Category Archives: Asymmetric Warfare

Scientifically Understanding the “Innovation” in New Chinese Military Quality Combat Power

科學認識新中國軍隊素質戰鬥力的“創新”

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:何睿潔 責任編輯:尚曉敏 發布:2024-08-22 07:02

現代英語:

A deep understanding of the background, technical vision, tactics support and generation chain of new-quality combat power is a necessary prerequisite for building a new-quality combat power growth pole and promoting the construction of new-quality combat power in new domains. New-quality combat power is an overall capability that integrates comprehensive perception, real-time command and control, precise strike, full maintenance and protection, and focused support. It is concentrated in the “six new” aspects, namely new trends, new technologies, new equipment, new systems, new tactics, and new talents, representing a fundamental change in the form of war and the way of fighting.

New trends. The accelerated advancement of the world’s new military revolution covers all areas of war and the entire process of army building. Comprehensively understanding, actively adapting to, and proactively embracing the new military reforms are crucial to accelerating the effective supply of new-quality combat power. New-domain and new-quality combat power is a weather vane of military development in an era, a new growth point for military combat power, and a commanding height on the battlefield of the future. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, new domains and new types of combat forces represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, and unmanned intelligence are increasingly becoming key factors in accelerating the escalation of war forms and changing the rules of war. The combat power structure has changed from the traditional one based on manpower, firepower, and mobility to one based on information power, structural power, and intelligence power. These have put forward new requirements for the development of new types of combat power and pointed out new directions. The development of new types of combat power should not be delayed, and we cannot wait passively. We must be proactive, take the initiative, and fight proactively, otherwise we will miss the opportunity and even have a generation gap.

New technologies. Science and technology have always been the most active and revolutionary factors in military development. At present, new technologies in the military field cover multiple fields such as information technology, artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and cloud computing. The role of new technologies is not only reflected in improving the performance of a single weapon and equipment, but more importantly, it can integrate combat platforms and optimize the killing network, making battlefield information acquisition, transmission, and processing faster and more accurate, greatly improving the performance and intelligence level of weapons and equipment, and providing strong support for battlefield perception, command decision-making, coordinated operations, and system victory. Take artificial intelligence technology as an example. It can achieve real-time perception and advance prediction of battlefield situations through machine learning and big data analysis, effectively improving decision-making flexibility, battlefield control and combat success rate. Looking to the future, the development of new technologies will have a profound impact on the construction of weapons and equipment, innovation of combat styles, adjustment of organizational systems and the evolution of war forms, thereby accelerating the formation of new quality combat power with new principles and mechanisms.

New equipment. The innovation drive of military technology not only updates the types and performance of weapons and equipment, but also creates conditions for the emergence of new concept weapons in the future, greatly activating the supply side of new quality combat power. New equipment provides more diverse and more efficient means of operation for modern warfare. Compared with traditional equipment, new equipment has stronger information acquisition and processing capabilities. Advanced reconnaissance satellites and drones can obtain battlefield information in real time, providing commanders with accurate and timely intelligence support. High-performance computer systems and big data analysis technology also make information processing more efficient and accurate. New equipment has higher strike accuracy and efficiency. New equipment such as precision-guided weapons and smart ammunition can accurately identify targets, achieve precise strikes, and minimize collateral damage. New equipment has stronger battlefield survivability. The application of new protective equipment can reduce the probability of being detected and attacked by the enemy, ensure the safety of combat personnel and equipment, and effectively improve battlefield survivability. As the carrier of new technology, new equipment is the key to achieving a leap in new quality combat power.

New system. The new system is an innovation and reform of the military organizational structure to adapt to the needs of new quality combat power under the new war situation and technological background. Compared with the traditional system, the new system has distinct characteristics such as flatness, coordination, and adaptability. The flat structure of the new system breaks the traditional hierarchical organizational structure, reduces the level of information transmission, and improves decision-making efficiency and response speed; the new system strengthens cross-departmental coordination, and maximizes combat power through information sharing and resource integration among different departments; the new system has higher adaptability and can be quickly adjusted according to the war situation and combat needs, so as to better adapt to the complex and changing battlefield environment. As an important generation platform for new quality combat power, the new system plays an important supporting role in improving combat effectiveness and adaptability.

New tactics. New tactics refer to innovative and effective combat methods that adapt to new technologies and new equipment in the context of modern warfare. With the breakthrough of artificial intelligence technology, the “mast” of military intelligence has appeared on the “sea level” of the development of tactics. New tactics include the use of new tactics such as information warfare, psychological warfare, and public opinion warfare to achieve multi-domain deployment and full-dimensional offense and defense of battlefield situations; the use of new combat methods such as distributed operations and stealth operations to achieve the concealment and suddenness of combat actions; and the use of new combat modes such as joint operations and system operations to integrate and optimize combat forces. Compared with traditional tactics, new tactics have achieved innovations in strategy and tactics by using new technologies and new equipment. By optimizing operational processes and resource allocation, and focusing on flexible adjustment of strategy and tactics according to actual conditions, they can adapt to the ever-changing battlefield environment. The application of new tactics will promote the development of war in the direction of informatization and intelligence. Only by constantly adjusting and optimizing organizational structures and using new tactics to improve rapid response and coordinated combat capabilities can we be invincible in future wars.

New talents. Under the conditions of informatization and intelligence, military talents need to have higher information literacy, innovation ability and unity and cooperation ability to adapt to the needs of modern warfare. New talents should have comprehensive military theoretical knowledge and practical skills, and be proficient in modern weapons and equipment, so as to effectively deal with complex battlefield environments; they should have innovative thinking and the ability to solve difficult and blocked problems, be able to flexibly deal with various emergencies in war, and come up with effective combat plans to solve difficulties; they should have good unity and cooperation capabilities, and be able to communicate effectively with other parties, so as to form a good situation in which one party proposes coordination needs and the other parties actively cooperate. Therefore, we must regard the cultivation of new-domain and new-quality combat force talents as a long-term strategic project, strengthen demand guidance, optimize the training model, focus on shortcomings and weaknesses, implement classified incubation, strengthen practical experience, and scientifically regulate and use them.

The “six new” elements of new quality combat capability are interrelated and mutually reinforcing, and together they constitute a growth system for new quality combat capability. With the continuous advancement of science and technology and the accelerated evolution of the war situation, the connotation and extension of the “six new” elements will continue to expand and deepen, and new quality combat capability will become a key force in shaping future wars.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

現代國語:

何睿潔

深刻理解新質戰鬥力的產生背景、技術視野、戰法支撐和生成鏈路,是打造新質戰鬥力增長極,推進新域新質作戰力量建設的必要前提。新質戰鬥力是集綜合感知、即時指控、精確打擊、全維防護、聚焦保障於一體的整體能力,集中體現在「六新」上,即新趨勢、新技術、新裝備、新體制、新戰法、新人才,代表戰爭形態和作戰方式的根本變革。

新趨勢。世界新軍事革命的加速推進,涵蓋了戰爭和軍隊建設的各領域全過程,全面認識、積極適應、主動擁抱新軍事變革,對加速新質戰鬥力有效供給至關重要。新域新質作戰力量是一個時代軍事發展的風向標,是軍隊戰鬥力新的成長點、未來戰場的製高點。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看,以戰略預警、資訊控制、演算法攻防、無人智慧等為代表的新域新質作戰力量,日益成為加速戰爭形態升級、改變戰爭規則的關鍵性因素,戰鬥力結構從傳統的以兵力、火力、機動力為主,向以資訊力、結構力、智能力為主轉變,這些都給發展新質戰鬥力提出了新要求,也指出了新方向。發展新質戰鬥力事不宜遲,不能消極等待,必須積極主動,下好先手棋,打好主動仗,否則就會錯失良機,甚至出現代差。

新技術。科學技術歷來都是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。當前,軍事領域新技術涵蓋了資訊技術、人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、雲端計算等多個領域。新技術的作用不但體現在提升單一武器裝備的性能上,更重要的是它能夠整合作戰平台、優化殺傷網,使得戰場資訊獲取、傳輸、處理更加迅速準確,極大地提升了武器裝備的性能和智慧化水平,為戰場感知、指揮決策、協同作戰、體系製勝提供了強有力的支撐。以人工智慧技術為例,它能夠透過機器學習和大數據分析等技術手段,實現對戰場態勢的即時感知、超前預測,有效提高了決策彈性、戰場把控力和作戰制勝率。展望未來,新技術的發展將對武器裝備建設、作戰樣式創新、編制體制調整和戰爭形態演進產生深刻影響,從而加速形成具有新原理、新機理的新質戰鬥力。

新裝備。軍事科技的創新驅動,不但使武器裝備的種類和性能更新換代,也為未來新概念武器的出場創造條件,極大地激活了新質戰鬥力的供給側。新裝備為現代戰爭提供了更多樣、更有效率的作戰手段。與傳統裝備相比,新裝備資訊獲取與處理能力更強,先進的偵察衛星、無人機等能夠實時獲取戰場信息,為指揮員提供準確、及時的情報支持,高性能的計算機系統和大數據分析技術也使資訊處理更有效率、精確;新裝備打擊精準度與效率更高,精確制導武器、智慧彈藥等新裝備,能夠準確識別目標,實現精確打擊,最大限度地減少附帶損傷;新裝備戰場生存能力更強,新型防護裝備的應用,能夠降低被敵方探測和攻擊的機率,保障作戰人員和裝備的安全,有效提升戰場生存能力。新裝備作為新技術的載體,是實現新質戰鬥力躍升的關鍵。

新體制。新體制是在新的戰爭形態和科技背景下,為適應新質戰鬥力的需要而進行的軍事組織結構創新與變革。與傳統體制相比,新體制具有扁平化、協同性、適配性等鮮明特性。新體制的扁平化結構打破了傳統的層級組織結構,減少了資訊傳遞的層級,提高了決策效率和回應速度;新體制加強了跨部門協同,透過不同部門的資訊共享、資源整合,實現了戰鬥力的最大化;新體制具有更高的適配性,能夠根據戰爭形態和作戰需求進行快速調整,從而更好適應複雜多變的戰場環境。新體製作為新質戰鬥力的重要生成平台,對提升戰鬥效能和適應能力有重要支撐作用。

新戰法。新戰法是指在現代戰爭背景下,適應新技術、新裝備而形成的具有創新性和實效性的作戰方法。隨著人工智慧技術的突破,軍事智慧化的「桅桿」已經出現在戰法發展的「海平面」上。新戰法包括運用資訊戰、心理戰、輿論戰等新型戰法手段,實現戰場態勢的多域展開、全維攻防;運用分散式作​​戰、隱身作戰等新型作戰方式,實現作戰行動的隱蔽性和突然性;運用聯合作戰、體係作戰等新型作戰模式,整合及優化作戰力量。與傳統戰法相比,新戰法透過運用新技術和新裝備,實現了戰略和戰術層面的創新;透過優化作戰流程和資源配置,注重根據實際情況靈活調整戰略和戰術,能夠適應不斷變化的戰場環境。新戰法的應用將推動戰爭形態朝向資訊化、智慧化方向發展。只有不斷調整和優化組織結構,運用新戰法提升快速反應和協同作戰能力,才能在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

新人才。在資訊化智能化條件下,軍事人才需要具備更高的資訊素養、創新能力和團結協作能力,以適應現代戰爭的需求。新人才應具備全面的軍事理論知識和實戰技能,熟練掌握現代武器裝備,從而有效應對復雜的戰場環境;應具備創新思維和破解難點堵點問題的能力,能夠在戰爭中靈活應對各種突發情況,拿出有效的作戰方案破解困局;應具備良好的團結協作能力,能夠與其他各方有效溝通,從而形成一方提出協調需求、其餘各方積極配合的良好局面。因此,要把培養新域新質作戰力量人才作為長期策略工程,強化需求牽引、優化培養模式,緊盯短板弱項、實施分類孵化,加強實踐歷練、科學調控使用。

新質戰鬥力之「六新」相互關聯、相互促進,共同構成了新質戰鬥力的成長體系。隨著科技的不斷進步和戰爭形態的加速演變,「六新」的內涵和外延將不斷拓展和深化,新質戰鬥力將成為塑造未來戰爭的關鍵力量。

(作者單位:空軍工程大學)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16332788.html

Chinese Military “Studying the Military, Studying War, and Studying Fighting” Special Topic: Taking Control of the Initiative to Win Future Wars

中國軍隊「學軍事、學戰爭、學打仗」專題:掌控未來戰爭主動權

現代英語:

With the rapid development of emerging technologies and their widespread application in the military field, the war situation is evolving at an accelerated pace. To win future wars, we must not only have a long-term vision, but also be meticulous, grasp the pulse of the evolution of the war situation, understand the wars that may be fought in the future, and understand the new winning mechanism, so that we can make targeted preparations for military struggle and effectively control the initiative to win future wars.

Deeply understand the connotation and characteristics of future wars

Future wars will be informationized wars with intelligent features and advanced joint operations. Their characteristics are specifically reflected in the following four “highs”:

The application of high technology changes the winning mechanism. The long-range precision, intelligent, stealth and unmanned development of weapons and equipment has promoted the evolution of war to a higher level of confrontation. It is prominently reflected in three aspects: First, there is no victory without calculation. Powerful data, algorithms and computing power provide feasible conditions for realizing superb calculation, detailed calculation and multiple calculation. From the overall decision-making of strategic battles to the tactical calculation of force use, it is necessary to occupy the advantage of “calculation” and accumulate the odds of winning at each step to increase the probability of defeating the opponent. Second, there is no victory without connection. Future combat units will present the typical characteristics of being small, scattered and active. They will be reduced from large to small and deployed in a dispersed manner. Multi-domain forces, multiple modules and multiple combinations will be connected into an autonomous and integrated combat system to achieve the emergence of structural functions and exponential growth of combat effectiveness. Third, speed is the key to success. The extension and expansion of high-tech to the terminal elements of the military system has not only brought about faster information transmission and action speeds, but also faster decision-making and system operation. Once you lag behind the enemy by one step, you are likely to fall into the danger of having your “OODA” loop locked.

High-border competition raises security threats. In future wars, national borders are no longer simply defined by geographical borders. There are also “national borders” in public domains and shared domains such as the Internet, space, deep sea, polar regions, and disruptive technologies. To gain dominance in the high borders, the following four directions must be paid attention to: First, high-covert sabotage. Cyber ​​attacks “come and go without a trace”, high-covert weapon platforms “come and go freely”, and cognitive domain covert settings “imperceptibly”, creating a serious situation that the opponent cannot see, distinguish, or defend against. Second, high-energy destruction. High-energy weapons have long continuous combat time, fast firepower transfer speed, and short firepower interruption interval, which subverts the traditional concept of firepower strike. They can be carried on land-based, sea-based, air-based, and space-based multi-dimensional platforms, and the opponent’s defense faces great difficulties. The third is high-intelligence attack. The intelligent unmanned swarm combat force has “emerged as a different force” with strong penetration capability, strong survivability, and strong battlefield recovery ability. It has become an important force in future wars. The fourth is high-speed strike. The speed of strike weapons such as aerospace aircraft has exceeded Mach 20. The global rapid strike system of some countries can carry out rapid and precise strikes on any target in the world within an hour, greatly compressing the opponent’s reaction time. The traditional defense system is facing a dangerous situation of failure.

High-level opponents place more emphasis on planning. A well-thought-out plan leads to a successful outcome. At present, countries around the world are stepping up their efforts to innovate military theories, seeking strategic advantages and initiative in future wars, which is prominently reflected in four aspects: First, foresight. See who can study the next war more clearly and thoroughly, predict the future combat environment, develop new combat styles, and design the construction and use of military forces in advance. Second, execution. See who can transform, absorb, refine and sublimate more guiding combat ideas, and implement them to the end to better guide military practice. Third, technology. See who has stronger technical perception, understanding, and application, and can continuously improve equipment performance, innovate tactics and methods, and promote the innovation and development of combat theory. Fourth, compare autonomy. See who has more “unique hidden weapons” and “killer knives”, can form a unique theoretical advantage, and give opponents an asymmetric check and balance.

High-intensity games drive global confrontation. Future wars will be highly intense and generally have three characteristics: First, globality. Wars will involve land, sea, air, space, network, electromagnetic, and psychological cognition. The combat system will be vertically connected and horizontally integrated, and global mobile integrated operations will become the basic pattern. Second, it is holistic. Focusing on strategic goals, military actions are closely coordinated and linked with political, economic, and diplomatic struggles, focusing on building an integrated national strategic system and capabilities. Third, it is persistent. Especially in the game between major powers, no party is able to destroy or change the other party’s will in a short period of time. The ultimate manifestation of the war between major powers is the comparison of comprehensive national strength.

Scientifically calibrating the basic capabilities for winning future wars

Analyzing the inherent requirements of joint operations in the context of intelligence, four basic capabilities should be possessed to win future wars.

Strategic planning capabilities based on the overall situation of the times. A good warrior seeks the situation. To design future wars, we must have a deep understanding of the general trend and plan in the process of recognizing, responding to and seeking changes. First, we must be good at understanding the overall situation. We must be able to accurately judge the enemy and our friends based on the current situation, and plan the modernization of the military around the ultimate goal, strategic goal, and stage goal. We must also be able to see the essence through the phenomenon and the depth through the appearance, and engage in all-round game with powerful enemies around the red line, bottom line, and sideline, and always maintain strategic clarity and determination. Second, we must be good at forward-looking analysis and judgment. We must be able to predict and foresee national security risks, war threats, and strategic opponents to prevent the risks of strategic misguidance and process interruption, and we must also be able to keenly detect the direction of technological breakthroughs and mechanism mutations, and accelerate the generation of new quality combat capabilities before our opponents. Thirdly, we must be good at using technology. We must improve the sensitivity of science and technology, be able to seize it when “the top of the mast is just exposed”, plan the development of key technologies, core technologies, and cutting-edge technologies, focus on the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, and truly transform science and technology into combat power.

Combat planning capabilities based on intelligent technology. In future wars, rapid planning and decision-making will become the key to improving combat effectiveness. We must further promote the application of intelligent technology in combat planning and strive to improve the “three transformations”. The first is the digitization of analysis and judgment. Through data mining, intelligent identification, and auxiliary decision-making, we can sift through the massive amount of information, remove the dross and retain the essence, reduce the interference of subjective misjudgment, objectively and comprehensively present the situation, and improve the accuracy of planning and decision-making based on data analysis and judgment. The second is the intelligence of planning operations. Advanced technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and brain-like intelligence are deeply embedded in the entire process of case research, case preparation, case performance, and case revision. Force organization, action paths, and combat processes are intelligently designed based on combat objectives, and multiple sets of solutions are provided. Decision-making suggestions are provided to commanders through computer simulation and deduction, greatly improving the scientific and timely nature of combat planning. The third is the regularization of human-computer interaction. Adhere to the “man in the loop”, highlight the dominant position of commanders in the “OODA” loop, scientifically formulate human-computer interaction rules, constrain the autonomous scope of intelligent systems, and achieve a deep integration of command art and machine intelligence.

Based on the command and control capability of rapid optimization. In future wars, neither side will have an absolute advantage in the whole world. The key is to see who can seize the opportunity to instantly optimize and accurately release energy, and change the relationship between strength and weakness in a specific time and space. To this end, we must be sensitive to opportunities, grasp the battlefield situation in real time, accurately understand the battlefield situation, systematically analyze the opponent’s combat focus, core hubs, and key nodes, dynamically evaluate the difference in force advantages, study and judge the evolution of the situation, organically integrate the art of command and intelligent technology, and effectively grasp the window of advantage. We must make real-time action decisions, adapt to rapid battlefield changes, seize the window of advantage, quickly determine the target of attack based on the enemy’s and our own situation and the actual situation on the battlefield, aggregate multi-domain superior forces, flexibly implement combat organization, scientifically plan combat action task system, and make real-time decisions for precise energy release actions. We must conduct cross-domain collaborative control, adjust the interactive collaboration mode and combat control relationship of combat units in each domain in real time, flexibly adjust and optimize force organization, quickly distribute and update coordination rules, and realize multi-directional and multi-dimensional cross-domain, cross-medium, and cross-environment precise energy release. It is necessary to connect the system at all times and build a full-domain, multi-level information assurance system that can sense network damage in real time, restore network connectivity immediately, provide safe, smooth, and uninterrupted protection, and effectively support the efficient operation of the joint combat system.

System combat capability based on full-domain integration. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, and full-process system confrontations, which require full-domain integrated system combat capabilities. The first is multi-source energy-gathering reconnaissance. Adhere to full-domain reconnaissance, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, and build a large-region joint reconnaissance intelligence system with multi-dimensional integration, full-domain coverage, highlighting key points, and deep integration of intelligence information. The second is wide-area joint deterrence. Have the ability to continuously deter opponents in space, cyberspace, deep sea, polar regions and other fields. The third is cross-domain joint action. Improve the level of field deployment, strengthen the ability to communicate in motion, promote modular and standardized construction, realize the dynamic deployment of combat forces, and improve command coordination and cross-domain delivery capabilities. The fourth is autonomous precision killing. Establish a flexible, dynamically matched, autonomously coordinated, and multi-layered firepower network, seize the opponent’s pain points and weaknesses, and focus on customizing and creating a multi-domain killing chain. Fifth, integrated support. Efficiently respond to the support needs of various domains, intelligently plan support resources, improve the strategic storage layout of combat materials, expand the pre-positioned storage network for campaigns, and enhance the long-term self-support capabilities of tactical-level combat units. Sixth, rapid mobilization support. Adapt to the suddenness and fast pace of war, improve the demand response mechanism, quickly aggregate resources and strength from all parties, and quickly transform war potential into actual combat power.

Actively prepare to win future wars

Focus on building a combat theory system that will lead future wars. Focusing on the modernization of military theory and guided by the military strategic policy of the new era, accelerate the construction of a combat theory system that can lead future war preparations. Focus on powerful enemies, stick to core missions, aim at future wars, and develop combat concepts and supporting concepts in all fields and directions. With combat concepts as the core, systematically develop combat theories to turn abstract combat concepts into concrete combat guidance that can be understood and accepted by the troops, thereby leading to practical innovations in joint combat command, combat capability requirements, joint combat training, joint combat support, and joint campaign tactics.

We should focus on building a new force system that can face war directly. New combat forces are an important growth point for combat effectiveness. We should strengthen system planning, take the initiative and fight proactively. We should keep a close eye on the frontier direction and the direction of assault, develop new weapons, and form combat capabilities in an organized manner. In addition, we should strengthen the construction of capabilities in emerging fields and strive to seize the initiative in military competition.

We must focus on building an intelligent network information system to support future wars. We must adhere to forward-looking layout, iterative advancement, and integrated development, and continuously improve the level of “network information + intelligence”. We must optimize system functions, build a “combat cloud” with real-time online response, and integrate multifunctional modules such as battlefield situation perception, command decision-making, action control, and combat support. We must promote resource sharing, establish an information grid that integrates the military and civilians, the sky and the earth, and multiple domains, strengthen the development and application of mobile communication systems, and improve the ability of mobile communication, broadband communication, and reliable communication. We must highlight independent innovation, strengthen the research and development of core technologies and products, and accelerate the transformation and application of technologies such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and quantum information in the military field.

We will focus on improving the joint training system for rehearsing future wars. In accordance with the strategic requirements of building a new military training system, we will strengthen system training, confrontation training, and forward-looking training. In terms of training guidance, we will focus on the basic capabilities required to win future wars, and emphasize strategic planning, combat planning, command and control, and combat coordination training, and establish a “weather vane” for leading training with war in mind and training for war. In terms of training content, we will accurately grasp the winning mechanism of future wars, emphasize calculation in combat planning, coordination in command and control, speed in joint tactics, and intelligence in command confrontation, and establish a training content system with multi-layer connection, multi-domain coverage, and complete supporting facilities. In terms of training mode, we will follow the requirements of all-domain joint warfare in future wars, adhere to the precision control of the whole process of domain-based training, cross-domain coordination of multi-domain segmented training, and unified command of all-domain integrated training. In terms of training support, we will use intelligent simulation technology to vigorously strengthen simulation training and virtual confrontation training based on combat scenarios and powerful enemies, and conduct rehearsal practices in the context of war as realistically as possible.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

隨著新興技術的快速發展及其在軍事領域的廣泛應用,戰爭形態呈現加速演變趨勢。制勝未來戰爭,既要登高望遠,又須細致入微,把準戰爭形態演變的脈搏,把未來可能要打的仗弄明白,把新制勝機理搞清楚,方能有針對性地做好軍事鬥爭準備,有效掌控打贏未來戰爭主動權。

深刻掌握未來戰爭內涵特徵

未來戰爭,是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭,是高級階段的聯合作戰,其特徵具體體現在以下四「高」:

高技術應用改變制勝機理。武器裝備的遠程精準化、智慧化、隱身化、無人化發展,推動戰爭朝向更高層次的對抗演進。突出體現在三個面向:一是無算不勝。強大的數據、演算法、算力,為實現高超的廟算、細算、多算提供了可行條件,大到戰略戰役全局決策、小到力量運用戰術計算,必須佔據「算」的優勢,積累每一步的勝算,才能增大戰勝對手的機率。二是無聯不勝。未來作戰單元呈現小、散、活的典型特點,化大為小、分散部署,多域力量、多個模塊、多種組合,聯結成自主融合的作戰體系,實現結構性功能湧現、作戰效能指數級增長。三是無快不勝。高新技術向軍事體系末端要素延伸拓展,帶來的不僅是資訊傳輸速度和行動速度變快,還有決策速度更快、體系運轉更快,一旦慢敵一步就很可能陷入「OODA」環被鎖死的險境。

高邊疆爭奪推高安全威脅。未來戰爭,國家邊疆已不再簡單用地理邊疆來定義,網絡、太空、深海、極地、顛覆性科技等公域、共域也存在著「國家邊疆」。要佔據高邊疆主導權,以下四個方向必須引起關注:一是高隱破壞。網絡攻擊“來無影去無踪”,高隱身武器平台“來去自如”,認知域隱蔽設局“潛移默化”,給對手造成看不見、辨不明、防不住的嚴峻局面。二是高能摧毀。高能量武器持續作戰時間長、火力轉移速度快、火力中斷間隔短,顛覆傳統火力打擊概念,可以搭載至陸基、海基、空基、天基多維平台,對手防禦面臨極大困難。三是高智破襲。智慧無人集群作戰力量“異軍突起”,突防能力強、生存能力強、戰場恢復能力強,已成為未來戰爭的重要力量。四是高速打擊。空天飛機等打擊武器速度已超20馬赫,部分國家的全球快速打擊系統可在一小時內對全球任何目標實施快速精確打擊,極大壓縮了對手反應時間,傳統防禦系統面臨失效的危險局面。

高水準對手更重計高一籌。計熟事定,舉必有功。當前,世界各國紛紛加強軍事理論創新力度,謀求未來戰爭的戰略優勢與主動,突顯為四比拼:一是比前瞻。看誰把下一場戰爭研究得更清楚、更透徹,能夠預測未來作戰環境,開發新的作戰樣式,超前設計軍事力量建設與運用。二是比執行。看誰能夠轉化吸收、提煉升華更具指導性的作戰思想,並且貫通到底,更好地指導軍事實踐。三是比技術。看誰技術感知力、理解力、運用力更強,能夠不斷提升裝備性能,創新戰術戰法,促進作戰理論革新發展。四是比自主。看誰掌握更多的“獨門暗器”和“撒手鐧”,能夠形成獨特的理論優勢,給對手非對稱制衡。

高強度博弈帶動全局對抗。未來戰爭對抗賽局將是高強度的,一般有三個特性:一是全域性。戰爭將涉及陸地、海洋、空中以及太空、網絡、電磁和心理認知等領域,作戰系統縱向貫通、橫向融合,全局機動一體化作戰成為基本樣式。二是整體性。圍繞著戰略目的,軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交等爭爭緊密配合、協調聯動,著重於建構一體化國家戰略體系與能力。三是持久性。尤其是大國間博弈,任何一方都無力在短暫摧毀或改變對方意志,大國戰爭最終體現的是綜合國力的較量。

科學標定打贏未來戰爭基本能力

從智慧化背景下聯合作戰的內在要求分析,打贏未來戰爭應具備四個面向基本能力。

基於時代大局的戰略謀劃能力。善戰者,求之於勢。設計未來戰爭要深刻掌握大勢,在識變應變求變中運籌謀劃。首先,要善於洞悉全局。既要能基於時勢準確判斷敵我友,圍繞終極目標、戰略目標、階段目標佈局謀劃軍事現代化發展,也要能夠透過現像看本質、透過表像看深層,圍繞紅線、底線、邊線與強敵對手展開全方位博弈,始終保持戰略清醒與定力。其次,要善於前瞻研判。既要能夠對國家安全風險、戰爭威脅、戰略對手預知預判,防止出現戰略誤導、進程打斷的風險,也要能夠敏銳察覺科技突襲方向、機理突變方向,趕在對手之前加快生成新質作戰能力。再次,要善於運用科技。提昇科技的敏銳度,能夠在「桅桿頂剛剛露出的時候」就抓住它,佈局發展關鍵技術、核心技術、前沿技術,注重科技成果轉化運用,真正把科學技術轉化為戰鬥力。

基於智慧技術的作戰籌劃能力。未來戰爭,快速籌劃決策成為提升作戰效能的關鍵點,要深入推進智慧技術在作戰規劃中的應用,努力提升「三化」水準。一是分析判斷數據化。透過資料探勘、智慧識別、輔助決策等手段,對海量資訊進行去粗取精、去偽存真,減少主觀誤判幹擾,客觀全面呈現態勢,做到基於數據分析研判,提高籌劃決策精準度。二是籌劃作業智能化。將機器學習、深度學習、類腦智能等先進技術,深度嵌入研案、制案、演案、修案全過程,依據作戰目標智能設計力量編組、行動路徑、作戰過程,提供多套方案,通過電腦模擬推演為指揮者提供決策建議,大幅提升作戰規劃的科學性時效性。三是人機互動規則化。堅持“人在迴路”,突出指揮員在“OODA”環上的主導地位,科學制定人機交互規則,約束智能係統自主範圍,實現指揮藝術與機器智能的深度融合。

基於快速聚優的指揮控制能力。未來戰爭,對抗雙方都沒有全局全時的絕對優勢,關鍵看誰能夠搶先一步即時聚優、精準釋能,改變特定時空的強弱優劣關系。為此,要敏銳捕捉戰機,即時掌握戰場情況,準確理解戰場態勢,系統分析對手作戰重心、核心樞紐、關鍵節點,動態評估力量優勢差,研判態勢演進圖,有機融合指揮藝術與智能科技,有效把握優勢窗口。要即時行動決策,適應戰場快速變化,緊緊抓住優勢窗口,根據敵我態勢和戰場實際,快速確定打擊目標,聚合多域優勢力量,靈活實施作戰編組,科學規劃作戰行動任務體系,實現精準釋能行動的即時決策。要跨域協同控制,即時調整各域作戰單元互動協作方式、作戰控制關系,靈活調整優化力量編組,快速分發更新協同規則,實現多方向多維度跨域、跨介質、跨環境的精準釋能。要隨時聯通體系,構建覆蓋全領域、多層級的資訊保障體系,能夠實時感知網絡受損情況,即時恢復網絡通聯,提供安全、暢通、不間斷的保障,有效支撐聯合作戰體系高效運轉。

基於全域融合的體係作戰能力。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗,需要具備全域融合的體係作戰能力。一是多源聚能偵察。堅持全域偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證,建構多維一體、全域覆蓋、突出重點、情報資訊深度融合的大區域聯合偵察情報體系。二是廣域聯合威懾。具備在太空、網路空間、深海、極地等領域持續嚇阻對手的實力。三是跨域聯合行動。提升野戰化部署水平,強化動中通聯能力,推進模塊化標準化建設,實現作戰力量動態部署,提升指揮協同和跨域投送能力。四是自主精準殺傷。建立彈性靈活、動態匹配、自主協同、多層銜接的火力網,抓住對手痛點弱處,重點訂定打造多域殺傷鏈。五是綜合一體保障。有效率回應各域保障需求,智慧規劃保障資源,完善作戰物資戰略儲備佈局,擴大戰役預置儲備網點,增強戰術級作戰單元長時自我保障能力。六是快速動員支援。適應戰爭突然性強、節奏快的要求,完善需求響應機制,快速聚合各方資源與力量,迅速將戰爭潛力轉變為現實戰鬥力。

積極做好打贏未來戰爭各項準備

著力建構引領未來戰爭的作戰理論體系。圍繞著實現軍事理論現代化,以新時代軍事戰略方針為統領,加速建立能夠引領未來戰爭準備的作戰理論體系。聚焦強敵對手、緊貼核心使命、瞄準未來戰爭,發展各領域各方向作戰概念和支撐概念。以作戰概念為內核,體系發展作戰理論,使抽象的作戰概念變為具體化的作戰指導,能夠被部隊理解和接受,進而牽引聯合作戰指揮、作戰能力需求、聯合作戰訓練、聯合作戰保障、聯合戰役戰法等方面的實踐創新。

著力建強直面戰爭的新質力量體系。新質作戰力量是戰鬥力重要成長點,要加強系統謀劃,下好先手棋、打好主動仗。既要緊盯前緣方向,更要緊盯突襲方向,發展新型武器,成建制形成作戰能力。此外,還要加強新興領域能力建設,努力奪取軍事競爭主動權。

著力建設支撐未來戰爭的智慧化網絡資訊體系。堅持前瞻佈局、迭代推進、融合發展,不斷提升「網絡資訊+智慧化」水準。要優化體系功能,構建實時在線響應的“作戰雲”,融合集成戰場態勢感知、指揮決策、行動控制、作戰保障等多功能模塊。要推進資源共享,建立軍民一體、天地一體、多域一體的資訊柵格網,加強行動通訊系統開發運用,提高動中通聯、寬帶通聯、可靠通聯能力。要突顯自主創新,加強核心技術與產品研發,加速大數據、雲端計算、人工智慧、量子資訊等技術在軍事領域的轉化運用。

著力完善預演未來戰爭的聯合訓練體系。依照建構新型軍事訓練體系的戰略要求,加強體系練兵、對抗練兵、前瞻練兵。在訓練指導上,圍繞打贏未來戰爭所需基礎能力,突顯抓好戰略謀劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制、作戰協同訓練,確立以戰領訓、向戰抓訓的「風向標」。在訓練內容上,準確掌握未來戰爭制勝機理,作戰籌劃突出算、指揮控制突出聯、聯合戰術突出快、指揮對抗突出智,建立多層銜接、多域覆蓋、配套完善的訓練內容體系。在訓練模式上,遵循未來戰爭全局聯合要求,堅持分域全程練精準控制、多域分段練跨域協同、全局融合練一體指揮。在訓練保障上,運用智慧模擬技術,大力加強基於作戰場景、強敵對手的模擬模擬訓練和虛擬對抗訓練,盡可能逼真地進行戰爭背景下的預演實踐。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/489870888.html

Chinese Military Comprehensively Improving Scientific and Technological Cognition of Strategic Capabilities

國軍全面提升戰略能力科技認知

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2024年6月3日 星期一

現代英語:

War is a confrontation of material forces, but also a contest of ideological cognition. To implement President Xi’s new requirements for comprehensively improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields, we must grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological cognition, focus on the new trend of accelerating the new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution, focus on strengthening the army and winning wars, and strengthen the research and exploration of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies in emerging fields. With a deep understanding of the nature and laws of science and technology, we will master the initiative to achieve high-quality development of military construction and win military competition and future wars, transform scientific and technological cognition into a real ability to design and win wars, and accelerate and gain new advantages in strategic areas.

(one)

Only by understanding the times can we understand war. In the era when scientific and technological revolutions and military revolutions are integrated and intersecting, and science and technology have become the core combat power of modern warfare, improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields will help us understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, better control information-based and intelligent warfare, achieve overtaking in new fields and new tracks, win military competitive advantages with scientific and technological advantages, and win future high-tech wars.

Leading military reform and seizing the commanding heights. The wise hear what is silent, and the wise see what is not yet formed. Only by keenly observing the development trends of science and technology in emerging fields and expanding the cognitive boundaries in the field of strategic frontier technologies can we see what is not yet born and recognize what is not yet developed, take the initiative and fight proactively, and lead the revolutionary transformation and development of military elements. In today’s era, emerging technologies represented by artificial intelligence have emerged in a “blowout” manner, leading and promoting the rapid development of military intelligence at an unprecedented speed, triggering chain breakthroughs in the military field, and leveraging a fundamental change in the war pattern. Technological innovation has always been a race between time and speed. Faced with the strong momentum of military technological development in emerging fields, we must strive to seize the initiative and gain advantages. We must accurately grasp the technological trends of the times, dare to stand at the forefront of human warfare and technological development, and grasp the basic laws of technological development and evolution in the long river of history and the global perspective. We must accurately identify new goals, new fields, and new heights for the development of military science and technology, find breakthroughs in the development of military science and technology in a timely manner, and dare to advance into the “no man’s land” of military scientific and technological innovation, seize the strategic commanding heights of military technology competition, and lead the military revolution to achieve new breakthroughs and leaps with new thinking and concepts.

Leading military competition to gain the initiative. The level of cognition ultimately determines the pattern of military competition. At present, the frontier positions and strength competition of world military competition have extended to emerging fields, and seizing technological advantages has become a strategic move to seek military advantages. In the fierce competition of technological subversion and counter-subversion, raid and counter-raid, offset and counter-offset, scientific and technological cognition has become a key variable that determines the outcome of military games. If there is a gap in scientific and technological cognition, there is a risk of being surpassed by the opponent’s new technological combat force. If there is a technological gap in shaping new quality combat power, it will be difficult to “change the rules of competition” to form a military competitive advantage. Recent local wars and armed conflicts in the world have shown that whoever has the strategic capability and scientific and technological cognition of emerging fields ahead of the opponent and uses technology to empower combat power can control the battlefield situation and achieve a fundamental change in the winner and loser. In the increasingly fierce world military game, in order to seize the initiative in the development of military science and technology in emerging fields and occupy a favorable position of overlooking from a high position, it is necessary to enhance the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, keep a close eye on changes in science and technology, changes in war, and changes in opponents, plan according to the situation, act in response to the situation, follow the trend, make advance arrangements and plans, ensure that unique advantages are formed in some important areas, and win the initiative in military games.

Leading the strong army to win the war and win the future war. Practice determines cognition, which is the source and motivation, purpose and destination of cognition. The scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is to promote scientific and technological innovation and the application of science and technology as the practice direction. The fundamental focus is to create a new quality combat power growth pole. The main purpose is to seize the commanding heights of strategic competition, seize the initiative in war, and ultimately win the future war. At present, the development of emerging fields is showing a trend of in-depth advancement in all directions and fields, and the frequency of dynamic iteration and update of science and technology is accelerating. To forge a new quality combat power with a new killing mechanism and improve the scientific and technological content of national defense and military modernization, we must deeply grasp the key areas of scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields, grasp the new characteristics of cross-integration of scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields, focus on creating a new quality combat power growth pole, vigorously promote independent innovation and original innovation, eliminate backward technologies that are not adapted to the changes in the war form, adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, improve the application of military scientific and technological innovation, comprehensively enhance the strategic capabilities in emerging fields, and win the battle to achieve the goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army as scheduled.

(two)

Improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a very complex rational thinking process of subjective insight into objectiveness. We should scientifically and accurately grasp the essential attributes and characteristics of scientific and technological innovation and development in emerging fields, and know both the facts and the reasons. We should focus on improving the three abilities of scientific and technological foresight, discrimination, and understanding in the strategic capabilities of emerging fields, and form a scientific cognitive ability system that supports, cooperates with, and influences each other, so as to provide strong support for comprehensively improving the strategic capabilities in emerging fields.

Aiming at future wars, we should enhance our scientific and technological foresight. Emerging fields are one of the main battlefields of future wars. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, the impact will be subversive, and may even fundamentally change the form and mode of war, and fundamentally change the traditional offensive and defensive pattern of war. Science and technology have never had such a profound impact on military construction and the outcome of wars as today. If the scientific and technological cognition is narrow and there is a lack of strategic foresight and prediction of cutting-edge technologies in emerging fields, it may not understand the opponent, the war, let alone win the future war. During the Gulf War, Iraq’s mechanized steel torrent lost to the US military’s precision-guided weapons. One of the important reasons was the gap in the scientific and technological cognition of the two in strategic capabilities in emerging fields. To let thoughts reach tomorrow’s battlefield directly, we must improve our scientific and technological cognition, closely follow the development direction of the world’s advanced military science and technology, keep abreast of the latest developments in cutting-edge science and technology, scientifically predict the development trend of science and technology, make full use of data mining and other technologies, comprehensively judge the revolutionary impact of high-tech development on war, take the lead in laying out emerging combat fields, develop a series of high-tech weapons and equipment, accelerate the scientific and technological empowerment of combat effectiveness, and provide a solid material foundation for winning future wars.

Keep a close eye on how to defeat powerful enemies and improve your ability to discern science and technology. War is a life-and-death confrontation between the enemy and us, and emerging fields are the top priority for the struggle between the two sides. Improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is the fundamental strategy to prevent technological surprise attacks and avoid technological traps. In order to seize the initiative in war, powerful enemies have always not only used their unique high-tech weapons and equipment to surprise their opponents, putting them in a passive and unfavorable situation, but also used a more dangerous trick of carefully setting up technical traps and implementing strategic fraud. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union fell into the strategic deception trap of the US “Star Wars Plan”, which accelerated the decline of its national strength. To persist in targeting strong enemies and winning battles, we must improve the scientific and technological discernment of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, closely follow the technological frontiers of strong enemies, formulate breakthrough strategies for building strategic capabilities in emerging fields, and maintain a high degree of technical acumen and discernment of some of the so-called new technologies and new concepts hyped by strong enemies. We must be good at distinguishing the authenticity of technology, weighing the pros and cons of development and the extent of their impact, and persist in developing strategic resources in emerging fields based on national conditions and military situation, so that the results of military scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields can better empower the decision-making chain, command chain and combat effectiveness generation chain.

Mastering the winning strategy improves the understanding of science and technology. The key to strengthening the army and winning the war is to master the winning strategy. In the context of the deep coupling of modern science and technology with the military, understanding and mastering science and technology has become an essential ability to understand war, design war, and win war. From the perspective of human military history, it is precisely because of the thorough understanding of the principles of aviation technology and space technology that Douhet’s “air supremacy” theory, Graham’s “high frontier” theory and other war theories have been produced. Similarly, if there is a lack of thorough understanding of new technologies such as human-machine collaboration, group intelligence openness, and autonomous control of artificial intelligence, it will be impossible to master the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and explore new theories and tactics of intelligent warfare. Technology determines tactics. To win future wars, we must focus on thinking about wars from a scientific and technological perspective, understand the impact of scientific and technological development in emerging fields on wars, learn from and absorb the latest achievements in military and scientific and technological innovation of the world’s powerful countries, research and explore the internal mechanisms of high-tech in emerging fields that support modern warfare, and explore how to use scientific and technological concepts and thinking to accurately grasp the laws of winning wars, how to use advanced scientific and technological means to strengthen the construction of new-quality combat effectiveness, how to design wars based on scientific and technological principles, and how to transform scientific and technological advantages into capability advantages, and use the “key” of scientific and technological thinking to open the “door” to victory.

(three)

Comprehensively improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a long-term, systematic strategic project. We must deeply understand and implement the spirit of President Xi’s important instructions, take improving the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers as a basic task, and enhance the scientific and technological cognition of officers and soldiers with a high sense of mission, scientific thinking concepts, and effective methods and paths, in order to comprehensively enhance strategic capabilities in emerging fields and lay a solid foundation for the high-quality development of our military.

Accelerate the transformation of ideas and concepts. The wise change with the times, and the knowledgeable make decisions based on the situation. While the emerging military science and technology is transforming the objective world, it is also profoundly changing people’s subjective world, forming a subversive impact on the traditional war-winning mechanism and way of thinking. The inherent requirement is that we must change our ideas and concepts to improve our scientific and technological cognition. Engels pointed out: “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around… we need newer and braver minds.” Whoever is conservative, conservative, and self-contained will miss precious opportunities, fall into strategic passivity, and even miss a whole era. We must emancipate our minds and update our concepts, actively adapt to the development trend of military changes in the world today, keenly perceive the military ideological innovation brought about by the technological revolution, have the courage to change the mindset of mechanized warfare, break the ideological constraints of conservatism, and firmly establish a new thinking of information-based and intelligent warfare, establish a new concept of strengthening the army and winning with science and technology, focus on understanding the new face of war, discovering new characteristics of war, and revealing new laws of war from a scientific and technological perspective, and strive to raise the level of war cognition to a new height.

Cultivate the foundation of scientific and technological literacy. Scientific and technological literacy is the ability to scientifically understand and describe the objective world and the ability of scientific thinking. The depth of scientific and technological literacy fundamentally determines the level of scientific and technological cognition. If you don’t understand science and technology or your scientific and technological literacy is not high, you will be like looking at flowers in the fog and the moon in the water when it comes to modern warfare, let alone being able to fight and win. To improve the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields and understand the winning mechanism of modern high-tech warfare, the key is to work hard to improve the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers, coordinate the use of military and local scientific and technological resources, vigorously spread the scientific spirit, popularize scientific knowledge, strengthen the study of modern science and technology, especially military science and technology knowledge, conduct in-depth research on cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology, deeply understand the new characteristics of artificial intelligence deep learning, cross-border integration, human-machine collaboration, group intelligence openness, and autonomous control, understand and master the latest scientific and technological achievements, build a multi-dimensional knowledge system with information and intelligent technology as the main body, improve the level of thinking, expand the knowledge structure, and vigorously promote the transformation of the “variable” of scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields into the “energy” of strong military victory.

Improve capabilities based on practice. A knife needs to be sharpened and a person needs to be trained. To enhance the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, it is necessary not only to nourish theory and promote the transformation of ideas and concepts, but also to follow the basic law of human cognition movement of “practice, cognition, re-practice, and re-cognition”, make good use of the actual combat “grindstone” to sharpen the wisdom, and promote the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields to a higher level. We must be brave in improving quality and strengthening capabilities in the practice of strengthening the military and training through science and technology. We must persist in learning by doing and learning by doing. We must focus on our main responsibilities and main business, study cutting-edge science and technology based on our posts and positions, and improve our scientific and technological acumen, insight, and response speed. We must enhance our technical understanding of new equipment, new skills, and new tactics, cultivate scientific thinking, master scientific methods, improve our scientific and technological cognition, and cultivate the ideological awareness of strengthening strategic capability building in emerging fields from a scientific and technological perspective. We must keep a close eye on powerful enemies and future battlefields to develop a stronger “scientific and technological mind”, be familiar with our opponents’ scientific and technological achievements, capabilities, and means, accurately grasp the “hard core” and “soft underbelly” of our opponents’ scientific and technological development, adhere to asymmetric thinking, and tailor our struggle strategies and tactics to provide strong guarantees for winning this future high-end war and hybrid war.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語:

戰爭是物質力量的對抗,更是思想認知力的較量。貫徹落實習主席全面提升新興領域戰略能力的新要求,必須抓住科技認知力這個“牛鼻子”,著眼新一輪科技革命、產業革命和軍事革命加速推進的新態勢,聚焦強軍勝戰加強新興領域戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術的研究探索,以對科學技術本質和規律的深刻理解,掌握實現軍隊建設高品質發展,贏得軍事競爭和未來戰爭的主動權,把科技認知力轉化為實實在在的設計戰爭、打贏戰爭能力,在戰略必爭領域中跑出加速度、贏得新優勢。

(一)

理解時代才能理解戰爭。在科技革命與軍事革命融合交叉,科技已成為現代戰爭核心戰力的時代背景下,提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,有助於理解和掌握現代戰爭的特徵規律,更好地駕馭資訊化智慧化戰爭,在新領域新賽道實現彎道超車,以科技優勢贏得軍事競爭優勢、打贏未來高科技戰爭。

引領軍事變革搶佔制高點。聰者聽於無聲,明者見於未形。敏銳洞察新興領域科技發展趨勢走向,拓展戰略前沿技術領域認知邊界,才能做到見之於未萌、識之於未發,下好先手棋、打好主動仗,引領軍事領域要素實現革命性轉型發展。在當今時代,以人工智慧為代表的新興科技「井噴式」湧現,引領並推動軍事智慧以前所未有的速度突飛猛進,正在引發軍事領域鍊式突破,撬動戰爭格局發生根本性轉變。科技創新歷來是時間與速度的賽跑,面對新興領域軍事科技發展的強勁勢頭,我們要致力於搶佔先機、贏得優勢,必須準確把握時代科技大勢,勇於站在人類戰爭和科技發展最前沿,在歷史長河和全球視野中掌握科技發展演變的基本規律,切實找準軍事科技發展的新目標、新領域、新高地,及時找到軍事科技發展的突破口,勇於向軍事科技創新「無人區」進軍,搶佔軍事技術競爭的戰略制高點,以全新的思維理念引領軍事革命實現新突破新跨越。

引領軍事競爭贏得主動權。認知層次高低最終決定軍事競爭格局。目前,世界軍事競爭前線陣地和實力比拼已經延伸到新興領域,把奪取科技優勢作為謀求軍事優勢的戰略舉措。在技​​術上顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵銷與反抵銷的激烈較量中,科技認知力已成為決定軍事博弈勝負的關鍵變數。如果科技認知力出現代差,就面臨被對手新科技作戰力量超越的風險。在塑造新質戰鬥力上出現技術鴻溝,就很難「改變競技規則」形成軍事競爭優勢。世界近幾場局部戰爭和武裝衝突表明,誰具有領先對手的新興領域戰略能力科技認知力,用科技為戰鬥力賦能,誰就能掌控戰場態勢,並以此實現勝負手的根本轉換。在日益激烈的世界軍事博弈中,奪取新興領域軍事科技發展主動權,佔據高位瞰的有利位勢,必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,因勢而謀,應勢而動,順勢而為,超前佈局、超前謀劃,確保在一些重要領域形成獨特優勢,贏得軍事博弈主動權。

引領強軍勝戰制勝未來戰爭。實踐決定認識,是認識的泉源和動力、目的和歸宿。新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,以推動科技創新和科技運用為實踐指向,根本著眼點是打造新質戰鬥力增長極,主要目的是搶佔戰略競爭制高點,奪取戰爭主動權,最終打贏未來戰爭。當前,新興領域發展呈現全方位多領域縱深推進態勢,科技動態迭代更新頻率加快,鍛造全新殺傷機理的新質戰鬥力,提高國防和軍隊現代化建設的科技含量,必須深刻掌​​握新興領域科技創新發展的關鍵領域,掌握新興領域科技創新發展交叉融合發展新特徵,以打造新質戰鬥力成長極為重點,大力推動自主創新、原始創新,淘汰不適應戰爭形態變化的落後技術,堅持機械化資訊化智慧化發展,提升軍事科技創新應用力,全面提升新興領域戰略能力,打贏如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

(二)

提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力,是十分複雜的主觀見之於客觀的理性思考過程。科學準確掌握新興領域科技創新發展的本質屬性與特徵規律,做到知其然又知其所以然,應重點提升新興領域戰略能力的科技預知力、鑑別力、理解力三種能力素質,形成相互支撐、相互配合、相互影響的科學認知能力體系,為全面提升新興領域策略能力提供強大支撐。

瞄準未來戰爭提昇科技預知力。新興領域是未來戰爭的主戰場之一,有些技術一旦突破,影響將是顛覆性的,甚至可能從根本上改變戰爭形態和作戰方式,從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響軍隊建設和戰爭勝負,如果科技認知力狹隘,對新興領域前沿技術缺乏戰略性預見和預判,就可能看不懂對手、看不懂戰爭,更談不上打贏未來戰爭。海灣戰爭期間,伊拉克機械化鋼鐵洪流輸給美軍精確導引武器,究其緣由重要的一條是由兩者在新興領域戰略能力科技認知力存在差距造成的。讓思想直達明天的戰場,必須提高科技認知力,緊密追蹤世界先進軍事科技發展方向,及時掌握前沿科技最新動態,科學預測科技發展趨勢,充分運用資料探勘等技術,綜合研判高科技發展給戰爭帶來的革命性影響,搶先佈局新興作戰領域,研發系列高新技術武器裝備,加速戰鬥力科技賦能,為致勝未來戰爭提供堅實的物質基礎。

緊盯制勝​​強敵提高科技鑑別力。戰爭是敵我雙方的生死對抗,新興領域更是作戰雙方角力的重中之重。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,是防止技術突襲、避免技術陷阱的根本之策。為奪取戰爭主動權,強敵向來不僅以獨特的高新技術武器裝備突襲對手,使其陷入被動挨打的不利處境,更危險的招數在於精心設置技術陷阱,實施戰略欺詐。冷戰美蘇爭霸時期,蘇聯就落入美國「星際大戰計畫」的戰略欺騙陷阱,加速了國力衰退。堅持扭住強敵謀打贏,必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技鑑別力,要密切跟踪強敵對手科技前沿動態,制定新興領域戰略能力建設突破策略,對強敵宣傳炒作的一些所謂新技術新概念,必須保持高度的技術敏銳度和辨識力,要善於甄別技術真偽、權衡發展利弊及其影響程度,堅持從國情軍情出發開發新興領域戰略資源,使新興領域軍事科技創新成果更好地賦能決策鏈、指揮鍊和戰鬥力生成鏈。

掌握制勝之道提昇科技理解力。強軍勝戰關鍵要掌握致勝之道,在現代科技與軍事深度耦合的背景下,認識並掌握科技成為理解戰爭、設計戰爭、打贏戰爭的必備能力。從人類軍事史來看,正是由於對航空技術、太空技術等原理的透徹認知,杜黑的「制空權」理論、葛拉漢的「高邊疆」理論等戰爭理論才得以產生。同樣,目前如果對人工智慧所具有的人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新技術缺乏透徹認知,就無法掌握智能化戰爭制勝機理、探索智能作戰新戰法。技術決定戰術。打贏未來戰爭必須著重從科技角度思考戰爭,理解新興領域科技發展對戰爭帶來的影響,並借鑒吸收世界強國軍事科技創新最新成果,研究探索新興領域高新科技支撐現代戰爭的內在機理,探討如何以科技理念和思維把準戰爭制勝規律、如何運用先進科技手段加強新質戰鬥力建設、如何依據科技原理設計戰爭、如何將科技優勢轉化為能力優勢,用科技思維的“鑰匙”開啟勝戰“大門” 。

(三)

全面提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,是一項長期性、系統性的策略工程,必須深刻理解貫徹習主席重要指示精神,把提高官兵科技素養作為一項基礎性工作來抓,以高度的使命擔當、科學的思維理念、有效的方法路徑提升官兵科技認知力,為全面提升新興領域戰略能力,實現我軍高品質發展夯實根基。

加快轉變思想觀念。明者因時而變,知者隨事而製。新興領域軍事科技在改造客觀世界的同時,也深刻改變人們的主觀世界,對傳統的戰爭制勝機理和思維方式形成顛覆性衝擊,內在要求必須轉變思想觀念提昇科技認知力。恩格斯指出:「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候……我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」誰思想保守、因循守舊、固步自封,誰就會錯失寶貴時機,陷於戰略被動,甚至會錯過整整一個時代。我們必須解放思想更新觀念,積極適應當今世界軍事變革的發展趨勢,敏銳感知技術革命帶來的軍事思想革新,勇於改變機械化戰爭的思維定勢,破除守舊守常守成思想束縛,牢固地樹立起信息化智能化戰爭新思維,立起科技強軍制勝的新觀念,注重從科技角度認識戰爭新面貌、發現戰爭新特徵、揭示戰爭新規律,努力把戰爭認知力水準提升到新高度。

涵養科技素養底蘊。科技素養是科學認識和描述客觀世界的能力和科學思考能力,科技素養底蘊的深度,從根本上決定科技認知力高低程度。不懂科技或科技素養不高,對現代戰爭就是霧裡看花、水中觀月,更別說能打仗、打勝仗。提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力,理解現代高科技戰爭制勝機理,關鍵要在提高官兵科技素養上下功夫,統籌利用軍地科技優勢資源,大力傳播科學精神、普及科學知識,加強現代科技特別是軍事科技知識的學習,深入研究人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等尖端技術,深刻認識人工智慧深度學習、跨界融合、人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新特點,了解並掌握最新科技成果,建構以資訊化、智慧化科技為主體的多維知識體系,提升思維層次、拓展知識結構,強力推進新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力這個「變數」向強軍勝戰“能量”轉化。

立足實踐提高能力。刀要磨,人要練。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力,既需要理論滋養促進思想理念轉型,更要遵循「實踐、認識、再實踐、再認識」的人類認識運動基本規律,用好實戰「磨刀石」砥礪智慧鋒芒,推動新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力向更高一級躍進。要勇於在科技強軍、科技強訓實踐中提質強能,堅持學中乾乾中學,聚焦主責主業、立足崗位戰位鑽研前沿科技,提高科技敏銳度、洞察力和響應速度;增強對新裝備、新技能、新戰法的技術理解,培育科學思維、掌握科學方法,提高科技認知力,培塑從科技視角加強新興領域戰略能力建設的思想意識;緊盯強敵對手和未來戰場練就更加強大的“科技頭腦”,熟悉對手的科技成果、科技能力和科技手段,精準把脈對手科技發展的“硬核”和“軟肋”,堅持非對稱思想量身定制鬥爭策略和戰法,為打贏這場未來高端戰爭、混合戰爭提供有力保障。

(作者單位:軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/gfbszbxq/index.html?paperName=zggfb&paperDate=2024-06-03&paperNumber=03&articleid=932888

Chinese Military in-depth Analysis of the Latest “Cognitive Warfare” Case in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

中國軍方深入解析俄烏衝突最新「認知戰」案例

2023-10-07 09:00 來源: 述策

現代英語:

It is said that on September 22, the Ukrainian Air Force used the “Storm Shadow” cruise missile to attack the Black Sea Fleet Command in Sevastopol. Since then, the life and death of Admiral Victor Sokolov, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, has been a topic of concern to the outside world. After a few days of undercurrents, on September 25, the Ukrainian Special Operations Command (SOF) announced that they had successfully “killed” Admiral Sokolov, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, and dozens of officers below him. Even Admiral Romanchuk, commander of the Russian Zaporizhia Cluster, was injured by the Ukrainian army.

Unexpectedly, Ukraine’s news was “slapped in the face” less than a day after it was released-on September 26, the Russian Ministry of Defense held a meeting of the National Defense Committee. Senior leaders of the Ministry of Defense, commanders of various military regions, and commanders of various military services attended the meeting in person or via video. At the meeting, Admiral Sokolov, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, who was declared “killed” by Ukrainian officers, appeared. After the news was released, the Ukrainian side was extremely embarrassed and had to announce that they wanted to collect more information. But then someone claimed that Admiral Sokolov, who attended the meeting, was “just a photo” and not a real person.

Nevertheless, the battle between the Russian and Ukrainian armies over the life and death of General Sokolov can be seen as a classic case of cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict. It is worthwhile for us to analyze this case specifically, and it is even more worthwhile for us to “talk about” this case and talk about the battle between the Russian and Ukrainian armies in the field of cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict.

  1. Is the “beheading” of General Sokolov not an isolated case?

It is not the first time that the Ukrainian propaganda department has fallen into the trap of “beheading” Russian generals. For example, in mid-June this year, the Ukrainian army spread rumors that the Vice President of Chechnya, Lieutenant General of the Chechen National Guard, and Kadyrov Jr.’s right-hand man, Drimkhanov, was “killed” by the Ukrainian army’s HIMARS rocket launcher.

From the perspective of the implementation process of the entire cognitive warfare, whether it was the “beheading” of Drimkhanov in June or the “beheading” of General Sokolov this time, the whole process was similar:

The first step: The Ukrainian propaganda department deliberately “created topics”. The so-called “creating topics” can be regarded as a “primer” in cognitive warfare, which serves to trigger heated public discussion. This kind of “primer” is often not necessarily released by the official, but may be released by some semi-official channels or channels with close ties to the official. For example, the fact that Lieutenant General Drimkhanov was “killed” by the Ukrainian army’s “HIMARS” rocket launcher was first said to have been released from a telegram group of the Ukrainian armed forces, and the statement was ambiguous. The earliest source of the news that Admiral Sokolov was “beheaded” this time was traced back to a telegram group in Russia. The news in this telegram group is mixed, some of which are of low credibility, but some are surprisingly accurate. In a sense, releasing the “primer” of cognitive warfare through these groups is even more likely to arouse public attention and discussion than official news.

The second step can be regarded as “reinforcement” of public opinion. The first step of cognitive warfare, namely “primer information”, often lacks details for a complete news, but it doesn’t matter. Judging from the efficiency and characteristics of information dissemination in the current society, a “lead information” that lacks details but is easy to arouse everyone’s interest, but has information barriers due to some factors, will naturally be “supplemented with details” during the dissemination process. This is true whether Admiral Sokolov was “shot dead” or Drimkhanov was “beheaded”. Information lacks details, but it is very important “Breaking News” for the media. At the same time, due to military secrets, it is impossible to cross the information barrier to obtain more information in time. Therefore, this will inevitably lead the media to a result – public opinion “reinforcement”, and everyone will do it together, and in the process of word of mouth, a lead information will be constantly detailed and “real”. For example, in the process of dissemination, Drimkhanov was “beheaded”, and the “time” and “place” of his beheading were supplemented one after another (even due to different dissemination channels, these time and place elements are also different), sometimes appearing in Kremenaya and sometimes in Gorlovka. The same is true for Admiral Sokolov’s “killing”. During the process of information dissemination, people have come up with a whole set of details such as “The Black Sea Fleet held a regular meeting on Friday, and the Ukrainian army seized the opportunity to launch a strike”, “Two missiles hit the headquarters office, and the other missile launched a supplementary strike when the rescuers went in to rescue people”. It is precisely in this “decentralized” word of mouth that the “fact” that these two senior generals were “beheaded” has been continuously strengthened, and the lack of information sources is even more conducive to the cognitive shaping of ordinary information recipients.

After several days of fermentation, the cognitive war has come to the third step – “the final word”. The Ukrainian official did not “finally decide” the “beheading” of Drimkhanov. Kadyrov Jr. couldn’t sit still first, and soon released a video of himself and Drimkhanov sitting together for a meal and picnic, and even took out his mobile phone on the spot to show the shooting time, “slapping his face”. Admiral Sokolov was “finally decided” by large departments such as the Ukrainian Special Operations Command and the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. According to the process of cognitive warfare, this kind of official media “final word” should play the role of completing the cognitive shaping process in the field of cognitive warfare, that is, completing a complete logical closed loop from releasing “primers” to “speculation reinforcement” by the outside world, and finally “stamping and confirming” by the official. However, the Russian army took the initiative and performed a “slap in the face on the spot”, which not only made all the information dissemination of the Ukrainian army in front of it useless, but also made Ukraine’s two key units, the Special Operations Command and even the Ministry of Defense, become clowns.

  1. Cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, is the Ukrainian army coming in full force?

Many people may be puzzled by the Ukrainian army’s cognitive warfare propaganda department’s personal participation in the rumor that Chechen Vice President Delimkhanov or General Sokolov was “killed” by the Ukrainian army: If the Russian side responds quickly, pulls these senior generals out to show their faces, and self-confirms that “I am still alive”, then won’t the rumors of the Ukrainian cognitive warfare be self-defeating?

It seems reasonable, but the Russian army did not clarify it once it was rumored. Why? Because things are not that simple.

First, from a tactical perspective, if the Russian army arranges for generals to come out and refute rumors every time the Ukrainian army creates a rumor about a senior general, the most direct consequence is that it will cause unnecessary interference and trouble to the daily combat command of senior generals. In combat operations, the time of senior officers above the rank of general is very precious, the daily workload is extremely high, and the brainpower is extremely consumed. It is impossible for them to have so much time to appear and refute rumors endlessly. If the Russian army refutes a rumor every time the Ukrainian army creates a rumor, then these senior generals will have nothing to do in their daily lives and just shoot videos to refute rumors every day.

Second, for information that enters the cognitive shaping cycle, in some cases, “refutation” is not only useless, but will further create more rumors. For example, regarding the “beheading” of General Sokolov, although the Russian army has arranged to refute the rumor, some Ukrainian groups are still “picking on it”, believing that General Sokolov did not move in front of the camera and that the time and place of General Sokolov’s interview could not be seen, so it was just “information countermeasures” arranged by the Russian side. Even for some Russian generals who were “officially announced” and “beheaded” by Ukraine last year but then appeared on certain occasions, such as Major General Gerasimov, Chief of Staff of the 41st Army, there are still Ukrainian supporters who claim that “this person is dead”. The only reason is that this person did not show up again after showing up!

Therefore, in the field of cognitive warfare, many things are not as simple as we think.

Having said that, at the strategic level, there is indeed a big gap between the Russian army and the Ukrainian army in the field of cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict. The Ukrainian army is very good at creating topics, and it is flexible and mobile and pays attention to participation.

In terms of creating topics, Ukraine takes the initiative to create topics almost every time in cognitive warfare, from the Mariupol Theater incident at the beginning, to the Bucha incident later, to the chemical explosion in Rubezhnoy, and the Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant incident and the explosion of the New Kakhovka Hydropower Station Dam. Almost every time, Ukraine “takes the lead”. Russia is in a state of passive response, and as a result, Ukraine continues to create topics and continuously attacks, which puts it in a disadvantageous position.

In terms of mobility and flexibility, the Ukrainian army is very familiar with the characteristics of modern media communication. For example, in the cognitive warfare against the “beheading” of Admiral Sokolov, the Ukrainian army took advantage of the characteristics of modern media’s fast communication speed and decentralized communication mode, released the “primer” in a semi-official form, and let netizens “reinforce” it (in fact, it is the self-growth of information), and finally the more authoritative official media came out to “finalize the final word”.

In terms of “focusing on participation”, the Ukrainian army is better at creating a sense of participation of ordinary netizens in specific topics. For example, after the Bucha incident and the Battle of Mariupol, Ukraine immediately launched a set of websites called “The Executioner’s Book”. Anyone can log in to these websites or network plug-ins at will and register the so-called “Russian army’s atrocities” or Russian army movements. The United States immediately responded and opened the “Observation Post” project belonging to the US State Department in response to the “Executioner’s Book” project, which is used to record the “atrocities” of the Russian army in the conflict. These public topics are set up quite cleverly, making the outside world feel that they are highly involved, while the specific content is true and false, which is different from the false information indoctrination of traditional information warfare. In the cognitive warfare of the Ukrainian army, these highly involved projects once made the entire network trend one-sided.

Compared with the propaganda and operation of the Ukrainian army in the field of cognitive warfare, the Russian army is far behind in the field of cognitive warfare. For example, in response to Ukraine’s formation of a combat mode that emphasizes mass participation and mass experience in the cognitive field, Russia is still using the old method – announcing ambiguous combat conditions in the form of daily combat reports, with only Major General Konashenko “acting as an emotionless reading machine” in front of the camera. As a result, most combat observers do not take his combat reports seriously. Another example is the tactics of Ukraine frequently setting topics and carrying out cognitive shaping in steps, and Russia can only defend itself. Every time Ukraine creates topics, Russia responds passively, and then Ukraine continues to create new topics based on Russia’s response, leaving Russia in a state of exhaustion. From this perspective, the Russian army’s cognitive warfare against the Ukrainian side’s “beheading” of Admiral Sokolov, and the sudden arrangement of the rumor-busting “face-slapping”, is just a tactical “flash of inspiration”, and the effect does not seem to be very good. It has not completely changed the basic power comparison between the Russian and Ukrainian armies in the field of cognitive warfare. Ukraine’s “cognitive warfare advantage” over Russia will continue.

  1. How do we deal with cognitive warfare in the new combat form?

In terms of definition, “cognitive warfare” can be traced back to the concept of “network-centric warfare” proposed by the US military in military reform at the beginning of this century. After years of development, by 2017, related discussions began to frequently appear in the speeches of senior NATO generals. For example, on August 14, 2017, Stewart, director of the US Defense Intelligence Agency, clearly put forward the assertion that “the fifth-generation war is cognitive warfare” at the 2017 Defense Intelligence Information System Annual Conference. On September 17, 2017, Goldfein, then Chief of Staff of the US Air Force, also clearly put forward the concept of “cognitive warfare” at the annual meeting of the US Air Force Association. Soon, NATO comprehensively developed this novel operational concept. In March 2020, NATO released the concept book “Operation 2040”, which clearly stated that “information and cognitive warfare” will play an important role in future operations. In June, NATO appointed François du Creuse, former French colonel and head of the NATO Innovation Center, to study cognitive warfare, and produced a detailed report on “Cognitive Warfare” in January 2021. In June 2021, NATO held a scientific conference on cognitive warfare and released a special report on “Cognitive Warfare: Cognition Dominates the Future”, thus forming a more systematic and complete cognitive warfare theory.

Compared with traditional information warfare and propaganda warfare, the biggest feature of cognitive warfare is that it is based on the working principle of the human brain, that is, the process of acquiring, perceiving, understanding, processing, inferring, evaluating, judging, calculating, and making decisions on external information. In short, cognitive warfare is superior in terms of operational characteristics. It is not a unilateral indoctrination, but a good use of people’s cognitive process to “reshape” everyone’s worldview, values, ideology, and even cognitive and understanding processes in an all-round way, so as to fully rebuild the individual’s interpretation and response to information and interfere with the individual’s ideology and value orientation. The final result is not only to use various false information to disrupt the opponent, but more importantly to reshape the opponent’s social psychology, thereby affecting the opponent’s strategic decision-making, “defeating the enemy without fighting.” This determines that cognitive warfare is a new generation of propaganda warfare and information warfare. Compared with the traditional information warfare that focuses on the tactical level, the role of cognitive warfare can be further improved to the strategic level, which may affect the direction or outcome of the war.

So, facing a new type of combat form such as cognitive warfare, referring to the current situation in which Russia has been at a disadvantage in the field of cognitive warfare with Ukraine in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict, how should we respond to future cognitive warfare?

From a strategic perspective, we should realize that in the field of cognitive warfare, pure passive response is the most unreliable and inefficient form of combat. For example, Russia’s passive response to Ukraine’s agenda setting is equivalent to passively being beaten. Of course, compared with firepower warfare or mobile warfare, cognitive warfare is a thorough “open conspiracy” without too much feint and deception. It mainly relies on the ideological superiority and media skills of the West, and relies on the legal rights of the Western media in the field of the “fourth power”. Since we are temporarily at a disadvantage in the field of media compared with Western countries, it is actually a relatively difficult thing to implement cognitive confrontation with them in the whole system and at all levels. Therefore, even if we also adopt the strategy of strategic offensive in cognitive warfare, its implementation effect may not be as good as that of the other party. One way may be to firmly grasp our basic plate strategically and form a “you fight yours, I fight mine” pattern.

In the field of tactics, we should fully learn from the experience and lessons of both sides in cognitive warfare in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Judging from the cognitive warfare strategy implemented by the Ukrainian army, in areas such as topic shaping, it mainly exploits the loopholes of information asymmetry. Then, our possible response strategy is to disclose some information in a timely manner and change the original concept that “military operations must be kept confidential and not disclosed to the outside world.” In fact, public information itself is a process of cognitive shaping. Both sides can carry out a lot of cognitive warfare confrontation around the timing, content, and timing of information disclosure. For example, in the field of setting topics, we can “take the initiative” and first seek the ability to set topics and carry out cognitive shaping in countries such as the Belt and Road, BRICS or Shanghai Cooperation Organization countries, at least to ensure that the people of our country and some friendly countries can offset the influence of the Western cognitive warfare. For another example, in response to the “cognitive warfare” implemented by the other party against different groups in multiple dimensions and levels, or the rumors created step by step, we can make extensive use of the influence of KOL (Key Opinion Leader) and the platform to form a “cognition against cognition” combat pattern.

In short, cognitive warfare, as a new combat style that has been studied by NATO for many years, appeared in large numbers in the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict and played a certain role, deserves further research to ensure that it is invincible in future military operations.

This articleThe article on cognitive warfare is just an appetizer, and there will be a main course later. This studio took about a year to complete the “Research on Cognitive Warfare in the United States and Other Western Countries”, which has a text of more than 40,000 words (excluding more than 7,000 words of notes), which is much richer and more in-depth. The report will be officially launched and introduced the day after tomorrow, so stay tuned.

現代國語:

據稱,9月22日烏克蘭空軍使用「風暴陰影」巡航飛彈襲擊塞瓦斯托波爾黑海艦隊司令部。此後,關於黑海艦隊司令維克托.索科洛夫上將的生死一直是外界關注的議題。經過幾天暗流湧動後,9月25日,烏克蘭特戰司令部(SOF)對外宣布,他們成功「擊斃」黑海艦隊司令索科洛夫上將及以下數十名軍官,甚至俄軍札波羅熱集群司令羅曼丘克上將也被烏軍擊傷。

沒想到,烏克蘭的消息剛放出來不到一天就慘遭「打臉」——9月26日,俄羅斯國防部召開國防委員會會議,國防部高級領導人、各軍區司令、各軍兵種司令等以現場出席或視訊連線的方式參會,會上赫然出現了被烏軍官宣「擊斃」的黑海艦隊司令索科洛夫上將。消息放出後,烏方極為尷尬,只好宣布他們要收集更多資訊。但隨後又有人宣稱說參會的索科洛夫上將“只是照片”,不是真人。

儘管如此,從這次俄烏兩軍圍繞索科洛夫上將的生死問題展開的鬥法,可以被看做是俄烏軍事衝突中關於認知戰的一個經典案例,既值得我們就這一案例進行專門剖析,更值得我們從這個案例中“說開去”,談一談俄烏軍事衝突中俄烏兩軍在認知戰領域展開的較量。

一、索科洛夫上將“被斬首”,並非孤例?

關於「斬首」俄軍將領,烏克蘭宣傳部門栽進坑裡已經不是第一次了。例如今年6月中,烏克蘭軍隊造謠稱車臣副總統、車臣國民近衛軍中將、小卡德羅夫左膀右臂德里姆哈諾夫被烏軍海馬火箭砲「擊斃」。

從整個認知戰的實施過程看,無論是6月那次德里姆哈諾夫被“斬首”,還是這次索科洛夫上將被“斬首”,整個過程大同小異:

第一步:烏克蘭宣傳部門有意「製造議題」。所謂“製造議題”,在認知戰中可以被視為一個“引子”,作用是引發輿論熱議。這種「引子」往往不一定由官方放出,可能是由一些半官方的管道或與官方關係比較緊密的管道放出。例如德里姆哈諾夫中將被烏軍的「海馬」火箭炮「打死」一事,最早據說是從烏克蘭武裝部隊的一個電報群組裡放出來的,而且說法模稜兩可。這次索科洛夫上將被“斬首”,最早的消息來源經過追溯則是俄羅斯的某個電報群組。這種電報群組的消息魚龍混雜,有些消息則可信度很低,但有些消息卻出奇準確。將認知戰的「引子」透過這些群組放出,某種意義上說甚至比官方消息更容易引發輿論關注和討論。

第二步可以被視為輿論的「補強」。認知戰的第一步即「引子資訊」對一個完整的新聞來說往往缺乏細節,但不要緊。從當前社會訊息傳播的效率和特徵來看,一個缺乏細節、但容易引起大家興趣、卻又因某種因素出現信息壁壘的“引子信息”,在傳播過程中,大家自然會對其進行“細節補充」。無論是索科洛夫上將被“擊斃”還是德里姆哈諾夫被“斬首”,都是如此。資訊缺乏細節,但對傳媒來說偏偏又是非常重要的「Breaking News」(突發新聞),同時基於軍事機密的因素,想穿越資訊壁壘及時獲取更多的資訊也不可能。因此,這必然會使傳媒導向一個結果——輿論“補強”,而且是大家一起上,在口耳相傳的過程中不斷把一個引子信息細節化、“真實”化。例如德里姆哈諾夫被「斬首」在傳播過程中,先後彌補上了他被斬首的「時間」、「地點」(甚至由於傳播管道不同,這些時間和地點要素也各不相同),時而出現在克雷緬納亞,時而出現在戈爾洛夫卡。索科洛夫上將被「擊斃」同樣如此,訊息在傳播過程中,被先後腦補出一整套「黑海艦隊週五開例會,烏軍抓住機會實施打擊」、「兩發飛彈一發擊中了司令部辦公室,另一發飛彈在救援人員進去救人的時候實施了補充打擊」這種細節。正是在這種「去中心化」的口耳相傳,這兩名高級將領被「斬首」的「事實」被不斷強化,消息來源的缺失甚至更有利對普通信息受眾進行認知塑造。

經過數天發酵之後,認知戰來到第三步-「一錘定音」。德里姆哈諾夫被“斬首”一事並沒有輪到烏克蘭官方“一錘定音”,小卡德羅夫先坐不住了,很快放出了自己和德里姆哈諾夫坐在一起吃飯野餐的視頻,甚至當場拿出手機展示拍攝時間,進行「打臉」。索科洛夫上將則是烏軍特戰司令部、烏克蘭國防部這樣的大部門出面完成「一錘定音」。按照認知戰的過程,這種官方媒體“一錘定音”應該起到在認知戰領域完成認知塑造過程的作用,也就是完成一個從放出“引子”,到外界“猜測補強”,最後官方「蓋章確認」的完整邏輯閉環。但俄軍居然後發製人,表演了一出“當場打臉”,不僅讓烏軍前面的所有信息傳播都變成了無用功,還讓烏克蘭的兩個要害單位特戰司令部甚至國防部變成了小丑。

二、俄烏衝突中的認知戰,烏軍來勢洶洶?

對於烏軍認知戰宣傳部門親自上陣、造謠車臣副總統德里姆哈諾夫或索科洛夫上將被烏軍“擊斃”,很多人可能大惑不解:如果俄羅斯方面迅速反應,把這些高級將領拉出來亮個相,自我確認一下“我還活著”,那麼烏方認知戰的謠言不就不攻自破了嗎?

看似有理,但俄軍並沒有被造謠一次就照上面的辦法澄清一次。為什麼?因為事情沒有那麼簡單。

其一,從戰術角度來說,如果烏軍每製造一個關於高級將領的謠言,俄軍就安排將領出面闢謠,最直接的後果就是對高級將領的日常作戰指揮造成不必要的干擾和麻煩。在作戰行動中,將官以上的高級軍官時間非常寶貴,每天工作量極高,對腦力消耗極大,根本不可能有那麼多時間沒完沒了地現身闢謠。如果烏軍每造一個謠俄軍就闢一個謠,那這些高級將領平時啥也別幹了,就天天拍視頻闢謠吧。

其二,對於進入認知塑造循環的訊息來說,某些情況下,「闢謠」不僅沒用,還會進一步製造出更多謠言。例如索科洛夫上將被“斬首”一事,儘管俄軍已經安排了闢謠,但一些烏克蘭群組依然在“挑刺死磕”,認為索科洛夫上將在鏡頭前沒有動,索科洛夫上將在受訪時看不出時間和地點,因此只是俄方安排的「資訊反制」。甚至對一些去年曾經被烏克蘭方面「官方宣布」「斬首」、但隨後又在某些場合露面的俄軍將官,比如第41集團軍參謀長格拉西莫夫少將,目前依然有烏克蘭支持者宣稱“此人已死”,唯一的原因就是這人在露面之後居然沒有再度露面!

所以,在認知戰領域,很多事沒有想的那麼簡單。

話又說回來,在戰略層面上,俄軍在俄烏軍事衝突的認知戰領域相比烏軍確實存在較大差距。烏軍非常善於製造議題,而且機動靈活,注重參與。

製造議題方面,幾乎每次認知戰都是烏克蘭主動製造議題,從一開始的馬裡烏波爾大劇院事件,到後來的布查事件,再到魯別日諾耶的化學物質爆炸事件,還有後來的札波羅熱核電廠事件和新卡霍夫卡水力發電廠大壩爆破事件,幾乎每次都是烏克蘭「先聲奪人」。俄羅斯則處於被動應對的狀態,結果被烏克蘭繼續製造議題連續攻訐,處於不利地位。

機動彈性方面,烏軍對現代傳媒的傳播特徵非常熟稔,例如對索科洛夫上將被「斬首」展開的認知戰,烏軍利用了現代傳媒傳播速度快、傳播模式去中心化的特點,以半官方形式放出“引子”,放任網民對其進行“補強”(事實上就是信息的自生長),最後再由比較權威的官方媒體下場“一錘定音”。

「注重參與」方面,烏軍更善於營造普通網民對特定議題的參與感。例如布查事件和馬裡烏波爾戰役之後,烏克蘭方面立即上線了一套名叫「劊子手之書」的網站,任何人都可以隨意登陸這些網站或者網絡插件,在裡面登記所謂的「俄羅斯軍隊的暴行」或俄軍動向。美國立即回應,針對「劊子手之書」項目,開通了屬於美國國務院的「觀察站」項目,從而用於記錄俄軍在衝突中的「暴行」。這些公共議題設定相當巧妙,令外界群眾感受到的參與度極高,而在具體內容上則真真假假,不同於傳統資訊戰的假訊息灌輸。在烏克蘭軍隊的認知戰中,這些參與度極高的計畫一度讓整個網路風向呈現一面倒的趨勢。

和烏軍在認知戰領域的宣傳和操作相比,俄軍在認知戰領域差太遠。例如針對烏克蘭方面在認知領域塑造極為強調群眾參與、群眾體驗的作戰模式,俄羅斯方面依然在沿用著老辦法——以每日戰情通報的形式對外公佈模棱兩可的戰況,只有一個科納申科少將在鏡頭前“當一個沒有感情的讀稿機器”,結果絕大多數戰況觀察者都不太把他的戰況通報當回事。又如對烏克蘭方面頻繁設置議題、依照步驟進行認知塑造的戰法,俄羅斯方面更是只有招架之功。每次都是烏克蘭製造議題,俄羅斯方面被動應對,然後烏克蘭方面根據俄羅斯的應對情況繼續製造新的議題,使俄羅斯處於疲於奔命的狀態。從這個角度來看,俄軍此次針對索科洛夫上將被“斬首”的烏方認知戰塑造,突然安排闢謠“打臉”,只是戰術上“靈光乍現”而已,而且效果似乎也沒多好,也沒有徹底改變目前俄烏兩軍在認知戰領域的基本力量對比,烏克蘭對俄羅斯的「認知戰優勢」還會持續下去。

三、新型作戰形式認知戰,我們如何因應?

從定義上來說,「認知戰」最早可追溯到本世紀初美軍在軍事改革中提出的「網路中心戰」概念,經過多年的發展,到2017年,相關論述開始頻頻見於北約高級將領的言論集中,譬如2017年8月14日,美國國防情報局局長史都華在國防情報資訊系統2017年會上就明確提出了「第五代戰爭是認知戰」這一論點。到了2017年9月17日,時任美國空軍參謀長戈德費恩在美國空軍協會年會上同樣明確地提出了「認知戰」這個概念。很快,北約就對這個新穎的作戰概念進行了全面發展。 2020年3月,北約發布《作戰2040》概念書,明確提出「資訊與認知戰」將在未來作戰中扮演重要角色。 6月,北約又指派前法軍上校、北約創新中心負責人弗朗索瓦.杜.克魯澤專題研究認知戰,並在2021年1月拿出了《認知戰》的詳細報告書。 2021年6月,北約召開了認知戰科學會議,並發布了《認知戰:認知主導未來》專題報告,從而形成了較有系統、完整的認知戰作戰理論。

相較於傳統的資訊戰和宣傳戰,認知戰的最大特徵是基於人的大腦運作原理,也就是對外在資訊的獲取、感知、理解、加工、推論、評估、判斷、計算、決策的過程。總之,認知戰在作戰特質上可謂更勝一籌,不是進行單方面灌輸,而是要善於利用人們的認知過程,對每個人的世界觀、價值觀、意識形態,甚至認知、理解過程進行全方位“重塑”,從而全面重建個人對訊息的解讀和反應,干涉個人的意識形態和價值取向,最終的結果不僅是要利用各種假訊息擾亂對手,更重要的是重塑對手的社會心理,從而對對手的戰略決策產生影響,「不戰而屈人之兵」。這決定了認知戰是新一代的宣傳戰和資訊戰,相對於傳統的專注於戰術層面上的資訊戰,認知戰的角色可以進一步提高到戰略層面上,可能會影響戰爭的走向或結局。

那麼,面對認知戰這樣一種新型的作戰形式,參考俄烏軍事衝突中俄羅斯在和烏克蘭的認知戰領域長期處於下風的現狀,我們對未來的認知戰究竟該如何應對呢?

從戰略角度來看,我們應當認識到,在認知戰領域,單純的被動應對是最不可靠、效率最低的作戰形式,如俄羅斯在烏克蘭的議題設定面前被動應對等於被動挨打。當然,認知戰相比於火力戰戰或機動戰,是徹底的“陽謀”,並沒有太多佯動和詭詐,依託的主要是西方的意識形態優勢地位和傳媒功力,靠的是西方媒體「第四權」領域的法權。由於我方相比西方國家在傳媒領域暫時處於下風,要在全系統、全層面上與其實施認知對抗作戰其實是一件相對困難的事情。因此,即使我們在認知戰上同樣採取戰略進攻的策略,其實施效果可能也不如對手。辦法之一或許是從策略上牢牢把握住我們的基本盤,形成「你打你的,我打我的」格局。

而在戰術領域,要充分借鏡俄烏衝突中雙方在認知作戰上的經驗教訓。從烏克蘭軍隊實施的認知戰策略來看,在議題塑造等領域,主要鑽了資訊不對稱的空子。那麼,我方可能的因應策略是及時公開部分訊息,要改變原有的「軍事行動必須保密、不要對外界公開」的觀念。事實上,公開資訊本身就是認知塑造的過程,雙方圍繞著資訊公開的時機、內容、時序上,可以展開大量的認知戰對抗。如在設置議題領域,我方可以“先發製人”,先求得在諸如一帶一路沿線國家、金磚國家或上海合作組織國家內設置議題、展開認知塑造的能力,起碼確保本國群眾和一些友好國家能夠對沖西方認知戰領域的影響。再如,針對對方在多維度、多層次上針對不同人群實施的「認知戰」或步步為營塑造出的謠言,我方可廣泛利用KOL(Key Opinion Leader,即意見領袖)及平台的影響力,形成以「認知對認知」的作戰模式。

總之,認知戰作為一種被北約研究多年、在俄烏軍事衝突中大量出現且起到一定作用的新型作戰樣式,值得進一步進行研究,以確保在未來的軍事行動中立於不敗之地。

這篇關於認知戰的文章只是“開胃菜”,隨後還有“正餐硬菜”——本工作室歷時約一年完成了《美國等西方國家的認知作戰研究》,正文4萬多字(不含註7千多字),要豐富和深入得多。該報告將於後天正式推出並進行介紹,敬請關注。

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.163.com/dy/article/IGEFT5CB0515NAKC888.html

Comprehensively Promote Modernization of Chinese Military’s Organizational Form|How Chinese Military Services Implement Building Construction for War

全面推進軍隊組織形態現代化|中國軍隊如何實施戰爭建設

現代英語:

A brief analysis of how the military implements the principle of “building for war”

■ Wang Xueping, Xu Yan, Zhu Xiaomeng

Introduction

To implement the general principle of “the Military Commission is in charge of the overall situation, the theater is responsible for war, and the military is responsible for construction”, the military forces need to accurately grasp the interactive rules of war and construction, strengthen the connection with the theater, form a work pattern with clear rights and responsibilities, positive interaction, smooth and efficient, and focus the main tasks, main responsibilities, and main energy on building and managing the troops. Always adhere to the principle of leading construction with war, building for war, managing for war, and promoting war with construction, comprehensively improve the practical level of military training, and provide high-quality combat forces for the theater.

Get the coordinates of building for war

The coordinates are the epochal orientation of building for war. Only when the orientation is clear can construction be accelerated on track. Entering the new era, the firepower intensity, maneuvering speed, striking accuracy and intelligence of weapons and equipment have greatly increased, the battlefield space has been continuously expanded, the coupling of combat actions has become closer, and the battlefield situation has changed more rapidly. Wars have gradually shown the characteristics of platform combat, system support, tactical actions, and strategic support. In particular, the use of intelligent, stealth, and unmanned combat, as well as aerospace forces, new concept weapons, and high-efficiency destructive ammunition have fundamentally changed the concept of war time and space. The war form has accelerated the evolution from mechanized informationization to informationized intelligence, and intelligent warfare has begun to emerge. The military should focus on building the combat power of informationized warfare with intelligent characteristics, rather than the combat power of mechanized warfare. When the armed forces are building for war, they must focus on information warfare with intelligent characteristics, turn their attention to intelligent military reform, fully imagine the future war form, scale, intensity, spatial region, etc., and use the concept beyond the times to lead the vision of construction forward again and again; they must deeply study the winning mechanism, scientifically judge, and build the troops needed to win the future war, so as to be targeted.

Find the target of building for war

The target is not only a beacon of construction and development, but also a scale to test combat effectiveness. Only by setting the correct target can the armed forces be targeted when building for war, and lead the innovative development of weapons and equipment, system organization and combat theory without deformation or distortion. When the armed forces are building for war, they are not fighting ordinary opponents, but strong enemies in the world military game. This requires the military to build for war, and must lock on to strong enemies, insist on focusing all their attention on defeating strong enemies, and exert their efforts in all work to defeat strong enemies. Closely aiming at world-class standards, the focus should be on firmly grasping the characteristics of future combat systems and system confrontations, exploring standardized and modular construction issues, and forming an integrated and coordinated system combat capability; centering on the requirements of all-domain combat, focusing on tackling practical issues such as rapid response, long-range delivery, and integrated support, and strengthening rapid and mobile cross-domain action capabilities. Grasp the key of balancing powerful enemies, strengthen targeted research on powerful enemies, insist on focusing on what the enemy fears, develop what can balance powerful enemies, and prepare more, strive to have a chance of winning in war, have bargaining chips, and have confidence, focus on solving bottlenecks such as the construction of new military forces, the use of high-tech equipment, and information intelligence integration, and build a world-class military in an all-round way.

Innovation and construction as the forerunner of war

Theory is the forerunner of practice, and scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whoever can grasp the development pulse of future wars and possess superb war design capabilities can win the initiative in war and even the final victory. The military should not build for war, but should place war research and construction in a strategic position, carry out forward-looking, targeted, and reserve-oriented innovative research, propose new concepts, seek new breakthroughs, and form innovative theories that are contemporary, leading, and unique. The military should build for war, and must focus on the current practice and future development of war, clarify the vertical evolution axis, focus on shaping the future battlefield, changing the future combat rules, and promote the reshaping of concepts and the reconstruction of systems as soon as possible; focus on cutting-edge technology fields and future intelligent war design, and make efforts to achieve major breakthroughs in new technologies and new forms of war; focus on the continuous development of new concepts such as combat thinking, action patterns, and capability requirements, and form forward-looking thinking on future combat actions. At the same time, the new theories and concepts should be systematized and concretized, and become a “roadmap” for planning and designing force system construction, weapons and equipment development, military training transformation, and combat talent training. It is necessary to form a closed loop from practice to theory and then from theory to practice, so that military theoretical research can draw rich nutrients from practice, and advanced and mature theoretical results can enter the military decision-making and practice links to achieve a benign interaction between theory and practice.

Build a hard core for war

Science and technology are the most revolutionary force. Scientific and technological innovation has always been a race with time and speed. If you don’t work hard to innovate, you will fall behind and be beaten. If you innovate slowly, you will also fall behind and be beaten. Today, scientific and technological innovation has become the core strategy for many countries and militaries to seek advantages. The armed forces must pay close attention to the leading role of science and technology in building for war, integrate the most cutting-edge and even imagined future science and technology into the overall planning of construction, guide the basic direction of construction and development, and actively explore the path of scientific and technological innovation to fight a future war with future enemies with our future army; we must implement the strategy of strengthening the military with science and technology, demand combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, vigorously cultivate new scientific and technological growth points, and focus on improving the contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to the development of the military’s combat effectiveness; we must face the world’s scientific and technological frontiers, the main battlefields of the future, and the major needs of combat, accelerate the pace of innovation, and launch one project after planning and justifying it, especially to let disruptive technologies run ahead, strive to run at an accelerated pace, and win new advantages. Obviously, talent is the key to building a hard core of “grasping construction for war”. Talent is the most difficult preparation. Whoever has more high-quality new military talents can gain or gain more opportunities to win on the future battlefield. We must accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the requirements of military transformation and construction, and cultivate what talents are needed for war and give priority to what talents are most in short supply, so that the supply side of talent training can be accurately matched with the needs of the future battlefield.

Lay a solid foundation for grasping construction for war

Fight hard and train hard. The root of “war” lies in “construction”, and the foundation of “construction” lies in “training”. Military training, as a regular and central task of the troops, is not only the basic way to generate and improve combat effectiveness, but also the most direct preparation for military struggle. In the new era, the war situation is accelerating towards informationization and intelligence, the military’s missions and tasks are constantly expanding, the level of informationization and intelligence of weapons and equipment is gradually improving, and the training support conditions are gradually improving. It is urgent for the military forces to consider the interaction of multiple fields such as the war situation, combat methods, weapons and equipment, and personnel quality, and analyze the impact of many factors such as known and unknown, possible and impossible, and possible and impossible, so as to comprehensively upgrade their actual combat capabilities. To build for war, we must focus on training troops against strong enemies, practice reconnaissance, coordination, equipment, and support around the development of the real enemy situation, practice real force deployment, practice fast battlefield construction, practice real equipment data, and practice strong support; we must aim at the latest enemy situation in multiple fields such as land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace, and carry out real, difficult, rigorous, and practical full-element training in scenario re-enactment, “fight” with strong enemies, and let the troops gain real skills and strengthen their strength in real confrontation; we must pursue extreme training, constantly challenge the limits of people and equipment, so that the physiological and psychological limits of officers and soldiers, the performance limits of equipment, and the combat effectiveness limits of the combination of people and weapons can be fully unleashed. Only by using “extremely difficult and extremely difficult” training to present all shortcomings and weaknesses and overcome them can we cope with the most brutal battlefield. Some tactics and strategies trained beyond the limit are often the key move and fatal blow to defeat the enemy in actual combat.

Do a good job in coupling construction for war

The fundamental purpose of war and construction is to be able to fight and win. It is necessary to accelerate the realization of functional coupling under the new system and work together to accelerate the generation of combat power. Building an army that adapts to future combat needs is, in the final analysis, to build a force that can complete future combat tasks and has corresponding combat capabilities. Combat requirements are the concrete manifestation of such mission requirements and capabilities. Building for war should be based on the needs of fulfilling missions and tasks, and should be designed in advance according to future combat military needs. Military construction should be guided by military needs, and combat needs should be continuously refined and dynamically adjusted to promote the coupling of war and construction. By strengthening the argumentation and research of future combat requirements and doing a good job in top-level planning, we can grasp the direction and focus of military construction in general, consider the comprehensive development of military weapons and equipment and personnel quality from a strategic height and long-term development, clarify the focus, adhere to the principle of doing what we should do and not doing what we should not do, concentrate on developing strategic and key projects, give priority to emergency operations, correctly handle the primary and secondary, urgent and slow, light and heavy aspects of military construction, firmly grasp the main and key ones, and promote coordinated and complementary military construction, scientific and reasonable, standardized and orderly, and sustainable development. Scientific combat effectiveness assessment can not only scientifically and specifically understand the composition and strength of one’s own combat effectiveness, but also help to take targeted measures to promote the coupling of building for war, timely discover and correct deficiencies in construction, truly realize the scientific development of military construction, intensive and efficient, and promote the advancement of combat effectiveness construction.

Strictly grasp the test of building for war

Whether a unit is well built and whether it has the ability to win a battle, it must ultimately be tested through military practice. After a comprehensive test of military practice, it is inevitable that the problems in the construction of the unit will be exposed, thereby promoting the army to make corresponding adjustments in the content, focus, and direction of construction. Through repeated tests of military practice, new requirements and new goals are constantly put forward for the construction of the troops, thus leading the construction of the troops to a higher stage. Make good use of network simulated confrontation tests. The informatization and intelligence of network simulated confrontation make the cognition, decision-making, feedback, correction, and action of simulated confrontation more close to actual combat, and revolutionize the process of military activities, thereby producing positive effects on weapons and equipment, command and control, force organization and other fields, thereby promoting the continuous leap of the combat effectiveness of the troops, and even giving birth to new war styles and changing the mechanism of winning wars. Make good use of on-site live-fire exercises. As a pre-practice for future wars, live-fire exercises can not only effectively test the actual combat capabilities of the troops, but more importantly, they can discover some weak links in the construction of the troops, optimize and improve them in a targeted manner, and obtain the maximum combat effectiveness return. Make good use of the test of war practice. The leading role of war practice in the construction of the troops is irreplaceable. Strict war practice can truly test which aspects of the construction of the troops are suitable and which are not suitable for future wars, and then correct the deviations and mistakes in many aspects such as construction guidance, construction priorities, and construction methods, so as to prepare for winning the next war.

現代國語:

淺析軍種如何落實抓建為戰

■王雪平  許炎 朱小萌

引言

貫徹「軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建」總原則,軍種部隊需要準確把握戰與建互動規律,加強同戰區對接,形成權責清晰、正向互動、順暢高效的工作格局,把主要任務、主要職責、主要精力放在建設、管理部隊上,始終堅持以戰領建、抓建為戰、抓管為戰、以建促戰,全面提高軍事訓練實戰化水平,為戰區提供優質作戰力量。

把準抓建為戰的坐標

坐標是抓建為戰的時代方位,只有方位明晰,建設才能依軌加速。進入新時代,武器裝備的火力強度、機動速度、打擊精度、智慧化程度大幅躍升,戰場空間不斷拓展,作戰行動耦合更加緊密,戰場態勢變換更加迅速,戰爭逐漸呈現出平台作戰、體系支撐,戰術行動、戰略保障等特點,特別是智能化、隱身化、無人化作戰以及空天力量、新概念武器、高效毀傷彈藥的運用,從根本上改變了戰爭時空概念,戰爭形態加速由機械化信息化向資訊化智能化演變,智能化戰爭初見端倪。軍種主建,建的應是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭的戰鬥力,而不是機械化戰爭的戰鬥力。軍種抓建為戰,必須聚焦具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭,把目光投向智能化軍事變革,充分設想未來戰爭形態、規模、強度、空間地域等,用超越時代的理念,引領建設視野向前再向前;必須深研製勝機理,科學研判,打贏未來戰爭需要什麼部隊就建設什麼部隊,做到有的放矢。

找準抓建為戰的靶標

靶標既是建設發展的燈塔,也是檢驗戰鬥力的天秤。只有樹立正確靶標,軍種抓建為戰才能有的放矢,不變形、不走樣地牽引武器裝備、體制編制和作戰理論創新發展。軍種抓建為戰,戰的不是一般對手,而是世界軍事賽場上的強敵。這就要求軍種抓建為戰,必然要鎖定強敵,堅持全部心思向打敗強敵聚焦、各項工作向戰勝強敵用勁。緊緊瞄準世界一流標準,重點要牢牢把握未來作戰體係與體系對抗的特徵,探索標準化、模塊化建設問題,形成一體聯動的體係作戰能力;圍繞全局作戰要求,聚力攻關快速反應、遠程投送、融合保障等現實課題,建強快速機動跨域行動能力。抓住制衡強敵這個關鍵,加強對強敵的針對性研究,堅持敵人怕什麼就重點建什麼,發展什麼能製衡強敵就多備幾手,力求做到戰有勝算、談有籌碼、懾有底氣,著力解決軍種新型力量建設、高新裝備運用、資訊智慧整合等瓶頸問題,全面建成世界一流軍隊。

創新抓建為戰的先導

理論是實踐的先導​​,科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力。誰能把準未來戰爭的發展脈搏、擁有高超的戰爭設計能力,誰就能贏得戰爭的主動權甚至最後的勝利。軍種抓建為戰,不能走到哪算哪,要把研戰謀建擺在戰略位置,開展前瞻性、針對性、儲備性創新研究,提出新概念、尋找新突破,形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的創新理論。軍種抓建為戰,必須著眼於戰爭當前實踐和未來發展,理清縱向演進軸線,把重點放在塑造未來戰場、改變未來作戰規則研究上,盡快推動觀念重塑、體系重構;放在聚焦前沿技術領域、未來智慧化戰爭設計上,下氣力在戰爭新技術、新形態方面實現重大突破;放在持續推進作戰思想、行動樣式、能力需求等新概念的開發上,形成對未來作戰行動的前瞻性性思考。同時把新理論新概念體系化、具體化,成為規劃設計力量體系建構、武器裝備發展、軍事訓練轉變、作戰人才培養的「路線圖」。要形成從實踐到理論、再從理論到實踐的閉環迴路,讓軍事理論研究從實踐中汲取豐厚養分,讓先進成熟的理論成果進入軍事決策和實踐環節,實現理論和實踐良性互動。

打造抓建為戰的硬核

科技是最具革命性的力量。科技創新歷來是與時間與速度的賽跑。不努力創新就會落後挨打,創新速度慢了也同樣會落後挨打。今天,科技創新已成為許多國家和軍隊謀求優勢的核心戰略。軍種抓建為戰,必須高度關注科技引領作用的發揮,通過把當前最前沿甚至是設想中的未來科學技術融入建設整體規劃之中,引領建設發展的基本方向,積極探索用未來的我軍與未來的敵人打一場未來戰爭的科技創新路徑;必須落實科技強軍戰略,向科技創新要戰鬥力,大力培育新的科技增長點,著力提高科技創新對軍種戰鬥力發展的貢獻率;必鬚麵向世界科技前沿、面向未來主要戰場、面向作戰重大需求,加快創新速度,規劃論證好一項就要上馬一項,特別是要讓顛覆性技術跑在前面,力爭跑出加速度,贏得新優勢。顯然,打造抓建為戰的硬核,人才是關鍵。人才是最艱難的準備,誰擁有更多高素質新型軍事人才,誰就能在未來戰場上早獲得或多獲得一些致勝先機。要準確把握現代戰爭特點規律和軍種轉型建設要求,做到打仗需要什麼人才就培養什麼人才、什麼人才最緊缺就優先鍛造什麼人才,使人才培養供給側同未來戰場需求側精準對接。

夯實抓建為戰的根基

打仗硬碰硬,訓練實打實。 「戰」的根本在於「建」,「建」的基礎在於「練」。軍事訓練作為部隊的經常性中心工作,既是產生和提高戰鬥力的基本途徑,也是最直接的軍事鬥爭準備。新時代,戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化發展,軍隊使命任務不斷拓展,武器裝備資訊化智能化水平逐步提高,訓練保障條件逐步改善,迫切需要軍種部隊從考慮戰爭形態、作戰方法、武器裝備、人員素質等多個領域的互動,到分析已知與未知、可能與不可能、可為與不可為等諸多因素的影響,全面升級實戰能力。抓建為戰,必須聚焦強敵練兵,圍繞真實敵情的進展,練偵察、練協同、練裝備、練保障,練實力量布勢、練快戰場建設、練真裝備數據、練強保障支撐;必須瞄準陸海空及太空、網絡空間等多領域最新敵情,在情景重現中開展真、難、嚴、實的全要素訓練,與強敵“過招”,讓部隊在真刀真槍對抗中礪實功、強實力;必須追求極限訓練,不斷向人和裝備極限沖擊,使官兵的生理心理極限、裝備的性能極限、人與武器結合的戰鬥力極限全面迸發。唯有用「逼到絕境、難到極致」的訓練呈現所有短板弱項,並加以克服,才能應對最殘酷的戰場。一些超越極限訓出的戰術戰法,往往是實戰中勝敵的關鍵一招、致命一擊。

搞好抓建為戰的耦合

戰與建,根本目的都是為了能打仗、打勝仗,必須在新體制下加速實現功能耦合,為加速戰鬥力生成共同發力。建設適應未來作戰需求的軍隊,說到底是建設能完成未來作戰任務、具備相應作戰能力的部隊,作戰需求就是這種任務需求和能力的具體體現。抓建為戰應根據履行使命任務需要,針對未來作戰軍事需求超前設計,以軍事需求牽引軍隊各項建設,不斷細化和動態化調整作戰需求促進戰建耦合。透過加強未來作戰需求論證研究搞好頂層規劃,從總體上把握軍隊建設的方向和重點,從戰略高度和長遠發展考慮軍隊武器裝備、人員素質的全面發展,明確重點,堅持有所為有所不為,集中力量發展戰略性、關鍵性項目,優先保障應急作戰,正確處理軍隊建設的主與次、急與緩、輕與重,緊緊抓住主要的、關鍵的,推動軍隊建設協調配套,科學合理,規範有序,持續發展。科學的戰鬥力評估不僅能夠科學具體地認識己方戰鬥力的組成及其強弱,還有利於採取針對性措施促進抓建為戰的耦合,及時發現並糾正建設中的不足,真正實現軍隊建設的科學發展、集約高效,促進戰鬥力建設上台階。

嚴格抓建為戰的檢驗

一支部隊建設得好不好,是不是已經具備打勝仗的能力,最終還是要通過軍事實踐來檢驗。經過軍事實踐的全面檢驗,必然揭露部隊建設上存在的問題,從而推動軍隊在建設內容、重點、方向上做出相應的調整。通過這樣一次次軍事實踐的反復檢驗,不斷地給部隊建設提出新要求新目標,由此引領部隊建設向著更高的階段發展。用好網絡模擬對抗檢驗。網絡模擬對抗資訊化智慧化,使得模擬對抗的認知、決策、回饋、修正、行動等更趨於實戰,革命性地改造軍事活動流程,進而對武器裝備、指揮控制、力量編組等多個領域產生積極作用,由此促進部隊戰鬥力不斷躍升,甚至催生新的戰爭樣式、改變戰爭制勝機理。用好現地實兵演習檢驗。作為未來戰爭的預實踐,實兵演習不僅能有效檢驗部隊的實戰能力,更為重要的,是能發現部隊建設中存在的一些薄弱環節,有針對性地加以優化改進,獲得最大限度的戰鬥力回報。用好戰爭實踐檢驗。戰爭實踐對部隊建設的引領作用不可取代。嚴酷的戰爭實踐,可以真正檢驗部隊建設哪些適合、哪些不適合未來戰爭,進而修正在建設指導、建設重點、建設方法等諸多方面的偏差和失誤,為打贏下一場戰爭做好準備。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/9904888.html

Chinese Military Research on Typical Operational Styles of Intelligent Warfare

中國軍隊智能戰爭典型作戰方式研究

現代英語:

Intelligent warfare is a new form of warfare that has gradually developed with the continuous advancement of science and technology. It widely uses intelligent technology to achieve all-round informatization, digitization and intelligence of war. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict can be seen as a microcosm of intelligent warfare, from which we can see the transformation and application of high-tech in actual warfare in the past decade, as well as the astonishing military effectiveness it has produced.

In recent years, major military countries around the world have listed artificial intelligence, big data and other emerging technologies as priority development, and analyzed their military applications and impact on modern warfare based on theoretical research, combat experiments and other methods. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict has become an important window and key testing ground for its perspective on actual combat effectiveness. After this actual combat test, countries around the world have been inspired to accelerate war preparations to cope with the upcoming era of comprehensive intelligent warfare. A new round of AI arms race has quietly begun!

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02

Characteristics of intelligent warfare

Different from traditional warfare forms, the characteristics of intelligent warfare are: with artificial intelligence and big data as the core, through advanced artificial intelligence algorithms and large-scale data sets, to achieve rapid information acquisition, processing and sharing, and provide more comprehensive and accurate information support. Based on network information, on a highly networked information warfare platform, comprehensive information control and efficient transmission are achieved, and each combat unit can share and coordinate actions in real time to improve command efficiency, combat coordination and flexibility. Command and control is the key, and through intelligent command and control systems, intelligent decision-making systems and autonomous combat systems, the combat situation is monitored throughout the process, and combat operations are efficiently coordinated and accurately controlled. High-quality talents are needed to support it, and talents with high-level intelligent technology can better use intelligent technology. Promote the transformation of combat styles. With the development of intelligent technology, combat styles are constantly innovating, and tactical response requirements are constantly changing. Networked combat, intelligent reconnaissance and strike, unmanned combat, cognitive domain combat, etc. are more typical combat styles in intelligent warfare.

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03

Essential characteristics, application scenarios and tactical response requirements of typical combat styles of intelligent warfare

(I) Networked combat

  1. Essential points

Networked combat is to build a networked combat platform through a series of information technology, communication technology, network technology and computer technology, interconnect various combat units, combat systems, etc., realize information acquisition, processing, sharing and coordinated actions, and achieve the purpose of comprehensive control of battlefield information, efficient decision-making and coordinated combat. Its essence emphasizes sharing and coordination.

  1. Application scenarios

Networked combat covers multiple application scenarios such as command and control, intelligence collection, combat coordination and logistics support: ① In terms of command and control, networking connects various command and control systems, sensors and weapons and equipment, so that commanders can grasp the battlefield situation in real time, improve decision-making ability and accuracy, and realize efficient command and control and coordinated processing. ② In terms of intelligence collection and analysis, networking realizes information sharing and collaborative analysis between various intelligence collection equipment, systems and personnel, enabling intelligence departments to obtain and analyze intelligence more comprehensively, accurately and timely, and provide more reliable data support for decision-making. ③ In terms of combat force coordination, networked connections enable information sharing and coordinated actions between various units, equipment and resources, and achieve more accurate combat operations. ④ In terms of logistics support, networking enables efficient logistics support through intelligent support systems, improves the efficiency and accuracy of logistics support, and achieves optimal allocation and efficient scheduling of logistics resources.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of networked operations

  1. Tactical response requirements

Networked operations require tactical response: First, information reliability. In networked operations, information is an important factor in leading operations. All combat units and systems must fully understand the importance of accurate information and provide reliable data support for decision-making. Second, network globality. Networked operations are not just the behavior of individual combat units, but the global behavior of the entire combat system, which requires coordination and cooperation from the perspective of the entire combat system. Third, high coordination. All combat units and systems must have a high degree of coordination capabilities, be able to quickly respond to various combat tasks, and achieve accurate combat operations. Fourth, technological advancement. All combat units and systems must have advanced technical capabilities, be able to master and apply various information technologies and equipment proficiently, and ensure the smooth progress of networked operations. Fifth, security and stability. It is necessary to ensure information security and network system stability, take security measures and technical means to prevent network attacks and data leakage, establish a strong network security protection system, adopt encryption technology and protocols, implement data management and access control, regularly detect and repair security vulnerabilities, adopt backup and fault-tolerant mechanisms, and avoid equipment failure or network interruption affecting combat effectiveness.

(II) Intelligent reconnaissance and strike

  1. Essential points

Intelligent reconnaissance and strike is to achieve accurate reconnaissance and efficient strikes on enemy targets through intelligent technology, quickly and accurately discover combat targets, and reduce combat losses. Its essence emphasizes: high precision, using high-resolution sensors, high-precision positioning technology, image recognition technology, etc. to achieve high-precision reconnaissance and positioning of targets; high speed, using advanced missile technology, artillery technology and drone technology, etc. to achieve high-speed strikes and destruction of targets; intelligent decision-making, using artificial intelligence technology, big data technology and cloud computing technology, etc. to achieve automatic identification and decision-making of targets, and improve damage effectiveness and efficiency.

  1. Application scenarios

Intelligent reconnaissance and strike are widely used in various combat fields: ① In ground warfare, use intelligent equipment such as satellites, drones and ground robots for reconnaissance, obtain high-precision image data of enemy positions, analyze enemy force deployment, weapons and equipment, and action patterns; use intelligent shells to achieve comprehensive coverage and strikes on enemy areas by accurately calculating shooting elements. ② In naval warfare, use intelligent reconnaissance equipment to identify and track targets at sea, grasp the dynamics of enemy ships in real time, and provide accurate coordinate information for strikes; through real-time perception and tracking, guide intelligent missiles to achieve long-range precision strikes on mobile targets. ③ In special combat environments, such as urban street fighting, use intelligent reconnaissance equipment to conduct reconnaissance inside buildings, and achieve precision strikes inside buildings through high-precision sensors and strike algorithms; in mountain warfare, use intelligent reconnaissance equipment to conduct reconnaissance and analysis of mountain terrain to provide accurate terrain information support for troops’ marching and combat.

Figure 2 “Reconnaissance and Strike” Wheeled Reconnaissance Robot

  1. Tactical Response Requirements

Comprehensive, accurate and efficient intelligent support and guarantee services are the key to supporting the effectiveness of this combat style, mainly as follows: First, realize all-round highly intelligent intelligence collection and analysis. Use advanced intelligent equipment (such as satellites, drones, etc.) and technologies (such as machine learning, big data, cloud computing, etc.) to conduct highly automated reconnaissance and intelligence collection, and automatically analyze and process the massive heterogeneous data obtained, so as to achieve comprehensive perception, monitoring and deep mining of battlefield conditions, and provide comprehensive, accurate and fresh data guarantee services for target indication and strike. Second, intelligent command, control and strike. On the basis of intelligent, efficient and accurate collection, reconnaissance and analysis of battlefield data, it is also necessary to use artificial intelligence technology and automation systems to conduct highly automated command and control, identify and track enemy targets, make decisions quickly and guide weapon systems to carry out precise strikes. Third, formulate accurate emergency plans. The battlefield situation changes rapidly, and emergency response capabilities are crucial. Use intelligent technology to analyze battlefield situations in real time, predict possible emergencies or prejudge the actions of mobile targets, formulate emergency plans or strike ideas in advance, and ensure that rapid response and strike response can be made when emergencies occur.

(III) Unmanned combat

  1. Essential points

Unmanned combat is the use of unmanned technology to realize the combat use of unmanned equipment. Its advantage is to reduce casualties and perform combat tasks in some high-risk and complex environments. The key point is the development of unmanned equipment, such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned boats. These equipment can achieve high-precision and high-speed reconnaissance, strike and other combat operations in combat.

  1. Application scenarios

Unmanned combat has a variety of combat scenarios, including but not limited to: ① Drones can be used in ground warfare. Use drones to conduct high-altitude reconnaissance and surveillance outside the enemy’s air defense system to obtain high-definition image data; they can also be equipped with weapon systems to accurately strike and destroy enemy targets. ② Unmanned vehicles can be used in urban combat. Unmanned vehicles equipped with high-precision sensors and weapon systems can be used to replace human soldiers to perform reconnaissance, patrol, attack and defense tasks in urban streets to avoid casualties. ③ Unmanned boats can be used in maritime operations. Unmanned boats equipped with a variety of sensors and weapon systems can be used to perform maritime reconnaissance, patrol, anti-submarine warfare, attack and anti-piracy tasks.

Figure 3 UAVs equipped with ammunition on the Russian-Ukrainian battlefield

  1. Tactical response requirements

Unmanned combat requires the following tactical requirements: First, autonomy and intelligence are at the core. Unmanned combat systems need to have a certain level of autonomy and intelligence, and be able to complete combat tasks autonomously without human intervention. The system needs to have advanced autonomous action control technology, intelligent perception technology and decision-making planning capabilities. Second, target recognition and decision-making speed must be fast. The timeliness requirements for unmanned combat systems to quickly identify targets and make decisions require high-precision sensors and efficient image processing capabilities, as well as real-time data analysis capabilities and powerful decision-making algorithms. Third, information sharing and collaboration are very necessary. Unmanned combat systems need to share information and collaborate with other systems. The system needs to have efficient information transmission capabilities and powerful collaborative combat algorithms to achieve functions such as task allocation, action coordination and information sharing. Fourth, safety and stability are the bottom line. Unmanned combat systems need to be safe and stable and able to operate stably in complex battlefield environments. The system needs to have advanced security assurance technology and stability control capabilities to cope with various emergencies and dangerous situations.

The above requirements are the key to achieving efficient, accurate and reliable unmanned combat, and are also important considerations for the development and deployment of unmanned combat system equipment.

(IV) Cognitive domain combat

  1. Essential characteristics

Cognitive domain combat is the use of theories of relevant disciplines such as cognitive science, system science, communication, linguistics, social culture, and social behavior, with multiple information carriers such as text, pictures, sound, and video, and the comprehensive use of various combat methods and technical means to compete for the spirit, thought, thinking, and thinking of the target object, to achieve cognitive influence, cognitive shaping, cognitive control, and cognitive manipulation of the target object, and promote the formation of a cognitive situation that is beneficial to oneself.

  1. Application scenarios

Cognitive domain combat is not a unique combat style of intelligent warfare. Its ideas are reflected in military tactics and strategies in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad. With the promotion and empowerment of artificial intelligence technology in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, social robots, deep fake videos, etc. are widely used in online media, influencing social public opinion, manipulating public cognition, and exerting power efficiently and accurately, making cognitive warfare a “brain battle” for global digital communication. Its application scenarios are: ① Military fraud. Through propaganda, psychological suggestion, induction and other deception and fraud methods, try to make the enemy misjudge the situation, affect their cognition, emotions and behavior, and thus disintegrate their morale and fighting will. For example, during World War II, the Soviet Union used large-scale propaganda activities to promote the strength of the Soviet Union and the defeat of Germany to German soldiers, thereby affecting the morale and fighting will of German soldiers. ② Media propaganda. Information dissemination through television, radio, the Internet, etc., affects the public’s views and attitudes on specific issues. For example, in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, Ukrainian politicians and ordinary people intensively spoke on social platforms such as Twitter, gaining widespread attention and sympathy from the international community, and creating a cognitive situation that is beneficial to Ukraine in the international public opinion field. ③ Long-term consciousness infiltration. Through the long-term cultivation of concepts, culture, religion, ideology, etc., people’s cognition and values ​​are unconsciously influenced. This is a very covert and effective combat strategy.

Figure 4 Cognitive Domain Operations

  1. Tactical Response Requirements

Cognitive domain operations have the following tactical requirements: First, accurately locate the target object, formulate different strategies according to different target objects, understand their cognitive characteristics, needs, values, etc., and formulate more targeted strategies. Second, multi-dimensional information dissemination, and comprehensive use of multiple information carriers and dissemination channels for dissemination. Third, use psychological principles and master psychological knowledge and skills, such as suggestion, induction, group effect, etc., to better manipulate cognition. Fourth, flexibly respond to protective measures, and adjust strategies in time through information detection and counterattack, network tracking and attack, etc., to ensure its effectiveness and safety. Fifth, emphasize effect feedback evaluation in order to adjust strategies and means, and continuously optimize and improve tactics.

(V) Other combat styles

Some other new combat styles have also emerged in intelligent warfare. These combat styles have their own characteristics and advantages, and play an important role in improving combat effectiveness: Directed energy weapon combat is a combat method that uses high-energy beams to attack. This weapon can destroy enemy targets at a long distance, and has the characteristics of high precision, high speed and high destructive power. Directed energy weapons include laser weapons, particle beam weapons and microwave weapons, which can be used in various combat fields such as air, ground and sea. Cross-domain combat refers to leapfrogging attacks and defenses between different fields such as space, cyberspace and land, sea and air battlefields, using intelligent technology to achieve leapfrogging actions between different fields to achieve a surprising victory. For example, air power can be used to strike enemy ground targets, and ground power can be used to strike enemy sea targets. Stealth combat is to use various technologies and means to hide and disguise oneself on the battlefield, avoid enemy reconnaissance and attack, and improve one’s own survivability and attack effect. For example, in air and sea combat environments, stealth fighters and stealth submarines use their installed stealth materials and stealth technology to avoid enemy radar, infrared, sonar and other detection.

Figure 5 Directed energy weapons

Figure 6 Cross-domain combat

Figure 7 US “B-2 Spirit” stealth bomber

In short, there are many new combat styles in intelligent warfare, all of which are innovative to improve combat effectiveness. As technology continues to advance and develop, more new combat methods and innovative applications will emerge, providing more support and guarantees for winning intelligent wars.

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04

Comprehensive analysis of typical combat styles

Comprehensive analysis of typical combat styles shows that: (1) “Controlling energy with intelligence”, “Gathering energy over a wide area” and “Precisely releasing energy” are its fundamental strategic ideas, achieving maximum war benefits at the lowest cost. Networked combat and cross-domain combat realize battlefield information perception, monitoring and coordination in all fields and dimensions, such as air, land, sea and network, and cross-domain integration enhances strength; intelligent reconnaissance and strike realize accurate intelligence analysis and precise target positioning and strike, reducing damage to surrounding evasion facilities and ordinary people; unmanned combat emphasizes reducing casualties of one’s own manpower, and autonomously carrying out combat missions through unmanned equipment systems; cognitive domain combat uses intelligence to control invisible competition, achieving the goal of defeating the enemy without fighting. (2) Highly dependent on technology, coordination and intelligence, with algorithm computing power as the underlying support. All combat styles, without exception, rely on information, network, communication and other technical support to achieve the coordination of various combat forces and weapons and equipment, and have the ability to execute tasks and make decisions intelligently and autonomously. As its underlying support, algorithms dominate the operation and decision-making of intelligent weapons, and computing power provides faster response speed, more accurate decision-making and more efficient execution capabilities, which directly affects combat effectiveness and victory or defeat. (3) Combat effectiveness increases geometrically. Through high-speed, high-precision and high-efficiency human-machine collaboration, decentralized, fast and flexible tactical actions are used to form a non-linear, non-contact and asymmetric combat method to quickly achieve combat objectives. Compared with traditional combat, the combat effectiveness it releases is exponentially increasing.

Disclaimer: This article is transferred from Shigao Technology Online, the original author is Kou Jingxing, Yang Pei and Li Qingqing. The content of the article is the personal opinion of the original author. This public account is compiled/reprinted only for sharing and conveying different opinions. If you have any objections, please contact us!

Transferred from | Kou Jingxing, Yang Pei and Li Qingqing

Author | Shigao Technology Online

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現代國語:

智慧化戰爭是隨著科技的不斷進步而逐漸發展起來的一種新型戰爭形態,其廣泛運用智慧化技術實現戰爭全方位的資訊化、數位化和智慧化。俄烏衝突可視為智慧化戰爭縮影,從中看到近十年高新科技在實際戰爭中的轉化運用,以及產生的令人瞠目的軍事效能。

近年來,全球主要軍事國家都將人工智慧、大數據等列為優先發展的新興技術,依托理論研究、作戰實驗等方法分析其軍事應用及對現代戰爭影響。俄烏衝突便成為其透視實際作戰效果的重要窗口和關鍵試驗場。經此實戰檢驗,世界各國從中獲得啟發,必須加速推進戰爭準備,以因應即將到來的全面智慧化戰爭時代。新一輪的AI軍備競賽悄悄開啟!

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02

智慧化戰爭特徵

與傳統戰爭形態不同,智慧化戰爭其特徵體現:以人工智慧和大數據為核心,透過先進人工智慧演算法和大規模資料集,實現資訊快速獲取、處理和共享,提供更全面且準確的資訊支援。以網路資訊為基礎,在高度網路化資訊作戰平台上,實現資訊全面掌控、高效傳遞,各作戰單元能即時共享和協同行動,提升指揮效率、作戰協同性和彈性。以指揮控制為關鍵,透過智慧化指揮控制系統、智慧決策系統及自主作戰系統等,全程監控作戰狀況、有效率協調並精確控製作戰行動。需高素質人才支持,具備高水準智慧化技術的人才能更好地運用智慧化技術。推動作戰樣式變革,隨著智慧化技術發展,作戰樣式不斷創新,戰術反應需求不斷變化。網路化作戰、智慧偵察與打擊、無人化作戰、認知域作戰等是智慧化戰爭中較為典型的作戰樣式。

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03

智慧化戰爭典型作戰樣式本質特徵、應用場景及戰術反應要求

(一)網路化作戰

1.本質要點

網路化作戰是透過一系列資訊科技、通訊技術、網路技術和電腦科技等,建構形成網路化作戰平台,將各個作戰單位、作戰系統等相互聯通,實現資訊取得、處理、共享及協同行動,達到全面掌控戰場資訊、高效決策與協同作戰目的,其本質強調共享及協同。

2.應用場景

網路化作戰涵蓋指揮控制、情報收集、作戰協同和後勤保障等多個應用場景:①指揮控制方面,網路化將各種指揮控制系統、感測器和武器裝備進行連接,指揮官可即時掌握戰場態勢,提高決策能力與準確度,實現高效指揮控制及協同處理。 ②情報收集和分析方面,網路化實現各種情報收集設備、系統和人員之間的資訊共享和協同分析,使情報部門更加全面、準確、及時獲取和分析情報,為決策提供更可靠的數據支持。 ③作戰力量協同方面,網路化連結實現各部隊、裝備和資源之間的資訊共享和協同行動,實現更精準的作戰行動。 ④後勤保障方面,網路化透過智慧化保障系統實現高效率後勤保障,提升後勤支援效率與精確度,實現後勤資源最佳化配置與高效調度。

圖1 網路化作戰示意圖

3.戰術反應要求

網路化作戰對戰術反應需求:一是資訊可靠性。在網路化作戰中,資訊是主導作戰的重要因素,各作戰單位和系統要充分認識準確資訊的重要性,為決策提供可靠的數據支援。二是網路全局性。網路化作戰不只是個別作戰單位行為,而是整個作戰系統全局性的行為,需從整個作戰系統的角度出發進行協同配合。三是高度協同性。各作戰單位和系統要具備高度的協同能力,能夠快速回應各種作戰任務,實現精準作戰行動。四是技術先進性。各作戰單位及系統要具備先進技術能力,能熟練及應用各種資訊技術及裝備,並保障網路化作戰順利進行。五是安全穩定性。必須保障資訊安全和網路系統穩定,採取安全措施和技術手段,防範網路攻擊和資料洩露,建立強大的網路安全防護體系,採用加密技術和協議,實施資料管理和存取控制,定期偵測和修復安全漏洞,採取備份和容錯機制,避免設備故障或網路中斷影響作戰效果。

(二)智能偵察與打擊

1.本質要點

智慧偵察與打擊是透過智慧化技術實現對敵方目標精準偵察和高效打擊,快速準確發現作戰目標,減少作戰損失,其本質強調:高精度,利用高解析度感測器、高精度定位技術和影像識別技術等,實現對於目標高精度偵察和定位;高速度,利用先進飛彈技術、砲彈技術和無人機技術等,實現對於目標高速度打擊和摧毀;智慧化決策,利用人工智慧技術、大數據技術和雲端運算技術等,實現對於目標自動辨識與決策,提高毀傷效能和效率。

2.應用場景

智慧偵察與打擊在多種作戰領域廣泛應用:①在地面戰爭中,利用衛星、無人機和地面機器人等智慧型設備進行偵察,取得敵方陣地高精度影像數據,分析敵方兵力部署、武器裝備和行動規律等資訊;透過精確計算射擊諸元,利用智慧砲彈實現對敵方區域全面覆蓋和打擊。 ②在海上戰爭中,利用智慧偵察設備對海上目標進行識別和跟踪,實時掌握敵方艦船動態,為打擊提供精準坐標信息;通過實時感知和跟踪,引導智能導彈實現對移動目標遠程精準打擊。 ③在特殊作戰環境下,如城市巷戰中,利用智慧偵察設備對建築物內部進行偵察,透過高精度感測器和打擊演算法,實現對建築物內部精準打擊;山地作戰中,利用智慧偵察設備對山區地形進行偵察分析,為部隊行軍作戰提供精準的地形資訊支援。

圖2 「察打一體」輪式偵察機器人

3.戰術反應要求

全面、精準、高效率的智慧化支援與保障服務,是支撐此作戰樣式取得成效關鍵,主要為:一是實現全方位高智慧化情報收集與分析。利用先進智慧型設備(如衛星、無人機等)和技術(如機器學習、大數據、雲端運算等),進行高度自動化偵察和情報蒐集,並對獲取的海量異源資料進行自動化分析處理,實現對戰場狀況全面感知、監控以及深度挖掘,為目標指示與打擊提供全面、精準、新鮮的資料保障服務。二是智能化指揮控制與打擊。在對戰場資料進行智慧高效準確地蒐集、偵察及分析基礎上,還需利用人工智慧技術和自動化系統,進行高度自動化指揮控制,對敵方目標進行識別和追踪,快速做出決策並引導武器系統進行精確打擊。三是製定精準的緊急應變計畫。戰場態勢瞬息萬變,緊急應變能力至關重要。利用智慧技術對戰場情況進行即時分析,預測可能出現的突發情況或對移動目標行動進行預判,提前製定應急預案或打擊思路,確保能夠在突發事件發生時迅速做出快速響應處置和打擊反應。

(三)無人化作戰

1.本質要點

無人化作戰是利用無人化技術,實現無人化裝備的作戰運用。其優勢在於減少人員傷亡,可執行一些高風險和複雜環境下的作戰任務。其要點是無人化裝備的發展,如無人機、無人車、無人艇等。這些裝備可以在作戰中實現高精準度、高速度的偵察、打擊等作戰行動。

2.應用場景

無人化作戰有多種作戰場景,包括但不限於:①無人機可應用於地面戰爭。利用無人機在敵方防空系統之外進行高空偵察與監視,取得高清晰度影像資料;亦可裝填武器系統,對敵方目標進行精確打擊與摧毀。 ②無人車可應用於都市作戰。利用無人車搭載高精準度感測器和武器系統,取代人類士兵在城市街道進行偵察巡邏、攻擊和防禦等任務,避免傷亡。 ③無人艇可應用於海上作戰。利用無人艇搭載多種感測器和武器系統,進行海上偵察巡邏、反潛作戰攻擊和反海盜等任務。

圖3 俄烏戰場上的配彈無人機

3.戰術反應要求

無人化作戰在戰術上要求:一是自主化和智慧化為其核心。無人化作戰系統需要具備一定自主化和智慧化水平,能夠在沒有人為幹預情況下自主完成作戰任務,需要係統具備先進自主行動控制技術、智慧感知技術和決策規劃能力。二是目標識別和決策速度要快。無人化作戰系統快速識別目標並做出決策的時效要求,需要依靠高精度感測器和高效影像處理能力,以及即時數據分析能力和強大決策演算法。三是資訊共享與協同非常必要。無人化作戰系統要與其他系統分享資訊和協同作戰,需要係統具有高效資訊傳輸能力和強大協同作戰演算法,能夠實現任務分配、行動協調和資訊共享等功能。四是安全穩定為保底。無人化作戰系統需要安全性和穩定性,能夠在複雜戰場環境中穩定運作。需要係統具有先進的安全保障技術和穩定性控制能力,能夠應付各種突發事件和危險情況。

以上要求是實現高效、精準和可靠的無人化作戰關鍵,也是無人化作戰系統裝備開發和部署的重要考量。

(四)認知域作戰

1.本質特點

認知域作戰是運用認知科學、系統科學、傳播學、語言學、社會文化學、社會行為學等相關學科理論,以文本、圖片、聲音、視頻等多重資訊載體,綜合運用多種作戰方式和技術手段,對目標對象進行精神、思想、思維、思考的爭奪,實現對目標對象的認知影響、認知塑造、認知控制和認知操縱,推動形成對己方有利的認知態勢。

2.應用場景

認知域作戰並非是智慧化戰爭的獨有作戰樣式,其思想在古今中外軍事兵法策略均有所體現。隨著人工智慧技術在俄烏衝突中的推動與賦能,社交機器人、深度偽造影片等大量應用在網路媒體中,影響社交輿論、操控大眾認知、高效精準發揮威力,使得認知戰成為全球數位傳播的“大腦爭奪戰”,其應用場景有:①軍事詐欺。透過宣傳、心理暗示、誘導等欺騙欺詐手段,試圖讓敵人誤判情勢,影響其認知、情緒和行為,從而瓦解其士氣和戰鬥意志。例如,在二戰期間,蘇聯透過大規模宣傳活動,向德國士兵宣傳蘇聯的強大和德國的戰敗,從而影響了德國士兵的士氣和戰鬥意志。 ②媒體宣傳。透過電視、廣播、網路等資訊傳播,影響大眾對特定議題的看法與態度。例如,在俄烏衝突中,烏克蘭政要、一般民眾在推特等社群平台上密集發聲,收穫國際社會廣泛關注和同情,在國際輿論場營造出了有利於烏方的認知態勢。 ③長期性意識滲透。透過長期培養觀念、文化、宗教、意識形態等,在不知不覺中影響人們認知和價值觀,這是一種非常隱密有效地作戰策略。

圖4 認知域作戰

3.戰術反應要求

認知域作戰在戰術上要求:一是精準定位目標對象,依照不同目標對象制定不同策略,了解其認知特徵、需求、價值觀等,制定更具針對性策略。二是多維度資訊傳播,綜合運用多種資訊載體及傳播管道進行傳播。第三是運用心理學原理,掌握心理學知識技巧,如暗示、誘導、團體效應等,更能操控認知。四是靈活應對防護措施,透過資訊偵測和反擊、網路追蹤和攻擊等,及時調整策略,確保其有效性和安全性。五是強調效果回饋評估,以便調整策略和手段,不斷優化和改進戰術。

(五)其他作戰樣式

在智慧化戰爭中也出現了一些其他新型作戰樣式,這些風格各具特點優勢,對於提升作戰效能具有重要的作用:定向能武器作戰,是一種利用高能量射線束進行攻擊的作戰方式。這種武器可以在遠距離上摧毀敵方目標,同時具有高精度、高速度和高破壞力等特徵。定向能武器包括雷射武器、粒子束武器和微波武器等,它們可以在空中、地面和海上等多種作戰領域中應用。跨域作戰,指在太空、網路空間及陸海空戰場等不同領域之間進行跨越式攻擊與防禦,利用智慧化技術實現不同領域之間跨越式行動,達到出奇制勝的效果。例如,可以利用空中力量對敵方地面目標進行打擊,利用地面力量對敵方海上目標進行打擊。隱形作戰,是利用各種技術和手段,在戰場上隱藏和偽裝自己,避免被敵方偵察和攻擊,提高己方生存能力和攻擊效果。如在空中、海上作戰環境中,隱形戰鬥機、隱形潛艇等利用其加裝的隱形材料和隱形技術,躲避敵方雷達、紅外線、聲吶等探測。

圖5 定向能武器

圖6 跨域作戰

圖7 美國「B-2幽靈」隱形轟炸機

總之,智慧化戰爭中的新型作戰樣式多元,都是為了提升作戰效能而創新。隨著科技不斷進步與發展,也將出現更多新型作戰方式與創新應用,為打贏智慧化戰爭提供更多支援與保障。

✦✦

04

典型作戰樣式綜合分析

綜合分析典型作戰樣式可看出:(1)「以智出能」「廣域聚能」「精準釋能」為其根本戰略思想,實現以最小代價獲得最大戰爭效益。網路化作戰及跨域作戰實現空、地、海、網路等全領域全維度戰場資訊感知監控與協同,跨域融合增強實力;智慧偵察與打擊實現精確情報分析與精準目標定位打擊,減少對週邊避打設施及一般民眾的傷害;無人作戰強調減少已方有生力量傷亡,透過無人裝備系統自主行動實施作戰任務;認知域作戰以智駕馭無形較量,達到不戰而屈人之兵目的。 (2)高度依賴技術、協同、智能,以演算法算力為底層支撐。各種作戰樣式無一例外都依賴資訊、網路、通訊等技術支持,實現各種作戰力量和武器裝備協同,具備智慧化自主執行任務和決策能力。作為其底層支撐,演算法主導智慧武器的運作和決策,算力提供更快反應速度、更精準決策和更有效率執行能力,直接影響作戰效果和勝負。 (3)作戰效能呈幾何倍增。透過高速度、高精度和高效率人機協同,以分散、快速、靈活的戰術行動,形成非線性、非接觸、非對稱作戰方式,迅速達成作戰目標。相較於傳統作戰,其釋放出的作戰效能呈指數級增長。

免責聲明:本文轉自事高科技在線,原作者寇靜行 楊培 李晴晴。文章內容係原作者個人觀點,本公眾號編譯/轉載僅為分享、傳達不同觀點,如有任何異議,歡迎聯絡我們!

轉自丨寇靜行 楊培 李晴晴

作者丨事高科技在線

研究所簡介

國際技術經濟研究所(IITE)成立於1985年11月,是隸屬於國務院發展研究中心的非營利研究機構,主要功能是研究我國經濟、科技社會發展中的重大政策性、策略性、前瞻性問題,追蹤分析世界科技、經濟發展態勢,為中央和相關部會提供決策諮詢服務。 「全球技術地圖」為國際技術經濟研究所官方微信帳號,致力於向大眾傳遞尖端技術資訊與科技創新洞見。

地址:北京市海淀區小南莊20號樓A座

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.163.com/dy/article/J237LVGJ0514R888.html

Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡?

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語:

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗,透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息,影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心,進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看,認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而,認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線;同時,根據政治或軍事目的需要,其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此,認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念,並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基,具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面,但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中,圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈,成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知,奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗,也是舉國之志的對抗,政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中,透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導,培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情,舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基,是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知,奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導,建構戰爭認知思維體系,引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向,推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成,調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落,是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度,對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知,奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向,在認定事物、判定是非方面,人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落,透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播,圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中,不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同,是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎,它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化,是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一,也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理,調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散,提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力,但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生;國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性,為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機,而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎,結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控,對社會穩定有直接影響,是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理,漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人,如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的,那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位,也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理,不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞,也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒,為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中,需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理,影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中,個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引,如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等,對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取,是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等,有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象,從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐,具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰,「攻」「防」行動同步開展,武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效,「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮,是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志,迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等,透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志,透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策;針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量,以武力打擊震懾主導,綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段,動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式;針對社會面支撐力量,透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心,透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒,透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線,凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線,防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量,透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情,透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相,透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念,透過樹立典型調動士氣等等;針對支撐力量,透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳,建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感,透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理,透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營,消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍,為己方陣營拓展提供支撐,是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取,雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主,但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散,常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變,進而影響到政治層面的決策,為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外,戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務,即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期,隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散,人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期,需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效,方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按:王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源:http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源:新華社 作者:林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯:喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語:

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語:

當今時代,軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力,深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等,日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰,主導力量是能量,透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊,達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的,追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰,主導力量是資訊力,訊息並沒有取代能量,而是透過對時空的精準定位,使能量的作戰效能成倍提升,從而成為戰爭的主導力量,追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰,主導力量是“智能力”,作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓,戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜,戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗,更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展,使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離,無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰,完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動,智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人,作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上,俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地,成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年,俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前,智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務,60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備,將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備,遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務,並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下,有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中,具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”,攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”,在信息網絡的支持下,人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同,共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點,2035年前,人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰;2050年前,將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰,正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確,個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言,社會行為豐富,所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐,同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機,由其自行精準編隊、精確分工,同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比,集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢,是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現,即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統,在應對無人機集群攻擊時,也難以合理分配火力,導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明,當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時,平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統;當無人機數量增至幾十架時,成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明,無人機集群作戰的效果顯著,對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅,同時也預示,集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

Chinese Military Big Data: An Accelerator of Military Intelligence Transformation

中國軍事大數據:軍事情報轉型的加速器

來源:解放軍報 作者:宋元剛、邵龍飛、特約通訊員 王涵 主編:吳行健

現代英語:

In order to thoroughly implement President Xi’s decision to “promote the implementation of the national big data strategy” and accelerate the development of military intelligence, our military has begun to take active actions. The innovative application of military big data will surely stimulate data vitality, release data value, and produce a multiplier effect like never before, so as to open the door to future victory.

In order to actively adapt to the new situation and new requirements, promote the deep integration of big data and national defense construction, and promote exchanges and cooperation among experts in the field of military big data research, the Second Military Big Data Forum, hosted by the Academy of Military Sciences and themed “Military Big Data Promotes the Development of Military Intelligence”, was held in Beijing from August 22 to 23 this year. More than 500 leaders, experts and representatives from the Central Military Commission, various theater commands, various services, the Academy of Military Sciences, the National Defense University, the National University of Defense Technology and other units participated in the discussion and exchange on the frontier, common and hot issues of the development of military big data.

During the forum, our reporter interviewed Researcher Liu Linshan, Director of the Military Science Information Research Center of the Academy of Military Sciences, Researcher Lu Bin, Deputy Director, and Associate Researcher Luo Wei, Director of a research laboratory, on topics related to military big data. 

Military big data is highly confrontational

Reporter: my country is currently vigorously promoting the implementation of the national big data strategy. Big data is being widely used in many fields such as economy, politics, security and social management, reflecting unprecedented great value. So, compared with civilian big data, what are the connotations and characteristics of military big data?

Liu Linshan: With the development of big data technology and applications, military big data has broken through the concept of military data in the past and has become a general term for a series of activities based on massive military data resources, with data intelligent processing and analysis technology as the core, and driven by the extensive application needs in the military field. In view of the particularity of military activities, in addition to the typical characteristics of civilian big data such as large data scale, multiple content types, high processing speed, and low value density, military big data also has the characteristics of “one super, one high, and one strong”.

“One super” means super complexity. It means that the data comes from multiple spaces such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. The information dimension is higher, the unstructured characteristics are more obvious, and the data relationship is more complex. “One high” means high security, which means that the threats faced are complex, including enemy reconnaissance and theft, leakage of confidentiality by one’s own side, system vulnerabilities, and attacks by the enemy’s “soft” and “hard” means, etc., and the risk of weakening or losing availability is greater. “One strong” means strong confrontation, which means that the game confrontation between information acquisition and anti-acquisition means, the widespread existence of data fog disguise and deception, and the intricate interweaving of true and false data, which requires extremely high ability to distinguish the authenticity of data.

Lv Bin: Here we need to emphasize the “strong confrontational” characteristics of military big data. Since military big data is data in a confrontational environment, the data quality is poor, the value density is low, and it is usually uncertain, incomplete, and false. We know that artificial intelligence at this stage is mainly based on data-driven machine learning. Machine learning requires sample data, but the current war is small sample data, and future wars may not even have sample data. In addition, the characteristic of military operations is “man in the loop”, and human activities are difficult to learn and predict using classic big data methods. This makes military big data much more difficult than civilian big data in dealing with problems such as small sample data learning, game under incomplete and uncertain information, and scene modeling and understanding in complex environments. The challenges encountered are much greater, and new theories, new methods, and new technologies must be adopted to solve them.

Military big data and military intelligence complement each other

Reporter: The report of the 19th CPC National Congress emphasized the need to “accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems.” How should we understand the relationship between military big data and military intelligence?

Liu Linshan: Looking back at the development of artificial intelligence, since it was first proposed at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, it has experienced three climaxes and two troughs: the reasoning period, the knowledge period, and the learning period. Scientists have tried to “manufacture” human intelligence through logical reasoning, expert systems, etc., but the failure of the development of Japanese intelligent computers and the decline of the Encyclopedia of Human Common Sense Knowledge at Stanford University in the United States have made these paths unsustainable. The emergence of big data has provided a new path for the development of artificial intelligence, and people have begun to shift from how to “manufacture” intelligence to how to “learn” intelligence. Different from the traditional hope of achieving reasoning and learning through rules, logic and knowledge, through machine learning, we can gain insight into the hidden laws of massive data from big data, and effectively realize data-driven artificial intelligence. In March 2016, the “AlphaGo” Go robot developed by Google was able to defeat the world champion Lee Sedol based on the deep learning of neural networks based on 30 million chess records. In addition, the development of big data technology can also make up for the shortcomings of artificial intelligence in algorithms and computing power, and significantly improve its transferability and interpretability. It can be said that big data is the enabling factor of the new generation of artificial intelligence and is crucial to promoting the development of artificial intelligence.

Lv Bin: At present, artificial intelligence technology is accelerating its penetration into the military field. Military intelligence has become the core driving force of a new round of military reforms, profoundly changing the winning mechanism, force structure and combat methods of future wars. Military intelligence is not just a simple superposition of artificial intelligence and military, but also a systematic description of the coordinated operation of people, equipment and combat methods under a new combat form. The key to the operation of the system is inseparable from the efficient acquisition, integration, analysis and interaction of data. In the future, with the full penetration of data into the military field, deep interaction between man and machine, and the deep combination of machine intelligence and human wisdom, autonomous perception, autonomous analysis, autonomous decision-making and autonomous strikes centered on data and centered on data analysis and processing will be realized.

Luo Wei: We should also look at the relationship between the two from the perspective of the historical stage of our military construction and development. At present, our military has made significant progress in the transformation of military reforms with Chinese characteristics, but the task of mechanization construction has not been completed, and the level of informatization needs to be improved urgently. The development of military intelligence must not be a “castle in the air”. It must be built on the basis of mechanization and informatization, and at the same time, it must also focus on using intelligence to drive mechanization and informatization construction. The integrated development of the “three transformations” will be a significant feature of our military construction and development at present and in the future. Through the comprehensive sharing and efficient interaction of various types of data, the information data flow of the integration of the “three transformations” will be opened up, which will help to build the underlying channel of the integration of the “three transformations” and effectively enhance the quality and efficiency of the development of military intelligence.

Major military powers are rushing to build military big data

Reporter: Accelerating the development of military intelligence has become a common practice for the world’s military powers to seize the commanding heights of future military competition. So what is the progress of these countries in promoting the construction of military big data and the development of military intelligence? Please give a brief introduction.

Liu Linshan: Winning by technology has always been the main means for Western countries to seek advantages in the world. With the advent of the era of big data and artificial intelligence, major Western countries regard it as a “battlefield” and have successively introduced a series of strategic measures to strengthen overall planning. As early as March 2012, the US government issued the “Big Data Research and Development Program Initiative”, which advocated the joint efforts of six government departments and agencies including the Department of Defense to jointly promote the development of big data collection, storage, management and analysis technologies. In 2016, the “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan” was formulated to clarify the investment direction and focus of the United States in the field of artificial intelligence. In 2018, the “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy” was issued, which proposed artificial intelligence development goals and measures, and unified planning and deployment of military applications of artificial intelligence. This year, a new version of the “Department of Defense Cloud Strategy” was formulated to accelerate the development of big data and artificial intelligence technologies and promote data sharing through unified supervision of the US military’s cloud construction. In order to coordinate the development of artificial intelligence technology and combat applications of the US military, the US Department of Defense has also established a joint artificial intelligence center to integrate relevant resources and plan investments. With the launch of the US Department of Defense’s “Military Cloud” 2.0 system, the US military has acquired data processing capabilities such as high-speed battlefield video processing, voice recognition, complex electromagnetic environment perception, and decryption, reducing processing time to one thousandth of traditional methods. Russia has formulated the “Russian Federation Science and Technology Development Strategy”, which prioritizes big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in scientific and technological innovation, and the Russian military has formulated the “Military Robot Technology and Application Development Plan”. The United Kingdom has listed big data, robots, and autonomous systems as eight priority development technologies, and the military has set up a special artificial intelligence laboratory to focus on the research of artificial intelligence and defense data science. France’s digital roadmap clearly states that big data is a strategic high-tech that must be strongly supported in the future. The military has formulated the “Artificial Intelligence and Innovation Roadmap”, which lists intelligence, decision-making, human-machine collaboration, robots, and cyber warfare as key development areas.

Luo Wei: In addition to strategic layout, major Western countries have continued to increase their research and development efforts in big data and artificial intelligence technologies to accelerate the transformation of technological achievements into combat capabilities. Since 2012, the US Department of Defense and its subordinate departments have implemented a series of big data research and development projects represented by the “X Data” project and the “Insight” project, mainly involving big data analysis and mining, rule discovery, data-driven model calculation, data visualization and other fields. Among them, the “X Data” project aims to develop new computing technologies and open source software tools for big data processing and analysis; the “Insight” project aims to integrate massive data from various sensors to form a comprehensive battlefield situation, quickly identify the source and degree of threats, and enhance the decision-making ability of troop commanders and staff. While continuing to promote technological development, some of the US military’s achievements have begun to form combat capabilities, among which the most typical is the “Algorithm Warfare” project. The project was launched in April 2017 and aims to use artificial intelligence algorithms to find targets of interest from massive video data. The relevant achievements have been deployed to multiple US military departments since December of that year, and their video intelligence analysis and processing capabilities have been improved.

Big data will play a vital role in future wars

Reporter: At present, military high-tech with information technology as the core is changing with each passing day, which is driving the evolution of war into information warfare, and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge. So what role will big data play in future information and intelligent warfare? Please briefly explain.

Liu Linshan: In the future, both the continuously developing information warfare and the rapidly advancing intelligent warfare will be driven by data, which is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

First, the understanding of battlefield situation depends on the collection and processing of massive data. Whoever can penetrate the “fog of war” and more accurately and comprehensively understand the enemy’s situation and the combat environment will be able to seize the initiative in the war. On the battlefield of the future, data is the basis for restoring the battlefield situation and forming the enemy’s situation. It not only includes the results of our own reconnaissance, surveillance, and intelligence activities, but also includes massive geographic information data, human social culture data, and social media data. At present, it is not easy to comprehensively collect and process this data, because with the continuous acceleration of the development of networked informatization in the whole society and the increasing popularity of various digital devices, the amount of data in the whole society continues to grow exponentially. Statistics show that in 2013, the total amount of data in human society was about 4.4 trillion GB, and by 2020, this number will grow to 44 trillion GB. With such a large amount of data, without the support of advanced big data collection and processing technology, the value of the data cannot be reflected, and the overall picture of the battlefield cannot be recognized.

Secondly, the realization of combat functions depends on the analysis, distribution and utilization of data. Combat functions usually include intelligence, command and control, firepower strikes, battlefield mobility, combat support, etc. Among them, the intelligence function focuses on collecting, compiling and pushing data, command and control focuses on integrating, processing and distributing data, and firepower strikes, battlefield mobility and combat support generate new status data while utilizing data. It can be said that the performance of combat functions and the implementation of combat operations are the process of data recycling. The smoother and faster the data circulation of one party is, the more significant the combat effect of that party will be.

Third, the evolution of joint operations depends largely on the level of data sharing. The U.S. military is currently evolving from joint operations to multi-domain operations, which is manifested in the development of the coordination of combat capabilities between military services to the aggregation of combat capabilities in various combat domains, thereby achieving a closer and more precise use of forces across military services on the basis of lower-level forces. The premise for achieving this goal is to use the “cloud” as a means to achieve the sharing of all combat data.

Lü Bin: As the role of data in future wars becomes more and more obvious, the characteristics of data weaponization will also become increasingly apparent. “Data warfare” in which one side prevents the opponent from obtaining its own data, prevents the opponent from forming a comprehensive situation, or creates and spreads false data, misleads the judgment of the opponent’s intelligent system, and hinders the opponent’s combat function will become an important combat style.

Actively embrace the era of military big data

Reporter: When it comes to future intelligent warfare, its important feature is that the tempo of confrontation has significantly accelerated. The winning factor has changed from being able to win to being fast. Whoever seizes the initiative will have the initiative in the war. As we welcome the arrival of the era of military big data, how should we understand its key role in future intelligent warfare?

Liu Linshan: The key to winning by speed is how to shorten the “OODA loop” chain as soon as possible. From the perspective of “observation”, big data technology can effectively help commanders fully grasp the situation, capture subtle changes, and discover major signs. From the perspective of “judgment”, the use of big data technology to analyze the correlation of multi-source data can accurately judge the battlefield situation, break the “battlefield fog”, and significantly enhance the commander’s judgment and acumen. From the perspective of “decision-making”, the real-time fusion processing and visualization of data such as enemy situation, our situation and battlefield environment can help commanders accurately control the battlefield situation in real time, make decisions quickly, adjust deployments quickly, and gain the speed advantage of planning and decision-making. From the perspective of “action”, based on real-time online big data analysis, commanders can accurately plan tasks, calculate troops and firepower, and accurately issue combat orders, so as to dynamically and efficiently control troop actions and accurately evaluate combat effectiveness.

Lu Bin: In addition to bringing revolutionary impact to command and control efficiency, big data will also accelerate the transformation of combat command system and lead the transformation of command decision-making mode. The first is the flattening of command system. Under the big data environment, information systems are seamlessly connected, cloud computing provides powerful computing power, blockchain technology improves system security, and the command structure can be changed from “tree-like” to “net-like”, providing a material basis for streamlining command structure and realizing flat command. The second is the jointness of military systems. Based on the highly shared data pool of big data, various types of data are integrated to ensure the consistency of information acquisition. Unified network infrastructure, consistent data structure and data exchange standards ensure effective interconnection and interoperability between various forces and elements, creating conditions for the formation of an integrated joint combat system. The third is the simplification of troop organization. The collection and processing of massive intelligence information is transmitted to the cloud through the information system network for processing, which can free commanders from heavy information processing and realize the streamlined action organization with efficient operation under the support of a large system.

Luo Wei: Military big data also plays an important enabling role in improving the level of equipment intelligence, promoting the birth of intelligent weapons and equipment, and improving intelligent support capabilities. As the “oil” of the new era, big data will be the life source and aorta of intelligent equipment. The rapid acquisition, fine processing and precise distribution of data based on super computing power are multipliers for the combat effectiveness of intelligent equipment. With the gradual breakthrough of key technologies, data equipment closely combined with data resources, computing resources, big data management and analysis systems will appear on the battlefield in the future, including giant platforms used to support military combat command, equipment management, and logistics distribution, as well as small and medium-sized data equipment based on aircraft carriers, aircraft, ships, submarines, vehicles, etc., and also micro-data equipment embedded in unmanned combat, single-soldier combat, and precision guidance systems. These data equipment will play the role of “smart engine” in future intelligent combat, training, logistics support and other operations. At the same time, it should be emphasized that big data going to the battlefield may change equipment and the form of war, but it cannot change the decisive factors of war. In the era of intelligent warfare, the key factor that determines the outcome of war is still people. Big data and artificial intelligence technology cannot completely replace people, and cannot change the decisive position of people in war.

現代國語:

編者按為深入貫徹習主席所做的「推動實施國家大數據戰略」決策部署,加速軍事智能化發展,我軍上下已開始積極行動起來,軍事大數據的創新應用必將前所未有地激發數據活力、釋放資料價值、產生倍增效應,以開啟未來制勝之門。

為積極適應新情勢新要求,推動大數據與國防建設深度融合,促進軍事大數據研究領域專家交流合作,由軍事科學院主辦、主題為「軍事大數據推動軍事智慧化發展」的第二屆軍事大數據論壇,於今年8月22日至23日在京舉行。來自軍委機關、各戰區、各軍兵種、軍事科學院、國防大學、國防科技大學等單位的500餘名領導、專家和代表參加,圍繞軍事大數據發展的前沿、共性、熱點問題進行了探討交流。

論壇期間,本報記者就軍事大數據的相關議題,訪問了軍事科學資訊研究中心主任劉林山研究員、副主任呂彬研究員、某研究室主任羅威副研究員。

軍事大數據具有強烈對抗性

記者:我國目前正大力推動實施國家大數據戰略。大數據正廣泛應用於經濟、政治、安全和社會管理等許多領域,體現出前所未有的巨大價值。那麼,與民用大數據相比,軍事大數據有著怎樣的內涵特徵?

劉林山:隨著大數據技術與應用的發展,軍事大數據已突破過去軍事數據的概念範疇,成為以海量軍事數據資源為基礎、以數據智能處理分析技術為核心、以軍事領域廣泛應用需求為牽引的一系列活動的統稱。鑑於軍事活動的特殊性,軍事大數據除具有民用大數據典型的資料規模大、內容種類多、處理速度高、價值密度低等特徵外,還具有「一超一高一強」的特性。

「一超」即超複雜性。指資料來源於陸、海、空、天、電、網等多個空間,資訊維度較高,非結構化特徵較明顯,資料關係較複雜。 「一高」即高安全性,指面臨的威脅複雜,包括敵方的偵察竊取,己方洩密失密、系統漏洞,遭敵「軟」「硬」手段打擊等,可用性削弱或喪失風險更大。 「一強」即強對抗性,指資訊獲取與反獲取手段的博弈對抗、資料迷霧偽裝欺騙現象普遍存在,真假資料錯綜複雜,對資料真偽辨別能力要求極高。

呂彬:在這裡需要突顯軍事大數據「強對抗性」的特徵。由於軍事大數據是對抗環境下的數據,數據品質差,價值密度低,通常具有不確定性、不完全性和虛假欺騙性。我們知道,現階段的人工智慧主要是建立在數據驅動的機器學習之上的。而機器學習需要樣本數據,但目前戰爭是小樣本數據,未來戰爭甚至沒有樣本數據。此外,軍事行動的特點是“人在迴路”,人的活動很難用大數據經典方法學習預測。這就使得軍事大數據在應對小樣本資料學習、不完全不確定資訊下的博弈、複雜環境下的場景建模與理解等問題方面,比民用大數據要困難得多,遇到的挑戰要大多,必須採用新的理論、新的方法、新的技術去解決。

軍事大數據與軍事智慧化相輔相成

記者:黨的十九大報告強調,要「加速軍事智慧化發展,提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。對於軍事大數據與軍事智能化的關係,該怎麼理解?

劉林山:回顧人工智慧的發展歷程,自1956年達特茅斯會議首次提出以來,經歷了推理期、知識期、學習期三次高潮和兩次低潮。科學家曾試圖透過邏輯推理、專家系統等方式來「製造」人類智能,但日本智能計算機的研發失敗、美國史丹佛大學人類常識知識百科全書的沒落等,使得這些路徑難以為繼。而大數據的出現,為人工智慧的發展提供了一條新道路,人們開始從如何「製造」智能轉向如何「學習」智能。與傳統的希望透過規則、邏輯和知識來實現推理學習不同,透過機器學習,從大數據中去洞悉海量資料隱藏的規律,可有效實現資料驅動下的人工智慧。 2016年3月,Google公司開發的「阿爾法狗」圍棋機器人之所以能擊敗世界冠軍李世石,正是基於對3000萬盤棋譜數據的神經網路深度學習。除此之外,大數據技術的發展還可以彌補人工智慧在演算法、算力方面的不足,顯著提高其可遷移性和可解釋性。可以說,大數據是新一代人工智慧的賦能要素,對於推動人工智慧發展至關重要。

呂彬:目前,人工智慧技術正加速滲透到軍事領域。軍事智慧化已成為新一輪軍事變革的核心驅動力,深刻改變未來戰爭的致勝機理、力量結構和作戰方式。軍事智慧化不僅是人工智慧與軍事的簡單疊加,也是人、裝備和作戰方式在新的作戰形態下協同運作的體系化描述。體系運作的關鍵離不開資料的高效獲取、融合、研判、互動。未來,隨著數據向軍事領域全方位滲透,人機深度交互,機器智能與人類智慧深度結合,將實現以數據為中心、以分析處理數據為中樞的自主感知、自主分析、自主決策、自主打擊。

羅威:我們也要站在我軍建設發展所處歷史階段來看兩者之間的關係。目前我軍中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展,但機械化建設任務尚未完成,資訊化程度亟待提升。軍事智慧化發展絕不能是“空中樓閣”,要建立在機械化和資訊化的基礎上,同時也要注重用智慧化來牽引機械化和資訊化建設。這「三化」融合發展,將是當前及今後一段時期我軍建設發展的顯著特徵。透過各類數據的全面共享和高效交互,打通「三化」融合的資訊資料流,有助於建構「三化」融合的底層通道,實際增強軍事智能化發展的品質效益。

主要軍事強國紛紛搶灘軍事大數據建設

記者:加速推動軍事智慧化發展,目前已成為世界軍事強國搶佔未來軍事競爭制高點的共同做法。那麼這些國家在推動軍事大數據建設與軍事智慧化發展的進展如何?請簡單介紹一下。

劉林山:科技制勝一直是西方國家在世界上尋求優勢的主要手段。隨著大數據和人工智慧時代的到來,西方各主要國家將其視為“兵家必爭之地”,先後出台一系列戰略舉措,強化統籌佈局。美國政府早在2012年3月就發布了《大數據研究與發展計畫倡議》,倡議聯合國防部在內的6個政府部門和機構,共同推動大數據收集、儲存、管理、分析技術的發展。 2016年制定《國家人工智慧研發戰略規劃》,明確美國在人工智慧領域的投資方向與重點。 2018年發布《國防部人工智慧戰略》,提出人工智慧發展目標和舉措,對人工智慧的軍事應用進行了統一規劃和部署。今年制定新版《國防部雲端戰略》,透過對美軍雲建設的統一監管,加速大數據與人工智慧技術發展,促進資料共享。為統籌美軍人工智慧技術發展與作戰運用,美國防部也特別成立了聯合人工智慧中心,整合相關資源與計畫投資。隨著美國防部「軍事雲」2.0系統上線運行,美軍已具備高速戰場視訊處理、語音辨識、複雜電磁環境感知、解密等資料處理能力,使處理時間縮短到傳統方法的數千分之一。俄羅斯制定了《俄羅斯聯邦科技發展戰略》,將大數據、機器學習和人工智慧作為科技創新優先方向,俄羅斯軍隊則制定了《軍用機器人技術和應用發展規劃》。英國將大數據、機器人和自主系統列入八項優先發展技術,軍方專門組成了人工智慧實驗室,聚焦人工智慧和國防數據科學的研究。法國的數位化路線圖明確大數據是未來必須大力支持的戰略性高新技術,軍方制定有《人工智慧與創新路線圖》,將情報、決策、人機協同、機器人與網路戰列為重點發展領域。

羅威:除了戰略佈局之外,西方主要國家還持續加強數據和人工智慧技術的研發力度,加速技術成果轉化為作戰能力。自2012年以來,美國防部及其所屬各部門就實施了以「X數據」項目、「洞察」項目為代表的一系列大數據研發項目,主要涉及大數據分析挖掘、規則發現、數據驅動模型計算、數據視覺化等領域。這其中,「X數據」專案旨在為大數據處理和分析開發新型運算技術和開源軟體工具;「洞察」專案旨在融合來自各類感測器的大量數據,形成全面戰場態勢,快速識別威脅來源和威脅程度,增強部隊指揮和參謀人員的決策能力。在持續推進技術發展的同時,美軍部分成果開始形成作戰能力,其中最為典型的就是「演算法戰」計畫。該計畫於2017年4月啟動,旨在採用人工智慧演算法從大量的視訊資料中發現感興趣的目標,相關成果從當年12月開始陸續部署美軍多個部門,其視訊情報分析處理能力得到提升。

大數據在未來戰爭中將扮演重要角色

記者:目前,以資訊科技為核心的軍事高新科技日新月異,正推動戰爭形態朝向資訊化戰爭演變,智慧化戰爭初露端倪。那麼在未來資訊化、智慧化戰爭中,大數據將扮演什麼樣的角色?請簡要說明一下。

劉林山:未來,無論是持續發展的資訊化戰爭形態,或是迅速推進的智慧化戰爭形態,都是由數據驅動的,主要表現在三個方面:

首先,戰場態勢的理解依賴於海量資料的收集、處理。誰能穿透“戰爭迷霧”,更準確、全面地洞悉敵我態勢和作戰環境,誰就能在戰爭中搶佔先機。在未來戰場上,資料就是還原戰場情況、形成敵我態勢的基礎,它不但包括己方偵察、監視、情報活動的成果,也包括海量的地理資訊資料、人類社會文化資料、社群媒體資料。目前,要全面收集、處理這些數據並不容易,因為隨著全社會網路化資訊化發展的持續加速,各類數位設備的日益普及,全社會數據量持續呈現指數級增長。有統計數據表明,在2013年,人類社會的數據總量約為4.4兆GB,到2020年,這一數字將增長到44兆GB。如此之大的數據量,如果沒有先進的大數據收集、處理技術支持,數據的價值就無從體現,戰場的全貌也就無從認知。

其次,作戰功能的實現取決於資料的分析、分發和利用。作戰功能通常包括情報、指揮控制、火力打擊、戰場機動、作戰保障等。這其中,情報功能著重於收集、整編、推播數據,指揮控制著重於融合、處理、分發數據,而火力打擊、戰場機動、作戰保障在利用數據的同時,也產生新的狀態數據。可以說,作戰功能的發揮、作戰行動的實施就是資料循環利用的過程。哪一方的資料循環得越順暢、越快速,哪一方的作戰效果就越顯著。

其三,聯合作戰樣式的演進在很大程度上取決於資料共享程度。當前美軍正由聯合作戰向多域作戰方向演進,表現為從軍兵種間作戰能力協同向各作戰域作戰能力聚合的方向發展,從而在更低層級部隊基礎上實現跨越軍兵種的更緊密、更精確的力量運用。達成此目標的前提,就是以「雲」為手段,實現所有作戰資料的共享。

呂彬:由於數據在未來戰爭中的作用愈發明顯,數據武器化的特性也將日益顯露。一方防止對手獲取己方數據、阻止對手形成全面態勢,或製造散佈虛假數據、誤導對手智能係統的判斷、阻礙對手作戰功能實現的“數據戰”,將成為重要的作戰樣式。

主動擁抱軍事大數據時代

記者:提到未來智慧化戰爭,其重要特徵就是對抗節奏明顯加快,制勝機理由以能製勝轉變為以快制勝,誰掌握了先機,誰就掌握了戰爭的主動權。我們迎接軍事大數據時代的到來,該如何認識其在未來智慧化戰爭中的關鍵角色?

劉林山:以快速致勝的關鍵,在於如何盡快縮短「OODA環」循環鏈。從「觀察」環節來看,大數據技術能有效幫助指揮員全面掌握狀況、捕捉細微變化、發現重大徵候。從“判斷”環節看,運用大數據技術對多來源數據關聯分析,可以準確研判戰場形勢、破除“戰場迷霧”,顯著增強指揮員的判斷力和敏銳性。從「決策」環節來看,敵情、我情和戰場環境等數據的即時融合處理和視覺化展示,能夠幫助指揮官即時準確掌控戰場態勢,快速作出決策、快速調整部署,贏得籌劃決策的速度優勢。從「行動」環節來看,基於即時線上大數據分析,指揮員能夠精準規劃任務、精細運算兵力火力、精確下達作戰指令,從而動態高效調控部隊行動、準確評估作戰效果。

呂彬:大數據除了為指揮控制效能帶來革命性影響外,還將加速作戰指揮體系變革、引領指揮決策模式轉變。首先是指揮體系扁平化。大數據環境下,資訊系統無縫鏈接,雲端運算提供強大運算能力,區塊鏈技術提升系統安全性,指揮結構可由“樹狀”變為“網狀”,為精簡指揮結構、實現扁平化指揮提供了物質基礎。其次是軍兵種體系聯合化。基於大數據高度共享的資料池,將各類資料融合在一起,確保取得資訊的一致性。統一的網路基礎設施、一致的資料結構與資料交換標準,確保各力量、各要素之間有效互聯互通互通,為形成一體化聯合作戰體系創造條件。第三是部隊編組精簡化。海量情報資訊的收集、處理透過資訊系統網路傳輸至雲端進行處理,能夠使指揮人員從繁重的資訊處理中解放出來,實現大體系支撐下高效運作的精簡化行動編組。

羅威:軍事大數據在提高裝備智慧化水準、催生智慧化武器裝備和提高智慧化保障能力等方面也具有重要的賦能作用。作為新時代的“石油”,大數據將是智慧化裝備的生命源泉和大動脈,基於超強算力的數據快速獲取、精細處理和精準分發是智能化裝備作戰效能發揮的倍增器。隨著關鍵技術的逐步突破,未來戰場將出現由資料資源、運算資源、大數據管理與分析系統等緊密結合的資料裝備,既包括用於支撐軍兵種作戰指揮、裝備管理、後勤配給的巨型平台,也包括以航空母艦、飛機、艦艇、潛艦、車輛等為載體的中小型資料裝備,還包括嵌入無人作戰、單兵作戰、精確導引系統的微小型資料裝備。這些資料裝備,將在未來智慧化作戰、訓練、後勤保障等行動中發揮「智慧引擎」作用。同時要強調的是,大數據走向戰場可能改變裝備,可能改變戰爭形態,但不可能改變戰爭的決定因素。智慧化戰爭時代,決定戰爭勝負的關鍵因素仍是人。大數據和人工智慧技術不可能完全取代人,不能改變人在戰爭中的決定性地位。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/2019zt/2019-09/06/content_9623888.htm

Chinese Warfare Planning: Artificial Intelligence Will Change the Mechanism of Winning Future Wars

中國戰爭規劃:人工智慧將改變未來戰爭的勝利機制

中國軍網 國防網 // 2024年5月2日 星期四

現代英語:

Artificial intelligence technology is an important support for improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields. In recent years, it has developed rapidly and has been widely used in the military field, constantly giving rise to new asymmetric advantages, and profoundly changing the basic form, combat methods and winning mechanisms of future wars. We should have a deep understanding of artificial intelligence as a revolutionary technological driving force, accurately recognize changes, respond to changes scientifically, and actively seek changes, strive to explore ways to win future wars, and gain the initiative in the accelerating intelligent war.

Information mechanism

Knowing yourself and the enemy will ensure victory in every battle. Quickly and effectively mastering all-round information is the primary prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can realize intelligent perception of battlefield situations, intelligent analysis of massive data, and intelligent processing of multiple information, and can form a “transparent” advantage on the battlefield.

Autonomous implementation of battlefield perception. By embedding intelligent modules into the wartime reconnaissance system, various reconnaissance node units can realize random networking, ad hoc coordination, and organic integration, and can autonomously capture battlefield information in all directions and dimensions, build a relatively “transparent” digital battlefield environment and combat situation, and then dispel the “fog” of war and present the combat scene in a panoramic manner.

Accurately identify massive amounts of data. Relying on intelligent technologies such as precise sensing technology and analytical recognition technology, it accurately judges, analyzes, compares, and integrates diversified voice, text, pictures, videos, and other data to obtain faster, more complete, more accurate, and deeper battlefield situation results, far exceeding the speed and accuracy of human brain processing.

Efficient response to key information. Based on intelligent technology groups such as combat cloud, big data, and the Internet of Things, it can quickly discover large quantities of non-standardized and heterogeneous intelligence data, autonomously discover symptoms, identify intentions, analyze trends, find patterns, and respond to commanders’ needs for key information in real time and accurately.

Synchronous sharing of integrated situation. The intelligent control system can optimize and integrate various reconnaissance and surveillance systems distributed in different spaces and frequency domains such as land, sea, air, space and radio networks, and play an important hub role in sharing information and unified cognition, building a situation based on “one picture”, “one network” and “one chain”, so that all combat units can synchronously share the required information from different spaces, distances and frequencies in all domains and at all times, realizing intelligent sharing.

Decision-making mechanism

Those who can plan for victory before the battle have made more calculations. Scientific and accurate decision-making is a prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can conduct dynamic battlefield simulation and deduction, quickly give feasible decisions, greatly shorten the decision-making cycle of combat planning, and form a decision-making advantage.

Intelligent strategic situation analysis. The decision-making support system that incorporates artificial intelligence technology has functions such as information collection, query management, data processing, and correlation analysis. It can effectively break through the limitations of human analysis capabilities, maximize the separation of false and true, correlation verification, and link thinking, and automatically conduct big data analysis such as enemy situation, our situation, and battlefield environment, forming comparative data on related forces and weapons, which can efficiently assist combat command and help commanders quickly make combat decisions.

Intelligent optimization of combat plans. Relying on the intelligent combat simulation system, it automatically generates multiple sets of intuitive plans and programs based on the pre-input combat missions and strike target information, comprehensively evaluates their advantages and disadvantages and potential risks, and selects the plan that is most conducive to realizing the commander’s intention for the commander to make the final decision. After receiving the combat missions and target requirements from the superior, each combat unit will further screen the battlefield target information in combination with the tasks and requirements of its own level, and independently formulate the best plan and program at its own level to maximize combat effectiveness.

Intelligent prediction of decision-making effectiveness. The intelligent decision-making auxiliary system relies on intelligent technologies such as big data, high-performance computing, and neural network algorithms to give the command and control system a more advanced “brain-like” ability, which can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and quickly come to a relatively objective combat result.

Power control mechanism

The dominant position is to control power by taking advantage of the situation. Seizing control power is the key factor to win the war. Artificial intelligence can “transplant” part of human intelligence to weapons, making the combination of humans and weapon systems more and more close. The deep interaction between humans and machines has changed the traditional control elements, endowed new control connotations, and can help gain new control advantages.

The dominance of the domain is expanding to the high frontier. In the future, highly intelligent unmanned systems will be able to carry out a variety of combat missions even in harsh conditions such as high temperature, extreme cold, high pressure, lack of oxygen, toxicity, radiation, and in extreme environments such as extreme height, extreme distance, extreme depth, extreme micro, extreme darkness, and extreme brightness. The competition for dominance of the combat domain and combat space will extend to the high frontier, the far frontier, and the deep frontier.

The right to control information is expanding to multiple means. The traditional way to seize the right to control information is to control the channels of information acquisition, processing, and distribution by attacking the enemy’s reconnaissance and early warning system and destroying its command and control system. However, information warfare under the guidance of artificial intelligence uses information itself as “ammunition”, and the means to seize the right to control information are more diverse.

The network control power is expanding to distributed. The network information system built based on intelligent technology provides a ubiquitous network “cloud” to aggregate battlefield resources of various terminals and provide services, which can realize modular organization and automatic reorganization of combat forces. The traditional purpose of disconnecting the network and destroying the chain by striking key nodes will no longer be achieved. It is inevitable to respond to the “decentralized” battlefield with an intelligent distributed strike mode.

The power to control the brain is expanding to new dimensions. Brain-like technology and simulation technology are gradually militarized, forming new areas of competition and confrontation. The focus has shifted from focusing on confrontation in the physical and information domains to focusing more on influencing and controlling the opponent’s psychology. Technologies such as virtual reality and audio-visual synthesis can confuse the real with the fake. “Core attack” can quietly change the enemy’s command and control system algorithm. “Brain control” can directly control the enemy’s decision-making. By controlling and influencing the enemy’s psychology, thinking, and will, the goal of stopping and winning the war can be achieved at the lowest cost.

Mechanism of action

The key to victory in war is speed. Taking unexpected actions against the enemy is the key to victory in war. Artificial intelligence can improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment, command and control systems, and action decisions, making mobile response capabilities faster and joint strike capabilities more accurate, creating a super action advantage.

The speed of action is “killed in seconds”. The intelligent combat system can see, hear, understand, learn and think, effectively shortening the “OODA” cycle. Once an “opportunity” is found, it will use intelligently controlled hypersonic weapons, kinetic weapons, laser weapons, etc. to quickly “kill” the target at a long distance.

Action style is “unmanned”. “Unmanned + intelligent” is the future development direction of weapons and equipment. Low-cost unmanned vehicles, drones, unmanned submarines and other unmanned autonomous equipment, with the support of cluster autonomous decision-making systems, can plan the task division of each unit according to combat targets, and unmanned devices can accurately dock, autonomously combine, and covertly penetrate to carry out cluster saturation attacks on the enemy.

The action space is “blurred”. In future wars, using interference means to carry out soft strikes on the enemy’s intelligent combat systems and intelligent weapons, and using intelligent weapons to delay or influence the enemy’s decision-making and psychology will become the key to victory. Most of these actions are completed unconsciously or silently, presenting a “blurred” state where the enemy and us are invisible, the boundaries between the front and the rear are unclear, and the visible and invisible are difficult to distinguish.

The action deployment is “stealth”. The intelligent command system and weapon equipment have bionic and stealth properties. As long as they are deployed in advance in possible combat areas during peacetime preparations or training exercises, they can be hidden and dormant and ready for combat. Once they are activated in time in wartime, they can launch a sudden attack on the enemy, which will help to quickly seize the initiative in the war.

System Mechanism

Five things and seven strategies determine victory or defeat. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, full-process system confrontations, and a stable and efficient combat system is the basic support for winning the war. With the continuous expansion of the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, the combat system is becoming more and more intelligent, and the full-domain integrated combat system will produce a strong system advantage.

There are more means of “detection”. Intelligent combat clusters rely on network information systems to connect with various large sensors, electronic warfare systems and other human-machine interaction platforms, use the detection and perception equipment of each combat unit to obtain battlefield data, give play to the self-organizing characteristics of intelligent groups, strengthen real-time detection and support for joint combat systems and back-end intelligence analysis, and can achieve full-domain detection, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, forming a multi-dimensional, full-domain coverage of large-area joint detection intelligence system.

The scope of “control” is wider. The use of intelligent unmanned combat platforms can break through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of the senses, and the physical limits of existence, and replace humans to enter traditional life restricted areas such as the deep sea, space, polar regions, and strong radiation areas, and stay there for a long time to implement “unconventional warfare”, thereby further expanding the combat space and having the ability to continuously repel opponents in a wider range of fields.

The speed of “fighting” is faster. With the support of intelligent network information system, the intelligence chain, command chain and killing chain are seamlessly connected, the speed of information transmission, decision-making speed and action speed are accelerated simultaneously, and the intelligent combat units can be flexibly organized, autonomously coordinated and quickly strike. All of these make the time utilization efficiency extremely high and the battlefield response speed extremely fast.

The “evaluation” is more accurate. Using intelligent technologies such as experiential interactive learning and brain-like behavioral systems, the intelligent combat evaluation system can autonomously complete the collection, aggregation, grading and classification of multi-means action effect evaluation information, accurately perceive battlefield actions based on big data and panoramic images, dynamically identify combat processes and correct defects, predict complex battlefield changes, and make comprehensive plans and flexibly respond.

The “security” is more efficient. The widespread application of intelligent comprehensive security systems represented by equipment maintenance expert systems and intelligent sensing equipment can efficiently respond to security needs in various domains, intelligently plan security resources, and ensure that the “cloud” aggregates various battlefield resources, effectively improving the comprehensive security capabilities of the networked battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Henan Provincial Military Region)

現代國語漢語:

人工智慧技術是提高新興領域戰略能力的重要支撐,近年來獲得快速發展並廣泛運用於軍事領域,不斷催生新的非對稱優勢,深刻改變未來戰爭的基本形態、作戰方式和製勝機理。應該深刻認識人工智慧這一革命性技術動力,準確識變、科學應變、主動求變,努力探尋制勝未來戰爭之道,在加速來臨的智能化戰爭中贏得主動。

資訊機理

知彼知己,百戰不殆。快速有效地掌握全方位資訊是戰爭制勝的首要前提。人工智慧可實現戰場態勢智慧感知、大量數據智慧分析、多元資訊智慧處理,能夠形成戰場「透明」優勢。

戰場感知自主實施。將智慧模塊嵌入戰時偵察系統,各類偵察節點單元可以實現隨機組網、臨機協同、有機整合,能夠全方位、多維度自主捕獲戰場信息,構建相對“透明”的數字化戰場環境和作戰態勢,進而撥開戰爭“迷霧”,全景式呈現作戰場景。

海量數據精準識別。依托精準感知技術和分析識別技術等智慧化科技,精準判讀、分析、比對、融合多元化的語音、文字、圖片、影片等數據,從而獲取更快、更全、更準、更深的戰場態勢結果,遠超人腦處理的速度和精確度。

關鍵資訊高效響應。基於作戰雲、大數據、物聯網等智慧化技術群,能夠從大批量、非標準化、異構化的情報數據中快速發掘,自主發現徵候、識別意圖、研判趨勢、找到規律,實時精準地響應指揮員對關鍵資訊的需求。

融合態勢同步共用。智慧化控制系統能夠將分佈在陸海空天電網等不同空間、不同頻域的各種偵察監視系統優化整合,並發揮共享信息和統一認知的重要樞紐作用,構建形成基於“一幅圖”“一張網」「一條鏈」的態勢,使各作戰單元全局全頻全時從不同空間、不同距離、不同頻率同步共享所需信息,實現智慧共享。

決策機理

夫未戰而廟算勝者,得算多也。科學準確決策是戰爭制勝的先決條件。人工智慧可進行動態戰場模擬推演,快速給出可行決策,大幅縮短作戰籌劃決策週期,能夠形成決策優勢。

戰略形勢智能研判。融入人工智慧技術的決策輔助系統,具備資訊收集、查詢管理、數據處理、關聯分析等功能,可有效突破人類分析能力的限制,最大限度去偽存真、關聯印證、連結思考,自動進行敵情、我情和戰場環境等大數據分析,形成相關兵力、兵器等對比數據,能夠有效率地輔助作戰指揮,幫助指揮員快速定下作戰決心。

作戰方案智能優選。依托智能化作戰模擬系統,根據預先輸入的作戰任務和打擊目標訊息,自動產生多套形象直觀的方案和計劃,綜合評估其優缺點及潛在風險,優選出最有利於實現指揮員意圖的方案,供指揮員作出最後決斷。各作戰單元接到上級作戰任務和目標需求後,結合本級任務和要求,進一步對戰場目標資訊進行甄別篩選,自主訂定本級最優方案和計畫,實現作戰效能最大化。

決策效能智能預測。智慧化輔助決策系統依賴大數據、高效能計算、神經網絡演算法等智慧化技術,賦予指揮控制系統更高階的「類腦」能力,可以更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況,快速得出相對客觀的交戰結果。

制權機理

勢者,因利而製權也。奪取制權是贏得戰爭制勝優勢的關鍵因素。人工智慧可將人的部分智慧「移植」到武器上,使得人與武器系統結合越來越緊密,人機一體深度互動改變了傳統的製權要素,賦予新的製權內涵,能夠助力獲得新的製權優勢。

制域權向高邊疆拓展。未來高度智慧化的無人系統,即使在高溫、極寒、高壓、缺氧、有毒、輻射等惡劣條件下,在極高、極遠、極深、極微、極黑、極亮等極端環境中,仍然可以遂行多種作戰任務,作戰領域和作戰空間的製權之爭向高邊疆、遠邊疆、深邊疆延伸。

制資訊權向多手段拓展。傳統的奪取制資訊權,是透過打擊敵偵察預警體系、破壞其指揮控制系統等手段實現對資訊取得、處理、分發等途徑的控制,而人工智慧主導下的資訊作戰則是將資訊本身作為「彈藥”,奪取制資訊權的手段更加多樣。

製網權向分散式拓展。基於智慧科技構建的網絡資訊體系,提供泛在網絡「雲」以聚合各類終端的戰場資源並提供服務,能夠實現作戰力量模塊化編組、自動化重組,傳統的通過打擊關鍵節點,達成斷網毀鏈的目的將很難再實現,必然是以智慧化分散式打擊模式來應對「去中心化」的戰場。

制腦權向新維域拓展。類腦技術、模擬技術等逐步軍事化,形成了新的博弈和對抗領域,重心由注重物理域、資訊域對抗向更加註重影響和控制對手心理轉變,虛擬現實、聲像合成等技術能夠以假亂真, 「攻芯戰」能夠悄無聲息地改變敵方指揮控制系統演算法,「控腦戰」能夠直接控制敵方決策,透過控制和影響敵方的心理、思維、意誌等,能夠以最小代價實現止戰、勝戰之目的。

行動機理

兵之情主速,乘人之不及。採取敵方意料不到的行動是戰爭制勝的關鍵要害。人工智慧可提高武器裝備、指控系統、行動決策等方面的智慧化程度,使機動反應能力更快、聯合打擊能力更準,創造出超強的行動優勢。

行動速度「秒殺化」。智慧化作戰系統看得見、聽得懂、能學習、會思考,有效縮短了“OODA”循環週期,一旦發現“有機可乘”,便運用智能化控制的超高聲速武器、動能武器、激光武器等,對目標進行遠距離快速「秒殺」。

行動樣式“無人化”。 「無人+智慧」是未來武器裝備發展方向。低成本的無人車、無人機、無人潛航器等無人自主裝備,在集群自主決策系統支援下,可針對作戰目標規劃各單元的任務分工,無人器之間精準對接、自主組合、隱蔽突防,對敵進行集群飽和攻擊。

行動空間「模糊化」。未來戰爭中,利用乾擾手段對敵方的智慧化作戰系統和智慧武器實施軟打擊,利用智慧武器遲滯或影響敵方人員的決策和心理將成為製勝關鍵。這些行動大都是在不知不覺或無聲無息中完成的,呈現敵我雙方不見人影、前方後方界限不清、有形無形難以辨別的「模糊」狀態。

行動布勢「隱身化」。智慧化指揮系統和武器裝備具有生物仿生和隱身性能。只要在平時備戰或訓練演習時提前佈設在可能交戰地域,潛伏預置、休眠待戰,戰時一旦需要適時激活,對敵實施猝然打擊,有助於快速掌握戰爭主動權。

體系機理

五事七計知勝負。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗,穩定高效的作戰體係是戰爭制勝的基礎支撐。隨著人工智慧在軍事領域應用不斷拓展,作戰體系智慧化程度越來越高,全域融合的作戰體係將產生強大的體系優勢。

「偵」的手段更多。智慧化作戰集群依托網絡資訊體係與各類大型傳感器、電子戰系統及其他人機交互平台進行連接,運用各作戰單元自身檢測感知設備獲取戰場數據,發揮智能群體自組織特性,強化對聯合作戰體系及後端情報分析的即時偵監支持,能夠實現全局偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證,形成多維一體、全局覆蓋的大區域聯合偵察情報體系。

「控」的領域更廣。運用智慧化無人作戰平台,能夠突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限,並代替人類進入深海、太空、極地、強輻射地域等傳統的生命禁區,並長時間置身其中實施“非常規作戰”,從而使作戰空間進一步拓展,具備在更廣的領域持續懾拒對手的實力。

「打」的速度更快。在智慧化網路資訊體系支撐下,情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈無縫連接,資訊傳輸速度、決策速度與行動速度同步加快,智慧化作戰單元能夠靈活編組、自主協同、快速打擊。這些都使得時間利用效率極高、戰場反應速度極快。

「評」的精度更準。運用經驗式互動學習、類腦行為體係等智慧化科技,智慧化作戰評估系統能夠自主完成多手段行動效果評估資訊的擷取匯聚、分級分類,基於大數據和全景圖精準感知戰場行動,動態識別作戰過程並糾正缺陷問題,預判複雜戰場變化,綜合規劃、靈活應對。

「保」的效率更高。以裝備維修專家系統、智慧化感知設備為代表的智慧化綜合保障系統的廣泛應用,能夠高效響應各域保障需求,智慧規劃保障資源,保障「雲」聚合各類戰場資源,有效提升網絡化戰場綜合保障能力。

(作者單位:河南省軍區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-05-02&paperNumber=03&articleid=930888