Category Archives: Chinese military cognitive warfare

Comprehensive Look at Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare: AI War brought about by AGI

縱覽中國軍事智慧化戰爭:AGI帶來的人工智慧戰爭

現代英語:

Technology and war are always intertwined. While technological innovation is constantly changing the face of war, it has not changed the violent nature and coercive purpose of war. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence technology, people have never stopped debating the impact of artificial intelligence on war. Compared with artificial intelligence (AI), general artificial intelligence (AGI) has a higher level of intelligence and is considered to be a form of intelligence equivalent to human intelligence. How will the emergence of AGI affect war? Will it change the violence and coercive nature of war? This article will discuss this issue with you with a series of thoughts.

  Is AGI just an enabling technology?

  Many people believe that although large models and generative artificial intelligence show the strong military application potential of AGI in the future, they are only an enabling technology after all, that is, they can only enable and optimize weapons and equipment, make existing equipment more intelligent, and improve combat efficiency, and it is difficult to bring about a real military revolution. Just like “cyber warfare weapons” were also highly expected by many countries when they first appeared, but now it seems a bit exaggerated.

  The disruptive nature of AGI is actually completely different. It brings huge changes to the battlefield with a reaction speed and knowledge breadth far exceeding that of humans. More importantly, it has brought about huge disruptive results by promoting the rapid advancement of science and technology. On the battlefield of the future, autonomous weapons will be endowed with advanced intelligence by AGI, their performance will be generally enhanced, and they will become “strong at attack and difficult to defend” with their speed and cluster advantages. By then, the highly intelligent autonomous weapons that some scientists have predicted will become a reality, and AGI will play a key role in this. At present, the military application areas of artificial intelligence include autonomous weapons, intelligence analysis, intelligent decision-making, intelligent training, intelligent support, etc. These applications are difficult to simply summarize as “empowerment”. Moreover, AGI has a fast development speed and a short iteration cycle, and is in a state of continuous evolution. In future operations, AGI needs to be a priority, and special attention should be paid to the possible changes it brings.

  Will AGI make war disappear?

  Historian Geoffrey Blainey believes that “wars always occur because of misjudgments of each other’s strength or will”, and with the application of AGI in the military field, misjudgments will become less and less. Therefore, some scholars speculate that wars will decrease or disappear. In fact, relying on AGI can indeed reduce a large number of misjudgments, but even so, it is impossible to eliminate all uncertainties, because one of the characteristics of war is uncertainty. Moreover, not all wars are caused by misjudgments. Moreover, the inherent unpredictability and inexplicability of AGI, as well as people’s lack of experience in using AGI, will bring new uncertainties, making people fall into a thicker “fog of artificial intelligence”.

  There are also rational problems with AGI algorithms. Some scholars believe that AGI’s mining and accurate prediction of important intelligence will have a dual impact. In actual operation, AGI does make fewer mistakes than humans, which can improve the accuracy of intelligence and help reduce misjudgments; but sometimes it may also make humans blindly confident and stimulate them to take risks. The offensive advantage brought by AGI leads to the best defense strategy being “preemptive strike”, which breaks the balance between offense and defense, triggers a new security dilemma, and increases the risk of war.

  AGI has the characteristics of strong versatility and can be easily combined with weapons and equipment. Unlike nuclear, biological and chemical technologies, it has a low threshold for use and is particularly easy to spread. Due to the technological gap between countries, people are likely to use immature AGI weapons on the battlefield, which brings huge risks. For example, the application of drones in the latest local war practices has stimulated many small and medium-sized countries to start purchasing drones in large quantities. The low-cost equipment and technology brought by AGI are very likely to stimulate the occurrence of a new arms race.

  Will AGI be the ultimate deterrent?

  Deterrence is the ability to maintain a certain capability to intimidate an adversary from taking actions that go beyond its own interests. When deterrence is too strong to be used, it is the ultimate deterrence, such as the nuclear deterrence of mutually assured destruction. But what ultimately determines the outcome is “human nature,” which is the key that will never be missing in war.

  Without the various trade-offs of “humanity”, will AGI become a formidable deterrent? AGI is fast but lacks empathy, is resolute in execution, and has an extremely compressed gaming space. AGI is a key factor on future battlefields, but it is difficult to accurately evaluate due to lack of practical experience, and it is easy to overestimate the opponent’s capabilities. In addition, in terms of autonomous weapon control, whether humans are in the loop and supervise the entire process, or are humans outside the loop and completely let go, this undoubtedly requires deep thought. Can the firing control of intelligent weapons be handed over to AGI? If not, the deterrent effect will be greatly reduced; if so, can the life and death of humans really be decided by machines that have nothing to do with them? In research at Cornell University, large war game simulation models often “suddenly use nuclear attacks” to escalate wars, even if they are in a neutral state.

  Perhaps one day in the future, AGI will surpass humans in capabilities. Will we be unable to supervise and control it? Geoffrey Hinton, who proposed the concept of deep learning, said that he has never seen a case where something with a higher level of intelligence was controlled by something with a lower level of intelligence. Some research teams believe that humans may not be able to supervise super artificial intelligence. In the face of powerful AGI in the future, can we really control them? This is a question worth pondering.

  Will AGI change the nature of war?

  With the widespread use of AGI, will battlefields filled with violence and blood disappear? Some people say that AI warfare is far beyond the capabilities of humans and will push humans out of the battlefield. When AI turns war into a war fought entirely by autonomous robots, is it still a “violent and bloody war”? When opponents of unequal capabilities confront each other, the weak may not have the opportunity to act at all. Can wars be ended before the war through war games? Will AGI change the nature of war? Is an “unmanned” “war” still a war?

  Yuval Noah Harari, author of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, said that all human behavior is mediated by language and affects our history. The Big Language Model is a typical AGI. The biggest difference between it and other inventions is that it can create new ideas and culture. “Artificial intelligence that can tell stories will change the course of human history.” When AGI touches the control of language, the entire civilization system built by humans may be subverted, and it does not even need to generate consciousness in this process. Like Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave”, will humans worship AGI as a new “god”?

  AGI establishes a close relationship with humans through human language and changes human perceptions, making it difficult for humans to distinguish and discern, thus posing the danger of the will to war being controlled by people with ulterior motives. Harari said that computers do not need to send out killer robots. If necessary, they will let humans pull the trigger themselves. AGI accurately creates and polishes situation information and controls battlefield cognition through deep fakes. It can use drones to fake battlefield situations and build public opinion before the war. This has been seen in recent local wars. The cost of war will be greatly reduced, leading to the emergence of a new form of war. Will small and weak countries still have a chance? Can the will to war be changed without bloodshed? Is “force” no longer a necessary condition for defining war?

  The form of war may be changed, but the essence remains. Whether war is “bloody” or not, it will still force the enemy to obey its will and bring a lot of “collateral damage”, but the way of confrontation may be completely different. The essence of war lies in the “human nature” deep in the heart, and “human nature” is determined by culture, history, behavior and values, etc. It is difficult to completely replicate it with some artificial intelligence technology, so we cannot outsource all ethical, political and decision-making issues to artificial intelligence, and we cannot expect artificial intelligence to automatically generate “human nature”. Artificial intelligence technology may be abused due to passionate impulses, so it must be under human control. Since artificial intelligence is trained by humans, it will not always be free of bias, so they cannot be completely separated from human supervision. In the future, artificial intelligence can become a creative tool or partner to enhance “tactical imagination”, but it must be “aligned” with human values. These issues need to be constantly thought about and understood in practice.

  Will AGI revolutionize the theory of war?

  Most subject knowledge is expressed in natural language. The large language model, which is a collection of human writings, can connect language writings that are difficult to be compatible with scientific research. For example, some people input classical masterpieces and even philosophy, history, politics, economics, etc. into the large language model for analysis and reconstruction. It is found that it can not only conduct a comprehensive analysis of all scholars’ views, but also put forward its “own views” without losing originality. Therefore, some people say that it is also possible to re-analyze and interpret war theories through AGI, stimulate human innovation, and drive major evolution and reconstruction of war theories and systems? Perhaps there will be certain improvements and developments in theory, but war science is not only theoretical, but also practical, but practicality and reality are what AGI cannot do at all. Can the classic war theory really be reinterpreted? If so, what is the meaning of the theory?

  In short, AGI’s subversion of the concept of war will far exceed “mechanization” and “informatization”. People should boldly embrace the arrival of AGI, but also be cautious. Understand the concept so as not to be ignorant; conduct in-depth research so as not to fall behind; strengthen supervision so as not to be negligent. How to learn to cooperate with AGI and guard against AGI technology raids by opponents is what we need to pay attention to first in the future. (Rong Ming and Hu Xiaofeng)

 Afterword

  Looking to the future with an open mind

  Futurist Roy Amara has a famous assertion that people tend to overestimate the short-term benefits of a technology but underestimate its long-term impact, which is later called “Amara’s Law”. This law emphasizes the nonlinear characteristics of technological development, that is, the actual impact of technology often takes a longer time scale to fully manifest, reflecting the pulse and trend of technological development and embodying human acceptance and longing for technology.

  At present, in the process of the development of artificial intelligence from weak artificial intelligence to strong artificial intelligence, and from special artificial intelligence to general artificial intelligence, every time people think that they have completed 90% of the journey, looking back, they may have only completed less than 10% of the journey. The driving role of the scientific and technological revolution in the military revolution is becoming more and more prominent, especially the multi-faceted penetration of high-tech represented by artificial intelligence technology into the military field, which has led to profound changes in the mechanism, elements and methods of winning wars.

  In the foreseeable future, intelligent technologies such as AGI will not stop iterating, and the cross-evolution of intelligent technologies and their enabling applications in the military field will become more diversified, perhaps going beyond the boundaries of human cognition of existing war forms. The development of science and technology is unstoppable and unstoppable. Whoever can see the trend and future of science and technology, the potential and power of science and technology with a keen eye and a clear mind, and see through the “fog of war”, will be more likely to seize the initiative to win.

  This reminds us that we should have a broader perspective and thinking when exploring the development of future war forms, so that we can get closer to the underestimated reality. Where is AGI going? Where is intelligent warfare going? This is a test of human wisdom.

[Editor: Wang Jinzhi]

現代國語:

AGI帶來的戰爭思考

編者按

科技與戰爭總是交織在一起,科技創新在不斷改變戰爭面貌的同時,並沒有改變戰爭的暴力性質和強迫性目的。近年來,隨著人工智慧技術的快速發展應用,人們關於人工智慧對戰爭影響的爭論從未停止。與人工智慧(AI)相比,通用人工智慧(AGI)的智慧程度更高,被認為是與人類智慧相當的智慧形式。 AGI的出現將如何影響戰爭,會不會改變戰爭的暴力性和強迫性?本文將帶著一系列思考與大家共同探討這個問題。

AGI只是賦能技術嗎

很多人認為,雖然大模型以及生成式人工智慧展現出未來AGI強大的軍事應用潛力,但它們畢竟只是一種賦能技術,即只能對武器裝備賦能優化,使現有裝備更加智能,提高作戰效率,難以帶來真正的軍事革命。就如同「網路戰武器」在剛出現時也曾被許多國家寄予厚望,但現在看來確實有點誇大。

AGI的顛覆性其實完全不同。它以遠超人類的反應速度和知識廣度為戰場帶來巨大改變。更重要的是,它透過促進科技的快速進步,湧現出巨大的顛覆性結果。未來戰場上,自主武器將被AGI賦予高級智能,性能得到普遍增強,並且憑藉其速度和集群優勢變得「攻強守難」。屆時,一些科學家曾預言的高智慧自主武器將成為現實,而AGI在其中扮演了關鍵性角色。目前,人工智慧的軍事化應用領域包括自主武器、情報分析、智慧決策、智慧訓練、智慧保障等,這些應用很難用「賦能」來簡單概括。而且,AGI發展速度快、迭代周期短,處於不斷進化的狀態。未來作戰,需要將AGI作為優先事項,格外注意其帶來的可能改變。

AGI會讓戰爭消失嗎

歷史學家杰弗裡·布萊尼認為“戰爭總是因為對各自力量或意願錯誤的判斷而發生”,而隨著AGI在軍事領域的應用,誤判將變得越來越少。因此,有學者推測,戰爭將隨之減少或消失。其實,依托AGI確實可以減少大量誤判,但即便如此,也不可能消除所有不確定性,因為戰爭的特徵之一就是不確定性。何況並非所有戰爭都因誤判而產生,而且,AGI固有的不可預測性、不可解釋性,以及人們對AGI使用經驗的缺乏,都會帶來新的不確定性,使人們陷入更加濃重的「人工智慧迷霧」之中。

AGI演算法還存在理性難題。有學者認為,AGI對重大情報的挖掘和精確預測,會帶來雙重影響。 AGI在實際操作層面,確實比人類犯錯少,能夠提高情報準確性,有利於減少誤判;但有時也可能會使人類盲目自信,刺激其鋌而走險。 AGI帶來的進攻優勢,導致最佳防禦戰略就是“先發制人”,打破了進攻與防禦的平衡,引發了新型安全困境,反而增加了戰爭爆發的風險。

AGI具有通用性強的特點,容易與武器裝備結合。與核子、生化等技術不同,它使用門檻低,特別容易擴散。由於各國之間存在技術差距,導致人們很可能將不成熟的AGI武器運用於戰場,帶來巨大風險。例如,無人機在最新局部戰爭實務的應用,就刺激許多中小國家開始大量採購無人機。 AGI帶來的低成本裝備和技術,極有可能刺激新型軍備競賽的發生。

AGI會是終極威懾嗎

威懾是維持某種能力以恐嚇對手使其不採取超越自身利益的行動。當威懾強大到無法使用時就是終極威懾,例如確保相互摧毀的核威懾。但最終決定結果的卻是“人性”,這是戰爭永遠不會缺少的關鍵。

如果沒有了「人性」的各種權衡,AGI是否會成為令人生畏的威懾? AGI速度很快但缺乏同理心,執行堅決,博弈空間被極度壓縮。 AGI是未來戰場的關鍵性因素,但因缺乏實務經驗很難進行準確評估,很容易高估對手能力。此外,在自主武器控制方面,是人在環內、全程監督,還是人在環外、完全放手,這無疑需要深思。智慧化武器的開火控制權能交給AGI嗎?如果不能,威懾效果將大打折扣;如果能,人類的生死就真的可以交由與其無關的機器來決定?在康乃爾大學的研究中,兵棋推演大模型經常「突然使用核攻擊」升級戰爭,即使處於中立狀態。

或許未來某一天,AGI會在能力上超過人類,我們是不是就無法對其進行監管控制了?提出深度學習概念的傑弗裡·辛頓說,從沒見過更高智能水平的東西被更低智能水平的東西控制的案例。有研究團隊認為,人類可能無法監督超級人工智慧。未來面對強大的AGI,我們真的能夠控制住它們嗎?這是一個值得人們深思的問題。

AGI會改變戰爭本質嗎

隨著AGI的大量運用,充滿暴力和血腥的戰場會不會消失?有人說,人工智慧戰爭遠超過人類能力範圍,反而會將人類推到戰場之外。當人工智慧將戰爭變成全部由自主機器人對抗時,那它還是「暴力和血腥的戰爭」嗎?當能力不對等的對手對抗時,弱者可能根本沒有行動的機會,戰爭是不是透過兵棋推演就可以在戰前被結束? AGI會因此改變戰爭的本質嗎? 「無人」的「戰爭」還是戰爭嗎?

《人類簡史》作者尤瓦爾·赫拉利說,人類的一切行為都透過語言作為中介並影響我們的歷史。大語言模型是一種典型的AGI,它與其他發明最大的不同在於可以創造全新的想法和文化,「會說故事的人工智慧將改變人類歷史的進程」。當AGI觸及對語言的掌控時,人類所建構的整個文明體係就可能被顛覆,在這個過程中甚至不需要其產生意識。如同柏拉圖的“洞穴寓言”,人類會不會將AGI當成新的“神明”加以膜拜?

AGI透過人類語言和人類建立親密關係,並改變人類的看法,使人類難以區分和辨別,從而存在戰爭意志被別有用心之人控制的危險。赫拉利說,電腦不需要派出殺手機器人,如果真的需要,它會讓人類自己扣下板機。 AGI精準製造和打磨態勢訊息,透過深度偽造控制戰場認知,既可用無人機對戰場態勢進行偽造,也可以在戰前進行輿論造勢,在近幾場局部戰爭中已初見端倪。戰爭成本會因此大幅下降,導致新的戰爭形態產生,小國弱國還會有機會嗎?戰爭意志是否可以不用流血就可改變,「武力」是否不再是戰爭定義的必要條件?

戰爭形態或被改變,但本質仍在。無論戰爭是否“血腥”,其仍會強迫敵人服從自己的意志並帶有大量“附帶損傷”,只不過對抗方式可能會完全不同。戰爭本質在於內心深處的“人性”,而“人性”是由文化、歷史、行為和價值觀等決定的,是很難用某種人工智能技術完全復刻出來的,所以不能將倫理、政治和決策問題全部外包給人工智能,更不能期望人工智能會自動產生“人性”。人工智慧技術可能會因激情衝動而被濫用,所以必須在人類掌控之中。既然人工智慧是人類訓練的,它就不會永遠都沒有偏見,所以它們就無法完全脫離人類的監督。在未來,人工智慧可以成為有創意的工具或夥伴,增強“戰術想像力”,但必須“對齊”人類的價值觀。這些問題需要在實踐中不斷地去思考和理解。

AGI會顛覆戰爭理論嗎

大多數的學科知識是用自然語言表達的。集人類著述之大成的大語言模型,可以將很難相容的語言著述與科學研究連結起來。例如,有人將古典名著甚至哲學、歷史、政治、經濟學等輸入大語言模型,進行分析重構。發現它既可以對所有學者觀點進行全面分析,也可以提出它“自己的見解”,而且不失創見。因此有人說,是否也可以透過AGI對戰爭理論重新加以分析解釋,激發人類創新,以驅使戰爭理論及體系發生重大演化與重構?也許從理論上確實會有一定的改進和發展,但戰爭科學不僅具有理論性,而且還具有實踐性,但實踐性、現實性卻是AGI根本做不到的。經典戰爭理論真的可以重新詮釋嗎?若是,則理論的意義何在?

總之,AGI對戰爭概念的顛覆將遠超越「機械化」與「資訊化」。對於AGI的到來,人們既要大膽擁抱,也要心存謹慎。理解概念,不至於無知;深入研究,不致於落伍;強化監管,不致於失察。如何學習與AGI合作,防範對手AGI技術突襲,是我們未來首先需要關注的事情。 (榮明 胡曉峰)

編 後

以開闊思維前瞻未來

未來學家羅伊·阿瑪拉有一個著名論斷,人們總是傾向於高估一項技術帶來的短期效益,卻又低估了它的長期影響,後被稱作“阿瑪拉定律”。這個定律,強調了科技發展的非線性特徵,即科技的實際影響往往需要在更長的時間尺度上才能完全顯現,反映了科技發展的脈動與趨勢,體現人類對科技的接納與憧憬。

目前,人工智慧由弱人工智慧到強人工智慧、由專用人工智慧到通用人工智慧的發展過程中,每次人們認為已走完全程的90%時,回首一看,可能才剛到全程的10%。科技革命對軍事革命驅動作用愈發凸顯,尤其是以人工智慧技術為代表的高新技術多方位向軍事領域滲透,使得戰爭制勝機理、制勝要素、制勝方式正在發生深刻演變。

在可以預見的未來,AGI等智慧化技術不會停止迭代的步伐,而智慧化技術交叉演化以及在軍事領域的賦能應用等都將趨於多元化,或許會跳脫出人類對現有戰爭形態認知的邊界。科技的發展已勢不可擋、也無人能擋,誰能以敏銳的眼光、清醒的頭腦,看清科技的趨勢和未來、看到科技的潛質和威力,洞穿“戰爭迷霧”,誰就更有可能搶佔制勝先機。

這提醒著人們,對於未來戰爭形態發展的探索應持更開闊的視野和思維,才可能更接近被低估的現實。 AGI向何處去?智能化戰爭往何處去?這考驗著人類的智慧。 (野鈔洋)

【責任編輯:王金志】

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.news.cn/milpro/20250121/1eb771b26d264926b0c2d23d12084f0f888/c.html

Cognitive Domain Warfare The New Main Chinese Battlefield for Language Confrontation

認知領域戰爭:中國語言對抗的新主戰場

現代英語:

Cognitive domain warfare refers to the important form of public opinion propaganda, psychological attack and defense, winning people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle, guided by modern cognitive theory and science, calling on multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and using multi-dimensional technologies such as modern networks, media, text, pictures, videos, and numbers, aiming to fight for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification, and judgment tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade warfare, diplomatic warfare, scientific and technological warfare, ideological warfare, and other multi-domain warfare.

At present, cognitive domain warfare has become an important support for countries to carry out military struggles and struggles in other fields. Language confrontation driven by cognitive domain goals has become an important form of cognitive domain warfare and deserves high attention.

Language confrontation: a new area for exerting influence on combat targets

Cognitive domain operations are a result of the development of contemporary cognitive science research. They are an emerging field of operations that emerged after people actively explored the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract and thorough understanding of the brain. They are also a high-end form of influence in language confrontation that targets the advanced, deep and hidden activities of the audience’s brain. Whether it is the object of information action, the producer of information, the information content itself or the channel of information, cognitive domain operations are all permeated with cognitive characteristics, and always emphasize taking action at the cognitive level.

In terms of the recipients of information, this cognition targets the deep cognitive aspects of the opponent’s audience, including its people, military, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly includes the leaders of the other country or specific important generals of the army, etc. It can also be a specific group of people or the public. It can involve the cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, and cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also be the beliefs, values, political identity, national identity, social and cultural identity, and emotional attitudes of individuals and groups.

From the perspective of the distributor and content of information, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer, which includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the observation perspective of things, the cognitive focus and depth of the narrative, the organization form of the sentence, the value concept and other tendencies of the sentence, the acceptability of the concept of the sentence to the other party, etc.

In terms of the channels for information issuance and dissemination, the form of text is closer to multimedia and multimodal forms, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smart phones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, that is, it is more in line with the cognitive characteristics, cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies accepted by the audience. The dissemination form of text fully considers the cognitive effects in international communication, especially cross-cultural, cross-linguistic, cross-media and cross-group cognitive communication. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from a cognitive level.

Language confrontation responds to changes in combat styles and generates new tactics

Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the style of military struggle has been constantly changing. From the initial physical struggle with cold weapons to the contest of hot weapons and mechanical forces, and then to the balance and counter-balance of information capabilities under high-tech warfare conditions, in recent years, it has developed towards the intelligent decision-making competition in the direction of intelligence and unmanned. Each change has brought profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of coexistence of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, people not only pay attention to the competition for dominance in the physical and information domains of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the cognitive domain that affects the main body of war, that is, the competition in the fields of thinking, cognitive patterns and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication patterns, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, and ideological identity of the personnel on both sides of the war. The latter involves the basic situation of social personnel and social existence, that is, the emerging field of cognitive domain warfare, and its tactics have strong particularity.

Flexibility of topics: Cognitive domain operations can select many topics in the cognitive domain and carry out flexible and flexible combat operations. According to the current situation and needs, topics can be selected from the relatively macroscopic strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the opponent’s entire society, etc.), the mesoscopic campaign level (such as social problems in the local field or direction of the opponent’s society: social welfare policy or environmental protection policy, etc.), and very microscopic tactical issues in society (such as the unfairness, injustice, and non-beautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). Macro, meso, and micro cognitive domain issues are interconnected and transformed into each other. It is very likely that a microscopic topic will also become a major macroscopic strategic topic. The raising of issues depends on the relationship with the entire military operation. Cognitive domain operations should be subject to the overall combat operations and serve the needs of the macroscopic political and diplomatic situation. More importantly, topics should be prepared in peacetime, and data on various topics should be collected in peacetime, especially paying attention to various important data in the real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and shells shot at the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.

Controllability of the operational level: The important design of cognitive operations is that it can be controlled and regulated as a whole at the operational level, and can be upgraded or reduced in dimension according to changes in the situation. If it is necessary at the strategic level, the commander can open the strategic level design and force investment; if it is necessary at the campaign level, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only necessary at the level of specific small problems, it can also be controlled at the corresponding niche local level, so that the entire action serves the needs of the overall combat operation. The strategic campaign tactics here refer more to operational design and force investment. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, with strategic issues affecting the effects of the campaign and tactical levels; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign and strategic level issues that affect the overall situation.

Dominance of emerging media: The main influence channel of cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on single media, such as newspapers, magazines, books, flyers, posters, etc. to convey information; the emergence of television in the later period brought three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multi-media, multi-modal, short videos and short texts to convey information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, smart players, and the birth of various emerging social software and tools have made emerging media the main tool for people to communicate and exchange. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to play games and struggle in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security and political security. Internet security, especially whether the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools can be mastered, is, to some extent, the key to whether a country’s cognitive domain can be secure. Information in emerging media tools and new media space has become the main battlefield, main position and main space for competition in cognitive operations of various countries. It is worth pointing out that ideas and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain operations.

Language confrontation adapts to the intelligent era, cognitive computing enhances new computing power

In the era of artificial intelligence, based on the substantial improvement in big data analysis and application, supercomputing capabilities, intelligent computing capabilities, natural language processing capabilities, smartphone communication capabilities, and new generation network communication capabilities, humans have begun to accurately model and analyze language culture, psychological cognition, group emotions, and social behavior for the entire society, the entire network domain, local groups, local different groups, and specific individuals. In particular, people have a deep understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking patterns, habitual preferences, image schemas, cognitive frameworks, and even neural networks, human-computer collaboration, and brain control technology. As long as there is enough diverse dynamic data, people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, social opinions, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculations, actuarial calculations, and clever calculations, people’s cognitive world can be accurately grasped, and a fine and profound control of people’s cognitive domain can be formed. This aspect also presents the following characteristics:

The dimensionality of computation: As an emerging field, all aspects of the cognitive domain can be digitized and made fully computable for all aspects of the entire process and all individuals. This can be achieved by widely collecting various types of information and then sorting out the information to form big data on the diverse factors of the opponent’s subjects. This will allow various computations to be conducted on the entire population, groups, between groups, and between individual data. As a result, all kinds of activities based on thinking, psychology, emotion, speech, behavior, etc. that were previously impossible to achieve can be completed, displayed, and accurately grasped through computation.

Cognitive nature of computation: computation in the cognitive domain reflects a strong cognitive nature. It can reveal more of the connections between things, events, and people that are difficult to observe with the naked eye. It can reveal the clustering and hierarchical relationships between concepts in the same event framework, and reflect the deep cognitive connections between concepts, whether explicit or implicit, direct or indirect. It reveals the complex conceptual network system between concepts, allowing people to see a deep cognitive world that completely transcends ordinary naked eye observation.

Intelligence of computation: The computation in cognitive domain also reflects strong intelligence. This intelligence is manifested in the fact that intelligent conclusions can be drawn through computation. For example, through the collection of a large amount of text and data mining, we can find the relationship between various topics, various viewpoints, various tendencies, various groups of people, various positions, and various demands that cannot be seen by human power, so as to form a more comprehensive, in-depth, accurate, and systematic understanding of a certain issue and make scientific and optimized decisions. Such decisions may be consistent with human intelligence, or they may surpass or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by integrating the data of our country and the data of our opponents, we can better prevent, warn, and deploy in advance, and achieve the best, optimal, fastest, and most accurate strikes and counterattacks, and better reflect efficient, powerful, and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about the possible reactions of a possible macro, meso, or micro topic in different groups of people, different time periods, and different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or a local network domain, or within a specific group, especially the analysis and inspection of the active and passive situations that both parties may present when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of cognitive domain.

New application of giving full play to the status of discourse subject and releasing the power of discourse

Cognitive domain operations have a very important support, that is, it mainly relies on language media to play a role, mainly exerts influence through the discourse level, mainly forms an implicit effect on the cognitive domain through the narrative of discourse, mainly exerts potential effects through cultural models, and exerts explicit or implicit effects through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Uniqueness of textual discourse: The cognitive domain needs to be influenced by information. Although information may be presented through the special visual effects of video images, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the discourse expressed by the text becomes the main support for producing cognitive influence. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skills of discourse expression, the main design of the persuasiveness and appeal of discourse expression, and especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to influencing people’s cognition. This may include the perspective of the narrative, the theme and style of the narrative, the story framework of the narrative, the language innovation of the narrative, the key sentences of the narrative, the philosophical, humanistic, religious, social, natural and other feelings contained in the narrative, the identities of different participants in the narrative, the diversified evaluation of the narrative, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of the narrative, the subtle influence of the narrative on the viewpoint, the personal emotions, values, ideology, and position evaluation released by the narrative. The uniqueness of textual discourse is an important reliance for cognitive domain operations to exert cognitive influence through text. Making full use of the complexity of the text, giving play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving play to the role of implicit and explicit cognitive influence of the text connotation have become the key to cognitive domain operations of textual discourse. The most important thing is to innovate the text discourse, win readers with newer words, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions, so that readers can understand and feel the ideas in the text imperceptibly, and accept the ideas of the text silently.

Potentiality of cultural models: In cognitive domain operations, we must deeply grasp the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different nationalities have different cultural models. Their philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are all obviously different. Citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national cognitive models. They should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to their own national culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses. Some of them obviously have a huge difference in understanding from other nationalities in their own country, and even misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, cognitive domain operations at the cultural level are to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models of different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models of different countries on different things, and fully grasp the overall attitude and behavior of a country on a series of things and issues, especially for some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, and overall concepts. With the help of existing theories and discoveries, we should comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical problems, sensitive problems, and important problems, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step of cognitive operations. Strengthening the study of the cultural patterns of different enemy personnel, especially military personnel, personnel in key positions, including the study and construction of the basic cultural characteristics and models of enemy generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as the character’s psychological cognitive behavior and cultural model portrait, has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. The cognitive analysis of ordinary enemy personnel, especially the general public, citizens, and specific groups, including special non-governmental organizations, is also of great value.

Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language and cultural communications, and need to follow the laws of international communication. We must grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, skillfully combine our own stories with international expressions, and skillfully combine the other party’s language and culture with our own stories and ideas; we must be good at combining different art forms, including text, pictures, paintings, music (sound), video and other means or multimodal means to achieve international communication of information. At the same time, we must coordinate multi-dimensional macro communication at the strategic level: we must use various means to carry out communication through military-civilian integration, military-civilian coordination, and military-civilian integration; in addition to non-governmental organizations, we must especially rely on civilian forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people to help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; we must unify the setting of topics, speak out in multiple locations and dimensions, form a strategic communication situation, and form a good situation for emergency solutions for major actions, major issues, and major crisis management, form a good public opinion atmosphere, create positive effects, and eliminate or extinguish adverse effects. In particular, we must establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, knows the laws of international communication, and can speak out skillfully on international multi-dimensional platforms. These people can usually conduct extensive topic perception, information collection and discussion, and use common or special topics to build personal connections and establish fan communities. More importantly, at critical moments, they can exert influence through their fan groups and complete strategic communication tasks.

At present, with the prevalence of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common means of mixing and blending. The process of cognitive domain warfare from unfamiliarity, emerging, development to growth is also the advanced stage, complex stage and upgraded stage of the development of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare and legal warfare. Its rise is more deceptive, ambiguous, concealed, embedded, implanted and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with the entry of contemporary emerging media, and it is constantly learning and drawing on new ideas, new technologies and new means that integrate into multiple disciplines, cross-disciplines and cross-disciplinary disciplines. As a result, cognitive domain warfare has become a form of warfare that we must be highly vigilant and guard against. (Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor at the College of Arts and Sciences of the National University of Defense Technology)

[This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Major Project “National Defense Language Capacity Building in the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]

(Source: China Social Sciences Network)

(Editors: Chen Yu, Huang Zijuan)

現代國語:

認知域作戰指的是以現代認知理論和科學為指導,調用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段,運用現代網絡、傳媒、文字、圖片、視頻、數字等多維技術,開展輿論宣傳、心理攻防、人心爭取、信心顛覆、信仰影響、思維爭奪以及意識形態斗爭的重要形式,意在爭奪人們在思維、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同與評判傾向方面主動權。認知域作戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰及貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、思想戰等多域戰的復合集合體。

當前,認知域作戰已成為國家間開展軍事斗爭和其他領域斗爭的重要依托,認知域目標驅動的語言對抗已經成為認知域作戰的重要形式,值得高度關注。

語言對抗針對作戰對象施加影響的新領域

認知域作戰是當代認知科學研究發展的伴隨結果,是人們積極探索大腦認知活動獲得對大腦更為復雜更為抽象更為透徹的理解后產生的一種新興作戰領域,更是語言對抗以受眾大腦的高級深層隱性活動為作用對象的高端影響形式。不管是從信息作用的對象、信息的生產者、信息內容本身還是信息的渠道,認知域作戰都無不貫穿了認知的特點,自始至終都突出從認知層面開展行動。

從信息的接受對象來說,這個認知針對的是對手受眾大腦深層的認知方面,包括其民眾、軍隊、軍事指揮員或者重要領導、政界商界的重要人物,甚至直接包括對方國家領導人或者軍隊的特定重要將領等,也可以是特定的人群或者民眾。它可以涉及個人或者群體的認知偏好、認知短板、認知習慣、認知偏差、認知誤區﹔也可以是個人和群體的信仰、價值觀念、政治認同、民族認同以及社會和文化認同與情感態度。

從信息的投放者和內容來說,它應該是注入了信息生產者的認知設計和安排,這個包括文本的獨特認知性,比如文本的話語模式、文本的敘事模式、事物的觀察視角、敘事的認知焦點與深度、語句的組織形式、語句的價值觀念等傾向性、語句的概念的對方可接受性等。

從信息發出和傳播的渠道來說,文本的形式更加貼近多媒體多模態形式,更加貼近網絡空間的需要,更加貼近當代智能手機的優勢,更加貼近當下新興媒體時代的特點,也就是更加符合受眾接受的認知特點認知習慣和認知傾向。文本的傳播形式充分考慮國際傳播中的認知效果,特別是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。如此,文本將會從認知層面,更好地對受眾施加影響。

語言對抗應對作戰樣式變革生成新戰法

縱觀人類歷史,我們不難發現,軍事斗爭的樣式一直在不斷變化。從最初的借助冷兵器的體力纏斗發展成為熱兵器機械力量的較量,又發展成為高科技戰爭條件下的信息化能力的制衡與反制衡,近年來又向著智能化無人化方向的智能決策比拼發展,每一次變革都帶來深刻的戰法變化。當下的機械化信息化智能化的共處過渡階段,人們不僅重視戰場的物理域和信息域主導權的爭奪,更重視影響戰爭主體——人的認知域的掌控,也就是作戰雙方人員的思維方式、認知模式與風格、價值觀念、情感態度、文化模型、溝通模式、心理強弱項、認知偏好、文化與知識圖譜、意識形態認同等領域的爭奪。后者涉及社會人員和社會存在的基本態勢,也就是認知域作戰施加影響的新興領域,其戰法有著強烈的特殊性。

議題靈活機動性:認知域作戰可挑選認知域的諸多議題,開展靈活機動的作戰行動。議題根據當下的情況與需要,既可以選擇涉及較為宏觀的戰略層面(如對方全社會的意識形態與制度等),也可以選擇中觀的戰役層面(如對方社會局部領域或方向的社會問題:社會福利政策或環境保護政策等),還可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題(如某個人、某個具體事件所折射出的社會的非公平、非正義、非美好的一面)。宏觀、中觀、微觀的認知域問題相互聯系、相互轉化,很有可能一個微觀的議題也會成為一個宏觀的重大戰略性議題。而問題的提出要視與整個軍事行動的關系,要使認知域作戰服從於全局的作戰行動,服務於宏觀的政治、外交大局的需要。更為重要的是,議題要准備在平時,要把各種議題的數據收集在平時,特別是要關注現實社會中的各種重要數據。一旦需要,這些數據就可以迅速轉變為射向敵方認知域的箭頭、子彈、炮彈,甚至成為影響全局的戰略性武器。

作戰層次可控性:認知作戰其重要的設計是,在作戰的層面上,是整體可以控制的,也是可以調控的,可以根據形勢的變化,做出相應的升級或者降維。如果需要戰略層面的,指揮人員可以開通戰略層面的設計和力量投入﹔如果需要戰役級別的,也可以控制在相應戰役層面﹔如果僅僅需要是在特定的小問題層面,也可以將其控制在相應的小眾局域層面,使得整個行動服務於整體作戰行動的需要。這裡的戰略戰役戰術,更多的指的是作戰設計和力量的投入。由於戰場態勢可能瞬息萬變,有些議題也有可能在層級上發生變化,由戰略性的議題影響到戰役和戰術級的效果﹔有些議題,則由於戰術議題的特殊性,成為影響全局的戰役戰略級議題。

新興媒介主導性:認知域的主要影響渠道,已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向了新興媒體。傳統媒介主要依靠單一媒介,如報紙、雜志、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞信息﹔后期電視的產生帶來了立體媒體。到了互聯網時代,特別是互聯網2.0時代和智能通訊設備的誕生,人們更加依靠多媒介、多模態以及短視頻、短文本的形式來傳遞信息。各種智能手機、智能平板、智能播放器等高級設備的推陳出新,各種新興社交軟件和工具的誕生,使得新興媒體成為當下人們開展溝通和交流的主要工具。新興媒體、新興社交軟件和工具已經成為當下各種力量在社會安全、輿論安全、意識形態安全、社會安全和政治安全展開博弈和斗爭的重要空間。互聯網安全,特別是能否掌握住新型的社交媒體、新興社交軟件和工具等的安全,在某種程度上說,是一國認知域能否安全的關鍵。新興媒體工具和新型媒體空間的信息已經成為各個國家認知作戰的主戰場、主陣地和主要爭奪空間。值得指出的是,左右人們認知的思想和理論將成為認知域作戰各層面的最為有影響力的武器。

語言對抗適應智能時代認知計算增強新算力

人工智能時代,在大數據分析與運用、超級計算能力、智能計算能力、自然語言處理能力、智能手機傳播能力以及新一代網絡通信能力大幅提高的基礎上,人類已經開始可以對全社會、全網域、局部群體、局部不同群體以及特定個體開展精准的語言文化、心理認知、群體情感、社會行為建模和分析。特別是人們對大腦認知、人腦思維、思維模式、習慣偏好、意象圖式、認知框架、乃至神經網絡、人機協同、腦控技術等的深刻認識和把握,隻要有足夠多樣化的動態數據,人們就可以把人們的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、社會輿論以及行為方式等全部計算模擬出來,通過深算、精算、妙算,可以精准地把握人們的認知世界,形成對人們認知域的精細和深刻的掌控。這方面又呈現以下特征:

計算的全維性:認知域作為一個新興領域,其涉及的方方面面都可以被數據化並實現全方位全過程全個體可計算,可以通過廣泛的收集各類型信息,經過信息梳理進而可體現為關於作戰對手主體因素多樣化的大數據,從而可以就此開展面向全體、群體、群體之間以及個體數據及其之間的各種計算,由此,以往無法實現的基於思維、心理、情感、言論、行為等方面的各種活動都可以通過計算來完成、展示和精准把握。

計算的認知性:認知域的計算體現了了強烈的認知性,它更多地可以揭示各種事物、事件、人物之間的難以用肉眼觀察到的關聯關系,可以揭示同一事件框架中各種概念之間的聚類和層級關系,體現各概念之間或明或暗、或直接或間接的深層認知聯系,揭示概念之間的復雜概念網絡體系,使人們看到完全超越一般肉眼觀察的深層認知世界。

計算的智能性:認知域的計算又體現了強烈的智能性。這種智能性表現為通過計算,會得出具有智慧性的結論。譬如可以通過大量文本收集和數據挖掘,尋找人工力量受限而看不到的各種主題、各種觀點、各種傾向、各種人群、各種立場、各種訴求之間的關系,形成對某一問題的更為全面、縱深、精確、系統的認識,做出科學優化的決策。這類決策既可能是與人類智能相符,也可能是超越甚至遠遠勝過人類的智能。運用好認知計算的力量,特別是綜合本國的數據和對手的數據,可以更好地做到提前預防、提前預警、提前開展布局,並能夠實現最好最優最快最精准地打擊和反擊,也能夠更好地體現高效有力有針對性的防護。這裡的認知計算,更多的是對某一可能的宏觀中觀或微觀的議題在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景下,在全網域或者某一局域網域、某一特定群體內部可能產生的反響,特別是對與對手展開博弈時雙方可能呈現的主動、被動的態勢開展分析和檢視,對認知域的攻防等。

發揮話語主體地位釋放話語力量的新運用

認知域作戰有一個非常重要的依托,就是它主要依托語言媒介來發揮作用,主要通過話語層面來施加影響,主要通過話語的敘事性來形成對認知域的隱性作用,主要通過文化模式來施加潛在作用,通過跨文化的傳播來施加或明或暗的作用。其主要體現為以下方面:

文本話語獨特性:認知域是需要用信息來施加影響的。盡管信息可能依托視頻圖片的特殊視覺效果來展現,但從根本上說,文本所綜合表達話語的獨特性成為產生認知影響的主要依托。這其中,話語表達的模式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達說服力和感染力的主要設計,特別是話語敘事獨特性將是影響人們認知的關鍵。這可能會包括敘事的視角,敘事的主題、風格,敘事的故事框架,敘事的語言創新,敘事的關鍵語句,敘事蘊含的哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等情懷,敘事的不同參與者身份,敘事的多樣化評價,敘事的真實度、深度和情感溫度,敘事對於觀點的潛移默化影響作用,敘事釋放的個人情感、價值觀念、意識形態、立場評價等。文本話語的獨特性,是認知域作戰以文本施加認知影響的重要依靠。充分利用文本的復雜性,發揮多樣化文本各自優勢,發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響的作用,已經成為文本話語認知域作戰的關鍵。其中最為重要的,就是要創新文本話語,用更加嶄新的話語、更加新奇的表述,更加獨特的表達來贏得讀者,使讀者了解並在潛移默化中感受文本中的思想,並在無聲無息中接受文本的思想。

文化模式潛在性:認知域作戰,一定要深刻把握不同國家和民族文化的特點和模式。不同國家、不同民族,其文化的模型不一樣,哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思維方式皆有明顯不同﹔不同文化下的國民,也有著不同樣的民族心理、民族性的認知模式,還應該有典型的屬於本民族本文化的認知偏好,也有相應的短處與弱點,有的還明顯存在與本國其他民族有巨大差異的認識,甚至還有誤解和敵意。因此,認知域作戰在文化層面,就是要把握好不同國家的總體文化模型,建設不同國家不同群體的文化模型,建設不同國家在不同事物上的不同認知模型,充分把握某一國家在一系列事物和議題上的總體態度和行事方式,特別是針對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、總體觀念等。要借助現有理論和發現,綜合構建在認知領域不同人群對一些典型問題、敏感問題、重要問題的基本表現,為下一步開展認知作戰提供重要的參考和指導。加強對敵方不同人員的文化模式研究,特別是軍隊人員,重點崗位的人員,包括對方將領、軍官、士兵等的基本文化特點和模型的研究與構建,譬如人物心理認知行為與文化模型畫像,已經成為認知域作戰的核心做法。對對方普通人員,特別是一般國民、市民的認知模式,以及特定人群,包括特殊的非政府組織力量等的認知分析,也同樣具有重要價值。

跨文化戰略傳播性:認知域作戰,是面向國際的語言傳播和文化傳播,需要遵循國際傳播的規律。要把握好國際傳播的基本范式,要把本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合,要將對方語言與文化和本國的故事與思想巧妙結合﹔要善於結合不同的藝術形式,包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂(聲音)、視頻等手段或者多模態的手段來實現信息的國際傳播。同時,還要在戰略層面統籌多維宏觀的傳播:要利用各種手段,依靠軍民融合軍民協同軍民一體開展傳播﹔除了非政府組織之外,特別是要依靠民間力量,依靠專家、意見領袖、普通民眾來幫助軍隊來開展認知域作戰﹔要統一設置議題,多點多位多維發聲,形成戰略傳播態勢,為重大行動、重大議題、重大危機管控等形成應急解決的良好態勢,形成良好輿論氛圍,營造積極效應,消除不利影響或者扑滅不利影響。特別是要建立一支能夠精通外語、懂得跨文化技巧、知曉國際傳播規律、能在國際多維平台巧妙發聲的精干隊伍。這些人員平時可以開展廣泛的議題感知、收集和討論,借助普通議題或者特殊議題建立人脈關系,建立粉絲群落﹔更重要的是,在關鍵時刻,通過他們的粉絲群體,施加影響,完成戰略傳播任務。

當前,隨著混合戰多域戰全域戰的大行其道,認知域作戰已經成為雜糅其間、混合其間的常用手段,認知域作戰由陌生、新興、發展到壯大的歷程,更是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰發展的高級階段復雜階段升級階段。它的興起,更具有欺騙性、模糊性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性,特別是考慮它與當代新興媒體進場深度接軌深度融合,而且還不斷學習借鑒融入多學科、跨學科、交叉學科的新思想、新技術、新手段。由此,認知域作戰已然成為我們必須高度警惕高度提防的作戰形式。(國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師梁曉波)

【本文系國家社科基金重大項目“國防與軍隊改革視野下的國防語言能力建設”階段性成果】

(來源:中國社會科學網)

(責編:陳羽、黃子娟)

2022年05月17日10:xx | 

中國原創軍事資源:https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423539888.html

Chinese Military Research of International Intelligent Unmanned System Technology Application and Development Trends

軍研究國際智慧無人系統技術應用及發展趨勢

現代英語:

With the accelerated application of cutting-edge technology in the military field, intelligent unmanned systems have become an important part of modern warfare. The world’s major military powers attach great importance to the application of intelligent unmanned system technology in the military field. In the future, intelligent unmanned systems will have a profound impact on combat methods and subvert the rules of war. As a culmination of cutting-edge science and technology (such as artificial intelligence, intelligent robots, intelligent perception, intelligent computing, etc.), intelligent unmanned systems represent the highest level of development of a country’s scientific and technological strength. Therefore, research in the field of intelligent unmanned systems can greatly promote the development of existing military and livelihood fields.
At present, unmanned system equipment has emerged in military conflicts. For example, in the conflict between Turkey and Syria, Turkey used the Anka-S long-flight drone and the Barakta TB-2 reconnaissance and strike drone equipped by the Air Force to attack the Syrian government forces; the Russian Ministry of Defense also announced that militants in Syria used drones carrying explosives to launch a cluster attack on its military bases; in 2020, the United States used an MQ-9 “Reaper” drone to attack a senior Iranian military commander and killed him on the spot. Unmanned combat is coming, and intelligent unmanned systems, as a key weapon on the future battlefield, will determine the victory of the entire war.

Image from the Internet

The development of intelligent unmanned systems will not only promote the upgrading and progress of existing military technology, but also drive the intelligent development of civilian technology, including intelligent transportation systems, smart home systems, intelligent manufacturing systems and intelligent medical systems. In order to develop intelligent unmanned systems more scientifically and rapidly, major scientific and technological powers have introduced a series of plans and routes for the development of intelligent unmanned systems, striving to seize the initiative and commanding heights in the development of intelligent unmanned systems. Related ones include the United States’ integrated roadmap for autonomous unmanned systems, Russia’s national weapons and equipment plan, the United Kingdom’s defense innovation technology framework, China’s new generation of artificial intelligence development plan, and Japan’s medium- and long-term technology plan.
In recent years, from air to space, from land to sea, various types of intelligent unmanned systems have emerged in large numbers. The world’s major powers have gradually deployed intelligent unmanned systems into the military, and in some regional conflicts and anti-terrorism battlefields, the key role of intelligent unmanned systems is increasing. Therefore, this article will focus on the military needs of the future battlefield, based on the challenges of the actual complex environment faced by the future battlefield, analyze the key technologies required for the development and application of intelligent unmanned systems, and analyze the key technologies of individual enhancement and cluster enhancement from a military perspective, and explain the development trend of intelligent unmanned systems.

  1. Current research status at home and abroad

The concept of intelligent unmanned system has only been proposed recently. At present, its research is still in its early stages, and there is no unified definition in the world. It is temporarily defined as: an organic whole composed of an unmanned platform and several auxiliary parts, with the ability to perceive, interact and learn, and capable of autonomous reasoning and decision-making based on knowledge to achieve the goal. Intelligent unmanned systems can be divided into three major parts: land unmanned systems, air unmanned systems and marine unmanned systems according to the spatial scope of their functions. Among them, land unmanned systems mainly include reconnaissance unmanned vehicles, transport unmanned vehicles, combat unmanned vehicles, obstacle removal unmanned vehicles, bomb disposal unmanned vehicles, unmanned vehicle formations and command systems, etc.; air unmanned systems mainly include reconnaissance drones, combat drones, logistics transport drones and drone formations, etc.; marine unmanned systems mainly include reconnaissance unmanned boats, combat unmanned boats, logistics transport unmanned boats, patrol search and rescue unmanned boats, reconnaissance unmanned submarines, combat unmanned submarines and shore-based support systems, etc. This section will explain the current research status of intelligent unmanned systems at home and abroad from the above three parts.
⒈ Current status of foreign intelligent unmanned system research
⑴ Land unmanned system
Land unmanned systems are mainly used in intelligence collection, reconnaissance and patrol, mine clearance and obstacle removal, firepower strike, battlefield rescue, logistics transportation, communication relay and electronic interference. As the advantages of land unmanned systems in combat become more and more prominent, research on them has attracted more and more attention from various countries.
The United States launched the “Joint Tactical Unmanned Vehicle” project in November 1993, which is the predecessor of the “Gladiator” unmanned combat platform project. In 2006, the United States completed the design of the entire system of the “Gladiator” unmanned combat platform and officially equipped the Marine Corps in 2007. The “Gladiator” tactical unmanned combat platform is the world’s first multi-purpose combat unmanned platform. It is equipped with sensor systems such as day/night cameras, GPS positioning systems, and acoustic and laser search systems. It is also equipped with machine guns, submachine guns, tear gas, sniper systems, biological and chemical weapons detection systems, etc. It can perform reconnaissance, nuclear and biological weapons detection, obstacle breakthrough, anti-sniper, firepower strike and direct shooting in different weather and terrain.
The Gladiator unmanned combat platform is equipped with a highly mobile and survivable chassis. For this platform, a portable handheld control system has also been developed, and a series of development work has been completed around the technical issues of the control system’s anti-interference, network interoperability, miniaturization and ease of operation. However, due to the weak armor protection capability of the Gladiator unmanned combat platform and the poor concealment of its mission, its long-range reconnaissance and control system faces more interference. In addition, the US Army has also put some other land unmanned systems into service, such as the Scorpion robot and the Claw robot. In 2017, the US Army formulated the Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) Strategy, which provides a top-level plan for the construction of unmanned combat capabilities. Figure 1 shows the US land unmanned system.

Figure 1 US land unmanned system
Israel, Russia, the United Kingdom and Germany have also successively carried out the development of land unmanned systems and developed a series of advanced products. The product list is shown in Table 1. For example, the “Guardian” series of autonomous unmanned vehicles developed by Israel can combine the sensors and fusion algorithms on board to autonomously detect and identify dangerous obstacles, and perform patrol, surveillance and small-scale fire strike tasks; the MARSA-800 unmanned vehicle developed by Russia can perform tasks such as transportation and logistics support, tracking and surveillance, and can realize autonomous path planning and avoid obstacles during the execution of tasks. The unmanned vehicle has been deployed on the Syrian battlefield. The United Kingdom and Germany also started research on land unmanned systems earlier. The United Kingdom launched a trolley bomb disposal robot in the 1960s, and later launched the Harris T7 tactile feedback robot for performing dangerous tasks such as bomb disposal and bomb disposal; the “Mission Master” ground armed reconnaissance unmanned vehicle developed by Germany’s Rheinmetall is mainly used to perform tactical surveillance, dangerous object detection, medical evacuation, communication relay and fire support tasks.


Table 1 Land unmanned systems of various countries

⑵ Aerial unmanned systems
Aerial unmanned systems are mainly based on single drone platforms and drone clusters. Due to their advantages such as wide field of view, freedom of flight, and good equipment carrying capacity, drones are widely used in the military field and have played a great role in military conflicts in recent years. The main functions of aerial unmanned systems include: intelligence gathering, reconnaissance and surveillance, decoy target aircraft, target tracking, tactical strikes and air rescue.
In 2000, the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory proposed the concept of autonomous combat for unmanned aerial vehicles, quantified the degree of autonomy of unmanned aerial vehicles, and formulated a development plan. The quantitative content and development stage of the degree of autonomy of unmanned aerial vehicles are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Autonomous control level and the trend of autonomous


unmanned aerial vehicles In 2003, the United States merged the unmanned combat aircraft system projects of the Air Force and the Navy, launched the “Joint Unmanned Combat System” (J-UCAS) project, and began research on the unmanned combat aircraft X-47B. In 2006, the U.S. Navy proposed the “Navy Unmanned Combat Air System” (N-UCAS) project, which aims to introduce unmanned combat aircraft to the aircraft carrier-based aircraft wing and continue to conduct research on the X-47B. Between 2012 and 2014, the aircraft carrier catapult, landing, touch-and-go and other tests were completed many times, and the autonomous aerial refueling test was completed in 2015. The X-47B attack drone is an autonomously maneuverable, stealthy, and land-based and ship-based unmanned combat aircraft. It has the characteristics of high range and high flight time, and is equipped with advanced sensors such as illumination radar, optoelectronic guidance system, and aperture radar. Its main functions include intelligence reconnaissance, target tracking, electronic warfare interference, and firepower strikes. Other unmanned aerial systems developed by the United States, such as the Global Hawk, Predator, Hunter, and Raven, have also been in service in the military, as shown in Figure 3.
The “Harpy” drone developed by Israel is equipped with anti-radar sensors, optoelectronic guidance systems and missiles, and can autonomously attack enemy radar systems, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Aerial Unmanned Systems of Various Countries


A single aerial unmanned system is easily interfered with and attacked when performing a mission, resulting in mission failure, while an aerial unmanned system cluster can make up for this defect and give full play to the advantages of aerial unmanned systems. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the United States has successively launched the “Gremlins” low-cost drone project, the low-cost drone cluster project, the “Perdix” micro-drone airborne high-speed launch demonstration project, and the offensive swarm enabling tactics (OFFSET) project for aerial unmanned system clusters. By developing and testing the architecture, communication system and distributed control algorithm for unmanned system clusters, an autonomous control system for drone clusters has been developed, and cutting-edge scientific and technological technologies such as artificial intelligence, situational awareness, virtual reality and augmented reality have been used to enhance the comprehensive combat capability of aerial unmanned system clusters on the battlefield.


⑶ Marine unmanned systems
Marine unmanned systems include two types: surface unmanned systems and underwater unmanned systems. Among them, surface unmanned systems mainly refer to surface unmanned boats (hereinafter referred to as “unmanned boats”), which are mainly used to perform tasks such as maritime search and rescue, reconnaissance and surveillance, firepower strikes, patrol security, electronic interference, logistics support and decoy target ships; underwater unmanned systems mainly refer to unmanned submersibles. Compared with manned submarines, they have the advantages of no casualties, high concealment and high autonomy, and are mainly used to perform intelligence collection, target monitoring, combat deterrence and firepower strikes. In 2018, the US Navy released the “Navy Department Unmanned System Strategic Roadmap”, and in 2019, it released the “Navy Artificial Intelligence Framework”, which provides route planning and guidance for the development of naval operations and marine unmanned systems.
In terms of surface unmanned systems, the United States proposed the “American Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration Project” (ACTD), one of whose important tasks is to carry out research on the “Spartan Scout” unmanned boat. The project was completed in 2007 and tested in the Iraqi theater. The “Spartan Scout” unmanned boat is equipped with an unmanned driving system and a line-of-sight/beyond-line-of-sight communication system, as well as advanced sensors such as electro-optical/infrared search turrets, high-definition cameras, navigation radars, surface search radars, and global positioning system receivers, as well as weapons such as naval guns, anti-ship missiles, and anti-submarine sensors. It is mainly used to perform intelligence collection, target monitoring, information reconnaissance, anti-mine and maritime security tasks, and has a certain degree of autonomy. The “Sea Hunter” unmanned boat developed by the United States is equipped with sonar and optoelectronic sensors, as well as short-range and long-range radar detection systems and expandable modular sonar systems. It is mainly used to perform tasks such as identifying and monitoring suspicious targets and guiding fire strikes. The US marine unmanned system is shown in Figure 4. The “Protector” unmanned boat developed by Israel is mainly used to perform intelligence reconnaissance, suspicious target identification, tactical interception, electronic interference and precision strikes (Figure 4). The unmanned surface reconnaissance boat developed by Russia can perform rapid patrol tasks under the command of the mother ship and inspect and monitor designated areas to search for intelligence.

Figure 4 Marine unmanned systems of various countries


In terms of underwater unmanned systems, the nuclear-powered unmanned submarine “Poseidon” developed by Russia can carry conventional and nuclear warheads to perform reconnaissance and strategic nuclear strike missions, as shown in Figure 4. The “Knifefish” unmanned submarine developed by the United States can scan suspicious objects and search for intelligence by emitting low-frequency electromagnetic waves; the “Tuna”-9 unmanned submarine developed by the United States can carry a variety of standard payloads and can be used to perform offshore exploration, anti-mine, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) and other tasks.


⒉ Current status of domestic intelligent unmanned system research
In recent years, China’s military intelligent unmanned systems have developed rapidly. This article will explain the three aspects of land unmanned systems, air unmanned systems and marine unmanned systems.
In terms of land unmanned systems, the National University of Defense Technology and Sany Heavy Industry Co., Ltd. jointly developed the “Desert Wolf” land unmanned light platform, which is powered by tracks and equipped with weapon systems such as grenade launchers and machine guns. It can be used to perform logistics transportation, wounded transportation, reconnaissance monitoring, firepower strikes and other tasks. The “Longma” series of unmanned vehicles developed by Sunward Intelligent Group have strong transportation and obstacle crossing capabilities. The “Shenxing-III” military ground intelligent robot system developed by Nanjing University of Science and Technology has strong autonomous navigation and intelligence reconnaissance capabilities. The unmanned nuclear reconnaissance vehicle jointly developed by the National University of Defense Technology and Harbin Institute of Technology has high mobility and armor protection capabilities. The weapon system it carries can perform fire strikes and has certain autonomous capabilities.
In terms of aerial unmanned systems, the “Wing Loong” series of unmanned aerial vehicles developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group has fully autonomous horizontal take-off and landing capabilities, cruise flight capabilities, air-to-ground coordination capabilities, and ground relay control capabilities. It is equipped with multiple types of optoelectronic/electronic reconnaissance equipment and small air-to-ground precision strike weapons, and can perform intelligence reconnaissance, target tracking, fire strikes and other tasks. The “Rainbow” series of unmanned aerial vehicles developed by China have medium-altitude and long-range navigation capabilities, can carry electronic jamming systems and a variety of weapon systems, and can perform fire strikes, intelligence reconnaissance, communication jamming, radio wave jamming and other tasks; the attack 11 type unmanned aerial vehicle developed has extremely strong stealth capabilities and can carry precision-guided missiles for ground attack missions. China’s aerial unmanned systems are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 China’s aerial unmanned systems


In terms of surface unmanned systems of marine unmanned systems, the “Tianxing No. 1” unmanned boat, developed by Harbin Engineering University, uses oil-electric hybrid power, with a maximum speed of more than 92.6km/h and a maximum range of 1,000km. It is currently the fastest unmanned boat in the world. The boat integrates technologies such as autonomous perception, intelligent control, and autonomous decision-making, and can achieve rapid situation information recognition and danger avoidance of the surrounding complex environment. It can be used to perform tasks such as meteorological information monitoring, landform mapping, alert patrol, intelligence reconnaissance, and firepower attack. The “Jinghai” series of unmanned boats developed by Shanghai University have semi-autonomous and fully autonomous operation capabilities, and can perform tasks such as target reconnaissance, ocean mapping, and water quality testing. The “Haiteng 01” intelligent high-speed unmanned boat developed by Shanghai Maritime University is equipped with sensors such as millimeter-wave radar, laser radar, and forward-looking sonar. It can perform suspicious target monitoring, underwater measurement, maritime search and rescue, and other tasks, and has fully autonomous and semi-autonomous navigation capabilities. The JARI intelligent unmanned combat boat developed by Jiangsu Automation Research Institute is equipped with detection equipment such as photoelectric detectors and four-sided phased arrays. At the same time, it is also equipped with weapon systems such as missiles and torpedoes, which can perform tasks such as intelligence collection, enemy reconnaissance, and precision firepower strikes. The “Lookout II” unmanned missile boat jointly developed by Zhuhai Yunzhou Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. and other units is equipped with a fully autonomous unmanned driving system and missiles and other weapons, which can perform tasks such as enemy reconnaissance, intelligence collection, and precision firepower strikes. China’s marine unmanned system is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 China’s marine unmanned system


In terms of underwater unmanned systems of marine unmanned systems, the “Devil Fish” unmanned submersible developed by Northwestern Polytechnical University is a bionic manta ray unmanned submersible that has completed a deep-sea test of 1025m. The “Wukong” full-sea depth unmanned submersible developed by Harbin Engineering University has successfully completed a deep dive and autonomous operation test of 10,896m. Deep-sea submersibles such as “Qianlong No. 1” and “Seahorse” developed by China have successfully completed deep-sea exploration missions.


⒊ Summary of the current state of technology
At present, intelligent unmanned systems have been gradually applied to various fields of military applications, and with the development of cutting-edge science and technology, the application of intelligent unmanned systems in the military field will increase day by day. However, in the use of intelligent unmanned systems, autonomy and intelligence have not yet been fully realized. At present, the application status of intelligent unmanned system technology in the military field can be mainly divided into the following three parts:


① From the perspective of combat missions: combat missions have developed from simple reconnaissance and surveillance to mainstream confrontation operations; battlefield confrontation has changed from human confrontation to human-machine confrontation, and then to machine-machine confrontation; the application environment has changed from structured environment and laboratory environment to real battlefield environment, and will gradually develop into an augmented reality environment combining real environment and virtual reality in the future.
② From the perspective of command and control: the control method has developed from simple remote control and program control of a single machine to intelligent fusion and interactive control of human-machine, but autonomous control has not yet been fully realized; the system architecture has developed from specialization and singularity to generalization, standardization, and interoperability.
③ From the perspective of perception and decision-making: the decision-making method has changed from relying solely on people to relying mainly on people and supplemented by human-machine intelligent interactive decision-making; the perception method has changed from relying solely on sensors to obtain feature information and people to judge target attributes to target recognition and feature information acquisition based on artificial intelligence.

  1. Key technologies of intelligent unmanned systems

As a culmination of multidisciplinary fields, intelligent unmanned systems involve many technologies, perform diverse tasks, and have complex and changeable application scenarios. For example, the air environment is rainy and foggy, with low visibility, strong winds, and light interference; the land environment has complex terrain, obstacles, interference, and dangerous pollution areas; the sea environment has wind and wave interference, ship swaying, inconspicuous targets, and irregular coastlines. Different environments and uses pose huge challenges to the research and performance of intelligent unmanned system technology. In order to adapt to the restricted and changing environment, the key technologies of intelligent unmanned systems can be summarized as autonomous perception and understanding technology in complex environments, multi-scenario autonomous skill learning and intelligent control technology, multi-task cluster collaboration technology, human-computer interaction and human-computer fusion technology, decision-making planning technology and navigation and positioning technology. This section will mainly use marine unmanned systems as examples to elaborate on the key technologies of intelligent unmanned systems.


⒈ Autonomous perception and understanding technology in complex environments
Autonomous perception and scene understanding of the environment in complex environments is a prerequisite for intelligent unmanned systems to operate autonomously and form combat capabilities, which will directly affect whether the mission can be successfully completed. In view of the complexity and variability of the actual environment, especially the difficulties of wind and wave interference and ship shaking in the sea environment, intelligent unmanned systems need to complete the goals of autonomous target selection perception, obtain multimodal information, and abstract and complete understanding of information. Therefore, the autonomous perception and understanding technology of the environment of intelligent unmanned systems in complex environments needs to break through the autonomous perception technology of multimodal sensor fusion, as well as the complex scene target recognition and understanding technology.


⑴ Multimodal sensor fusion autonomous perception technology
At present, the information acquisition sensors carried by intelligent unmanned systems mainly include navigation radar, millimeter wave radar, laser radar, optoelectronic payload, etc. A single sensor cannot directly obtain high-precision, dense three-dimensional scene information. It is necessary to study the autonomous environmental perception technology of multi-sensor fusion to provide support for scene understanding. Multi-sensor fusion is to carry out multi-level and multi-space information complementation and optimization combination processing of various sensors, and finally produce a consistent interpretation of the observed environment. In this process, it is necessary to make full use of multi-source data for reasonable control and use, and the ultimate goal of information fusion is to derive more useful information based on the separated observation information obtained by each sensor through multi-level and multi-faceted combination of information. By taking advantage of the mutual cooperation of multiple sensors, the data of all information sources are comprehensively processed to improve the intelligence of the entire sensor system. The natural environment of the ocean is more complex than that of land and air. Faced with special challenges such as violent swaying of ships, wind and wave interference, uneven lighting, and inconspicuous targets, the marine intelligent unmanned system needs to perform multi-sensor information fusion processing on the designated target based on the unique attributes of each sensor, and then combine the electronic chart information of the internal navigation unit of the unmanned system and the shore-based support system to build a multi-dimensional three-dimensional situation map of the sea surface environment, perform tracking, detection, identification and cognition tasks for the designated target, and finally realize the autonomous perception and complete understanding of the sea surface environment by the marine intelligent unmanned system.


⑵ Complex scene target recognition and understanding technology
The key to the operation autonomy of intelligent unmanned systems lies in the ability to effectively understand the scene and target information, and accurate understanding of scene information mainly includes the construction of target semantic information and the description of scene text information. Compared with land and air environments, the natural marine environment faces unique difficulties such as wind and wave interference and violent swaying of the hull, which brings challenges to the intelligent unmanned system to fully understand the environmental information and accurately identify the designated target. Using sensors such as laser radar and high-definition cameras carried by intelligent unmanned systems, the original point cloud information and image feature information of the marine environment scene can be obtained. Using three-dimensional target detection methods based on point clouds, point clouds and image fusion, and three-dimensional scene semantic segmentation methods, etc., the intelligent unmanned system can fully recognize the scene information and accurately identify the designated target.
There are mainly two types of point cloud-based methods: grid-based or voxel-based methods, and point-based methods. The grid-based or voxel-based method uses voxels or bird’s-eye views to convert the irregular point cloud of the acquired sea surface into a regular representation method, and then extracts the point cloud features. The point-based method directly extracts target features from the acquired original point cloud of the sea surface. The three-dimensional target detection method based on point cloud and image fusion combines the precise coordinates of the target in the sea scene obtained by the laser radar with the environmental texture and color information provided by the sea surface image, which is more conducive to the intelligent unmanned system to accurately identify and accurately and completely understand the target of the ocean scene.


⒉ Behavior decision-making and trajectory planning technology
In actual and complex war scenes, for the complex mission environment and multiple tasks faced by intelligent unmanned systems, it is necessary to break through the behavior decision-making technology in multi-source heterogeneous environments, trajectory planning technology in dynamic/static environments, and trajectory tracking technology in complex scenes.


⑴ Behavior decision-making technology in multi-source heterogeneous environments
Behavior decision-making is the key to the realization of autonomous control of intelligent unmanned systems. In the complex environment of different speeds, different relative distances, and different data types of unmanned boats, it is necessary to accurately extract effective information to make safe and reliable control instructions for the next decision of the unmanned boat. First, extract representative environmental feature information and establish a sufficient number of accurately calibrated learning data sets; then, construct a decision maker based on a deep neural network and use the established database for learning; finally, use machine learning algorithms to optimize the constructed decision maker to further improve the decision accuracy.
⑵Trajectory planning technology in dynamic/static environment
Trajectory change is the most basic behavior of unmanned boats and unmanned submarines. In a complex battlefield environment, planning a feasible and reliable trajectory according to different environmental conditions is the key to the intelligent driving of unmanned boats and unmanned submarines. This technology mainly includes trajectory planning technology based on polynomials, trajectory planning technology based on multi-objective constraints, and trajectory planning technology based on positive and negative trapezoidal lateral acceleration.


⑶Trajectory tracking technology in complex scenes
Tracking the planned ideal trajectory is an important task for unmanned boats and unmanned submarines. The key lies in solving the problem of high-precision and high-stability control when unmanned boats or unmanned submarines track target trajectories. The main solution is: according to the kinematic and dynamic models of unmanned boats and unmanned submarines, the corresponding actuator control quantity is output to achieve real-time and accurate tracking of the specified target, and under the premise of ensuring tracking accuracy, the autonomous intelligent steering of unmanned boats and unmanned submarines and the coordinated control of multiple actuators of each drive module are realized.


⒊Autonomous navigation and positioning technology
The navigation and positioning system is a key component of the intelligent unmanned system, which can provide accurate and reliable information about the speed and position of unmanned boats or unmanned submarines. The navigation system is generally composed of gyroscopes, accelerometers, satellite receivers, etc., some of which are supplemented by visual modules, or are equipped with prior spatial position maps and physical information sensors based on actual complex environmental conditions. In order to achieve accurate execution of tasks, intelligent unmanned systems must break through navigation and positioning technology based on inertial/satellite deep information fusion, navigation and positioning technology based on inertial/astronomical information fusion, navigation technology based on visual tracking, and geophysical assisted navigation technology.


⑴ Navigation and positioning technology based on inertial/satellite deep information fusion
This technology introduces the inertial information of the unmanned boat into the satellite carrier/code loop, and then uses fully autonomous, short-term, and high-precision inertial information to assist the update of satellite receiver signals, thereby realizing the complementary advantages and optimal fusion of the inertial navigation and satellite navigation of the unmanned boat.


⑵ Navigation and positioning technology based on inertial/astronomical information fusion
The astronomical-based navigation system has the advantages of high autonomy and low susceptibility to interference. By using the information output by astronomical navigation and the information provided by the initial position, the position of the unmanned boat can be calculated. The fusion of inertial navigation information and astronomical navigation information can improve the robustness of astronomical navigation positioning. Inertial/astronomical combined positioning technology based on astronomical navigation assistance has become a key part of the field of autonomous navigation of unmanned systems.


⑶ Navigation technology based on visual tracking
Due to the complexity of the actual battlefield environment, unmanned boats will be in a complex working environment and are easily interfered by the outside world, resulting in GPS denial, which makes the navigation system unable to be in a combined state. A single inertial navigation system has low accuracy and is prone to accumulating errors. Long-term pure inertial navigation will make the unmanned boat lose the ability to perform tasks. However, the vision-based method does not have time error accumulation. It only needs to extract the key features of the image obtained by the high-definition camera to obtain the position information of the unmanned boat and the unmanned submersible through visual algorithms and prior knowledge. The vision-based navigation algorithm is not easily interfered with, has strong robustness, and can make up for the error accumulation caused by pure inertial navigation in a GPS denial environment, and is widely used.


⑷ Geophysical assisted navigation technology
Due to the unique environment of the ocean, unmanned submersibles need to sail underwater for a long time, resulting in the inability to obtain real-time and accurate satellite signals and astronomical information. In addition, due to problems such as weak underwater light, vision-based navigation methods are also limited. Therefore, by obtaining a priori spatial position map inside the ocean and using the field scene information obtained by the physical sensors carried by the unmanned submersible and matching them, high-precision autonomous navigation of the unmanned submersible can be achieved.
The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the inherent geophysical properties of the surveyed ocean can be used to produce a geophysical navigation spatial position map. By matching the physical feature information obtained by the physical property sensor carried by the unmanned submersible with the pre-carried spatial position map, the high-precision positioning of the unmanned submersible can be obtained, and the high-precision autonomous navigation of the unmanned submersible can be realized.


⒋ Multi-scenario autonomous skill learning and intelligent control technology
Multi-scenario intelligent control technology is a key technology for intelligent unmanned systems to solve complex, changeable and unstable control objects. It is an effective tool for intelligent unmanned systems to adapt to complex task requirements. In a complex marine environment, if intelligent unmanned systems want to complete real-time and accurate regional monitoring, target tracking, information acquisition and precision strikes, they must break through the autonomous skill learning technology of tasks, autonomous operation interactive control technology, and unmanned system motion control technology of human-like intelligent control.


⑴ Autonomous skill learning technology of tasks Autonomous
skill learning refers to the process of learning based on prior knowledge or rules to complete tasks in the process of interaction between unmanned systems and the outside world. The autonomous learning of unmanned system operation skills is essentially a partial process of simulating human learning cognition. Intelligent unmanned systems use deep reinforcement learning-based technology to combine the perception ability of deep learning with the decision-making ability of reinforcement learning, and can achieve direct control from high-latitude raw data information input to decision output in complex sea environments. The autonomous skill learning of intelligent unmanned systems mainly includes three aspects: first, describing the complex environment of the ocean surface and the interior of the ocean, and obtaining the initial state data information of the surrounding environment; second, based on the description of the intelligent unmanned system and the complex environment of the ocean surface and the interior, mathematical modeling of deep reinforcement learning is carried out to obtain key information such as the state value function and control strategy function of the autonomous skill learning process; third, using the data information obtained by the interaction between the intelligent unmanned system and the complex environment of the ocean surface and the interior, the state value function and the control strategy function are updated to enable the marine intelligent unmanned system to learn a better control strategy.


⑵ Autonomous operation interactive control technology
In the process of autonomous learning and control of tasks, the intelligent unmanned system needs to contact with the ocean surface and the complex internal environment to form a good coupling system to ensure the real-time and accurate acquisition of information on the ocean surface and the complex internal environment, and correctly and quickly carry out navigation planning, autonomous navigation control and autonomous collision avoidance of unmanned boats and unmanned submersibles. The tasks of the interactive control technology of autonomous operation of intelligent unmanned systems mainly include: the design of interactive rules and control strategies of intelligent unmanned systems; modeling methods of complex environments on the surface and inside of the ocean; online modeling and correction of the dynamics of unmanned boats, unmanned submarines and operating objects; dynamic generation and shared control methods of virtual force constraints in complex environments on the surface and inside of the ocean.


⑶ Motion control technology of unmanned systems with humanoid intelligent
control The motion control technology of unmanned systems with humanoid intelligent control combines artificial intelligence with traditional control methods to solve the problem of stable and precise control of unmanned boats and unmanned submarines in actual complex marine battlefield environments. It mainly includes two aspects: the design of intelligent control algorithms for unmanned systems and the design of intelligent control strategies for unmanned systems. The design of intelligent control algorithms for unmanned systems mainly includes: hierarchical information processing and decision-making mechanisms; online feature identification and feature memory; open/closed-loop control, positive/negative feedback control, and multi-modal control combining qualitative decision-making with quantitative control; the application of heuristic intuitive reasoning logic. The design of intelligent control strategies for unmanned systems is to design reasonable solutions for unmanned boats or unmanned submarines to meet actual mission requirements.


⒌ Unmanned cluster collaborative control technology
In actual combat scenarios, due to the complexity of the battlefield environment and the diversity of tasks, a single unmanned boat or unmanned submarine usually cannot meet the needs of actual tasks. The number of equipment carried by a single unmanned boat or unmanned submarine is limited, and the perception perspective and regional range are not comprehensive enough, resulting in insufficient precision and thoroughness in performing complete intelligence detection, target tracking, battlefield environment perception and comprehensive firepower strike tasks. Therefore, it has become an inevitable trend for a cluster of intelligent unmanned systems composed of multiple unmanned boats and unmanned submarines to collaboratively perform tasks. To complete the control of the intelligent unmanned system cluster, it is necessary to break through the local rule control technology of the intelligent unmanned system cluster, the soft control technology of the intelligent unmanned system cluster, the pilot control technology of the intelligent unmanned system cluster, and the artificial potential field control technology of the intelligent unmanned system.


⑴ Local rule control technology of intelligent unmanned system cluster
The control technology based on local rules is the basic method for intelligent unmanned systems to control unmanned boats and unmanned submarines. It mainly lies in the designation of individual local control rules within the cluster of unmanned boats and unmanned submarines. Local rule control technology has achieved intelligent control of marine unmanned system clusters to a certain extent, but a large number of experiments are needed to obtain the parameters between the behavior of marine unmanned system clusters and the cluster model, and the values ​​of the parameters are also very sensitive. Therefore, to achieve complete intelligent control of intelligent unmanned systems, other technologies are needed.


⑵ Soft control technology of intelligent unmanned system clusters The
soft control technology of intelligent unmanned system clusters is mainly based on two requirements: First, in the intelligent unmanned system cluster, the control rules between individuals are very important. For example, the control and internal function of each unmanned boat and unmanned submarine are necessary conditions for the group behavior of the entire marine intelligent unmanned system cluster; second, the intelligent unmanned system cluster adopts a local communication strategy. With the increase of unmanned boats and unmanned submarines in the cluster system, it will not affect the state of the entire intelligent unmanned system cluster.


The soft control method is to add one or more new unmanned boats or unmanned submarines without destroying the individual rules of unmanned boats and unmanned submarines in the intelligent unmanned system cluster. These unmanned boats or unmanned submarines participate in the actions of the entire intelligent unmanned system cluster according to the same local rules, but they are controllable and can receive external instructions. After receiving the command, these unmanned boats or unmanned submarines will independently complete the corresponding tasks. The soft control method of the intelligent unmanned system cluster is to add a controllable unmanned boat and unmanned submarine on the basis of the local control rules of the unmanned system, so that it can affect the entire unmanned system cluster, and finally complete the control of the entire intelligent unmanned system group.


⑶ Intelligent unmanned system cluster navigation control technology
The basic content of the intelligent unmanned system cluster navigation control technology is: under the premise that the individuals of the entire marine intelligent unmanned system cluster maintain local rules, a small number of unmanned boats and unmanned submarines in the cluster have more information and stronger information processing capabilities, and interact with other unmanned boats and unmanned submarines through local information to play a leading role, so as to achieve the purpose of controlling the entire intelligent unmanned system cluster.


⑷ Artificial potential field control technology of intelligent unmanned system
In the control of intelligent unmanned system clusters, control technology based only on local rules is difficult to achieve accurate and real-time perception of the battlefield, as well as the collection and acquisition of intelligence information, tracking and identification of suspicious targets, and precise strikes on enemy areas. Artificial potential field control technology introduces the concept of potential field in physics into the control of intelligent unmanned system clusters, and uses potential functions to simulate the internal and external effects that affect a single unmanned boat or unmanned submarine. The single unmanned boat or unmanned submarine in the system cluster acts under the action of the potential function, and finally realizes the control of the entire intelligent unmanned system through the potential function.


⒍Natural human-computer interaction technology
In the actual battlefield environment, intelligent unmanned systems face problems such as complex operation tasks, low level of operation intelligence, high training risks and costs, and low equipment use and maintenance efficiency. In this case, it is necessary to improve the controllability and intelligence of intelligent unmanned system equipment, and it is necessary to break through the human-computer interaction technology of intelligent unmanned systems, augmented reality and mixed reality technology of intelligent unmanned systems, and brain-computer interface technology of intelligent unmanned systems.


⑴Human-computer interaction technology of intelligent unmanned systems
Human-computer interaction technology of intelligent unmanned systems refers to the command platform obtaining the image and voice information of officers and soldiers through image and voice sensors, and then using algorithms such as image segmentation, edge detection, and image recognition to extract key information such as gestures and eye gestures of officers and soldiers, and then using algorithms based on deep learning to obtain the voice information of officers and soldiers and pass it to the command platform, so as to issue the officers and soldiers’ instructions to lower-level combat units. The human-computer interaction technology of intelligent unmanned systems can improve the intelligence of task operations and the fault tolerance and robustness of the operation process, so that the officers and soldiers’ instructions can be issued to combat units more stably and effectively.


⑵Augmented reality and mixed reality technology of intelligent unmanned systems
Augmented reality technology of intelligent unmanned systems is to superimpose computer-generated images on real complex combat environments, and mixed reality technology of intelligent unmanned systems is to present information of virtual scenes in actual combat scenes, and set up an interactive feedback information loop between the virtual world and officers and soldiers in a real combat environment, thereby increasing the officers and soldiers’ sense of reality in the combat environment experience. As an important development direction of immersive human-computer interaction technology, virtual reality and augmented reality for intelligent unmanned systems have a variety of different real combat application scenarios, which can effectively reduce the cost and risk of training and improve the use and maintenance efficiency of equipment during combat.


⑶ Brain-computer interface technology for intelligent unmanned systems
The main function of the brain-computer interface is to capture a series of brain wave signals generated by the human brain when thinking. In actual combat environments, the brain-computer interface technology of intelligent unmanned systems extracts features and classifies the brain wave signals of commanders and fighters, thereby identifying the intentions of commanders and fighters and making corresponding decisions to cope with complex combat tasks and emergencies. The brain-computer interface technology of intelligent unmanned systems can enhance the cognitive and decision-making capabilities of commanders and fighters, greatly improve brain-computer interaction and brain control technology, and give commanders and fighters the ability to control multiple unmanned boats, unmanned submarines and other unmanned combat equipment while relying on thinking.

  1. Future development trend of intelligent unmanned systems

Due to its advantages of unmanned, autonomous, and intelligent, intelligent unmanned systems will appear in every corner of the future battlefield. As they undertake more battlefield tasks, they will participate in different war scenarios, which will lead to a number of key problems for intelligent unmanned systems, restricting their development. The key problems faced by intelligent unmanned systems are mainly:


① Highly complex environment. The specific application environment of intelligent unmanned systems will face more and more factors. The numerous shelters in unstructured environments, the limited perception viewpoints and ranges, etc., put forward higher requirements on the environmental perception ability of intelligent unmanned systems.
② High game confrontation. The battlefield game of intelligent unmanned systems is an important means to gain battlefield advantages. The fierce mobile confrontation between the two sides of the war, as well as the many interferences caused by the enemy and the battlefield environment, have put forward new challenges to the mobile decision-making ability of intelligent unmanned systems.
③ High real-time response. In the future battlefield, the combat situation will change dramatically, the combat mode will be more flexible and changeable, and it is necessary to respond to battlefield emergencies in a timely manner, which puts forward new requirements for the real-time response ability of intelligent unmanned systems.
④ Incomplete information. In the future battlefield, due to the limitations of the battlefield environment and the existence of enemy interference, the information acquisition ability of the intelligent unmanned system will be restricted, resulting in incomplete situational awareness, loss and attenuation of battlefield situation information data, and the inability to fully obtain information on both sides of the enemy.
⑤ Uncertain boundaries. The unmanned combat mode of the intelligent unmanned system has subverted the traditional combat mode. The integration of land, sea, air and space in the future unmanned combat, as well as the social public opinion brought about by the high degree of integration with society, will have an impact on the unmanned combat of the intelligent unmanned system, thus causing uncertainty in the combat boundary.


Based on the various difficulties that will be faced above, the development of intelligent unmanned systems in the future will focus on two aspects: individual capability enhancement and cluster capability enhancement. Individual capability enhancement is mainly reflected in individual cognitive intelligence, individual autonomous operation and algorithm chipization; cluster capability enhancement is mainly reflected in improving interoperability through a universal architecture, as well as cross-domain collaborative operations, network security and human-machine hybrid intelligence.

⒈ Cognitive intelligence adapts to complex task environments
In order to improve the adaptability of intelligent unmanned systems in highly complex environments, it is necessary to enhance the individual cognitive intelligence of intelligent unmanned systems. The enhancement of individual cognitive intelligence is mainly reflected in the transformation from individual perceptual intelligence to cognitive intelligence. The comprehensive acquisition of multi-source sensor information enables intelligent unmanned systems to have human semantic understanding, associative reasoning, judgment analysis, decision planning, emotional understanding and other capabilities. The development of individual cognitive intelligence of intelligent unmanned systems will be based on brain science and bionics, and will achieve intelligent understanding and accurate application of acquired information by combining knowledge graphs, artificial intelligence, knowledge reasoning, decision intelligence and other technologies, thereby improving the high real-time response capabilities of intelligent unmanned systems to emergencies.


⒉ Autonomous operation improves the task capability of single machines
In order to solve the problem of highly complex tasks faced by intelligent unmanned systems in highly complex environments, it is necessary to improve the autonomous operation capabilities of single machines. This includes developing decision-making methods based on deep reinforcement learning, autonomous environmental perception and interaction methods based on multi-source information of vision and other sensors, autonomous motion planning methods for robots based on neurodynamics, and autonomous operation methods based on artificial intelligence, so as to improve the autonomous environmental modeling and positioning capabilities, autonomous decision-making capabilities, autonomous planning capabilities and autonomous control capabilities of individuals in intelligent unmanned systems, so that intelligent unmanned systems can adapt to complex environments and carry out autonomous operation tasks.


⒊ Algorithm chipization achieves high real-time response
The complex environment faced by intelligent unmanned systems places high demands on algorithms and computing power. It is necessary to be able to accelerate computing in real time to achieve high real-time response to battlefield emergencies. To solve this problem, it is necessary to improve the chipization level of individual algorithms of intelligent unmanned systems, that is, to develop a new architecture of storage and computing integrated chips to improve the computing power of chips and the level of algorithm chipization. New chips based on artificial neural technology can be studied. By changing the binary computing method of digital chips and exchanging gradient signals or weight signals, the chips can work in a simulated neuron manner, simulating the parallel computing flow of the brain to effectively process large amounts of data, and obtaining the parallel computing capabilities of supercomputers, thereby greatly improving the computing power of chips and the level of algorithm chipization, and solving the problem of high real-time response of intelligent unmanned systems.


⒋ Universal architecture improves cluster interoperability
In order to improve the adaptability of intelligent unmanned systems facing highly complex environments and the maintenance and support efficiency of intelligent unmanned systems, intelligent unmanned systems will continue to develop standardized command and control frameworks in the future, improve the intelligence of human-machine collaboration, and improve the modularity of the system. It is mainly reflected in:


① Developing a general artificial intelligence framework to support autonomous, precise, and real-time good coupling and collaboration between humans and machines;
② Improving the modularity and component interchangeability of intelligent unmanned systems to support rapid maintenance and configuration upgrades of intelligent unmanned systems and their members in future battlefields;
③ Improving the level of data transmission integration and the anti-interference capability of data transmission on future battlefields to reduce the rate of data interception.


⒌ Cross-domain collaboration breaks the boundaries of cluster applications


In order to improve the adaptability of intelligent unmanned systems in highly complex environments and solve the problem of uncertain boundaries during combat, it is necessary to improve the cross-domain collaborative combat capabilities of intelligent unmanned systems to make up for the lack of capabilities in a single combat domain. Through the cross-domain collaborative combat of intelligent unmanned systems, the advantages of various components can be complemented. That is, by utilizing the advantages of large search range and long communication distance of air unmanned systems, as well as long endurance and strong stability of land unmanned systems and marine unmanned systems, the advantages of different components are combined to increase the multi-dimensional spatial information perception capabilities of intelligent unmanned systems, and form a heterogeneous multi-autonomous collaborative system, thereby improving the ability of intelligent unmanned systems to complete complex tasks.


⒍ Secure network guarantees reliable application of clusters
Intelligent unmanned systems face the problems of incomplete information and high game confrontation on future battlefields. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the network security protection capabilities of intelligent unmanned systems in high confrontation environments, improve flexibility in dealing with highly complex and highly variable tasks, and improve stability in the face of high-intensity network attacks. The improvement of network security protection capabilities in adversarial environments is mainly reflected in the following aspects:


① Plan reasonable data permissions to ensure data security and flexibility of task execution;
② Improve information protection capabilities, develop and upgrade information protection products for intelligent unmanned systems, and record response decisions for information explosion situations;
③ Increase the network’s deep defense capabilities, unify network security standards and levels, build network defense autonomy, and improve the network’s ability to resist attacks under network attacks.


⒎ Human-machine hybrid intelligence improves adversarial capabilities
In order to solve the problem of high real-time response faced on future battlefields and improve the adaptability of intelligent unmanned systems in highly complex environments, it is necessary to combine the advantages of humans and machines to form a new hybrid intelligent mode of human-machine collaboration, that is, to develop human-machine hybrid intelligence for intelligent unmanned systems. Human-machine hybrid intelligence of intelligent unmanned systems is a new intelligent scientific system that combines physics and biology in which human, machine, and environmental systems interact. In response to the problems of high-complexity environments and high real-time responses faced by intelligent unmanned systems on future battlefields, the development of human-machine hybrid intelligence in the future is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
① Information intelligence input. At the input end of information acquisition, the information data objectively collected by the sensors of the unmanned system equipment is combined with the subjective perception information of the combat commanders to form a multi-dimensional information acquisition and information input method.
② Intelligent information fusion. After obtaining multi-dimensional data information, a new data understanding method is constructed by integrating the computer’s calculation data with the information cognition of the combat commanders.
③ Intelligent information output. After the data information is fused and processed, the computer’s calculation results are matched with the value decisions of the combat commanders to form an organically combined probabilistic and regularized optimization judgment.

IV. Conclusion
Due to its autonomy, intelligence and unmanned characteristics, intelligent unmanned systems will play an increasingly important role in the future battlefield. The development of intelligent unmanned systems will also drive the development of intelligent computing, intelligent transportation, intelligent manufacturing, smart medical care, brain-like science and other disciplines. In the future, we should be guided by the mission requirements of actual complex battlefield environments, combine advanced technologies in cutting-edge disciplines such as artificial intelligence, and make overall top-level planning for intelligent unmanned systems; verify reliable airborne intelligent perception and intelligent computing equipment on different unmanned system combat platforms in land, air and marine unmanned systems, and develop reliable and stable key technologies such as unmanned system autonomous control, intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making and intelligent interaction, overcome the key difficulties of intelligent unmanned systems, and continuously improve the autonomous control, intelligent perception and intelligent decision-making capabilities of intelligent unmanned systems.

現代國語:

目前,無人系統裝備已在軍事衝突中嶄露頭角,例如,在土耳其與敘利亞的衝突中,土耳其利用空軍裝備的安卡-S型長航時無人機和巴拉克塔TB-2察打一體式無人機,對敘利亞政府軍進行了打擊;俄羅斯國防部也曾公佈敘利亞境內的武裝分子利用載有爆炸物的無人機對其軍事基地展開了集群式攻擊;2020年,美國利用一架MQ-9「收割者」無人機襲擊了伊朗高級軍事指揮官並使其當場斃命。無人作戰正在到來,智慧無人系統作為未來戰場的關鍵利器,將決定整個戰爭的勝利歸屬。

圖片來自網路

發展智慧無人系統不僅會推動現有軍事科技的升級與進步,還將帶動民用科技的智慧性發展,包括智慧交通系統、智慧家庭系統、智慧製造系統與智慧醫療系統等。為了更科學、快速地發展智慧無人系統,各科技大國紛紛推出了一系列有關智慧無人系統發展的規劃與路線,力求在智慧無人系統領域的發展中搶得先機,奪取制高點。相關的有美國的自主無人系統綜合路線圖、俄羅斯的國家武器裝備計畫、英國的國防創新技術框架、中國的新一代人工智慧發展計畫以及日本的中長期技術規劃等。
近年來,從空中到空間、從陸地到海洋,各種類型的智慧無人系統大量湧現,世界各國已經逐步將智慧無人系統部署到軍隊中,並且在一些地區衝突、反恐戰場中,智慧無人系統的關鍵作用日益增加。因此,本文將重點從未來戰場的軍事需求出發,基於未來戰場面臨的實際複雜環境的挑戰,分析智慧無人系統發展與應用所需的關鍵技術,並從軍事角度分析個體增強與集群增強關鍵技術,闡述智慧無人系統的發展趨勢。

一、國內外研究現狀

智慧無人系統概念才提出不久,目前其研究尚處於初級階段,國際上也未形成統一的定義,暫且將其定義為:由無人平台及若干輔助部分組成,具有感知、交互和學習能力,並且能夠基於知識進行自主推理、自主決策,從而達成目標的有機整體。智慧無人系統依據其作用的空間範圍,可劃分為陸地無人系統、空中無人系統和海洋無人系統三大部分。其中,陸地無人系統主要包括偵察無人車、運輸無人車、作戰無人車、破障無人車、排爆無人車、無人車編隊與指揮系統等;空中無人系統主要包括偵察無人機、作戰無人機、後勤運輸無人機以及無人機編隊等;海洋無人系統主要包括偵察無人艇、作戰無人艇、後勤運輸無人艇、巡邏搜救無人艇、偵察無人潛航器、作戰無人潛航器、岸基支援系統等。本節將從以上3個部分來對國內外智慧無人系統的研究現況進行闡述。
⒈國外智慧無人系統研究現狀
⑴陸地無人系統
陸地無人系統主要用於情報蒐集、偵察巡邏、掃雷除障、火力打擊、戰場救援、後勤運輸、通信中繼以及電子乾擾等領域,隨著陸地無人系統在戰鬥中的優勢愈發凸顯,針對其的研究愈發受到各國的廣泛關注。
美國曾於1993年11月啟動「聯合戰術無人車」項目,亦即「角鬥士」無人作戰平台項目的前身。 2006年,美國完成了「角鬥士」無人作戰平台全系統的設計,並於2007年正式裝備海軍陸戰隊。 「角鬥士」戰術無人作戰平台是世界上第1款多用途作戰無人平台,搭載的感測器系統有日/夜攝影機、GPS定位系統以及聲學與雷射搜尋系統等,並裝備有機槍、衝鋒槍、催淚彈、狙擊手系統、生化武器探測系統等,可以在不同的天氣和地形下執行偵察、催淚彈、狙擊手電擊
「角鬥士」無人作戰平台搭載有高機動與高生存底盤,針對該平台,還開發了便攜式手持控制系統,並圍繞該控制系統的抗干擾性、網絡互操作性、小型化與操縱簡便化等技術問題完成了一系列開發工作。但因「角鬥士」無人作戰平台的裝甲防護能力較弱,執行任務的隱蔽性差,導致其遠程偵察與控制系統面臨的干擾較多。除此之外,美國陸軍還服役了一些其他的陸地無人系統,如「蝎子」機器人、「魔爪」機器人等。 2017年,美國陸軍制定了《機器人與自主系統(RAS)戰略》,為進行無人作戰能力建構提供了頂層規劃。圖1所示為美國陸地無人系統。

圖1 美國陸地無人系統
以色列、俄羅斯、英國和德國也相繼進行了陸地無人系統的研發工作,並研發出了一系列先進的產品,產品清單如表1所示。例如,以色列研發的「守護者」系列自主無人車可以結合搭載的傳感器與融合演算法,自主偵察與識別危險障礙,執行巡邏、監視與小規模的火力打擊任務;俄羅斯研製的MARSA-800無人車可以執行運輸和後勤保障障礙以及跟踪監視等任務,並可以在執行任務的過程中實現自主路徑規劃,規避障礙,該程序已部署。英國和德國對陸地無人系統的研究也開展得較早,英國於上世紀60年代就推出了手推車排爆機器人,後來又推出HarrisT7觸覺反饋機器人,用於執行拆彈、排爆等危險任務;德國萊茵金屬公司開發的「任務大師」地面武裝偵察無人車主要用於執行戰術監視、危險物品;德國萊茵金屬公司開發的「任務大師」地面武裝偵察無人車輛主要用於執行戰術監視、危險物品檢測、醫療後送機、消防系統
表1 各國陸地無人系統

⑵空中無人系統
空中無人系統主要以單一無人機平台和無人機集群為主。無人機由於具有視野開闊、飛行自由、設備搭載性好等優點,被廣泛應用於軍事領域,並在近年來的軍事衝突中發揮了極大的作用。空中無人系統的主要功能包括:情報蒐集、偵察監視、誘餌靶機、目標追蹤、戰術打擊與空中救援等。
美國空軍研究實驗室於2000年提出了針對無人機自主作戰的概念,並對無人機的自主程度進行了量化定義,並制定了發展計畫。無人機自主程度量化內容與發展階段如圖2所示。

圖2 自主控制水準與無人機自主化趨勢
2003年,美國將空軍和海軍的無人作戰飛機系統項目合併,啟動了「聯合無人作戰系統」(J-UCAS)項目,開始了對無人作戰飛機X-47B的研究。 2006年,美海軍提出了「海軍無人作戰航空系統」(N-UCAS)項目,旨在為航空母艦載機聯隊引入無人作戰飛機,並繼續對X-47B開展研究。在2012—2014年間,又多次完成了航母彈射、著艦、觸艦復飛等試驗,並於2015年完成了自主空中加油試驗。 X-47B攻擊型無人機是一款可以自主操縱、隱身性能好且適用於陸基和艦載的無人作戰飛機,具備高航程和高航時的特點,裝備有照射雷達、光電導引系統和孔徑雷達等先進的感測器,主要功能包括情報偵察、目標追蹤、電子戰幹擾、火力打擊等。美國研發的其他空中無人系統,如「全球鷹」、「掠食者」、「獵人」和「大烏鴉」等也已在軍隊服役,如圖3所示。
以色列研發的「哈比」無人機配備反雷達感應器、光電導引系統和飛彈,可自主攻擊敵方雷達系統,如圖3所示。

圖3 各國空中無人系統
單一空中無人系統在執行任務時容易被幹擾和打擊從而導致任務失敗,而空中無人系統集群則可以彌補這一缺陷,更大程度地發揮空中無人系統的優勢。美國國防先進研究計畫局(DARPA)針對空中無人系統集群先後啟動了「小精靈」低成本無人機計畫、低成本無人機集群計畫、「山銻」(Perdix)微型無人機機載高速發射展示項目、進攻性蜂群使能戰術(OFFSET)項目等,透過開發和測試用於無人系統集群的體系架構、通訊系統以及分散式控制演算法,發展了無人機集群自主控制系統,並利用人工智慧、態勢感知、虛擬實境和擴增實境等前沿科學技術,提升了空中無人系統集群在戰場上的綜合作戰能力。
⑶海洋無人系統
海洋無人系統包括水面無人系統及水下無人系統2類。其中,水面無人系統主要指水面無人艇(以下簡稱「無人艇」),主要用於執行海上搜救、偵察監視、火力打擊、巡邏安防、電子乾擾、後勤保障及誘餌靶船等任務;水下無人系統主要指無人潛航器,與執行人潛艦相比,其具無性戰力戰、高防震力與高威力控制權。 2018年,美海軍發布了《海軍部無人系統戰略路線圖》,2019年,又發布了《海軍人工智慧框架》,為海軍作戰與海洋無人系統的發展提供了路線規劃與指南。
在水面無人系統方面,美國提出了「美國先進概念技術演示計畫」(ACTD),其重要任務之一便是開展「斯巴達偵察兵」無人艇的研究。該計畫已於2007年完成,並在伊拉克戰區進行了試驗。 「斯巴達偵察兵」無人艇搭載有無人駕駛系統與視距/超視距通訊系統,並搭載有電光/紅外線搜尋轉塔、高畫質攝影機、導航雷達、水面搜索雷達、全球定位系統接收機等先進感測器,以及艦砲、反艦飛彈及反潛感應器等武器,主要用於執行情報蒐集、具有防監視、情報、反艦飛彈及反潛感應器等武器,主要用於執行情報蒐集、具有防監視、情報、反艦導彈及反潛感應器等武器,主要用於執行情報蒐集、具有防監視、情報、反艦導彈及反潛感美國研發的「海上獵人」無人艇搭載有聲吶與光電感測器,以及近距、遠程雷達偵測系統與可擴展模組化聲吶系統,主要用於執行辨識、監測可疑目標,引導火力打擊等任務。美國海洋無人系統如圖4所示。以色列研發的「保護者」無人艇主要用於執行情報偵察、可疑目標辨別、戰術攔截、電子乾擾和精確打擊等任務(圖4)。俄羅斯研發的無人水面偵察艇可以在母艦的指揮下執行快速巡邏任務並檢查、監視指定區域,搜尋情報。

圖4 各國海洋無人系統
在水下無人系統方面,俄羅斯開發的核動力無人潛航器“波塞冬”,可攜帶常規以及核彈頭,執行偵察與戰略核打擊任務,如圖4所示。美國研發的「刀魚」無人潛航器,可透過發出低頻電磁波來掃描可疑物體,搜尋情報;研發的「鮪魚」-9無人潛航器可攜帶多種標準載重,可用於執行近海勘探、反水雷、監視和偵察(ISR)等任務。
⒉國​​內智慧無人系統研究現狀
近年來,我國軍用智慧無人系統發展迅速,本文將從陸地無人系統、空中無人系統和海洋無人系統3個面向進行闡述。
在陸地無人系統方面,國防科技大學與三一重工股份有限公司共同開發了「沙漠蒼狼」陸地無人輕型平台,其以履帶為動力,搭載榴彈發射器和機槍等武器系統,可以用來執行後勤運輸、傷員運送、偵察監測、火力打擊等任務。山河智慧集團開發的「龍馬」系列無人車,具有強大的運輸與越障能力。南京理工大學研發的「神行-III」軍用地面智慧機器人系統,具有較強的自主導航與情報偵察能力。國防科技大學與哈爾濱工業大學等單位聯合研發的無人駕駛核化偵察車,具有較高的機動能力與裝甲防護能力,搭載的武器系統可以執行火力打擊並具備一定的自主能力。
在空中無人系統方面,成都飛機工業集團開發的「翼龍」系列無人機具有全自主水平起降能力、巡航飛行能力、空地協同能力與地面接力控制能力等,搭載有多型光電/電子偵察設備以及小型空地精確打擊武器,可以執行情報偵察、目標跟踪、火力打擊等任務。我國研發的「彩虹」系列無人機具有中空長航時的航行能力,可搭載電子乾擾系統與多種武器系統,能執行火力打擊、情報偵察、通訊幹擾、電波幹擾等任務;研發的攻擊11型無人機具有極強的隱身能力,可搭載精確的導引飛彈,用於執行對地導攻擊任務。我國空中無人系統如圖5所示。

圖5 我國空中無人系統
在海洋無人系統的水面無人系統方面,由哈爾濱工程大學主導開發的「天行一號」無人艇,採用油電混合動力,最高航速超過92.6km/h,最大航程1000km,為目前世界上最快的無人艇。該艇融合了自主感知、智慧控制、自主決策等技術,可實現對周圍複雜環境的快速態勢資訊認知與危險規避,可用於執行氣象資訊監控、地形測繪、警戒巡邏、情報偵察、火力攻擊等任務。由上海大學研發的「精海」系列無人艇具有半自主與全自主的作業能力,可執行目標偵察、海洋測繪、水質檢測等任務。由上海海事大學研發的「海騰01」號智慧高速無人艇,搭載有毫米波雷達、雷射雷達、前視聲吶等感測器,可執行可疑目標監視、水下測量、海上搜救等任務,具備全自主與半自主航行能力。江蘇自動化研究所研發的JARI智慧無人作戰艇,搭載有光電偵測器、四面相控陣等偵測設備,同時,也搭載有飛彈魚雷等武器系統,可以執行情報蒐集、敵情偵察、精準火力打擊等任務。由珠海雲洲智慧科技有限公司等單位聯合研發的「瞭望者Ⅱ」無人飛彈艇,搭載全自主無人駕駛系統及飛彈等武器,可執行敵情偵察、情報蒐集、精準火力打擊等任務。我國海洋無人系統如圖6所示。

圖6 我國海洋無人系統
在海洋無人系統的水下無人系統方面,西北工業大學開發的「魔鬼魚」無人潛航器為仿生蝠鱝無人潛水器,已完成了1025m的深海測試。由哈爾濱工程大學研發的「悟空號」全海深無人潛航器,成功完成了10896m的深潛和自主作業試驗。我國研發的「潛龍一號」、「海馬號」等深海潛水器都已成功完成深海探測任務。
⒊技術現況總結
目前,智慧無人系統已逐步應用於軍事應用的各個領域,隨著前沿科學技術的發展,智慧無人系統在軍事領域的應用將日益增加。但在智慧無人系統的使用方面,尚未完全實現自主化與智慧化。目前,智慧無人系統技術在軍事領域的應用現況主要分為以下3個部分:
①從作戰任務的角度:作戰任務從執行簡單的偵察監視向主流對抗作戰方向發展;戰場對抗由人人對抗向人機對抗,再向機機對抗方式轉變;應用環境由結構化環境、實驗室環境向真實戰場環境轉變,並在未來逐步發展成真實環境與虛擬現實相結合的增強現實環境。
②從指揮控制的角度:控制方式從單機簡單遙控、程控方式向人機智慧融合互動控制方向發展,不過尚未完全實現自主控制;體系結構由專用化、單一化向通用化、標準化、互通性方向發展。
③從感知決策的角度:決策方式由單一依靠人來決策向以人為主,人機智能交互決策為輔的方式轉變;感知方式由單一依靠傳感器獲取特徵信息,由人來判斷目標屬性向基於人工智能的目標識別、特徵信息獲取的方式轉變。

二、智慧無人系統關鍵技術

智慧無人系統作為多學科領域的集大成者,涉及的技術眾多,執行的任務多樣,且應用場景複雜多變。例如,空中環境多雨、多霧,能見度低,有大風、光照幹擾等;陸地環境地形複雜,有障礙物遮擋幹擾和危險污染區域等;海上環境有風浪幹擾、船舶搖擺、目標不顯著、海岸線不規則等。不同的環境及用途給智慧無人系統技術研究和性能的發揮提出了巨大挑戰。為適應受限的多變環境,可將智慧無人系統關鍵技術歸納為複雜環境下自主感知與理解技術、多場景自主技能學習與智慧控制技術、多任務集群協同技術、人機互動與人機融合技術、決策規劃技術與導航定位技術,本節將主要以海洋無人系統為案例對智慧無人系統關鍵技術進行詳細闡述。
⒈複雜環境下自主感知與理解技術
在複雜環境下對環境進行自主感知與場景理解是智慧無人系統能夠自主作業並形成作戰能力的前提,將直接影響任務能否成功完成。針對實際環境的複雜多變,尤其是海面環境的風浪幹擾及船舶搖晃等困難,智慧無人系統需要完成目標自主選擇感知,獲取多模態訊息,並對資訊抽象完整理解等目標。因此,複雜環境下的智慧無人系統環境自主感知與理解技術需突破多模態感測器融合自主感知技術,以及複雜場景目標辨識與理解技術。
⑴多模態感測融合自主感知技術
目前,智慧無人系統搭載的資訊取得感測器主要包括導航雷達、毫米波雷達、光達、光電載重等。單一感測器無法直接獲取高精度、稠密的場景三維訊息,需研究多感測器融合的環境自主感知技術,從而為場景理解提供支撐。多感測器融合是將各種感測器進行多層次、多空間的資訊互補和最佳化組合處理,最終產生對觀測環境的一致性解釋。在此過程中,要充分利用多源數據進行合理的支配與使用,而信息融合的最終目標則是基於各傳感器獲得的分離觀測信息,通過對信息多級別、多方面組合導出更多有用的信息。透過利用多個感測器相互協同操作的優勢,綜合處理所有資訊來源的數據,從而提高整個感測器系統的智慧化。海洋自然環境相比陸地與空中環境更為複雜,面臨船舶的劇烈搖擺、風浪幹擾、光照不均、目標不顯著等特殊的挑戰,海洋智慧無人系統需要依據每種感測器的獨特屬性來對指定目標進行多感測器資訊融合處理,接著結合無人系統內部導航單元與岸基支援系統的電子海圖訊息,建構海面環境多維立體態勢圖,執行對指定目標的追蹤、偵測、辨識與認知任務,最終實現海洋智慧無人系統對海面環境的自主感知與完整理解。
⑵複雜場景目標辨識與理解技術
智慧無人系統具備作業自主性的關鍵在於能有效理解場景與目標訊息,而準確理解場景資訊主要包括目標語意訊息建構與場景文字訊息描述。相較於陸地與空中環境,海洋自然環境面臨風浪幹擾、船體劇烈搖擺等獨特的困難,這為智慧無人系統完整地理解環境資訊與準確識別指定目標帶來了挑戰。利用智慧無人系統搭載的雷射雷達與高清攝影機等感測器,可以獲得海洋環境場景的原始點雲信息及影像特徵信息,利用基於點雲、點雲與影像融合的三維目標檢測方法與三維場景語義分割方法等,可以實現智慧無人系統對場景資訊的完整認知及對指定目標的準確識別。
基於點雲的方法主要包括2種:基於網格或體素的方法,以及基於點的方法。基於網格或體素的方法是利用體素或鳥瞰圖來將所獲得的海面不規則的點雲轉換成規則的表徵方式,然後提取點雲特徵。基於點的方法則是直接在所獲取的海面原始點雲中提取目標特徵。基於點雲與影像融合的三維目標檢測方法,是將雷射雷達獲得的海面場景中目標的精確座標與海面影像提供的環境紋理和色彩資訊相結合,這樣更加有助於智慧無人系統對海洋場景目標的精確識別與準確、完整的理解。
⒉行為決策與軌跡規劃技術
在實際的、複雜的戰爭場景中,對於智慧無人系統面臨的複雜任務環境與多重任務,必須突破多源異質環境下的行為決策技術、動/靜環境下的軌跡規劃技術與複雜場景下的軌跡追蹤技術。
⑴多源異質環境下的行為決策技術
行為決策是智慧無人系統實現自主控制的關鍵。在無人艇不同速度、不同相對距離、不同資料類型的複雜環境下,需要準確提取有效資訊來為無人艇下一刻的決策做出安全可靠的控制指令。首先,提取出具有代表性的環境特徵信息,建立足夠數量與精確標定的學習數據集;然後,構建基於深度神經網絡的決策器,並利用建立的數據庫進行學習;最後,利用機器學習算法對構建的決策器進行優化,進一步提高決策精度。
⑵動/靜環境下的軌跡規劃技術
軌跡變換是無人艇與無人潛航器最基本的行為。在複雜的戰場環境下,根據不同的環境狀況規劃一條可行、可靠的軌跡是無人艇與無人潛航器實現智慧行駛的關鍵。此技術主要包括基於多項式的軌跡規劃技術、基於多目標限制的軌跡規劃技術與基於正、反梯形側向加速度的軌跡規劃技術。
⑶複雜場景下的軌跡追蹤技術
對規劃出的理想軌跡進行追蹤是無人艇與無人潛航器的重要任務,其關鍵在於解決無人艇或無人潛航器進行目標軌跡追蹤時的高精度與高穩定性控制難題。主要解決方法為:根據無人艇與無人潛航器的運動學與動力學模型,輸出對應的執行器控制量來實現對指定目標的即時、準確跟隨,在保證追蹤精度的前提下,實現無人艇與無人潛航器的自主智慧轉向與各個驅動模組多執行器之間的協調控制。
⒊自主導航定位技術
導航定位系統是智慧無人系統的關鍵組成部分,其可提供精準、可靠的有關無人艇或無人潛航器的速度與位置等資訊。導航系統一般由陀螺儀、加速計、衛星接收器等組成,部分輔以視覺模組,或基於實際複雜的環境狀況搭載先驗空間位置圖與實體資訊感測器等。智慧無人系統要實現任務的精準執行,必須突破基於慣性/衛星深度資訊融合導航定位技術、基於慣性/天文資訊融合導航定位技術、基於視覺追蹤的導航技術與地球物理輔助導航技術。
⑴基於慣性/衛星深度資訊融合的導航定位技術
該技術是將無人艇的慣性資訊引入衛星載波/碼環路,然後利用全自主、短時、高精度的慣性資訊輔助衛星接收機訊號的更新,從而實現無人艇的慣性導航與衛星導航的優勢互補及最適融合。
⑵基於慣性/天文學資訊融合的導航定位技術
基於天文的導航系統具有高自主性與不易受干擾的優勢,透過利用天文導航輸出的信息與初始位置提供的信息,可以推算出無人艇的位置。將慣性導航資訊與天文導航資訊融合,可以提高天文導航定位的穩健性。基於天文導航輔助的慣性/天文組合定位技術已成為無人系統自主導航領域的關鍵部分。
⑶基於視覺追蹤的導航技術
由於實際戰場環境的複雜性,無人艇會處於複雜的工作環境中,容易受到外界幹擾而出現GPS拒止​​的情況,使導航系統無法處於組合狀態。單獨的慣性導航系統精度較低,容易累積誤差,長時間的純慣性導航會使無人艇失去執行任務的能力。而基於視覺的方法卻沒有時間的誤差積累,只需提取到高清相機所獲得影像的關鍵特徵,即可透過視覺演算法與先驗知識獲得無人艇與無人潛航器的位置資訊。基於視覺的導航演算法不易受到干擾,魯棒性較強,且能彌補在GPS拒止​​環境下由純慣性導航帶來的誤差積累,被廣泛應用。
⑷地球物理輔助導航技術
由於海洋獨特的環境,無人潛航器需長時間在水下航行,導致無法取得即時、準確的衛星訊號與天文資訊。另外,由於水下光照弱等問題,基於視覺的導航方法也受到限制。因此,透過獲得海洋內部的先驗空間位置圖,並利用無人潛航器搭載的物理感測器所獲得的實地場景資訊並進行匹配,可以實現無人潛航器的高精度自主導航。
可以利用勘測的海洋固有的地球物理屬性的時空分佈特徵,來製作地球物理導航空間位置圖,透過將無人潛航器所搭載的物理屬性感測器實地獲取的物理特徵資訊與預先搭載的空間位置圖相匹配,可以獲得無人潛航器的高精度定位,實現無人潛航器的高精度自主導航。
⒋多場景自主技能學習與智慧控制技術
多場景智慧控制技術是智慧無人系統解決複雜、多變和控制物件不穩定等問題的關鍵技術,是智慧無人系統適應複雜任務需求的有效工具。在複雜的海洋環境下,智慧無人系統要完成即時、準確的區域監控、目標追蹤、資訊取得與精準打擊,就必須突破任務的自主技能學習技術、自主作業互動控制技術,以及類人智慧控制的無人系統運動控制技術。
⑴任務的自主技能學習技術
自主技能學習是指在無人系統與外界互動的過程中,基於先驗知識或規則進行學習以完成任務的過程。無人系統作業技能的自主學習本質是模擬人學習認知的部分過程。智慧無人系統利用基於深度強化學習的技術,將深度學習的感知能力與強化學習的決策能力相結合,可實現在海面複雜環境下從高緯度的原始資料資訊輸入到決策輸出的直接控制。智慧無人系統自主技能學習主要包括3個面向:一是對海洋表面與海洋內部的複雜環境進行描述,並獲得周圍環境的初始狀態資料資訊;二是基於智慧無人系統與海洋表面和內部複雜環境的描述方式,進行深度強化學習的數學建模,獲得自主技能學習過程的狀態價值函數與控制策略函數等關鍵信息;三是利用智能無人系統與海洋表面和內部複雜環境交互所獲得的數據信息,對狀態價值函數及控制策略函數進行更新,以使海洋智能無人系統學習出更優的控制策略。
⑵自主作業互動控制技術
智慧無人系統在任務的自主學習與控制過程中,需要與海洋表面和內部複雜環境接觸形成良好的耦合系統,以確保對海洋表面與內部複雜環境資訊的即時、準確獲取,並正確、快速進行無人艇、無人潛航器的航行規劃、自主航行控制與自主規避碰撞等。智慧無人系統自主作業互動控制技術的任務主要包括:智慧無人系統互動規則與控制策略的設計;海洋表面與內部複雜環境的建模方法;無人艇、無人潛航器與作業物件的動力學線上建模及修正;海洋表面與內部複雜環境中虛擬力約束的動態生成及共享控制方法。
⑶類人智慧控制的無人系統運動控制技術
類人智慧控制的無人系統運動控制技術是將人工智慧與傳統控制方法結合,以解決在實際複雜的海洋戰場環境下,無人艇與無人潛航器的穩定精確控制問題,主要包括無人系統智慧控制演算法的設計與無人系統智慧控制策略的設計2個面向。無人系統智慧控制演算法設計主要包括:分層的資訊處理和決策機構;線上的特徵辨識與特徵記憶;開/閉環控制、正/負回饋控制以及定性決策與定量控制相結合的多模態控制;啟發式直覺推理邏輯的運用。無人系統智慧控制策略設計則是設計合理的無人艇或是無人潛航器的方案,以滿足實際的任務需求。
⒌無人群聚協同控制技術
在實際的作戰場景中,由於戰場環境的複雜性與任務的多樣性,單艘無人艇或是無人潛航器通常都無法滿足實際任務的需求。單艘無人艇或無人潛航器搭載的設備數量有限,感知視角與區域範圍不夠全面,導致在執行完整的情報探測、目標跟踪、戰場環境感知與全面火力打擊任務時不夠精確與徹底,因此,由多艘無人艇與無人潛航器組成的智能無人系統集群協同執行任務就成為必然的趨勢。要完成對智慧無人系統集群的控制,需要突破智慧無人系統集群局部規則控制技術、智慧無人系統集群軟控制技術、智慧無人系統集群領航控制技術以及智慧無人系統人工勢場控制技術。
⑴智慧無人系統叢集局部規則控制技術
基於局部規則的控制技術是智慧無人系統針對無人艇、無人潛航器集群控制的基本方法,主要在於對無人艇、無人潛航器集群內部個體局部控制規則的指定。局部規則控制技術在一定程度上實現了對海洋無人系統集群的智慧控制,但是對於海洋無人系統集群行為與集群模型之間的參數,需要進行大量的實驗來獲得,並且對參數的取值也非常敏感。所以,要實現對智慧無人系統完全的智慧控制,還需輔助以其他技術。
⑵智慧無人系統叢集軟控制技術
智慧無人系統集群的軟控制技術主要基於2點需求:一是在智慧無人系統集群中,個體之間的控制規則很重要,例如每艘無人艇、無人潛航器的控制與內部作用是整個海洋智慧無人系統集群出現群體行為的必要條件;二是智慧無人能動工具的控制與內部作用是整個海洋智慧無人系統集群出現群體行為的必要條件;二是智慧無人能動系統採用的是局部通訊策略,隨著智慧客系統集群出現群體行為的必要條件)
軟控制方法是在不破壞智慧無人系統集群內部無人艇、無人潛航器個體規則的前提下,加入一個或多個新的無人艇或是無人潛航器,這些無人艇或無人潛航器按照同樣的局部規則來參與整個智能無人系統集群的行動,但本身可控,可以接收外部指令。在接收指令後,這些無人艇或無人潛航器將獨立完成相應的任務。智慧無人系統集群的軟控制方法是在無人系統局部控制規則的基礎上,加入一個可以控制的無人艇與無人潛航器,使其對整個無人系統集群產生影響,最終完成對整個智慧無人系統群體的控制。
⑶智慧無人系統叢集領航控制技術
智慧無人系統集群領航控制技術的基本內容是:在整個海洋智慧無人系統集群個體保持局部規則的前提下,令集群中少數無人艇與無人潛航器擁有更多的信息量和更強的信息處理能力,並與其他無人艇和無人潛航器通過局部信息交互來起到領導者的作用,從而達到控制整個智能沒有集群的目的。
⑷智慧無人系統人工勢場控制技術
在智慧無人系統集群控制中,只基於局部規則的控制技術難以完成對戰場準確、即時的感知,以及對情報資訊的蒐集獲取、對可疑目標的追蹤識別和對敵方區域的精準打擊。人工勢場控制技術是將物理學中的位能場概念引入智慧無人系統集群的控制中,利用位勢函數來模擬影響單艘無人艇或無人潛航器的內、外作用,而係統集群中的單艘無人艇或無人潛航器則在勢函數的作用下行動,最終透過勢函數來實現對整個智慧無人能動系統的控制。
⒍自然人機互動技術
在實際的戰場環境中,智慧無人系統面臨著操作任務複雜、操作智慧化程度低、訓練風險大且成本高、設備使用與維修效率低等問題,在這種情況下,就需要提高智慧無人系統設備的可操控性與智慧化,需要突破智慧無人系統人機互動技術、智慧無人系統擴增實境與混合實境技術以及智慧無人系統介面技術。
⑴智慧無人系統人機互動技術
智慧無人系統人機互動技術是指指揮平台透過影像和語音感應器獲取指戰員的影像與語音訊息,然後利用影像分割、邊緣偵測、影像辨識等演算法擷取出指戰員的手勢與眼勢等關鍵訊息,接著利用基於深度學習的演算法獲得指戰員的語音訊息並傳遞給指揮平台,從而將指作戰員的指令下發給下級的指令。智慧無人系統的人機互動技術可以提高任務操作的智慧化以及操作過程的容錯率與魯棒性,從而使指戰員的指令能夠更加穩定、有效地下發給作戰單位。
⑵智慧無人系統擴增實境與混合實境技術
智慧無人系統擴增實境技術是將電腦生成的影像疊加在真實的複雜作戰環境中,智慧無人系統混合實境技術則是透過在實際作戰場景中呈現虛擬場景的訊息,在真實的作戰環境下在虛擬世界與指戰員之間搭起一個互動回饋的資訊迴路,從而增加指戰員對作戰環境體驗的真實感。智慧無人系統虛擬實境與擴增實境作為沉浸式人機互動技術的重要發展方向,已有多種不同的真實作戰應用場景,可有效降低訓練時的成本與風險,提高作戰時設備的使用與維修效率。
⑶智慧無人系統腦機介面技術
腦機介面的主要功能是捕捉人腦在進行思考活動時產生的一系列腦波訊號。在實際作戰環境中,智慧無人系統腦機介面技術透過對指戰員的腦波訊號進行特徵提取、功能分類,從而辨別出指戰員的意圖而做出相應的決策,以此應對複雜的作戰任務與突發情況。智慧無人系統腦機介面技術可以增強指戰員的認知與決策能力,大幅提升腦機互動與腦控技術,賦予指戰員在藉助思維的同時具有能操控多艘無人艇與無人潛航器等無人作戰設備的能力。

三、智慧無人系統未來的發展趨勢

智慧無人系統由於其無人化、自主性、智慧性等優點,將出現在未來戰場的各個角落,而隨著其承擔戰場任務的增多,將會參與不同的戰爭場景,導致智慧無人系統將面臨多項關鍵性的難題,使其發展受到限制。智慧無人系統面臨的關鍵性難題主要有:
①環境高度複雜。智慧無人系統具體的應用環境將面臨越來越多的要素,非結構化環境下遮蔽物眾多、感知視點及範圍受限等對智慧無人系統的環境感知能力提出了更高的要求。
②博弈高對抗。智慧無人系統的戰場博弈是取得戰場優勢的重要手段,作戰雙方激烈的機動對抗,以及因敵方和戰場環境帶來的諸多幹擾對智慧無人系統的機動決策能力提出了新的挑戰。
③響應高實時。在未來戰場中,戰鬥態勢變化劇烈,交戰方式將更加靈活多變,需及時應對戰場突發事件,這就對智​​慧無人系統的即時響應能力提出了新的要求。
④資訊不完整。在未來戰場中,受戰場環境的限制以及敵方幹擾的存在,智慧無人系統的資訊取得能力將會受到製約,從而造成態勢感知不完備、戰場態勢資訊資料遺失與衰減,導致無法完整取得敵我雙方的資訊。
⑤邊界不確定。智慧無人系統的無人作戰方式顛覆了傳統作戰模式,未來無人作戰的陸海空天一體化,以及透過與社會高度交融帶來的社會輿情,都將對智慧無人系統的無人作戰產生影響,從而造成作戰邊界的不確定性。
基於以上將面臨的各種難題,未來智慧無人系統的發展將集中在個體能力增強與群聚能力增強2個面向。個體能力增強主要體現在個體認知智能、個體自主作業與演算法晶片化等方面;集群能力增強則主要體現在透過通用化架構提升互通性,以及跨域協同作戰、網路安全與人機混合智能等。
⒈認知智能適應複雜任務環境
為提高智慧無人系統在高度複雜環境下的適應能力,需要增強智慧無人系統的個別認知智能。個體認知智能增強主要體現在從個體感知智能轉變為認知智能的轉變方面,綜合獲取的多源感測資訊使得智能無人系統具備人類的語意理解、聯想推理、判斷分析、決策規劃、情感理解等能力。智慧無人系統個體認知智能的發展將以腦科學和仿生學等為基礎,透過結合知識圖譜、人工智慧、知識推理、決策智慧等技術來實現獲取資訊的智慧理解與準確運用,從而提升智慧無人系統對突發事件的高即時響應能力。
⒉自主作業提升單機任務能力
為解決智慧無人系統在高度複雜環境下所面臨的高度複雜任務的難題,需要提升單機的自主作業能力。包括開發基於深度強化學習的決策方法、基於視覺及其他感測器多源資訊的自主環境感知與交互方法、基於神經動力學的機器人自主運動規劃方法,以及基於人工智慧的自主作業方法等,以提升智能無人系統個體的自主環境建模與定位能力、自主決策能力、自主規劃能力及自主控制能力,使智能無人系統能夠適應複雜的環境建模與定位能力、自主決策能力、自主規劃能力及自主控制能力,使智能無人系統能夠適應複雜的環境建模並開展自主作業。
⒊演算法晶片化實現高即時響應
智慧無人系統面臨的複雜環境對演算法、算力提出了較高要求,需要能即時加速運算,實現對戰場突發事件的高即時回應。為解決此問題,需要提高智慧無人系統個體演算法的晶片化水平,即開發新型架構的存算一體晶片,以提高晶片的算力與演算法晶片化水平。可研究基於人工神經技術的新型晶片,透過改變數位晶片的二進制計算方式,交換梯度訊號或權重訊號來使晶片以模擬神經元的方式進行工作,模擬大腦有效處理大數據量的並行運算流,獲得超級電腦的並行運算能力,從而極大地提升晶片的計算力與晶片化水平,解決智慧系統的高即時演算法響應。
⒋通用化的架構提升集群互通性
為提高智慧無人系統面臨高度複雜環境的適應能力,以及智慧無人系統的維修保障效率,未來智慧無人系統將繼續發展標準化的指控框架,提高人機協作的智慧性並提高系統的模組化程度。主要體現在:
①開發通用式的人工智慧框架,支援人與機器之間自主、精確、即時的良好耦合與協作關係;
②提高智慧無人系統的模組化與零件互換性,以支援在未來戰場中對智慧無人系統及其成員進行的快速維修與配置升級;
③提高資料傳輸一體化水平,以及在未來戰場上資料傳輸的抗干擾能力,降低資料的被截獲率。
⒌跨域協同打破群集應用邊界
為提高智慧無人系統在高度複雜環境下的適應能力,解決作戰時的邊界不確定難題,需要提高智慧無人系統的跨域協同作戰能力,以彌補單一作戰域能力的不足。可透過智慧無人系統的跨域協同作戰,將各個組件進行優勢互補。即利用空中無人系統的搜尋範圍大、通訊距離遠等優點,以及陸地無人系統與海洋無人系統續航時間長、穩定性強等優點,將不同組件的優勢進行組合,以增加智能無人系統的多維空間資訊感知能力,構成異質多自主體協同系統,從而提高智能無人系統完成複雜任務的能力。
⒍安全網路保障集群可靠應用
智慧無人系統在未來戰場上面臨著資訊不完整與博弈高對抗的難題,因此需要提高智慧無人系統在高對抗環境下的網路安全保障能力,提高在應對高複雜、高變化任務時的靈活性與面臨高強度網路攻擊時的穩定性。對抗環境下網路安全保障能力的提升主要體現在以下幾個方面:
①規劃合理的資料權限,以確保資料的安全性與任務執行的彈性;
②提升資訊保障能力,開發並升級智慧無人系統的資訊保障產品,備案資訊爆炸狀況的因應決策;
③增加網路的深度防禦能力,統一網路安全的標準與等級,建構網路防禦的自主性,提升網路攻擊下網路的抗打擊能力。
⒎人機混合智能提升對抗能力
為解決在未來戰場上面臨的高即時回應的難題,提高智慧無人系統在高度複雜環境下的適應能力,需要將人類與機器的優點結合,構成一種新的人機協作的混合智慧方式,即發展智慧無人系統的人機混合智慧。智慧無人系統人機混合智慧是一種由人、機、環境系統相互作用的新的物理與生物結合的智慧科學系統。針對智慧無人系統在未來戰場上所面臨的高複雜環境與高即時反應的難題,未來人機混合智慧的發展主要體現在以下幾個方面:
①資訊智能輸入。在獲取資訊的輸入端,將無人系統設備感測器客觀收集的資訊資料與作戰指揮人員的主觀感知資訊結合,構成一種多維的資訊獲取與資訊輸入方式。
②資訊智能融合。在取得多維的資料資訊後,透過將電腦的運算資料與作戰指揮人員的資訊認知融合,建構一種新的資料理解途徑。
③資訊智慧輸出。將資料資訊進行融合處理之後,將電腦的計算結果與作戰指揮人員的價值決策相互匹配,從而形成有機結合的機率化與規則化的最佳化判斷。

四、結語
智慧無人系統由於其自主性、智慧性與無人化的特點,在未來戰場上將起著日益重要的作用,智慧無人系統的發展也將帶動智慧運算、智慧交通、智慧製造、智慧醫療、類腦科學等學科領域的發展。今後,應以實際複雜環境戰場的任務需求為導向,結合人工智慧等前沿學科的先進技術,對智慧無人系統進行總體頂層規劃;在陸地、空中以及海洋無人系統中不同的無人系統作戰平台上,驗證可靠的機載智能感知與智慧運算設備,並發展可靠、穩定的無人系統自主控制、智慧感知、智慧決策與智慧互動等關鍵技術,攻克智慧無人系統的關鍵難題,不斷提升智慧無人系統的自主控制、智慧感知與智慧決策能力。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81it.com/2022/1031/13846888.html

China’s “Deep technology” Brings New Forms of Warfare

中國的「深度技術」帶來新的戰爭形式

現代英語:

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Friday , August 13, 2021

Since the 21st century, global scientific and technological innovation has entered an unprecedented period of intensive activity. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is reshaping the global innovation landscape and reshaping the global economic structure. Some people therefore call the current era the era of “deep technology”.

The military field is the most sensitive to technological change. At present, some major disruptive technologies are constantly emerging, showing a trend of cross-integration and group leaps. Their military applications will bring about sudden and revolutionary consequences, and even bring about a new form of war.

Artificial Intelligence: Opening the Door to Intelligent Warfare

Artificial intelligence was born in 1956. Its essence is to simulate the human thinking process, that is, to make machines understand, think and learn like humans, form experience, and generate a series of corresponding judgments and processing methods. In the past 10 years, with the continuous development of new theories and technologies such as big data, neural networks, and deep learning, artificial intelligence has pressed the fast-forward button and started to develop rapidly, bringing fundamental changes to all areas of human society.

In 2016, the artificial intelligence program AlphaGo defeated the world Go champion Lee Sedol. By 2020, the latest algorithmic programs can teach themselves to play Go, chess and other games without even being told the rules of the game.

As a strategic technology leading a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the application of artificial intelligence in the military field has accelerated the transformation of warfare from informationization to intelligence. This transformation will be full-dimensional and full-spectrum, involving almost all links in the military chain. The most prominent impacts basically include the following aspects:

——Assisting unmanned combat. The rapid development of artificial intelligence will greatly enhance the collaborative and autonomous combat capabilities of various unmanned combat systems. This will undoubtedly promote structural changes in the composition of combat forces, and unmanned combat mode will gradually become the “main theme” of war. In a simulated confrontation in August 2020, an intelligent system funded by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency controlled a fighter jet and defeated experienced air force pilots. The trend of unmanned combat seems to be increasingly unstoppable.

——Reshape command and control. Complex adaptive systems supported by artificial intelligence, such as swarm systems, will have increasingly strong self-organizing capabilities, thereby breaking the traditional strict hierarchical command system and incubating a new command and control model. The action control of a swarm composed of thousands of unmanned systems will be completed by an intelligent and efficient algorithm system, which can achieve a high degree of decentralization and dynamic aggregation, demonstrating a new concept of group intelligent combat.

——Achieve intelligent decision-making. That is, generate intelligent evaluation and auxiliary decision-making capabilities, realize automatic generation, dynamic optimization, and real-time adjustment of combat plans, and enable combat planning to flexibly adapt to changes in the mission environment and battlefield uncertainties. At present, the new generation of artificial intelligence technology is in a stage of vigorous development, and new technologies will continue to emerge.

Quantum technology: writing the winning code in “entanglement”

Quantum is the smallest, indivisible unit of energy. The biggest feature of quantum technology is that it can break through the physical limits of existing information technology, play a huge role in information processing speed, information capacity, information security, information detection accuracy, etc., and thus significantly improve human ability to obtain, transmit and process information, providing strong impetus for the evolution and development of the future information society.

Quantum theory has gone through more than a hundred years of development since its birth. The development of quantum technology has directly given rise to modern information technology. Nuclear energy, semiconductor transistors, lasers, nuclear magnetic resonance, high-temperature superconducting materials, etc. have come into being, changing human production and life. In recent years, the continuous combination of quantum mechanics and information technology will usher in a new quantum technology revolution, impacting the traditional technology system and even causing the reconstruction of the traditional technology system.

Compared with the macroscopic physical world, quantum has many wonderful properties, the most representative of which are quantum superposition and quantum entanglement. Quantum superposition means that a quantum can be in different states at the same time, and can be in a superposition of these states. A vivid metaphor is the cat in a state of “both dead and alive” imagined by physicist Schrödinger. Quantum entanglement means that independent particles can be completely “entangled” together. No matter how far apart they are, when the state of one quantum changes, the other will change accordingly like “telepathy”.

These special properties of quantum contain great military potential. In quantum detection, quantum communication, quantum imaging, quantum computing, etc., they are gradually showing great military application value. For example, by taking advantage of the characteristics of quantum state superposition and the inability to accurately copy unknown quantum states, quantum codes that cannot be deciphered can be developed.

In addition, based on the characteristics of quantum entanglement, the high correlation between two microscopic particles with a common source can be utilized, and entangled photons can be used as light sources to achieve quantum imaging, which can greatly improve the resolution and anti-interference ability of imaging.

Gene technology: a new weapon that can be “edited”

Genes are the genetic information that controls various characteristics of organisms and are known as the “master switch” of various life activities of organisms. Gene editing is equivalent to a pair of “gene scissors”, which can accurately achieve gene “modification” such as insertion, removal, and replacement of specific target genes of organisms, thereby achieving control over the genetic information of organisms.

In 2012, researchers from the United States and Sweden found a very effective pair of “gene scissors”, namely the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which can cut any genome at any desired location. Since then, the development of gene editing technology has achieved unprecedented “acceleration”, realizing gene editing of fruit flies, mice, pigs, sheep, rice, wheat and other organisms, and also providing new medical means for treating diseases such as tumors, AIDS, and thalassemia.

While genetic technology is gradually unlocking the mysteries of life, it will also cause unpredictable military security issues. If gene editing is used in the development of biological weapons, it means that developers can modify genes to obtain new pathogenic microorganisms according to their own needs, or implant biological gene fragments with different characteristics and transform existing biological warfare agents, or even artificially design and synthesize new viruses that do not exist in nature. These may produce new biological weapons that humans cannot prevent and control, and even use the precision of genetic technology to make attacks more targeted. This new coronavirus epidemic has made the world suspicious of Fort Detrick and more than 200 American overseas biological experimental bases. The United States should disclose more facts and give an explanation to the international community.

Brain science: heading towards the battlefield of “brain control”

The human brain is a highly complex information processing system that consists of billions of neurons that communicate with each other and complete a variety of cognitive tasks in an overall coordinated manner.

The brain’s complex neural information processing and cognition are so complex that even supercomputers pale in comparison. Therefore, brain science research is regarded as the “ultimate frontier” of natural science research, and the International Brain Research Organization believes that the 21st century is the “era of brain science.”

In recent years, major countries in the world have announced the launch of brain science research programs. With the emergence of new imaging technologies, convergence technologies, and computing and information communication technology platforms, brain science research has made new breakthroughs in the fields of neural circuits, brain-like intelligence, and brain-computer interfaces.

As a branch of cognitive science, the “brain-computer interface” technology was born in the 1970s. It collects the EEG signals generated by the activity of the cerebral cortex nervous system, and converts them into signals that can be recognized by computers through methods such as amplification and filtering, so that external devices can read the brain’s neural signals, identify people’s true intentions, and achieve effective control of external physical devices. In other words, a certain operation is performed by the human brain without the need to complete it through the body.

As a new type of human-computer interaction, brain-computer interface technology provides a new intelligent development direction for the control of weapons and equipment. Realizing the direct control of weapons and equipment by the human brain and giving them the intelligent features of “moving at will” are becoming the goals pursued by Western military powers. In 2013, the US Department of Defense disclosed a research project called “Avatar”, which plans to control remote “machine warriors” through thoughts in the future to replace soldiers in the battlefield and carry out various combat tasks.

If the above research is regarded as “brain control”, then the use of “brain-computer interface” and other technical means to interfere with, destroy or even control people’s neural activities and thinking abilities is the so-called “brain control”. For example, electromagnetic waves and sound waves are used to affect the normal activities of human brain cells, and even suggestions and commands are directly “projected” into the human brain. In March 2018, a Western country proposed the “Next Generation Non-Invasive Neurotechnology (N3)” plan to develop a new generation of non-invasive two-way brain-computer interfaces to further improve the high-level interaction capabilities of soldiers and weapons and equipment.

In the future, the rapid development of brain science will give rise to a new cognitive domain combat model centered on the brain, and “brain control” will also become a new battlefield for the competition in the cognitive domain.

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is in a “qualitative change period”. Science and technology have never had such a profound impact on national security and military strategy as today. In the face of the rapid development of science and technology, we must vigorously enhance our scientific and technological cognition and acumen, strive to seize the commanding heights of science and technology, seek military competitive advantages, and seize the initiative in future wars.

Professor Liu Yangyue from the College of Arts and Sciences at the National University of Defense Technology 

現代國語:

中國軍網 國防部網
2021年8月13日 星期五

國防科技大學文理學院劉揚月教授

21世紀以來,全球科技創新進入空前密集活躍期,新一輪科技革命與產業變革,重建全球創新版圖、重塑全球經濟結構。有人因而將當今時代稱為「深度科技化」時代。

軍事領域是對科技變革最敏感的領域。目前,一些重大顛覆性技術不斷湧現,呈現交叉融合、群體躍進之勢,其軍事應用將會帶來突變性、革命性後果,甚至帶來戰爭新形態。

人工智慧:叩開智慧化戰爭之門

人工智慧誕生於1956年,它的實質是模擬人的思考過程,即讓機器像人一樣理解、思考和學習,形成經驗,並產生一系列相應的判斷與處理方式。近10年來,隨著大數據、神經網路、深度學習等新理論新技術不斷發展,人工智慧按下了快進鍵,開始飛速發展並為人類社會各領域帶來根本性改變。

2016年,人工智慧程式「阿爾法狗」擊敗了世界圍棋冠軍李世石。到了2020年,最新演算法程式甚至不需要被告知遊戲規則,就能自學成才,掌握下圍棋、西洋棋等技藝。

作為引領新一輪科技革命和產業變革的戰略性技術,人工智慧應用於軍事領域,使戰爭形態加速由資訊化轉變為智慧化。這項轉變將是全維度、全圖譜的,幾乎涉及軍事鏈的所有環節。最突出的影響基本上包括以下幾個方面:

——助力無人作戰。人工智慧的快速發展,將極大提升各類無人作戰系統的協同作戰、自主作戰能力。這無疑會推動作戰力量組成發生結構性變化,無人化作戰模式將逐步成為戰爭「主旋律」。在2020年8月的一場模擬對抗中,美國國防高級研究計畫局資助的智慧系統操縱戰機,完勝經驗豐富的空軍飛行員,無人作戰趨勢似乎愈發勢不可擋。

——重塑指揮控制。由人工智慧支撐的複雜自適應系統,如蜂群系統,將具備越來越強的自組織能力,從而打破傳統的嚴格層級的指揮體制,孵化出全新的指揮控制模式。由成千上萬個無人系統組成的蜂群,其行動控制將由智慧高效的演算法系統完成,能實現高度去中心化與動態聚合,展現出群體智慧作戰新概念。

——實現智能決策。即產生智慧化的評估和輔助決策能力,實現作戰方案計畫的自動生成、動態優化、即時調整,使作戰規劃靈活適應任務環境變化和戰場不確定性。目前,新一代人工智慧技術正處於蓬勃興起階段,新技術仍將持續出現。

量子技術:在「糾纏」中書寫制勝密碼

量子是最小的、不可再分割的能量單位。量子科技最大特點在於,它可以突破現有資訊科技的物理極限,在資訊處理速度、資訊容量、資訊安全、資訊偵測精準度等方面發揮極大作用,進而顯著提升人類獲取、傳輸和處理資訊的能力,為未來資訊社會的演進和發展提供強勁動力。

量子理論從誕生至今,已走過數百年發展歷程,量子科技的發展直接催生了現代資訊技術,核能、半導體電晶體、雷射、核磁共振、高溫超導材料等紛紛問世,改變了人類的生產生活。近年來,量子力學與資訊科技不斷結合,將開啟一場新的量子科技革命,衝擊著傳統科技體系,甚至引起傳統科技體系的重建。

相對於宏觀物理世界,量子有許多奇妙特性,最具代表性的莫過於量子疊加與量子糾纏。量子疊加意味著量子可同時處於不同狀態,且可處於這些狀態的疊加態。形象的比喻就是,物理學家薛丁格所設想的處於「既死又活」狀態的貓。量子糾纏則意味著相互獨立的粒子可以完全「糾纏」在一起,無論相隔多麼遙遠,當一個量子的狀態發生變化,另一個就會「心靈感應」般發生相應變化。

量子的這些特殊性,蘊藏著極大的軍事潛能。在量子探測、量子通訊、量子成像、量子計算等方面,正逐漸展現出巨大的軍事應用價值。如利用量子態疊加與未知量子態無法精確複製等特點,可研發出無法破解的量子密碼。

此外,根據量子的糾纏特性,利用兩個有共同來源的微觀粒子高度關聯性,將糾纏的光子作為光源實現量子成像,可大幅提升成像的解析度和抗干擾性。

基因技術:可以「編輯」的新武器

基因是控制生物各種特徵的遺傳訊息,被譽為生物體各種生命活動的「總開關」。基因編輯就相當於一把“基因剪刀”,透過它可精確實現對生物體特定目標基因的插入、移除、替換等基因“修飾”,從而實現對生物遺傳訊息的控制。

2012年,美國和瑞典的研究人員找到一把十分有效的“基因剪刀”,即使用CRISPR/Cas9系統,可在任何想要的地方切割任何基因組。此後,基因編輯技術發展獲得前所未有的“加速”,實現了對果蠅、鼠、豬、羊以及水稻、小麥等各類生物的基因編輯,也為治療腫瘤、愛滋病、地中海貧血等疾病提供了新的醫學手段。

基因技術在逐漸破解生命奧秘的同時,也將引發難以預料的軍事安全問題。如將基因編輯運用於生物武器的開發上,那就意味著開發者可根據自己的需要,修改基因獲得新的致病微生物,或是將具有不同特徵的生物基因片段植入並改造已有的生物戰劑,甚至人工設計與合成自然界本不存在的新型病毒。這些都可能產生人類無法預防和控制的新生物武器,甚至利用基因技術的精準性,使得攻擊更具針對性。這次新冠肺炎疫情,讓世界對美國德特里克堡以及200多個美國海外生物實驗基地疑雲叢生,美國應該公開更多事實,給國際社會一個交代。

腦科學:走向「制腦」戰場

人的大腦是一個高度複雜的訊息處理系統,它由數十億神經元透過相互連結來進行訊息交流,以整體協調的方式完成各種各樣的認知任務。

大腦複雜的神經訊息處理與認知,即便是超級電腦也相形見絀。因此,腦科學研究被視為自然科學研究的“終極疆域”,國際腦研究組織認為21世紀是“腦科學時代”。

近年來,世界主要國家紛紛宣布啟動腦科學研究計畫。隨著新型影像技術、匯聚技術以及基於計算和資訊通信技術平台的出現,腦科學研究在神經環路、類腦智能、腦機介面等領域不斷取得新突破。

作為認知科學的一個分支,「腦機介面」技術誕生於1970年代。它透過擷取大腦皮質神經系統活動產生的腦電訊號,經過放大、濾波等方法,將其轉化為可被電腦辨識的訊號,讓外部設備讀懂大腦的神經訊號,從中辨別出人的真實意圖,實現對外部實體設備的有效控制。也就是由人腦思考執行某項操作,而不需要透過肢體來完成。

腦機介面技術作為一種新型的人機互動方式,為武器裝備操控提供了全新的智慧化發展方向。實現人腦對武器裝備的直接控制,賦予武器裝備「隨心所欲」的智慧化特徵,正成為西方軍事強國追求的目標。 2013年,美國防部披露了一項名為“阿凡達”的研究項目,計劃在未來能通過意念操控遠程的“機器戰士”,以代替士兵在戰場上作戰,遂行各種戰鬥任務。

如果把上述研究視為“腦控”,那麼,利用“腦機介面”等技術手段對人的神經活動、思考能力等進行幹擾、破壞甚至控制,就是所謂的“控腦”。如使用電磁波和聲波等對人類腦細胞正常活動產生影響,甚至把建議和命令直接「投射」到人腦中。 2018年3月,某西方國家提出「下一代非侵入性神經技術(N3)」計劃,開發新一代非侵入式雙向腦機接口,進一步提高士兵與武器裝備的高水平交互能力。

未來,腦科學的快速發展,將催生以大腦為中心的認知域作戰新模式,「控腦」也將成為認知域爭奪的新陣地。

目前,新一輪科技革命、軍事革命正處於“質變期”,科技從未像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局。面對快速發展的科學技術,必須大力增強科技認知力和敏銳性,努力搶佔科技制高點,謀取軍事競爭優勢,掌握未來戰爭的主動權。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/13/content_296410888.htm

Chinese Military to Utilize Artificial Intelligence Empowering Cognitive Confrontation Success on the Modern Battlefield

中國軍隊將利用人工智慧增強現代戰場認知對抗的成功

現代英語:

With the advent of the “smart +” era, artificial intelligence is widely used in the military field, and conventional warfare in physical space and cognitive confrontation in virtual space are accelerating integration. Deeply tapping the potential of artificial intelligence to empower cognitive confrontation is of great significance to improving the efficiency of cross-domain resource matching and controlling the initiative in future operations.

Data mining expands the boundaries of experience and cognition

Data-driven, knowing the enemy and knowing yourself. With the advancement of big data-related technologies, data information has become cognitive offensive and defensive ammunition, and information advantage has become increasingly important on the battlefield. Empowering traditional information processing processes with artificial intelligence technology can enhance the ability to analyze related information, accelerate information integration across domains through cross-domain data collection and false information screening, and enhance dynamic perception capabilities. Artificial intelligence can also help alleviate battlefield data overload, organically integrate enemy information, our own information, and battlefield environment information, and build a holographic intelligent database to provide good support for cognitive confrontation.

Everything is connected intelligently, and humans and machines collaborate. Modern warfare is increasingly integrated between the military and civilians, and the boundaries between peace and war are blurred. Technology has redefined the way people interact with each other, people with equipment, and equipment with equipment, and battlefield data is constantly flowing. Through big data mining and cross-domain comparative analysis, unstructured data such as images, audio, and video can be refined, and the truth can be retained to expand the boundaries of experience cognition and improve the level of human-machine collaboration. The in-depth application of the Internet of Things and big data technologies has promoted the continuous improvement of the intelligent level of data acquisition, screening, circulation, and processing processes, laying a solid foundation for the implementation of cognitive domain precision attacks.

Break through barriers and achieve deep integration. Relying on battlefield big data can effectively break through the barriers of full-domain integration, help connect isolated information islands, promote cross-domain information coupling and aggregation, accelerate barrier-free information flow, and promote the transformation of data fusion and information fusion to perception fusion and cognitive fusion. The comprehensive penetration of intelligent equipment into the command system can accelerate the deep integration of situation awareness, situation prediction and situation shaping, optimize multi-dimensional information screening and cognitive confrontation layout, and promote the continuous iteration and upgrading of cognitive domain combat styles.

Intelligent algorithms enhance decision-making efficiency

Accelerate decision-making and cause confusion to the enemy. The outcome of cognitive confrontation depends to a certain extent on the game of commanders’ wisdom and strategy. Through full-dimensional cross-domain information confrontation and decision-making games, with the help of intelligent technology, we can analyze and intervene in the opponent’s cognition and behavior, and finally gain the initiative on the battlefield. At present, artificial intelligence has become a catalyst for doubling combat effectiveness. In peacetime, it can play the role of an intelligent “blue army” to simulate and deduce combat plans; in wartime, through intelligent decision-making assistance, it can improve the quality and efficiency of the “detection, control, attack, evaluation, and protection” cycle, create chaos for the enemy, and paralyze its system.

Autonomous planning and intelligent formation. In the future intelligent battlefield, “face-to-face” fighting will increasingly give way to “key-to-key” offense and defense. In cognitive domain operations, the use of intelligent algorithms to accurately identify identity information, pre-judge the opponent’s intentions, and control key points in advance can quickly transform information advantages into decision-making advantages and action advantages. Using intelligent algorithms to support cognitive domain operations can also help identify the weaknesses of the enemy’s offense and defense system, autonomously plan combat tasks according to the “enemy”, intelligently design combat formations, and provide real-time feedback on combat effects. Relying on data links and combat clouds to strengthen intelligent background support, we can strengthen combat advantages in dynamic networking and virtual-real interaction.

Make decisions before the enemy and attack with precision. Intelligent algorithms can assist commanders in predicting risks, dynamically optimizing combat plans according to the opponent’s situation, and implementing precise cognitive attacks. In future intelligent command and control, the “cloud brain” can be used to provide algorithm support, combined with intelligent push to predict the situation one step ahead of the enemy, make decisions one step faster than the enemy, and completely disrupt the opponent’s thinking and actions. We should focus on using intelligent technology to collect and organize, deeply analyze the opponent’s decision-making and behavioral preferences, and then customize plans to actively induce them to make decisions that are beneficial to us, aiming at the key points and unexpectedly delivering a fatal blow to them.

Powerful computing power improves the overall operation level

Plan for the situation and create momentum, and suppress with computing power. “He who wins before the battle has more calculations; he who loses before the battle has less calculations.” The situation of cognitive confrontation is complex and changeable, and it is difficult to deal with it only by relying on the experience and temporary judgment of commanders. Intelligent tools can be used to strengthen the penetration of enemy thinking before the battle, actively divide and disintegrate the cognitive ability of the enemy team, and improve our battlefield control ability and combat initiative. At the same time, we should use powerful intelligent computing power to improve flexible command and overall planning capabilities, take advantage of the situation, build momentum, and actively occupy the main position of cognitive confrontation.

Smart soft attack, computing power raid. The rapid development of artificial intelligence has promoted the transformation of war from “hard destruction” to “soft killing”, which is expected to completely subvert the traditional war paradigm. For example, the latest technical concepts can be used to gain in-depth insights into the operating mechanism of the enemy system, actively familiarize oneself with the opponent, and mobilize the opponent. It is also possible to use the psychological anchoring effect and the network superposition amplification effect to interfere with the opponent’s cognitive loop link, disrupt the opponent’s command decision-making, and slow down the opponent’s reaction speed.

Cross-domain coordination and computing power support. To win the proactive battle of cognitive confrontation, we must coordinate across domains, gather forces in multiple dimensions, use intelligent tools to autonomously control the flow of information, realize the integrated linkage of physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, lead forward-looking deployment and distributed coordination, launch a comprehensive parallel offensive, and form cognitive control over the enemy. Effectively carry out joint actions of virtual and real interaction in the entire domain, intervene in the enemy’s cognition, emotions and will, and use powerful computing power to take the initiative and fight proactive battles.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Thursday, April 20, 2023

Chen Jialin, Xu Jun, Li Shan

現代國語:

伴隨「智慧+」時代的到來,人工智慧廣泛應用於軍事領域,物理空間的常規戰爭與虛擬空間的認知對抗加速融合。深度挖掘人工智慧潛力為認知對抗賦權,對提升跨域資源匹配效率,掌控未來作戰主動權具有重要意義。

資料挖潛拓展經驗認知邊界

數據驅動,知彼知己。隨著大數據相關技術的進步,數據資訊已成為認知攻防彈藥,資訊優勢在戰場上變得越來越重要。運用人工智慧技術賦能傳統資訊加工流程,可強化關聯資訊分析能力,透過跨領域資料擷取、虛假資訊甄別,加速資訊全局融合,強化動態感知能力。人工智慧還可協助緩解戰場數據過載,有機整合敵情、我情、戰場環境訊息,建立全像智慧資料庫,為認知對抗提供良好支撐。

萬物智聯,人機協同。現代戰爭日漸軍民一體、平戰界線模糊,技術重新定義了人與人、人與裝備、裝備與裝備的互動方式,戰場資料源源不絕。透過大數據探勘與跨域比較分析,可對影像、音訊、視訊等非結構化資料去粗取精、去偽存真,拓展經驗認知邊界,提升人機協同水準。物聯網、大數據技術的深度運用,推動資料取得、篩選、流轉、加工流程的智慧化程度不斷提升,為實施認知域精準攻擊夯實基礎。

打通壁壘,深度融合。依靠戰場大數據可有效突破全域融合的壁壘,有助於聯通條塊分割的資訊孤島,促進跨域資訊耦合聚合,加速資訊無障礙流通,推動資料融合與資訊融合向感知融合與認知融合轉化。智慧裝備全面滲透進入指揮體系,能夠加速態勢感知、態勢預測與態勢塑造的深度融合,優化多維資訊篩選與認知對抗佈局,推動認知域作戰樣式不斷迭代升級。

智慧演算法強化輔助決策效能

加速決策,致敵混亂。認知對抗的勝負,某種程度上取決於指揮家智慧謀略的博弈。可透過全維度跨域資訊對抗與決策博弈,借助智慧技術分析並介入對手認知與行為,最終贏得戰場主動。目前,人工智慧已成為戰鬥力倍增的催化劑,平時可扮演智慧「藍軍」模擬推演作戰方案;戰時透過智慧輔助決策,提升「偵、控、打、評、保」循環品質效率,給敵方製造混亂,促使其體系癱瘓。

自主規劃,智能編組。未來智慧化戰場上,「面對面」的拼殺將越來越多地讓位給「鍵對鍵」的攻防。在認知域作戰中,利用智慧演算法精準甄別身分資訊、預先研判對手企圖、事先扼控關鍵要點,能夠將資訊優勢快速轉化為決策優勢與行動優勢。利用智慧演算法支撐認知域作戰,還可協助摸清敵方攻防體系弱點,因「敵」制宜自主規劃作戰任務,智慧設計作戰編組,即時回饋作戰效果,依托資料鏈、作戰雲強化智慧後台支撐,在動態組網、虛實互動中強化作戰勝勢。

先敵決策,精準攻擊。智慧演算法可輔助指揮者預判風險,根據對手狀況動態優化作戰方案,實施精準認知攻擊。在未來智慧化指揮控制中,可利用「雲端大腦」提供演算法支撐,結合智慧推送先敵一步預判態勢,快敵一招制定決策,徹底打亂對手思路和行動。應著重運用智慧科技收集整理、深度分析對手決策和行為偏好,進而專項客製化計劃,積極誘導其作出有利於我的決策,瞄準要害出其不意地對其進行致命一擊。

強大算力提升全域運籌水平

謀勢造勢,算力壓制。 「夫未戰而廟算勝者,得算多也;未戰而廟算不勝者,得算少也。」認知對抗態勢複雜多變,僅靠指揮經驗和臨時判斷難以應對,可利用智能工具在戰前即對敵思維認知加強滲透,積極分化瓦解敵方團隊認知力,提升我戰場控局能力和作戰性。同時,應藉助強大智能算力,提升靈活指揮與全局運籌能力,順勢謀勢、借勢造勢,積極佔領認知對抗主陣地。

巧打軟攻,算力突襲。人工智慧的快速發展,推動戰爭進一步從「硬摧毀」轉向「軟殺傷」,可望徹底顛覆傳統戰爭範式。如可運用最新技術理念,深入洞察敵方體系運作機理,積極熟悉對手、調動對手。還可利用心理沉錨效應和網路疊加放大效應,幹擾對手認知循環鏈路,打亂對手指揮決策,遲滯對手反應速度。

跨域統籌,算力支撐。打贏認知對抗主動仗須全域跨域統籌、多維同向聚力,利用智慧工具自主控制資訊的流量流向,實現物理域、資訊域與認知域的一體聯動,引領前瞻性布勢與分散式協同,全面展開並行攻勢,形成對敵認知控制。有效進行全域虛實相生的聯合行動,對敵認知、情緒和意志實施幹預,借助強大算力下好先手棋、打好主動仗。

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年4月20日 星期四

陳佳琳 徐 珺 李 山

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-04/20/content_338002888.htm

Chinese Military Laws Necessary for Winning Intelligent Warfare

中國軍事法規是贏得智慧化戰爭的必要條件

現代英語:

●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.

●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.

President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.

Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.

If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.

Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of ​​intelligent warfare.”

Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.

The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.

Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance

As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.

You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.

Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.

Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.

Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.

In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan FeiyiEditor-in-charge: Wang Feng2021-03-16 10:12

現代國語:

认识智能化战争规律,要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础,抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键,抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。

●战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争,敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素,正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化,不断对智能化战争进行再认识。

习主席指出,要认真研究军事、研究战争、研究打仗,把握现代战争规律和战争指导规律。今天,战争的智能化特征日益凸显,智能化战争已经展现出早期形态的样貌。要想掌握未来智能化战争主动权,就应积极跟踪现代战争发展,紧贴现实军事斗争准备,前瞻认识智能化战争规律,深刻把握其指导规律,着力回答“是什么”、解决 “怎么做”等问题,不断创新战争和战略指导。

回答“是什么”,前瞻认识智能化战争规律

毛泽东同志指出:“战争的规律——这是任何指导战争的人不能不研究和不能不解决的问题。”今天,在智能化战争初显端倪之际,应前瞻认识智能化战争“是什么”,否则就不能解决“怎么做”,更不可能驾驭未来战争。

智能化战争规律是战争知行体系的重建。智能化战争规律,和冷兵器战争、热兵器战争、机械化战争、信息化战争的规律一样,是战争诸要素间内在的、本质的联系,不同之处在于它有新质的要素和新的要素间的构成模式,本质上是基于智能化革命所引发的战争知行体系的重建。今天,认识智能化战争规律,要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础,抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键,抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。掌握这些规律,就能克服未来战争中的纷乱和不确定性,从中找出条理和确定性,这是应对智能化战争的客观要求。

智能化战争规律是战争指导规律的依据。毛泽东在《中国革命战争的战略问题》中,首先分析了中国革命战争的特点,揭示了战争规律,然后“由此产生我们的战略战术”,即战争指导规律;在《论持久战》中,他首先说明了“是什么”,再转到研究“怎么做”的问题上,体现了一种认识过程的逻辑顺序。今天,研究智能化战争仍应遵循这一顺序,既不能本末倒置,颠倒顺序;也不能增加、减少或更换环节。要在掌握智能自主这一根本规律的基础上,揭示自主感知、自主规划、自主实施、自主联动、自主评估等战争指导规律。

不懂得智能化战争规律,就不能指导战争。《孙膑兵法》指出:“知道,胜”“不知道,不胜”。道是战争规律,掌握它、行动符合它,就能取胜;反之,则败。毛泽东也强调:“不知道战争的规律,就不知道如何指导战争,就不能打胜仗。”同样,掌握智能化战争规律,是正确指导智能化战争的前提。否则,就难免要被智能化战争的表面现象所迷惑。今天,要通过分析智能化技术群对战争的基础性、长远性和颠覆性影响,研究智能化战争是个什么样子?有哪些规律?应该怎么打?这些都是智能化战争指导必须回答的重大课题。

解决“怎么做”,揭示掌握智能化战争指导规律

智能化战争指导规律是运用智能化战争规律指导实践的中介,起到“桥”和“船”的作用。应在回答“是什么”的基础上解决“怎么做”的问题,提出智能化战争的“游泳术”。

智能化战争指导规律是运用战争规律的规律。认识战争规律的目的在于应用。马克思指出:“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界,而问题在于改变世界。”同样,智能化战争本身迫使指挥员不发现规律则已,一旦发现,就会结合能动性,利用规律为打赢战争服务,这就必然导致智能化战争指导规律的产生。今天,战争是政治的继续仍是智能化战争规律,由此得出智能化战争必须服从服务于政治的指导规律;兵民是胜利之本仍是智能化战争规律,由此得出最广泛地动员民众的指导规律,等等。这些智能化战争指导规律是战争规律派生出来的,是“智能化战争大海中的游泳术”。

充分发挥人在智能化战争中的能动作用。恩格斯说过:“赢得战斗胜利的是人而不是枪。”智能化战争指导规律是实践规律、使用规律。它不是对智能化战争规律的简单“移用”“照搬”,而是加上人的主观能动性,才能转化为战争指导规律。今天,掌握人工智能的军事人才,不仅是智能化武器的操控者,更是人工智能的创造者。人在智能化人机系统中仍处于主体地位,是智能化战争胜负的决定性因素。指挥员应在掌握智能化战争规律的基础上,充分发挥能动性,坚持“技术+谋略”的作战理论生成模式,才能由回答“是什么”向解决“怎么做”转变。

智能化战争指导规律是不断发展的。战争是一条“变色龙”。智能化战争本身也会经历萌芽、发展、成熟等不同阶段,这就必然带来智能化战争指导规律的发展。战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争,敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素,正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化,不断对智能化战争进行再认识。要紧跟战争形态向智能化加速迈进的历史进程,把握智能化战争发展方向和时代脉搏,把对智能化战争指导规律的研究推向新境界,在未来战场占据战略主动和先机。

紧盯“主动权”,不断创新智能化战争和战略指导

兵无常势,水无常形。在智能化战争已然来临之际,要在遵循智能化战争规律和指导规律的基础上,紧贴现实军事斗争准备,加强对手研究、敌情研究,主动设计“在什么时间”“在什么地点”“和谁打仗”,创新战争和战略指导,牢牢掌握未来战争的战略主动权。

你打你的,我打我的。战争指导艺术的最高境界,就是你打你的、我打我的。“各打各的”要求指挥员在未来智能化战争中,无论处于怎样复杂、困难的环境,首先要立足自身实际,独立自主地使用自己的力量。特别是拥有高技术装备之敌,可能造成暂时的局部的敌之主动、我之被动的局面,这时要通过政治、经济、外交等综合手段,以总体有利态势弥补武器上的劣势,迅速扭转这一局面,恢复主动地位。如果被战略对手牵着鼻子走,就可能吃大亏。

把握时机,因时用兵。《六韬》指出:“用之在于机。”若米尼强调:“全部战争艺术就在于善于待机而动。”一方面,时不至,不可强动。要持重时机,时机未到,应有极大耐心,防止战略盲动。另一方面,时不再来,机不可失。要善于把握时机,一旦遇上有利时机,就要坚决利用,防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是,要辩证地看待时机成熟问题。未来智能化战争瞬息万变,要求快速决策,而面对不确定性因素,又必须慎重决策。有时及早定下决心,比明天下达更完善的决心也许更有效。因此,要敢于冒一点风险,不然则会坐视成功机会的丧失。

各域有别,因地运筹。克劳塞维茨指出:“战争不像长满庄稼的田地,而像长满大树的土地。收割庄稼时不需要考虑每棵庄稼的形状,收割得好坏取决于镰刀的好坏;而用斧头砍伐大树时,就必须注意到每棵大树的形状和方向。”战略空间不同,战争就不同,战争指导也不一样。当前,战场空间不断由陆海空等传统空间向太空、网络等新型空间拓展,战争指导者应根据多域性、立体性、网络性等特点,探索新的智能化战争规律和指导规律。

瞄准对手,因敌制胜。《孙子兵法》指出:“践墨随敌,以决战事。”约米尼也说过:“不管是谁,如果不了解敌人,怎能知道自己应该如何行动呢?”着眼未来,聪明的战略家应根据轻重、缓急程度,把作战对象区分为主要作战对象和一般作战对象、现实作战对象和潜在作战对象,全面客观地了解不同作战对象的战略意图、兵力部署、作战构想等,提出能充分发挥己方战力优长的新的智能化战争指导规律,实施正确的战争行动。

总之,智能化战争规律是认识过程中的规律,解决“是什么”;指导规律是实践过程中的规律,解决“怎么做”。二者辩证统一,不可分割,构成了认识和指导智能化战争的完整链条。“战胜不复,而应形于无穷。”今天,战争和战略指导者应基于客观情况,深入探索和灵活运用智能化战争规律和战争指导规律,与时俱进创新战争和战略指导。

(作者单位:军事科学院战争研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2021-03/16/content_4880989.htm?yikikata=7593b488-bf4396b2e061d55553e340f0a68ef7f8888

Chinese Military Combat Management System: Core of Modern Combat Command & Control

中國軍事作戰管理系統:現代作戰指揮控制的核心

現代英語:

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Yang Lianzhen Editor-in-charge: Yang Fanfan

2022-04-22 06:42

Combat management is the foundation for winning modern wars and the core of the modern combat system. It is the planning, organization, coordination and control of personnel, equipment, information, resources, time and space and other elements during the combat process.

Combat management system refers to the command information system used to support combat management activities, including intelligence collection, information transmission, target identification, threat assessment, weapon allocation, mission planning, etc. It has gradually developed with the evolution of war and technological progress.

Combat Management System: The Core of Modern Combat System

Schematic diagram of the combat management system

Past and present life

Implementing timely and accurate command and control of combat operations and making timely and decisive combat decisions are the goals and dreams that commanders have always pursued in different war periods. Before the emergence of scientific management, there was no concept of combat management in war, and naturally there was no combat management system. However, simple combat management activities and systems have always been associated with war and developed in an integrated manner.

The core of combat management is to ensure that commanders and troops can exchange information and instructions smoothly. In the ancient combat command system, gongs, drums, and flags were called the “three officials”. “When words cannot be heard, gongs and drums are used; when sight cannot be seen, flags are used.” Sight and hearing are the primitive means of command and control.

After the invention of the telegraph, telephone, and radio, long-distance and rapid transmission of combat orders and combat information became a reality, and the scope of combat management shifted from two-dimensional to three-dimensional. The war decision-making of “planning and winning thousands of miles away” is no longer a myth. Of course, traditional battlefield management methods are not completely ineffective. For example, in the Korean War, due to limited communication conditions, our army still used bugles to transmit combat orders to the company and below, and there were more than 20 types of bugle calls related to combat. “The sound of bugles from all sides rose up,” and the bugles on the Korean battlefield once frightened the US military. Ridgway wrote in his memoirs: “As soon as it sounded, the Chinese Communist Army would rush towards the coalition forces as if it were under a spell. At this time, the coalition forces were always beaten back like a tide.”

At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of scientific management gradually gained popularity, and the military quickly applied it to combat. The term “combat management” first appeared in the US Air Force, where combat managers provided long-range target indication and voice guidance to fighters based on radar detection. The core combat organization is called the BM/C3 system, namely Battle Management and Command, Control, and Communication. In 1946, the first electronic computer “ENIAC” was successfully developed, and the military began to use computers to store and process various data related to combat. In 1958, the US military built the world’s first semi-automated combat management system-the “Seqi” air defense command and control system, which used computers to realize the automation of part of the information collection, processing, transmission and command decision-making process for the first time. In the same year, the Soviet Army built the “Sky No. 1” semi-automated air defense command and control system. Combat management systems began to appear on the war stage, and human-machine collaborative decision-making gradually became the main form of combat decision-making for commanders. During the “Rolling Thunder” campaign of the Vietnam War, the U.S. military commanded more than 5,000 aircraft to dispatch 1.29 million sorties and dropped 7.75 million tons of bombs, which would have been impossible to achieve by manual command alone.

The combat management system has gone through weapon-centered, platform-centered, network-centered, and system-centered construction stages, and has gradually been able to receive and process information from sensors and other sources in multiple domains, perceive and generate combat situation maps in real time, automatically implement command and control of troops and equipment, and intelligently assist commanders in making decisions, involving the army, navy, air force and other military services.

For example, the Israeli Army’s “Ruler” combat management system uses a single-soldier digital device to connect to a channel state information device to provide real-time situational awareness and command and control information for troops performing tactical operations and fire support. The U.S. Navy’s “Aegis” combat system uses a multi-task signal processor to integrate air defense and anti-missile capabilities, and realizes the integration of shipborne phased array radars, command decisions, and weapon control. The NATO Air Force’s ACCSLOC1 system, based on network distributed deployment, integrates 40 types of radars and more than 3,000 physical interfaces, and undertakes air operations such as mission planning, combat command, and combat supervision. From the launch of the first Gulf War to the Libyan War, the time from sensor information acquisition to firing by the U.S. military has been shortened from 24 hours to 2.5 minutes.

Features

The combat management system is a rapidly developing and constantly improving distributed operating system. It mainly collects and processes sensor data, facilitates the transmission and integration of various types of information, conducts situation identification and prediction, generates combat plans, completes action evaluation and selection, and issues combat orders to weapon platforms and shooters. Its essence is to achieve an efficient combat “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle (OODA loop).

The combat management system widely uses situation assessment and prediction, combat space-time analysis, online real-time planning, combat resource management and control, and combat management engine technologies, and adopts a “cloud + network + terminal” technical architecture based on information technology.

For example, the U.S. military took the lead in using information technology to build a C4ISR system that integrates command, control, computers, communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, laying the foundation for the combat management system. In the Afghanistan War, the C4ISR system achieved near-real-time transmission of combat information to combat platforms for the first time. With the continuous maturity of sensors, networks and artificial intelligence, technologies such as intelligent situation understanding and prediction, intelligent information push, intelligent task planning, intelligent collaborative control, intelligent rapid reconstruction and intelligent parallel command and control are having an increasingly significant impact on combat management systems.

Combat management systems usually support functions such as situational awareness, mission planning, engagement management, communications, modeling, simulation and analysis, and test training. For example, a missile defense combat management system mainly includes command and control, engagement management, and communications. The command and control function enables pre-battle combat planning and battlefield situation awareness; the engagement management function enables auxiliary combat decision-making, allocation of anti-missile weapons, and completion of strike missions; and the communication function enables the transmission and sharing of intelligence and data among the anti-missile units in the system.

The combat management system is an open and complex system. The structure determines the function. Different system structures determine the functional expansion of different systems: the ship’s self-defense combat management system enables the ship to have a strong self-defense capability through automated weapon control regulations, collaborative engagement management systems and tactical data links; the electromagnetic combat management system improves the planning, sharing and mobility of the electromagnetic spectrum by integrating and displaying battlefield electromagnetic spectrum data; the individual combat system enhances the soldier’s mobility, support, lethality and survivability by integrating individual protection, individual combat weapons and individual communication equipment.

Combat management systems generally have the characteristics of integration, automation, optimization, and real-time. The combat mode of modern warfare is complex and the battlefield scale is expanding. The requirements for force control, resource integration, and task scheduling have increased, and system integration must be achieved. The French Army’s “Scorpion” system fully integrates tanks, armored vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, drones, and attack helicopters into the same combat group, and links all platforms and combat units in the task group.

With the increase of combat elements in modern warfare and the expansion of battlefield perception space, the command automation system that relies heavily on people can no longer fully adapt, and the system must be automated. All operating functions of Pakistan’s combat management artillery control system are fully automated, “providing an automated solution for preparing, coordinating, transmitting, executing and modifying fire support plans and firing plans.”

The pace of modern warfare is accelerating and battlefield data is massive. It is necessary to quickly grasp the situation and make decisions efficiently, and it is necessary to achieve system optimization decision-making. Military powers are combining artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things and big data technologies to facilitate faster decision-making in multi-domain operations.

Future Development

Traditional combat management systems place more emphasis on pre-established engagement sequences and combat rules. However, future wars will emphasize the confrontation between systems, and it is impossible to exhaust all situations in advance. The battlefield information that needs to be mastered is also becoming more complex and massive. For this reason, the armies of various countries have begun to abandon the traditional method of developing combat management systems for each combat domain separately, and are network-centric and supported by artificial intelligence, trying to help commanders make combat decisions more quickly and realize real-time connection between sensors in each combat domain and any shooter.

The combat management system will promote the implementation of combat concepts. The “Advanced Combat Management System” developed by the US Air Force plans to connect all military services and their weapon platforms in real time in a military Internet of Things. Its core is to seamlessly link various intelligence reconnaissance platforms, command and control platforms, strike platforms and combat management platforms with various cross-domain capabilities, convert intelligence and target indication data into timely and usable information, shorten the “discovery-positioning-tracking-targeting-strike-assessment” cycle, and execute combat operations at a speed that opponents cannot keep up. The Russian military proposed the “military unified information space” theory and organized the development of the “automatic control system” for integrated joint operations of land, sea and air networks. By establishing a network-centric command model, it attempts to integrate the command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, and support of the entire army, realize cross-domain operations in the true sense, and improve battlefield situation awareness and combat command efficiency.

The combat management system will rely on artificial intelligence technology. The application of artificial intelligence will not only multiply the capabilities of weapon systems, but will also fundamentally change the implementation of the OODA loop. In future combat management systems, artificial intelligence technology will become the core support and driving engine, and the key factor is the quality of the algorithm. The system will have built-in upgradeable artificial intelligence, and people will be in a supervisory or collaborative state to minimize manual input, spontaneously identify and classify threat targets in the combat environment, autonomously evaluate and weigh, and automatically allocate weapons, thereby providing adaptive combat advantages and decision-making options.

For example, the “Intelligent Autonomous Systems Strategy” released by the US Navy in July 2021 aims to accelerate the development and deployment of intelligent platforms through a highly distributed command and control architecture, integrate unmanned systems, artificial intelligence, and autonomous driving technologies, and realize future combat decisions facilitated by intelligent autonomous systems. The Russian military has more than 150 artificial intelligence projects under development, one of the focuses of which is to introduce artificial intelligence into command and control systems, adapt intelligent software to different weapon platforms, achieve the unification of physical and cognitive domains, and double combat effectiveness through intelligent empowerment.

The combat management system will achieve a breakthrough in cross-domain capabilities. The military’s combat management capabilities are shifting towards full-domain coordination, including land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognitive domain, and social domain. To adapt to the full-domain environment, the combat management system needs to have the following functions: a resilient and redundant communication system, flexible and secure data operation; artificial intelligence and machine learning directly extract and process data from sensors, and conduct decentralized integration and sharing; segmented access based on confidentiality levels to meet perception, understanding, and action needs. On this basis, it is also necessary to provide troops with reconnaissance and surveillance, tactical communications, data processing, network command and control, and other capabilities.

The future combat management system will focus on security processing, connectivity, data management, application, sensor integration and effect integration, optimize data sharing, collaborative operations and command and control in the entire combat domain, and support decision-making advantages from the tactical level to the strategic level. Its purpose is only one: to give commanders the ability to surpass their opponents.

(The author is the deputy director and professor of the Training Management Department of the Armed Police Command Academy)

現代國語:

作戰管理,是打贏現代化戰爭的基礎,是現代化作戰體系的核心,也是作戰過程中對人員、裝備、資訊、資源和時空等要素進行的規劃、組織、協調與控制活動。

作戰管理系統,指用來支撐作戰管理活動的指揮資訊系統,包括情報採集、資訊傳輸、目標識別、威脅判斷、分配武器、任務規劃等。其隨戰爭演化、技術進步而逐步發展。

作戰管理系統:現代化作戰體系核心

■楊蓮珍

作戰管理系統示意圖

前世今生

對作戰行動實施適時精確的指揮控制和作出及時果斷的作戰決策,是不同戰爭時期指揮員始終追求的目標與夢想。在科學管理產生前,戰爭中並無作戰管理這一概念,自然談不上作戰管理系統。但樸素的作戰管理活動和系統一直與戰爭相伴、融合發展。

作戰管理的核心是保證指揮員與部隊能順暢地交換資訊和指示。在古代作戰指揮號令系統中,金、鼓、旗號稱為“三官”,“言不相聞,故為之金鼓;視不相見,故為之旌旗”,目視耳聽是原始的指揮控製手段。

電報、電話、無線電發明後,作戰命令和戰鬥訊息的遠距離快速傳輸成為現實,作戰管理範圍由平面走向立體,「運籌帷幄、決勝千裡」的戰爭決策不再是神話。當然,傳統的戰場管理手段並非完全失去作用,例如在抗美援朝戰場上,我軍因通信條件受限,連以下分隊仍在通過軍號傳遞作戰命令,與作戰相關的號聲就有20餘種。 “四面邊聲連角起”,朝鮮戰場上的軍號曾讓美軍聞風喪膽。李奇微在回憶錄裡寫道:“只要它一響,中共軍隊就如著了魔法一般,全部不要命地撲向聯軍。這時,聯軍總被打得如潮水般潰退。”

20世紀初,科學管理的概念逐漸升溫,軍隊迅速將其應用於作戰。 「作戰管理」一詞,最早出現在美國空軍,其編成內的作戰管理員,基於雷達探測情況向戰機進行遠程目標指示和話音引導。作戰核心組織則稱為BM/C3系統,即作戰管理(Battle Management)和指揮、控制、通訊(Command,Control,Communication)。 1946年,第一台電子計算機「埃尼阿克」研製成功,軍隊開始使用計算機存儲和處理有關作戰的各種數據。 1958年,美軍建成世界上第一個半自動化作戰管理系統-「賽其」防空指揮控制系統,使用電腦首次實現了資訊擷取、處理、傳輸和指揮決策過程部分作業的自動化。同年,蘇軍建成「天空1號」半自動化防空指揮控制系統。作戰管理系統開始登上戰爭舞台,人機協作決策逐漸成為指揮主要的作戰決策形式。越戰中的「滾雷」戰役,美軍指揮5,000多架飛機出動129萬架次,投彈775萬噸,如果單靠人工指揮是不可能實現的。

作戰管理系統經歷了以武器為中心、以平台為中心、以網絡為中心和以體係為中心的建設階段,逐步能夠接收、處理來自多域的傳感器和其他來源信息,實時感知並生成作戰態勢圖,自動對兵力及裝備實施指揮控制,智能輔助指揮員決策,涉及陸、海、空等軍兵種。

如以色列陸軍的「統治者」作戰管理系統,單兵數字化裝置連接通道狀態資訊設備,用於為執行戰術作戰、火力支援等部隊提供即時態勢感知和指揮控制資訊。美國海軍的「宙斯盾」作戰系統,採用多任務訊號處理器整合防空與反導能力,實現艦載相控陣雷達、指揮決策、武器控制等一體化整合。北約空軍的ACCSLOC1系統,基於網路分散部署,整合40種型號的雷達和3000多個物理接口,承擔任務規劃、作戰指揮和戰鬥監督等空中行動。從發動第一次海灣戰爭到利比亞戰爭,美軍從傳感器獲取資訊到開火,時間由24小時縮短至2.5分鐘。

功能特徵

作戰管理系統是一個迅速發展並不斷完善的分散式操作系統,主要通過收集、處理傳感器數據,暢通各類信息傳輸和融合,進行態勢識別和預測,生成作戰方案,完成行動評估與選擇,下發作戰指令給武器平台和射手。其本質是實現高效率的作戰「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」循環(OODA環)。

作戰管理系統廣泛使用態勢評估與預測、作戰時空分析、線上即時規劃、作戰資源管控和作戰管理引擎技術等,採用基於資訊技術的「雲+網+端」的技術架構。

如美軍率先運用資訊技術,建構了集指揮、控制、計算機、通訊、情報、監視和偵察於一體的C4ISR系統,為作戰管理系統打下了基礎。阿富汗戰爭中,C4ISR系統首次實現作戰資訊近實時傳輸到作戰平台。隨著傳感器、網絡和人工智慧的不斷成熟,智能態勢理解和預測、智慧資訊推送、智慧任務規劃、智慧協同控制、智慧快速重構和智慧平行指控等技術,正在對作戰管理系統產生越來越重大的影響。

作戰管理系統通常支援態勢感知、任務規劃、交戰管理、通訊、建模及模擬與分析、試驗訓練等功能。如導彈防禦作戰管理系統,主要包括指揮控制、交戰管理及通訊等功能構成。指揮控制功能,實現對戰前的作戰規劃及對戰場態勢的感知;交戰管理功能,實現輔助作戰決策和分配反導武器並完成打擊任務;通信功能,實現系統各反導單元情報、數據的傳輸和共享。

作戰管理系統是一個開放的複雜系統。結構決定功能,不同的系統結構,決定不同系統的功能拓展:艦艇自防禦作戰管理系統通過自動化武器控制條令、協同交戰管理系統和戰術數據鍊等,使艦艇具備了強大的自防禦能力;電磁作戰管理系統通過融合並顯示戰場電磁頻譜數據,提高電磁戰兵器規劃能力、共享電磁力和單兵作戰力量;

作戰管理系統普遍具有一體化、自動化、最優化、即時化等特徵。現代戰爭作戰模式複雜、戰場規模擴大,對力量管控、資源整合和任務調度要求的提高,必須實現系統一體化整合。法國陸軍的「蝎子」系統,就將坦克、裝甲車、步兵戰車、無人地面車輛、無人機與攻擊直升機完整整合到同一個作戰群,並連結任務群中的所有平台和作戰單元。

現代戰爭作戰要素增加、戰場感知空間擴大,對人依賴較高的指揮自動化系統已無法完全適應,必須實現系統自動化運作。巴基斯坦作戰管理火砲控制系統所有操作功能全部自動化,「為準備、協調、傳遞、執行和修改火力支援計畫與射擊方案提供了自動化解決方案」。

現代戰爭作戰節奏加快、戰場數據海量,需要快速掌握狀況、有效率定下決心,必須實現系統最優化決策。各軍事強國正將人工智慧、雲端運算、物聯網與大數據技術結合起來,以利在多域作戰中更快決策。

未來發展

傳統作戰管理系統,更強調基於事先制定的交戰序列、作戰規則。但未來戰爭更突出體係與體系之間的對抗,不可能預先窮盡各種情況,需要掌握的戰場資訊也更趨複雜、海量。為此,各國軍隊開始摒棄傳統上為各作戰域單獨開發作戰管理系統的方法,以網絡為中心、以人工智能為支撐,力圖幫助指揮員更迅速作出作戰決策,實現各作戰域的傳感器與任意射手的實時連接。

作戰管理系統將推動作戰概念落地。美國空軍開發的“先進作戰管理系統”,規劃將各軍種及其武器平台實時連接在一個軍事物聯網中,其核心是將各類情報偵察平台、指揮控制平台、打擊平台和作戰管理平台與各種跨域能力無縫鏈接,把情報和目標指示數據轉化為及時、可用的信息,縮短“發現-定位-跟踪-瞄準-打擊-評估”速度,以執行對手的速度執行。俄羅斯軍隊提出“軍隊統一資訊空間”理論,組織開發陸海空網絡一體化聯合作戰“自動控制系統”,通過建立網絡中心指揮模式,試圖將全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等進行融合,實現真正意義上的跨域作戰,提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。

作戰管理系統將依賴人工智慧技術。人工智慧的應用不僅引起武器系統能力的倍增,也將從根本上改變OODA環的實現。未來的作戰管理系統,人工智慧技術將成為核心支撐和驅動引擎,關鍵因素是演算法的品質。系統將內置可升級的人工智慧,人們將處於監督或協同狀態的位置,最大限度地減少人工輸入,對作戰環境中的威脅目標進行自發識別分類、自主評估權衡和自動分配武器,從而提供自適應的作戰優勢和決策可選性。

如2021年7月美海軍發布的“智能自主系統戰略”,旨在通過高度分佈式的指揮和控制架構,加速智能平台的開發和部署,綜合無人系統、人工智能和自動駕駛等技術,實現由智能自主系統促成的未來作戰決策。俄軍在研的人工智慧項目超過150個,其重點之一是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統,為不同武器平台適配智慧軟件,實現物理域與認知域的統一,以智慧賦能的方式實現戰鬥力倍增。

作戰管理系統將實現跨域能力突破。軍隊作戰管理能力正向陸、海、空、天、電、網和認知域、社會域等全域協同轉變。適應全局環境,作戰管理系統需要具備以下功能:有彈性和冗餘的通信系統,靈活安全的數據運行;人工智能和機器學習直接從傳感器中提取、處理數據,並進行去中心化集成、共享;根據保密級別分段訪問,滿足感知、理解和行動需要。在此基礎上,還需具備向部隊提供偵察監視、戰術通訊、數據處理、網路指控等能力。

未來的作戰管理系統,將聚焦安全處理、連通性、數據管理、應用、傳感器整合和效果整合等能力,優化全作戰域的數據共享、協同作戰和指揮控制,支援從戰術級到戰略級的決策優勢。其目的只有一個:賦予指揮員超越對手的能力。

(作者係武警指揮學院訓練管理系副主任、教授)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10149663888.html

Analyzing the New Features of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

中國軍事智能化戰爭新特徵解析

現代英語:

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense NetworkThursday, November 14, 2024

Intelligent warfare is the latest form of warfare development. Under intelligent warfare conditions, the battle rhythm changes rapidly, humans and machines are deeply integrated, and complex elements are interconnected, presenting new characteristics on the battlefield.

The combat tempo changes rapidly. The combat tempo refers to the phenomenon that in the course of combat, different participating forces, under different combat missions, actions, and spaces, synchronously complete their respective established tasks at specified time nodes according to the combat phase division. In essence, the combat tempo is the effect of the confrontational interaction between the military systems of all parties in a common external environment. It is a regular phenomenon that appears periodically or non-periodically. It is objective due to the interaction, and uncertain due to the active role played by the opposing parties based on their respective perspectives. In war, the combat tempo represents not only the speed of time and speed, but also the embodiment of the comprehensive effect of multiple factors such as time, space, purpose, goal, and opponent. With the continuous expansion of the battlefield and the improvement of battlefield cognitive decision-making capabilities, the future intelligent battlefield may gradually change from the simple “quick kill” type of simple use of the one-dimensionality of time to a comprehensive game and mixed confrontation in multiple dimensional fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy and multiple time and space cycles. Combat is a game between the enemy and us, and the quality of our combat rhythm depends largely on the opponent as a reference system. The combat rhythm should always focus on the opponent, and by changing the enemy and our power comparison in various forms in various dimensions, we can gain an “asymmetric” advantage, so that the battlefield situation can continue to develop in a direction that is beneficial to us in a variety of states between the active “using our own capabilities to control the enemy’s inability” and “suppressing the enemy’s capabilities when we are unable to do so.”

Humans and machines achieve deep integration. In a broad sense, human-machine integration refers to the state and process in which all humans and machines work closely together based on their respective characteristics and advantages. With the emergence of artificial intelligence technology, especially multimodal large models represented by ChatGPT, the foundation has been laid for the knowledge-level interaction between humans and machines, which has brought new opportunities for combat planning and combat command invisibly. As intelligent creatures, humans have creativity and thoughtfulness that other objects cannot match. Compared with humans, machines have obvious advantages in storage, computing and other capabilities, and have the characteristics of fast response speed and strong environmental adaptability. Under current technical conditions, the dominance of humans in human-machine fusion intelligence determines the basic mode of human-machine fusion operations. Machines are only tools and means of implementation for operations. To a certain extent, they become the main body of operations together with operators. The interactive output is also limited to the predictable changes defined by several major variables, and is closely related to the professional ability and experience of the operators themselves. As technology continues to improve, the positioning of people may gradually shift to macro-control, focusing on controlling strategic key contents and nodes such as the timing of launching a war, the scale level, the style intensity, the process development, and the ending time. The combination of human and machine does not mean a hard coupling between the two in terms of spatial position and physics, but through the mechanism and engineering of business processes and operating procedures, they play to their respective strengths and achieve dynamic adaptive operation.

Complex elements are interconnected. Modern warfare is a complex giant system, especially in the current era of global, cross-domain, and distributed operations. Focusing on the construction of the “kill network” and element-level coordination, the widely distributed combat force entities, combat platforms, sensors, weapons, etc. are further decoupled, and the combat system is gradually developing towards “decentralization”. Focusing on the combat purpose and combat objectives, in the combat system, various functional combat elements that are three-dimensionally networked are quickly reorganized and aggregated in a self-organizing and self-adaptive manner to dynamically form a closed kill chain. It is difficult to discover, identify, and calibrate the landmark nodes of the opponent’s system one by one in the various links of “detection, control, attack, and evaluation” as before, and then achieve system destruction. This “black box” state in the organization and operation of forces makes the logical causal relationship of the combat behaviors of all parties more “inexplicable” and the “incomprehensible war” effect more prominent. War is largely a confrontation of human thinking, and thanks to the help of intelligent decision-making systems, the uncertainty of combat intentions in future wars will be further increased in the fierce confrontation of broader cognitive and information domains. From the initial combat purpose to the final combat means, combat methods, and force application, “misalignment” may occur. Therefore, future wars will place more emphasis on finding a balance in active changes at the battle tactical level, which puts higher demands on better realizing “you fight yours, I fight mine” and exerting one’s own advantages.

現代國語:

關 宇

智能化戰爭是戰爭發展的最新形態。智慧化戰爭條件下,作戰節奏快速變化、人機實現深度融合、複雜要素相互關聯,戰場呈現新的特點。

作戰節奏快速變化。作戰節奏是指在作戰過程中,不同參戰力量在作戰任務、行動、空間各不相同情況下,依照作戰階段劃分,在規定的若干時間節點同步完成各自既定任務的現象。從本質上講,作戰節奏是一種在共同外部環境下各方軍事系統間對抗性交互產生的效果,週期或非週期顯現的一種規律性現象,其因交互作用而呈現客觀性,又因對抗各方基於各自視角所進行的能動作用而具有不確定性。在戰爭中,作戰節奏所代表的並不僅僅是時間和速度的快慢,而是時間、空間、目的、目標、對手等多種因素綜合作用的體現。隨著作戰域的不斷拓展以及戰場認知決策能力的提升,未來智能化戰場可能由單純「快速秒殺」式的對時間一維性的簡單運用,逐步向政治、經濟、外交等多個維度領域和多個時空週期的綜合博弈、混合對抗轉變。作戰是敵我雙方的博弈,己方作戰節奏的好壞很大程度上要以對手為參照系。作戰節奏應始終聚焦對手,透過在各維域以各種形式改變敵我力量對比,獲取「不對稱」優勢,使得戰局形勢在能動的「以己之能製敵不能」和「己不能時抑敵之能」間的多種狀態下不斷向有利於我方的方向發展。

人機實現深度融合。從廣義上講,人機融合泛指一切人與機器根據各自特點優勢,密切協同開展作業的狀態和過程。隨著人工智慧技術特別是以ChatGPT為代表的多模態大模型的出現,為人機間的知識層面互動奠定了基礎,這在無形之中為作戰籌劃和作戰指揮帶來了新的機會。人作為智慧生物,具有其他器物無法比擬的創造性和思想性。相較於人類,機器的儲存、計算等能力則優勢明顯,具有響應速度快、環境適應性強等特徵。在當前技術條件下,人機融合智能中人的主導性,決定了人機融合作業的基本模式。機器只是作業的工具和實現手段,在一定程度上與作業人員共同成為作業主體,交互輸出也局限於幾個主要變量所限定的可預測變化,且與作業人員自身專業能力和經驗密切相關。隨著技術不斷完善,人的定位或將逐漸轉向宏觀控制,重點掌控戰爭發起時機、規模層次、樣式強度、進程發展、結束時機等戰略性關鍵內容和節點。人機融合的編組並不意味著二者在空間位置和物理上的硬耦合,而是透過機制化、工程化的業務流程和作業程序,圍繞發揮各自所長,實現動態自適應運行。

複雜要素相互關聯。現代戰爭是一個複雜巨系統,特別是在全局作戰、跨域作戰、分散式作戰的當下,圍繞著「殺傷網」的構建和要素級協同,廣域分佈的作戰力量實體、作戰平台、傳感器、武器等進一步解耦,作戰體系逐漸向「去中心」化發展。圍繞作戰目的,聚焦作戰目標,作戰體系中,立體網狀關聯的各種功能性作戰要素,以自組織、自適應方式快速重組聚合,動態形成閉合殺傷鏈。很難如從前一樣,在「偵、控、打、評」的各環節上逐一發現、識別和標定對手體系各標志性節點進而實現體系破擊。這種在力量組織和運行實施中的“黑盒”狀態,使得各方作戰行為的邏輯因果關系更趨“不可解釋性”,“看不懂的戰爭”效應更加凸顯。戰爭在很大程度上是人類思維的對抗,得益於智慧化決策系統的助力,未來戰爭在更廣闊的認知和資訊領域激烈對抗中,作戰意圖的不確定性進一步增大。從最初始的作戰目的,直至末端的作戰手段、作戰方式、力量運用等各方面,都可能出現「錯置」。因此,未來戰爭在戰役戰術層面將更加強調在主動變化中求得平衡,這對更好實現“你打你的,我打我的”,發揮己方優勢提出了更高要求。

2024年11月14日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-11-14&paperNumber=07&articleid=943398881

Chinese Military Comprehensive Observations of Intelligent Warfare: Focus on Anti-AI Operations During Intelligent Warfare

中國軍隊智慧化戰爭綜合觀察:聚焦智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

現代英語:

Focus on anti-AI operations in intelligent warfare

■ Kang Ruizhi and Li Shengjie

introduction

The extensive application of science and technology in the military field has caused profound changes in the form and mode of warfare. The military game between major powers is increasingly manifested in technological subversion and counter-subversion, surprise and counter-surprise, offset and counter-offset. To win the future intelligent war, we must not only continue to promote the deep transformation and application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, but also strengthen dialectical thinking, adhere to asymmetric thinking, innovate and develop anti-artificial intelligence combat theories and tactics, and proactively plan anti-artificial intelligence technology research and weapons and equipment research and development to achieve “breaking intelligence” and win, and strive to seize the initiative in future wars.

Fully understand the inevitability of anti-AI operations

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Contradiction”: “The law of contradiction of things, that is, the law of the unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of dialectical materialism.” Looking at the history of the development of military technology and its combat application, it has always been full of the dialectical relationship between attack and defense. The phenomenon of mutual game and alternating suppression between the “spear” of technology and the “shield” of corresponding counter-technology is common.

In the era of cold weapons, people not only invented eighteen kinds of weapons such as “knives, guns, swords, and halberds”, but also created corresponding “helmets, armor, and shields”. In the era of hot weapons, the use of gunpowder greatly increased the attack distance and lethality, but also gave rise to technical and tactical innovations represented by defensive fortifications such as “trench” and “bastion”. In the mechanized era, tanks shined in World War II, and people’s development of technical and tactical related to “tank armor” and “anti-tank weapons” continues to this day. In the information age, “electronic attack” and “electronic protection” around information control have set off a new wave of enthusiasm, and electronic countermeasures forces have emerged. In addition, there are countless opposing concepts in the military field such as “missiles” and “anti-missiles”, “unmanned combat” and “anti-unmanned combat”.

It should be noted that “anti-AI warfare”, as the opposing concept of “intelligent warfare”, will also gradually emerge with the extensive and in-depth application of intelligent technology in the military field. Prospective research on the concepts, principles and technical and tactical implementation paths of anti-AI warfare is not only a need of the times for a comprehensive and dialectical understanding of intelligent warfare, but also an inevitable move to seize the high ground of future military competition and implement asymmetric warfare.

Scientific analysis of anti-AI combat methods and paths

At present, artificial intelligence technology is undergoing a leapfrog development stage from weak to strong, and from special to general. From the perspective of its underlying support, data, algorithms, and computing power are still its three key elements. Among them, data is the basic raw material for training and optimizing models, algorithms determine the strategic mechanism of data processing and problem solving, and computing power provides hardware support for complex calculations. Seeking ways to “break intelligence” from the perspective of the three elements of data, algorithms, and computing power is an important method and path for implementing anti-artificial intelligence operations.

Anti-data operations. Data is the raw material for artificial intelligence to achieve learning and reasoning. The quality and diversity of data have an important impact on the accuracy and generalization ability of the model. There are many examples in life where artificial intelligence models fail due to minor data changes. For example, the face recognition model in the mobile phone may not be able to accurately identify the identity of the person because of wearing glasses, changing hairstyle or changes in the brightness of the environment; the autonomous driving model may also misjudge the road conditions due to factors such as road conditions, road signs and weather. The basic principle of implementing anti-data operations is to mislead the training and learning process or judgment process of the military intelligent model by creating “polluted” data or changing the distribution characteristics of the data, and use the “difference” of the data to cause the “error” of the model, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the military intelligent model. Since artificial intelligence models can conduct comprehensive analysis and cross-verification of multi-source data, anti-data operations should pay more attention to packaging false data information from multi-dimensional features to enhance its “authenticity”. In recent years, foreign militaries have conducted relevant experimental verifications in this regard. For example, special materials coating, infrared transmitting device camouflage and other methods are used to simulate the optical and infrared characteristics of real weapon platforms and even the engine vibration effects to deceive intelligent intelligence processing models; in cyberspace, traffic data camouflage is implemented to enhance the silent operation capability of network attacks and reduce the effectiveness of network attack detection models.

Anti-algorithm warfare. The essence of an algorithm is to describe a strategy mechanism for solving a problem in computer language. Since this strategy mechanism has a limited scope of adaptation, it may fail when faced with a wide variety of real-world problems. A typical example is Lee Sedol’s “God’s Move” in the 2016 man-machine Go match. After reviewing and analyzing the game, many professional Go players said that the “God’s Move” was not actually valid, but it worked for AlphaGo. Silva, the developer of AlphaGo, explained that Lee Sedol had hit an unknown loophole in the computer; there are also analyses that it may be that “this move” contradicts the Go logic of AlphaGo or is beyond its strategy learning range, making it unable to cope. The basic principle of implementing anti-algorithm warfare is to conduct logical attacks or logical deceptions against loopholes in the algorithm strategy mechanism and weaknesses in the model architecture to reduce the effectiveness of the algorithm. Anti-algorithm warfare should be combined with specific combat actions to achieve “misleading deception” against the algorithm. For example, drone swarm reconnaissance operations often use reinforcement learning algorithm models to plan reconnaissance routes. To address this situation, irregular or abnormal actions can be created to make the reward mechanism in the reinforcement learning algorithm model less effective or invalid, thereby achieving the goal of reducing its reconnaissance and search efficiency.

Anti-computing power operations. The strength of computing power represents the speed of converting data processing into information advantage and decision-making advantage. Unlike anti-data operations and anti-algorithm operations, which are mainly based on soft confrontation, the confrontation method of anti-computing power operations is a combination of soft and hard. Hard destruction mainly refers to the attack on the enemy’s computing power center, computing network facilities, etc., by cutting off its computing power to make it difficult for its artificial intelligence model to function; soft confrontation focuses on increasing the enemy’s computing power cost, mainly by creating a “fog” of war and data noise. For example, during combat, a large number of meaningless data such as images, audio, video, and electromagnetic are generated to contain and consume the enemy’s computing power resources, reducing the effective effect rate of its computing power. In addition, attacks can also be carried out on weak links in defense such as the support environment and supporting construction of computing power. The computing power center consumes huge amounts of electricity, and attacking and destroying its power support system can also achieve the effect of anti-computing power operations.

Proactively plan the construction of anti-AI combat capabilities

In any war, the right tactics are used to win. In the face of intelligent warfare, while continuing to promote and improve intelligent combat capabilities, it is also necessary to strengthen preparations for anti-AI operations, proactively plan theoretical innovations, supporting technology development, and equipment platform construction related to anti-AI operations, and ensure the establishment of an intelligent combat system that is both offensive and defensive, and integrated with defense and counterattack.

Strengthen the innovation of anti-AI combat theory. Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whether it is military strategic innovation, military scientific and technological innovation, or other military innovations, they are inseparable from theoretical guidance. We must persist in emancipating our minds, broadening our horizons, strengthening dialectical thinking, and using the innovation of anti-AI combat theory as a supplement and breakthrough to build a theoretical system of intelligent combat that supports and serves to win the battle. We must insist on you fight yours and I fight mine, strengthen asymmetric thinking, and provide scientific theoretical support for seizing battlefield control through in-depth research on anti-AI combat concepts, strategies and tactics, and effectively play the leading role of military theory. We must persist in the integration of theory and technology, enhance scientific and technological cognition, innovation, and application, open up the closed loop between anti-AI combat theory and technology, let the two complement and support each other, and achieve deep integration and benign interaction between theory and technology.

Focus on the accumulation of anti-AI military technology. Science and technology are important foundations for generating and improving combat effectiveness. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, the impact will be subversive, and may even fundamentally change the traditional war offense and defense pattern. At present, major countries in the world regard artificial intelligence as a subversive technology and have elevated the development of military intelligence to a national strategy. At the same time, some countries are actively conducting research on technologies related to anti-AI operations and exploring methods of AI confrontation, with the intention of reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s military intelligence system. To this end, we must explore and follow up, strengthen the tracking and research of cutting-edge technologies, actively discover, promote, and stimulate the development of technologies such as intelligent confrontation that have anti-subversive effects, seize the technological advantage at the beginning of anti-AI operations, and prevent enemy technological raids; we must also carefully select, focus on maintaining sufficient scientific rationality and accurate judgment, break through the technical “fog”, and avoid falling into the opponent’s technical trap.

Research and develop weapons and equipment for anti-AI operations. Designing weapons and equipment is designing future wars. What kind of wars will be fought in the future will determine what kind of weapons and equipment will be developed. Anti-AI operations are an important part of intelligent warfare, and anti-AI weapons and equipment will also play an important role on future battlefields. When developing anti-AI weapons and equipment, we must first keep close to battlefield needs. Closely combine combat opponents, combat tasks, and combat environments, strengthen anti-AI combat research, accurately describe anti-AI combat scenarios, and ensure that the demand for anti-AI combat weapons and equipment is scientific, accurate, and reasonable. Secondly, we must establish a cost mindset. The latest local war practices show that combat cost control is an important factor affecting the outcome of future wars. Anti-AI operations focus on interfering with and confusing the enemy’s military intelligence system. Increasing the development of decoy weapon platforms is an effective way to reduce costs and increase efficiency. By using low-cost simulations to show false targets to deceive the enemy’s intelligent reconnaissance system, the “brain-breaking” effect can be extended and amplified, and efforts can be made to consume its high-value strike weapons such as precision-guided missiles. Finally, we must focus on upgrading while building, using, and upgrading. Intelligent technology is developing rapidly and is updated and iterated quickly. We must closely track the opponent’s cutting-edge military intelligent technology applications, understand their intelligent model algorithm architecture, and continuously promote the application and upgrading of the latest anti-artificial intelligence technology in weapon platforms to ensure its efficient use on the battlefield.

現代國語:

關注智慧化戰爭中的反人工智慧作戰

■康睿智 李聖傑

引言

科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用,引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化,大國軍事博弈越來越表現為技術上的顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵消與反抵消。打贏未來智慧化戰爭,既要不斷推進人工智慧技術在軍事領域的深度轉化應用,還應加強辯證思維、堅持非對稱思想,創新發展反人工智慧作戰理論和戰法,前瞻佈局反人工智慧技術研究和武器裝備研發,實現「破智」制勝,努力把握未來戰爭主動權。

充分認識反人工智慧作戰必然性

毛澤東同志在《矛盾論》中指出:「事物的矛盾法則,即對立統一的法則,是唯物辯證法的最根本的法則。」縱觀軍事技術發展及其作戰運用歷史,從來都充滿了攻與防的辯證關系,技術之「矛」與相應反制技術之「盾」之間相互博弈、交替壓制的現象屢見不鮮壓制的現象屢見不鮮。

在冷兵器時代,人們不僅發明出「刀、槍、劍、戟」等十八般兵器,與之相應的「盔、甲、盾」等也被創造出來。熱兵器時代,火藥的使用大幅提升了攻擊距離和殺傷力,但同時也催生了以「塹壕」「棱堡」等防禦工事為代表的技術戰術創新。機械化時代,坦克在二戰中大放異彩,人們對「坦克裝甲」與「反戰車武器」相關技戰術的開發延續至今。資訊時代,圍繞制資訊權的「電子攻擊」與「電子防護」又掀起一陣新的熱潮,電子對抗部隊應運而生。此外,「導彈」與「反導」、「無人作戰」與「反無人作戰」等軍事領域的對立概念不勝枚舉。

應當看到,「反人工智慧作戰」作為「智慧化作戰」的對立概念,也必將隨著智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛深度運用而逐漸顯現。前瞻性研究反人工智慧作戰相關概念、原則及其技戰術實現路徑,既是全面辯證認識智慧化戰爭的時代需要,也是搶佔未來軍事競爭高地、實施非對稱作戰的必然之舉。

科學分析反人工智慧作戰方法路徑

目前,人工智慧技術正經歷由弱向強、由專用向通用的跨越式發展階段。從其底層支撐來看,數據、演算法、算力依舊是其三大關鍵要素。其中,數據是訓練和優化模型的基礎原料,演算法決定了數據處理與問題解決的策略機制,算力則為復雜計算提供硬體支撐。從數據、演算法、算力三個要素的角度尋求「破智」之道,是實施反人工智慧作戰的重要方法路徑。

反數據作戰。數據是人工智慧實現學習和推理的原始素材,數據的品質和多樣性對模型的準確度和泛化能力有重要影響。生活中因為微小數據變化而導致人工智慧模型失效的例子比比皆是。例如,手機中的人臉識別模型,可能會因人戴上眼鏡、改變發型或環境明暗變化等原因,而無法準確識別身份;自動駕駛模型也會因路況、路標及天氣等因素,產生對道路情況的誤判。實施反數據作戰,其基本原理是通過製造“污染”數據或改變數據的分佈特徵,來誤導軍事智能模型的訓練學習過程或判斷過程,用數據之“差”引發模型之“謬”,從而降低軍事智能模型的有效性。由於人工智慧模型能夠對多源數據進行綜合分析、交叉印證,反數據作戰應更加註重從多維特徵出發,包裝虛假數據信息,提升其「真實性」。近年來,外軍在這方面已經有相關實驗驗證。例如,利用特殊材料塗裝、紅外線發射裝置偽裝等方式,模擬真實武器平台光學、紅外特徵甚至是發動機震動效果,用以欺騙智能情報處理模型;在網絡空間,實施流量數據偽裝,以提升網絡攻擊靜默運行能力,降低網絡攻擊檢測模型的效果。

反演算法作戰。演算法的本質,是用計算機語言描述解決問題的策略機制。由於這種策略機制的適應範圍有限,在面對千差萬別的現實問題時可能會失效,一個典型例子就是2016年人機圍棋大戰中李世石的「神之一手」。不少職業圍棋選手復盤分析後表示,「神之一手」其實並不成立,但卻對「阿爾法狗」發揮了作用。 「阿爾法狗」開發者席爾瓦對此的解釋是,李世石點中了電腦不為人知的漏洞;還有分析稱,可能是「這一手」與「阿爾法狗」的圍棋邏輯相悖或不在其策略學習範圍內,導致其無法應對。實施反演算法作戰,其基本原理是針對演算法策略機制漏洞和模型架構弱點,進行邏輯攻擊或邏輯欺騙,以降低演算法有效性。反演算法作戰應與具體作戰行動結合,達成針對演算法的「誤導欺騙」。例如,無人機群偵察行動常採用強化學習演算法模型規劃偵察路徑,針對此情況,可透過製造無規則行動或反常行動,致使強化學習演算法模型中的獎勵機制降效或失效,從而達成降低其偵察搜尋效率的目的。

反算力作戰。算力的強弱代表著將資料處理轉換為資訊優勢和決策優勢的速度。不同於反數據作戰和反演算法作戰以軟對抗為主,反算力作戰的對抗方式是軟硬結合的。硬摧毀主要指對敵算力中心、計算網絡設施等實施的打擊,通過斷其算力的方式使其人工智能模型難以發揮作用;軟對抗著眼加大敵算力成本,主要以製造戰爭“迷霧”和數據噪聲為主。例如,作戰時大批量產生影像、音訊、影片、電磁等多類型的無意義數據,對敵算力資源進行牽制消耗,降低其算力的有效作用率。此外,也可對算力的支撐環境和配套建設等防備薄弱環節實施攻擊,算力中心電能消耗巨大,對其電力支援系統進行攻擊和摧毀,也可達到反算力作戰的效果。

前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰能力建構

凡戰者,以正合,以奇勝。面對智慧化戰爭,持續推進提升智慧化作戰能力的同時,也需強化對反人工智慧作戰的未雨綢繆,前瞻佈局反人工智慧作戰相關理論創新、配套技術發展和裝備平台建設,確保建立攻防兼備、防反一體的智慧化作戰體系。

加強反人工智慧作戰理論創新。科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力,軍事戰略創新也好,軍事科技創新也好,其他方面軍事創新也好,都離不開理論指導。要堅持解放思想、開闊視野,強化辯證思維,以反人工智慧作戰理論創新為補充和突破,建構支撐和服務打贏制勝的智慧化作戰理論體系。要堅持你打你的、我打我的,強化非對稱思想,通過對反人工智慧作戰概念、策略戰法等問題的深化研究,為奪取戰場制智權提供科學理論支撐,切實發揮軍事理論的先導作用。要堅持理技融合,增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力,打通反人工智慧作戰理論與技術之間的閉環迴路,讓兩者互相補充、互為支撐,實現理論與技術的深度融合和良性互動。

注重反人工智慧軍事技術累積。科學技術是產生和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎,有些技術一旦取得突破,影響將是顛覆性的,甚至可能從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。當前,世界各主要國家將人工智慧視為顛覆性技術,並將發展軍事智慧化上升為國家戰略。與此同時,也有國家積極進行反人工智慧作戰相關技術研究,探索人工智慧對抗方法,意圖降低對手軍事智慧系統效能。為此,既要探索跟進,加強對前沿技術的跟踪研究,積極發現、推動、催生智能對抗這類具有反顛覆作用的技術發展,在反人工智能作戰起步階段就搶佔技術先機,防敵技術突襲;還要精挑細選,注重保持足夠科學理性和準確判斷,破除技術“迷霧”,避免陷入對手技術陷阱。

研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備。設計武器裝備就是設計未來戰爭,未來打什麼仗就發展什麼武器裝備。反人工智慧作戰是智慧化戰爭的重要組成部分,反人工智慧武器裝備也將在未來戰場上發揮重要作用。在研發反人工智慧作戰武器裝備時,首先要緊貼戰場需求。緊密結合作戰對手、作戰任務和作戰環境等,加強反人工智慧作戰研究,把反人工智慧作戰場景描述準確,確保反人工智慧作戰武器裝備需求論證科學、準確、合理。其次要樹立成本思維。最新局部戰爭實踐表明,作戰成本控制是影響未來戰爭勝負的重要因素。反人工智慧作戰重在對敵軍事智慧系統的干擾與迷惑,加大誘耗型武器平台研發是一種有效的降本增效方法。通過低成本模擬示假目標欺騙敵智能偵察系統,可將「破智」效應延伸放大,力爭消耗其精確制導導彈等高價值打擊武器。最後要注重邊建邊用邊升級。智慧技術發展速度快、更新迭代快,要緊密追蹤對手前沿軍事智慧技術應用,摸準其智慧模型演算法架構,不斷推動最新反人工智慧技術在武器平台中的運用升級,確保其戰場運用的高效能。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16387159888.html

What is the Hotly Debated “Military Metaverse”? Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Team Explains

備受爭議的「軍事元宇宙」是什麼?中國軍事智慧作戰團隊解讀

現代英語:

As if overnight, “metaverse” suddenly became a hot word, and related concepts formed many hot topics.

With the development of technologies such as augmented reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, blockchain, and the iteration of terminal devices, the construction and evolution of the “metaverse” may far exceed people’s expectations, and a new Internet form of multi-dimensional, full-sensory, immersive human-computer interaction will hopefully become a reality.

Unveiling the Metaverse

The “Metaverse” allows users to freely travel between the real world and the virtual world. Produced by Lu Xintong

What is the Metaverse?

The term “Metaverse” comes from the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash. In the novel, humans live in a virtual three-dimensional world through “Avatars” (digital virtual incarnations). The author calls this space “Metaverse”.

From science fiction to reality, people have not yet reached an absolute consensus on what the metaverse is. Due to the evolution of the times and technological changes, the metaverse is still an evolving concept. Different participants are constantly enriching its definition in their own ways, and the characteristics and forms of the metaverse are also constantly changing. However, we can explore a little through the current presentation of the metaverse.

At present, “metaverse” concept products are mainly concentrated in online games, VR/AR, social networking and other fields.

Online games are widely considered by the industry to be the most likely field to realize the “metaverse” because they themselves have virtual scenes and players’ virtual avatars. Today, game functions have gone beyond the game itself, and the boundaries of games are expanding, and they are no longer just games.

A well-known singer held a virtual concert in the game “Fortress Night” with a virtual image, attracting more than 12 million players from all over the world to participate, breaking the boundary between entertainment and games; due to the impact of the epidemic, the University of California, Berkeley and the School of Animation and Digital Arts of Communication University of China coincidentally rebuilt their campuses in the sandbox game “Minecraft”. Students gathered together with virtual avatars to complete the “cloud graduation ceremony”, realizing the integration of virtual games and real social interactions.

The new generation of “VR social (virtual offline social)” has been gradually developing and becoming popular. It is a fusion of offline social (face-to-face in real life) and online social (through social software such as WeChat). Some well-known VR social platforms provide a free community environment, which not only becomes a place for players to conduct online activities and virtual face-to-face gatherings, but also becomes a social and cultural phenomenon closely related to the current concept of “metaverse”.

The above “metaverse slices” are all important explorations into the construction of the “metaverse”, and they explain in a variety of visible and tangible ways how the “metaverse” will change our real life.

In common research, the following consensus has been formed: “Metaverse” is a new type of Internet application and social form that integrates multiple new technologies and integrates virtual and real. It provides immersive experience based on extended reality technology, generates virtual scenes based on digital twins and 3D rendering technology, builds basic software and hardware services based on cloud computing, artificial intelligence and high-speed networks, and builds an economic system based on blockchain technology, closely integrating the virtual world with the real world in economic system, social system and identity system. At the same time, it allows each user to produce and edit content, and has complete self-driving and iteration capabilities.

The development direction of the “metaverse”

Today’s mobile Internet is actually still in a flat information interaction state, presented on mobile terminals through text, sound, pictures, and videos. Although news information, e-commerce, social chat, live video, etc. meet people’s needs for using the Internet, it is obviously impossible to achieve the effect of face-to-face communication and full sensory experience in real life through the mobile phone screen. With the development of society, people need more native and richer experience and interaction.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused people to move their lives from offline to online. This forced change has made people think more, discuss more, and pay more attention to the “metaverse”. In particular, the core feature of the “metaverse” is the immersive experience, which can turn a plane into a three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, real-time interactive space, greatly enriching and restoring the real physical world and various human relationships. Therefore, the “metaverse” is highly anticipated.

Looking at the development of information technology and media in the past, humans have constantly changed the way they perceive the world, and later began to consciously transform and reshape the world. From the newspaper era, the radio and television era, to the Internet era, and the mobile Internet era, the tools and platforms under the concept of “metaverse” are becoming increasingly complete, and the path to the “metaverse” is gradually becoming clearer.

Since 2020, Internet giants around the world have been closely planning around cutting-edge technologies such as augmented reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, and blockchain, and the door to the ultimate closed-loop ecosystem of the “metaverse” has been opened little by little. Today, when the “bonus” of mobile Internet users has reached its peak, many experts and scholars have stated that the “metaverse” will be the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet.

Just as it was difficult to accurately predict the development of the Internet 20 years ago, people cannot accurately predict the future form of the “metaverse”. However, combined with the current development trends of related industries, we can see that: the Internet has changed human life and digitized communication between people, while the “metaverse” will digitize the relationship between people and society; the technologies related to the “metaverse” will show gradual development, and single-point technological innovations will continue to appear and merge, approaching the ultimate form of the “metaverse” from all aspects of the industry; the “metaverse” will surge with massive user-generated content, while revealing the value of digital assets.

In a nutshell, the “metaverse” will profoundly change the organization and operation of the existing society in a way that integrates the virtual and the real, forming a new lifestyle that combines the virtual and the real, giving birth to a new social relationship that integrates online and offline, and giving new vitality to the real economy from a virtual dimension.

The future physical “metaverse” will be similar to the scene described in the science fiction movie “Ready Player One”: one day in the future, people can switch identities at any time and anywhere, freely shuttle between the real world and the virtual world, and study, work, make friends, shop, travel, etc. in the “metaverse”. Through immersive experience, the virtual world will be closer to and integrated into the real world.

In this virtual world, there will be self-evolving content and economic systems that always remain safe and stable, meeting the social needs of individuals.

The mediating role of the “metaverse”

“Imagine the ‘metaverse’ as a physical Internet, where you are not just watching content, but you are in it as a whole.” This is a vivid description. However, as it stands, the content of these “metaverses” that allow “everyone to be in it” is relatively scarce. It needs more content that can be independent, self-iterative, and multi-dimensional to attract users to participate in the experience and even creation.

The “metaverse” is bound to become a new platform for media content production. Content producers can transform the “micro-universe” into the “macro-universe” through rich content production. In the short term, the breakthrough of the “metaverse” is immersive content. With the development and penetration of the concept of “metaverse”, the integration of immersive virtual content (such as games, cartoons, etc.) and immersive physical content (such as media, social networking, film and television, etc.) will become higher and higher. In other words, the “metaverse” will play a greater role as a medium.

In September this year, Yu Guoming, a professor at the School of Journalism and Communication of Beijing Normal University, pointed out at the release conference of the “2020-2021 “Metaverse” Development Research Report” released by the New Media Research Center of the School of Journalism of Tsinghua University: “Today, the role played by the media is generally the provision of cognitive information, but the role of the media is completing a process from providing cognition to providing experience. The entire media and technology development from cognition to experience is a huge transformation. Once the goal of “metaverse” is established, it will play a directional role in communication technology, communication form, communication methods and even communication effects.” If the “metaverse” is the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet, then it is a super media channel that will show the ultimate form of media convergence and provide the best immersive experience.

Theoretically, the best communication experience must be based on real scenes. For example, when watching a football game, the ideal situation is to watch it in person on the field. In the “metaverse”, with the development of display interaction, high-speed communication and computing technology, it will become a reality to construct a communication scene that is infinitely close to reality. Users can become “witnesses” and “on-site observers” of news events in a three-dimensional, multi-sensory reception situation.

Therefore, “metaverse” media can realize true “multimediaization”, and various human senses such as vision, smell, hearing, taste, touch, etc. can play a role, and even fully develop and cooperate with each other to realize “immersive” media applications.

Today, media content is constantly evolving and innovating, and its development trend seems to be moving towards the concept of “metaverse”. Media content will no longer be limited to flat presentation methods such as TV, computer, and mobile phone screens. Media content production will consider holographic presentation more, focusing on creating an on-site environment and atmosphere to make users feel as if they are in the scene. Social interaction will no longer be limited to text comments. People can express their feelings in real time with voice and body movements, and communicate virtually face to face on the spot.

Imagine if news reports could restore the war scene and create a “battlefield metaverse” so that people could feel as if they were there and experience in real time the tremendous damage that war has caused to human civilization. This shock would further stimulate human society’s desire and yearning for peace, and media content would have a stronger influence and communication power.

現代國語:

來源:解放軍報 作者:戴斌 熊雄 孫浩 責任編輯:王鳳 2021-11-26 09:19:57
彷彿在一夜之間,「元宇宙」突然成為熱詞,相關概念形成許多熱點話題。

隨著擴展現實、數字孿生、3D渲染、雲計算、人工智慧、高速網絡、區塊鍊等技術的發展及終端設備的迭代,「元宇宙」建設和演變可能遠超人們的預期,多維度、全感官、沉浸式的人機交互新互聯網形態,將有望成為現實。

揭開「元宇宙」面紗

■戴斌 熊雄 孫浩

「元宇宙」可讓使用者自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界。 呂欣彤 制

何為“元宇宙”

“元宇宙”,英文為“Metaverse”。該字出自1992年的科幻小說《雪崩》。小說中,人類透過“Avatar”(數字虛擬化身),在一個虛擬三維世界中生活,作者稱這個空間為“Metaverse”,即“元宇宙”。

從科幻走進現實,人們對「元宇宙是什麼」還未能達成一個絕對標準的共識。因為時代的演變、技術的變革,“元宇宙”仍是一個不斷發展的概念,“一千個人眼中就有一千個哈姆雷特”,不同參與者以自己的方式不斷豐富著它的定義,“元宇宙”特徵和形態的可能性也在不斷變化。不過,我們可透過「元宇宙」現有的呈現形態來探究一二。

目前,「元宇宙」概念產品主要集中在網路遊戲、VR/AR、社交等領域。

網絡遊戲被業界普遍認為是最有可能實現「元宇宙」的領域,因為它本身就具有虛擬場景和玩家的虛擬化身。如今,遊戲功能已超越遊戲本身,遊戲邊界正在擴展,甚至不只是遊戲了。

知名歌手在遊戲《堡壘之夜》中,以虛擬形象舉辦一場虛擬演唱會,吸引了全球超過1200萬玩家參與其中,打破了娛樂與遊戲的邊界;因為疫情影響,美國加州大學伯克利分校、中國傳媒大學動畫與數字學院不約而同地在沙盤遊戲《我的世界》裡重建校園,學生們以虛擬化身齊聚一遊戲,實現虛擬化身和社交的現實主義。

新一代「VR社交(虛擬線下社交)」已逐漸發展和流行。它是線下社交(現實面對面)、線上社交(透過微信等社交軟件)的融合產物。一些知名VR社交平台,提供自由的社區環境,不僅成為玩家在線活動與虛擬面對面聚會的場所,也成了一種與目前「元宇宙」概念密切相關的社會文化現象。

以上這些“元宇宙切片”,都是對構建“元宇宙”的重要探索,用多種看得見、摸得著的方式,詮釋了“元宇宙”將如何改變我們的現實生活。

在通常研究中,一般形成了這樣的共識:「元宇宙」是整合多種新技術而產生的新型虛實融合的互聯網應用和社會形態。它基於擴展現實技術提供沉浸式體驗,基於數字孿生和3D渲染技術生成虛實場景,基於雲計算、人工智慧和高速網絡構建基礎軟件硬體服務,基於區塊鏈技術構建經濟體系,將虛擬世界與現實世界在經濟系統、社交系統、身份系統上密切融合。同時,允許每個用戶進行內容生產和編輯,並具備完整的自我驅動和迭代能力。

「元宇宙」發展走向

當今的移動互聯網,實際上仍是平面資訊互動狀態,透過文字、聲音、圖片、視頻方式在移動終端進行呈現。新聞資訊、電子商務、社群聊天、影片直播等形態,雖然滿足了人們使用網路的需求,但隔著手機螢幕,顯然無法達到現實生活中面對面交流、全感官體驗所能達到的效果。隨著社會發展,人們需要更原生和豐富的體驗與互動。

新冠疫情讓人們生活場景從線下更多地移到線上。這種被迫的轉變,讓大家對「元宇宙」有了更多思考、討論和關注。特別是「元宇宙」最核心的特徵,在於沉浸式體驗,它可將一個平面變成一個立體、多維、實時的交互空間,極大地豐富、還原真實物理世界和人類各種關系。因此,「元宇宙」被人們寄予厚望。

縱觀過往資訊科技和媒介的發展歷程,人類不斷改變認知世界的方法,乃至於後來開始有意識地改造和重塑世界。從報業時代、廣播電視時代,到互聯網時代、移動互聯網時代,「元宇宙」概念下的工具和平台日益完備,通往「元宇宙」的路徑逐漸清晰。

自2020年以來,各國互聯網大廠圍繞擴展現實、數字孿生、3D渲染、雲計算、人工智慧、高速網絡和區塊鍊等前沿科技,展開緊密佈局,通往「元宇宙」終極閉環生態的大門被一點點打開。在移動互聯網用戶「紅利」已經見頂的今天,不少專家學者表示,「元宇宙」將是下一代互聯網的終極形態。

如同20年前難以精準預測互聯網的發展一樣,人們也無法精準預判未來「元宇宙」的形態。但是,結合當今相關產業發展趨勢可以看到:互聯網改變人類生活,將人與人交流數字化,而「元宇宙」將把人與社會關係數字化;「元宇宙」相關技術將呈現漸進式發展,單點技術創新將不斷出現和融合,從產業各方面向「元宇宙」終極資產形態顯現;「元宇宙」將海量用戶創造內容,同時湧現價值。

概括地說,「元宇宙」將以虛實融合的方式,深刻改變現有社會的組織與運作,形成虛、實兩極的新型生活方式,催生線上、線下一體的新型社會關系,並從虛擬維度賦予實體經濟新的活力。

未來實體化的「元宇宙」,將類似於科幻電影《一級玩家》裡描述的場景:在未來的某一天,人們可隨時隨地切換身份,自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界,在「元宇宙」中學習、工作、交友、購物、旅遊等。透過沉浸式體驗,讓虛擬世界進一步接近並融入現實世界。

在這個虛擬世界裡,將有自我不斷發展的內容和經濟系統,並且始終保持安全穩定運行,滿足個體的社會需求。

「元宇宙」的媒介作用

「把『元宇宙』想像為一個實體互聯網,你在那裡不只是觀看內容,整個人都身在其中。」這是一個圖像描述。可就現狀而言,這些能讓“整個人都身在其中”的“元宇宙”,內容是相對匱乏的。它需要更多可以獨立成篇、自我迭代、多維立體地吸引用戶參與體驗甚至參與創作的內容。

「元宇宙」勢必成為媒體內容生產的嶄新平台。內容生產者透過豐富的內容生產,可將「小宇宙」演變成「大宇宙」。短期內,「元宇宙」的突破口是沉浸式內容。隨著「元宇宙」概念的發展與滲透,沉浸式虛擬內容(如遊戲、卡通等)與沉浸式實體內容(如媒體、社交、影視等)的融合程度將會越來越高。換句話說,「元宇宙」將發揮出更大的媒介作用。

今年9月,北京師範大學新聞與傳播學院教授喻國明在由清華大學新聞學院新媒體研究中心發布的《2020-2021年「元宇宙」發展研究報告》發布會議上指出:「如今給予所發揮的作用大體上都是認知方面的信息給予,但媒介的作用正在完成一個從給予整個認知體驗的過程。媒介和技術從認知發展到體驗是個巨大轉換,『元宇宙』這個目標一經確立,對傳​​播技術、傳播形態、傳播方法甚至傳播效果,都能起到一個定向作用。」如果說「元宇宙」是下一代互聯網的終極形態,那麼它就是一個超級媒體渠道,將展現媒體融合的終極形式,並給予最佳的沉浸式體驗。

從理論上講,最好的傳播體驗必然是基於真實場景。如看球賽,理想情形是在球場上親身觀看。在「元宇宙」裡,隨著顯示互動、高速通訊和計算技術的發展,建構無限逼近真實的傳播場景將成為現實,用戶能在立體化、多感官接收情境中,成為新聞事件的「目擊者」和「實地觀察者」。

因而,“元宇宙”媒體可實現真正的“多媒體化”,人類的各種感官如視覺、嗅覺、聽覺、味覺、觸覺等,都能發揮作用,甚至完全展開、相互配合,實現“沉浸式”的媒體應用。

當今媒體內容不斷進化和創​​新,其發展趨勢也似乎正在向「元宇宙」概念靠攏。媒體內容將不再侷限在電視、電腦、手機螢幕等平面式的呈現方式,媒體內容製作將更考慮全像呈現,重視營造現場環境氛圍,讓用戶有身臨其境之感。社交也將不再侷限於文字留言評論,可即時以語音、肢體動作來表達感受,現場虛擬化面對面交流。

設想一下,如果新聞報道能還原戰爭現場,打造“戰場元宇宙”,使人如身臨其境,實時感受到戰爭對於人類文明造成的巨大創傷,這份震撼會更能刺激人類社會對於和平的渴望與嚮往,媒體內容將具備更加強大的影響力和傳播力。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/gfjy_index/jt_214147/4899728888.html?big=fan