross-domain mobility of the main combat platform, the cross-domain complementation of equipment functions, the cross-domain sharing of information and intelligence, the cross-domain coordination of combat command, the cross-domain response of mission actions, and the cross-domain interconnection of channel links, a variety of new-quality combat capabilities can be efficiently linked. On the other hand, cross-domain integration highlights the close coordination between the main domain master control and cross-domain support. For example, the navy will be the main control force in maritime offensive and defensive operations, and other forces will implement cross-domain coordinated support through the integration of air and space, sea and space, and network and space.

“Strike at acupoints and lure at agglomeration” to win. Distributed maritime operations will transform from traditional concentrated annihilation warfare to precise strike at acupoints, and high-value targets will face the threat of long-range autonomous precision strikes from intelligent combat equipment; from traditional large-scale manned attrition warfare to global unmanned cluster lure warfare, and important strategic targets will face the threat of saturation attacks and deceptive strikes from low-cost unmanned clusters. In the process of distributed maritime operations, unmanned equipment such as drones and unmanned submarines can be deployed to form a widely distributed, self-organized and coordinated reconnaissance network. Through autonomous reconnaissance, identification and strike actions, long-range and precise attacks can be carried out on the opponent’s high-value targets. Under the condition of minimizing collateral damage as much as possible, the opponent’s hand-wave network can be paralyzed from top to bottom to destroy its command system. Under the intelligent ubiquitous network system, based on the self-organized “swarm” combat of large-scale machine intelligent agents, full coverage reconnaissance of the opponent’s core area can be achieved, deceiving and luring the enemy, and consuming the opponent’s combat resources to the maximum extent.

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2024年8月15日 星期四

邱志明

近年來，隨著智慧無人技術的發展，世界發達國家海軍提出以水面艦艇為主體的「分散式殺傷」概念，意在實現分散式海上作戰，獲得戰場優勢。分散式海上作戰旨在融合多域空間的作戰平台，構建全方位立體式的態勢感知網，透過遍布各域的通訊網絡和一體化的指揮控制系統，形成有人平台與分散式無人平台無縫鉸鏈的作戰體系，從而提高整體作戰與打擊效能。

分散式海上作戰的概念內涵

分散式海上作戰是「分散式殺傷性」與「有人無人協同作戰」等作戰理念的融合與拓展，主要思路是不再由大型的、集多用途於一體的高價值作戰平台獨立完成多樣化作戰任務，而是將偵察、指揮、打擊、幹擾等主要作戰能力分散部署到各類作戰域的多異構體作戰平台上，由少量平台和海量協同發展為一般人的綜合設施，通過大量的綜合操作，有人這個作戰體系包括少量高價值有人平台和大量低成本無人平台，其中有人平台作為戰場決策者，負責作戰方案籌劃以及作戰任務分配和實施等相對復雜的任務；無人平台用於執行態勢感知、火力打擊等相對危險或簡單的任務，有人/無人密切協同完成作戰任務。

分散式海上作戰的本質是將海上高價值有人平台與低成本無人平台無縫鉸鏈與有機融合，透過高度的資訊共享、精準的任務聚合、高效的作戰協同來實現共同的作戰目標，具有作戰資訊按需共享、作戰任務深度整合、作戰資源精準規劃、作戰過程優化組織等顯著特點。透過有人/無人分散式協同，可以形成取長補短、功能銜接、能力相濟的新型海上高效作戰體系。分散式海上作戰突顯了兵力運用的可組合性、可消耗性和“去中心化”，注重人工智慧技術深度嵌入與全面應用，可以提升作戰體系韌性，推動實現海上方向聯合全局作戰向智能化方向發展。

分散式海上作戰的典型特徵

當前，智慧無人裝備加速發展，日益具備人裝融合、跨域協同、群集對抗、自主作戰等優勢，分散式海上作戰加速呈現廣域分佈協同、跨域多維融合、有人無人一體等典型特徵。

廣域分佈協同。廣域分佈協同是指，各作戰要素或作戰資源能根據戰場態勢進行自適應優化組合與調度，實現作戰體系精確聚能釋能。一是作戰體系分散部署。分散式海上作戰，作戰空間深度嵌入各個作戰域，作戰力量能夠進行分散式廣域分佈與部署。二是作戰體系智能重構。作戰體系更為輕便、精幹、靈敏，戰場環境自適應能力與體係動態優化重組能力顯著增強，能快速靈活調整所需作戰兵力與戰場資源。三是作戰能量集中釋放。作戰體系能夠透過裝備半自主或自主協調控制，實現全域作戰空間內各種作戰平台、作戰力量的快速機動、即時反應和協同作戰，確保作戰力量的精確集中能。

跨域多維融合。分散式海上作戰將集中式的戰鬥群模式轉變為分散式、敏捷式作戰模式，各種作戰單元分佈於多個作戰域，可實現對跨域目標的監視、定位，進而實施有效打擊。一是作戰力量跨域融合。將分散部署在多個領域的作戰力量，透過智慧系統進行動態組網，形成跨域作戰體系。二是戰略、戰役、戰術無縫連結。新域新質作戰力量將作為主戰角色直接參與到智能化海戰中，實現從戰略到戰役的全面覆蓋，從戰役到戰術的無縫鏈接，催生快速突擊、多維一體、全局攻防的新質戰鬥力，實現對作戰目標的跨域協同打擊。

有人無人一體。分散式海上作戰可以依賴大量智慧無人裝備，形成一個「有人-無人」聯合打擊體系，具有很高的自主性與協同性。通過加快推進艦載無人機、水面無人艇、水下無人航行器等無人裝備發展，實現遠、中、近程梯次配置，空中、水面、水下、陸岸等無人裝備跨域集成，無人與有人裝備體系無縫融合，任務領域從信息保障擴展到火力打擊領域，助推海上作戰樣式變革，加速形成系統協同作戰系統、獨立作戰系統

分散式海上作戰的致勝機理

科技的重大進步之所以能推動戰爭形態的演變，很大程度上在於深刻改變了戰爭制勝機理。當前，前沿技術顯著提升了裝備智慧化水平，深刻改變了戰鬥力生成模式，加速海戰制勝機理發生嬗變。

「分佈互聯，人機協同」制勝。依托雲計算、數據鏈、物聯網等技術打造的分散式、智慧化、網路化指揮資訊系統，為現代海戰帶來了深刻變革。指揮資訊系統在雲邊端支撐下，通過高速、安全的網絡連接，實現各作戰平台間的實時交互，明顯提升了不同作戰平台間的信息互聯互通互通能力；能夠高效分析處理海量戰場信息，精準研判戰場態勢，作戰指揮向“以數據、算法和模型為中心”的智能化決策方式此外，在「分散互聯」下，智慧無人作戰由單平台向多平台集群方向發展，由遙控作戰向半自主、自主作戰方向演進，由多條並行運行的「單人-單機」指揮鏈逐步形成「指揮員-無人作戰的集群」的單一簡易指揮鏈，通過有人平台與無人平台及其集群的高效自主協同，充分激活智能化的潛力裝備，高級平台及其集群的高效自主協同，充分激活智能設備的高級設備。

「演算法驅動，快準認知」制勝。智慧化戰爭，先進的演算法透過精確、高速的運算取代指揮人員的思考，推動理性的作戰知識與感性的指揮者經驗加速融合。擁有先進的演算法，便能又快又準地實現對海戰場態勢的認知，進而針對海戰場態勢變化準確、快速地籌劃出科學可行的作戰方案，打亂對手既定部署和作戰企圖。演算法能有效處理大量高價值情報訊息，提升「OODA」循環速度。掌握演算法優勢即可實現對敵情、我情以及戰場環境又快又準的認知，從而準確地預測敵方作戰行動，有針對性地創新優化己方行動方案。

「雲腦支撐，癱網斷鏈」制勝。分散式海上作戰，指揮控制系統將以「人腦+雲腦」的協作方式運行，智慧優勢成為以資訊優勢為基礎的「進階」優勢，「癱網斷鏈」成為海上作戰主要樣式之一。一方面，在雲腦支撐下的無人智慧作戰行動將滲透到作戰的全流程。分散式海上作戰中，「人腦+雲腦」的協作方式貫穿智慧輔助指揮決策、自動情報偵察、自動作戰規劃、自主精確打擊、智慧後勤保障等作戰全環節。另一方面，針對覆蓋全球多維的智慧化泛在網絡結構，運用智慧化裝備或手段對其偵察監視網、資訊傳輸網、指揮控製網、綜合保障網等關鍵節點與樞紐部分實施攻擊，可使其作戰網絡體系癱瘓失能。

「跨域融合，整合釋能」制勝。分散式海上作戰將由資訊化條件下的一體化聯合作戰躍升到智能化條件下的自主跨域協同作戰，不同類型的新質作戰能力跨域融合、協同聯動，並靈活精準地集成釋放作戰效能。一方面，以雲邊端支撐下的跨領域、分散式、網絡化的協同作戰系統為依托，透過主戰平台跨域機動、裝備功能跨域互補、資訊情報跨域共享、作戰指揮跨域協同、任務行動跨域響應、通道鏈路跨域聯通，實現多種新質作戰能力的高效聯動。另一方面，跨域融合凸顯主域主控與跨域支援的緊密配合。例如，海上攻防作戰將以海軍為主控力量，其他力量透過空天一體、海天一體、網天一體運用，實施跨域協同支援。

「點穴打擊，集群誘耗」制勝。分散式海上作戰將從傳統的集中殲滅戰向精確的點穴打擊戰轉化，高價值的目標將面臨智慧化作戰裝備的遠程自主精準打擊威脅；從傳統的規模化有人消耗戰向全局的無人集群誘耗戰轉化，重要的戰略目標將面臨低成本無人集群的飽和攻擊與誘騙打擊威脅。分散式海上作戰過程中，可投放無人機、無人潛航器等無人裝備，形成廣域分佈、自組織協同的偵察網絡，通過自主偵察、判別和打擊行動，對對手高價值目標實施遠程精準攻擊，在盡可能減少附帶損傷的情況下，自上而下癱瘓對手指揮網絡，破壞其指揮體系。在智慧泛在網絡體系下，基於大規模機器智能體自組織的「蜂群」作戰，可實現對對手核心區域的全覆蓋偵察，進行欺騙誘敵，最大限度地誘耗對手作戰資源。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-08-15&paperNumber=07&articleid=937599888

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Chinese Military’s Brief Analysis of Multi-dimensional Central Warfare

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中國軍隊多維中心戰淺析

現代英語：

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

Source: Guangming Military

Since the 1990s, the concepts of multi-dimensional central warfare, such as network-centric warfare, personnel-centric warfare, action-centric warfare, and decision-centric warfare, have been proposed one after another. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare reflects the overall goal of seeking advantages such as platform effectiveness, information empowerment, and decision-making intelligence by relying on military science and technology advantages, and also reflects the contradictory and unified relationship between people and equipment, strategy and skills, and the strange and the normal. Dialectically understanding these contradictory and unified relationships with centralized structured thinking makes it easier to grasp the essential connotation of its tactics and its methodological significance.

Strengthen the integration of the “human” dimension in the combination of people and equipment

The concepts of personnel-centric warfare and platform-centric warfare largely reflect the relationship between people and weapons and equipment. Some have specially formulated human dimension strategies, emphasizing continuous investment in the human dimension of combat effectiveness, which is the most reliable guarantee for dealing with an uncertain future. Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the rapid development of intelligent weapons and equipment, unmanned combat has emerged, and voices questioning the status and role of people have arisen one after another. It is imperative to strengthen the integration of the human dimension and enhance the synergy of the human dimension.

First, we need to enhance spiritual cohesion. Marxism believes that consciousness is the reflection of objective matter in the human mind. Tactics are the expression and summary of combat experience, and they themselves have spiritual or conscious forms. When studying tactics, we naturally need to put spiritual factors first. Some scholars believe that war is still fundamentally a contest of human will. In the information age, people’s spirits are richer and more complex, and enhancing the spiritual cohesion of the human dimension is more challenging and difficult. To enhance people’s spiritual cohesion, we need to coordinate the cultivation of collective spirit and individual spirit, maximize the satisfaction of individual spiritual needs in leading the collective spirit, realize individual spiritual pursuits in shaping the value of collective spirit, and empower people’s spirit with all available and useful information; we need to coordinate the cultivation of critical spirit and innovative spirit, adhere to the tactical epistemology of dialectical materialism, resolutely oppose idealism and mechanism in tactical cognition, and constantly inherit and innovate in criticism; we need to coordinate the cultivation of fighting spirit and scientific spirit, and promote the revolutionary spirit of facing death with courage and winning, and promote the spirit of winning by science and technology.

The second is to enhance the organizational structure. Organizations are the organs of the military, and people are the cells of the organization. The settings of military organizations in different countries have their own characteristics and commonalities. For example, the Ministry of National Defense is generally set up to distinguish between the structure of military branches, hierarchical structures and regional structures, and to distinguish between peacetime and wartime organizations. Although the purpose of construction and war is the same, the requirements for the unity of construction and the flexibility of war are different. To enhance the organizational structure and promote the consistency of war and construction, it is necessary to smooth the vertical command chain, reasonably define the command power and leadership power, command power and control power, so that the government and orders complement each other, and enhance the vertical structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to open up horizontal coordination channels, explore the establishment of normalized cross-domain (organizations, institutions, departments) coordination channels, change the simple task-based coordination model, and enhance the horizontal structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to improve the peace-war conversion mechanism, focus on the organization connection, adjustment and improvement in the change of leadership or command power of the troops, and maintain the stability and reliability of the organizational structure network.

The third is to enhance material support. The spiritual strength of people in combat can be transformed into material strength, but spiritual strength cannot be separated from the support of material strength. To enhance material support and thus realize the organic unity of material and spirit, it is necessary to ensure combat equipment, bedding, food, and medical care, build good learning venues, training facilities, and re-education channels, provide good technical services in combat regulations, physiological medicine, etc., help design diversified and personalized capacity improvement plans and career development plans, and provide strong material and technical support for the development of people’s physical fitness, skills, and intelligence, and thus comprehensively improve people’s adaptability and combat effectiveness in the uncertain battlefield environment of the future.
             

Deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension in the combination of combat and skills

The combination of combat skills is an important principle of tactical application. The technology includes not only the technology at the practical operation level (such as shooting technology), but also the technology at the theoretical application level (such as information technology). It can be said that tactics, technology, art and procedures together constitute its “combat methodology”. Scientific and technological development and scientific technology are important characteristics of scientific and technological development. To deepen the combination of combat skills, it is necessary to correctly grasp the relationship between technology and tactics, art and procedures, and continuously deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension.

First, promote the tacticalization of advanced technology. Technology determines tactics, which is the basic view of dialectical materialism’s tactical theory. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare is also an example of technology driving the development and change of tactics. Engels once pointed out: “The entire organization and combat methods of the army and the related victory or defeat… depend on the quality and quantity of the population and on technology.” However, technology-driven tactics have a “lag effect”, especially in the absence of actual combat traction. This requires actively promoting the military transformation of advanced civilian technologies and the tactical application of advanced military technologies. On the one hand, we must actively introduce advanced civilian technologies, especially accelerate the introduction and absorption of cutting-edge technologies such as deep neural networks and quantum communication computing; on the other hand, we must strengthen tactical training of advanced technology equipment, closely combine technical training with tactical training, and promote the formation of new tactics and new combat capabilities with new equipment as soon as possible.

Second, promote the technicalization of command art. “Art” is a highly subjective concept. Some Chinese and foreign scholars believe that “the art of command is rooted in the commander’s ability to implement leadership to maximize performance”, while others believe that “the art of command is the way and method for commanders to implement flexible, clever and creative command”. Chinese and foreign scholars generally regard command as an art. The main reason is that although command has objective basis and support such as combat regulations, superior orders and technical support, the more critical factor lies in the commander’s subjective initiative and creativity, which is difficult to quantify by technical means. With the development of disciplines and technologies such as cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience, the cognitive structure and mechanism of command will become more explicit, the mysterious veil of “command art” will gradually fade, and the technicalization of command art will become an inevitable trend. This requires continuous strengthening of technical thinking, continuous deepening of the construction of artificial intelligence-assisted command decision-making means, continuous deepening of the application of human brain decision-making mechanisms, practical use of technology to deconstruct art, and continuous promotion of the technicalization of command art.

The third is to promote the regulation of combat technology. Many scholars place technology on a position that is almost as important as tactics. This insistence on the integrated development of tactical regulation and the regulation of specialized military technology and special combat technology is an important way to promote the systematic and standardized construction of combat regulations and further achieve the integration and unification of tactics and technology at the legal level.
              

Seeking the advantage of the “odd” dimension in combining the odd and the regular

The odd and the even are a basic contradictory structure of tactics, with inherent identity. Without the odd, there is no even, and without the even, there is no odd; either the odd or the even, ever-changing. The choice of the odd and the even is the category of decision-centered warfare, and the application of the odd and the even is the category of action-centered warfare. In the 1990s, the theories of asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare were proposed. If “symmetric warfare, contact warfare, and linear warfare” are even, then “asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare” can be called odd. From the perspective of natural science, “symmetry, contact, and linear” are general, and “asymmetry, non-contact, and non-linear” are detailed. It is an inevitable requirement to grasp the dimension of “odd” in the combination of odd, odd, and even, and to seek the advantages of the “three nons”.

First, seek “asymmetric” advantages. “Symmetry” and “asymmetry” originally refer to the morphological characteristics of things or space. Symmetrical warfare is a battle between two troops of the same type, and asymmetric warfare is a battle between two different types of troops. The theory of asymmetric warfare requires the scientific and reasonable organization of troops, combat forces and weapon systems of different military services, deployment in a wide area, and the concentration of superior forces to deal a fatal blow to the enemy at the best combat opportunity, and then quickly redeploy the forces. Due to the limited combat power, the troops have positive asymmetric advantages and negative asymmetric disadvantages. Seeking asymmetric advantages and avoiding asymmetric disadvantages is the common expectation of the warring parties, which will lead to such a situation that the warring parties cycle back and forth between symmetry and asymmetry. Therefore, to seek “asymmetric” advantages, it is necessary to seek asymmetry in combat power, combat capability, combat command and other aspects, adhere to and carry forward “avoid the strong and attack the weak, avoid the real and attack the virtual”, “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and effectively play advantages and avoid disadvantages in asymmetry. For example, when weapons and equipment are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in personnel capabilities; when forces are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in command art.

The second is to seek “non-contact” advantages. “Contact” and “non-contact” are a description of the distance between different things. Contact in the military field is usually defined by the projection distance of weapons. The concept of “non-contact combat” originated from World War II and was created during the Cold War. The connotation of contact combat and non-contact combat changes with the change of the striking distance of weapons and equipment. The warring parties always seek to attack each other at a farther distance or in a wider space without being threatened. Since the 1990s, the theory of “non-contact combat” has been used in many local wars. Non-contact combat is a combat action style that implements long-range precision strikes outside the defense zone while being far away from the opponent. Non-contact combat embodies the idea of winning by technology, flexible mobility, and center of gravity strikes. With the rapid development of military science and technology, the armies of major countries in the world will have the ability to perceive and strike globally, and the connotation of “non-contact” will be further compressed to space, cognitive domain and other space fields. To this end, on the one hand, we must base ourselves on the reality of “contact combat”, learn from each other’s strengths and overcome our weaknesses in contact, and continuously accumulate advantages; on the other hand, we must expand the space for “non-contact combat”, seize the initiative and seize the opportunity in non-contact, and continuously expand our advantages.

The third is to seek “nonlinear” advantages. “Linear” and “nonlinear” usually refer to people’s thinking or behavior patterns. The movement of all things in the universe is complex and mostly nonlinear, while human cognition always tends to be simple, abstract, and linear, and has invented concepts such as logic lines, time lines, and linear mathematics. In military science, the transition from linear operations to nonlinear operations reflects the development and progress of military technology theory. Since the second half of the 20th century, nonlinear operations have been on the historical stage. Some scholars have pointed out that in linear operations, each unit mainly acts in a coordinated manner along a clear front line of its own side. The key is to maintain the relative position between its own units to enhance the safety of the units; in nonlinear operations, each unit simultaneously carries out combat operations from multiple selected bases along multiple combat lines. The key is to create specific effects at multiple decision points against the target. Linear operations mainly reflect the action-centered warfare idea, while nonlinear operations mainly reflect the target-centered warfare idea. To this end, on the one hand, we must deepen the use of linear warfare and make full use of its practical value in facilitating command, coordination and support; on the other hand, we must boldly try non-linear warfare and maximize its potential advantages of extensive mobility and full-dimensional jointness. (Yin Tao, Deng Yunsheng, Sun Dongya)

現代國語：

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

來源：光明軍事
自1990年代以來，網路中心戰、人員中心戰、行動中心戰、決策中心戰等多維度的中心戰概念先後被提出。多維度中心戰概念的演變，反映了依靠軍事科技優勢尋求平台效能、資訊賦能、決策智能等優勢的總體目標，更反映了人與裝、謀與技、奇與正等方面的對立統一關係。以中心式結構化思維辯證地認識這些對立統一關係，更便於掌握其戰術的本質內涵及其方法論意義。
強化人裝結合中「人」維度融合
人員中心戰與平台中心戰概念很大程度上反映的是人與武器裝備的關係。有的專門制定人維度策略，強調在戰鬥力的人維度進行持續投入，對於應對不確定的未來是最可靠的保障。進入21世紀以來，隨著智慧化武器裝備的快速發展，無人作戰異軍突起，對人的地位作用的質疑聲音此起彼伏，強化人維度的融合、增強人維度的合力勢在必行。
一是增強精神凝聚力。馬克思主義認為，意識是客觀物質在人腦中的反映。戰術是戰鬥經驗的表現與概括，本身俱有精神或意識上的形態，研究戰術自然要把精神因素放在第一位。有學者認為，戰爭從根本上來說仍然是人類意志的較量。在資訊化時代，人的精神更加豐富複雜，增強人維度精神上的凝聚力，挑戰和難度更高。增強人的精神凝聚力，需要統籌培養集體精神與個體精神，在引領集體精神中最大限度滿足個體精神需求，在培塑集體精神價值中實現個體精神追求，用一切可用、有用的信息賦能人的精神；需要統籌培養批判精神與創新精神，堅持辯證唯物論的戰術知識論，堅決反對戰術認識上的唯心論和機械論，不斷在批判中繼承、在繼承中創新；需要統籌培養戰鬥精神與科學精神，既要弘揚視死如歸、敢打必勝的革命精神，又要發揚科學制勝、技術制勝的精神。


二是增強組織結構力。組織是軍隊的器官，人是組織的細胞。不同國家軍事組織的設置有其特性，也有其共通性。例如普遍設有國防部，區分軍種結構、層級結構與區域結構，區分平時編制與戰時編成。儘管建與戰在目的上是一致的，但是建的統一性與戰的彈性在要求上不盡相同。增強組織結構力進而促進戰建一致，需要暢通縱向指揮鏈路，合理界定指揮權與領導權、指揮權與控制權，做到政令相長，增強組織的縱向結構力；需要打通橫向協同管道，探索建立常態化的跨領域（組織、機構、部門）協同途徑，改變單純的任務式協同模式，增強組織的橫向結構力；需要健全平戰轉換機制，重點關注部隊領導權或指揮權變更中組織銜接、調整和健全等工作，保持組織結構網絡的穩定性、可靠性。
三是增強物質保障力。戰鬥中人的精神力量可以轉化為物質力量，但精神力量也離不開物質力量的支撐。增強物質保障力進而實現物質與精神的有機統一，需要像為決策保障情報、為槍砲保障彈藥、為車輛保障油料一樣，保障好戰鬥裝具、被裝、伙食、醫療，建設好學習場地、訓練設施和再教育渠道，提供好戰條令、生理醫學等方面技術服務，幫助設計多樣化個人化的能力提升計劃、職業發展規劃，為發展人的體能、技能和智能，進而全面提高人在未來不確定性戰場環境中的適應性和戰鬥力，提供堅強的物質和技術支撐。

深化戰技結合中「技」維度實踐
戰技結合是戰術運用的重要原則。其中的技術不僅包括實務操作層面的技術（如射擊技術），也包括理論應用層面的技術（如資訊科技）。可以認為，戰術、技術、藝術和程序共同構成了其「戰鬥方法論」。科學技術化和技術科學化是科學技術發展的重要特徵。深化戰技結合，需要正確掌握技術與戰術、藝術、程序的關係，不斷深化「技」維度實踐。


一是推動先進技術戰術化。技術決定戰術，是辯證唯物論戰術論的基本觀點。多維度中心戰概念的演變，也是技術推動戰術發展變革的例子。恩格斯曾指出：“軍隊的全部組織和作戰方式以及與之有關的勝負……，取決於居民的質與量和取決於技術。”然而，技術推動戰術具有“滯後效應”，尤其在缺少實戰牽引的情況下。這就需要主動推進先進民用技術的軍事轉化和先進軍事技術的戰術應用。一方面，要積極引進民用先進技術，尤其要加速推進深度神經網路、量子通訊運算等尖端技術的引進吸收；另一方面，要加強先進技術裝備戰術訓練，把練技術與練戰術緊密結合起來，推動新裝備盡快形成新戰術和新戰力。
二是推動指揮藝術技術化。 「藝術」是一個具有較強主體性的概念。中外學者有的認為“指揮藝術根植於指揮官實施領導以最大限度提高績效的能力”，有的認為“指揮藝術是指揮官實施靈活巧妙和富有創造性指揮的方式與方法”。中外學者普遍將指揮視為藝術，主要原因在於：指揮儘管有作戰條令、上級命令和技術保障等客觀方面的依據和支撐，但更關鍵的因素在於指揮員的主觀能動性和創造性，而這是比較難以用技術手段加以量化的。隨著認知心理學、認知神經科學等學科和技術的發展，指揮的認知結構和作用機制將更加顯性化，「指揮藝術」的神秘面紗將逐漸退去，指揮藝術技術化將會成為必然趨勢。這需要不斷強化技術思維，持續深化人工智慧輔助指揮決策手段建設，持續深化人類大腦決策機理運用，切實用技術解構藝術，不斷推動指揮藝術技術化。


三是推動戰鬥技術條令化。不少學者把技術置於與戰術近乎同等重要的地位。這種堅持戰術條令化與兵種專業技術和專門戰鬥技術條令化的融合發展，是推動戰鬥條令體系化規範化建設，進而實現戰術與技術在法規層面融合統一的重要途徑。

謀求奇正結合中「奇」維度優勢
奇與正是戰術的一種基本矛盾結構，具有內在同一性。無奇便無正，無正也無奇；或奇或正，千變萬化。奇與正的選擇是決策中心戰的範疇，奇與正的運用是行動中心戰的範疇。 1990年代，非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰理論被提出。若稱「對稱作戰、接觸作戰、線式作戰」為正，則可稱「非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰」為奇。從自然科學角度來看，「對稱、接觸、線式」是概述的，「非對稱、非接觸、非線式」是詳實的。把握好奇正結合中「奇」的維度，謀取「三非」優勢是必然要求。
一是謀取「非對稱」優勢。 「對稱」與「非對稱」本來是對事物或空間的形態特徵的指稱。對稱作戰是兩種相同類型部隊之間的交戰，非對稱作戰是兩種不同類型部隊之間的交戰。非對稱作戰理論要求對不同軍兵種部隊、作戰力量和武器系統進行科學合理編組，在寬廣的地域展開部署，在最佳的作戰時機集中優勢力量給敵人以致命的打擊，然後迅速重新部署力量。由於作戰力量的有限性，部隊有正面的非對稱優勢，就有負面的非對稱劣勢。謀取非對稱優勢、規避非對稱劣勢是交戰雙方的共同期望，進而造成這樣一種局面──交戰雙方在對稱與非對稱之間往復循環。因此，謀取“非對稱”優勢，要謀取作戰力量、作戰能力、作戰指揮等多方面上的非對稱，堅持和發揚“避強擊弱、避實擊虛”“你打你的，我打我的”，在非對稱中有效發揮優勢、規避劣勢。例如，在武器裝備對稱時爭取佔據人員能力上的非對稱優勢，在力量對稱時爭取佔據指揮藝術上的非對稱優勢。
二是謀取「非接觸」優勢。 「接觸」與「非接觸」是對不同事物之間距離狀態的一種描述。軍事領域的接觸通常是以武器的投射距離來界定的。 「非接觸作戰」的概念起源於二戰，產生於冷戰時期。接觸作戰與非接觸作戰的內涵是隨著武器裝備打擊距離的改變而改變的。交戰雙方也總是謀求在免受威脅的更遠距離或更廣空間攻擊對方。自1990年代以來，「非接觸作戰」理論在多場局部戰爭中被運用。非接觸作戰是在遠離對方的情況下實施防區外遠程精確打擊的作戰行動樣式。非接觸作戰體現了技術制勝、靈活機動、重心打擊的思想。隨著軍事科技的快速發展，世界主要國家軍隊將具備全球感知和全球打擊的能力，「非接觸」的內涵將進一步壓縮至太空、認知域等太空領域。為此，一方面要立足「接觸作戰」實際，在接觸中取長補短、固強補弱，不斷積蓄勝勢；另一方面要拓展「非接觸作戰」空間，在非接觸中搶抓先手、搶佔先機，不斷拓展優勢。
三是謀取「非線式」優勢。 「線式」與「非線式」通常是指人的思維或行為模式。宇宙萬物運動是複雜的，大抵是非線式的，而人類的認知總是傾向於簡單的、抽象的、線式的，並發明了邏輯線、時間線以及線性數學等概念。軍事學中，從線式作戰到非線式作戰，反映了軍事技術理論的發展進步。 20世紀下半葉起，非線作戰就登上歷史舞台。有學者指出，線式作戰中各部隊主要沿著明確的己方前沿協調一致行動，關鍵是保持己方部隊之間的相對位置，以增強部隊的安全性；非線式作戰中各部隊從選定的多個基地沿多條作戰線同時實施作戰行動，關鍵是針對目標在多個決定點製造特定效果。線式作戰體現的主要是行動中心戰思想，非線式作戰體現的主要是目標中心戰思想。為此，一方面要深化運用線式作戰，充分利用其便於指揮、協同和保障的實用價值；另一方面要大膽嘗試非線式作戰，最大限度地發揮其廣泛機動、全維聯合的潛在優勢。 （殷濤、鄧雲生、孫東亞）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81it.com/2023/0927/14581888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

A Comprehensive Look at Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

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全面檢視中國軍事智能化戰爭

現代英語：

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Gao Kai and Chen Liang Editor-in-charge: Zhao Leixiang

2025-01-23 06:50:x

“Order dispatch”: a new style of precision strike

■Gao Kai, Chen Liang

Lenin once said, “If you don’t understand the times, you can’t understand war.” In recent years, the widespread use of information and intelligent technology in the military field has promoted the deep integration of technology and tactics, and has given birth to “order-based” precision strikes based on intelligent network information systems. Commanders and command agencies can generate strike list requirements based on combat missions. The decision-making system can intelligently match strike platforms, autonomously plan action paths, and scientifically select strike methods based on personalized needs such as strike time, combat space, and damage indicators, thereby quickly and accurately releasing strike effectiveness.

The operational characteristics of “order-to-order” precision strikes

As the informationization and intelligence of weapons and ammunition continue to improve, the cost of modern warfare is also increasing. How to use limited strike resources to achieve the best cost-effectiveness and maximize combat effectiveness has become a central issue for commanders and command agencies in combat planning. “Order-based” precision strikes can provide a “feasible solution” for this.

Instant optimization and precise energy release. Modern warfare places more emphasis on structural strikes and destruction of the enemy’s combat system, and achieves combat objectives by quickly and accurately releasing combat effectiveness. This requires commanders and command agencies to seize the fleeting “window” of opportunity and strike high-value, nodal, and key targets in the enemy’s combat system before the enemy responds. The traditional “discovery-guidance-strike-assessment” combat loop is time-consuming and has poor combat effectiveness. Therefore, “order-dispatching” precision strikes need to rely on advanced intelligent network information systems, do not pre-determine the strike platform, and publish a list of strike targets in real time. The auxiliary decision-making system quickly evaluates the strike performance of various weapon platforms and the expected damage to the target, autonomously assigns strike platform tasks, quickly links and regulates multi-domain firepower strike forces, and autonomously closes the kill chain to quickly strike key targets.

Multi-domain energy gathering and coordinated strike. The advantage of modern combat precision strikes over previous firepower strikes lies in the information-based and intelligent combat system, which does not require human intervention and relies on a closed strike chain to autonomously complete tasks such as “detection, control, attack, and evaluation”. It can not only save the cost of strikes and reduce resource waste, but also achieve adaptive coordination based on unified combat standards. Therefore, the “order-to-order” precision strike requires the firepower strike forces distributed in various combat fields to establish a unified standard grid. As long as a demand is issued at one point, multiple points can respond and the overall linkage can be achieved. Forces and firepower can be flexibly concentrated, and multiple means and rapid multi-domain energy gathering can be used to determine the strike direction, strike order, and strike method of each strike platform on the move. Through system integration, time can be effectively saved, and multi-domain precision strikes can be carried out on key node targets and key parts of core targets of the enemy, giving full play to the overall power of the superposition and integration of the combat effectiveness of each combat unit.

The attack must break the enemy’s system and be quick and decisive. Modern warfare is a “hybrid war” implemented simultaneously in multiple fields. The interweaving influence and confrontation of new domains and new qualities such as information, aerospace, and intelligence are more obvious. This requires both sides of the war to be able to discover and act one step faster than the enemy, destroy and paralyze the enemy’s combat system, and reduce the efficiency of the enemy’s system. On the one hand, it is necessary to accurately identify the nodes of the enemy system and instantly optimize and accurately strike; on the other hand, it is necessary to conceal one’s own intentions and strike forces, and strike quickly when the enemy is unprepared. “Order dispatch” type precision strikes can well meet these two requirements. With the support of network information systems, intelligent integration of firepower strike forces in various fields can be achieved, and multi-source information perception, data cross-linking, and multi-domain coordinated strikes can be achieved. The seamless and high-speed operation of “target perception-decision-making command-firepower strike-damage assessment” is realized, and information and firepower are highly integrated to quickly achieve combat objectives.

The system composition of “order dispatch” type precision strike

The “order-based dispatch” precision strike builds an efficient closed strike chain, compresses action time, improves strike effectiveness, enables various firepower strike platforms to better integrate into the joint firepower strike system, and provides fast and accurate battlefield firepower support. The key lies in the “network” and the focus is on the “four” systems.

Multi-domain platform access network. With the support of information and intelligent technology, an integrated information network system with satellite communication as the backbone will be established, and the firepower strike platforms distributed in the multi-dimensional battlefield will be integrated into the combat network to establish a battlefield “cloud”. Different combat modules will be distinguished, and “subnet clouds” such as “detection, control, attack, and evaluation” will be established. Relying on the integrated communication network chain, the “subnet cloud” will be linked to the “cloud”, which can enhance the firepower strike platform’s full-domain, full-time, on-the-go access, autonomous networking, and spectrum planning capabilities, and realize the network interconnection of firepower platforms, domain-based combat systems, and joint combat systems, as well as the interconnection of internal strike forces.

Joint reconnaissance and perception system. Relying on various reconnaissance and surveillance forces within the joint combat system, conduct all-weather, multi-directional, and high-precision battlefield perception of the combat area. This requires the construction of a full-dimensional reconnaissance and perception force system that exists in physical and logical spaces, tangible and intangible spaces, and the deployment of intelligent perception equipment over a wide area to form an intelligence data “cloud”. Through the intelligence data “cloud”, the enemy situation is analyzed, the key points of the enemy combat system and time-sensitive targets are found, and the reconnaissance information is updated in real time to show the dynamics of the target.

Intelligent command and decision-making system. Relying on a new command and control system with certain intelligent control capabilities, various planning and analysis models are constructed to expand functions such as intelligent intelligence processing, intelligent task planning, automatic command generation, and precise action control. Databases such as the target feature library, decision-making knowledge base, and action plan library are expanded and improved to strengthen the system support capabilities for task planning, action decision-making, and control in the process of combat organization and implementation, improve planning and decision-making and combat action control capabilities, clarify “how to fight, where to fight, and who will fight”, and achieve accurate “order dispatching”.

Distributed firepower strike system. Relying on the intelligent network information system, on the one hand, it integrates land, sea, air, space and other multi-dimensional firepower strike platforms, strengthens the functions of intelligent target identification and remote control strike, and realizes various combat methods such as remote control combat of combat units, manned and unmanned coordinated combat, and flexible and mobile combat; on the other hand, it can build a low-cost firepower strike platform mainly composed of low-altitude and ultra-low-altitude unmanned strike platforms such as crossing aircraft and cruise missiles. By adding different functional combat payloads, it can work closely with high-end firepower strike platforms to implement battlefield guidance, precision strikes, firepower assessment and other tasks, and efficiently complete the “order”.

Autonomous damage assessment system. Relying on the reconnaissance and surveillance forces within the joint combat system to build a damage assessment system, after the firepower platform completes the strike, it will autonomously conduct strike effect verification on the target. It mainly conducts real-time, dynamic, objective, and systematic analysis and evaluation of the target’s appearance, degree of functional loss, etc., and promptly transmits relevant information to decision-making and command centers at all levels through video images. The evaluation center will judge “how well the strike was” and whether it meets the expected damage requirements. If it does not meet the requirements, the combat operations can be adjusted in a timely manner and supplementary strikes can be carried out to provide strong support for maximizing combat effectiveness.

Planning and implementation of “order-based” precision strikes

The “order dispatch” type of precision strike is just like the way online ride-hailing services operate. Through a series of processes such as formatted “order” generation, intelligent object matching, and autonomous path planning, it independently completes the “OODA” combat cycle. Its actions are more efficient, the strikes are more precise, and the coordination is closer.

Firepower requirements are reported in real time, and combat units “submit orders” on demand. Reconnaissance elements distributed in different combat areas and multi-dimensional battlefield spaces use radar, optical, infrared and technical reconnaissance methods to form battlefield target intelligence information through wide-area multi-source detection. This information is connected to the battlefield information network through intelligence links and is transmitted to combat units anytime and anywhere. The combat units will perform correlation processing, multi-party comparison and verification, and comprehensively compile battlefield target information to generate accurate task “orders”. The combat unit analyzes the target value and connects to the decision-making platform on demand, builds an “order”-style closed strike chain, and submits task “orders” in real time to achieve in-motion optimization and precise adaptation.

Differentiate fire strike tasks, and the decision center intelligently “dispatches orders”. Through the battlefield information network and relying on the intelligent task planning system, the decision center can automatically parse the task “order” information data submitted by the combat unit, and automatically generate the task requirements such as the type and quantity of ammunition, strike method and damage index required for the fire strike action according to the nature, coordinate position, movement status, threat level, etc. of the battlefield target, and form a fire support task “order”. Through intelligent matching of the best firepower platform, link nodes are connected as needed, and intelligent command-based “dispatching” is carried out, which is immediately delivered to the firepower platform waiting for combat.

The firepower platform can “accept orders” immediately by matching the best targets at all times. The firepower platforms distributed at multiple points in the battlefield area can respond to “accept orders” immediately through the battlefield information network. The firepower platform and the combat unit can establish a chain autonomously, and directly establish a guided strike chain after mutual “identity” verification, coordinate and cooperate with the firepower strike operation, and adjust the strike method and shooting parameters in time according to the damage to the target after the strike and the dynamics of the battlefield target, and then carry out firepower strikes again until the “dispatching” task is completed. The firepower platform always follows the principle of “strike-transfer-strike-transfer”, completes the strike task, quickly moves the position, stays in a combat state at all times, and receives “orders” online in real time. After the task is completed, the guided strike chain between the firepower platform and the combat unit will be automatically cancelled.

Acquire damage information from multiple sources, and the assessment center will “evaluate” in real time. Comprehensively use long-distance information-based intelligent reconnaissance methods such as satellite reconnaissance, radar reconnaissance, and drone reconnaissance to implement multi-domain three-dimensional reconnaissance, obtain the target’s fire damage information in real time, and provide accurate assessments for precision fire strikes. Comprehensively determine the damage effect, conduct quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the strike effect, distinguish the three damage states of the target’s physical, functional, and system, and provide timely feedback to the decision-making center. According to the damage assessment results of the strike target, timely put forward control suggestions, adjust the fire strike plan, optimize combat operations, and achieve precise control of fire strikes, so that commanders can accurately control the combat process and achieve efficient command and control of the effectiveness of fire strikes.

現代國語：

「訂單派單」：精確打擊新樣式

■高 凱 陳 良

引言

列寧說過，「不理解時代，就不能理解戰爭」。近年來，資訊化智慧化技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，促進了技術與戰術深度融合，依托智能化網絡資訊體系，催生出「訂單派單」式精確打擊。指揮員及指揮機關可依據作戰任務格式化產生打擊清單需求，決策系統依據打擊時間、作戰空間、毀傷指標等個性化需求智慧匹配打擊平台、自主規劃行動路徑、科學選擇打擊方式，進而快速精準釋放打擊效能。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的作戰特點

隨著武器彈藥資訊化智慧化程度不斷提升，現代作戰成本也不斷提高。如何運用有限打擊資源打出最高效費比，實現作戰效能最大化，已成為指揮員及指揮機關作戰籌劃的中心問題，「訂單派單」式精確打擊可為此提供「可行解」。

即時聚優精確釋能。現代作戰更強調對敵作戰體系進行結構性打擊破壞，透過快速且精準地釋放作戰效能實現作戰目的。這就要求指揮員及指揮機關能夠抓住稍縱即逝時機的“窗口”，在敵未做出反應之時對其作戰體系內高價值、節點性、關鍵性目標實施打擊。傳統的「發現—引導—打擊—評估」的作戰環路耗時長，作戰效果不佳。因此，「訂單派單」式精確打擊，需要依托先進的智能化網絡信息體系，不預先確定打擊平台，實時發布打擊目標清單，由輔助決策系統對各種武器平台的打擊性能與目標打擊毀傷預期等進行快速評估，自主分配打擊平台任務，快速鏈接調節多領域火力打擊力量，自主閉合殺傷鏈，對關鍵目標實施快速打擊。

多域聚能協同打擊。現代作戰精確打擊較以往火力打擊的優勢在於資訊化智能化的作戰體系，無需人工介入，依托閉合打擊鏈自主完成「偵、控、打、評」等任務，不僅能夠節省打擊成本，減少資源浪費，還能夠實現基於統一作戰標準的自適應協同。因此，「訂單派單」式精確打擊，需要分佈在各作戰領域的火力打擊力量能夠建立統一標準網格，只要一點發出需求，就能夠多點響應、全局聯動，靈活集中兵力、火力，多手段、快速多域聚能，動中確定各打擊平台打擊方向、打擊次序以及打擊方式。透過體系整合有效節約時間，對敵關鍵節點目標以及核心目標的關鍵部位實施多域精確打擊，充分發揮各作戰單元作戰效能疊加融合的整體威力。

擊要破體速戰速決。現代作戰是在多領域同步實施的“混合戰爭”，資訊、空天、智慧等新域新質力量交織影響、對抗更加明顯。這就需要作戰雙方能夠快敵一秒發現、快敵一步行動，毀癱敵作戰體系、降低敵體系運作效率。一方面，要透過找準敵體系節點，即時聚優精準打擊；另一方面，要隱蔽己方企圖及打擊力量，乘敵不備快速打擊。 「訂單派單」式精確打擊能夠很好地契合這兩點需求，在網絡資訊系統的支撐下，智慧融合各領域火力打擊力量，實現資訊多源感知、數據相互交鏈、多域協同打擊，實現「目標感知—決策指揮—火力打擊—毀傷評估」無縫高速運轉，資訊火力高度融合，快速達成作戰目的。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的體系構成

「訂單派單」式精確打擊通過構建高效閉合打擊鏈，壓縮行動時間，提高打擊效果，使各火力打擊平台能夠更好地融入聯合火力打擊體系，並提供快速精準的戰場火力支援，其關鍵在“網”，重點在“四個”系統。

多領域平台接取網。在資訊化智慧化技術支撐下，建立以衛星通訊為骨幹的一體化資訊網系，將分佈在多維域戰場的火力打擊平台融入作戰網絡建立戰場“雲”，區分不同作戰模塊，建立“偵、控、打、評”等“子網雲”，並依託一體化的通訊網鏈將“子網雲”鏈入“雲”，能夠提升火力打擊平台全局全時、動中接入、自主組網、頻譜規劃的能力，實現火力平台、分域作戰體係與聯合作戰體系的網絡互聯，以及內部打擊力量的互聯互通。

聯合偵察感知系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的各種偵察監視力量對作戰地域進行全天候、多方位、高精度戰場感知。這就要建立物理空間和邏輯空間、有形空間和無形空間泛在存在的全維域偵察感知力量系統，廣域佈設智能感知設備，形成情報數據“雲”，通過情報數據“雲”分析敵情態勢，找出敵作戰體系關鍵點以及時敏性目標，實時更新偵察信息，展現目標動態。

智慧指揮決策系統。依托具備一定智能控制能力的新型指控系統，構建各類籌劃分析模型，擴展情報智能處理、任務智能規劃、指令自動生成、行動精確控制等功能，擴充完善目標特徵庫、決策知識庫、行動預案庫等數據庫，強化戰鬥組織與實施過程中的任務規劃、行動決策和控制的系統支撐能力，提升行動籌劃決策和明確行動能力，誰來打」

分佈火力打擊系統。依托智能網絡資訊系統，一方面，融入陸、海、空、天等多維域火力打擊平台，強化目標智能識別、遠程遙控打擊等功能，實現作戰單元遠程遙控作戰、有人無人協同作戰、靈活機動作戰等多種作戰方式；另一方面，可構建以穿越機、巡導彈等低空超低空無人打擊平台為主的低成本火力打擊平台，通過加掛不同功能作戰載荷，與高端火力打擊平台密切協同來實施戰場引導、精確打擊、火力評估等任務，高效完成“訂單”。

自主毀傷評估系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的偵察監視力量建構毀傷評估系統，在火力平台打擊完畢後，自主對目標實施打擊效果核查。主要就目標的外觀狀態、功能喪失程度等進行實時、動態、客觀、系統的分析和評估，並及時通過視頻圖像的方式將相關信息返回至各級決策指揮中心，由評估中心判斷“打得怎麼樣”，是否達到預期毀傷要求。如不符合，可適時調控作戰行動，進行補充打擊，為最大限度釋放作戰效能提供強力支撐。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的規劃實施

「訂單派單」式精確打擊就如同網約車的運作方式一樣，透過格式化「訂單」生成、智能化對象匹配、自主化路徑規劃等一系列流程，自主完成「OODA」作戰循環，其行動更為高效、打擊更為精準、協同更為密切。

實時提報火力需求，作戰單元按需「提單」。分佈在不同作戰地域、多維戰場空間的偵察要素，通過雷達、光學、紅外和技術偵察等方式，廣域多源偵獲形成戰場目標情報資訊。這些資訊依托情報鏈路接入戰場資訊網，隨時隨地被傳至作戰單元，由作戰單元進行關聯處理、多方對比印證，綜合整編戰場目標訊息，產生精確的任務「訂單」。作戰單元分析目標價值按需連通決策平台，建立“訂單”式閉合打擊鏈，實時提報任務“訂單”，實現動中集優、精準適配。

區分火力打擊任務，決策中心智能「派單」。決策中心通過戰場資訊網，依托智能任務規劃系統，能夠自動解析作戰單元提報的任務“訂單”信息數據，根據戰場目標性質、坐標方位、移動狀態、威脅程度等，自動生成火力打擊行動所需彈種彈量、打擊方式和毀傷指標等任務要求，形成火力支援任務“訂單”，通過智能匹配最佳火力平台，連通式鏈路節點，按需送飛機服務“訂單”。

全時匹配最優目標，火力平台快速即時「接單」。多點分佈在戰場區域內的火力平台，通過戰場信息網迅即響應“接單”，火力平台與作戰單元之間自主建鏈，相互核驗“身份”後直接建立引導打擊鏈，協同配合火力打擊行動，並根據打擊後目標毀傷情況以及戰場目標動態，及時調整打擊方式、射擊參數等，而後再次實施火力打擊，直至完成“派單”任務。火力平台始終遵循「打擊—轉移—打擊—轉移」的原則，完成打擊任務，迅即轉移陣地，全時保持待戰狀態，實時在線接收「訂單」。任務結束後，火力平台與作戰單元之間的引導打擊鏈會自動取消。

多源獲取毀傷訊息，評估中心即時「評單」。綜合運用衛星偵察、雷達偵察、無人機偵察等遠距離資訊化智能化偵察手段，實施多域立體偵察，實時獲取目標的火力毀傷訊息，為開展精確火力打擊提供準確評估。綜合判定毀傷效果，對打擊效果進行定量和定性評估，區分目標物理、功能和系統三種毀傷狀態，及時回饋至決策中心。根據打擊目標的毀傷評估結果，適時提出調控建議，調整火力打擊計畫，優化作戰行動，實現對火力打擊的精確控制，便於指揮員精準把控作戰進程，達成對火力打擊效能的高效指揮控制。

資料來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：高凱 陳亮 責任編輯：趙雷翔
2025-01-23 06:50:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16365873888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence

What strategic risks will military artificial intelligence bring to the game between China and the United States?

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軍事人工智慧將為中美博弈帶來哪些戰略風險？

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2023-10-24 10:21:32Source: Military High-Tech Online
In July 2023, the Center for a New American Security (CNAS) released a report titled US-China Competition and Military AI: US-China Competition and Military AI, which explores how the United States can effectively manage a series of strategic risks caused by the militarization of artificial intelligence in Sino-US relations against the backdrop of intensified Sino-US competition and rapid development of artificial intelligence technology. It also conducts an in-depth analysis of the possible paths by which military artificial intelligence can intensify the strategic risks between China and the United States, the options for the United States to manage the strategic risks of military artificial intelligence, and the related measures and recommendations. The report has great reference value, so the original content is compiled as follows for readers to learn and communicate.

Five ways military AI exacerbates strategic risks between China and the United States


How will emerging military artificial intelligence exacerbate strategic risks between China and the United States? The report discusses five possible impact paths and attempts to analyze and predict this issue.

1. Reshaping the Sino-US Military Balance
The report points out that in the process of militarized application of artificial intelligence, the imbalance of military strength between the competing parties caused by the unilateral improvement of military strength is most likely to aggravate the strategic risks between China and the United States. In the short term, military artificial intelligence will still be mainly used to improve the equipment maintenance, military logistics, personnel training and decision support of the military, and play an auxiliary and beneficial role, but these “behind-the-scenes” tasks, like front-line troops and weapons, constitute the basis of military strength. In addition, some emerging military artificial intelligence systems will also improve the combat capabilities of the troops. For example, the “loyal wingman” system based on human-machine collaboration can help improve the pilot’s mission, although this improvement may be incremental rather than revolutionary, and compared with fully autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles, the “loyal wingman” has limited effect on the transformation of the air combat paradigm. But there is no doubt that the military strength of the party that takes the lead in the military application of artificial intelligence will develop rapidly, and the rise and fall of this may push the military balance between China and the United States into a new stage, causing panic and concern for the lagging party.

2. Profound impact on information acquisition and strategic decision-making
The report believes that military artificial intelligence may increase strategic risks in the decision-making and information fields in three main ways: first, compressing decision-making time. If artificial intelligence can help one party make decisions faster, the other party may make hasty decisions in order to keep up with the opponent’s actions. This time pressure may exacerbate tensions and even create a new crisis; second, inducing decision makers to make wrong decisions. The decision-making process of the artificial intelligence system is in a technical “black box”. If there is a lack of clear understanding of the operating mechanism and defects of the artificial intelligence system, major strategic decisions may ultimately be based on the analysis of maliciously fabricated, distorted information or other low-quality information; third, influencing the opponent’s cognition through large-scale information activities, using artificial intelligence to generate massive amounts of directional text, audio, images or videos, undermining political stability, confusing high-level decision-making, creating alliance rifts, and triggering or aggravating political crises.

3. Autonomous weapon systems
First, if autonomous weapon systems provide greater military capabilities, decision makers may be more inclined to use force because they believe they have a higher chance of winning. Second, military operations using autonomous weapon systems have lower expected risks in terms of casualties, which may make leaders on both sides more likely to take action. Third, autonomous weapon technology will greatly enhance the combat capabilities of existing weapon systems, such as enabling hypersonic weapons to have the autonomy to maneuver and change their trajectories, making it more difficult for the enemy to intercept; or using machine learning to improve the predictive capabilities of air defense systems, making it possible to deploy anti-hypersonic and other high-end missile defense systems, and empowering users with greater military strength. Finally, autonomous drone swarms can theoretically provide new options for conventional counterattacks against an opponent’s nuclear arsenal. This potential capability may disrupt the strategic balance and increase the risk of strategic misjudgments.

4. Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR)
Military AI has already provided new tools for completing intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions, and may play an even greater role in the future. The combination of military AI and existing technologies can greatly improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of completing ISR missions. For example, AI can be combined with balloons or microsatellite constellations to conduct surveillance in “near-Earth space” or enable clustering of reconnaissance drones. AI systems can also process data from a variety of sensors on a large scale to track mobile missile systems on land and even submarines in the ocean. If these capabilities become a reality, they will provide military leaders with one-way transparency that can undermine strategic stability, thereby completely undermining the survivability of the opponent’s triad nuclear forces, and greatly increase the possibility and necessity of the weaker party to take a “preemptive” strike.


5. Command, Control, and Communications (C3)
AI can make cyber and electromagnetic warfare (EW) attacks more threatening and destructive. As big data inputs become increasingly important in AI training, both sides may intentionally degrade system performance by modifying or fine-tuning data sets to “poison” their opponents, which may lead to uncertainties or predictable failures in AI command, control, and communication systems that can be exploited by opponents. Another specific concern is that military AI may affect the C3 systems of nuclear weapons. Nuclear early warning systems will increasingly rely on AI technology to quickly analyze data from various sensors, but the system may misinterpret the data and generate false alarms, which may result in a brutal nuclear war that will hurt both sides.

II. Three options for the United States to manage strategic risks of military artificial intelligence

The report points out that the United States needs to take a series of measures to guard against the various potential dangers that military artificial intelligence brings to the bilateral security relations between China and the United States. These sources of risk may overlap in reality, and risk portfolio management aims to reduce a variety of different drivers of instability. The report discusses three options for managing and controlling the strategic risks of military artificial intelligence.

1. Restricting the development of China’s military AI technology
The report emphasizes that one way that artificial intelligence may exacerbate the risk of escalation is that it provides a large enough military advantage for one party to convince the country that it can wage war and achieve its goals at an acceptable cost. Therefore, the United States needs to try to prevent China’s artificial intelligence technology from developing and avoid the balance of military power from tilting in favor of China. At the same time, vigorously develop the United States’ artificial intelligence capabilities so that it always stays in a leading position and forms a technological advantage deterrence. At present, the United States focuses on preventing China’s military artificial intelligence development, mainly on advanced semiconductors, an important hardware that supports artificial intelligence systems, while restricting data, algorithms and talents in a targeted manner. For example, the U.S. government’s crackdown on TikTok (the overseas version of Douyin) is partly due to concerns that Americans’ data may be used to promote China’s artificial intelligence technology. The United States will also strictly regulate the source code of artificial intelligence algorithms used for geospatial analysis, and further restrict the output or disclosure of general algorithms such as facial recognition software and large language models. In terms of talent policy, the U.S. government will take further measures to prevent Chinese students from studying artificial intelligence technology in the United States.

2. Strengthen unilateral responsibility management and responsibly control military artificial intelligence
The report points out that minimizing civilian casualties should be a key design principle for military AI, and the best way to reduce the risks of military AI is to place the safety and reliability of the system on an equal footing with its lethality or efficiency, and to strictly implement testing and evaluation, verification and validation. To minimize uncertainty, China and the United States need to adopt safe design principles. The United States has formulated a series of unilateral declarative policies on the development and use of military AI. The U.S. Department of Defense’s “Artificial Intelligence Principles: Several Recommendations on the Ethics of the Department of Defense’s Artificial Intelligence Applications” requires the U.S. military to be “responsible, fair, traceable, reliable and controllable” when using AI. These core principles have been reiterated and supplemented in subsequent documents, such as the “Responsible Artificial Intelligence Practice Guide”, “Responsible Artificial Intelligence Strategy and Implementation Pathway”, and the “Autonomous Weapon System Directive” (DoD Directive 3000.09) issued in January 2023, which stipulate how to use AI and integrate it into the entire life cycle of defense projects.


3. Conduct bilateral and multilateral diplomacy to reduce strategic risks
Another way to prevent dangerous power imbalances, costly arms races, or miscalculations is to engage in bilateral and multilateral diplomacy. By negotiating arms control agreements or confidence-building measures, countries can try to set boundaries for the development or use of specific military technologies and then verify compliance. China and the United States should discuss limits on risky applications of AI, such as regulating its use in nuclear command and control or offensive cyber operations. The U.S. and Chinese governments can use bilateral and multilateral channels to exchange views on the impact of AI on national security. The U.S. and Chinese militaries can also engage in dialogues in which both sides raise questions about the military capabilities of AI and its uses, and communicate on rules of engagement, operational conflicts, and other topics to fully express their respective demands and expectations. In addition to official channels, the two countries can also use 1.5-track and 2-track dialogues to enhance understanding and consensus.

III. Nine recommendations for U.S. policymakers in the report
The emergence of military artificial intelligence may intensify competition between China and the United States and increase strategic risks. In order to effectively respond to this trend, the report believes that US policymakers should make efforts in nine aspects.

1. Restricting the development of artificial intelligence in relevant countries
The report recommends that U.S. policymakers continue to restrict the export of semiconductor production equipment and technology, advanced chips and other terminal products to China, hindering relevant countries from advancing military artificial intelligence. In addition, it is recommended that the United States find or develop creative tools to regulate artificial intelligence and its data, algorithms, and manpower. It is also recommended that the United States clearly develop military and dual-use artificial intelligence technologies, and continuously improve its policies to ensure effectiveness, while being vigilant against policies that restrict technological development.

2. Maintaining America’s Lead in Military AI
The report points out that the United States must act quickly to keep up with the development of China’s military artificial intelligence. This requires reforms in many areas, such as making “resilience” a key attribute of military systems. To succeed in this regard, not only the Department of Defense must make efforts, but also update immigration and education policies to attract, train and retain the best scientists and engineers from around the world.

3. Develop, promulgate, and implement responsible military AI norms or regulations
The United States should position itself as the leading global driver of military AI technology development, operational norms, and best practices. Key U.S. priorities in the near term should include further fleshing out the operational details of norms for conducting cyber attacks (including AI) on nuclear C3 infrastructure and fulfilling the commitments of the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR). In short, U.S. actions must match its rhetoric on the responsible use of military AI.


4. Proactively engage with allies, partners, and multilateral institutions
Regional and global partnerships play a vital role in achieving U.S. strategic goals. The United States should actively integrate consultations on relevant issues into its alliances and partnerships, expand the scope of discussion in the G7, NATO, AUKUS, and bilateral relations with Japan and South Korea, and actively promote and advocate the U.S. position in multilateral forums.

5. Consult with China on reducing risks and building trust related to military AI
The report suggests that the United States could try to expand negotiation channels with China on military artificial intelligence, such as developing a vocabulary of military artificial intelligence terms between China and the United States to ensure that both sides have common definitions of key concepts and reduce misunderstandings caused by language and cultural barriers. The two sides can also formulate risk levels based on artificial intelligence capabilities, such as defining artificial intelligence related to logistics support as a low risk level and autonomous nuclear weapon artificial intelligence as a high risk level. Further discuss the application areas of artificial intelligence and stipulate the use of artificial intelligence in lethal weapons. Even if the negotiations between the two sides do not achieve the expected results, exploring these issues will help enhance mutual understanding.

6. Continue to seek to establish a strategic risk and crisis management mechanism between China and the United States
Establishing effective diplomatic channels between China and the United States, especially maintaining contacts at the summit level, is crucial to reducing strategic risks and managing potential crises. The report recommends that the United States continue to explore the establishment of a strategic risk and crisis management mechanism between China and the United States. Even if it works intermittently, it is better than having no mechanism at all.

7. Make military AI a fundamental pillar of diplomacy with China related to nuclear weapons and strategic stability
Military artificial intelligence plays an increasingly important role in the balance between nuclear capabilities and other strategic capabilities. The report recommends that the United States initiate discussions on “strategic stability” at the level of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and include military artificial intelligence in the negotiations.

8. Reducing strategic risks in other areas
The report believes that the United States should take measures as soon as possible to reduce strategic risks in other related areas and take unilateral actions with caution, such as postponing intercontinental ballistic missile tests when tensions escalate, especially when immediate testing is not required to ensure a safe, reliable and effective nuclear deterrence.

9. Strengthening Intelligence Collection, Analysis and Assessment
The direction of the development of military artificial intelligence depends not only on itself, but also on its interaction with nuclear weapons, military infrastructure, communication capabilities and other factors. Therefore, it is urgent to deepen the understanding of the overall strategic stability related to military artificial intelligence. The report recommends that the United States instruct relevant organizations to improve or, when necessary, establish multidisciplinary offices and expert backbones to pay close attention to China’s civilian and military artificial intelligence activities, monitor and analyze intelligence related to the issue, and provide recommendations.

IV. Conclusion
The military application of artificial intelligence may increase strategic risks, and countries need to work together to explore and regulate the development of artificial intelligence technology. In the face of the opportunities and challenges that artificial intelligence technology brings to human society, countries should use dialogue to dispel suspicion, replace confrontation with cooperation, and work together to promote good laws and good governance in the field of artificial intelligence, so that artificial intelligence technology can truly benefit mankind.

Text | Wen Lihao, Chen Lin (National University of Defense Technology)

現代國語：

2023年7月，新美國安全中心（CNAS）推出報告《中美關係與軍事人工智慧：美國如何在與中國的競爭中管控風險》（U.S.-China Competition and Military AI: U.S.-China Competition and Military AI），探討在中美博弈加劇和人工智慧技術迅速發展背景下，美國如何在中美關係中有效管控由人工智慧軍事化引發的一系列戰略風險，就軍事人工智慧加劇中美戰略風險的可能路徑、美國管控軍事人工智慧戰略風險的可選方案和相關措施建議展開了深入分析。報告具有較大參考價值，故將原文內容編譯如下，供讀者學習交流。

圖1：原報告封面
一、軍事人工智慧加劇中美間戰略風險的五條路徑
新興軍事人工智慧究竟會以何種方式加劇中美間的戰略風險？報告討論了五種可能的影響路徑，試圖對此問題進行分析和預測。
（一）重塑中美軍事平衡
報告指出，在人工智慧軍事化應用過程中，由於軍事實力單方面提高而造成的競爭雙方軍事實力失衡最有可能加劇中美戰略風險軍事人工智慧短期內仍將主要用於改善軍隊的裝備維護、軍事後勤、人員培訓和決策支援等過程，發揮輔助性增益性作用，但這些「幕後」任務與前線部隊和武器一樣，構成了軍事實力的基礎。此外，一些新興軍事人工智慧系統也將提高部隊的作戰能力，例如基於人機協同的「忠誠僚機」系統能夠幫助提高飛行員的任務度，儘管這種改進可能是漸進式而非革命性的，且相比完全自主的無人駕駛飛行器，「忠誠僚機」對空戰範式的變革作用有限。但毫無疑問的是，率先進行人工智慧軍事應用的一方，其軍事實力將快速發展，此消彼長間可能推動中美軍事平衡進入新階段，引發落後方的恐慌和擔憂。
（二）深刻影響資訊取得與策略決策
報告認為，軍事人工智慧或將主要以三種方式增加決策和資訊領域產生的戰略風險：一是壓縮決策時間，如果人工智慧可以幫助一方更快決策，那麼另一方可能會為了跟上對手的行動而倉促決策，這種時間壓力可能會加劇緊張局勢甚至製造一場新的危機；二是誘導決策者做出錯誤決策，人工智慧系統的決策過程處於技術「黑箱」中，如果對人工智慧系統的運作機制和缺陷缺乏清晰認知，重大戰略決策最終可能會建立在對被惡意捏造、扭曲的信息或其他劣質信息的分析的基礎上；三是通過大規模信息活動影響對手認知，借助人工智能生成海量含有指向性的文本、音頻、圖像或視頻，破壞政治穩定、混淆高層決策、製造同盟痕痕，引發或加劇同盟痕痕，引發政治危機。

圖2：基於人工智慧的「深度偽造」技術已經能夠快速產生海量的偽造訊息
（三）自主武器系統
首先，如果自主武器系統提供了更強的軍事能力，決策者將可能更傾向於使用武力，因為他們相信獲勝的機會會更高。其次，使用自主武器系統的軍事行動在人員傷亡方面的預期風險較低，這可能會讓雙方領導人更有可能採取行動。再一次，自主武器技術將極大增強現有武器系統的作戰能力，例如使高超音波速武器具備機動變軌的自主性，令敵更難攔截；或藉助機器學習提高防空系統的預測能力，使反高超音波速和其他高端飛彈防禦系統的部署成為可能，為使用方賦能更強的軍事實力。最後，具備自主性的無人機群理論上可以為針對對手核武庫的常規反擊提供新的選擇，這種潛在能力將可能打破戰略平衡，加劇戰略誤判的風險。
（四）情報、監視與偵察（ISR）
軍事人工智慧已經為完成情報、監視和偵察任務提供了新的工具，並且在未來可能會發揮更大作用。軍事人工智慧與現有技術的結合，可以大幅提高完成ISR任務的效率和性價比。例如將人工智慧與氣球或微衛星星座結合，以在「近地空間」進行監視，或為偵察無人機賦能群集性。人工智慧系統還可以大規模處理來自各種感測器的數據，以追蹤陸地上的移動飛彈系統甚至大洋中的潛艇。如果這些能力成為現實，它們將為軍事實力領導者提供能夠破壞戰略穩定性的單向透明度，進而徹底損害對手三位一體核力量的生存能力，也能極大增加弱勢方採取「先發製人」打擊的可能性和必要性。

圖3：自主武器系統應該掌握「開火權」嗎？
（五）指揮、控制與通信（C3）
人工智慧可以使網路和電磁戰（EW）攻擊更具威脅性和破壞性。隨著大數據輸入在人工智慧訓練中變得越來越重要，雙方都可能會透過修改或微調資料集來故意降低系統性能進而達到「毒害」對手的目的，這可能導致人工智慧指揮、控制和通訊系統的不確定性或可預測故障，被對手利用。另一個具體擔憂是，軍事人工智慧可能會影響核武的C3系統。核子預警系統將越來越依賴人工智慧技術來快速分析來自各種感測器的數據，但該系統可能會錯誤解讀數據，產生誤報，其結果可能引發兩敗俱傷的殘酷核戰。
二、美國管控軍事人工智慧戰略風險的三種方案
報告指出，美國需要採取一系列措施來防範軍事人工智慧對中美雙邊安全關係帶來的各種潛在危險，這些風險來源在現實中可能重疊，風險組合管理旨在減少多種不同的不穩定驅動因素，報告在此討論了管控軍事人工智慧戰略風險的三種方案。
（一） 限制中國軍事人工智慧技術發展
報告強調，人工智慧可能加劇風險升級的一種途徑是它為一方提供足夠大的軍事優勢，使該國相信它可以以可接受的成本發動戰爭並實現其目標。因此，美國需要設法阻止中國人工智慧技術發展，避免軍事力量平衡向有利於中國的方向傾斜。同時，大力發展美國的人工智慧能力，使其始終處於領先地位，形成技術優勢威懾。目前，美國阻止中國軍事人工智慧發展的重點主要集中在支援人工智慧系統的重要硬體——先進半導體上，同時有針對性地從數據、演算法和人才方面加以限制。例如美國政府對TikTok（海外版抖音）的打壓，部分原因是擔心美國人的數據可能被用來推動中國人工智慧技術進步。美國也將對用於地理空間分析的人工智慧演算法原始碼進行嚴格監管，並進一步限制臉部辨識軟體、大型語言模型等通用演算法的輸出或揭露。在人才政策方面，美國政府會採取進一步措施，阻止中國學生在美國學習人工智慧技術。

圖4：美國藉口「國家安全」打壓TikTok
（二） 加強單邊責任管理，負責任管控軍事人工智慧
報告指出，最小化平民傷亡應作為軍事人工智慧的關鍵設計原則，降低軍事人工智慧風險的最佳方法是將系統的安全性和可靠性與其殺傷力或效率放在同等重要的位置，並嚴格執行測試和評估、驗證和確認。為了最大限度地減少不確定性，中國和美國需要採用安全的設計原則。美國就軍事人工智慧的開發和使用制定了一系列單方面的宣言性政策。美國國防部《人工智慧原則：國防部人工智慧應用倫理的若干建議》要求美軍在使用人工智慧時做到「負責、公平、可追溯、可靠和可控」。這些核心原則在後續發布的文件中得到了重申和補充，如《負責任的人工智慧實踐指南》、《負責任的人工智慧戰略和實施途徑》以及2023年1月發布的《自主武器系統指令》（DoD Directive 3000.09 ），這些文件規定瞭如何使用人工智慧並將其融入國防專案的整個生命週期。
（三）進行雙邊與多邊外交，降低戰略風險
防止危險的力量失衡、代價高昂的軍備競賽或誤判的另一種方式是進行雙邊和多邊外交。透過談判達成軍備控制協議或建立信任措施，各國可以嘗試為特定軍事技術的開發或使用設定界限，然後核查遵守情況。中國和美國應該討論對人工智慧風險應用的限制，例如規範其在核指揮與控製或進攻性網路行動中的使用。美國和中國政府可以利用雙邊和多邊管道，就人工智慧對國家安全的影響交換意見。中美兩軍也可以展開對話，雙方就人工智慧的軍事能力及其用途提出問題，並就交戰規則、行動衝突和其他主題進行溝通，充分錶達各自訴求和期望。除官方管道外，兩國還可利用1.5軌與2軌對話，增進理解與共識。
三、報告為美國決策層提供的九項措施建議
軍事人工智慧的出現可能會加劇中美競爭，增加戰略風險。為了有效因應這一趨勢，報告認為美國的政策制定者應該從9個面向進行努力。
（一）限制相關國家人工智慧的發展
報告建議美國政策制定者繼續限制半導體生產設備和技術、先進晶片等終端產品的對華出口，阻礙相關國家推動軍事人工智慧。此外，也建議美國尋找或開發監管人工智慧和其數據、演算法、人力的創意工具。明確發展人工智慧軍用和軍民兩用技術，並不斷改善其政策，確保有效性，同時警惕政策為技術發展帶來限制。
（二） 維持美國軍事人工智慧的領先地位
報告指出，美國必須迅速採取行動，跟上中國軍事人工智慧的發展速度。這需要在許多領域進行改革，例如，將「韌性」作為軍事系統的關鍵屬性。要想在這方面取得成功，不僅國防部要做出努力，還需要更新移民和教育政策，吸引、訓練和留住世界各地最優秀的科學家和工程師。
（三） 制定、頒布、實施負責任的軍事人工智慧規範或法規
美國應將自己定位為軍事人工智慧技術開發、操作規範制定和最佳實踐的全球主要推動者。美國近期的主要優先事項應包括進一步充實在核C3基礎設施上實施網路攻擊（包括人工智慧）規範的操作細節，並履行2022年《核態勢評估報告》（Nuclear Posture Review，NPR）的承諾。簡而言之，美國的行動必須與其在負責任地使用軍事人工智慧的言論相符。

圖5：美國自2018年起對華為展開全方位打壓
（四） 主動與盟友、夥伴以及多邊機構接觸
區域和全球夥伴關係在促成美國戰略目標完成方面發揮著至關重要的作用。美國應積極將相關議題的磋商納入其同盟和夥伴關係，擴大G7、北約、AUKUS及與日本和韓國雙邊關係的討論範圍，積極推進、倡導美國在多邊論壇中的立場。
（五）與中國就降低軍事人工智慧相關風險和建立信任進行磋商
報告建議，美國可以嘗試拓展與中國建立軍事人工智慧的談判管道，如開發中美軍事人工智慧術語詞彙表，保證雙方對關鍵概念有共同的定義，減少語言和文化障礙造成的誤解。雙方還可以基於人工智慧能力製定風險等級，例如將後勤保障相關的人工智慧確定為低風險等級，將自主核武人工智慧確定為高風險等級。進一步討論人工智慧應用領域，同時規定人工智慧在致命武器中的使用規範。即使雙方的談判不會達成預期結果，探討這些問題也有助於增進對彼此的理解。
（六） 持續尋求建立中美策略風險與危機管理機制
建立有效的中美外交管道，尤其是保持首腦層級的聯繫，對降低策略風險、管理潛在的危機至關重要。報告建議美國要持續探索建立中美戰略風險和危機管理機制，即使是間歇性發揮作用，也勝過沒有機制。
（七） 使軍事人工智慧成為與核武和戰略穩定相關的對華外交基本支柱
軍事人工智慧在核子能力與其他戰略能力的平衡方面發揮著越來越重要的作用。報告建議，由美國在聯合國五個常任理事國層級發起推動「戰略穩定」的討論，並將軍事人工智慧納入談判。
（八）降低其他領域的策略風險
報告認為，美國應盡快採取措施，減低其他相關領域的戰略風險，謹慎採取單邊行動。例如在局勢緊張加劇時推遲洲際彈道飛彈試射，特別是在不需要立即進行試驗來確保安全、可靠和有效的核威懾的情況下。
（九）強化情報蒐集、分析與評估
軍事人工智慧的發展走向不僅取決於它本身，還取決於它與核武、軍事基礎設施、通訊能力等因素之間的相互作用，因此迫切需要加深對軍事人工智慧相關的整體戰略穩定性的理解。報告建議美國責成相關組織完善或在需要時建立多學科辦公室和專家骨幹，密切關注中國的民用及軍事人工智慧活動，監測、分析與該問題相關的情報，並給予建議。
四、結　語
人工智慧軍事應用可能加劇戰略風險，需要各國攜手對人工智慧技術發展加以探索和規制。面對人工智慧技術為人類社會帶來的機會與挑戰，各國應以對話打消猜忌，以合作取代對立，並攜手推動人工智慧領域依良法、促善治，使人工智慧技術真正造福人類。

文 | 文力浩、陳琳（國防科技大學）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81it.com/2023/1024/14640888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

To Win an Information-based and Intelligent War, Chinese Military Must Find the Integration Point of Theory and Technology for Innovative Tactics

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打贏資訊化智慧化戰爭，我軍必須找到理論與技術的結合點，實現戰術創新

現代英語：

2023-05-09 11:38:45

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily

Find the integration point of theory and technology for innovative tactics

Li Jiyong Zou Li

Tactics, or combat methods, refer to strategies and techniques used in combat. To innovate tactics, we must not only think deeply about “strategies”, but also delve into “techniques”. If we have “strategies” but no “techniques”, we will have the will but not the strength; if we have “techniques” but no “strategies”, we will work hard but not get the method. We must have both strategic guidance and technical support to win every battle. To win the informationized and intelligentized wars and carry out tactics innovation that prioritizes strategy and wins with wisdom, we must use both “strategies” and “techniques” to effectively solve the problems of the disconnection between theoretical innovation and technological application, and the derailment between combat operations and technological paths.

Thinking and cognition “integration”. The rapid development of modern science and technology is driving future operations to evolve into high-end warfare. It is necessary to seize the commanding heights of theory and create new technological advantages. The deep integration of theory and technology to innovate tactics is the key to winning on the battlefield. As the main body of tactics innovation, soldiers must have a deep understanding of the winning mechanism of modern warfare, root the concept of theory and technology integration, and expand the thinking of theory and technology integration. At present, two prominent problems and tendencies deserve attention: First, the lack of scientific and technological literacy can easily lead to a shallow understanding of the new form of war. Only based on past experience and routines to study tactics, which technologies in the combat system work, which technologies are really useful, where to start with the formation of technological advantages over the enemy, what technical differences exist with strong enemies, and how to avoid being suppressed by enemy technology. They focus on tactics and neglect technology, and on “wisdom” and neglect “intelligence”. Innovative tactics seem to be useful, but in fact lack technical support and have a high degree of risk. Second, they fail to grasp the combat needs accurately, and the future battlefield scene is not clearly described. Although the technical principles and winning mechanisms are understood, they do not know enough about the application of science and technology in combat operations, and ignore the decisive role of human subjective initiative in combat effectiveness. They focus on technology and neglect tactics, and study technology for technology, or only study technical performance without considering the application of tactics, or only know the technical effects without trying to innovate tactics. In all these cases, we should coordinate the learning, understanding, and use of science and technology by commanders and fighters with the learning, understanding, and use of science and technology by scientific and technological personnel, establish a mechanism for the integration and innovation of combat and technical experts, connect the research on winning mechanisms, and collaboratively embed the concept of integration of theory and technology, and help each other to improve the quality of innovation in tactics, so as to form the ideological understanding that combat operations lead the application of science and technology and support combat operations with the application of science and technology, and lay a solid foundation for the integration of theory and technology to carry out innovation in tactics.

Operational design “integration”. There have never been two completely identical wars in the world. Innovation in tactics can be inherited and learned from, but cannot be copied and reproduced. At present, the pace of innovation in military theory is accelerating, advanced science and technology are developing rapidly, and the form of war has undergone profound changes, showing the significant characteristics of mixed diversity and unpredictable changes. Disruptive technologies, innovative concepts, and reshaping theories are emerging in an endless stream. Only by integrating science and technology to design future operations can we find and improve the starting point of innovation in tactics. We must break through the mindset with the courage to lead the world, innovate combat theories with advanced vision and unique perspectives, develop and implement combat concepts, conceive combat scenarios, and innovate tactics and methods. We must first draw the “base map” of the future battlefield, so as to connect with modern scientific and technological applications and drive the development of advanced technologies. At the same time, the design of future operations cannot exceed the limits of science and technology and be too far-fetched. It should be based on the scientific and technological feasibility within a certain period of time, and innovate tactics on the premise of having realistic or foreseeable scientific and technological application support and having a technological implementation path, and embed technical blocking, technical raids, technical suppression, and technical regulation into combat operations.

“Integration” with superior skills. In modern warfare, the status of people as the decisive factor has not changed, while the impact of science and technology on the outcome of war has become more prominent. The struggle for technological advantage determines the outcome of war to a large extent. We must always embed the application of science and technology into the combat chain and throughout the entire combat process, support the application of tactics with technical effects, and drive the effectiveness of combat with technological advantages. At present, the main contradiction in the integration of theory and technology in the innovation of tactics is not the lack of theory in technology, but the lack of technology in theory. The most urgent thing is to focus on promoting the integration and penetration of cutting-edge technology into combat theory. We must strengthen the substantive integration based on weapons and equipment platforms, focus on maximizing the activation of combat effectiveness, widely carry out research on the combat application of equipment based on the release of action effectiveness, and equipment combat test and appraisal, detect the effectiveness of combat operations through simulation and data analysis, and verify the “chance of victory” with “number calculations”. It is necessary to strengthen the in-depth integration of technical means to select the “optimal solution” based on combat missions. From studying combat opponents and determining methods of action to formulating combat plans and organizing confrontation exercises, we must fully consider the comparison of enemy and our own technical strength, implement asymmetric combat thinking, and take the basic principles of using the superior to defeat the inferior and avoiding the strong to attack the weak. We must seek technological suppression and prevent enemy suppression, seek technological blocking and prevent enemy blocking, seek technological subversion and prevent enemy subversion, maximize technological advantages, and do our utmost to limit the enemy’s technological performance, so as to create a favorable situation and support the use of tactics.

Gather wisdom and strength to “integrate”. In the era of informatization and intelligence, both theoretical research and scientific and technological innovation show the remarkable characteristics of open linkage and cross-penetration. The integration of theory and technology is used to carry out innovation in tactics, and open sharing is an important growth point. Promote the innovation of man-machine integrated tactics, people come up with wisdom and machines do the calculations, and reversely revise the results of tactics based on the results of calculations, so as to achieve the integration of theory and technology in human-machine interaction; promote the innovation of tactics by command and technical talents, form a mixed group of “scientists + commanders” and “combatants + technicians”, implement joint debugging, joint testing, joint exercises, joint training, joint calculations and joint planning, and seek joint combat and victory with the scientific nature of tactics and the advanced nature of technology; promote the innovation of open source crowdfunding tactics, combine the military and the outside world, interact online and offline, and concentrate the wisdom of the majority of officers and soldiers and various professional talents with a broader vision and more flexible forms, carry out “maker” activities in the field of tactics innovation, develop and gather new tactics “resource pool” and “results library”, and achieve the maximum benefits of the integration of theory and technology.

Practice iterative “integration”. Theoretical achievements are tested and sublimated in practical application, and scientific and technological means show their functions and benefits in combat operations. Innovation in tactics is not a one-day job, and the integration of theory and technology should also be iteratively improved and developed in a rolling manner. We should focus on the integrated application of information technology and intelligent technology, virtually construct future combat scenes, and innovate tactics in the feeling and experience of intelligent combat environments; we should carry out in-depth virtual simulation demonstration of innovative results of tactics, and fully verify the feasibility of tactics design and the effectiveness of combat operations through virtual experiments and simulation tests; we should carry out technical performance testing in conjunction with training and exercise activities, and fully test the effectiveness and defects of technology application through analysis of the actual situation of energy gathering and release of weapons and equipment and information systems. Therefore, we should dynamically discover and solve problems in review discussions, repeated demonstrations, and data tests, modify theories where theories are not applicable, and upgrade technologies where technologies are not feasible, so that tactics can introduce new field technologies, let technologies subvert traditional tactics, realize the organic combination of technology and combat, and continuously promote the spiral upward and rolling development of innovation in tactics.

現代國語：

2023-05-09 11:38:45來源：中國軍網-解放軍報
找準戰法創新的理技融合點
李計勇　鄒 力


戰法，即作戰方法，指作戰中運用的策略和技術。戰法創新，既要深謀“策”，也要鑽研“技”。有“策”無“技”，心有餘而力不足；有“技”無“策”，雖用力而不得法。既要有策略指導，又具備技術支撐，方能百戰百勝。打贏資訊化智能化戰爭，開展以謀為先、以智取勝的戰法創新，必須「策」「技」並施，有效解決理論創新與技術應用脫節、作戰行動與技術路徑脫軌等問題。
思維認知「融」。現代科技快速發展，正推動未來作戰向高端戰爭演進。既要搶佔理論制高點，又要塑造技術新優勢，理技深度融合創新戰法，是製勝戰場的要訣。軍人作為戰法創新的主體，必須深刻認知現代戰爭制勝機理，根植理技融合理念，拓展理技融合思維。當前，兩個突出問題和傾向值得注意：一是科技素養不夠，容易導致對新的戰爭形態認識不深不透，僅憑以往經驗套路研究戰法，對作戰體系中哪些技術起作用、什麼技術真管用、對敵形成技術優勢從何入手、與強敵存在哪些技術差、如何避免被敵法壓制等不深的技術不深，重戰不深、重戰、技術不高、重戰」。二是把握不準作戰需求，未來戰場景象描繪不夠清晰，雖然技術原理、制勝機理明白了，但對科技在作戰行動中的運用知之不夠，忽略了人的主觀能動性對作戰效能發揮起到的決定性作用，重技術輕戰法，就技術研技術，或只鑽研技術性能而不考慮戰法運用，或只知戰法運用，或只知技術凡此，應把指戰員學科技、懂科技、用科技與科技人員學軍事、懂打仗、研戰法統籌起來協調推進，建立戰技專家融合創新機制，對接研究制勝機理，協同嵌入理技融合理念，交互幫帶提高戰法創新素質，形成以作戰行動牽引科技運用、以作戰法統融合理念，交互幫帶提高戰法創新素質，形成以作戰行動牽引科技運用、以作戰以支持基實的功法進行創新運動。
作戰設計「融」。世界上從來沒有完全相同的兩場戰爭，戰法創新可以繼承借鑒，不能複製翻版。目前，軍事理論創新步伐加快、先進科技發展日新月異，戰爭形態深刻變革，呈現出混合多元、變幻莫測的顯著特徵，顛覆性技術、創新性概念、重塑性理論層出不窮。理技融合設計未來作戰，才能找準提升戰法創新的起點。要以敢領世界先的勇氣突破思維定勢，用超前眼光、獨特視角創新作戰理論，開發並落地作戰概念，構想作戰場景，創新戰法打法，先把未來戰場的「底圖」勾勒好，以此對接現代科技應用、牽引先進技術研發。同時，設計未來作戰不能超越科技極限過於遙遠地“空想”，應立足於一定時期內的科技可行性，在具有現實或可預期科技運用支撐、擁有技術實現路徑的前提下創新戰法，將技術阻斷、技術突襲、技術壓制、技術調控嵌入作戰行動。
技高一籌「融」。在現代戰爭中，人是決定性因素的地位沒有變，而科技對戰爭勝負的影響更加凸顯，爭奪科技勝勢在很大程度上決定戰爭勝負，必須始終把科技運用嵌入作戰鏈條、貫穿作戰全程，以技術效應支撐戰法運用，以技術優勢驅動作戰效能發揮。當前，戰法創新中的理技融合，主要矛盾並非技術中少理論，而是理論中缺乏技術，最迫切的是著力推進前沿科技向作戰理論融合滲透。要加強以武器裝備平台為依託的實質融合，著眼最大限度地啟動作戰效能，廣泛進行基於行動效能釋放的裝備作戰運用研究、裝備作戰試驗鑑定，透過模擬推演、資料分析來偵測作戰行動的有效性，以「數算」驗證「勝算」。要加強基於作戰任務選擇「最優解」技術手段的深度性融合，從研究作戰對手、確定行動方法，到擬製作戰預案、組織對抗演訓，都要充分考慮敵我技術力量對比，貫徹非對稱作戰思想，把以優制劣、避強擊弱作為基本原則，謀求技術壓制並防敵壓制，謀求技術阻斷並防敵阻斷，謀求技術顛覆並防敵顛覆，最大限度發揮技術優勢，竭盡全力限制敵方技術發揮，以此塑造有利態勢、支撐戰法運用。
集智聚力「融」。資訊化智能化時代，不論是理論研究，或科技創新，都呈現出開放連結、交叉滲透的顯著特徵。理技融合進行戰法創新，開放共享是重要的成長點。推動人機一體式戰法創新，人出智謀、機器來算，以算的結果反推修訂戰法成果，在人機互動中實現理技融合；推進指技人才團隊式戰法創新，組成「科學家+指揮官」「戰鬥員+技術員」混合群體，實行聯調性、聯演、聯演聯、聯算聯，以訓戰法的科學、技術的科學、聯演先進性謀求聯戰聯勝；推進開源眾籌式戰法創新，軍內軍外結合，線上線下互動，以更開闊的視野、更靈活的形式，集中廣大官兵和各類專業化人才的聰明智慧，開展戰法創新領域的“創客”活動，開發匯聚新戰法“資源池”“成果庫”，實現最大成果的效益庫”，實現最大效益。
實踐迭代“融”。理論成果在實務運用中得到檢驗和昇華，科技手段在作戰行動中顯現功能與效益。戰法創新非一日之功，理技融合也應迭代進步、滾動發展。要注重整合應用資訊科技與智慧技術，虛擬構設未來作戰景象，在感觸與體驗智能化作戰環境中創新戰法；要深入進行戰法創新成果虛擬模擬論證，透過虛擬實驗、模擬檢驗，充分驗證戰法設計的可行性、作戰行動的有效性；要結合演訓活動進行技術效能偵測，透過對武器裝備與資訊系統的聚合能與釋義能充分分析從而，在複盤研討、反覆論證、資料檢驗中動態發現與解決問題，理論不適用的修改理論，技術行不通的升級技術，讓戰法引進新領域技術，讓技術顛覆傳統式戰法，實現技戰一體有機結合，持續推動戰法創新螺旋上升滾動發展。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81it.com/2023/0509/14259888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Dissipative Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Comprehensive Look at Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare: AI War brought about by AGI

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縱覽中國軍事智慧化戰爭：AGI帶來的人工智慧戰爭

現代英語：

Technology and war are always intertwined. While technological innovation is constantly changing the face of war, it has not changed the violent nature and coercive purpose of war. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence technology, people have never stopped debating the impact of artificial intelligence on war. Compared with artificial intelligence (AI), general artificial intelligence (AGI) has a higher level of intelligence and is considered to be a form of intelligence equivalent to human intelligence. How will the emergence of AGI affect war? Will it change the violence and coercive nature of war? This article will discuss this issue with you with a series of thoughts.

  Is AGI just an enabling technology?

  Many people believe that although large models and generative artificial intelligence show the strong military application potential of AGI in the future, they are only an enabling technology after all, that is, they can only enable and optimize weapons and equipment, make existing equipment more intelligent, and improve combat efficiency, and it is difficult to bring about a real military revolution. Just like “cyber warfare weapons” were also highly expected by many countries when they first appeared, but now it seems a bit exaggerated.

  The disruptive nature of AGI is actually completely different. It brings huge changes to the battlefield with a reaction speed and knowledge breadth far exceeding that of humans. More importantly, it has brought about huge disruptive results by promoting the rapid advancement of science and technology. On the battlefield of the future, autonomous weapons will be endowed with advanced intelligence by AGI, their performance will be generally enhanced, and they will become “strong at attack and difficult to defend” with their speed and cluster advantages. By then, the highly intelligent autonomous weapons that some scientists have predicted will become a reality, and AGI will play a key role in this. At present, the military application areas of artificial intelligence include autonomous weapons, intelligence analysis, intelligent decision-making, intelligent training, intelligent support, etc. These applications are difficult to simply summarize as “empowerment”. Moreover, AGI has a fast development speed and a short iteration cycle, and is in a state of continuous evolution. In future operations, AGI needs to be a priority, and special attention should be paid to the possible changes it brings.

  Will AGI make war disappear?

  Historian Geoffrey Blainey believes that “wars always occur because of misjudgments of each other’s strength or will”, and with the application of AGI in the military field, misjudgments will become less and less. Therefore, some scholars speculate that wars will decrease or disappear. In fact, relying on AGI can indeed reduce a large number of misjudgments, but even so, it is impossible to eliminate all uncertainties, because one of the characteristics of war is uncertainty. Moreover, not all wars are caused by misjudgments. Moreover, the inherent unpredictability and inexplicability of AGI, as well as people’s lack of experience in using AGI, will bring new uncertainties, making people fall into a thicker “fog of artificial intelligence”.

  There are also rational problems with AGI algorithms. Some scholars believe that AGI’s mining and accurate prediction of important intelligence will have a dual impact. In actual operation, AGI does make fewer mistakes than humans, which can improve the accuracy of intelligence and help reduce misjudgments; but sometimes it may also make humans blindly confident and stimulate them to take risks. The offensive advantage brought by AGI leads to the best defense strategy being “preemptive strike”, which breaks the balance between offense and defense, triggers a new security dilemma, and increases the risk of war.

  AGI has the characteristics of strong versatility and can be easily combined with weapons and equipment. Unlike nuclear, biological and chemical technologies, it has a low threshold for use and is particularly easy to spread. Due to the technological gap between countries, people are likely to use immature AGI weapons on the battlefield, which brings huge risks. For example, the application of drones in the latest local war practices has stimulated many small and medium-sized countries to start purchasing drones in large quantities. The low-cost equipment and technology brought by AGI are very likely to stimulate the occurrence of a new arms race.

  Will AGI be the ultimate deterrent?

  Deterrence is the ability to maintain a certain capability to intimidate an adversary from taking actions that go beyond its own interests. When deterrence is too strong to be used, it is the ultimate deterrence, such as the nuclear deterrence of mutually assured destruction. But what ultimately determines the outcome is “human nature,” which is the key that will never be missing in war.

  Without the various trade-offs of “humanity”, will AGI become a formidable deterrent? AGI is fast but lacks empathy, is resolute in execution, and has an extremely compressed gaming space. AGI is a key factor on future battlefields, but it is difficult to accurately evaluate due to lack of practical experience, and it is easy to overestimate the opponent’s capabilities. In addition, in terms of autonomous weapon control, whether humans are in the loop and supervise the entire process, or are humans outside the loop and completely let go, this undoubtedly requires deep thought. Can the firing control of intelligent weapons be handed over to AGI? If not, the deterrent effect will be greatly reduced; if so, can the life and death of humans really be decided by machines that have nothing to do with them? In research at Cornell University, large war game simulation models often “suddenly use nuclear attacks” to escalate wars, even if they are in a neutral state.

  Perhaps one day in the future, AGI will surpass humans in capabilities. Will we be unable to supervise and control it? Geoffrey Hinton, who proposed the concept of deep learning, said that he has never seen a case where something with a higher level of intelligence was controlled by something with a lower level of intelligence. Some research teams believe that humans may not be able to supervise super artificial intelligence. In the face of powerful AGI in the future, can we really control them? This is a question worth pondering.

  Will AGI change the nature of war?

  With the widespread use of AGI, will battlefields filled with violence and blood disappear? Some people say that AI warfare is far beyond the capabilities of humans and will push humans out of the battlefield. When AI turns war into a war fought entirely by autonomous robots, is it still a “violent and bloody war”? When opponents of unequal capabilities confront each other, the weak may not have the opportunity to act at all. Can wars be ended before the war through war games? Will AGI change the nature of war? Is an “unmanned” “war” still a war?

  Yuval Noah Harari, author of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, said that all human behavior is mediated by language and affects our history. The Big Language Model is a typical AGI. The biggest difference between it and other inventions is that it can create new ideas and culture. “Artificial intelligence that can tell stories will change the course of human history.” When AGI touches the control of language, the entire civilization system built by humans may be subverted, and it does not even need to generate consciousness in this process. Like Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave”, will humans worship AGI as a new “god”?

  AGI establishes a close relationship with humans through human language and changes human perceptions, making it difficult for humans to distinguish and discern, thus posing the danger of the will to war being controlled by people with ulterior motives. Harari said that computers do not need to send out killer robots. If necessary, they will let humans pull the trigger themselves. AGI accurately creates and polishes situation information and controls battlefield cognition through deep fakes. It can use drones to fake battlefield situations and build public opinion before the war. This has been seen in recent local wars. The cost of war will be greatly reduced, leading to the emergence of a new form of war. Will small and weak countries still have a chance? Can the will to war be changed without bloodshed? Is “force” no longer a necessary condition for defining war?

  The form of war may be changed, but the essence remains. Whether war is “bloody” or not, it will still force the enemy to obey its will and bring a lot of “collateral damage”, but the way of confrontation may be completely different. The essence of war lies in the “human nature” deep in the heart, and “human nature” is determined by culture, history, behavior and values, etc. It is difficult to completely replicate it with some artificial intelligence technology, so we cannot outsource all ethical, political and decision-making issues to artificial intelligence, and we cannot expect artificial intelligence to automatically generate “human nature”. Artificial intelligence technology may be abused due to passionate impulses, so it must be under human control. Since artificial intelligence is trained by humans, it will not always be free of bias, so they cannot be completely separated from human supervision. In the future, artificial intelligence can become a creative tool or partner to enhance “tactical imagination”, but it must be “aligned” with human values. These issues need to be constantly thought about and understood in practice.

  Will AGI revolutionize the theory of war?

  Most subject knowledge is expressed in natural language. The large language model, which is a collection of human writings, can connect language writings that are difficult to be compatible with scientific research. For example, some people input classical masterpieces and even philosophy, history, politics, economics, etc. into the large language model for analysis and reconstruction. It is found that it can not only conduct a comprehensive analysis of all scholars’ views, but also put forward its “own views” without losing originality. Therefore, some people say that it is also possible to re-analyze and interpret war theories through AGI, stimulate human innovation, and drive major evolution and reconstruction of war theories and systems? Perhaps there will be certain improvements and developments in theory, but war science is not only theoretical, but also practical, but practicality and reality are what AGI cannot do at all. Can the classic war theory really be reinterpreted? If so, what is the meaning of the theory?

  In short, AGI’s subversion of the concept of war will far exceed “mechanization” and “informatization”. People should boldly embrace the arrival of AGI, but also be cautious. Understand the concept so as not to be ignorant; conduct in-depth research so as not to fall behind; strengthen supervision so as not to be negligent. How to learn to cooperate with AGI and guard against AGI technology raids by opponents is what we need to pay attention to first in the future. (Rong Ming and Hu Xiaofeng)

  Afterword

  Looking to the future with an open mind

  Futurist Roy Amara has a famous assertion that people tend to overestimate the short-term benefits of a technology but underestimate its long-term impact, which is later called “Amara’s Law”. This law emphasizes the nonlinear characteristics of technological development, that is, the actual impact of technology often takes a longer time scale to fully manifest, reflecting the pulse and trend of technological development and embodying human acceptance and longing for technology.

  At present, in the process of the development of artificial intelligence from weak artificial intelligence to strong artificial intelligence, and from special artificial intelligence to general artificial intelligence, every time people think that they have completed 90% of the journey, looking back, they may have only completed less than 10% of the journey. The driving role of the scientific and technological revolution in the military revolution is becoming more and more prominent, especially the multi-faceted penetration of high-tech represented by artificial intelligence technology into the military field, which has led to profound changes in the mechanism, elements and methods of winning wars.

  In the foreseeable future, intelligent technologies such as AGI will not stop iterating, and the cross-evolution of intelligent technologies and their enabling applications in the military field will become more diversified, perhaps going beyond the boundaries of human cognition of existing war forms. The development of science and technology is unstoppable and unstoppable. Whoever can see the trend and future of science and technology, the potential and power of science and technology with a keen eye and a clear mind, and see through the “fog of war”, will be more likely to seize the initiative to win.

  This reminds us that we should have a broader perspective and thinking when exploring the development of future war forms, so that we can get closer to the underestimated reality. Where is AGI going? Where is intelligent warfare going? This is a test of human wisdom.

[Editor: Wang Jinzhi]

現代國語：

AGI帶來的戰爭思考

編者按

科技與戰爭總是交織在一起，科技創新在不斷改變戰爭面貌的同時，並沒有改變戰爭的暴力性質和強迫性目的。近年來，隨著人工智慧技術的快速發展應用，人們關於人工智慧對戰爭影響的爭論從未停止。與人工智慧（AI）相比，通用人工智慧（AGI）的智慧程度更高，被認為是與人類智慧相當的智慧形式。 AGI的出現將如何影響戰爭，會不會改變戰爭的暴力性和強迫性？本文將帶著一系列思考與大家共同探討這個問題。

AGI只是賦能技術嗎

很多人認為，雖然大模型以及生成式人工智慧展現出未來AGI強大的軍事應用潛力，但它們畢竟只是一種賦能技術，即只能對武器裝備賦能優化，使現有裝備更加智能，提高作戰效率，難以帶來真正的軍事革命。就如同「網路戰武器」在剛出現時也曾被許多國家寄予厚望，但現在看來確實有點誇大。

AGI的顛覆性其實完全不同。它以遠超人類的反應速度和知識廣度為戰場帶來巨大改變。更重要的是，它透過促進科技的快速進步，湧現出巨大的顛覆性結果。未來戰場上，自主武器將被AGI賦予高級智能，性能得到普遍增強，並且憑藉其速度和集群優勢變得「攻強守難」。屆時，一些科學家曾預言的高智慧自主武器將成為現實，而AGI在其中扮演了關鍵性角色。目前，人工智慧的軍事化應用領域包括自主武器、情報分析、智慧決策、智慧訓練、智慧保障等，這些應用很難用「賦能」來簡單概括。而且，AGI發展速度快、迭代周期短，處於不斷進化的狀態。未來作戰，需要將AGI作為優先事項，格外注意其帶來的可能改變。

AGI會讓戰爭消失嗎

歷史學家杰弗裡·布萊尼認為“戰爭總是因為對各自力量或意願錯誤的判斷而發生”，而隨著AGI在軍事領域的應用，誤判將變得越來越少。因此，有學者推測，戰爭將隨之減少或消失。其實，依托AGI確實可以減少大量誤判，但即便如此，也不可能消除所有不確定性，因為戰爭的特徵之一就是不確定性。何況並非所有戰爭都因誤判而產生，而且，AGI固有的不可預測性、不可解釋性，以及人們對AGI使用經驗的缺乏，都會帶來新的不確定性，使人們陷入更加濃重的「人工智慧迷霧」之中。

AGI演算法還存在理性難題。有學者認為，AGI對重大情報的挖掘和精確預測，會帶來雙重影響。 AGI在實際操作層面，確實比人類犯錯少，能夠提高情報準確性，有利於減少誤判；但有時也可能會使人類盲目自信，刺激其鋌而走險。 AGI帶來的進攻優勢，導致最佳防禦戰略就是“先發制人”，打破了進攻與防禦的平衡，引發了新型安全困境，反而增加了戰爭爆發的風險。

AGI具有通用性強的特點，容易與武器裝備結合。與核子、生化等技術不同，它使用門檻低，特別容易擴散。由於各國之間存在技術差距，導致人們很可能將不成熟的AGI武器運用於戰場，帶來巨大風險。例如，無人機在最新局部戰爭實務的應用，就刺激許多中小國家開始大量採購無人機。 AGI帶來的低成本裝備和技術，極有可能刺激新型軍備競賽的發生。

AGI會是終極威懾嗎

威懾是維持某種能力以恐嚇對手使其不採取超越自身利益的行動。當威懾強大到無法使用時就是終極威懾，例如確保相互摧毀的核威懾。但最終決定結果的卻是“人性”，這是戰爭永遠不會缺少的關鍵。

如果沒有了「人性」的各種權衡，AGI是否會成為令人生畏的威懾？ AGI速度很快但缺乏同理心，執行堅決，博弈空間被極度壓縮。 AGI是未來戰場的關鍵性因素，但因缺乏實務經驗很難進行準確評估，很容易高估對手能力。此外，在自主武器控制方面，是人在環內、全程監督，還是人在環外、完全放手，這無疑需要深思。智慧化武器的開火控制權能交給AGI嗎？如果不能，威懾效果將大打折扣；如果能，人類的生死就真的可以交由與其無關的機器來決定？在康乃爾大學的研究中，兵棋推演大模型經常「突然使用核攻擊」升級戰爭，即使處於中立狀態。

或許未來某一天，AGI會在能力上超過人類，我們是不是就無法對其進行監管控制了？提出深度學習概念的傑弗裡·辛頓說，從沒見過更高智能水平的東西被更低智能水平的東西控制的案例。有研究團隊認為，人類可能無法監督超級人工智慧。未來面對強大的AGI，我們真的能夠控制住它們嗎？這是一個值得人們深思的問題。

AGI會改變戰爭本質嗎

隨著AGI的大量運用，充滿暴力和血腥的戰場會不會消失？有人說，人工智慧戰爭遠超過人類能力範圍，反而會將人類推到戰場之外。當人工智慧將戰爭變成全部由自主機器人對抗時，那它還是「暴力和血腥的戰爭」嗎？當能力不對等的對手對抗時，弱者可能根本沒有行動的機會，戰爭是不是透過兵棋推演就可以在戰前被結束？ AGI會因此改變戰爭的本質嗎？ 「無人」的「戰爭」還是戰爭嗎？

《人類簡史》作者尤瓦爾·赫拉利說，人類的一切行為都透過語言作為中介並影響我們的歷史。大語言模型是一種典型的AGI，它與其他發明最大的不同在於可以創造全新的想法和文化，「會說故事的人工智慧將改變人類歷史的進程」。當AGI觸及對語言的掌控時，人類所建構的整個文明體係就可能被顛覆，在這個過程中甚至不需要其產生意識。如同柏拉圖的“洞穴寓言”，人類會不會將AGI當成新的“神明”加以膜拜？

AGI透過人類語言和人類建立親密關係，並改變人類的看法，使人類難以區分和辨別，從而存在戰爭意志被別有用心之人控制的危險。赫拉利說，電腦不需要派出殺手機器人，如果真的需要，它會讓人類自己扣下板機。 AGI精準製造和打磨態勢訊息，透過深度偽造控制戰場認知，既可用無人機對戰場態勢進行偽造，也可以在戰前進行輿論造勢，在近幾場局部戰爭中已初見端倪。戰爭成本會因此大幅下降，導致新的戰爭形態產生，小國弱國還會有機會嗎？戰爭意志是否可以不用流血就可改變，「武力」是否不再是戰爭定義的必要條件？

戰爭形態或被改變，但本質仍在。無論戰爭是否“血腥”，其仍會強迫敵人服從自己的意志並帶有大量“附帶損傷”，只不過對抗方式可能會完全不同。戰爭本質在於內心深處的“人性”，而“人性”是由文化、歷史、行為和價值觀等決定的，是很難用某種人工智能技術完全復刻出來的，所以不能將倫理、政治和決策問題全部外包給人工智能，更不能期望人工智能會自動產生“人性”。人工智慧技術可能會因激情衝動而被濫用，所以必須在人類掌控之中。既然人工智慧是人類訓練的，它就不會永遠都沒有偏見，所以它們就無法完全脫離人類的監督。在未來，人工智慧可以成為有創意的工具或夥伴，增強“戰術想像力”，但必須“對齊”人類的價值觀。這些問題需要在實踐中不斷地去思考和理解。

AGI會顛覆戰爭理論嗎

大多數的學科知識是用自然語言表達的。集人類著述之大成的大語言模型，可以將很難相容的語言著述與科學研究連結起來。例如，有人將古典名著甚至哲學、歷史、政治、經濟學等輸入大語言模型，進行分析重構。發現它既可以對所有學者觀點進行全面分析，也可以提出它“自己的見解”，而且不失創見。因此有人說，是否也可以透過AGI對戰爭理論重新加以分析解釋，激發人類創新，以驅使戰爭理論及體系發生重大演化與重構？也許從理論上確實會有一定的改進和發展，但戰爭科學不僅具有理論性，而且還具有實踐性，但實踐性、現實性卻是AGI根本做不到的。經典戰爭理論真的可以重新詮釋嗎？若是，則理論的意義何在？

總之，AGI對戰爭概念的顛覆將遠超越「機械化」與「資訊化」。對於AGI的到來，人們既要大膽擁抱，也要心存謹慎。理解概念，不至於無知；深入研究，不致於落伍；強化監管，不致於失察。如何學習與AGI合作，防範對手AGI技術突襲，是我們未來首先需要關注的事情。 （榮明 胡曉峰）

編 後

以開闊思維前瞻未來

未來學家羅伊·阿瑪拉有一個著名論斷，人們總是傾向於高估一項技術帶來的短期效益，卻又低估了它的長期影響，後被稱作“阿瑪拉定律”。這個定律，強調了科技發展的非線性特徵，即科技的實際影響往往需要在更長的時間尺度上才能完全顯現，反映了科技發展的脈動與趨勢，體現人類對科技的接納與憧憬。

目前，人工智慧由弱人工智慧到強人工智慧、由專用人工智慧到通用人工智慧的發展過程中，每次人們認為已走完全程的90%時，回首一看，可能才剛到全程的10%。科技革命對軍事革命驅動作用愈發凸顯，尤其是以人工智慧技術為代表的高新技術多方位向軍事領域滲透，使得戰爭制勝機理、制勝要素、制勝方式正在發生深刻演變。

在可以預見的未來，AGI等智慧化技術不會停止迭代的步伐，而智慧化技術交叉演化以及在軍事領域的賦能應用等都將趨於多元化，或許會跳脫出人類對現有戰爭形態認知的邊界。科技的發展已勢不可擋、也無人能擋，誰能以敏銳的眼光、清醒的頭腦，看清科技的趨勢和未來、看到科技的潛質和威力，洞穿“戰爭迷霧”，誰就更有可能搶佔制勝先機。

這提醒著人們，對於未來戰爭形態發展的探索應持更開闊的視野和思維，才可能更接近被低估的現實。 AGI向何處去？智能化戰爭往何處去？這考驗著人類的智慧。 （野鈔洋）

【責任編輯:王金志】

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.news.cn/milpro/20250121/1eb771b26d264926b0c2d23d12084f0f888/c.html

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Cognitive Domain Warfare The New Main Chinese Battlefield for Language Confrontation

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認知領域戰爭：中國語言對抗的新主戰場

現代英語：

Cognitive domain warfare refers to the important form of public opinion propaganda, psychological attack and defense, winning people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle, guided by modern cognitive theory and science, calling on multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and using multi-dimensional technologies such as modern networks, media, text, pictures, videos, and numbers, aiming to fight for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification, and judgment tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade warfare, diplomatic warfare, scientific and technological warfare, ideological warfare, and other multi-domain warfare.

At present, cognitive domain warfare has become an important support for countries to carry out military struggles and struggles in other fields. Language confrontation driven by cognitive domain goals has become an important form of cognitive domain warfare and deserves high attention.

Language confrontation: a new area for exerting influence on combat targets

Cognitive domain operations are a result of the development of contemporary cognitive science research. They are an emerging field of operations that emerged after people actively explored the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract and thorough understanding of the brain. They are also a high-end form of influence in language confrontation that targets the advanced, deep and hidden activities of the audience’s brain. Whether it is the object of information action, the producer of information, the information content itself or the channel of information, cognitive domain operations are all permeated with cognitive characteristics, and always emphasize taking action at the cognitive level.

In terms of the recipients of information, this cognition targets the deep cognitive aspects of the opponent’s audience, including its people, military, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly includes the leaders of the other country or specific important generals of the army, etc. It can also be a specific group of people or the public. It can involve the cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, and cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also be the beliefs, values, political identity, national identity, social and cultural identity, and emotional attitudes of individuals and groups.

From the perspective of the distributor and content of information, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer, which includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the observation perspective of things, the cognitive focus and depth of the narrative, the organization form of the sentence, the value concept and other tendencies of the sentence, the acceptability of the concept of the sentence to the other party, etc.

In terms of the channels for information issuance and dissemination, the form of text is closer to multimedia and multimodal forms, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smart phones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, that is, it is more in line with the cognitive characteristics, cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies accepted by the audience. The dissemination form of text fully considers the cognitive effects in international communication, especially cross-cultural, cross-linguistic, cross-media and cross-group cognitive communication. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from a cognitive level.

Language confrontation responds to changes in combat styles and generates new tactics

Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the style of military struggle has been constantly changing. From the initial physical struggle with cold weapons to the contest of hot weapons and mechanical forces, and then to the balance and counter-balance of information capabilities under high-tech warfare conditions, in recent years, it has developed towards the intelligent decision-making competition in the direction of intelligence and unmanned. Each change has brought profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of coexistence of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, people not only pay attention to the competition for dominance in the physical and information domains of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the cognitive domain that affects the main body of war, that is, the competition in the fields of thinking, cognitive patterns and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication patterns, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, and ideological identity of the personnel on both sides of the war. The latter involves the basic situation of social personnel and social existence, that is, the emerging field of cognitive domain warfare, and its tactics have strong particularity.

Flexibility of topics: Cognitive domain operations can select many topics in the cognitive domain and carry out flexible and flexible combat operations. According to the current situation and needs, topics can be selected from the relatively macroscopic strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the opponent’s entire society, etc.), the mesoscopic campaign level (such as social problems in the local field or direction of the opponent’s society: social welfare policy or environmental protection policy, etc.), and very microscopic tactical issues in society (such as the unfairness, injustice, and non-beautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). Macro, meso, and micro cognitive domain issues are interconnected and transformed into each other. It is very likely that a microscopic topic will also become a major macroscopic strategic topic. The raising of issues depends on the relationship with the entire military operation. Cognitive domain operations should be subject to the overall combat operations and serve the needs of the macroscopic political and diplomatic situation. More importantly, topics should be prepared in peacetime, and data on various topics should be collected in peacetime, especially paying attention to various important data in the real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and shells shot at the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.

Controllability of the operational level: The important design of cognitive operations is that it can be controlled and regulated as a whole at the operational level, and can be upgraded or reduced in dimension according to changes in the situation. If it is necessary at the strategic level, the commander can open the strategic level design and force investment; if it is necessary at the campaign level, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only necessary at the level of specific small problems, it can also be controlled at the corresponding niche local level, so that the entire action serves the needs of the overall combat operation. The strategic campaign tactics here refer more to operational design and force investment. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, with strategic issues affecting the effects of the campaign and tactical levels; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign and strategic level issues that affect the overall situation.

Dominance of emerging media: The main influence channel of cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on single media, such as newspapers, magazines, books, flyers, posters, etc. to convey information; the emergence of television in the later period brought three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multi-media, multi-modal, short videos and short texts to convey information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, smart players, and the birth of various emerging social software and tools have made emerging media the main tool for people to communicate and exchange. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to play games and struggle in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security and political security. Internet security, especially whether the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools can be mastered, is, to some extent, the key to whether a country’s cognitive domain can be secure. Information in emerging media tools and new media space has become the main battlefield, main position and main space for competition in cognitive operations of various countries. It is worth pointing out that ideas and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain operations.

Language confrontation adapts to the intelligent era, cognitive computing enhances new computing power

In the era of artificial intelligence, based on the substantial improvement in big data analysis and application, supercomputing capabilities, intelligent computing capabilities, natural language processing capabilities, smartphone communication capabilities, and new generation network communication capabilities, humans have begun to accurately model and analyze language culture, psychological cognition, group emotions, and social behavior for the entire society, the entire network domain, local groups, local different groups, and specific individuals. In particular, people have a deep understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking patterns, habitual preferences, image schemas, cognitive frameworks, and even neural networks, human-computer collaboration, and brain control technology. As long as there is enough diverse dynamic data, people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, social opinions, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculations, actuarial calculations, and clever calculations, people’s cognitive world can be accurately grasped, and a fine and profound control of people’s cognitive domain can be formed. This aspect also presents the following characteristics:

The dimensionality of computation: As an emerging field, all aspects of the cognitive domain can be digitized and made fully computable for all aspects of the entire process and all individuals. This can be achieved by widely collecting various types of information and then sorting out the information to form big data on the diverse factors of the opponent’s subjects. This will allow various computations to be conducted on the entire population, groups, between groups, and between individual data. As a result, all kinds of activities based on thinking, psychology, emotion, speech, behavior, etc. that were previously impossible to achieve can be completed, displayed, and accurately grasped through computation.

Cognitive nature of computation: computation in the cognitive domain reflects a strong cognitive nature. It can reveal more of the connections between things, events, and people that are difficult to observe with the naked eye. It can reveal the clustering and hierarchical relationships between concepts in the same event framework, and reflect the deep cognitive connections between concepts, whether explicit or implicit, direct or indirect. It reveals the complex conceptual network system between concepts, allowing people to see a deep cognitive world that completely transcends ordinary naked eye observation.

Intelligence of computation: The computation in cognitive domain also reflects strong intelligence. This intelligence is manifested in the fact that intelligent conclusions can be drawn through computation. For example, through the collection of a large amount of text and data mining, we can find the relationship between various topics, various viewpoints, various tendencies, various groups of people, various positions, and various demands that cannot be seen by human power, so as to form a more comprehensive, in-depth, accurate, and systematic understanding of a certain issue and make scientific and optimized decisions. Such decisions may be consistent with human intelligence, or they may surpass or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by integrating the data of our country and the data of our opponents, we can better prevent, warn, and deploy in advance, and achieve the best, optimal, fastest, and most accurate strikes and counterattacks, and better reflect efficient, powerful, and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about the possible reactions of a possible macro, meso, or micro topic in different groups of people, different time periods, and different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or a local network domain, or within a specific group, especially the analysis and inspection of the active and passive situations that both parties may present when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of cognitive domain.

New application of giving full play to the status of discourse subject and releasing the power of discourse

Cognitive domain operations have a very important support, that is, it mainly relies on language media to play a role, mainly exerts influence through the discourse level, mainly forms an implicit effect on the cognitive domain through the narrative of discourse, mainly exerts potential effects through cultural models, and exerts explicit or implicit effects through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Uniqueness of textual discourse: The cognitive domain needs to be influenced by information. Although information may be presented through the special visual effects of video images, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the discourse expressed by the text becomes the main support for producing cognitive influence. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skills of discourse expression, the main design of the persuasiveness and appeal of discourse expression, and especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to influencing people’s cognition. This may include the perspective of the narrative, the theme and style of the narrative, the story framework of the narrative, the language innovation of the narrative, the key sentences of the narrative, the philosophical, humanistic, religious, social, natural and other feelings contained in the narrative, the identities of different participants in the narrative, the diversified evaluation of the narrative, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of the narrative, the subtle influence of the narrative on the viewpoint, the personal emotions, values, ideology, and position evaluation released by the narrative. The uniqueness of textual discourse is an important reliance for cognitive domain operations to exert cognitive influence through text. Making full use of the complexity of the text, giving play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving play to the role of implicit and explicit cognitive influence of the text connotation have become the key to cognitive domain operations of textual discourse. The most important thing is to innovate the text discourse, win readers with newer words, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions, so that readers can understand and feel the ideas in the text imperceptibly, and accept the ideas of the text silently.

Potentiality of cultural models: In cognitive domain operations, we must deeply grasp the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different nationalities have different cultural models. Their philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are all obviously different. Citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national cognitive models. They should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to their own national culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses. Some of them obviously have a huge difference in understanding from other nationalities in their own country, and even misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, cognitive domain operations at the cultural level are to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models of different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models of different countries on different things, and fully grasp the overall attitude and behavior of a country on a series of things and issues, especially for some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, and overall concepts. With the help of existing theories and discoveries, we should comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical problems, sensitive problems, and important problems, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step of cognitive operations. Strengthening the study of the cultural patterns of different enemy personnel, especially military personnel, personnel in key positions, including the study and construction of the basic cultural characteristics and models of enemy generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as the character’s psychological cognitive behavior and cultural model portrait, has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. The cognitive analysis of ordinary enemy personnel, especially the general public, citizens, and specific groups, including special non-governmental organizations, is also of great value.

Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language and cultural communications, and need to follow the laws of international communication. We must grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, skillfully combine our own stories with international expressions, and skillfully combine the other party’s language and culture with our own stories and ideas; we must be good at combining different art forms, including text, pictures, paintings, music (sound), video and other means or multimodal means to achieve international communication of information. At the same time, we must coordinate multi-dimensional macro communication at the strategic level: we must use various means to carry out communication through military-civilian integration, military-civilian coordination, and military-civilian integration; in addition to non-governmental organizations, we must especially rely on civilian forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people to help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; we must unify the setting of topics, speak out in multiple locations and dimensions, form a strategic communication situation, and form a good situation for emergency solutions for major actions, major issues, and major crisis management, form a good public opinion atmosphere, create positive effects, and eliminate or extinguish adverse effects. In particular, we must establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, knows the laws of international communication, and can speak out skillfully on international multi-dimensional platforms. These people can usually conduct extensive topic perception, information collection and discussion, and use common or special topics to build personal connections and establish fan communities. More importantly, at critical moments, they can exert influence through their fan groups and complete strategic communication tasks.

At present, with the prevalence of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common means of mixing and blending. The process of cognitive domain warfare from unfamiliarity, emerging, development to growth is also the advanced stage, complex stage and upgraded stage of the development of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare and legal warfare. Its rise is more deceptive, ambiguous, concealed, embedded, implanted and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with the entry of contemporary emerging media, and it is constantly learning and drawing on new ideas, new technologies and new means that integrate into multiple disciplines, cross-disciplines and cross-disciplinary disciplines. As a result, cognitive domain warfare has become a form of warfare that we must be highly vigilant and guard against. (Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor at the College of Arts and Sciences of the National University of Defense Technology)

[This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Major Project “National Defense Language Capacity Building in the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]

(Source: China Social Sciences Network)

(Editors: Chen Yu, Huang Zijuan)

現代國語：

認知域作戰指的是以現代認知理論和科學為指導，調用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段，運用現代網絡、傳媒、文字、圖片、視頻、數字等多維技術，開展輿論宣傳、心理攻防、人心爭取、信心顛覆、信仰影響、思維爭奪以及意識形態斗爭的重要形式，意在爭奪人們在思維、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同與評判傾向方面主動權。認知域作戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰及貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、思想戰等多域戰的復合集合體。

當前，認知域作戰已成為國家間開展軍事斗爭和其他領域斗爭的重要依托，認知域目標驅動的語言對抗已經成為認知域作戰的重要形式，值得高度關注。

語言對抗針對作戰對象施加影響的新領域

認知域作戰是當代認知科學研究發展的伴隨結果，是人們積極探索大腦認知活動獲得對大腦更為復雜更為抽象更為透徹的理解后產生的一種新興作戰領域，更是語言對抗以受眾大腦的高級深層隱性活動為作用對象的高端影響形式。不管是從信息作用的對象、信息的生產者、信息內容本身還是信息的渠道，認知域作戰都無不貫穿了認知的特點，自始至終都突出從認知層面開展行動。

從信息的接受對象來說，這個認知針對的是對手受眾大腦深層的認知方面，包括其民眾、軍隊、軍事指揮員或者重要領導、政界商界的重要人物，甚至直接包括對方國家領導人或者軍隊的特定重要將領等，也可以是特定的人群或者民眾。它可以涉及個人或者群體的認知偏好、認知短板、認知習慣、認知偏差、認知誤區﹔也可以是個人和群體的信仰、價值觀念、政治認同、民族認同以及社會和文化認同與情感態度。

從信息的投放者和內容來說，它應該是注入了信息生產者的認知設計和安排，這個包括文本的獨特認知性，比如文本的話語模式、文本的敘事模式、事物的觀察視角、敘事的認知焦點與深度、語句的組織形式、語句的價值觀念等傾向性、語句的概念的對方可接受性等。

從信息發出和傳播的渠道來說，文本的形式更加貼近多媒體多模態形式，更加貼近網絡空間的需要，更加貼近當代智能手機的優勢，更加貼近當下新興媒體時代的特點，也就是更加符合受眾接受的認知特點認知習慣和認知傾向。文本的傳播形式充分考慮國際傳播中的認知效果，特別是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。如此，文本將會從認知層面，更好地對受眾施加影響。

語言對抗應對作戰樣式變革生成新戰法

縱觀人類歷史，我們不難發現，軍事斗爭的樣式一直在不斷變化。從最初的借助冷兵器的體力纏斗發展成為熱兵器機械力量的較量，又發展成為高科技戰爭條件下的信息化能力的制衡與反制衡，近年來又向著智能化無人化方向的智能決策比拼發展，每一次變革都帶來深刻的戰法變化。當下的機械化信息化智能化的共處過渡階段，人們不僅重視戰場的物理域和信息域主導權的爭奪，更重視影響戰爭主體——人的認知域的掌控，也就是作戰雙方人員的思維方式、認知模式與風格、價值觀念、情感態度、文化模型、溝通模式、心理強弱項、認知偏好、文化與知識圖譜、意識形態認同等領域的爭奪。后者涉及社會人員和社會存在的基本態勢，也就是認知域作戰施加影響的新興領域，其戰法有著強烈的特殊性。

議題靈活機動性：認知域作戰可挑選認知域的諸多議題，開展靈活機動的作戰行動。議題根據當下的情況與需要，既可以選擇涉及較為宏觀的戰略層面（如對方全社會的意識形態與制度等），也可以選擇中觀的戰役層面（如對方社會局部領域或方向的社會問題：社會福利政策或環境保護政策等），還可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題（如某個人、某個具體事件所折射出的社會的非公平、非正義、非美好的一面）。宏觀、中觀、微觀的認知域問題相互聯系、相互轉化，很有可能一個微觀的議題也會成為一個宏觀的重大戰略性議題。而問題的提出要視與整個軍事行動的關系，要使認知域作戰服從於全局的作戰行動，服務於宏觀的政治、外交大局的需要。更為重要的是，議題要准備在平時，要把各種議題的數據收集在平時，特別是要關注現實社會中的各種重要數據。一旦需要，這些數據就可以迅速轉變為射向敵方認知域的箭頭、子彈、炮彈，甚至成為影響全局的戰略性武器。

作戰層次可控性：認知作戰其重要的設計是，在作戰的層面上，是整體可以控制的，也是可以調控的，可以根據形勢的變化，做出相應的升級或者降維。如果需要戰略層面的，指揮人員可以開通戰略層面的設計和力量投入﹔如果需要戰役級別的，也可以控制在相應戰役層面﹔如果僅僅需要是在特定的小問題層面，也可以將其控制在相應的小眾局域層面，使得整個行動服務於整體作戰行動的需要。這裡的戰略戰役戰術，更多的指的是作戰設計和力量的投入。由於戰場態勢可能瞬息萬變，有些議題也有可能在層級上發生變化，由戰略性的議題影響到戰役和戰術級的效果﹔有些議題，則由於戰術議題的特殊性，成為影響全局的戰役戰略級議題。

新興媒介主導性：認知域的主要影響渠道，已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向了新興媒體。傳統媒介主要依靠單一媒介，如報紙、雜志、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞信息﹔后期電視的產生帶來了立體媒體。到了互聯網時代，特別是互聯網2.0時代和智能通訊設備的誕生，人們更加依靠多媒介、多模態以及短視頻、短文本的形式來傳遞信息。各種智能手機、智能平板、智能播放器等高級設備的推陳出新，各種新興社交軟件和工具的誕生，使得新興媒體成為當下人們開展溝通和交流的主要工具。新興媒體、新興社交軟件和工具已經成為當下各種力量在社會安全、輿論安全、意識形態安全、社會安全和政治安全展開博弈和斗爭的重要空間。互聯網安全，特別是能否掌握住新型的社交媒體、新興社交軟件和工具等的安全，在某種程度上說，是一國認知域能否安全的關鍵。新興媒體工具和新型媒體空間的信息已經成為各個國家認知作戰的主戰場、主陣地和主要爭奪空間。值得指出的是，左右人們認知的思想和理論將成為認知域作戰各層面的最為有影響力的武器。

語言對抗適應智能時代認知計算增強新算力

人工智能時代，在大數據分析與運用、超級計算能力、智能計算能力、自然語言處理能力、智能手機傳播能力以及新一代網絡通信能力大幅提高的基礎上，人類已經開始可以對全社會、全網域、局部群體、局部不同群體以及特定個體開展精准的語言文化、心理認知、群體情感、社會行為建模和分析。特別是人們對大腦認知、人腦思維、思維模式、習慣偏好、意象圖式、認知框架、乃至神經網絡、人機協同、腦控技術等的深刻認識和把握，隻要有足夠多樣化的動態數據，人們就可以把人們的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、社會輿論以及行為方式等全部計算模擬出來，通過深算、精算、妙算，可以精准地把握人們的認知世界，形成對人們認知域的精細和深刻的掌控。這方面又呈現以下特征：

計算的全維性：認知域作為一個新興領域，其涉及的方方面面都可以被數據化並實現全方位全過程全個體可計算，可以通過廣泛的收集各類型信息，經過信息梳理進而可體現為關於作戰對手主體因素多樣化的大數據，從而可以就此開展面向全體、群體、群體之間以及個體數據及其之間的各種計算，由此，以往無法實現的基於思維、心理、情感、言論、行為等方面的各種活動都可以通過計算來完成、展示和精准把握。

計算的認知性：認知域的計算體現了了強烈的認知性，它更多地可以揭示各種事物、事件、人物之間的難以用肉眼觀察到的關聯關系，可以揭示同一事件框架中各種概念之間的聚類和層級關系，體現各概念之間或明或暗、或直接或間接的深層認知聯系，揭示概念之間的復雜概念網絡體系，使人們看到完全超越一般肉眼觀察的深層認知世界。

計算的智能性：認知域的計算又體現了強烈的智能性。這種智能性表現為通過計算，會得出具有智慧性的結論。譬如可以通過大量文本收集和數據挖掘，尋找人工力量受限而看不到的各種主題、各種觀點、各種傾向、各種人群、各種立場、各種訴求之間的關系，形成對某一問題的更為全面、縱深、精確、系統的認識，做出科學優化的決策。這類決策既可能是與人類智能相符，也可能是超越甚至遠遠勝過人類的智能。運用好認知計算的力量，特別是綜合本國的數據和對手的數據，可以更好地做到提前預防、提前預警、提前開展布局，並能夠實現最好最優最快最精准地打擊和反擊，也能夠更好地體現高效有力有針對性的防護。這裡的認知計算，更多的是對某一可能的宏觀中觀或微觀的議題在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景下，在全網域或者某一局域網域、某一特定群體內部可能產生的反響，特別是對與對手展開博弈時雙方可能呈現的主動、被動的態勢開展分析和檢視，對認知域的攻防等。

發揮話語主體地位釋放話語力量的新運用

認知域作戰有一個非常重要的依托，就是它主要依托語言媒介來發揮作用，主要通過話語層面來施加影響，主要通過話語的敘事性來形成對認知域的隱性作用，主要通過文化模式來施加潛在作用，通過跨文化的傳播來施加或明或暗的作用。其主要體現為以下方面：

文本話語獨特性：認知域是需要用信息來施加影響的。盡管信息可能依托視頻圖片的特殊視覺效果來展現，但從根本上說，文本所綜合表達話語的獨特性成為產生認知影響的主要依托。這其中，話語表達的模式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達說服力和感染力的主要設計，特別是話語敘事獨特性將是影響人們認知的關鍵。這可能會包括敘事的視角，敘事的主題、風格，敘事的故事框架，敘事的語言創新，敘事的關鍵語句，敘事蘊含的哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等情懷，敘事的不同參與者身份，敘事的多樣化評價，敘事的真實度、深度和情感溫度，敘事對於觀點的潛移默化影響作用，敘事釋放的個人情感、價值觀念、意識形態、立場評價等。文本話語的獨特性，是認知域作戰以文本施加認知影響的重要依靠。充分利用文本的復雜性，發揮多樣化文本各自優勢，發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響的作用，已經成為文本話語認知域作戰的關鍵。其中最為重要的，就是要創新文本話語，用更加嶄新的話語、更加新奇的表述，更加獨特的表達來贏得讀者，使讀者了解並在潛移默化中感受文本中的思想，並在無聲無息中接受文本的思想。

文化模式潛在性：認知域作戰，一定要深刻把握不同國家和民族文化的特點和模式。不同國家、不同民族，其文化的模型不一樣，哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思維方式皆有明顯不同﹔不同文化下的國民，也有著不同樣的民族心理、民族性的認知模式，還應該有典型的屬於本民族本文化的認知偏好，也有相應的短處與弱點，有的還明顯存在與本國其他民族有巨大差異的認識，甚至還有誤解和敵意。因此，認知域作戰在文化層面，就是要把握好不同國家的總體文化模型，建設不同國家不同群體的文化模型，建設不同國家在不同事物上的不同認知模型，充分把握某一國家在一系列事物和議題上的總體態度和行事方式，特別是針對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、總體觀念等。要借助現有理論和發現，綜合構建在認知領域不同人群對一些典型問題、敏感問題、重要問題的基本表現，為下一步開展認知作戰提供重要的參考和指導。加強對敵方不同人員的文化模式研究，特別是軍隊人員，重點崗位的人員，包括對方將領、軍官、士兵等的基本文化特點和模型的研究與構建，譬如人物心理認知行為與文化模型畫像，已經成為認知域作戰的核心做法。對對方普通人員，特別是一般國民、市民的認知模式，以及特定人群，包括特殊的非政府組織力量等的認知分析，也同樣具有重要價值。

跨文化戰略傳播性：認知域作戰，是面向國際的語言傳播和文化傳播，需要遵循國際傳播的規律。要把握好國際傳播的基本范式，要把本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合，要將對方語言與文化和本國的故事與思想巧妙結合﹔要善於結合不同的藝術形式，包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂（聲音）、視頻等手段或者多模態的手段來實現信息的國際傳播。同時，還要在戰略層面統籌多維宏觀的傳播：要利用各種手段，依靠軍民融合軍民協同軍民一體開展傳播﹔除了非政府組織之外，特別是要依靠民間力量，依靠專家、意見領袖、普通民眾來幫助軍隊來開展認知域作戰﹔要統一設置議題，多點多位多維發聲，形成戰略傳播態勢，為重大行動、重大議題、重大危機管控等形成應急解決的良好態勢，形成良好輿論氛圍，營造積極效應，消除不利影響或者扑滅不利影響。特別是要建立一支能夠精通外語、懂得跨文化技巧、知曉國際傳播規律、能在國際多維平台巧妙發聲的精干隊伍。這些人員平時可以開展廣泛的議題感知、收集和討論，借助普通議題或者特殊議題建立人脈關系，建立粉絲群落﹔更重要的是，在關鍵時刻，通過他們的粉絲群體，施加影響，完成戰略傳播任務。

當前，隨著混合戰多域戰全域戰的大行其道，認知域作戰已經成為雜糅其間、混合其間的常用手段，認知域作戰由陌生、新興、發展到壯大的歷程，更是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰發展的高級階段復雜階段升級階段。它的興起，更具有欺騙性、模糊性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性，特別是考慮它與當代新興媒體進場深度接軌深度融合，而且還不斷學習借鑒融入多學科、跨學科、交叉學科的新思想、新技術、新手段。由此，認知域作戰已然成為我們必須高度警惕高度提防的作戰形式。（國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師梁曉波）

【本文系國家社科基金重大項目“國防與軍隊改革視野下的國防語言能力建設”階段性成果】

（來源：中國社會科學網）

(責編：陳羽、黃子娟)

2022年05月17日10:xx | 

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423539888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Unlocks New Areas of Smart Defense for China’s Ministry of Defense

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人工智慧協助中國國防部開啟智慧防禦新領域

現代英語：

As one of the important representatives of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, artificial intelligence is the most cutting-edge topic in today’s scientific and technological field. AlphaGo Zero crushed its “AI predecessor” AlphaGo through self-learning, Baidu’s driverless car hit the road, and Apple’s mobile phone launched a new face recognition method… In recent years, the practical application of artificial intelligence has shown its huge driving force.

With the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence technology, how is artificial intelligence currently developing in the field of national defense? What role can artificial intelligence play in the field of national defense? How should artificial intelligence be developed in the future to better serve the field of national defense? Around these questions, the reporter interviewed Zhu Qichao, a researcher at the National University of Defense Technology.

Artificial intelligence has become a new focus of international competition——

Military powers are rushing to deploy

“From the perspective of the world situation, countries around the world, especially military powers, are rushing to deploy artificial intelligence. Government departments of the United States, Russia and other countries have all issued artificial intelligence-related strategies or plans, demonstrating that the country attaches great importance to artificial intelligence,” said Zhu Qichao.

Data shows that Russia’s “New Look Reform” that began in 2008 has made artificial intelligence a key investment area. In addition, Russia has also issued the “Concept of Developing a Military Science Complex by 2025”, emphasizing that artificial intelligence systems will become a key factor in determining the success or failure of future wars. In 2013, the European Union proposed a 10-year “Human Brain Project” to invest 1.2 billion euros in human brain research. In October 2016, the White House of the United States issued the “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan” to build an implementation framework for the development of artificial intelligence in the United States.

In Zhu Qichao’s view, many countries are promoting the development and application of artificial intelligence in the field of national defense. From the initial drones to intelligent information processing systems, bionic robots, etc., artificial intelligence has gradually penetrated into various fields of national defense and the military.

In recent years, the United States has used a large number of drones and logistics robots in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Since 2014, the U.S. military has focused on investing in intelligent unmanned systems as a disruptive technology field of the “Third Offset Strategy”. In April last year, the U.S. Department of Defense announced the establishment of an algorithmic warfare cross-functional team to apply artificial intelligence to defense intelligence collection and analysis. According to reports, the U.S. Department of Defense recently officially ordered the establishment of a new artificial intelligence research center to integrate all artificial intelligence-related work of the Department of Defense.

Other countries are also accelerating their pace in this field and promoting the intelligentization of their armies. The Russian Military Industrial Committee plans to achieve 30% robotization of Russian military equipment by 2025, and its army’s wheeled and tracked ground combat robots have been deployed in the Syrian battlefield. South Korea and Israel have developed and used border patrol machines with automatic surveillance and autonomous firing capabilities. Israel has deployed highly autonomous “Harpy” drones in its territory. The South Korean Ministry of Defense also recently stated that it will invest 7.5 billion won by 2020 to promote the use of artificial intelligence in intelligence reconnaissance, command and control and other fields.

“It can be foreseen that various types of intelligent unmanned systems and combat platforms will be increasingly used on the ground, in the air, on the surface, underwater, in space, in cyberspace, and in human cognitive space, profoundly changing the technical proportion of artificial intelligence in future wars,” said Zhu Qichao.

The application of artificial intelligence in the field of national defense is an inevitable trend——

The demand for national defense applications has broad prospects

Judging from the historical development trend and the needs of future wars, artificial intelligence is increasingly becoming the core driving force for a new round of military revolution, and the needs of future wars are increasingly calling for the military application of artificial intelligence. Gregory Allen, a researcher at the Center for a New American Security, emphasized in a report titled “Artificial Intelligence and National Security” that “the impact of artificial intelligence on the field of national security will be revolutionary, not just unique. Governments around the world will consider formulating extraordinary policies, perhaps as radical as when nuclear weapons first appeared.”

Throughout history, the world’s military changes have gone through the development process from the cold weapon era, the hot weapon era, the mechanization era to the information era. From smelting technology to gunpowder technology, mechanization technology, atomic energy technology, and then to information technology, the occurrence of the four military revolutions has been permeated with the core role of technological revolution. “Artificial intelligence is gradually moving towards the battlefield, which is bound to cause significant updates in weapons and equipment, combat styles, troop system organization and combat power generation mode, and thus trigger a profound military revolution.” Facing the development trend of artificial intelligence in the field of national defense, Zhu Qichao said.

In Zhu Qichao’s view, the demand for the use of artificial intelligence in national defense is very broad. At present, the trend of war transformation from mechanization and informatization to intelligence is becoming more and more obvious. The victory of future wars depends more and more on the information advantage, intellectual resources and decision-making speed of the army. Artificial intelligence has great potential in reducing the number of battlefield personnel, obtaining and analyzing intelligence information, and making quick decisions and responses. In 2016, the artificial intelligence program “Alpha” developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States defeated senior US military pilots in a simulated air battle. The subversive significance of artificial intelligence technology for the military revolution has initially emerged.

“Artificial intelligence is increasingly becoming an important driving force for promoting the informatization of national defense and the military, and is constantly improving the information processing capabilities, command and control efficiency, precision strike capabilities, and precise management and support capabilities in the defense field.” Zhu Qichao is very much looking forward to the use of artificial intelligence to enhance the intelligent application of national defense. He said that with the implementation of the military-civilian integration development strategy, new-generation information technologies such as artificial intelligence technology, big data technology, and cloud computing technology will play an increasingly important role in the defense field, promoting the continuous improvement of the level of national defense and military intelligence.

Beware of artificial intelligence becoming a “war poison”——

Humans are the leaders in the human-machine relationship

In recent years, with the development of artificial intelligence technology, various artificial intelligence-related combat concepts and equipment technology projects have emerged in the military field. However, Zhu Qichao believes that artificial intelligence-related technologies and applications are still in the early stages of rapid development, and the limitations of artificial intelligence military applications should not be ignored.

“First of all, artificial intelligence cannot replace human intelligence. When solving war problems outside the scope of programming, artificial intelligence requires human rational analysis ability, flexible adaptability, moral discernment, etc. Therefore, artificial intelligence research should be carried out under the premise of following the mechanism of winning wars.” He analyzed.

Zhu Qichao further explained that in the long run, we still need to be vigilant about the many security, legal, ethical and other issues that artificial intelligence may bring.

In terms of security, in a military confrontation environment, once the artificial intelligence system or weapons and equipment are attacked by the opponent through malicious code, virus implantation, command tampering and other means, it will lead to tactical failure or even catastrophic consequences; factors such as human error, machine failure, and environmental disturbances may also cause the system to lose its combat effectiveness.

In terms of law, the core principles of international armed conflict law – necessity, distinction, proportionality and humanity – will all face the problem of how to apply and adjust them. For example, battlefield robots cannot distinguish between soldiers and civilians, resulting in indiscriminate killing of innocent people, which poses a challenge to the principle of distinction.

In terms of ethics, due to the application of intelligent assessment and decision-making technology, drones, robots, etc., life and dignity, which are regarded as the highest value by humans, may be ignored or even trampled upon, while the commanders of wars are far away from the battlefield to enjoy the fruits of victory. Wars may become “video games” on the battlefield, which will impact the bottom line of human morality. Should human moral standards be embedded in increasingly intelligent machines, what kind of moral standards should be embedded, and how to embed them? These issues require extensive research and discussion by countries around the world.

In response to the security, legal, ethical and other issues that may arise in the application of artificial intelligence in the field of national defense, Zhu Qichao suggested that social security supervision and control should be strengthened to form a social governance model that adapts to the era of artificial intelligence; actively participate in international arms control discussions and negotiations on artificial intelligence, and contribute Chinese wisdom and solutions to address the security, legal and ethical issues brought about by artificial intelligence; firmly establish the idea that humans are the dominant force in the relationship between man and machine, achieve safe and effective control of artificial intelligence, and let it serve the peace and well-being of mankind, rather than making artificial intelligence an “accomplice of the devil.”

Related links

Unmanned underwater vehicle

Unmanned submersibles, also known as unmanned underwater vehicles and unmanned underwater vehicles, are devices that travel underwater without a human operator and rely on remote control or automatic control. With the development of unmanned submersibles and related technologies, unmanned submersibles have been used to perform tasks such as minesweeping, reconnaissance, intelligence gathering, and ocean exploration. In future naval battles, they can also be used as underwater weapon platforms, logistics support platforms, and other equipment.

Advantages: Compared with submarines, unmanned underwater vehicles are unmanned combat platforms, so they can greatly reduce casualties in wars; they are small in size, and the application of other stealth high technologies makes their stealth performance higher than that of submarines; they are multifunctional and multi-purpose.

Limitations: Poor endurance limits the use of unmanned underwater vehicles; the lithium batteries used have technical defects such as easy catching fire; the navigation function still needs to be improved.

It can be foreseen that in the near future, underwater unmanned submersibles will play a huge role in future wars and will change the specific mode of future ocean warfare.

Battle Robot

Military combat robots are an emerging force on the battlefield, and they are used to assist human soldiers in combat. According to the different combat fields of military robots, they are mainly divided into underwater military robots, ground military robots, aerial military robots, and space military robots.

Advantages: Combat robots can greatly reduce the burden and casualties of human soldiers when performing low-intensity combat and dangerous tasks. In addition, they also have advantages such as high intelligence, all-round combat capabilities, strong battlefield survivability, and absolute obedience to orders.

Limitations: Combat robots do not have the ability to fight under complex conditions; today’s combat robots’ intelligence and environmental adaptability have not yet reached the level of being able to fight alone, and they rely heavily on the operation and command of human soldiers.

In the long run, as intelligence drives mechanization and informatization to a higher level and a higher level, combat robots have great development potential. They will be more intelligent, their weapon platforms will be more complex, their environmental adaptability and survivability will be stronger, and they will be able to participate in a variety of warfare modes.

Drone swarm

A drone swarm consists of a number of low-cost small drones equipped with multiple mission payloads. They follow the collective action patterns of insects such as bees and work together to complete specific combat missions under human command or supervision.

Advantages: During combat, drone swarms can be specialized and divided into different tasks, so they can perform a variety of tasks; each drone has a relatively single function, which can greatly reduce R&D and procurement costs; drone swarms can increase the number of battlefield sensors and attack weapons, allowing the army to have an advantage in the number of air equipment on local battlefields; a large number of drones can paralyze enemy air defense radars and consume the enemy’s limited number of high-cost air defense ammunition.

Limitations: As drone swarms have higher requirements for coordination and autonomy, a new command and control model needs to be established to manage large-scale swarms. Therefore, it faces the challenges of mastering key technologies such as collaborative combat algorithms, communication between swarm individuals, and remote command and control.

In the future, drone swarms will drive future air combat equipment to present characteristics such as cheaper airframes, autonomous platforms, and smaller payloads, which may have a revolutionary impact on the development ideas of future aviation equipment systems.

現代國語：

作為新一輪科技革命的重要代表之一，人工智慧是當今科技領域最前線的課題。 AlphaGo Zero透過自我學習碾壓「AI前輩」AlphaGo、百度無人汽車上路、蘋果手機開啟新的刷臉認證方式…近年來，人工智慧的實際應用顯示其技術巨大的驅動力。

在人工智慧技術不斷進步的背景下，人工智慧在國防領域目前發展如何？人工智慧在國防領域能發揮什麼作用？未來應如何發展人工智慧使其更好地服務國防領域？圍繞著這些問題，記者採訪了國防科技大學研究員朱啟超。

人工智慧成為國際競爭新焦點——

軍事強國紛紛搶灘部署

「從世界局勢來看，世界各國尤其是軍事強國都在搶先佈局人工智慧，美、俄等國家政府部門均發布了人工智慧相關戰略或規劃，彰顯國家層面對人工智慧的高度重視。」朱啟超表示。

資料顯示，俄羅斯始於2008年的「新面貌改革」將人工智慧作為重點投資領域。此外，俄羅斯也發布《2025年前發展軍事科學綜合體構想》，強調人工智慧系統將成為決定未來戰爭成敗的關鍵要素。歐盟在2013年提出為​​期10年的“人腦計畫”，擬斥資12億歐元進行人類大腦研究。 2016年10月，美國白宮發布《國家人工智慧研究與發展策略規劃》，建構美國人工智慧發展的實施架構。

在朱啟超看來，不少國家都在推動人工智慧在國防領域的發展運用，從最初的無人機到智慧化資訊處理系統、仿生機器人等，人工智慧逐步滲透到國防和軍隊各個領域。

近年來，美國曾在阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭中大量運用無人機和後勤作業機器人。自2014年以來，美軍已將智慧化無人系統作為「第三次抵銷戰略」的顛覆性技術領域給予重點投資。去年4月，美國國防部宣布成立演算法戰跨職能小組，旨在將人工智慧用於國防情報蒐集和分析領域。據報道，日前美國國防部正式下令成立一個新的人工智慧研究中心，整合國防部所有的人工智慧相關工作。

其他國家也在這個領域加快步伐，推動軍隊智慧化建設。俄羅斯軍事工業委員會計畫在2025年之前實現俄軍裝備30%的機器人化，其軍隊輪式和履帶式地面作戰機器人已經投入敘利亞戰場。韓國和以色列開發和使用具有自動監視和自主決定開火能力的邊境巡邏機器，以色列已在其境內部署自主性很高的「哈比」無人機，韓國國防部也在近期表示將在2020年之前投入75億韓元用於推動人工智慧在情報偵察、指揮控制等領域的運用。

「可以預見，各類智慧化無人系統與作戰平台將在地面、空中、水面、水下、太空、網路空間以及人的認知空間獲得越來越多的應用，深刻改變著未來戰爭人工智慧的技術比重。」朱啟超說。

人工智慧運用於國防領域是大勢所趨——

國防運用需求前景廣闊

從歷史發展趨勢和未來戰爭需求來看，人工智慧越來越成為推動新一輪軍事革命的核心驅動力，未來戰爭需求也越來越呼喚人工智慧的軍事應用。新美國安全中心研究員格雷戈里·艾倫在其主筆的一份題為《人工智能與國家安全》的報告中強調：“人工智能對國家安全領域帶來的影響將是革命性的，而不僅僅是與眾不同的。世界各國政府將會考慮制定非凡的政策，可能會像核武器剛出現時一樣徹底。”

縱觀歷史，世界歷次軍事變革經歷了從冷兵器時代、熱兵器時代、機械化時代到資訊化時代的發展歷程，從冶煉技術到火藥技術、機械化技術、原子能技術，再到資訊技術，四次軍事革命的發生都貫穿著技術革命的核心作用。 「人工智慧逐步走向戰場，勢必會引起武器裝備、作戰樣式、部隊體制編制和戰鬥力生成模式顯著更新，進而引發一場深刻的軍事革命。」面對人工智慧在國防領域的發展態勢，朱啟超表示。

在朱啟超看來，人工智慧的國防運用需求非常廣闊。當下，戰爭形態由機械化、資訊化轉型為智慧化的趨勢愈發明顯，奪取未來戰爭的勝利越來越取決於軍隊的資訊優勢、智力資源和決策速度。而人工智慧在減少戰場人員數量、獲取和分析情報資訊、快速決策和反應等方面具有巨大的潛力。 2016年，美國辛辛那提大學研發的人工智慧程式「阿爾法」在模擬空戰中擊敗了美軍資深飛行員，人工智慧技術對於軍事革命的顛覆性意義已初步顯現。

「人工智慧越來越成為推動國防和軍事資訊化建設的重要驅動力，不斷提升國防領域的資訊處理能力、指揮控制效率、精確打擊能力和精準管理保障能力。」朱啟超對人工智慧提升國防領域智慧化運用非常期待，他表示，隨著軍民融合發展戰略的實施推進，人工智慧技術、大企業數據將不斷提昇軍事化數據等新一代資訊技術將越來越重要在國防領域推動國防和電力提升。

警惕人工智慧成為「戰爭毒藥」——

人類是人機關係主導者

近年來，隨著人工智慧技術的發展，軍事領域湧現出各種人工智慧相關作戰概念和裝備技術項目，但朱啟超認為，目前人工智慧相關技術與應用還處於快速發展的初級階段，不應忽視人工智慧軍事應用的限制。

「首先，人工智慧並不能取代人類智慧。人工智慧在解決可程式範圍外的戰爭問題時，需要人類的理性分析能力、靈活應變能力、道德分辨能力等，因此，要在遵循戰爭制勝機理的前提下進行人工智慧研究。」他分析道。

朱啟超進一步說明，長期來看，還需要警惕人工智慧可能帶來的安全、法律、倫理等諸多問題。

安全方面，軍事對抗環境下，人工智慧系統或武器裝備一旦被對手透過惡意程式碼、病毒植入、指令篡改等手段攻擊，將帶來戰術失利甚至災難性後果；人為錯誤、機器故障、環境擾動等因素也可能使得系統失去戰鬥效力。

在法律方面，國際武裝衝突法中的核心原則——必要性、區別性、相稱性和人道性都將面臨如何適用和調整的問題。例如，戰場機器人無法區分軍人與平民而造成濫殺無辜給區別性原則構成挑戰。

倫理方面，由於智能化評估決策技術、無人機、機器人等的應用，人類奉為最高價值的生命和尊嚴可能受到漠視甚至踐踏，而戰爭的指揮者卻遠離戰場享受戰爭勝利的果實，戰爭或將成為搬上戰場的“電子遊戲”，這將衝擊人類的道德底線。是否應該將人類的道德標準嵌入日益智慧化的機器、嵌入什麼樣的道德標準、如何嵌入？這些問題需要世界各國的廣泛研究與探討。

針對人工智慧在國防領域運用過程中可能出現的安全、法律、倫理等問題，朱啟超建議，應加強社會安全監督管控，形成適應人工智能時代的社會治理模式；積極參與人工智能國際軍備控制討論與談判，為應對人工智能帶來的安全、法律與倫理問題貢獻中國智能和中國；牢固幫助

相關連結

無人潛航器

無人潛航器，也可稱為無人水下航行器和無人水下運載器等，是沒有人駕駛、靠遙控或自動控制在水下航行的器具。隨著無人潛航器及相關技術的發展，無人潛航器已被用於執行掃雷、偵察、情報蒐集及海洋探測等任務，在未來海戰中還可作為水下武器平台、後勤支援平台等裝備使用。

優點：與潛水艇相比，無人潛航器是無人作戰平台，因此可以大大降低戰爭的傷亡；體形小，加上其他隱身高科技的應用使其隱身性能高於潛艇；多功能，多用途。

限制：續航性差限制無人潛航器使用範圍；所用鋰電池有易著火等技術缺陷；目前導航功能尚需完善。

可以預見，在不久的將來，水下無人潛航器必將在未來戰爭中發揮巨大作用，並將改變未來海洋作戰的具體模式。

戰鬥機器人

軍用戰鬥機器人作為戰場上的新興力量，是配合人類士兵作戰的角色。依軍用機器人作戰領域不同主要分為水下軍用機器人、地面軍用機器人、空中軍用機器人和太空軍用機器人等。

優點：戰鬥機器人在執行低強度作戰和危險任務時可以大大減輕人類士兵的負擔和傷亡。此外，其還具有較高智能、全方位作戰能力、較強戰場生存能力、絕對服從命令等優勢。

限制：戰鬥機器人不具備複雜條件下的作戰能力；如今戰鬥機器人的智慧化和環境適應能力還未達到單獨作戰程度，很大程度依賴人類士兵的操作和指揮。

從長遠來看，隨著智慧化牽引機械化和資訊化向更高層次、更高層次發展，戰鬥機器人發展潛力巨大，其智慧化程度將更高、武器平台將更複雜、環境適應和生存能力也將更強，能夠參與的戰爭模式也將多種多樣。

無人機蜂群

無人機蜂群由若干配備多種任務負荷的低成本小型無人機組成，它們參考蜜蜂等昆蟲的集體行動模式，在人類指揮或監管下共同完成特定作戰任務。

優點：作戰時無人機蜂群可專業化分工，因此能執行多種任務；每架無人機功能相對單一，可大幅降低研發和採購成本；無人機蜂群可增加戰場感測器和攻擊武器數量，使軍隊在局部戰場擁有空中裝備數量優勢；大量無人機可癱瘓敵人防空雷達，消耗敵人有限數量的高成本防空彈藥。

限制：由於無人機蜂群對協同和自主的要求更高，需要建立管理大規模蜂群的全新指揮控制模式，因此面臨攻克協同作戰演算法、群集個體間通訊、遠端指揮控制等關鍵技術的挑戰。

未來，無人機蜂群將牽引未來空中作戰裝備呈現機體廉價化、平台自主化、載重小型化等特點，可能對未來航空裝備體系的發展思維產生變革性影響。

中國國防報記者 潘 娣 通訊員 孫 清 高旭堯

中國軍網 國防部網
2018年7月11日 星期三

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-07/11/content_210708888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Viewing Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare from a Multi-dimensional Perspective

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多維視角檢視中國軍事智能化戰爭

現代英語：

Intelligent warfare is an advanced stage in the development of human warfare. The increasing maturity of artificial intelligence technology is driving human society from an information society to an intelligent society, and intelligent warfare has emerged. In comparison, mechanized warfare enhances the functions of “hands and feet” based on mass-energy exchange, information warfare enhances the functions of “ears and eyes” based on electromagnetic induction, and intelligent warfare extends and develops the functions of “brain” based on brain-computer interaction, which will also be presented to the world in a brand new style.

Intelligent warfare involves both military affairs and mixed games in the fields of economy, diplomacy, public opinion, culture, etc. In the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually subverted the traditional form, presenting the characteristics of algorithmic combat command, unmanned combat forces, and diversified combat styles with the core of seizing “intelligence control”. However, at the war level, the scope of intelligent warfare has been further expanded, and the violence of war has been greatly reduced. The war process is the process of using intelligent algorithms to gradually replace the competitive games in various fields of human beings and gain advantages. On the one hand, the competitive games in various fields of national security gradually realize the auxiliary decision-making of artificial intelligence. Intelligent political warfare, diplomatic warfare, legal warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, financial warfare, and even more resource warfare, energy warfare, ecological warfare, etc. with intelligent characteristics will gradually step onto the stage of human warfare. For example, once artificial intelligence technology is applied to the financial field, the subsequent intelligent financial game will appear on the list of intelligent warfare. On the other hand, the advanced stage of information warfare has already presented the form of hybrid warfare. The military boundaries of war have been broken, and the hybrid nature will become increasingly prominent, becoming a kind of all-domain linkage confrontation involving national security. With the assistance of intelligent systems, one of the two hostile parties can easily create and use “accidental” events in the opponent’s society, triggering the “butterfly effect” in various fields such as ideology, diplomacy, economy, culture and technology, and then use intelligent military means when necessary to accelerate the process of destroying the enemy country. The high complexity of the future hybrid warfare environment, the strong confrontation of the game, the incompleteness of information and the uncertainty of boundaries provide a broader space for the application of artificial intelligence technology.

Virtual space has become an important battlefield in intelligent warfare, and the proportion of violent confrontation in physical space has declined. Intelligent warfare is carried out in the entire domain around the competition for intelligence advantage. Intelligence, as an abstract concept, mainly exists in the cognitive space of the human brain and computer chips. Whoever can win the intelligence advantage in virtual space can win the intelligent warfare. This advantage can surpass and subvert the information and energy advantages in traditional information and mechanized warfare. Some people even compare it to “in the face of intelligent warfare, information warfare is like a group of clumsy earthworms facing intelligent humans, and they will definitely lose.” This is just like what Comrade Mao Zedong once said about turning enemy commanders into “blind, deaf, and crazy people.” To win the intelligent war, we must turn our opponents into “fools.” It is not difficult to predict that with the trend of the increasing prosperity of human virtual space in the future, the intelligent confrontation in virtual space will determine the outcome of intelligent warfare to a certain extent. For example, the virtual war with intelligent characteristics between the enemy and us in the metaverse can even partially replace the violent and bloody war in the physical space, and the results of virtual combat can also be used as the basis for judging victory or defeat. The intelligent warfare system can “learn without a teacher”, “play against itself” and “learn by itself” in the metaverse, becoming a “strategist” and “good general” for people to conquer the virtual cognitive space.

The victory or defeat of intelligent warfare depends on the active shaping and full control of potential fighters, and the collapse of the combat process can even be ignored. Intelligent warfare is an opportunistic game between the intelligent systems of both sides in the process of dynamic evolution. Both sides are constantly analyzing and looking for each other’s weak links. Once a fighter appears, they will not give the opponent any chance to turn the tables. Controlling the fighter means winning, and the moment the fighter appears is the decisive moment for both sides. This is just like the battle between martial arts masters. The victory or defeat is often only a moment. The local defeat caused by the instantaneous confrontation may be seized by the opponent to drive the overall situation into a passive state, which will lead to a complete loss. Therefore, both sides of the intelligent war are doing two things around the fighter: one is to actively evolve a more complete war system to avoid omissions and mistakes, especially in order to prevent the opponent from discovering potential fighters, and even not to take the initiative to reveal flaws and use static braking. For example, artificial intelligence reinforcement learning can be used to repeatedly conduct virtual confrontations based on basic combat game rules, automatically generate war experience and lessons, self-innovate and optimize and upgrade its own security defense system; second, do everything possible to recognize and identify the weaknesses of the opponent’s system, find the immediate advantage window of war, so as to expand local advantages and create opportunities. In particular, in order to tap into potential opportunities, it will even actively shape the situation and induce the opponent to enter an unfavorable situation or process. For example, with the help of intelligent war games “fighting left and right, confrontation evolution”, “future fighters” can be discovered in virtual wars, so as to simultaneously guide the current physical space combat preparations. Therefore, the process of intelligent warfare is shorter. If the informationized war is planned before action, then the process of intelligent warfare is planned before victory. The hostile parties have long-term games in the high-dimensional strategic cognitive domain around the appearance of fighters. After the fighters appear and the victory is deduced, they immediately enter the low-dimensional tangible space physical domain to implement joint operations. The time process of the war shows the characteristics of long preparation time and short combat time.

現代國語：

智能化战争是人类战争形态发展的高级阶段。人工智能技术的日益成熟，正推动人类社会由信息化社会逐步进入智能化社会，智能化战争随之产生。相比较而言，机械化战争基于质能互换增强了“手足”功能，信息化战争基于电磁感应提升了“耳目”功能，智能化战争基于脑机交互延伸发展了“大脑”功能，也将以全新的样式呈现在世人眼前。

智能化战争既涉及军事，又更多体现在经济、外交、舆论、文化等领域的混合博弈上。在军事领域中，智能化作战已逐步颠覆了传统形态，呈现出以夺取“制智权”为核心的作战指挥算法化、作战力量无人化、作战样式多样化等特点。但是在战争层面，智能化战争的领域更加拓展，战争的暴力性大幅降低，战争过程就是运用智能算法逐步代替人类各个领域的竞争博弈并赢得优势的过程。一方面，国家安全各个领域中的竞争博弈逐步实现人工智能的辅助决策，智能化政治战、外交战、法律战、舆论战、心理战、金融战，甚至更多具有智能化特征的资源战、能源战、生态战等，都将逐步迈上人类战争的舞台。例如，人工智能技术一经运用于金融领域当中，随之而来的智能化金融博弈就将出现在智能化战争的清单之上。另一方面，信息化战争的高级阶段已经呈现出了混合战争的形态，战争的军事界限被打破，混合性将日益凸显，成为一种涉及国家安全的全领域联动对抗。在智能化系统的辅助决策下，敌对双方中的一方很容易制造和利用对手社会“偶发”事件，在意识形态、外交经济、文化科技等各个领域触发“蝴蝶效应”，必要时再借助智能化军事手段，以加速敌国毁瘫进程。未来混合战争环境的高复杂性、博弈的强对抗性、信息的不完备性和边界的不确定性等特点，为人工智能技术的应用提供了更加广阔空间。

虚拟空间成为智能化战争的重要战场，实体空间的暴力对抗比例有所下降。智能化战争围绕着智能优势的争夺而在全域展开，作为抽象概念的智能，则主要存在于人类大脑和计算机芯片的认知空间中。谁能在虚拟空间中赢得智能优势，谁就能取得智能化战争的胜势。这种优势可以超越并颠覆传统信息化、机械化战争中的信息与能量优势，甚至有人将其比喻成“在智能化战争面前，信息化战争就像一群笨拙的蚯蚓面对智慧的人类一样必败无疑”。这就如同毛泽东同志曾谈到的我们要将敌方指挥员变成“瞎子、聋子、疯子”一样，打赢智能化战争就要把对手变成“傻子”。不难预测，在未来人类虚拟空间日渐繁盛的趋势下，虚拟空间中的智能对抗将一定程度上决定智能化战争胜负。例如，敌我双方在元宇宙当中进行带有智能化特征的虚拟战争，甚至可以部分取代实体空间的暴力和流血战争，虚拟交战成果也可以作为胜负的判定依据。而智能化战争系统可以“无师自通”，在元宇宙中“自我对弈”“自学成才”，成为人们征服虚拟认知空间的“谋臣”“良将”。

智能化战争的胜负取决于对潜在战机的主动塑造和充分把控，作战进程坍缩甚至可以忽略不计。智能化战争是双方智能化体系在动态演化过程中的伺机博弈，双方都在时时刻刻分析并寻找着对方的薄弱环节，一旦出现战机将不会给对手任何翻盘的机会。把控战机即获胜，战机出现之时即双方决胜时刻。这就如同武侠高手间过招，胜负往往只在一瞬之间，瞬间的争锋所产生的局部失利，就有可能被对手抓住机会带动全局落入被动，进而导致满盘皆输。因此，智能化战争双方都在围绕战机做好两方面工作：一是积极进化出更加完备的战争体系，避免出现缺漏与过失，尤其是为了不让对手发现潜在战机，甚至不会主动出招露出破绽而以静制动。例如，可运用人工智能的强化学习，反复进行基于基本交战博弈规则的虚拟对抗，自动产生战争经验教训，自我创新并优化升级自身安全防御体系；二是千方百计地认知与识别对手体系弱点，找到战争的即时优势窗口，以此扩大局部优势并创造战机。尤其是为了挖掘潜在战机，甚至会积极主动塑局并诱导对手进入不利境地或进程。例如，可借助智能化兵棋“左右互搏、对抗演化”，在虚拟战争中发现“未来战机”，以此同步指导当下实体空间作战准备。因此，智能化作战的进程更加短暂，如果说信息化战争是谋定而后动的话，那么智能化战争的进程则是谋胜而后定。敌对双方围绕战机的出现，在高维的谋略认知域长期博弈，待战机出现并推演决胜后，随即就进入低维有形空间物理域实施联动作战，战争时间进程呈现准备时间长而作战时间短的特点。

智 韬

中国军网 国防部网

2022年7月7日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-07/07/content_319277888.htm