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中國軍方看智能戰制勝機制的演變

03/21/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military Perspective on the Evolution of the Winning Mechanisms of Intelligent Warfare

Military theorists have often said that victory tends to smile to those who can foresee changes in the character of warfare, rather than to those who wait for changes to occur before adapting. In recent years, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence have developed rapidly and are widely used in the military field, accelerating the evolution of warfare to intelligence, and correspondingly, the concept of warfare is also undergoing changes. Only by discovering changes in time, actively responding to changes, and actively adapting to changes can we be invincible in future wars.

From “fighting the weak with the strong” to “controlling the clumsy with wisdom”

“The strong win the weak and the weak lose” is a law of victory in war with certain universality. Even those battles in which the weak defeated the strong often had to form a strength advantage against the enemy at a local and specific period of time in order to truly win. In the era of intelligent warfare, the contribution rate of intelligence superiority to combat effectiveness is much higher than that of other factors.

In the confrontation of intelligent warfare, human intelligence widely penetrates into the combat field and is transplanted into weapon systems. Global multi-dimensional and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces, build a combat system according to mission requirements, and independently implement coordinated operations. After the end, it quickly returned to the standby state, showing the trend of intelligence and autonomy. The side with a higher and stronger level of intelligence can better develop and use the mechanism of “controlling stupidity with wisdom”, and even design wars based on this, dominate the development of the battle situation, and win the final victory. It should also be noted that in the era of intelligent warfare, there are likely to be multiple stages of development from low to high. Try to keep yourself at an advanced stage, and attack your opponent so that it is at a low-dimensional stage. use.

From “destroying power” to “destroying cognition”

With the accelerated evolution of warfare to intelligence, the combat space has gradually expanded from the physical domain and the information domain to the cognitive domain, from the tangible battlefield to the invisible battlefield. The cognitive space composed of people’s spiritual and psychological activities has become a new combat space. Different from the main purpose of destroying the enemy’s vital forces in traditional warfare, intelligent warfare will pay more attention to weakening the enemy’s morale, disintegrating the enemy’s will, and destroying the enemy’s cognition.

Through the intelligent analysis of the opponent’s personality preferences, psychological characteristics, and decision-making habits, deterrent information can be “tailored” in a targeted manner, and the advantages of cutting-edge technologies such as intelligence can be used to show the opponent’s powerful strength in a vivid way, so that anxiety, suspicion, etc. , panic and other emotions continue to ferment inside it, which eventually leads to its self-defeating. Known as the “new oil”, big data not only enriches intelligence sources, but also becomes an important “weapon” that acts on the opponent’s cognition. By processing big data and deliberately “leaking” it to the opponent, it will create a new “fog of war” for it, and make it fall into a situation of cognitive confusion. In an intelligent war, the game of struggle will be more intense, and the party with a cognitive advantage will be ahead of the opponent, and it will be easier to grasp the initiative and opportunities.

From “people-oriented” to “human-machine collaboration”

In traditional warfare, the organization and use of military power are dominated by people. With the widespread application of intelligent technology, the proportion of unmanned equipment continues to increase. In intelligent warfare, combat tasks will be completed by man-machine collaboration, and the two will achieve organic integration and complement each other’s advantages. The third “offset strategy” proposed by the foreign military regards human-machine cooperation as a key technology for key development, and its successively proposed concepts such as “loyal wingman” are also aimed at exploring the realization of manned/unmanned coordinated operations. It is foreseeable that human-machine collaboration will play an important role in future warfare.

Using unmanned reconnaissance forces to carry out three-dimensional and multi-dimensional battlefield situational awareness can provide real-time intelligence support for manned combat forces; use unmanned platforms to carry relay loads to continuously provide communication relay support for manned combat forces; use

Modern Military Mandarin Chinese:

軍事理論家常說，勝利往往會向那些能夠預見戰爭性質變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生再適應的人微笑。近年來，以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術發展迅速，廣泛應用於軍事領域，加速戰爭向智能化演進，相應地，戰爭理念也在發生變化。只有及時發現變化，積極應對變化，積極適應變化，才能在未來的戰爭中立於不敗之地。

從“以強抗弱”到“以智治拙”

“強勝弱勝”是戰爭的製勝法則，具有一定的普遍性。即便是那些以弱勝強的戰鬥，往往也需要在局部的、特定的時間段對敵形成實力優勢，才能真正取勝。在智能化戰爭時代，情報優勢對戰鬥力的貢獻率遠高於其他因素。

在智能戰爭的對抗中，人類智能廣泛滲透到作戰領域，並被移植到武器系統中。全球多維度、多類型智能作戰平台，可快速耦合作戰力量，按任務需求構建作戰體系，獨立實施協同作戰。結束後迅速回到待機狀態，呈現出智能化、自主化的趨勢。智力水平更高更強的一方，才能更好地開發和運用“以智治愚”機制，甚至以此為基礎設計戰爭，主導戰局發展，取得最終勝利。還需要看到的是，在智能化戰爭時代，很可能存在從低到高的多個發展階段。盡量讓自己保持在高級階段，攻擊對手使其處於低維階段。使用。

從“毀滅權力”到“毀滅認知”

隨著戰爭向智能化加速演進，作戰空間逐漸從物理域、信息域擴展到認知域，從有形戰場擴展到無形戰場。由人的精神心理活動構成的認知空間成為新的作戰空間。與傳統戰爭以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，智能化戰爭將更加註重削弱敵人的士氣、瓦解敵人的意志、摧毀敵人的認知。

通過對對手的性格偏好、心理特徵、決策習慣等進行智能分析，有針對性地“量身定做”威懾信息，利用情報等前沿技術的優勢，展現對手的強大實力以生動的方式表現力量，使焦慮、懷疑等、恐慌等情緒在其內部不斷發酵，最終導致其弄巧成拙。被譽為“新石油”的大數據不僅豐富了情報來源，更成為作用於對手認知的重要“武器”。通過處理大數據，故意“洩露”給對手，為其製造新的“戰爭迷霧”，使其陷入認知混亂的境地。在智慧戰爭中，博弈博弈會更加激烈，擁有認知優勢的一方會先於對手，更容易掌握主動權和先機。

從“以人為本”到“人機協作”

在傳統戰爭中，軍事力量的組織和運用都是由人主導的。隨著智能化技術的廣泛應用，無人化裝備比例不斷提高。在智能戰爭中，作戰任務將由人機協同完成，兩者將實現有機結合，優勢互補。外軍提出的第三次“抵消戰略”將人機協作作為重點發展的關鍵技術，其先後提出的“忠誠僚機”等概念也旨在探索實現有人/無人協同作戰。可以預見，人機協作將在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用。

利用無人偵察力量進行三維、多維戰場態勢感知，可為有人作戰力量提供實時情報支持；利用無人平台搭載中繼載荷，持續為有人作戰部隊提供通信中繼保障；使用

unmanned combat forces to go deep into the front battlefield, It can attract the enemy to attack, force the enemy to expose its position, and provide target guidance and fire support for manned combat forces; use unmanned transport equipment to provide supplies for the front line, which can improve the efficiency of logistics support, reduce transportation costs, and reduce unnecessary casualties. With the assistance of artificial intelligence, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces will realize scientific division of labor and reasonable collocation in terms of quantity, scale and function, so as to maximize the overall effectiveness.

From “eat the small with the big” to “eat the slow with the fast”

In traditional warfare, it is often necessary to make up for shortcomings in equipment performance and other aspects by increasing the number of troops. The rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and the accuracy of weapon strikes, greatly reduced the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command decision-making, firepower strikes, and damage assessment, and accelerated the OODA kill chain cycle. , making “find and destroy” possible.

Hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic pulse weapons and other new rapid-kill weapons have further pushed the rhythm of war to “second kill”. In the Gulf War, the loop time of the OODA loop required 3 days; in the Iraq War, the loop time has been shortened to less than 10 minutes; and in the Syrian War, the loop has almost achieved near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the use of an unmanned platform for surveillance and attack to quickly target high-value targets such as the enemy’s core command post and high-level commanders will cause the opponent to suffer heavy losses before they can react, and even face the danger of paralysis. It can be seen that victory does not necessarily favor the side with a large military force, and the side that moves quickly and accurately will be more likely to win the battlefield. According to statistics, the reaction time required by artificial intelligence to respond to changes in the battlefield is more than 400 times faster than that of humans. In the face of the rapidly changing battlefield situation, people will be more inclined to use artificial intelligence technology to realize the adaptive planning and autonomous decision-making of the command and control system, so that the command and control mode will be changed from “people on the loop” to “people outside the loop”, so as to reduce the While shouldering the burden of commanding personnel, it can improve combat efficiency and the success rate of mission execution.

From “Integrated Winning” to “Cluster Winning”

The traditional concept of equipment development is to invest a lot of money in the research and development of highly integrated high-precision weapon platforms, in order to achieve dimensionality reduction strikes on the enemy by virtue of intergenerational advantages and performance advantages in war. However, developing and deploying a multi-functional high-end platform not only takes a lot of time and money, but when multiple software and hardware modules are integrated into a single weapon platform, there may be incompatibility among them. Once the platform is destroyed, it will cause heavy losses. The military application of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence has led to the rapid development of unmanned swarms. Unmanned swarms have the advantages of large scale, low comprehensive cost, and decentralization. Unmanned platforms coordinate with each other, divide labor and cooperate, and can make independent decisions and carry out combat tasks in an organized manner. Even if some unmanned platforms are destroyed, it will not affect the overall operation. efficacy. Combat concepts such as “decision-making center warfare” and “mosaic warfare” proposed by foreign militaries focus on the use of unmanned swarms to complete combat tasks. In intelligent warfare, by dispersing functions such as reconnaissance and surveillance, information communication, command and control, and fire strikes into a large number of single-function unmanned combat units, a highly robust and highly elastic “kill net” is constructed, and then Adjusting the combination method will make it emerge a powerful group intelligence, creating great uncertainty for the opponent, and then trap the opponent in the judgment link of the OODA loop, unable to make effective decisions. In addition, due to the large number of unmanned swarms, the opponent’s detection, tracking, and interception capabilities can be quickly saturated, and the opponent has to face the dilemma of fortification failure because it cannot destroy all unmanned platforms in the swarm.

From “Military Dominance” to “Multiple Mixture”

Traditional warfare mainly relies on violent means to make the enemy submit to one’s own will, and usually has a strong war intensity, with clear boundaries between peacetime and wartime. With the continuous expansion of the field of military struggle to new fields such as space, network, and intelligence, and the increasingly prominent role of economic, cultural, diplomatic, and legal means in warfare, intelligent warfare will be carried out in many fields represented by the “grey zone”. Developed in the form of “multi-pronged approach”. The intensity of war may be weakened, and the boundary between peace and war will become more blurred. Whether in 2019, half of Saudi Arabia’s oil fields were attacked by drones and half of its oil production was shut down, or in 2021, the largest oil pipeline in the United States was hit by cyber attacks and caused a large-scale oil shortage. The far-reaching impact of various new attack methods cannot be ignored underestimate.

無人作戰部隊深入前線戰場，可以吸引敵人進攻，迫使敵人暴露位置，為有人作戰部隊提供目標引導和火力支援；使用無人運輸設備為前線提供補給，可以提高後勤保障效率，降低運輸成本，減少不必要的人員傷亡。在人工智能的輔助下，有人作戰力量和無人作戰力量將在數量、規模和功能上實現科學分工和合理搭配，實現整體效能最大化。

從“大吃小”到“快吃慢”

在傳統戰爭中，往往需要通過增加兵力數量來彌補裝備性能等方面的短板。軍事情報的快速發展極大地提高了信息傳輸速度和武器打擊的準確性，大大縮短了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速了OODA 殺傷鏈循環。，使“發現並摧毀”成為可能。

高超音速導彈、激光武器、微波武器、電磁脈衝武器等新型速殺武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向“秒殺”。在海灣戰爭中，OODA循環的循環時間需要3天；在伊拉克戰爭中，循環時間縮短到不到10分鐘；而在敘利亞戰爭中，環路幾乎做到了近乎實時。在智能化戰爭中，利用無人監視攻擊平台快速瞄準敵方核心指揮所、高級指揮員等高價值目標，使對方來不及反應就損失慘重，甚至面臨癱瘓的危險。由此可見，勝利並不一定偏向兵力多的一方，行動迅速準確的一方更容易贏得戰場。據統計，人工智能應對戰場變化所需的反應時間比人類快400多倍。面對瞬息萬變的戰場態勢，人們將更傾向於利用人工智能技術實現指揮控制系統的自適應規劃和自主決策，使指揮控制模式從“人”轉變為“人”。環上”轉變為“環外人”，從而在減輕指揮人員負擔的同時，提高作戰效率和任務執行的成功率。

從“綜合製勝”到“集群制勝”

傳統的裝備研製理念是投入大量資金研發高度集成的高精度武器平台，以期憑藉代際優勢和戰爭性能優勢實現對敵降維打擊。然而，開發和部署一個多功能的高端平台不僅需要花費大量的時間和金錢，而且當多個軟硬件模塊集成到一個武器平台時，它們之間可能會出現不兼容的情況。一旦平台被破壞，將造成重大損失。人工智能等顛覆性技術的軍事應用，催生了無人蜂群的快速發展。無人蜂群具有規模大、綜合成本低、分散化等優點。無人平台相互協調、分工協作，能夠自主決策、有組織地執行作戰任務。即使部分無人平台被毀，也不會影響整體運作。功效。外軍提出的“決策中心戰”、“馬賽克戰”等作戰概念，著眼於利用無人蜂群完成作戰任務。在智能化戰爭中，通過將偵察監視、信息通信、指揮控制、火力打擊等功能分散到大量功能單一的無人作戰單元中，構建高魯棒性、高彈性的“殺傷網”，進而調整組合方式會使其湧現出強大的群體智能，給對手製造很大的不確定性，進而將對手困在OODA循環的判斷環節，無法做出有效的決策。此外，由於無人蜂群數量眾多，對方的探測、跟踪、攔截能力會很快飽和，對方不得不面臨無法摧毀蜂群中所有無人平台的設防失敗的困境。

從“軍事獨霸”到“多元混合”

傳統戰爭主要依靠暴力手段使敵人屈服於自己的意志，通常具有強烈的戰爭強度，和平與戰時界限分明。隨著軍事鬥爭領域不斷向太空、網絡、情報等新領域拓展，經濟、文化、外交、法律等手段在戰爭中的作用日益凸顯，智能化戰爭將在眾多領域展開由“灰色地帶”。以“多管齊下”的形式開展。戰爭的激烈程度可能會減弱，和平與戰爭的界限將變得更加模糊。無論是2019年，沙特半數油田遭到無人機襲擊、一半石油生產停產，還是2021年，美國最大的輸油管道遭到網絡攻擊，造成大規模石油短缺。各種新型攻擊手段的深遠影響不容忽視低估。

With the development and maturity of intelligent technology, the comprehensive use of various means to attack opponents’ industrial, transportation, financial, communication, energy, medical and other facilities and networks will become more common. The threshold of intelligent warfare will show a downward trend, and the warring parties may adopt the method of undeclared war to launch a hybrid war that integrates economic warfare, diplomatic warfare, cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, etc., so that the opponent is exhausted. Handle.

From “actual combat inspection” to “experimental exercise”

Under traditional conditions, due to the lack of scientific simulation and evaluation tools, the true capabilities of the army can only be tested in actual combat. Under intelligent conditions, using virtual reality technology can create a virtual scene with a strong sense of three-dimensional and realism based on the actual battlefield environment and task background. This scene can not only restore objective things such as weapons and equipment from multiple dimensions such as sound, appearance, and performance, but also simulate various severe weather such as heavy fog, heavy rain, and snowstorm, and display the terrain, meteorology, hydrology, etc. of the battlefield in a visualized form. Electromagnetic, nuclear and other information, close to the real situation of the battlefield.

Set the imaginary enemy in the virtual environment according to the characteristics of the enemy in reality, and carry out intelligent simulation of the possible trend of the battle situation, so that officers and soldiers can “experience” the war in virtual reality several times before the official war, so as to improve the equipment performance, The rhythm of the war and the situation of the enemy and the enemy are all clear, and it will be easier to perform realistic tasks. Before the outbreak of the Iraq War, the U.S. military secretly developed a computer game that simulated the combat environment in Baghdad. Among the personnel dispatched to Iraq to perform missions, the survival rate of those trained in the game was as high as 90%. With the continuous enrichment and improvement of data collected in reality, the construction of virtual battlefields will be more realistic, the prediction of the battlefield situation will be more accurate, and the comprehensive evaluation of exercises will be more credible. If the outcome of the war is known in advance, there may be a situation where “surrender the enemy” without a fight or a small fight.

隨著智能技術的發展和成熟，綜合運用各種手段攻擊對手的工業、交通、金融、通信、能源、醫療等設施和網絡將變得更加普遍。智能戰的門檻將呈下降趨勢，交戰各方可能會採取不宣戰的方式，發動集經濟戰、外交戰、網絡戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等為一體的混合戰爭。，使對手筋疲力盡。處理。

從“實戰考察”到“實驗演練”

在傳統條件下，由於缺乏科學的模擬和評估工具，軍隊的真實能力只能在實戰中檢驗。在智能化條件下，利用虛擬現實技術，可以根據實際戰場環境和任務背景，營造立體感強、真實感強的虛擬場景。該場景不僅可以從聲音、外觀、性能等多個維度還原武器裝備等客觀事物，還可以模擬大霧、暴雨、暴風雪等各種惡劣天氣，展示地形、氣象、水文等等戰場的可視化形式。電磁、核等信息，貼近戰場真實情況。

根據現實中敵人的特點，在虛擬環境中設置假想敵，對可能的戰局走向進行智能模擬，讓官兵在臨戰前數次在虛擬現實中“體驗”戰爭正式戰爭，從而提升裝備性能，戰爭的節奏和敵我雙方的情況都一目了然，更容易執行逼真的任務。伊拉克戰爭爆發前，美軍秘密研發了一款模擬巴格達作戰環境的電腦遊戲。在派往伊拉克執行任務的人員中，在遊戲中受訓人員的存活率高達90%。隨著現實採集數據的不斷豐富和完善，虛擬戰場的構建將更加真實，戰場態勢的預測將更加準確，演習的綜合評價將更加可信。如果事先知道戰爭的結果，可能會出現不戰不戰、不戰不戰“投敵”的情況。

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/XXXX

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

中國軍隊著力推進機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展

03/21/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military to focus on the integration and development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence

Adhere to the integration and development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence

——Conscientiously study, publicize and implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

■Chinese People’s Liberation Army Unit 66011

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that we should adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. This important exposition endows the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with new connotations of the times, and further points out the development direction and path for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. We must seize the opportunity, based on the status quo, insist on promoting the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence with systematic thinking, coordinate the development of various fields, especially key areas, realize the positive interaction of the three, and promote the overall improvement of national defense and military modernization.

Engels pointed out: “Human beings fight in the same way as they produce.” At present, the new military revolution in the world is developing rapidly, the degree of informatization in modern warfare is constantly improving, and the characteristics of intelligence are becoming increasingly apparent. Especially under the influence of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, the concepts, elements and methods of winning war are undergoing major changes. Judging from the recent local wars and armed conflicts in the world, a large number of high-tech weapons and equipment have been used in actual combat, and intelligent technology, unmanned equipment, and data information have become new growth points for combat effectiveness. In the face of increasingly fierce military competition, only by standing at the forefront of war and technology, and adhering to the integration of mechanization, information, and intelligence, can we seize the opportunity and win the initiative in military strategic competition.

“Everything must come, and it is a matter of course.” Mechanization, informatization, and intelligence are superimposed, interpenetrated, and mutually supported. Among them, mechanization is the material basis and carrier for the development of informatization and intelligence; informatization plays a connecting role between mechanization and intelligence; intelligence represents advanced combat effectiveness and is the development direction of future military construction. Without the previous “transformation” as the premise and foundation, there would be no emergence and development of the latter “transformation”.

Adhering to the integration and development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is in line with the reality of our military construction and development, and is the only way for the modernization of national defense and the military in the future. Our army has basically achieved mechanization, and the construction of informatization has made significant progress but has not yet been completed. If the intelligentization is carried out after completing the informatization step by step, it will open up a new generation gap with the armed forces of developed countries; if the construction focus is fully shifted to intelligentization, it is unrealistic to expect to be in place in one step.

Science and technology are the core combat capability and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. The key to adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence lies in promoting technological innovation. We should vigorously implement the strategy of strengthening the army through science and technology, actively promote self-reliance and self-improvement in high-level science and technology, accelerate the breakthrough of key core technologies, accelerate the development of strategic, cutting-edge, and disruptive technologies, and realize the transformation from following and running to leading and running as soon as possible. Persist in seeking combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, improve scientific and technological cognition, innovation, and application capabilities, speed up the resolution of “stuck neck” problems, and firmly grasp the lifeline of our army’s development in our own hands.

Wars change with the times, and preparations for wars should not be conservative or rigid. To promote war preparations in the new era, we must focus on winning the new requirements of information-based and intelligent warfare. The construction of our army’s combat effectiveness has accelerated transformation, overall reshaping, and leapfrog development to ensure that it can attack and defend freely and win opportunities in future wars.

(Author unit: Unit 66011)

Original Mandarin Chinese:

堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展

——認真學習宣傳貫徹黨的二十大精神

■ 中國人民解放軍66011部隊

黨的二十大報告強調，要堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展。這一重要論述賦予了國防和軍隊現代化建設新的時代內涵，進一步為加快推進國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了發展方向和路徑。我們要抓住機遇，立足現狀，堅持以系統思維推進機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展，統籌各領域特別是重點領域發展，實現三者良性互動，促進國防和軍隊現代化建設全面加強。

恩格斯指出：“人類以生產的方式進行鬥爭”。當前，世界新軍事革命快速發展，現代戰爭信息化程度不斷提高，智能化特徵日益明顯。特別是在新一輪科技革命的影響下，打贏戰爭的觀念、要素和方式正在發生重大變化。從近期全球發生的局部戰爭和武裝衝突來看，大量高科技武器裝備投入實戰，智能技術、無人裝備、數據信息等成為戰鬥力新的增長點。面對日益激烈的軍事競爭，只有站在戰爭和科技的前沿，堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合，才能搶占先機，贏得軍事戰略競爭的主動權。

“凡事必來，順理成章。” 機械化、信息化、智能化相互疊加、相互滲透、相互支撐。其中，機械化是信息化、智能化發展的物質基礎和載體；信息化在機械化和智能化之間起著承上啟下的作用；智能化代表著先進的戰鬥力，是未來軍隊建設的發展方向。沒有前一個“轉化”作為前提和基礎，就沒有後一個“轉化”的產生和發展。

堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展，符合我軍建設發展實際，是未來國防和軍隊現代化建設的必由之路。我軍基本實現機械化，信息化建設取得重大進展但尚未完成。如果在逐步完成信息化後進行智能化，將與發達國家軍隊拉開新的代溝；如果建設重心全面轉向智能化，指望一步到位是不現實的。

科技是核心作戰能力，是軍隊發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。堅持機械化、信息化、智能化融合發展，關鍵在於推進科技創新。大力實施科技強軍戰略，積極推進高水平科技自立自強，加快突破關鍵核心技術，加快發展戰略性、前沿性、和顛覆性技術，盡快實現從跟隨跑向引領跑的轉變。堅持從科技創新中求戰鬥力，提昇科技認知、創新和應用能力，加快化解“卡脖子”問題，把我軍發展的生命線牢牢掌握在自己手中。

戰爭隨著時代的變化而變化，戰爭準備不能保守僵化。推進新時代備戰，必須圍繞打贏信息化、智能化戰爭新要求。我軍戰鬥力建設加快轉型、全面重塑、跨越發展，確保攻守自如，在未來戰爭中贏得先機。

（作者單位：66011部隊）

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926673.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Strategic Support Forces

中國軍隊將切實打好信息化和網絡戰的堅實基礎丨軍事論壇
來源：解放軍日報

03/18/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military Will Effectively Create a Solid Foundation for informatization & cyberwarfare丨 Military Forum
Source: PLA Daily

黨的二十大報告強調，堅持機械化信息化智能化融合發展。從機械化、信息化和智能化之間的關系看，機械化是信息化的基礎，智能化是信息化的升華。沒有機械化就沒有信息化，沒有充分的信息化，智能化也不可能取得重大突破。當前，大力推進軍事智能化，首先必須切實打牢信息化建設基礎，著力提升部隊信息化水平。

夯實物質基礎。巧婦難為無米之炊。為縮短與強敵的“體系差”，信息化建設應緊貼使命任務，緊跟前沿科技，搞好頂層設計，平戰一體推進。首先，升級完善各類信息系統。要以指控中心建設為重點，以信息基礎設施為平台，統籌抓好分系統建設和諸系統聯動建設，全要素、成體系推進指揮控制等領域建設，實現各分域信息網絡一體化、指揮控制實時化。其次，建好用好作戰數據庫。按照“平戰一體、統籌規劃、分類實施”的原則，建好作戰綜合數據庫，實現信息共享、數據支撐、輔助決策，以“信息流”支撐“指揮鏈”。再次，預置備份機動指揮所。積極借鑑外軍有益做法，大力加強人防工程，形成多點布局、動靜互補、快速配置的機動指揮能力。

建強力量隊伍。打贏具有智能化特征的信息化局部戰爭，建強信息力量隊伍是重要保證。綜合來看，應著力培養四類人才：一是信息指揮人才。一線中高級指揮員，應該像研究用兵一樣研究信息與數據，像研究戰役突破口一樣研究信息系統的構建，像研究彈藥性能一樣研究電磁頻譜的使用。二是信息作戰人才。培養一批勝任信息化作戰的智能參謀、作戰規劃、認知作戰等人才。三是信息保障人才。以信息保障部門和信息保障運維專業技術分隊人員為主要對象，持續加大專業培訓力度，提高網絡管理、系統使用、檢測維修等能力。四是信息研發人才。采取請進來、走出去等方式，放手壓擔子、交任務，培養一批具有較強系統研發能力的專家型技術人才，建立信息化高端人才流動站，形成“不為我有、但為我用”的良性循環。

變革指揮理念。現代戰爭拼的是體系，聯合作戰指揮是其中關鍵一環。為應對現實威脅挑戰，需確立與未來戰爭相適應的新型指揮觀。一是樹牢一體化指揮觀。克服狹隘的單一軍兵種指揮觀，全面協調陸、海、空、天、電、網等多維戰場行動，綜合集成各種作戰要素，切實提升整體制勝、聯合制勝的作戰效能。二是樹牢數字化指揮觀。由粗放式向精確化指揮轉變，將任務區分、力量使用、時空劃分、目標確定等具體化精細化，將聯合作戰力量的指揮程序、指揮方法、指揮內容等流程化標准化，將偵察情報、武器平台、指揮控制等網絡化實時化，縮短指揮流程，提高指揮時效。三是樹牢智能化指揮觀。積極探索人工智能技術成體系應用，加快智能決策、數字孿生、大數據、雲計算等新型技術開發運用，提升戰場復雜信息處理水平，實現指揮員在智能雲腦支撐下對作戰分隊及各類武器平台的任務式指揮。

推進創新實踐。為適應科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，應加快構建打贏信息化戰爭的“三個體系”。首先是創新戰法體系。深入研討強敵對手全方位信息打擊和火力硬摧毀的情況下，防敵信息攻擊、抗敵信息干擾、對敵信息反擊的真招實策，努力實現精准制敵。其次是創新訓法體系。圍繞強敵對手和作戰任務，設置信息作戰環境，深度研練指揮協同、戰法運用、體系構建、綜合保障等課題，推動實戰化部署運用。再次是創新管理體系。堅持平戰一體管、虛實結合管，建立以戰領建的需求牽引機制、計劃主導機制、檢驗評估機制，打造自主可控的產業鏈、供給鏈、保障鏈，確保“平時管”“戰時用”無縫銜接，助力信息化作戰能力不斷提升。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that we should adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. From the perspective of the relationship between mechanization, informatization and intelligence, mechanization is the foundation of informatization, and intelligence is the sublimation of informatization. Without mechanization, there will be no informatization, and without sufficient informatization, it is impossible to achieve a major breakthrough in intelligence. At present, to vigorously promote military intelligence, we must first lay a solid foundation for informatization construction, and strive to improve the level of army informatization.

Lay a solid material foundation. Make bricks without straw. In order to shorten the “system gap” with powerful enemies, informatization construction should closely follow missions and tasks, keep up with cutting-edge technology, do a good job in top-level design, and promote peacetime and wartime integration. First, upgrade and improve various information systems. It is necessary to focus on the construction of the command and control center, use the information infrastructure as a platform, coordinate the construction of sub-systems and the linkage construction of various systems, promote the construction of command and control with all elements and a system, and realize the integration of information networks in various sub-domains, command and control real-time. Second, build and use the combat database well. In accordance with the principle of “integration of peacetime and wartime, overall planning, and classified implementation”, a comprehensive operational database will be established to achieve information sharing, data support, and decision-making assistance, and “information flow” to support the “chain of command.” Again, a backup mobile command post is preset. Actively learn from the beneficial practices of foreign militaries, vigorously strengthen civil air defense projects, and form a mobile command capability with multi-point layout, dynamic and static complementarity, and rapid deployment.

Build a strong team. Building a strong information force team is an important guarantee for winning an informationized local war with intelligent features. On the whole, we should focus on cultivating four types of talents: First, information command talents. Front-line mid-level and senior commanders should study information and data like they study soldiers, study the construction of information systems like they study the breakthroughs of battles, and study the use of electromagnetic spectrum like they study the performance of ammunition. The second is information warfare personnel. Cultivate a group of intelligent staff, combat planning, cognitive operations and other talents who are competent in information-based operations. The third is information security personnel. Focusing on the personnel of the information assurance department and the information assurance operation and maintenance professional technical team as the main target, continue to increase professional training efforts to improve network management, system use, inspection and maintenance capabilities. The fourth is information research and development personnel. Take the method of inviting in and going out, let go of the burden and hand over tasks, cultivate a group of expert technical talents with strong system research and development capabilities, establish a mobile station for high-end informatization talents, and form a “not for me, but for me” “A virtuous circle.

Change the concept of command. Modern warfare is all about the system, and joint combat command is a key part of it. In order to cope with the challenges of real threats, it is necessary to establish a new concept of command that is compatible with future warfare. The first is to firmly establish the concept of integrated command. Overcome the narrow command concept of a single service and arms, comprehensively coordinate multi-dimensional battlefield operations such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network, comprehensively integrate various combat elements, and effectively improve the combat effectiveness of overall and joint victory. The second is to firmly establish the concept of digital command. Transform from extensive to precise command, specify and refine task division, force use, time-space division, and target determination, standardize the command procedures, command methods, and command content of joint combat forces, and integrate reconnaissance intelligence, weapons Platforms, command and control, etc. are networked and real-time, shortening the command process and improving command timeliness. The third is to firmly establish the concept of intelligent command. Actively explore the systematic application of artificial intelligence technology, accelerate the development and application of new technologies such as intelligent decision-making, digital twins, big data, and cloud computing, improve the level of complex information processing on the battlefield, and enable commanders to control combat units and various weapons with the support of intelligent cloud brains. Platform mission command.

Promote innovative practices. In order to adapt to changes in technology, changes in warfare, and changes in opponents, we should speed up the construction of the “three systems” to win the information war. The first is to innovate the tactical system. In-depth research on the real tactics of defending against enemy information attacks, resisting enemy information interference, and counterattacking enemy information under the circumstances of all-round information strikes and hard fire destruction by powerful enemies, and strive to achieve precise control of the enemy. The second is to innovate the training system. Focusing on powerful enemies and combat missions, set up an information warfare environment, conduct in-depth research on topics such as command coordination, tactical application, system construction, and comprehensive support, and promote actual combat deployment and application. The third is the innovation management system. Adhere to the integration of peacetime and wartime management and the combination of virtual reality and real situation, establish a demand traction mechanism led by war, a plan-led mechanism, and an inspection and evaluation mechanism to create independent and controllable industrial chains, supply chains, and guarantee chains to ensure that “peacetime management” and “wartime management” “Use” seamless connection to help the continuous improvement of informationized combat capabilities.

(Author unit: Central Theater)

Source: http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/0x0x0x0x0

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China Internet Soverignty, Uncategorized

深入學習貫徹習近平總書記重要論述奮力開創新時代網絡法治工作新局面–時政–人民網

03/17/2023 admin Leave a comment

China’s Rule of Law for the Internet

China’s Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era

2023年03月17日06:41 | 來源：人民網－人民日報

**深入學習貫徹習近平總書記重要論述奮力開創新時代網絡法治工作新局面–時政–人民網**

小字號

黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央在領導全面依法治國和建設網絡強國的偉大實踐中，提出一系列原創性的新理念新思想新戰略，形成了習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想。習近平總書記深刻把握信息時代的“時”與“勢”，高度重視網絡法治工作，將依法治網納入全面依法治國和網絡強國建設全局，圍繞依法治網這一重大時代課題，多次作出重要論述、提出明確要求。在習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想特別是習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想指引下，我國依法治網深入推進，中國特色網絡法治體系不斷完善，走出了一條既符合國際通行做法、又有中國特色的依法治網之路，網絡法治建設取得歷史性成就。

黨的二十大報告深刻指出：“全面依法治國是國家治理的一場深刻革命，關系黨執政興國，關系人民幸福安康，關系黨和國家長治久安。”2023年3月16日，國務院新聞辦公室發布《新時代的中國網絡法治建設》白皮書，這是我國第一次專門就網絡法治建設發布白皮書，對於深入學習貫徹黨的二十大精神，加快推進新時代網絡強國、數字中國建設，在法治軌道上全面建設社會主義現代化國家，都具有重要意義。我們要以《新時代的中國網絡法治建設》白皮書發布為契機，深入學習貫徹習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想，深入學習領會習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述，深刻領悟“兩個確立”的決定性意義，增強“四個意識”、堅定“四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”，全面貫徹落實黨的二十大關於全面依法治國和網絡強國建設的重大決策部署，奮力開創新時代網絡法治工作新局面，以法治力量護航數字中國高質量發展，為網絡強國建設提供堅實法治保障。

一、深入學習貫徹習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述

習近平總書記圍繞依法治網這一重大時代課題，提出了一系列原創性的新理念新思想新戰略，明確了網絡法治在黨和國家事業全局中的重要地位、戰略目標、原則要求、國際主張和基本方法，等等。這些重要論述以新的內涵豐富和完善了習近平法治思想、習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想，為我們做好網絡安全和信息化工作提供了科學指引。

習近平總書記深刻闡述了網絡法治建設的時代要求。當前，中華民族偉大復興戰略全局、世界百年未有之大變局與信息革命時代潮流發生歷史性交匯，新一輪科技革命和產業變革深入發展。習近平總書記准確把握人類社會正在經歷信息革命的時代大勢，強調互聯網這塊“新疆域”不是“法外之地”，同樣要講法治，同樣要維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，要加強重點領域、新興領域、涉外領域立法，統籌推進國內法治和涉外法治，以良法促進發展、保障善治，要把依法治網作為基礎性手段，繼續加快制定完善互聯網領域法律法規，推動依法管網、依法辦網、依法上網，確保互聯網在法治軌道上健康運行，等等。這些重要論述，科學標定了網絡法治建設的時代背景和歷史方位，充分體現了對信息時代發展脈搏的深刻洞察、對網絡空間全新特征的精准把握，進一步深化了我們對網絡法治建設歷史必然性和現實緊迫性的認識。

習近平總書記科學指明了網絡法治建設的實踐路徑。習近平總書記在深刻總結我國全功能接入國際互聯網以來依法治網實踐經驗的基礎上，聚焦新時代以來網絡法治工作面臨的新形勢新任務新情況新問題，對網絡法治建設作出全面部署，強調要深入實施網絡安全法，要以良法善治保障新業態新模式健康發展，要抓緊制定立法規劃，完善互聯網信息內容管理、關鍵信息基礎設施保護等法律法規，要依法加強網絡社會管理，等等。這些重要論述，深深植根我國網絡法治建設實踐沃土，源於實踐、指導實踐、又被實踐所驗証，引領我國網絡法治建設邁上新台階，展現出堅實的實踐根基、鮮明的實踐導向和強大的實踐偉力。

習近平總書記突出強調了網絡法治建設的為民理念。網絡法治與10億多網民直接相連，與14億多人民群眾的獲得感、幸福感、安全感息息相關。習近平總書記多次強調，要本著對社會負責、對人民負責的態度，依法加強網絡空間治理，要依法嚴厲打擊網絡黑客、電信網絡詐騙、侵犯公民個人隱私等違法犯罪行為，維護公民在網絡空間的合法權益，等等。這些重要論述，堅持網絡法治為了人民、依靠人民、造福人民、保護人民，為網絡法治建設注入了最深沉最持久的動力源泉和發展基礎。

習近平總書記明確提出了網絡法治國際交流合作的中國主張。習近平總書記創造性地提出了推進全球互聯網治理體系變革的“四項原則”和構建網絡空間命運共同體的“五點主張”，明確提出各國應該共同努力，防范和反對利用網絡空間進行的恐怖、淫穢、販毒、洗錢、賭博等犯罪活動﹔中國願同各國一道，推動制定各方普遍接受的網絡空間國際規則，健全打擊網絡犯罪司法協助機制，共同維護網絡空間和平安全，等等。這些重要論述，把法治作為推動全球互聯網治理體系變革和構建網絡空間命運共同體的重要保障，提出一系列契合網絡發展實踐、反映各國共同意願的思想理念、原則准則，為網絡法治建設提出了中國方案、貢獻了中國智慧。

習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述，思想深邃、內涵豐富，具有很強的政治性、思想性、前瞻性、指導性，是習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想的重要組成部分，為我們做好新時代網絡法治工作提供了根本遵循和行動指南。我們要深入學習和全面把握習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述的豐富內涵、實踐要求、鮮明特征，切實增強學習貫徹的思想自覺、政治自覺、行動自覺。

二、全面把握新時代我國網絡法治建設取得的歷史性成就

自1994年全功能接入國際互聯網以來，我國高度重視網絡法治建設，不斷探索符合中國互聯網發展特點的依法治網之路。進入新時代，在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，在習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的科學指引下，我們認真學習貫徹習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述，堅持把依法治網擺在更加突出位置，取得了一系列顯著成就，為網絡強國建設、全面依法治國、黨在信息化條件下治國理政作出了重要貢獻。

推進科學立法，奠定網絡空間法治基礎。把握互聯網發展規律，著力建立網絡權益保障法律制度、健全數字經濟法治規則、劃定網絡安全法律紅線、完善網絡生態治理規范，先后制定出台了網絡安全法、電子商務法、數據安全法、個人信息保護法等基礎性、綜合性、全局性法律。截至目前，已制定出台網絡領域立法140余部，基本形成了以憲法為根本，以法律、行政法規、部門規章和地方性法規、地方政府規章為依托，以傳統立法為基礎，以網絡內容建設與管理、網絡安全和信息化等網絡專門立法為主干的網絡法律體系，為網絡強國建設提供了堅實的制度保障。

推進嚴格執法，保障網絡空間規范有序。堅持嚴格規范公正文明網絡執法，加大重點領域執法力度，全面保護人民群眾合法權益、維護社會公共利益。加大個人信息保護執法力度，加強網絡知識產權保護，積極探索與網絡市場新業態相適應的執法模式，依法整治壟斷和不正當競爭行為。加強網絡基礎資源、重要網絡系統、網絡數據等領域安全執法工作，持續深入開展“淨網”“清朗”“護苗”等系列專項行動，加大對人民群眾反映強烈的網絡淫穢色情、虛假信息、網絡暴力、算法濫用、未成年人沉迷網絡游戲等問題的治理力度，推動網絡空間持續向好、天朗氣清。

推進公正司法，捍衛網絡空間公平正義。積極回應信息時代司法新需求，運用網絡信息技術賦能傳統司法。創新網絡司法規則，及時制定涉網司法解釋，依法審理新類型、疑難復雜和互聯網特性突出的司法案件。探索網絡司法模式，積極推行大數據、雲計算、人工智能等現代科技在訴訟服務、審判執行、司法管理等領域的深度應用，相繼設立杭州、北京、廣州互聯網法院，探索實行“網上案件網上審理”，審判質量、效率和效果呈現良好態勢。

推進全民守法，提升全社會網絡法治意識和素養。創新網絡法治宣傳教育的內容、形式、手段，拓展“互聯網+普法”新模式，積極運用網絡媒體開展網上普法活動，推進線下普法向線上延伸。圍繞青少年、互聯網企業從業人員等重要普法對象開展法治宣傳，全社會網絡法治意識和素養明顯增強。強化網絡法學科專業建設和人才培養，積極推進網絡法治智庫建設，為網絡法治建設提供了智力支持和人才保障。

推進國際交流，積極參與全球網絡法治建設。堅持以習近平總書記關於構建網絡空間命運共同體的理念主張為指引，積極開展網絡法治國際交流合作。支持發揮聯合國在網絡國際治理中的主渠道作用，提出《全球數據安全倡議》。積極參與形成區域性網絡治理規則。開展網絡法治雙多邊對話交流，加強網絡安全國際執法司法合作。搭建網絡法治國際對話合作平台，舉辦世界互聯網大會，發布《攜手構建網絡空間命運共同體行動倡議》等。

三、認真總結新時代我國網絡法治建設的寶貴經驗

黨的十八大以來，我國網絡法治建設之所以取得歷史性成就、實現跨越式發展，根本在於習近平總書記作為黨中央的核心、全黨的核心領航掌舵，在於習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想特別是習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想科學指引。新時代以來，網絡法治建設在實踐中發展，在繼承中創新，積累了一系列來之不易、彌足珍貴的經驗。

堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想統領網絡法治工作全局。習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想是當代中國馬克思主義、二十一世紀馬克思主義，是全黨全國人民為實現中華民族偉大復興而奮斗的行動指南，也是推進網絡法治工作的根本遵循。我們要深入學習貫徹習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想，特別是把學習貫徹習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想緊密結合起來，認真貫徹落實習近平總書記關於網絡法治的重要論述，切實用以武裝頭腦、指導實踐、推動工作。

堅持加強黨對網絡法治工作的全面領導。黨的全面領導是做好網絡法治工作的根本政治保証。必須加強黨對網信工作的全面領導，堅持黨管互聯網，深刻領悟“兩個確立”的決定性意義，增強“四個意識”、堅定“四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”，不斷提高政治判斷力、政治領悟力、政治執行力，把黨的領導貫穿到依法治網全過程和各方面，確保網絡法治工作始終沿著正確政治方向和道路前進。

堅持以人民為中心。網絡法治工作與人民群眾切身利益密切相關，必須始終堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，把體現人民利益、反映人民願望、維護人民權益、增進人民福祉落實到網絡法治建設全過程各方面，為人民群眾營造安全、公平、健康、文明、清朗的網絡空間。

堅持走中國特色的網絡法治道路。中國特色網絡法治道路本質上是中國特色社會主義法治道路在網信領域的具體體現，是我國網絡法治建設成就和經驗的集中體現。必須堅持中國特色治網之道，立足國情、民情、網情，運用法治思維和法治方式解決制約互聯網發展的瓶頸問題，走好中國特色的網絡法治道路，為推動全球互聯網治理體系變革提出中國方案、貢獻中國智慧。

堅持把握網絡法治工作規律。網絡法治是一門大學問、新學問，必須科學把握內在規律，處理好發展和安全、自由和秩序、開放和自主、管理和服務的關系，堅持依法治網和以德潤網相統一、規范發展和鼓勵支持相協調、國內法治和涉外法治相銜接，以高質量法治建設助推網信事業高質量發展，為互聯網健康有序發展提供保障，為網絡強國建設夯實法治基礎。

堅持推進網絡法治工作創新。互聯網因創新而生、因創新而興，網絡法治工作尤其需要創新。必須順應全球信息化發展大勢，立足我國互聯網發展實踐，加快推進網絡法治理念、內容、方式、方法等全方位創新，完善和創新新技術新領域規則，提升網絡法治工作的針對性和實效性，以創新引領網絡法治實踐。

堅持凝聚網絡法治工作合力。網絡法治工作是一項系統工程，必須統籌兼顧、把握重點、整體謀劃，更好發揮各方面的積極性、主動性、創造性，協調推進網絡內容建設與管理、網絡安全、信息化和網絡空間國際合作等各領域法治工作，讓互聯網在法治軌道上健康運行。

四、奮力開創新時代網絡法治工作新局面

推進依法治網是全面依法治國的必然要求，網絡法治工作是網絡強國建設的重要保障。我們要深入學習宣傳貫徹黨的二十大精神，以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想特別是習近平法治思想和習近平總書記關於網絡強國的重要思想為指引，筑法治之基、行法治之力、積法治之勢，深入推進網絡空間法治化進程，奮力開創網絡法治工作新局面。

切實提高政治站位，加強黨對網絡法治工作的全面領導。深刻領悟“兩個確立”的決定性意義，增強“四個意識”、堅定“四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”，把黨管互聯網全面貫穿於網絡立法、執法、司法、普法等工作的全過程和各方面。完善黨領導依法治網的制度和機制，形成強大工作合力。

強化重點領域立法，構建系統完備的網絡法律體系。立足“十四五”時期網信事業發展，進一步健全以網絡安全法、數據安全法、個人信息保護法等法律為引領，涵蓋網絡內容建設與管理、網絡安全、信息化、網絡空間國際合作等領域，法律、行政法規、部門規章等多個位階，民商法、刑法、行政法等多個法律部門的網絡法律體系。強化網絡重點立法，加快制定修訂網絡安全法、未成年人網絡保護條例、網絡數據安全管理條例等法律法規。堅持急用先行，豐富“小快靈”立法。強化前沿問題研究，加快推進數字經濟、互聯網金融、人工智能、大數據、雲計算等新興領域立法步伐，做到新技術新應用發展到哪裡、法治建設就覆蓋到哪裡。

深入開展網絡執法，保障網絡法律法規實施。深入推進網絡執法協調機制建設，強化跨領域跨部門聯合執法，推動形成橫向協同、縱向聯動的全國網絡行政執法工作體系，完善行政執法與刑事司法銜接機制。加強網絡傳播秩序規范治理。聚焦人民群眾反映強烈的突出問題，持續開展“清朗”系列專項行動，綜合運用多種懲戒方式，開展分類分級監管執法。依法打擊利用網絡從事危害國家安全和社會公共利益、擾亂經濟秩序和社會秩序、侵害他人合法權益等違法犯罪活動，嚴厲懲處利用網絡傳播違法信息行為。加強網絡執法人才隊伍建設，推進嚴格規范公正文明執法。

加強法治宣傳研究，凝聚依法治網強大力量。全面實施網信系統“八五”普法規劃，將“誰立法誰普法”“誰執法誰普法”“誰管理誰普法”“誰服務誰普法”貫穿於依法治網全過程。將領導干部和青少年網絡法治宣傳教育作為工作重點，加大互聯網行業從業人員法律法規教育培訓力度，不斷提升全社會網絡法治意識和素養。深化網絡法治研究與教育，推進網絡法治理論創新，建立健全網絡法治教育長效機制，推動網絡法治智庫建設，為網絡法治建設提供更強大的智力支持。

增進國際交流合作，推動構建網絡空間命運共同體。堅持以習近平總書記關於構建網絡空間命運共同體的理念主張為指引，加大我國互聯網治理實踐和理念主張的對外宣介力度，做好《新時代的中國網絡法治建設》白皮書宣傳解讀工作，加強對外傳播，講好中國故事。積極參與數字貨幣、數字稅、數據安全、個人信息保護等領域國際規則制定。充分發揮聯合國主渠道作用，通過金磚國家合作機制、上海合作組織、亞非法律協商組織、世界互聯網大會等平台，加強網絡立法和政策機制建設交流合作。

（作者為中央宣傳部副部長，中央網絡安全和信息化委員會辦公室主任、國家互聯網信息辦公室主任）

《人民日報》（ 2023年03月17日 10 版）

In-depth study and implementation of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions, and strive to create a new situation in the work of Internet rule of law in the new era

Zhuang RongwenMarch 17, 2023 06:41 | Source:

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Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has put forward a series of original new ideas, new ideas, and new strategies in leading the great practice of comprehensively governing the country according to law and building a cyber power, forming Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and President Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law. The secretary’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet. General Secretary Xi Jinping has a deep grasp of the “time” and “trend” of the information age, attaches great importance to the work of the rule of law on the Internet, and incorporates the rule of law into the overall law-based governance of the country and the construction of a strong network country. Discuss and make clear requirements. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet, my country’s rule of law in the Internet has been further advanced, and the Internet legal system with Chinese characteristics has been continuously improved. , and the road to governing the Internet according to law with Chinese characteristics, the construction of the Internet rule of law has made historic achievements.

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out profoundly: “Comprehensively ruling the country according to law is a profound revolution in state governance. This is the first time that my country has released a white paper on the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. It is important for in-depth study and implementation of the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and to accelerate the construction of a powerful network country and a digital China in the new era. On the track of the rule of law It is of great significance to build a modern socialist country in an all-round way. We must take the opportunity of the release of the white paper “Construction of the Internet Rule of Law in China in the New Era” to study and implement Xi Jinping’s thought on the rule of law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet. The decisive significance of “two establishments” is to strengthen the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidence”, and achieve “two maintenances”, and fully implement the major decisions and deployments of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on comprehensively governing the country according to law and building a powerful network country , strive to create a new situation in the work of the rule of law on the Internet in the new era, escort the high-quality development of digital China with the power of the rule of law, and provide a solid rule of law guarantee for the construction of a powerful network country.

1. In-depth study and implementation of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on the rule of law on the Internet

General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward a series of original new ideas, new ideas and new strategies centering on the major era issue of governing the Internet according to the law, and clarified the important position, strategic goals, principle requirements, and international propositions of the Internet rule of law in the overall situation of the party and the country. and basic methods, etc. These important expositions have enriched and perfected Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet with new connotations, and provided scientific guidance for us to do a good job in network security and informatization.

General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly expounded the requirements of the times for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. At present, the overall strategy of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the major changes in the world unseen in a century, and the trend of the information revolution era have historically converged, and a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation has developed in depth. General Secretary Xi Jinping accurately grasped the general trend of the era when human society is undergoing an information revolution, and emphasized that the “new frontier” of the Internet is not a “land outside the law”. Legislation in key fields, emerging fields, and foreign-related fields, coordinate the advancement of domestic and foreign-related rule of law, promote development with good laws, and ensure good governance. We must use law-based governance of the Internet as a basic means, continue to accelerate the formulation and improvement of laws and regulations in the Internet field, and promote law-based management of the Internet. Run the Internet according to the law, access the Internet according to the law, ensure that the Internet operates on the track of the rule of law, and so on. These important expositions scientifically calibrate the background and historical orientation of the construction of the rule of law on the Internet, fully reflect the profound insight into the development pulse of the information age, and the precise grasp of the new characteristics of cyberspace, and further deepen our understanding of the historical inevitability and reality of the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. awareness of urgency.

General Secretary Xi Jinping scientifically pointed out the practical path for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. General Secretary Xi Jinping, on the basis of profoundly summarizing the practical experience of law-based network governance since my country’s full-featured access to the international Internet, focused on the new situation, new tasks, new situations, and new problems faced by the network legal work since the new era, and made a comprehensive deployment of the network legal construction, emphasizing It is necessary to thoroughly implement the Cybersecurity Law, ensure the healthy development of new business forms and models with good laws and good governance, formulate legislative plans as soon as possible, improve laws and regulations such as Internet information content management and key information infrastructure protection, and strengthen network social management in accordance with the law, etc. These important expositions are deeply rooted in the fertile soil of practice in the construction of the rule of law on the Internet in my country. They originate from practice, guide practice, and are verified by practice. Powerful practical power.

General Secretary Xi Jinping highlighted the concept of serving the people in the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. The rule of law on the Internet is directly connected to more than 1 billion Internet users, and is closely related to the sense of gain, happiness, and security of more than 1.4 billion people. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed that cyberspace governance must be strengthened in accordance with the law in an attitude of being responsible to the society and the people, and that illegal and criminal acts such as cyber hacking, telecommunications and network fraud, and infringement of citizens’ personal privacy must be severely cracked down in accordance with the law, so as to protect citizens’ cyberspace security. Legal rights to space, etc. These important expositions, insisting that the rule of law on the Internet is for the people, rely on the people, benefit the people, and protect the people, have injected the deepest and most lasting source of motivation and development foundation for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet.

General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly put forward China’s proposition of international exchanges and cooperation on the rule of law on the Internet. General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively put forward the “Four Principles” to promote the reform of the global Internet governance system and the “Five Proposals” to build a community with a shared future in cyberspace. , drug trafficking, money laundering, gambling and other criminal activities; China is willing to work with other countries to promote the formulation of universally accepted international rules in cyberspace, improve the judicial assistance mechanism for combating cybercrime, and jointly maintain peace and security in cyberspace, etc. These important expositions regard the rule of law as an important guarantee for promoting the reform of the global Internet governance system and building a community with a shared future in cyberspace, put forward a series of ideologies, principles and guidelines that conform to the practice of network development and reflect the common wishes of all countries, and propose a Chinese plan for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet , Contributed Chinese wisdom.

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on the rule of law on the Internet has profound thoughts and rich connotations, and is highly political, ideological, forward-looking, and instructive. It provides us with a fundamental follow-up and action guide for us to do a good job in the work of the rule of law on the Internet in the new era. We must in-depth study and comprehensively grasp the rich connotations, practical requirements, and distinctive features of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions on the rule of law on the Internet, and earnestly enhance the ideological, political, and action awareness of learning and implementing them.

2. Comprehensively grasp the historic achievements made in the construction of the rule of law on the Internet in my country in the new era

Since full-featured access to the international Internet in 1994, my country has attached great importance to the construction of the rule of law on the Internet, and has continuously explored the way to rule the Internet according to the law in line with the characteristics of China’s Internet development. Entering the new era, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, and under the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we have conscientiously studied and implemented General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on the rule of law on the Internet, and insisted on governing the Internet by law. It has been placed in a more prominent position and has achieved a series of remarkable achievements, making important contributions to the construction of a strong network country, the comprehensive rule of law, and the party’s governance of the country under the conditions of informationization.

Promote scientific legislation and lay the foundation for the rule of law in cyberspace. Grasp the law of Internet development, focus on establishing a legal system for the protection of network rights and interests, improve the legal rules of the digital economy, delineate legal red lines for network security, and improve network ecological governance norms. Fundamental, comprehensive, and overall laws such as protection laws. Up to now, more than 140 pieces of legislation in the network field have been formulated and promulgated, basically forming a constitution based on the Constitution, relying on laws, administrative regulations, departmental regulations, local regulations, and local government regulations, based on traditional legislation, and based on network content construction and cooperation. The network legal system with special network legislation on management, network security and informatization as the main body provides a solid institutional guarantee for the construction of a strong network country.

Promote strict law enforcement to ensure orderly cyberspace. Adhere to strict, standardized, fair and civilized law enforcement on the Internet, increase law enforcement in key areas, comprehensively protect the legitimate rights and interests of the people, and safeguard social and public interests. Increase law enforcement efforts to protect personal information, strengthen network intellectual property protection, actively explore law enforcement models that are compatible with new business forms in the network market, and rectify monopoly and unfair competition behaviors in accordance with the law. Strengthen security law enforcement in areas such as network basic resources, important network systems, and network data, continue to carry out a series of special campaigns such as “cleaning the network”, “clearing the sky” and “protecting seedlings” , Internet violence, algorithm abuse, and minors’ addiction to online games, and other issues, to promote the continuous improvement of cyberspace and clear skies.

Promote fair justice and safeguard fairness and justice in cyberspace. Actively respond to the new demands of justice in the information age, and use network information technology to empower traditional justice. Innovate Internet judicial rules, formulate Internet-related judicial interpretations in a timely manner, and try new types of judicial cases that are difficult and complex and have prominent Internet characteristics in accordance with the law. Explore the network judicial model, actively promote the in-depth application of modern technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence in the fields of litigation services, trial enforcement, and judicial management. The quality, efficiency and effect of trials are showing a good trend.

Promote the law-abiding of the whole people, and enhance the awareness and literacy of the rule of law in the Internet of the whole society. Innovate the content, form, and means of online legal publicity and education, expand the new model of “Internet + law popularization”, actively use online media to carry out online legal popularization activities, and promote the extension of offline legal popularization to online. Publicity on the rule of law was carried out around young people, employees of Internet companies and other important objects of law popularization, and the awareness and literacy of the rule of law in the Internet of the whole society were significantly enhanced. Strengthen the professional construction and personnel training of Internet law disciplines, actively promote the construction of Internet rule of law think tanks, and provide intellectual support and talent guarantee for the construction of Internet rule of law.

Promote international exchanges and actively participate in the construction of the rule of law on the global network. Adhere to the guidance of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s concept and proposition of building a community of shared future in cyberspace, and actively carry out international exchanges and cooperation on the rule of law in the Internet. Support the role of the United Nations as the main channel in the international governance of the Internet, and put forward the “Global Data Security Initiative”. Actively participate in the formation of regional network governance rules. Carry out bilateral and multilateral dialogues and exchanges on the rule of law on the Internet, and strengthen international law enforcement and judicial cooperation on Internet security. Establish a platform for international dialogue and cooperation on the rule of law in the Internet, hold the World Internet Conference, and release the “Action Initiative to Build a Community of Shared Future in Cyberspace”, etc.

3. Conscientiously summarize the valuable experience in the construction of the rule of law on the Internet in my country in the new era

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the reason why my country’s Internet rule of law has achieved historic achievements and achieved leapfrog development is fundamentally that General Secretary Xi Jinping, as the core of the Party Central Committee and the core of the whole party, is at the helm at the helm, and lies in Xi Jinping’s new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics In particular, Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important scientific guidance on the network power. Since the new era, the construction of the rule of law on the Internet has developed in practice, innovated in inheritance, and accumulated a series of hard-won and precious experiences.

Persist in guiding the overall work of the rule of law on the Internet with Xi Jinping’s socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics in the new era. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is Marxism in contemporary China and Marxism in the 21st century. We must thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially closely combine the study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law with General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet, conscientiously implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on the rule of law on the Internet, and earnestly implement it. It is used to arm the mind, guide practice, and promote work.

Persist in strengthening the party’s overall leadership over the rule of law work on the Internet. The party’s overall leadership is the fundamental political guarantee for doing a good job in the rule of law on the Internet. It is necessary to strengthen the party’s overall leadership over the Internet and information work, insist on the party’s management of the Internet, deeply understand the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, strengthen the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidence”, and achieve the “two maintenances”, and constantly Improve political judgment, political comprehension, and political execution, and implement the party’s leadership throughout the entire process and all aspects of governing the Internet by law, so as to ensure that Internet rule of law work always advances along the correct political direction and path.

Adhere to the people as the center. The work of the rule of law on the Internet is closely related to the vital interests of the people. We must always adhere to the people-centered development idea, and implement the interests of the people, reflect the wishes of the people, safeguard the rights and interests of the people, and improve the well-being of the people in all aspects of the construction of the rule of law on the Internet. The masses create a safe, fair, healthy, civilized, and clear cyberspace.

Adhere to the road of Internet rule of law with Chinese characteristics. The path of Internet rule of law with Chinese characteristics is essentially a concrete manifestation of the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics in the field of Internet information, and it is a concentrated expression of the achievements and experience of my country’s Internet rule of law construction. We must adhere to the way of governing the Internet with Chinese characteristics, based on national conditions, public conditions, and Internet conditions, use legal thinking and methods to solve bottlenecks that restrict Internet development, take the road of Internet rule of law with Chinese characteristics, and propose Chinese solutions for promoting the reform of the global Internet governance system , Contribute Chinese wisdom.

Persist in grasping the law of network rule of law work. The rule of law on the Internet is a university and a new study. It is necessary to scientifically grasp the internal laws, properly handle the relationship between development and security, freedom and order, openness and autonomy, and management and service. Coordinating with encouragement and support, linking domestic rule of law with foreign-related rule of law, boosting the high-quality development of cybersecurity and informatization with high-quality rule of law construction, providing guarantees for the healthy and orderly development of the Internet, and laying a solid foundation for the rule of law for the construction of a strong network country.

Persist in advancing the innovation of network rule of law work. The Internet was born and prospered because of innovation, and the rule of law on the Internet especially needs innovation. It is necessary to conform to the general trend of global informatization development, based on the practice of my country’s Internet development, accelerate the promotion of all-round innovations in the concept, content, methods, and methods of the rule of law on the Internet, improve and innovate the rules of new technologies and new fields, and enhance the pertinence and effectiveness of the rule of law work on the Internet. Lead the practice of the rule of law on the Internet with innovation.

Persist in cohesive efforts in network rule of law work. The rule of law work on the Internet is a systematic project, and it is necessary to make overall plans, grasp the key points, and make overall plans, better exert the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of all parties, and coordinate and promote the construction and management of Internet content, Internet security, informatization, and international cooperation in cyberspace The rule of law work in various fields, so that the Internet can run healthily on the track of the rule of law.

4. Strive to create a new situation in the network rule of law work in the new era

Promoting law-based governance of the Internet is an inevitable requirement for comprehensive law-based governance, and Internet rule of law work is an important guarantee for the construction of a powerful Internet country. We must thoroughly study, publicize and implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the power of the Internet, build the foundation of the rule of law, practice the power of the rule of law, Accumulate the momentum of the rule of law, deeply promote the process of the rule of law in cyberspace, and strive to create a new situation in the work of the rule of law in the Internet.

Effectively improve political standing, and strengthen the party’s overall leadership over the rule of law on the Internet. Deeply comprehend the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, strengthen the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidence”, and achieve the “two maintenances”, and fully implement the party’s management of the Internet in the work of online legislation, law enforcement, judiciary, and law popularization the whole process and all aspects. Improve the system and mechanism for the party leadership to rule the Internet according to the law, and form a strong working force.

Strengthen legislation in key areas, and build a systematic and complete network legal system. Based on the development of the Internet information business during the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, further improve laws such as the Network Security Law, Data Security Law, and Personal Information Protection Law, covering network content construction and management, network security, informatization, international cooperation in cyberspace, etc. Fields, laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules and other levels, civil and commercial law, criminal law, administrative law and other legal departments of the network legal system. Strengthen key legislation on the Internet, and speed up the formulation and revision of laws and regulations such as the Internet Security Law, the Regulations on the Internet Protection of Minors, and the Regulations on the Management of Internet Data Security. Adhere to urgent needs first, and enrich the “small, fast and smart” legislation. Strengthen research on cutting-edge issues, accelerate the pace of legislation in emerging fields such as digital economy, Internet finance, artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing, so that wherever new technologies and applications develop, the rule of law will be covered.

Carry out in-depth cyber law enforcement to ensure the implementation of cyber laws and regulations. Deeply promote the construction of network law enforcement coordination mechanisms, strengthen cross-field and cross-departmental joint law enforcement, promote the formation of a national network administrative law enforcement work system with horizontal coordination and vertical linkage, and improve the connection mechanism between administrative law enforcement and criminal justice. Strengthen the orderly and standardized governance of online communication. Focus on outstanding issues that the people have strongly reported, continue to carry out the “Qinglang” series of special actions, comprehensively use various punishment methods, and carry out classified and hierarchical supervision and law enforcement. Crack down on the use of the Internet to engage in illegal and criminal activities that endanger national security and social and public interests, disrupt economic and social order, and infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of others, and severely punish the use of the Internet to disseminate illegal information. Strengthen the construction of online law enforcement talent teams, and promote strict, standardized, fair and civilized law enforcement.

Strengthen the publicity and research of the rule of law, and gather powerful forces to rule the Internet according to the law. Fully implement the “Eighth Five-Year” law popularization plan of the network information system, and “whoever makes the law popularizes the law”, “whoever enforces the law popularizes the law”, “whoever manages the law popularizes”, and “whoever serves the service popularizes the law” runs through the entire process of governing the Internet by law. Make the publicity and education of the rule of law on the Internet for leading cadres and youth a priority, increase the education and training of laws and regulations for Internet industry practitioners, and continuously improve the awareness and quality of the rule of law in the entire society. Deepen research and education on the rule of law on the Internet, promote theoretical innovation on the rule of law on the Internet, establish and improve a long-term mechanism for education on the rule of law on the Internet, promote the construction of think tanks on the rule of law on the Internet, and provide stronger intellectual support for the construction of the rule of law on the Internet.

Enhance international exchanges and cooperation, and promote the building of a community of shared future in cyberspace. Adhere to the guidance of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s concept and proposition of building a community with a shared future in cyberspace, increase the intensity of publicity of my country’s Internet governance practices and concepts to the outside world, do a good job in the publicity and interpretation of the white paper “Construction of China’s Internet Rule of Law in the New Era”, and strengthen external communication. Spread and tell Chinese stories well. Actively participate in the formulation of international rules in the fields of digital currency, digital taxation, data security, and personal information protection. Give full play to the role of the United Nations as the main channel, and strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the construction of online legislation and policy mechanisms through platforms such as the BRICS cooperation mechanism, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization, and the World Internet Conference.

(The author is the deputy director of the Central Propaganda Department, the director of the Office of the Central Cyber Security and Informatization Commission, and the director of the State Internet Information Office)

“People’s Daily” (version 10, March 17, 2023)

http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/0317/c1001-32645866.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization

中國風諜戰遊戲

03/17/2023 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Spying Operations – Games Chinese Spooks Play

From 國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’ to 新華社 ‘Xinhua’, how China’s espionage network operates in shadows.

China has systemically set up one of the quietest but most lethal espionage networks across the world.

As the world continues to debate over the spy balloons allegedly sent by China for espionage in the United States, probably it is missing the big picture. The real threat to global security comes from China’s spy network which is a complex web of many agencies, most of whom have successfully remained in the shadows. This multipart series would unravel the lesser known as well the unknown details about the Chinese espionage network.

The Chinese spy network has successfully remained in the shadows for decades. The Chinese Communist Party had built its spy network much before it came to power in China in 1949 turning a republic into a communist dictatorship. Since then, China has systematically set up one of the quietest but one of the most lethal espionage networks across the world.

The information regarding the Chinese spy network is scant and so scattered that it makes it difficult for even keen China watchers to paint the big and the real picture.

Ministry of State for Security

Ministry of State for Security (MSS) is China’s premier intelligence agency. It is also known as 國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’. MSS is largely responsible for operations outside China. The domestic intelligence and surveillance is looked after by the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). In addition, Chinese defence forces have their own intelligence agencies which conduct operations all over the globe.

Peter Mattis, one of the foremost authorities on Chinese intelligence operations, explains the Chinese military intelligence network (A Guide to Chinese Intelligence Operations, August 18, 2015), “Within the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), intelligence organizations fall under the General Staff Department (the Second and Third Departments, or, respectively, China’s DIA and NSA equivalents); the General Political Department for intelligence and covert influence operations; the PLA Navy, Air Force, and Second Artillery headquarters; and technical reconnaissance bureaus in the military regions. Much of the military intelligence infrastructure is based in China, but defence attachés and clandestine collectors do operate abroad, including from the service intelligence elements.”

New China News Agency (Xinhua)

Founded in 1931 by the Chinese Communist Party, Xinhua is the official news agency of China and a major facilitator for China’s intelligence gathering. According to an investigative report in Greek media outlet Pentapostagma published in April 2021, “Xinhua is primarily the eyes, ears, and voice of China. It is one of the important arms of the Chinese Intelligence agency in gathering information. Its prime objective is to promote positive news/narrative about CCP leadership/Chinese government and to marginalize, demonize, or entirely suppress anti-CCP voices, incisive political commentary and exposes that present the Chinese Government/CCP leadership in a negative light. It owns more than 20 newspapers and a dozen magazines and prints in eight languages: Chinese, English, Spanish, French, Russian, Portuguese, Arabic and Japanese It has established 107 bureaus in foreign countries including eight sub offices or editorial offices in Hong Kong, New York, Mexico, Nairobi, Cairo, Paris, Moscow, and Rio de Janeiro and currently employs more than 10,000 people.”

The report explained the standard operating procedure of gathering intelligence by this Chinese agency which has been operating in India also for several years, “Xinhua covers all news and developments/events in foreign countries which have meaning, or which could be of any significance for China. It then forwards reports/articles to China’s Ministry of State Security which directly handles the information inflow from Xinhua. The reports/articles are uploaded in a secured web system. Those that contain intelligence value are treated as classified and forwarded to CCP leadership for their consumption. Xinhua journalists are trained to be able to identify news/articles that are suitable for the CCP leaders and not for the public.”

According to this investigative report, “The agency (Xinhua) maintains a huge database of experts across the world and contacts favorable pro-Chinese contacts/assets in foreign countries and forwards their articles/reports to concerned departments back in Beijing.”

United Front Work Department (UFWD)

Set up in 1942, UFWD is the blue-eyed boy of the Communist Party Chinese (CPC). President Xi Jinping has further strengthened it ever since he came to power in 2012 and now it plays a significant role in China’s overall espionage network as well foreign policy framework. According to a research report published in August 2018 by the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, “The United Front strategy uses a range of methods to influence overseas Chinese communities, foreign governments, and other actors to take actions or adopt positions supportive of Beijing’s preferred policies.”

‘Several official and quasi-official entities conduct overseas activities guided or funded by the United Front including Chinese government and military organizations, cultural and “friendship” associations, and overseas academic groups such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs) and Confucius Institutes. The UFWD also oversees influence operations targeting Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau that aim to suppress independence movements, undermine local identity, and promote support for Beijing’s political system.

In all these cases, United Front work serves to promote Beijing’s preferred global narrative, pressure individuals living in free and open societies to self-censor and avoid discussing issues unfavorable to the CPC and harass or undermine groups critical of Beijing’s policies.’

Ryan Fedasiuk, a research Analyst at Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET) meticulously calculated the budget for UFWD in his essay ‘How China Mobilizes Funding for United Front Work (China Brief Volume: 20 Issue: 16). This indicates the priority given to this agency by the Chinese government and the CCP.

There is no direct budget for UFWD but there are several government and quasi-government bodies which fund it. That include Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, State Administration of Religious Affairs, Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council and All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce. The current annual budget for UFWD allocated through these bodies stands at not less than $1.4 billion.

“Chinese officials maintain that the United Front system is a benign network of administrative organizations, and that the PRC’s foreign policy is based on “mutual respect and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs” (PRC Embassy in Sweden, August 2019; ABC, June 2020). If this really were the case, regional governments probably would not classify their united front spending as secret 秘密資助 (Mìmì zīzhù) or refuse to disclose the structure of government offices ostensibly reserved for public diplomacy,” says Fedasiuk.

He further adds, “That regional governments in China budget nearly as much for united front work ($1.3 billion annually) as they do for CPC propaganda indicates how highly the Party values the united front as a tool for both domestic and foreign influence’.”

Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO)

This department /office is a front for keeping tabs on the Chinese communities abroad. It works closely with the Chinese Ministry of Education. According to Mattis, “The Overseas Chinese Affairs Office and the Ministry of Education… keep tabs on Chinese who live outside of China. The former office maintains ties to overseas Chinese communities and sponsors a variety of Chinese professional associations. The Ministry of Education keeps tabs on Chinese students abroad and helps support students’ and scholars’ associations. Both assist in mobilizing Chinese expats and émigrés for visible displays of support when Beijing wants, such as during the 2008 Olympic torch relay.”

According to the official website of ‘Overseas Chinese Office’, its major responsibilities include, “To study and formulate the guidelines, policies and regulations concerning overseas Chinese affairs, as well as to supervise and check their implementation; and to conduct research and study on the development of overseas Chinese affairs both domestically and abroad, to provide the information to the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council.

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC)

Established in 1956, the ISTIC is officially a premier scientific research institute of China. But that is a façade. Its real task is to collect technologies and related information from all over the world in whichever manner it is possible. If one can read between the lines, the official website of ISTIC gives ample indications about the real work it does. The website says, “ISTIC has established long-term and stable business cooperation relations with relevant research institutions in the United States, Canada, Japan and other countries and regions, and has become an important platform for international cooperation and exchange in the field of science and technology information in China.”

George Soros and Chinese spy agency worked together as comrades.

George Soros’ history with the Chinese reveals his hypocrisy as he presents himself as a champion of democracy.

George Soros, the US-based controversial billionaire, and the Chinese premier spy agency Ministry of State Security (MSS) have worked hand in glove in the 1980s where Soros provided substantial funding to MSS through Economic System Reform Institute (ESRI) and China International Culture Exchange Center (CICEC).

It appears that Soros was playing a ‘double game’ by pursuing the Western interests to infiltrate China while also forging a close partnership with Chinese intelligence network and top bosses of the Chinese Communist Party. The apparent reason was an opportunity that he must have seen to benefit from China’s economic growth in the 1980s.

But this partnership fell apart with the change in the Chinese regime after 1989. Several representatives of Soros’ entity ‘China Fund’ were arrested by the Chinese authorities post- Tiananmen square massacre in 1989. The Chinese authorities accused them of working for the US’ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Soros’ China Fund and the Ministry of State Security

Soros started making overtures to China in the 1980s. He first identified and handpicked Liang Heng, a bestselling author in 1984 to set up his shop in China. Heng had become famous after publishing his memoir Son of the Revolution’ that was a personal account of how China was opening to the West and the purges carried out at regular intervals by the Communist Party China (CPC).

Liang connected Soros with important people in the Chinese establishment. The façade kept for this whole initiative was that Soros wanted to help China to carry out reforms.

By that time, he had already set up ‘Open Society Foundations’, a funding arm known for instigating coups, political upheavals, and chaos in various countries through a web of well-funded non-Governmental organizations (NGOs). But given the fact that bets were very high in China, Soros decided to set up a separate entity which would work only in China.

In 1986, Soros set up ‘China Fund’ with a $1 million endowment. Through Liang’s network, the China Fund initially partnered with a Chinese think tank Economic System Reform Institute (ESRI).

In October 1986, Soros opened the China Fund formally in a signing ceremony at Beijing’s Diaoyutai State Guesthouse. This was his first trip to China.

Soros struck gold by roping ESRI as it was close to the premier Zhao Ziyang, who became the Party’s general secretary the next year. Zhao’s personal secretary, Bao Tong, was also known for helping the China Fund-ESRI joint venture whenever they needed to get through the Chinese bureaucracy.

Behind the façade of helping China to shape reformist economic policies, the China Fund started spreading its tentacles very fast. Within a year of its establishment, it set up an artists’ club in Beijing and an academic unit at Nankai University in Tianjin. Within the first two years of arriving in China, Soros’ China Fund gave hefty grants for at least 200 proposals. However, as the Fund started pushing the envelope too far by funding research on sensitive topics like the notorious ‘Cultural Revolution’ that had resulted in torture and deaths of millions of Chinese in 1960s, alarm bells started ringing in Chinese official circles and Zhao Ziyang had to step in despite his support for Soros and China Fund.

Alex Joske says in Spies and Lies: How China’s Greatest Covert Operations Fooled the World, “In the face of complaints from Party elders about the China Fund, Zhao Ziyang ceded its control to new management. It wasn’t a fight he wanted to pick, nor one he could dare to. Zhao agreed to sever ties between the ESRI and the China Fund, bringing in the China International Culture Exchange Center (CICEC), a group under the Ministry of Culture, as its new partner institution.

Things weren’t all bad, or so it seemed. CICEC had the backing of senior Party leaders, including (present Chinese president) Xi Jinping’s father, and served as one of the only official channels for cultural exchanges with the outside world. Its strong ties to officialdom could insulate Zhao and the China Fund.”

Soros travelled to China in February 1988 to sign a revised agreement with Yu Enguang, a Chinese spy master who was a high-ranking official of the MSS. CICEC itself was a front for the MSS. It would be too naïve to accept that Soros didn’t know about this ‘open secret’ though he tried to defend himself later by pleading ignorance about this fact.

Soros got along well with Yu Enguang at a personal level. The latter secured Soros a rare meeting with the top leadership of CCP in Beijing. Soros, reconfirmed his commitment to bankroll joint operations of China Fund and CICEC. The new Chinese co-chair of this project Yu Enguang.

According to Joske, Yu Enguang was the pseudonym of the Chinese spy master Yu Fang. ‘Among his comrades in the MSS, Yu Fang was just as respected as ‘Yu Enguang’ was by the targets he cultivated. At some point in his career, he headed the agency’s important central administrative office, and in the early nineties helped secure the passage of China’s first National Security Law, which expanded and codified MSS powers. The authors of several MSS publications, marked for internal distribution only, thank him for advising on and improving their drafts. He also oversaw MSS production and censorship of histories, TV dramas and movies about spies, which were designed to build public awareness and support for the MSS’s mission.’

Joske adds, “Ironically for a man who helped bring Chinese intelligence history into the public sphere, Yu’s true legacy is an official secret. Official references to his achievements are brief and elliptical. The authoritative People’s Daily eulogized him in 2013, an honor only a handful of intelligence officers receive: ‘In his sixty years of life in the revolution, Comrade Yu Fang was loyal to the Party, scrupulously carried out his duties and selflessly offered himself to the Party’s endeavors, making important contributions to the Party’s state security endeavor.’ The article also noted that he’d been a member of the National People’s Congress, China’s national legislature.”

Thus, Soros was dealing with a top-ranking Chinese intelligence official. Initially, this partnership was going off well. In fact, MSS was using Soros’ money to fund its operations under the garb of cultural exchange programs carried out by CICEC.

Incidentally, the official website of the CICEC, when accessed currently, doesn’t show any link it had in the past with Soros and the China Fund. It talks about its focus on ‘cultural exchange programs, which is a common phrase used frequently by the Chinese intelligence agencies to give legitimacy to their spy operations. The CICEC holds cultural festivals across the world and officially claims to be working to create support for China’s ‘One belt, one road’ initiative. Incidentally, CICEC was set up in 1984, a year after MSS came into existence and it was just a couple of years old when Soros’ China Fund forged a partnership with it. It was well-known to China watchers right since its inception that CICEC was a front for the MSS. It is difficult to apprehend that Soros didn’t know about this!

Post-Tiananmen Square

Everything was going well for Soros’ China Fund till Tiananmen square happened in 1989. Chinese authorities suspected that the China Fund played an active role in fueling demonstrations at Tiananmen square that ended in a massacre of thousands of people by Chinese authorities. Meanwhile the Tiananmen square massacre also led to a purge within the party as CCP’s general secretary Zhao Ziyang was not only replaced but was also put under house arrest.

With the arrest of Zhao as well as his secretary Bao Tong, both of whom backed Soros and his China Fund, the Chinese authorities began their crackdown. Soros immediately shut the shop leaving many of his Chinese associates in the lurch and at the mercy of Chinese authorities.

MSS, in its updates to the top party bosses, days before the Tiananmen massacre happened gave details about the role of China Fund as a CIA front in fueling these demonstrations.

According to The Tiananmen Papers, a huge cache of internal CCP reports related to the massacre, that was leaked later, the MSS told the party bosses, “Our investigations have revealed that Liang Heng, the personal representative of the (China Fund) chairman George Soros, was a suspected US spy. Moreover, four American members of the foundation’s advisory committee had CIA connections.”

“According to the MSS’s narrative, Soros showed his ‘true colors’ by asking Yu to close the fund in May 1989 once he realized that supporters of reform were being purged,” observed Joske.

Soros co-chaired the China Fund-CICEC partnership with a top-level Chinese spy master Yu Enguang (also known as Yu Fang). The MSS used the funds provided by Soros’ China Fund to finance many of its operations. Had there not been an internal turmoil in the Chinese Communist Party throwing Soros’ supporters in the Chinese establishment out of power, Soros would have been working closely with an authoritarian Chinese government and continued to play the ‘double game’ ultimately benefiting his business interests from both sides. This history of Soros with the Chinese also exposes his double speak as he claims to be the champion of democracy!

What a Chinese spy agency the Ministry of State Security disrupts the world

MSS was set up in 1983 to bring together multiple agencies which were already functional so that Chinese spy networks could work more cohesively as well as ruthlessly.

國家安全部 ‘Guójiā ānquán bù’ MSS facilities in Xiyuan, Haidian District, Beijing. Image courtesy: Wikimedia commons

China’s premier spy agency Ministry for State Security (MSS) has been on the forefront of setting up and running a ruthless global espionage and counter-espionage network.

MSS was set up in 1983 to bring together multiple agencies which were already functional so that Chinese spy networks could work more cohesively as well as ruthlessly.

Officially the proposal to set up this agency was brought by Zhao Ziyang at the first session of the sixth National People’s Congress (NPC) on June 20, 1983. The NPC can be broadly termed as the Parliament of China.

Ziyang proposed the establishment of a state security ministry “to protect the security of the state and strengthen China’s counterespionage work.” The NPC approved it and voted to appoint Ling Yun as the first minister.

The inaugural meeting of the MSS was held on 1 July 1983 to announce the formal establishment of the. The opening speech was delivered by chairman Chen Pixian of the ‘Central Political-Legal Commission’ one of the key bodies of CCP. He categorically said, “Doing state security work well will effectively promote socialist modernization and the cause of realizing the unification of the motherland opposing hegemonism and defending world peace.” The Chinese intent was clear: MSS would be its ace espionage and counter-intelligence agency.

Since President Xi Jinping took over the reins of the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the Chinese establishment in 2012, MSS has been endowed with even greater authority and its sphere of influence has increased significantly. In Xi Jinping’s scheme of things, Chinese espionage agencies, especially MSS, lead from the front to change the existing world order.

Since the remit of China’s intelligence agencies is much broader than those of Western nations, they need more resources, and Xi Jinping has made sure they receive them, say Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg in Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World.

Roger Faligot (Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping) has written, there has been a “formidable increase in the authority of the Chinese intelligence apparatus, specifically since 2017”.

The MSS indulges in all kinds of dubious clandestine activities including sabotage, industrial espionage, theft of technology. It has created several fronts in the form of think tanks and trade and cultural bodies to carry out such activities. The prominent among them are China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, China Reform Forum and Chinese Association for the Promotion of Cultural Exchange and Cooperation.

Structure of MSS

Last known, MSS has 18 bureaus spread over at least four compounds in Beijing serving as their headquarters and then they have provincial and other local networks within China as well as a global network. The functions of many of them are not yet known. China Institute of Contemporary International Relations is the public façade of 11^th bureau of MSS. Peter Mattis and Matthew Brazil have painstakingly gathered some details about these bureaus in ‘Chinese Communist Espionage: A Primer’ such as:

“ • First Bureau: “secret line” operations by MSS officers not under covers associated with Chinese government organizations.

Second Bureau: “open line” operations by MSS officers using diplomatic, journalistic, or other government-related covers.
Fourth Bureau: Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.
Fifth Bureau: Report Analysis and Dissemination.
Seventh Bureau: Counterespionage Intelligence Bureau, gathers information and develops intelligence on hostile intelligence services inside and outside China.
Eighth Bureau: Counterespionage Investigation, runs investigations to detect and apprehend foreign spies in China.
Ninth Bureau: Internal Protection and Reconnaissance Bureau, supervises and monitors foreign entities and reactionary organizations in China to prevent espionage.
Tenth Bureau: Foreign Security and Reconnaissance Bureau, manages Chinese student organizations and other entities overseas and investigates the activities of reactionary organizations abroad.
Eleventh Bureau: China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, performs open-source research, translation, and analysis. Its analysts also meet regularly with foreign delegations and spend time abroad as visiting fellows.
Twelfth Bureau: Social Affairs or Social Investigation Bureau, handles MSS contributions to the CCP’s united front work System (also known as United Front Works Department-UFWD, which is another major espionage network of Chinese government and CPC).
Thirteenth Bureau: Network Security and Exploitation (also known as the China Information Technology Evaluation Center, manages the research and development of other investigative equipment.
Fourteenth Bureau: Technical Reconnaissance Bureau, conducts mail inspection and telecommunications inspection and control.
Fifteenth Bureau: Taiwan operations linked to the broader Taiwan Affairs work system. Its public face is the Institute of Taiwan Studies at the China Academy of Social Sciences.
Eighteenth Bureau: US Operations Bureau for conducting and managing clandestine intelligence operations against the United States.”

There is hardly any information about the real work done by the third, sixth, sixteenth and seventeenth bureau of the MSS.

According to an online report by China Digital published in 2015, the MSS had a strength of 100,000 ‘spies’. Around 60,000 of them worked within China while 40,000 of them were working in other countries for China.

Explaining this mammoth size and the massive expansion of MSS, Mattis and Brazil elaborated, “The expansion occurred in four waves. The original departments (or those created within the first year) appeared to be the municipal bureaus or provincial departments of state security for Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, and Shanghai. A second wave appeared shortly thereafter between 1985 and 1988, including Chongqing, Gansu, Hainan, Henan, Shaanxi, Tianjin, and Zhejiang. The third wave from 1990 to 1995 completed the expansion of the ministry across the country at provincial levels, bringing in Anhui, Hunan, Qinghai, and Sichuan provinces.161 The fourth wave of MSS expansion was vertical. The provincial-level departments either took over local public security bureaus or established subordinate municipal or county bureaus. For many local PSB officers, they were police one day and state security the next. When MSS minister Jia left in 1998 for the MPS, the MSS was a nationwide organization at every level.”

“From the national level to the local levels, the MSS and its subordinate departments and bureaus report to a system of leading small groups, coordinating offices, and commissions to guide security work while lessening the risk of politicization on behalf of CCP leaders. At present, the two most important of these are the Political-Legal Commission and the Central State Security Commission.”

Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg have mentioned in Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World, “It was reported in 2005 that the FBI believed the MSS had set up around 3000 front companies to conceal its activities. The MSS has various arms engaged in economic espionage and it has ‘embedded itself deep in major financial and commercial organizations, particularly in Shanghai and Hong Kong’. Not all economic espionage is state directed. Chinese nationals are known to set up firms that take orders from companies in China to obtain and supply specific pieces of intellectual property from their competitors in the West, usually by identifying an employee willing to provide such secrets.”

Bloody Purge within MSS

While MSS has successfully infiltrated many spy agencies of other countries, it also suffered a major setback when in 2010, it was revealed that there are several Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) moles working in China and MSS for the American agency.

This led to a bloody purge within MSS. The CIA assets were exposed because of a botched-up communication system of the US spy agency. It reportedly used the same equipment in China which it was using to communicate with its operatives in the middle east. But the Chinese spy agency was much more efficient than the middle east and the CIA underestimated its tech capability. MSS was able to crack this communication network. According to various reports, anywhere between one dozen to two dozen operatives of the CIA were rounded up and executed over a period of two years by the MSS. The CIA did manage to take out many of its ‘assets’ but it had to suffer a major loss.

According to a report published in the journal Foreign Policy in 2018, “It was considered one of the CIA’s worst failures in decades: Over a two-year period starting in late 2010, Chinese authorities systematically dismantled the agency’s network of agents across the country, executing dozens of suspected US spies.”

Recruitment and working pattern.

One of the key methods deployed by MSS is to use the Chinese diaspora to create assets in other countries. Its first bureau plays a significant role in this regard. A survey done by the US-based Centre for Strategic Studies gives an indication about MSS’ approach towards espionage. This survey listed 160 publicly reported instances of Chinese espionage directed at the United States since 2000. According to the survey report:

42% of actors were Chinese military or government employees.
32% were private Chinese citizens.
26% were non-Chinese actors (usually U.S. persons recruited by Chinese officials)
34% of incidents sought to acquire military technology.
51% of incidents sought to acquire commercial technologies.
16% of incidents sought to acquire information on U.S. civilian agencies or politicians.
41% of incidents involved cyber espionage, usually by State-affiliated actors.

According to Hamilton and Ohlberg, “Ego, sex, ideology, patriotism, and especially money is all exploited by China’s intelligence services to recruit spies. In 2017 an FBI employee, Kun Shan Chun (Joey Chun), was convicted of supplying information about the bureau’s organization and operations to Chinese agents, in exchange for free international travel and visits to prostitutes. Among those who spy for China, ideology is a factor mainly for people of Chinese heritage (unlike during the Cold War, when Westerners spied for the USSR for ideological reasons). Beijing also deploys the threat of punishment of family members in China if a target refuses to cooperate.

UFWD: ‘Magic weapon’ in China’s espionage arsenal

The UFWD’s work is inspired by the Leninist theory of uniting with lesser enemies to defeat greater ones

Chinese President Xi Jinping

One of the key constituents of the global Chinese Spy Network is the United Front Work Department (UFWD). It is entrusted with coordination and operational aspects of ‘united front’ activities. The Chinese initially defined ‘united front’ more as a concept. Later it set up UFWD to carry out these activities as the nodal agency.

Background

The UFWD’s work is inspired by the Leninist theory of uniting with lesser enemies to defeat greater ones. Since its founding, this has been a key element of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) strategy to consolidate its hold on power, both domestically and internationally.

The UFWD’s first deployment was to join and subvert the then ruling Nationalist government, the Kuomintang, in the early 1920s. A 2018 research report by US-China Economic and Security Review Commission explained it further, “The CCP then formed an alliance of convenience with the Kuomintang to discourage it from trying to wipe out the fledgling CCP while uniting their efforts against Japan.”

According to Gerry Groot, senior lecturer at the University of Adelaide and renowned expert on the United Front, this campaign evolved into a systematic effort to recruit “fellow travelers,” mostly “famous intellectuals, writers, teachers, students, publishers, and businesspeople who were not necessarily Communists.”

Modus Operandi

The modus operandi of the UFWD is one of the least discussed issues in the public domain when it comes to Chinese covert operations. It is not surprising as UFWD operates through a complex web of organizations which act as a front for united front work.

There are thousands of organizations which work for UFWD under the garb of cultural, educational, commercial, and philanthropic organizations. Alex Joske explains the philosophy behind UFWD in his groundbreaking expose of Chinese intelligence operations Spies and Lies, “Party leaders since Mao Zedong have referred to the united front as one of their three ‘magic weapons’. Together with armed struggle and efforts to strengthen Party organization, the two other magic weapons, the CCP credits the united front work with major contributions to its victory in 1949, China’s modernization and subsequent economic development.”

The key task of UFWD is to build a global network of influencers and ‘operators’ who manipulate the global narrative by hook or crook. The UFWD specifically brings into its spy net intellectuals, local community leaders, religious and ethnic figures, journalists, academia, and business magnates.

According to Joske, recent cases from around the world have shown, the (Chinese Communist) Party seeks to insert itself into segments of diaspora communities and then mobilize them as political influence. Co-optees can be used to suppress dissidents, make political donations, mentor political candidates and staffers, and otherwise apply pressure in support of Beijing’s interests.

In a 2020 research paper on UFWD, ASPI said, “There’s no clear distinction between domestic and overseas united front work: all bureaus of the UFWD and all areas of united front work involve overseas activities. This is because the key distinction underlying the United Front is not between domestic and overseas groups, but between the CCP and everyone else. For example, the UFWD’s Xinjiang Bureau plays a central role in policy on Xinjiang but is also involved in worldwide efforts to whitewash the CCP’s internment of an estimated 1.5 million people in Xinjiang, primarily ethnic Uyghur Muslims, as an anti-terrorism and vocational training effort.”

Structure

The UFWD follows the directions given by an important CCP body known as the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The latter is led by a member of the CCP’s Politburo Standing Committee.

According to the latest information available, UFWD has a presence across all provinces in China, in all its embassies abroad, in foreign universities and in various international trade organizations as well as in civil society also. According to the ASPI report, “Internally, the department has 10 leaders, at least six of whom hold ministerial rank or higher. It has 12 bureaus, half of which were created after 2015. Bureaucratic changes in 2018 that brought overseas Chinese affairs under the UFWD’s ‘unified management’ also injected dozens if not hundreds of officials with substantial overseas experience into the department. Jinan University, Huaqiao University and the Central Institute of Socialism in Beijing are all subordinate to the UFWD and carry out research and training to support its efforts. Additionally, the UFWD runs dedicated training facilities, such as the Jixian Mountain Estate, which is a complex in the outskirts of Beijing used for training China Overseas Friendship Association cadres.”

Organizations such as the China Overseas Friendship Association, are part of the ‘united front system’. At least two such organizations held special consultative status as non-governmental organizations in the UN Economic and Social Council. According to an ASPI report, “In 2014, an official from one of them, the China Association for Preservation and Development of Tibetan Culture, was barred from a UN human rights hearing after he intimidated a woman testifying about her father, political prisoner Wang Bingzhang.”

The 12 bureaus of UFWD

UFWD’s 12 bureaus deal with separate tasks. Here is how the work has been distributed to them:

First Bureau: Minor Parties Work Bureau (Oversees China’s eight democratic parties)
Second Bureau: Deals with Ethnic Affairs
Third Bureau: Deals with Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan
Fourth Bureau: Deals with business persons and private companies
Fifth Bureau: Non-Affiliated and Minor Party Intellectuals related work
Sixth Bureau: Targets urban professionals such as employees of foreign companies
Seventh Bureau: Handles Tibet related issues
Eighth Bureau: Handles issues related to Xinjiang province
Ninth Bureau: Overseas Chinese affairs (regional responsibilities)
Tenth Bureau: Overseas Chinese Affairs (Media, Cultural and educational activities)
Eleventh Bureau and Twelfth Bureau: Issues related to religion

Xi Jinping and UFWD

Though UFWD has always been used by the CCP as a key element of its spy network, Xi Jinping pushed it to a new high after he took over as Chinese President in 2012. In 2015, Xi declared in an important central united front work meeting, “The United Front … is an important magic weapon for strengthening the party’s ruling position … and an important magic weapon for realizing the China Dream of the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation.”

More than 40,000 new personnel were recruited for different wings of UFWD within a few years of Xi taking over the reins of CCP. Xi’s specific focus on UFWD shouldn’t surprise those who know his background. Xi Jinping’s father Xi Zhongxun was known for carrying out UFWD missions in Tibet. One of his key assignments was to influence the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. As a Politburo member he supervised the UFWD work in the 1980s. Xi rose in the party by climbing through CCP ranks in Fujian province which is known to be a hotbed of united front activities targeting Taiwan. In 1995, he wrote a paper on united front work in the Chinese diaspora. He advocated several new ideas in this paper regarding UFWD which he started implementing in 2012 and expedited it further after the 2015 conference of united front work.

The result is evident. Countries like Australia, US, Canada have exposed how Chinese have been using their spying arms like UFWD to create a deep Chinese state in their countries especially in their political and policy making sphere.

What Jamie Watt, a contributing Columnist to The Toronto Star, wrote in his column on 23 February 2023, would aptly explain the lethalness of Chinese ‘magic weapons’ such as UFWD. Commenting on how incriminating evidence has come out regarding Chinese interference in Canadian elections benefitting Justin Trudeau’s party, Watt wrote: “Just this past week, the Globe and Mail reported news from CSIS that Canadian politicians, government officials, business executives and Chinese Canadians all have been prime targets of Chinese government espionage. This espionage has deployed blackmail, bribery, and sexual seduction. The range and nature of the tactics used are usually reserved for spy novels, but national security experts now deem China’s espionage infrastructure to go far deeper than even the Soviet’s efforts at the height of the Cold War.”

Watt sounds an alarm bell about Canada which explains how Chinese espionage works through organs like UFWD, “It is time that we understand our politicians have proven incapable of addressing Chinese state influence. Chinese aren’t just at our gates, they own them. And they’re standing idly by flipping us the bird.”

A US State Department report on China’s Coercive Activities Abroad specifically highlights the role of UFWD as it says, “The CCP’s United Front Work Department (UFWD) is responsible for coordinating domestic and foreign influence operations, through propaganda and manipulation of susceptible audiences and individuals. The CCP’s United Front permeates every aspect of its extensive engagements with the international community. It targets the highest levels of Western democracies; creates a permanent class of China lobbyists whose primary job is to sell access to high level Chinese leaders to corporate America. The United Front has also penetrated deeply into state, local and municipal governments through a myriad of front organizations such as the CCP’s sister-cities programs, trade commissions, and friendship associations.”

This report also reiterates that China considers UFWD to be its ‘magic weapon’ used by China to dominate the world and manipulate the global narrative.

Chinese Military intelligence: How a mammoth war machine plays spy games across the globe.

India remains one of the primary targets of the Chinese espionage network. And Chinese military has a significant role to play in this game of cloak and dagger.

One of the key elements of the Chinese espionage network is the military intelligence that it has been able to keep under wraps. What we are witnessing is a new avatar of Chinese Military intelligence under President Xi Jinping who as a head of the Central Military Commission directly controls the Chinese military.

He started restructuring the Chinese military in 2015-16 and that also included revamping of the Chinese military intelligence network. Peter Mattis explained the importance and implications of this exercise of Chinese espionage network in China reorients strategic military intelligence (Janes, 2017), “On 26 November 2015, Chinese president Xi Jinping announced the first significant revision of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) since its reorganization during the 1950s, when the PLA transformed from an army fighting a civil war to one capable of protecting a nation-state. The reforms removed the Soviet-inspired system of general departments, established a new division of labour, and realigned the PLA organizationally to better fulfil the Military Strategic Guidelines that state the goal of winning informationized local wars.”

“Many elements of the PLA’s modernization effort in the past 25 years have had strictly military implications, but this round of reforms reaches far beyond the Chinese military to reshape how the leadership receives information. To reinforce the Central Military Commission’s (CMC’s) control over operational forces and provide better battlefield intelligence support, the PLA created the Strategic Support Force (PLASSF). The new force consolidated much of the PLA’s technical collection capabilities to direct them towards supporting military operations.”

Chinese Military Intelligence Arm: Joint Staff Department

The Chinese military intelligence arm has been innocuously named as Joint Staff Department (JSD). Earlier it was known as 2PLA or second department of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Staff Department. The JSD came into existence around seven years ago.

According to Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg (Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World), “The Intelligence Bureau of the CMC Joint Staff Department is not only responsible for military intelligence but also has a history of extensive activity in civilian domains. It draws on military attachés and signals intelligence to gather intelligence. The Joint Staff Department has its own think tanks — the China Institute for International Strategic Studies, which focuses on research, and the China Foundation for International and Strategic Studies, which engages in academic and policy exchanges. Its Institute of International Relations (now part of the National University of Defense Technology) trains military attachés and secret agents.”

Structure of Chinese Military Intelligence Apparatus

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) controls the PLA through its Central Military Commission. President Xi Jinping has been the chairman of the CMC ever since he came to power in 2012.

According to a US Congressional Research Report published in June 2021, China’s current military modernization push began in 1978 and accelerated in the 1990s. Xi Jinping, the General Secretary and “core leader” of the CCP, Chairman of the CCP’s Central Military Commission, and State President, has continued to make military modernization a priority and has linked military modernization to his signature issue: the “China Dream” of a modern, strong, and prosperous country.

‘In 2017, Xi formalized three broad goals for the PLA: (1) to achieve mechanization of the armed forces and to make significant progress toward what the United States would call a “networked” force by 2020; (2) to “basically complete” China’s military modernization process by 2035; and (3) to have a “world-class” military by 2049, the centenary of the establishment of the PRC. Xi has initiated the most ambitious reform and reorganization of the PLA since the 1950s, to transform the military into a capable joint force as well as to further consolidate control of the PLA in the hands of Xi and the CCP.’

Institute for Critical Infrastructure Technology (ICIT), a Washington-based think tank has worked extensively on detailing the structure of Chinese military intelligence through their senior fellow James Drew and Researcher Scott Spaniel. According to Scott and Spaniel, “The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Joint Staff Department (JSD) replaced the General Staff Department on January 11, 2016, as part of Xi Jinping’s military reforms. It manages most military and covert operations. The JSD, as a division of the PLA, is dedicated to warfare. The duties of the PLA JSD include PLA Operations Command, Recruitment, Mobilization, Formation, Training, and Administration.”

Second and Third Department

The JSD has three departments which work in coordination to conduct various intelligence operations. These departments deal respectively with electronic intelligence, human intelligence, and signal intelligence. The section within the PLA’s Joint Staff Department that deals with conventional human intelligence (HUMINT) is known as ‘Second Department’.

James Scott and Drew Spaniel estimated in their 2016 book, China’s Espionage Dynasty, that this department had around 30,000–50,000 agents around the world. Their primary task is to collect useful, relevant, and confidential information and send it back to China.

‘A common misconception is that agents of the Chinese government are “sloppy”; however, agents of the second department who serve as high level spies or handlers are rarely caught. Rather, low-level assets, often belonging to the overt structure, are more often detected by foreign intelligence agencies.’

The Third Department which is entrusted with the task of signals intelligence (SIGNIT). According to Drew and Spaniel, “The Third Department is the largest intelligence agency in the Chinese government, consisting of an estimated 250,000- 300,000 linguists, technical staff, and cyber soldiers. There are at least four known Research Institutes (56, 57, 58, and 61) under the Third Department. Within the 61 Research Institute are approximately 20 bureaus that launch cyberattacks. The Third Department intercepts phone calls, launches cyberattacks, and monitors communications. Much of its efforts involve hacking devices and exfiltrating targeted data. The Third Department may launch obvious cyberattacks, such as DDoS or ransomware attacks, against target systems to mask the activity of Second Department operatives.”

Fourth Department

The Fourth Department is responsible for electronic intelligence (ELINT) operations. Its prime focus is on intercepting satellite and radar data. The operatives of Fourth Department are experts in altering, jamming, or spoofing of signals.

“It is believed that the Fourth Department research direct methods of disabling enemy communication networks. State-Sponsored APTs (i.e., Chinese state sponsored advanced persistent threats) can be identified based on their choice of targets, their proclivity for cyberespionage, and the language settings on the keyboards used to develop the malware, and their connections to other campaigns. Some groups, such as APT 1 (Unit 61398), APT 2 (Unit 61486) and APT 30 (Unit 78020) can be linked to specific units within the Third Department. Other APTs remain less defined.”

PLA Unit 61398

In May 2014, five officers of the PLA who belonged to its unit ‘61398’ commonly known for cyber espionage and cyberattacks were indicted by a US court. Several cyber security firms have reported about the clandestine operations of this unit which is one of the key parts of the Chinese Military Intelligence apparatus. This unit primarily targets countries with flourishing democracies as they are a perfect antidote to the Chinese authoritarian system. Hence along with several other countries, India has also been one of their targets. Several cyberattacks on the Indian establishment are believed to have been carried out by this unit. It is reportedly headquartered in Datong Avenue of Pudong district in Shanghai. There has been a consistent spurt in its activities.

Conclusion

The Chinese military intelligence is committed to pursue the so-called vision of Xi Jinping and peddle a pro-China global narrative. China Institute of International Studies (CIIS), a front form the Chinese military intelligence network, carried a detailed comment on India. Authored by Lan Jianxue, Director of the Department for Asia-Pacific Studies at CIIS, this is what Chinese military intelligence conveyed, “Noticeably, the connotation of the so-called Asian Century, as understood by the United States, is not quite the same as that understood by the Chinese. The expression “Asian Century” was coined by former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1988. Deng pointed out that no genuine Asian Century can come until China, India and other neighboring countries are developed.

It is clear the United States remains one of the primary targets of the Chinese espionage network. And the Chinese military has a significant role to play in this game of cloak and dagger.

Chinese Military Informatization

加快推進國防和人民解放軍現代化建設Accelerating the Modernization of National Defense and the People’s Liberation Army

03/01/2023 admin Leave a comment

現代漢語：// Modern Chinese:

國防和軍隊現代化建設是全面建設社會主義現代化國家的一項戰略任務。《綱要》著眼於到2035年基本實現社會主義現代化建設遠景目標和到2027年建軍百年目標，對加快推進國防和軍隊現代化建設作出戰略部署，充分體現了以習近平同志為核心的黨中央發展大局和安全大局。富國強軍的戰略定力和深远战略謀劃。要堅決貫徹落實《綱要》部署要求，在新的歷史起點上以更大的努力、更大的作為，努力開創國防和軍隊現代化建設新局面。一、深刻認識國防和軍隊現代化時代特徵黨的十八大以來，習主席把實現中國夢和強軍夢作為工作重點。他開創和形成了習近平強軍思想。現代化建設取得歷史性成就。我軍思想政治基礎更加牢固，組織形式重塑重構，國防科技和武器裝備發展水平顯著提高，全軍隊伍建設得到加強，國防建設取得突破性進展。法治建設和軍隊建設進一步聚焦備戰打戰。創新驅動變革，軍事戰略能力大幅躍升。但也要看到，我軍現代化水平與國家安全需要、與世界先進水平相比還有差距。我軍打現代戰爭的能力和各級幹部指揮現代戰爭的能力亟待提高。 “十四五”時期，國際戰略形勢和國家安全環境面臨新的重大變化。要適應國家發展戰略、安全戰略和軍事戰略的新要求，加快國防和軍隊現代化進程，切實維護國家主權、安全和發展利益。 . （一）國防和軍隊現代化建設必須為中華民族偉大復興提供更有力的戰略支撐當前，世界大變局加速發生。新冠肺炎疫情影響廣泛而深遠。大國之間的戰略博弈明顯升溫。國際力量對比深刻調整，國際形勢的不穩定不確定性明顯增加。我國正處於由大變強的關鍵發展階段。中華民族偉大復興既迎來了前所未有的歷史機遇，也面臨著前所未有的風險挑戰。我們越發展、越成長，遇到的阻力和壓力就越大。軍隊作為維護國家安全的重要手段，必須充分發揮軍事力量建設和運用對維護國家安全的戰略作用，加快發展軍事力量，加快形成強大的戰略威懾力和實戰能力，確保切實履行新時代軍事使命使命，有力支持中華民族偉大復興。

一、深刻認識國防和軍隊現代化時代特徵

黨的十八大以來，習主席把實現中國夢和強軍夢作為工作重點。他開創和形成了習近平強軍思想。現代化建設取得歷史性成就。我軍思想政治基礎更加牢固，組織形式重塑重構，國防科技和武器裝備發展水平顯著提高，全軍隊伍建設得到加強，國防建設取得突破性進展。法治建設和軍隊建設進一步聚焦備戰打戰。創新驅動變革，軍事戰略能力大幅躍升。但也要看到，我軍現代化水平與國家安全需要、與世界先進水平相比還有差距。我軍打現代戰爭的能力和各級幹部指揮現代戰爭的能力亟待提高。 “十四五”時期，國際戰略形勢和國家安全環境面臨新的重大變化。要適應國家發展戰略、安全戰略和軍事戰略的新要求，加快國防和軍隊現代化進程，切實維護國家主權、安全和發展利益。 .

（一）國防和軍隊現代化建設必須為中華民族偉大復興提供更有力的戰略支撐

當前，世界大變局加速發生。新冠肺炎疫情影響廣泛而深遠。大國之間的戰略博弈明顯升溫。國際力量對比深刻調整，國際形勢的不穩定不確定性明顯增加。我國正處於由大變強的關鍵發展階段。中華民族偉大復興既迎來了前所未有的歷史機遇，也面臨著前所未有的風險挑戰。我們越發展、越成長，遇到的阻力和壓力就越大。軍隊作為維護國家安全的重要手段，必須充分發揮軍事力量建設和運用對維護國家安全的戰略作用，加快發展軍事力量，加快形成強大的戰略威懾力和實戰能力，確保切實履行新時代軍事使命使命，有力支持中華民族偉大復興。

（一）提高國防和軍隊現代化建設提質增效

國防和軍隊現代化建設進入轉型升級關鍵階段。要將提質增效與加快現代化進程有機統一起來，加強先進作戰能力有效供給，發揮創新驅動在全面現代化建設中的核心作用，轉變發展觀念，創新發展模式，增強發展動力，確保高質量發展。

加快軍事理論現代化。人民軍隊不斷發展壯大，從勝利走向勝利，關鍵在於黨先進軍事指導理論的指導。要繼續深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想，自覺用黨的軍事指導理論的最新成果解決軍事鬥爭和軍隊建設中的實際問題。善於戰略謀劃，注重戰略引領和創新，是我們黨的鮮明特色和獨特優勢。要深入貫徹落實習近平軍事戰略思想，深入研究現代戰爭特點規律和製勝機制，不斷創新發展我軍作戰方式和戰略導向，完善新時代軍事戰略體系。時代。要緊跟戰爭形態和作戰方式變化，加強作戰問題研究和作戰理念研製驗證，加快建設先進作戰理論體系。

加快軍隊編制現代化建設。改革永遠在路上。要堅持方向一致、道路正確、力量不減，深化國防和軍隊改革，不斷解放和發展戰鬥力，解放和增強軍隊活力。現代化的軍隊需要現代化的管理。要深入推進軍隊管理革命，更新管理理念，優化管理流程，完善管理機制，提高軍隊系統運行效率和國防資源使用效率。現代戰爭強調系統戰和聯合勝利。要加快軍隊和武警部隊轉型建設，壯大新領域、新素質的戰略力量和作戰力量，豐富戰略選擇，提升戰略權重，打造高水平的戰略威懾和作戰力量。聯合作戰系統。要強化練兵備戰導向，加強軍隊聯合訓練、聯合保障、聯合使用，提高基於網絡信息系統的聯合作戰能力和全域作戰能力。

加快軍隊人才現代化建設。歸根結底，現代戰爭是人才的競爭。要貫徹新時代軍事教育方針，著力培養聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高層次戰略管理人才，加快鍛造培養高素質、專業化、德才兼備的新型軍事人才。 . 要完善軍隊院校、軍事訓練實踐、軍事職業教育三位一體的新型軍事人才培養體系，創新軍隊人力資源開發和管理，完善人才識別、集聚、培訓、就業，加快形成適合崗位、人盡其才的人才隊伍。，人才輩出的生動局面。

加快武器裝備現代化建設。武器裝備是軍隊現代化的重要標誌。要堅持自主創新戰略立足點，以國防科技自主創新和原始創新為重點，加強基礎理論和基礎技術研究，加快突破關鍵核心技術，牢牢把握發展命脈。要密切關注全球科技創新趨勢，加快發展戰略前沿和顛覆性技術，積極搶占軍事競爭戰略制高點。要加快武器裝備更新換代和智能化武器裝備發展，加強高技術新概念武器裝備建設

（二）促進國防實力和經濟實力同步提升

與國家現代化進程相適應，適應國家構建新發展格局，加強跨軍隊、跨部門、跨領域力量和資源整合配置，健全組織管理、工作運作、政策體系，人才隊伍、風險防控體系。整合國家戰略體系和能力，實現發展與安全並舉，富國強軍。

做好戰略規劃。把經濟建設和國防建設統籌安排在國家總體戰略中，是我們黨長期治國理政的成功經驗。要加強戰略規劃銜接。國家在製定戰略規劃時充分考慮軍事需要。軍隊發展戰略和建設規劃貫徹落實黨和國家的總體部署，確保有關建設部署有計劃、有協調。要深化資源要素共享，打破利益壁壘，完善有利於優勢軍地資源雙向高效流動的暢通機制。要加強政策制度協同，做好流程銜接和任務協同，提高軍民相關政策制度對接度。

推動重點區域、重點領域、新興領域協調發展，進一步盤活存量資源，優化增量資源，提高資源利用水平。加強經濟建設項目落實國防要求，推進空中交通管理改革，增強對經濟建設和國防建設的統籌支持。要注重依托國民教育體系培養軍人，加快建立現代軍人交流使用、資格認證等製度，探索建立軍地干部有序交流機制。要結合國家重大工程建設，集中力量實施國防領域重大工程，更好服務國家安全發展戰略需求。

優化國防科技產業佈局。當前，我國國防科技工業總體上大而不強，還不適應強國強軍的要求。要深化國防科技工業體制改革，調整軍隊科研生產能力結構，構建技術先進、佈局合理、反應靈活、開放融合的國防科技工業體系。要激發軍品市場活力，推進武器裝備市場准入改革，調整軍品價格和稅收政策，營造公平競爭環境。要加快標準化、通用化進程，在國防和軍隊建設中積極採用先進民用標準，促進先進軍民技術雙向轉移利用。

匯聚強大力量，推進強國強軍事業。我們的軍隊是人民軍隊，我們的國防是全民的國防。要健全國防動員體系，加強突發事件應對協調，構建黨中央集中統一領導、軍地各司其職的國防動員新格局。各司其職，密切配合。要健全邊防強邊機制，黨、政、軍、警、民共同努力，構建與中國特色社會主義制度相適應的邊防治國格局。要加強全民國防教育，鞏固軍政軍民團結，為建設鞏固國防和人民軍隊提供有力支撐。

三、認真落實加快國防和軍隊現代化建設措施要求

“十四五”時期，國防和軍隊現代化建設任務艱鉅艱鉅。要按照《綱要》決策部署，凝聚力量，下苦功夫，確保各項工作落到實處。

（一）發揮制度優勢

充分發揮黨總攬全局、協調各方的作用，把黨的領導落實到經濟建設和國防建設的各個領域和各個環節。堅定不移堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導，全面深入落實軍委主席負責制，全面加強全軍黨的建設，把中國特色社會主義制度優勢轉化為推動全軍發展的強大力量國防和軍隊現代化建設。

（二）著眼於能打能打

堅持戰鬥力基本標準，密切關注國家安全形勢變化，始終對敵情保持高度敏感，保持高度警惕。以提升系統作戰能力為重點，強長補短、強本壘，加強鬥志修養，著力做好各項戰略方向軍事鬥爭準備工作。統籌推進傳統安全領域和新型安全領域的軍事鬥爭準備，確保有事能打勝仗。

（三）深化改革創新

把改革創新作為解放和發展戰鬥力的根本出路，緊盯戰爭形態變化和科技發展變化，不斷深化自我提升和自主創新，推動改革舉措落到實處，發布發揮改革紅利，突出原創創新超越，加強戰略必爭領域前瞻佈局，全面推進軍事理論、技術、組織、管理、文化等方面的創新，努力建設創新型人民軍隊。

（四）完善法治保障

貫徹落實習近平依法治軍思想，堅持依法治軍、從嚴治軍，善於運用法治思想和方法推進建設開展工作，加強軍隊建設中國特色法治建設，構建實用系統的軍事法律體系，加快推進軍隊治理模式發生根本性轉變，國防和軍隊現代化建設法治化水平不斷提高得到不斷改進。

The modernization of national defense and the army is a strategic task for building a modern socialist country in an all-round way. The “Outline” focuses on basically realizing the long-term goal of socialist modernization by 2035 and the century-old goal of building the army by 2027. It makes a strategic deployment for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army, which fully embodies the overall development and security of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core. The strategic determination and far-reaching strategic planning to enrich the country and strengthen the army. We must resolutely implement the deployment requirements of the “Outline”, and strive to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the army at a new historical starting point with greater efforts and greater actions.

　　1. A deep understanding of the characteristics of the era of national defense and military modernization

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Chairman Xi has focused on the realization of the Chinese Dream and the dream of strengthening the military. He has created and formed Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the military. Historic achievements have been made in the modernization drive. The ideological and political foundation of our army has become stronger, the organizational form has been reshaped and reconstructed, the development level of national defense technology and weaponry has been significantly improved, the integrity of the military personnel has been strengthened, breakthroughs have been made in the construction of the rule of law, and the military construction has further focused on preparing for and fighting wars. Innovation drives transformation, and military strategic capabilities have leapt sharply. But we must also see that there is still a gap between our military’s modernization level and national security needs, and compared with the world’s advanced level. Our military’s ability to fight modern warfare and the ability of cadres at all levels to command modern warfare need to be improved urgently. During the ” 14th Five-Year Plan ” period, the international strategic situation and national security environment are facing new and major changes. It is necessary to adapt to the new requirements of the national development strategy, security strategy and military strategy, accelerate the modernization process of national defense and the military, and effectively safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests. .

　　(1) National defense and military modernization must provide stronger strategic support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation

　　At present, the world’s major changes are accelerating. The impact of the new crown pneumonia epidemic is extensive and far-reaching. The strategic game between major powers has obviously heated up. The international balance of power has been profoundly adjusted, and the instability and uncertainty of the international situation have increased significantly. Our country is in a critical stage of development from big to strong. The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has ushered in unprecedented historical opportunities, as well as unprecedented risks and challenges. The more we develop and grow, the greater the resistance and pressure we will encounter. As a means of safeguarding national security, the military must give full play to the strategic role of military power building and utilization in maintaining national security, accelerate the development of military power, accelerate the formation of strong strategic deterrence and actual combat capabilities, and ensure the effective fulfillment of military missions in the new era mission and strongly support the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　(2) The modernization of national defense and the military must accelerate the integration of mechanization, informationization and intelligence

　　The world’s new military revolution is developing rapidly, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and the characteristics of intelligence are becoming more and more obvious. Unmanned combat systems are heavily used in actual combat, which has a profound impact on the concept, elements, and methods of winning wars. The major military powers are speeding up the construction of an intelligent military system and seeking new advantages in military competition, which has created enormous strategic pressure on us. We must enhance scientific and technological insight and war insight, adhere to mechanization as the basis, informationization as the leading, and intelligence as the direction, promote the integration and development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence, actively cultivate and incubate new growth poles of combat effectiveness, and promote the process of intelligence. Develop highly developed mechanization and a higher level of informatization, leading the transformation and upgrading of national defense and military modernization.

　　(3) National defense and military modernization must be deeply integrated into the national modernization strategic layout

　　my country has become the world’s second largest economy, but its national defense strength is still not compatible with my country’s international status, and it is necessary to take effective measures to speed up the modernization of national defense and the military. Adapting to the development of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, our party has lost no time in proposing major goals such as building a scientific and technological power, a marine power, an aerospace power, and a cyber power. On the one hand, a series of strategic measures have been introduced, which will provide more substantial material and technical support for the modernization of national defense and the army. We must more consciously integrate into the overall layout of national development, make full use of the achievements of national modernization and development and high-quality social resources, promote the sound and rapid development of the cause of strengthening the military, and promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength.

　　2. Accurately Grasp the Strategic Task of Accelerating the Modernization of National Defense and the Army

　　The “Outline” clarifies the overall thinking and objectives and tasks for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. In general, we must implement Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military, implement the military strategic guidelines for the new era, uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s military, insist on building the military politically, strengthening the military through reform, strengthening the military through technology, strengthening the military with talents, and governing the military according to the law. The integrated development of modernization and intelligence will comprehensively strengthen military training and preparations, improve the strategic ability to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and ensure the realization of the century-old goal of the army in 2027 .

　　(1) Improving the quality and efficiency of national defense and military modernization

　　The modernization of national defense and the military has entered a critical stage of transformation and upgrading. It is necessary to organically unify the improvement of quality and efficiency with the acceleration of the modernization process, strengthen the effective supply of advanced combat capabilities, give play to the core role of innovation-driven in the overall modernization, change the concept of development, and innovate the development model , enhance development momentum and ensure high-quality development.

　　Accelerate the modernization of military theory. The key to the continuous development and growth of the people’s army, from victory to victory, lies in the guidance of the party’s advanced military guidance theory. It is necessary to continue to deepen the study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thought on strengthening the army, and consciously use the latest achievements of the party’s military guidance theory to solve practical problems in military struggle and army building. It is the distinctive feature and unique advantage of our party to be good at strategic planning and focus on strategic guidance and innovation. It is necessary to thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, in-depth study of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the mechanism of victory, constantly innovate and develop our military’s warfare and strategic guidance, and improve the military strategic system in the new era. It is necessary to keep up with changes in the form of war and combat methods, strengthen the research on combat issues and the development and verification of combat concepts, and accelerate the construction of an advanced combat theory system.

　　Accelerate the modernization of the military organization. Reform is always on the way. We must adhere to the same direction, the right path, and the undiminished strength, deepen the reform of national defense and the army, continuously liberate and develop combat effectiveness, and liberate and enhance the vitality of the army. A modern army needs modern management. It is necessary to further promote the military management revolution, update management concepts, optimize management processes, improve management mechanisms, and improve the operational efficiency of military systems and the efficiency of the use of national defense resources. Modern warfare emphasizes systematic warfare and joint victory. It is necessary to speed up the transformation and construction of the armed forces and the armed police force, strengthen strategic forces and combat forces in new domains and new qualities, enrich strategic options, increase strategic weight, and create a high-level strategic deterrence and joint combat system. It is necessary to strengthen the clear orientation of military training and preparation, strengthen joint training, joint support, and joint use of military forces, and improve joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems.

　　Accelerate the modernization of military personnel. In the final analysis, modern warfare is a competition for talents. It is necessary to implement the military education policy for the new era, focus on the training of joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents, and accelerate the forging of high-quality, professional new-type military talents with both ability and political integrity. . It is necessary to improve the three-in-one new military personnel training system of military academies, military training practices, and military vocational education, innovate the development and management of military human resources, improve the system and mechanism of talent identification, gathering, training, and employment, and accelerate the formation of people who are suitable for posts and make full use of their talents. , A vivid situation where talents emerge in large numbers.

　　Accelerate the modernization of weapons and equipment. Weaponry is an important symbol of military modernization. We must adhere to the basic point of the independent innovation strategy, focus on independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, strengthen basic theory and basic technology research, accelerate breakthroughs in key core technologies, and firmly grasp the lifeline of development. It is necessary to keep a close eye on global technological innovation trends, accelerate the development of strategic frontier and disruptive technologies, and actively seize the strategic commanding heights of military competition. It is necessary to accelerate the upgrading of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strengthen the construction of high-tech and new-concept weapons and equipment, and promote the modernization of weapons and equipment to accelerate into the world’s advanced ranks.

　　(2) Promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength

　　Consistent with the country’s modernization process and adapting to the country’s construction of a new development pattern, strengthen the integration and allocation of cross-military, cross-departmental, and cross-field forces and resources, improve organizational management, work operations, policy systems, talent teams, and risk prevention and control systems. Integrate the national strategic system and capabilities to achieve both development and security, enrich the country and strengthen the military.

　　Do a good job in strategic planning. Coordinating economic construction and national defense construction in the overall national strategy is our party’s long-term successful experience in governing the country. It is necessary to strengthen the connection of strategic planning. The state fully considers military needs when formulating strategic planning. The military development strategy and construction plan implement the overall deployment of the party and the state to ensure that relevant construction arrangements are planned and coordinated. It is necessary to deepen the sharing of resource elements, break down barriers of interest, and improve a smooth mechanism that is conducive to the two-way and efficient flow of superior military and local resources. It is necessary to strengthen the coordination of policies and systems, do a good job in process connection and task coordination, and improve the coupling of military-civilian related policies and systems.

　　Promote the coordinated development of key regions, key areas, and emerging areas, further revitalize existing resources, optimize incremental resources, and improve the level of resource utilization. Strengthen the implementation of national defense requirements for economic construction projects, promote the reform of air traffic management, and enhance the overall support for economic construction and national defense construction. We must pay attention to relying on the national education system to cultivate military personnel, accelerate the establishment of modern military personnel exchange and use, qualification certification and other systems, and explore the establishment of an orderly exchange mechanism for military and local cadres. It is necessary to combine the construction of major national projects and concentrate on implementing major projects in the field of national defense to better serve the strategic needs of national security development.

　　Optimize the layout of national defense science and technology industry. At present, my country’s national defense science and technology industry is generally large but not strong, and it is not yet adapted to the requirements of a strong country and a strong army. It is necessary to deepen the reform of the defense science and technology industry system, adjust the structure of military scientific research and production capabilities, and build a defense science and technology industry system with advanced technology, reasonable layout, flexible response, openness and integration. It is necessary to stimulate the vitality of the military product market, promote the reform of market access for weapons and equipment, adjust the price and tax policies of military products, and create a level playing field. It is necessary to speed up the process of standardization and generalization, actively adopt advanced civilian standards in national defense and military construction, and promote the two-way transfer and utilization of advanced military and civilian technologies.

　　Bring together powerful forces to advance the cause of a strong country and a strong military. Our army is the people’s army, and our national defense is the national defense of the whole people. It is necessary to improve the national defense mobilization system, strengthen coordination in response to emergencies, and build a new pattern of national defense mobilization under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, with both the military and the local government performing their own responsibilities and closely coordinating. It is necessary to improve the mechanism of strong border defense, the party, the government, the army, the police and the people should work together to build a border governance pattern that is compatible with the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. It is necessary to strengthen national defense education for all, consolidate the unity of the military, the government, the military and the people, and provide strong support for building and consolidating national defense and a strong people’s army.

　　3. Conscientiously implement the requirements for measures to accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military

　　During the ” 14th Five-Year Plan ” period, the national defense and military modernization tasks are arduous and arduous. It is necessary to make decisions and deploy in accordance with the “Outline”, gather strength and work hard to ensure the implementation of various tasks.

　　(1) Give full play to institutional advantages

　　Give full play to the role of the party in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties, and implement the party’s leadership in all fields and links of economic construction and national defense construction. Unswervingly uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively and thoroughly implement the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Military Commission, comprehensively strengthen Party building in the military, and transform the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics into a powerful force to promote the modernization of national defense and the military.

　　(2) Focus on being able to fight and win

　　Adhere to the basic standard of combat effectiveness, pay close attention to changes in the national security situation, always maintain a high degree of sensitivity to the enemy’s situation, and maintain a high level of alertness. Focusing on improving the combat capability of the system, we will forge our strengths, make up for our weaknesses, and strengthen our bases, strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit, and step up efforts to complete various strategic directions Preparations for military struggles. Coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional and new security fields to ensure that once something happens, we can win the battle.

　　(3) Deepen reform and innovation

　　Take reform and innovation as the fundamental way to liberate and develop combat effectiveness, keep an eye on changes in the form of warfare and changes in technological development, continue to deepen self-improvement and self-innovation, promote the implementation of reform measures, release reform dividends, highlight originality, innovation and transcendence, and strengthen Forward-looking layout in strategically contested fields, comprehensively promote innovation in military theory, technology, organization, management, culture, etc., and strive to build an innovative people’s army.

　　(4) Improving the protection of the rule of law

　　Implement Xi Jinping’s thought on the rule of law, adhere to the principle of governing the military according to the law and strictly, be good at using the rule of law thinking and methods to promote construction and carry out work, strengthen the construction of the military rule of law with Chinese characteristics, build a practical and systematic military legal system, and accelerate the advancement of military governance Fundamental changes have been made in the mode, and the level of rule of law in the modernization of national defense and the armed forces has been continuously improved.

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（受權發布）中華人民共和國生物安全法

03/10/2021 admin Leave a comment

(Authorized to Publish) Biosafety Law of the People’s Republic of China

Modern English:

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, October 17th

Biosafety Law of the People’s Republic of China
(Adopted at the 22nd Meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress on October 17, 2020)

table of Contents

Chapter One 　 General Provisions

Chapter Two: Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control System

Chapter III: Prevention and Control of Major New Emergent Infectious Diseases, Animal and Plant Epidemics

Chapter Four: Biotechnology Research, Development and Application Safety

Chapter 5: Biosafety of Pathogenic Microorganism Laboratory

Chapter VI: Human Genetic Resources and Biological Resources Security

Chapter 7: Preventing Bioterrorism and Biological Weapons Threats

Chapter 8: Biosafety Capacity Building

Chapter 9 Legal Liability

Chapter 10 Supplementary Provisions

Chapter One 　 General Provisions

Article 1 “In order to maintain national security, prevent and respond to biosecurity risks, protect people’s lives and health, protect biological resources and the ecological environment, promote the healthy development of biotechnology, promote the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind, and realize the harmonious coexistence of man and nature, this law is formulated.

Article 2 “Biosecurity” as used in this law means that the state effectively prevents and responds to the threats of dangerous biological factors and related factors. Biotechnology can develop stably and healthily. People’s lives and health and ecosystems are relatively in a state of no danger and no threats. The field has the ability to maintain national security and sustainable development.

This law applies to the following activities:

(1) Preventing and controlling major new outbreaks of infectious diseases, animal and plant epidemics;

(2) Research, development and application of biotechnology;

(3) Biosafety management of pathogenic microorganism laboratories;

(4) Safety management of human genetic resources and biological resources;

(5) Prevent the invasion of alien species and protect biodiversity;

(6) Dealing with microbial resistance;

(7) Preventing bioterrorism attacks and defending against the threat of biological weapons;

(8) Other activities related to biosafety.

Article 3: Biosecurity is an important part of national security. Maintaining biosecurity should implement the overall national security concept, coordinate development and security, and adhere to the principles of people-oriented, risk prevention, classified management, and coordination.

Article 4: Persist in the leadership of the Communist Party of China in national biosafety work, establish and improve the national biosafety leadership system, strengthen the construction of the national biosafety risk prevention and control and governance system, and improve the national biosafety governance capabilities.

Article 5: The state encourages innovation in biotechnology, strengthens the construction of biosafety infrastructure and biotechnology personnel, supports the development of the bioindustry, promotes the level of biotechnology with innovation, and enhances the ability to guarantee biosafety.

Article 6: The state strengthens international cooperation in the field of biosafety, fulfills the obligations stipulated in the international treaties that the People’s Republic of China has concluded or participated in, supports participation in biotechnology exchanges and cooperation and international rescue of biosafety incidents, and actively participates in the research and formulation of international biosafety regulations, Promote the improvement of global biosafety governance.

Article 7 People’s governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall strengthen the publicity and popularization of biosafety laws and regulations and biosafety knowledge, guide grassroots mass autonomous organizations and social organizations to carry out biosafety laws and regulations and biosafety knowledge publicity, and promote biosafety in the whole society Raising awareness.

Relevant scientific research institutions, medical institutions, and other enterprises and institutions shall incorporate biosafety laws and regulations and biosafety knowledge into the content of education and training, and strengthen the cultivation of biosafety awareness and ethical awareness of students and practitioners.

The news media should carry out public welfare propaganda of biosafety laws and regulations and biosafety knowledge, conduct public opinion supervision on biosafety violations, and enhance the public’s awareness of social responsibility for maintaining biosafety.

Article 8: No unit or individual may endanger biological safety.

Any unit or individual has the right to report acts endangering biosafety; the department receiving the report shall deal with it in a timely manner in accordance with the law.

Article 9: People’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall commend and reward units and individuals that have made outstanding contributions to biosafety work in accordance with national regulations.

Chapter Two: Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control System

Article 10: The central national security leadership agency is responsible for the decision-making and coordination of national biosecurity work, researching, formulating and guiding the implementation of the national biosecurity strategy and related major guidelines and policies, coordinating major issues and important tasks of national biosecurity, and establishing national biosecurity Work coordination mechanism.

Provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government have established biosafety work coordination mechanisms to organize, coordinate, and supervise and promote biosafety-related work within their administrative regions.

Article 11: The national biosafety work coordination mechanism is composed of the competent departments of the State Council for health, agriculture and rural areas, science and technology, foreign affairs and other relevant military agencies, analyzes and judges the national biosafety situation, organizes, coordinates, and supervises and promotes national biosafety related work. The National Biosafety Work Coordination Mechanism establishes an office to be responsible for the daily work of the coordination mechanism.

The member units of the National Biosafety Work Coordination Mechanism and other relevant departments of the State Council are responsible for biosafety-related work according to the division of responsibilities.

Article 12: The National Biosafety Work Coordination Mechanism shall establish an expert committee to provide decision-making consultation for the research, policy formulation and implementation of the national biosafety strategy.

Relevant departments of the State Council organize the establishment of biosafety technical consultation expert committees in related fields and industries to provide technical support such as consultation, evaluation, and demonstration for biosafety work.

Article 13: Local people’s governments at all levels are responsible for the biosafety work within their administrative areas.

Relevant departments of local people’s governments at or above the county level are responsible for biosafety-related work according to the division of responsibilities.

The grassroots mass autonomous organizations shall assist the local people’s government and relevant departments in the prevention and control of biosafety risks, emergency response, publicity and education, etc.

Relevant units and individuals shall cooperate in the prevention and control of biosafety risks and emergency response.

Article 14: The state establishes a biosafety risk monitoring and early warning system. The National Biosafety Work Coordination Mechanism organizes the establishment of a national biosafety risk monitoring and early warning system to improve biosafety risk identification and analysis capabilities.

Article 15: The State establishes a biosafety risk investigation and assessment system. The national biosafety work coordination mechanism should regularly organize and conduct biosafety risk surveys and assessments based on risk monitoring data, materials and other information.

Under any of the following circumstances, relevant departments shall promptly conduct biosafety risk investigation and assessment, and take necessary risk prevention and control measures in accordance with the law:

(1) It is found that there may be a biosafety risk through risk monitoring or receiving a report;

(2) In order to determine the key areas and key projects for supervision and management, formulate and adjust biosafety-related directories or lists;

(3) The occurrence of major new outbreaks of infectious diseases, animal and plant epidemics and other incidents that endanger biological safety;

(4) Other situations that need to be investigated and evaluated.

Article 16: The state establishes a biosafety information sharing system. The National Biosafety Work Coordination Mechanism organizes the establishment of a unified national biosafety information platform. Relevant departments should submit biosafety data, materials and other information to the national biosafety information platform to realize information sharing.

Article 17: The state establishes a biosafety information release system. Major biosafety information such as the overall national biosafety situation, major biosafety risk warning information, major biosafety incidents and their investigation and processing information, will be released by the member units of the National Biosafety Work Coordination Mechanism according to the division of responsibilities; other biosafety information will be released by relevant departments of the State Council And local people’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments in accordance with their duties and powers.

No unit or individual may fabricate or disseminate false biosafety information.

Article 18: The state establishes a biosafety list and inventory system. According to the needs of biosafety work, the State Council and its relevant departments formulate and publish lists or lists of materials, equipment, technologies, activities, important biological resource data, infectious diseases, animal and plant diseases, and invasive alien species that involve biosafety, and adjust them dynamically .

Article 19: The state establishes a biosafety standard system. The standardization department of the State Council and other relevant departments of the State Council shall formulate and improve relevant standards in the field of biosafety in accordance with the division of responsibilities.

The National Biosafety Work Coordination Mechanism organizes relevant departments to strengthen the coordination and connection of biosafety standards in different fields, and establish and improve a biosafety standard system.

Article 20: The state establishes a biosafety review system. For major events and activities in the biological field that affect or may affect national security, relevant departments of the State Council shall conduct a biosafety review to effectively prevent and resolve biosafety risks.

Article 21: The state establishes an orderly and efficient biosafety emergency system with unified leadership, coordination and linkage.

Relevant departments of the State Council shall organize the formulation of emergency plans for biosafety incidents in related fields and industries, and carry out emergency drills, emergency handling, emergency rescue and post-event recovery in accordance with the emergency plans and unified deployment.

Local people’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall formulate, organize, guide and supervise relevant enterprises and institutions to formulate emergency plans for biosafety incidents, strengthen emergency preparedness, personnel training and emergency drills, and carry out emergency response to biosafety incidents, emergency rescue and after-events Restoration and other work.

The Chinese People’s Liberation Army and the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, in accordance with the order of the Central Military Commission, participate in the emergency response and rescue of biosecurity incidents in accordance with the law.

Article 22: The state establishes a system for investigating and tracing the source of biosafety incidents. In the event of major new outbreaks of infectious diseases, animal and plant epidemics, and unexplained biosafety incidents, the national biosafety work coordination mechanism should organize investigation and traceability, determine the nature of the incident, comprehensively evaluate the impact of the incident, and provide opinions and suggestions.

Article 23: The state establishes a national entry system for animals and plants, animal and plant products, and high-risk biological factors that enter the country for the first time or resume entry after a suspension.

People, transportation vehicles, containers, goods, articles, packaging, and ballast water discharge of ships entering and leaving the country shall meet the requirements of my country’s biosafety management.

The customs shall deal with the discovered inbound, outbound and transit biosafety risks in accordance with the law. Persons, means of transportation, goods, articles, etc. that have been assessed as high risk of biosafety shall enter the country through designated frontier ports and adopt strict risk prevention and control measures.

Article 24: The state establishes a system for responding to major overseas biosecurity incidents. In the event of a major biosafety incident abroad, the customs shall adopt emergency biosafety prevention and control measures in accordance with the law, strengthen document verification, increase the proportion of inspections, and suspend the entry of relevant personnel, means of transport, goods, and articles. When necessary, with the consent of the State Council, measures such as temporary closure of relevant ports and blockade of relevant borders may be adopted.

Article 25: Relevant departments of the people’s government at or above the county level shall carry out biosafety supervision and inspection work in accordance with the law, and the units and individuals inspected shall cooperate, truthfully explain the situation, provide information, and shall not refuse or obstruct.

Supervision and inspection work involving high professional and technical requirements and difficult law enforcement operations should involve biosafety professional and technical personnel.

Article 26: Relevant departments of the people’s government at or above the county level may take the following measures in accordance with the law to implement biosafety supervision and inspection:

(1) Enter the inspected unit, location, or place suspected of committing biosafety violations to conduct on-site monitoring, survey, inspection or verification;

(2) Get information from relevant units and individuals;

(3) Consult and copy relevant documents, data, files, records, vouchers, etc.;

(4) Sealing up places and facilities suspected of committing biosafety violations;

(5) Detain tools, equipment and related items suspected of committing biosafety violations;

(6) Other measures stipulated by laws and regulations.

Biosafety illegal information of relevant entities and individuals shall be included in the national credit information sharing platform in accordance with the law.

Chapter III: Prevention and Control of Major New Emergent Infectious Diseases, Animal and Plant Epidemics

Article 27 The competent departments of the State Council for health, agriculture and rural areas, forestry and grassland, customs, and ecological environment shall establish a network of newly emerging infectious diseases, animal and plant epidemics, entry and exit quarantine, and biotechnology environmental safety monitoring networks, and organize the layout of monitoring sites, Establish and improve the monitoring information reporting system, carry out active monitoring and pathogen detection, and incorporate it into the national biosafety risk monitoring and early warning system.

Article 28 Disease prevention and control agencies, animal disease prevention and control agencies, and plant disease and insect pest prevention and control agencies (hereinafter collectively referred to as professional agencies) shall carry out active monitoring of infectious diseases, animal and plant diseases and diseases of unknown origin that are included in the monitoring scope, collecting, Analyze and report monitoring information to predict the occurrence and prevalence of emerging infectious diseases, animal and plant diseases.

Relevant departments of the State Council, local people’s governments at or above the county level, and their relevant departments shall issue early warnings in a timely manner based on forecasts and duties and powers, and take corresponding prevention and control measures.

Article 29: Any unit or individual discovering infectious diseases or animal or plant diseases shall promptly report to medical institutions, relevant professional institutions or departments.

Medical institutions, professional institutions and their staff shall report infectious diseases, animal and plant diseases or cluster diseases of unknown cause in a timely manner and adopt protective measures.

If a report is required in accordance with the law, no unit or individual shall conceal, misrepresent, postpone the report, or omit the report, or instruct others to conceal, misrepresent, or postpone the report, or hinder others from reporting.

Article 30: The state establishes a joint prevention and control mechanism for major newly emerging infectious diseases and animal and plant epidemics.

In the event of a major new outbreak of infectious diseases, animal and plant epidemics, timely control measures shall be taken in accordance with relevant laws and regulations and emergency plans; the competent departments of health, agriculture, rural areas, and forestry and grassland under the State Council shall immediately organize epidemic consultations, discussion, and judgment, The conclusions of the research are reported to the central national security leadership agency and the State Council, and other member units of the National Biosecurity Work Coordination Mechanism and other relevant departments of the State Council are notified.

In the occurrence of major new outbreaks of infectious diseases, animal and plant epidemics, local people’s governments at all levels shall perform the responsibilities of epidemic prevention and control in their respective administrative areas, strengthen organization and leadership, carry out group prevention and control, medical treatment, and mobilize and encourage social forces in an orderly manner Participate in epidemic prevention and control work.

Article 31 The State strengthens the construction of the joint prevention and control capacity of infectious diseases and animal and plant epidemics at borders and ports, and establishes an international cooperation network for the prevention and control of infectious diseases and animal and plant epidemics to detect and control major emerging and sudden infectious diseases and animal and plant epidemics as early as possible .

Article 32: The state protects wild animals, strengthens animal epidemic prevention, and prevents the spread of animal-borne infectious diseases.

Article 33: The State strengthens the management of the use and residues of antimicrobial drugs and other antimicrobial drugs, and supports basic research and scientific and technological breakthroughs in response to microbial resistance.

The health authorities of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall strengthen the guidance and supervision of the rational use of drugs by medical institutions, and take measures to prevent the unreasonable use of antimicrobial drugs. The agricultural, rural and forestry and grassland administrative departments of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall strengthen the guidance and supervision of the rational use of drugs in agricultural production, take measures to prevent the unreasonable use of antimicrobial drugs, and reduce the residues in the agricultural production environment.

The State Council’s health, agriculture and rural areas, forestry and grassland, ecological environment and other competent departments and drug supervision and administration departments shall assess the harm of antimicrobial drug residues to human health and the environment according to the division of responsibilities, and establish an antimicrobial pollutant index evaluation system.

Chapter Four: Biotechnology Research, Development and Application Safety

Article 34 The State strengthens the safety management of biotechnology research, development, and application activities, and prohibits engaging in biotechnology research, development, and application activities that endanger public health, damage biological resources, destroy ecosystems and biodiversity, and other activities that endanger biosafety .

Engaged in biotechnology research and development

Development and application activities.

Engaging in biotechnology research, development and application activities shall comply with ethical principles.

Article 35 Units engaged in biotechnology research, development and application activities shall be responsible for the safety of their own biotechnology research, development and application, adopt biosafety risk prevention and control measures, and formulate biosafety training, follow-up inspections, regular reports, etc. System, strengthen process management.

Article 36: The State implements classified management of biotechnology research and development activities. According to the degree of risk of harm to public health, industrial agriculture, ecological environment, etc., biotechnology research and development activities are divided into three categories: high-risk, medium-risk, and low-risk.

The risk classification standards and directories of biotechnology research and development activities are formulated, adjusted and published by the competent departments of the State Council for science and technology, health, agriculture and rural areas in accordance with the division of responsibilities, and in conjunction with other relevant departments of the State Council.

Article 37: Engaging in biotechnology research and development activities shall abide by the national biotechnology research and development safety management regulations.

To engage in biotechnology research and development activities, one should judge the risk categories, pay close attention to changes in risks, and take timely response measures.

Article 38: Engaging in high-risk and medium-risk biotechnology research and development activities shall be conducted by a legal person organization established in accordance with the law within the territory of my country, and approval or filing shall be obtained in accordance with the law.

To engage in high-risk and medium-risk biotechnology research and development activities, risk assessment should be conducted, risk prevention and control plans and biosafety incident emergency plans should be formulated to reduce the risk of the implementation of research and development activities.

Article 39: The State implements retrospective management of important equipment and special biological factors involved in biological safety. The purchase or introduction of important equipment and special biological factors included in the control list shall be registered to ensure traceability and be reported to the relevant department of the State Council for the record.

Individuals are not allowed to purchase or possess important equipment and special biological factors that are included in the control list.

Article 40 “Clinical research on new biomedical technologies shall pass ethical review and be carried out in medical institutions with corresponding conditions; for human clinical research operations, it shall be carried out by health professionals who meet the corresponding conditions.

Article 41: Relevant departments of the State Council shall follow up and evaluate biotechnology application activities in accordance with the law, and if they find that there are biosafety risks, they shall take effective remedial and control measures in a timely manner.

Chapter 5: Biosafety of Pathogenic Microorganism Laboratory

Article 42: The State shall strengthen the management of the biosafety of pathogenic microorganism laboratories and formulate uniform laboratory biosafety standards. The pathogenic microorganism laboratory shall meet the national standards and requirements of biosafety.

To engage in pathogenic microorganism experiment activities, it is necessary to strictly abide by relevant national standards, laboratory technical specifications, and operating procedures, and take safety precautions.

Article 43: The State implements classified management of pathogenic microorganisms according to the infectivity of pathogenic microorganisms and the degree of harm to humans and animals after infection or groups.

Those engaged in the collection, preservation, and transportation of samples of highly pathogenic or suspected highly pathogenic microorganisms shall have the corresponding conditions and comply with the biosafety management regulations. The specific measures shall be formulated by the health, agricultural and rural administration departments of the State Council.

Article 44: The establishment of a pathogenic microbiology laboratory shall be approved or filed in accordance with the law.

Individuals shall not establish pathogenic microorganism laboratories or engage in pathogenic microorganism experimental activities.

Article 45: The State implements hierarchical management of pathogenic microorganism laboratories in accordance with the level of biological safety protection against pathogenic microorganisms.

The experimental activities of pathogenic microorganisms shall be carried out in laboratories of the corresponding level. Low-level pathogenic microorganism laboratories shall not engage in pathogenic microorganism experimental activities that should be conducted in high-level pathogenic microorganism laboratories as stipulated in the National Pathogenic Microorganism Catalog.

Article 46 High-level pathogenic microorganism laboratories engaged in experimental activities of highly pathogenic or suspected highly pathogenic pathogens shall be approved by the health or agricultural and rural authorities of the people’s government at or above the provincial level, and the conditions of the experimental activities shall be approved. Department report.

For pathogenic microorganisms that have not been discovered or declared to be eliminated in my country, no relevant experimental activities shall be allowed without approval.

Article 47 　The pathogenic microbiology laboratory shall take measures to strengthen the management of experimental animals, prevent the escape of experimental animals, and treat the experimental animals after use in a harmless manner in accordance with national regulations, so as to realize the traceability of experimental animals. It is forbidden to introduce used experimental animals into the market.

The pathogenic microorganism laboratory shall strengthen the management of waste from experimental activities, dispose of waste water, waste gas and other wastes in accordance with the law, and adopt measures to prevent pollution.

Article 48 The establishment unit of the pathogenic microorganism laboratory is responsible for the biosafety management of the laboratory, formulates a scientific and strict management system, regularly inspects the implementation of relevant biosafety regulations, and conducts laboratory facilities, equipment, materials, etc. Check, maintain and update to ensure that it meets national standards.

The legal representative and the person in charge of the laboratory establishing the pathogenic microorganism laboratory shall be responsible for the biological safety of the laboratory.

Article 49: The establishment of a pathogenic microorganism laboratory shall establish and improve a safety protection system and adopt safety protection measures to ensure the safety of the laboratory and its pathogenic microorganisms.

The state strengthens the security of high-level pathogenic microorganism laboratories. High-level pathogenic microorganism laboratories shall accept the supervision and guidance of the relevant laboratory safety and security work of public security organs and other departments, and strictly prevent the leakage, loss, theft and robbing of highly pathogenic microorganisms.

The state establishes a high-level pathogenic microbial laboratory personnel entry review system. Personnel entering a high-level pathogenic microorganism laboratory shall be approved by the person in charge of the laboratory. Those that may affect the biosafety of the laboratory shall not be approved; for those approved to enter, safety measures shall be taken.

Article 50: The establishment of a pathogenic microorganism laboratory shall formulate emergency plans for biosafety incidents, and organize personnel training and emergency drills on a regular basis. Where highly pathogenic pathogenic microorganisms are leaked, lost, stolen, robbed, or other biosafety risks, timely control measures shall be taken in accordance with the provisions of the emergency plan, and reports shall be made in accordance with national regulations.

Article 51: The people’s government at the provincial level where the pathogenic microbiology laboratory is located and its health authority shall strengthen the allocation of medical resources for infectious diseases at the laboratory location, and improve the medical treatment and treatment capabilities for infectious diseases.

Article 52: The enterprise’s biosafety management of production workshops involving pathogenic microorganism operations shall be carried out in accordance with the regulations of the relevant pathogenic microorganism laboratory and other biosafety management regulations.

The construction and management of biosafety laboratories involving the operation of biological toxins, plant pests and other biological factors shall be implemented in accordance with the regulations of the relevant pathogenic microorganism laboratories.

Chapter VI: Human Genetic Resources and Biological Resources Security

Article 53: The state strengthens the management and supervision of the collection, preservation, utilization, and external provision of human genetic resources and biological resources in our country to ensure the safety of human genetic resources and biological resources.

The country has sovereignty over my country’s human genetic resources and biological resources.

Article 54: The State conducts surveys of human genetic resources and biological resources.

The competent department of science and technology of the State Council organizes the investigation of human genetic resources in my country, and formulates the declaration and registration methods for human genetic resources of important genetic families and specific regions.

The competent departments of the State Council for science and technology, natural resources, ecological environment, health, agriculture and rural areas, forestry and grassland, and traditional Chinese medicine, according to the division of responsibilities, organize biological resource surveys and formulate important biological resource declaration and registration methods.

Article 55: The collection, preservation, utilization, and external provision of my country’s human genetic resources shall conform to ethical principles and shall not endanger public health, national security and social public interests.

Article 56 The following activities shall be approved by the department in charge of science and technology under the State Council:

(1) Collecting human genetic resources of important genetic families in my country, specific regions, or the types and quantities of human genetic resources specified by the competent department of science and technology under the State Council;

(2) Preserving my country’s human genetic resources;

(3) Utilizing my country’s human genetic resources to carry out international scientific research cooperation;

(4) Transporting, mailing, and carrying out of my country’s human genetic resources materials.

The provisions of the preceding paragraph do not include the collection and preservation of human genetic resources and related activities for the purposes of clinical diagnosis and treatment, blood collection and supply services, investigation and punishment of illegal crimes, doping testing, and funerals.

In order to obtain the marketing authorization of relevant drugs and medical devices in my country, the use of human genetic resources in clinical trial institutions to carry out international cooperative clinical trials without involving the export of human genetic resources does not require approval; however, the intended use should be used before the clinical trials The types, quantities and uses of the human genetic resources shall be filed with the department in charge of science and technology under the State Council.

Overseas organizations, individuals and institutions established or actually controlled by them shall not collect or preserve my country’s human genetic resources within the territory of my country, or provide my country’s human genetic resources abroad.

Article 57: Where the information on human genetic resources of our country is provided or open for use to overseas organizations, individuals and institutions established or actually controlled by them, they shall report to the competent department of science and technology under the State Council in advance and submit a backup of the information.

Article 58 “The collection, preservation, utilization, and transportation of rare, endangered, endemic species and genetic resources such as individuals, organs, tissues, cells, genes, etc., that can be used for regeneration or reproduction and passage out of our country shall comply with relevant laws and regulations.

Foreign organizations, individuals, and institutions established or actually controlled by them shall obtain approval in accordance with the law to obtain and utilize my country’s biological resources.

Article 59: The use of my country’s biological resources for international scientific research cooperation shall be approved in accordance with the law.

The use of my country’s human genetic resources and biological resources to carry out international scientific research cooperation should ensure that the Chinese unit and its researchers participate in the research in the whole process and substantively, and share relevant rights and interests in accordance with the law.

Article 60: The state strengthens the prevention and response to the invasion of alien species and protects biodiversity. The agricultural and rural authorities of the State Council, in conjunction with other relevant departments of the State Council, formulate lists of invasive alien species and management measures.

Relevant departments of the State Council strengthen the investigation, monitoring, early warning, control, evaluation, removal, and ecological restoration of invasive alien species in accordance with the division of responsibilities.

No unit or individual may introduce, release or discard alien species without approval.

Chapter 7: Preventing Bioterrorism and Biological Weapons Threats

Article 61: The state shall take all necessary measures to prevent the threat of bioterrorism and biological weapons.

It is prohibited to develop, manufacture or otherwise acquire, store, possess and use biological weapons.

It is prohibited to instigate, fund, assist others to develop, manufacture or otherwise acquire biological weapons in any way.

Article 62: Relevant departments of the State Council shall formulate, modify, and publish lists of organisms, biotoxins, equipment or technologies that can be used in bioterrorism activities and the manufacture of biological weapons, strengthen supervision and control, and prevent their use in the manufacture of biological weapons or terrorist purposes .

Article 63: Relevant departments of the State Council and relevant military agencies shall, in accordance with the division of responsibilities, strengthen the control of the entry and exit, import and export, acquisition, manufacture, and transfer of organisms, biotoxins, equipment or technology that can be used in bioterrorism activities and the manufacture of biological weapons. The monitoring and investigation of activities such as release and release, and take necessary preventive and disposal measures.

Article 64: Relevant departments of the State Council, provincial people’s governments and their relevant departments are responsible for organizing the rescue and placement of personnel after bioterrorism attacks and biological weapons attacks, environmental disinfection, ecological restoration, safety monitoring, and social order restoration.

The relevant departments of the State Council, the provincial people’s governments and their relevant departments shall effectively guide public opinion to scientifically and accurately report on bioterrorism attacks and biological weapon attacks, and timely release information on evacuation, transfer and emergency evacuation, and deal with pollution during emergency response and recovery. Long-term environmental monitoring and health monitoring are carried out in the area and personnel.

Article 65: The State organizes and conducts investigations on biological weapons left over from war in our country and their harmful results and potential impacts.

The state organizes the construction of facilities for storing and processing biological weapons left over from war to ensure the safe disposal of biological weapons left over from war.

Chapter 8: Biosafety Capacity Building

Article 66: The State shall formulate a biosafety development plan, strengthen the construction of biosafety capabilities, and improve the ability and level of responding to biosafety incidents.

People’s governments at or above the county level shall support the development of biosafety undertakings, and according to the division of powers, include the relevant expenditures for supporting the development of the following biosafety undertakings into the government budget:

(1) Construction and operation of the monitoring network;

(2) Reserves of emergency response and prevention and control materials;

(3) Construction and operation of key infrastructure;

(4) Research and development of key technologies and products;

(5) Investigation and preservation of human genetic resources and biological resources;

(6) Other important biosafety undertakings stipulated by laws and regulations.

Article 67 The State takes measures to support biosafety technology research, strengthens biosafety risk prevention and management technology research, integrates superior strengths and resources, establishes a multidisciplinary and multisectoral collaborative innovation joint research mechanism, and promotes the core and key technologies of biosafety. The output, transformation and application of major defense products will improve the scientific and technological guarantee capabilities of biosafety.

Article 68: The State shall make overall arrangements for the construction of national biosafety infrastructure. According to the division of responsibilities, the relevant departments of the State Council will speed up the construction of a biosafety national strategic resource platform for biological information, human genetic resource preservation, bacterial (viral) species preservation, animal and plant genetic resource preservation, high-level pathogenic microorganism laboratories, etc., and establish a shared utilization mechanism , To provide strategic guarantee and support for biosafety technological innovation.

Article 69: Relevant departments of the State Council shall, in accordance with the division of responsibilities, strengthen the training of basic biological scientific research personnel and professional technical personnel in the biological field, and promote the construction of basic biological sciences and scientific research.

Practitioners in important positions in the national biosafety infrastructure shall have qualified qualifications, and relevant information shall be filed with the relevant departments of the State Council and receive on-the-job training.

Article 70: The state strengthens material reserves for the prevention and control of major emerging infectious diseases, animal and plant epidemics and other biological safety risks.

The state strengthens the research, development and technical reserves of materials such as biosafety emergency medicines and equipment. The relevant departments of the State Council shall implement relevant measures for the research, development and technical reserve of materials such as biosafety emergency medicines and equipment according to the division of responsibilities.

The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall guarantee the production, supply and deployment of medical rescue equipment, medicines, medical devices and other materials required for emergency response to biosafety incidents; the competent department of transportation shall organize and coordinate in a timely manner Transport business units give priority to delivery.

Article 71: The State shall provide effective protective measures and medical security for personnel engaged in high-risk biosafety work such as experimental activities of highly pathogenic pathogenic microorganisms and on-site disposal of biosafety incidents.

Chapter 9 Legal Liability

Article 72: In violation of the provisions of this law, personnel who perform biosafety management duties abuse their powers, neglect their duties, engage in malpractices for personal gain or commit other illegal acts in biosafety work, and shall be punished in accordance with the law.

Article 73 In violation of the provisions of this law, medical institutions, professional institutions or their staff conceal, lie, postpone, or omit reporting, instruct others to conceal, lie, postpone reporting, or prevent others from reporting infectious diseases, animal and plant diseases Or cluster diseases of unknown cause, people at or above the county level

, Give sanctions according to law, and can suspend practice activities for a certain period of time according to law until the relevant practice certificate is revoked.

Violation of the provisions of this law by fabricating or disseminating false biosafety information constitutes a violation of public security management, the public security organ shall impose public security management penalties in accordance with the law.

Article 74 Anyone who violates the provisions of this law and engages in biotechnology research, development, and application activities prohibited by the state shall be ordered by the health, science and technology, agricultural and rural authorities of the people’s government at or above the county level to stop the illegal activities and confiscate them. Illegal gains, technical materials, tools, equipment, raw materials and other items used for illegal acts shall be fined not less than 1 million yuan but not more than 10 million yuan; if the illegal gains are more than 1 million yuan, more than ten times the illegal gains shall be imposed. A fine of less than ten times, and it is possible to prohibit the relevant biotechnology research, development and application activities within a certain period of time according to law, and to revoke relevant licenses; for the legal representative, the main person in charge, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible persons, Penalties shall be imposed in accordance with the law, and a fine of 100,000 yuan up to 200,000 yuan shall be imposed, the corresponding biotechnology research, development and application activities shall be prohibited from ten years to life, and the relevant practice certificates shall be revoked in accordance with the law.

Article 75 Anyone who violates the provisions of this law and engages in biotechnology research and development activities that fails to comply with the national biotechnology research and development safety management regulations shall be ordered by the relevant departments of the people’s government at or above the county level according to the division of responsibilities to make corrections and give warnings, and may be dealt with concurrently. A fine of not less than 20,000 yuan but not more than 200,000 yuan; if it refuses to make corrections or causes serious consequences, it shall be ordered to stop research and development activities, and a fine of not less than 200,000 yuan but not more than 2 million yuan shall be imposed.

Article 76 Violation of the provisions of this law by engaging in experimental activities of pathogenic microorganisms and failing to conduct experimental activities of pathogenic microorganisms at the corresponding level, or a high-level pathogenic microorganism laboratory engaged in experimental activities of highly pathogenic or suspected highly pathogenic microorganisms without approval According to the division of responsibilities, the health, agricultural and rural authorities of the local people’s government at or above the county level shall order to stop illegal activities, supervise the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms used in experimental activities or send them to the preservation institution, and give warnings; cause the spread and epidemic of infectious diseases Or if there are other serious consequences, the legal representative, the main person in charge, the directly responsible person in charge, and other directly responsible persons shall be dismissed or expelled in accordance with the law.

Article 77 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, introduces used experimental animals into the market shall be ordered to make corrections by the competent science and technology department of the people’s government at or above the county level, the illegal gains shall be confiscated, and the penalty shall be between RMB 200,000 and RMB 1 million. If the illegal income is more than 200,000 yuan, a fine of five to ten times the illegal income shall be imposed; if the circumstances are serious, the relevant permit shall be revoked by the issuing department.

Article 78 Anyone who violates the provisions of this law and commits one of the following acts shall be ordered by the relevant departments of the people’s government at or above the county level according to the division of responsibilities to make corrections, confiscate illegal gains, give a warning, and may also impose a penalty of more than 100,000 yuan and 1 million yuan. The following fines:

(1) The purchase or introduction of important equipment and special biological factors included in the control list have not been registered, or have not been reported to the relevant department of the State Council for the record;

(2) Individuals purchase or possess important equipment or special biological factors included in the control list;

(3) Individuals set up pathogenic microorganism laboratories or engage in pathogenic microorganism experimental activities;

(4) Enter a high-level pathogenic microorganism laboratory without the approval of the person in charge of the laboratory.

Article 79 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this law, collects and preserves China’s human genetic resources or uses China’s human genetic resources to carry out international scientific research cooperation shall be ordered by the State Council’s science and technology department to stop illegal activities and confiscate illegal gains and illegal activities. The collection and preservation of human genetic resources shall also be fined between 500,000 yuan and 5 million yuan, and if the illegal gains are more than 1 million yuan, a fine of 5 times to 10 times the illegal gains shall be imposed; if the circumstances are serious, The legal representative, the main person in charge, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible persons shall be punished in accordance with the law, and shall be prohibited from engaging in corresponding activities within five years.

Article 80: In violation of the provisions of this Law, foreign organizations, individuals and institutions established or actually controlled by them collect and preserve human genetic resources in my country, or provide human genetic resources in my country abroad, shall be ordered to stop by the department in charge of science and technology under the State Council. For illegal acts, confiscate illegal income and illegally collected and preserved human genetic resources, and impose a fine of 1 million yuan to 10 million yuan; if the illegal gains are more than 1 million yuan, the illegal gains shall be imposed 10 times more than 20 times. Fines below times.

Article 81 Anyone who violates the provisions of this law and introduces alien species without approval shall be confiscated by the relevant departments of the people’s government at or above the county level in accordance with the division of responsibilities, and impose a penalty of 50,000 yuan to 250,000 yuan. Fine.

Anyone who violates the provisions of this law and releases or discards alien species without approval shall be ordered by the relevant departments of the people’s government at or above the county level according to the division of responsibilities to capture, retrieve, release or discard the alien species within a time limit, and impose a penalty of 10,000 yuan to 50,000 yuan. Fines below RMB yuan.

Article 82: Anyone who violates the provisions of this law and constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the law; those who cause personal, property or other damage shall bear civil responsibility in accordance with the law.

Article 83: For biosafety violations that violate the provisions of this law, this law does not provide for legal responsibilities, and other relevant laws and administrative regulations have provisions in accordance with those provisions.

Article 84: Foreign organizations or individuals who enter the country through transportation, mailing, carrying dangerous biological factors, or otherwise endanger my country’s biological safety, shall be investigated for legal responsibility in accordance with the law and may take other necessary measures.

Chapter 10 Supplementary Provisions

Article 85 The meaning of the following terms in this law:

(1) Biological factors refer to animals, plants, microorganisms, biological toxins and other biologically active substances.

(2) A major emerging and sudden infectious disease refers to an infectious disease that has appeared in my country for the first time or has been declared eliminated and reoccurs, or occurs suddenly, causing or likely to cause serious damage to public health and life safety, causing social panic, and affecting social stability. .

(3) Major new sudden animal epidemics refer to the recurrence of animal epidemics that have occurred in my country for the first time or have been declared to be eliminated, or latent animal epidemics with high morbidity and mortality have suddenly occurred and spread rapidly, giving the breeding industry production safety Circumstances that cause serious threats, hazards, and may cause harm to public health and life safety.

(4) A major new outbreak of plant epidemics refers to fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, nematodes, weeds, rodents, mollusks, etc. that have severely harmed plants that have occurred in my country for the first time or have already been announced to be eliminated, or cause pests and diseases again, or A situation where local pests suddenly occur on a large scale and spread rapidly, causing serious damage to crops, forests and other plants.

(5) The research, development and application of biotechnology refers to the activities of scientific research, technological development and application that are engaged in the understanding, transformation, synthesis, and utilization of biology through scientific and engineering principles.

(6) Pathogenic microorganisms refer to microorganisms that can invade humans and animals and cause infections and even infectious diseases, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, rickettsia, parasites, etc.

(7) Plant pests refer to organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, nematodes, weeds, rodents, mollusks, etc. that can cause harm to crops, forest trees and other plants.

(8) Human genetic resources, including human genetic resource materials and information on human genetic resources. Human genetic resource materials refer to organs, tissues, cells and other genetic materials that contain human genomes, genes, and other genetic materials. Human genetic resource information refers to information such as data generated by using human genetic resource materials.

(9) Microbial resistance refers to the development of resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs, resulting in the inability of antimicrobial drugs to effectively control microbial infections.

(10) Biological weapons refer to microbial agents, other biological agents, and biological toxins produced by any source or any method that are not legitimately required for prevention, protection or other peaceful purposes; Biological toxins are used in weapons, equipment or delivery vehicles designed for hostile purposes or armed conflicts.

(11) Bioterrorism refers to the deliberate use of pathogenic microorganisms, biological toxins, etc. to carry out attacks, damage human or animal and plant health, cause social panic, and attempt to achieve specific political goals.

Article 86: If biosafety information is a state secret, it shall be managed in accordance with the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Keeping State Secrets” and other relevant state secrets regulations.

Article 87: The biosecurity activities of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army and the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force shall be separately prescribed by the Central Military Commission in accordance with the principles stipulated in this law.

Article 88: This law shall come into force on April 15, 2021.

Mandarin Chinese:

新華社北京10月17日電

中華人民共和國生物安全法
（2020年10月17日第十三屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第二十二次會議通過）

第一章　總則

第二章　生物安全風險防控體制

第三章　防控重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情

第四章　生物技術研究、開發與應用安全

第五章　病原微生物實驗室生物安全

第六章　人類遺傳資源與生物資源安全

第七章　防範生物恐怖與生物武器威脅

第八章　生物安全能力建設

第九章　法律責任

第十章　附則

第一章　總則

第一條　為了維護國家安全，防範和應對生物安全風險，保障人民生命健康，保護生物資源和生態環境，促進生物技術健康發展，推動構建人類命運共同體，實現人與自然和諧共生，制定本法。

第二條本法所稱生物安全，是指國家有效防範和應對危險生物因子及相關因素威脅，生物技術能夠穩定健康發展，人民生命健康和生態系統相對處於沒有危險和不受威脅的狀態，生物領域具備維護國家安全和持續發展的能力。

從事下列活動，適用本法：

（一）防控重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情；

（二）生物技術研究、開發與應用；

（三）病原微生物實驗室生物安全管理；

（四）人類遺傳資源與生物資源安全管理；

（五）防範外來物種入侵與保護生物多樣性；

（六）應對微生物耐藥；

（七）防範生物恐怖襲擊與防禦生物武器威脅；

（八）其他與生物安全相關的活動。

第三條　生物安全是國家安全的重要組成部分。維護生物安全應當貫徹總體國家安全觀，統籌發展和安全，堅持以人為本、風險預防、分類管理、協同配合的原則。

第四條　堅持中國共產黨對國家生物安全工作的領導，建立健全國家生物安全領導體制，加強國家生物安全風險防控和治理體系建設，提高國家生物安全治理能力。

第五條　國家鼓勵生物科技創新，加強生物安全基礎設施和生物科技人才隊伍建設，支持生物產業發展，以創新驅動提升生物科技水平，增強生物安全保障能力。

第六條國家加強生物安全領域的國際合作，履行中華人民共和國締結或者參加的國際條約規定的義務，支持參與生物科技交流合作與生物安全事件國際救援，積極參與生物安全國際規則的研究與製定，推動完善全球生物安全治理。

第七條各級人民政府及其有關部門應當加強生物安全法律法規和生物安全知識宣傳普及工作，引導基層群眾性自治組織、社會組織開展生物安全法律法規和生物安全知識宣傳，促進全社會生物安全意識的提升。

相關科研院校、醫療機構以及其他企業事業單位應當將生物安全法律法規和生物安全知識納入教育培訓內容，加強學生、從業人員生物安全意識和倫理意識的培養。

新聞媒體應當開展生物安全法律法規和生物安全知識公益宣傳，對生物安全違法行為進行輿論監督，增強公眾維護生物安全的社會責任意識。

第八條　任何單位和個人不得危害生物安全。

任何單位和個人有權舉報危害生物安全的行為；接到舉報的部門應當及時依法處理。

第九條　對在生物安全工作中做出突出貢獻的單位和個人，縣級以上人民政府及其有關部門按照國家規定予以表彰和獎勵。

第二章　生物安全風險防控體制

第十條中央國家安全領導機構負責國家生物安全工作的決策和議事協調，研究制定、指導實施國家生物安全戰略和有關重大方針政策，統籌協調國家生物安全的重大事項和重要工作，建立國家生物安全工作協調機制。

省、自治區、直轄市建立生物安全工作協調機制，組織協調、督促推進本行政區域內生物安全相關工作。

第十一條　國家生物安全工作協調機制由國務院衛生健康、農業農村、科學技術、外交等主管部門和有關軍事機關組成，分析研判國家生物安全形勢，組織協調、督促推進國家生物安全相關工作。國家生物安全工作協調機制設立辦公室，負責協調機制的日常工作。

國家生物安全工作協調機製成員單位和國務院其他有關部門根據職責分工，負責生物安全相關工作。

第十二條　國家生物安全工作協調機制設立專家委員會，為國家生物安全戰略研究、政策制定及實施提供決策諮詢。

國務院有關部門組織建立相關領域、行業的生物安全技術諮詢專家委員會，為生物安全工作提供諮詢、評估、論證等技術支撐。

第十三條　地方各級人民政府對本行政區域內生物安全工作負責。

縣級以上地方人民政府有關部門根據職責分工，負責生物安全相關工作。

基層群眾性自治組織應當協助地方人民政府以及有關部門做好生物安全風險防控、應急處置和宣傳教育等工作。

有關單位和個人應當配合做好生物安全風險防控和應急處置等工作。

第十四條　國家建立生物安全風險監測預警制度。國家生物安全工作協調機制組織建立國家生物安全風險監測預警體系，提高生物安全風險識別和分析能力。

第十五條　國家建立生物安全風險調查評估制度。國家生物安全工作協調機制應當根據風險監測的數據、資料等信息，定期組織開展生物安全風險調查評估。

有下列情形之一的，有關部門應當及時開展生物安全風險調查評估，依法採取必要的風險防控措施：

（一）通過風險監測或者接到舉報發現可能存在生物安全風險；

（二）為確定監督管理的重點領域、重點項目，制定、調整生物安全相關名錄或者清單；

（三）發生重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情等危害生物安全的事件；

（四）需要調查評估的其他情形。

第十六條　國家建立生物安全信息共享制度。國家生物安全工作協調機制組織建立統一的國家生物安全信息平台，有關部門應當將生物安全數據、資料等信息匯交國家生物安全信息平台，實現信息共享。

第十七條　國家建立生物安全信息發布製度。國家生物安全總體情況、重大生物安全風險警示信息、重大生物安全事件及其調查處理信息等重大生物安全信息，由國家生物安全工作協調機製成員單位根據職責分工發布；其他生物安全信息由國務院有關部門和縣級以上地方人民政府及其有關部門根據職責權限發布。

任何單位和個人不得編造、散佈虛假的生物安全信息。

第十八條　國家建立生物安全名錄和清單制度。國務院及其有關部門根據生物安全工作需要，對涉及生物安全的材料、設備、技術、活動、重要生物資源數據、傳染病、動植物疫病、外來入侵物種等製定、公佈名錄或者清單，並動態調整。

第十九條　國家建立生物安全標準制度。國務院標準化主管部門和國務院其他有關部門根據職責分工，制定和完善生物安全領域相關標準。

國家生物安全工作協調機制組織有關部門加強不同領域生物安全標準的協調和銜接，建立和完善生物安全標準體系。

第二十條　國家建立生物安全審查制度。對影響或者可能影響國家安全的生物領域重大事項和活動，由國務院有關部門進行生物安全審查，有效防範和化解生物安全風險。

第二十一條　國家建立統一領導、協同聯動、有序高效的生物安全應急制度。

國務院有關部門應當組織製定相關領域、行業生物安全事件應急預案，根據應急預案和統一部署開展應急演練、應急處置、應急救援和事後恢復等工作。

縣級以上地方人民政府及其有關部門應當制定並組織、指導和督促相關企業事業單位制定生物安全事件應急預案，加強應急準備、人員培訓和應急演練，開展生物安全事件應急處置、應急救援和事後恢復等工作。

中國人民解放軍、中國人民武裝警察部隊按照中央軍事委員會的命令，依法參加生物安全事件應急處置和應急救援工作。

第二十二條　國家建立生物安全事件調查溯源製度。發生重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情和不明原因的生物安全事件，國家生物安全工作協調機制應當組織開展調查溯源，確定事件性質，全面評估事件影響，提出意見建議。

第二十三條　國家建立首次進境或者暫停後恢復進境的動植物、動植物產品、高風險生物因子國家准入制度。

進出境的人員、運輸工具、集裝箱、貨物、物品、包裝物和國際航行船舶壓艙水排放等應當符合我國生物安全管理要求。

海關對發現的進出境和過境生物安全風險，應當依法處置。經評估為生物安全高風險的人員、運輸工具、貨物、物品等，應當從指定的國境口岸進境，並採取嚴格的風險防控措施。

第二十四條　國家建立境外重大生物安全事件應對製度。境外發生重大生物安全事件的，海關依法採取生物安全緊急防控措施，加強證件核驗，提高查驗比例，暫停相關人員、運輸工具、貨物、物品等進境。必要時經國務院同意，可以採取暫時關閉有關口岸、封鎖有關國境等措施。

第二十五條　縣級以上人民政府有關部門應當依法開展生物安全監督檢查工作，被檢查單位和個人應當配合，如實說明情況，提供資料，不得拒絕、阻撓。

涉及專業技術要求較高、執法業務難度較大的監督檢查工作，應當有生物安全專業技術人員參加。

第二十六條　縣級以上人民政府有關部門實施生物安全監督檢查，可以依法採取下列措施：

（一）進入被檢查單位、地點或者涉嫌實施生物安全違法行為的場所進行現場監測、勘查、檢查或者核查；

（二）向有關單位和個人了解情況；

（三）查閱、複製有關文件、資料、檔案、記錄、憑證等；

（四）查封涉嫌實施生物安全違法行為的場所、設施；

（五）扣押涉嫌實施生物安全違法行為的工具、設備以及相關物品；

（六）法律法規規定的其他措施。

有關單位和個人的生物安全違法信息應當依法納入全國信用信息共享平台。

第三章　防控重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情

第二十七條國務院衛生健康、農業農村、林業草原、海關、生態環境主管部門應當建立新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情、進出境檢疫、生物技術環境安全監測網絡，組織監測站點佈局、建設，完善監測信息報告系統，開展主動監測和病原檢測，並納入國家生物安全風險監測預警體系。

第二十八條疾病預防控制機構、動物疫病預防控制機構、植物病蟲害預防控制機構（以下統稱專業機構）應當對傳染病、動植物疫病和列入監測範圍的不明原因疾病開展主動監測，收集、分析、報告監測信息，預測新發突發傳染病、動植物疫病的發生、流行趨勢。

國務院有關部門、縣級以上地方人民政府及其有關部門應當根據預測和職責權限及時發布預警，並採取相應的防控措施。

第二十九條　任何單位和個人發現傳染病、動植物疫病的，應當及時向醫療機構、有關專業機構或者部門報告。

醫療機構、專業機構及其工作人員發現傳染病、動植物疫病或者不明原因的聚集性疾病的，應當及時報告，並採取保護性措施。

依法應當報告的，任何單位和個人不得瞞報、謊報、緩報、漏報，不得授意他人瞞報、謊報、緩報，不得阻礙他人報告。

第三十條　國家建立重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情聯防聯控機制。

發生重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情，應當依照有關法律法規和應急預案的規定及時採取控制措施；國務院衛生健康、農業農村、林業草原主管部門應當立即組織疫情會商研判，將會商研判結論向中央國家安全領導機構和國務院報告，並通報國家生物安全工作協調機制其他成員單位和國務院其他有關部門。

發生重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情，地方各級人民政府統一履行本行政區域內疫情防控職責，加強組織領導，開展群防群控、醫療救治，動員和鼓勵社會力量依法有序參與疫情防控工作。

第三十一條國家加強國境、口岸傳染病和動植物疫情聯合防控能力建設，建立傳染病、動植物疫情防控國際合作網絡，儘早發現、控制重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情。

第三十二條　國家保護野生動物，加強動物防疫，防止動物源性傳染病傳播。

第三十三條　國家加強對抗生素藥物等抗微生物藥物使用和殘留的管理，支持應對微生物耐藥的基礎研究和科技攻關。

縣級以上人民政府衛生健康主管部門應當加強對醫療機構合理用藥的指導和監督，採取措施防止抗微生物藥物的不合理使用。縣級以上人民政府農業農村、林業草原主管部門應當加強對農業生產中合理用藥的指導和監督，採取措施防止抗微生物藥物的不合理使用，降低在農業生產環境中的殘留。

國務院衛生健康、農業農村、林業草原、生態環境等主管部門和藥品監督管理部門應當根據職責分工，評估抗微生物藥物殘留對人體健康、環境的危害，建立抗微生物藥物污染物指標評價體系。

第四章　生物技術研究、開發與應用安全

第三十四條國家加強對生物技術研究、開發與應用活動的安全管理，禁止從事危及公眾健康、損害生物資源、破壞生態系統和生物多樣性等危害生物安全的生物技術研究、開發與應用活動。

從事生物技術研究、開

發與應用活動。

從事生物技術研究、開發與應用活動，應當符合倫理原則。

第三十五條從事生物技術研究、開發與應用活動的單位應當對本單位生物技術研究、開發與應用的安全負責，採取生物安全風險防控措施，制定生物安全培訓、跟踪檢查、定期報告等工作制度，強化過程管理。

第三十六條　國家對生物技術研究、開發活動實行分類管理。根據對公眾健康、工業農業、生態環境等造成危害的風險程度，將生物技術研究、開發活動分為高風險、中風險、低風險三類。

生物技術研究、開發活動風險分類標準及名錄由國務院科學技術、衛生健康、農業農村等主管部門根據職責分工，會同國務院其他有關部門製定、調整併公佈。

第三十七條　從事生物技術研究、開發活動，應當遵守國家生物技術研究開發安全管理規範。

從事生物技術研究、開發活動，應當進行風險類別判斷，密切關注風險變化，及時採取應對措施。

第三十八條　從事高風險、中風險生物技術研究、開發活動，應當由在我國境內依法成立的法人組織進行，並依法取得批准或者進行備案。

從事高風險、中風險生物技術研究、開發活動，應當進行風險評估，制定風險防控計劃和生物安全事件應急預案，降低研究、開發活動實施的風險。

第三十九條　國家對涉及生物安全的重要設備和特殊生物因子實行追溯管理。購買或者引進列入管控清單的重要設備和特殊生物因子，應當進行登記，確保可追溯，並報國務院有關部門備案。

個人不得購買或者持有列入管控清單的重要設備和特殊生物因子。

第四十條　從事生物醫學新技術臨床研究，應當通過倫理審查，並在具備相應條件的醫療機構內進行；進行人體臨床研究操作的，應當由符合相應條件的衛生專業技術人員執行。

第四十一條　國務院有關部門依法對生物技術應用活動進行跟踪評估，發現存在生物安全風險的，應當及時採取有效補救和管控措施。

第五章　病原微生物實驗室生物安全

第四十二條　國家加強對病原微生物實驗室生物安全的管理，制定統一的實驗室生物安全標準。病原微生物實驗室應當符合生物安全國家標準和要求。

從事病原微生物實驗活動，應當嚴格遵守有關國家標準和實驗室技術規範、操作規程，採取安全防範措施。

第四十三條　國家根據病原微生物的傳染性、感染後對人和動物的個體或者群體的危害程度，對病原微生物實行分類管理。

從事高致病性或者疑似高致病性病原微生物樣本採集、保藏、運輸活動，應當具備相應條件，符合生物安全管理規範。具體辦法由國務院衛生健康、農業農村主管部門製定。

第四十四條　設立病原微生物實驗室，應當依法取得批准或者進行備案。

個人不得設立病原微生物實驗室或者從事病原微生物實驗活動。

第四十五條　國家根據對病原微生物的生物安全防護水平，對病原微生物實驗室實行分等級管理。

從事病原微生物實驗活動應當在相應等級的實驗室進行。低等級病原微生物實驗室不得從事國家病原微生物目錄規定應當在高等級病原微生物實驗室進行的病原微生物實驗活動。

第四十六條高等級病原微生物實驗室從事高致病性或者疑似高致病性病原微生物實驗活動，應當經省級以上人民政府衛生健康或者農業農村主管部門批准，並將實驗活動情況向批准部門報告。

對我國尚未發現或者已經宣布消滅的病原微生物，未經批准不得從事相關實驗活動。

第四十七條　病原微生物實驗室應當採取措施，加強對實驗動物的管理，防止實驗動物逃逸，對使用後的實驗動物按照國家規定進行無害化處理，實現實驗動物可追溯。禁止將使用後的實驗動物流入市場。

病原微生物實驗室應當加強對實驗活動廢棄物的管理，依法對廢水、廢氣以及其他廢棄物進行處置，採取措施防止污染。

第四十八條病原微生物實驗室的設立單位負責實驗室的生物安全管理，制定科學、嚴格的管理制度，定期對有關生物安全規定的落實情況進行檢查，對實驗室設施、設備、材料等進行檢查、維護和更新，確保其符合國家標準。

病原微生物實驗室設立單位的法定代表人和實驗室負責人對實驗室的生物安全負責。

第四十九條　病原微生物實驗室的設立單位應當建立和完善安全保衛制度，採取安全保衛措施，保障實驗室及其病原微生物的安全。

國家加強對高等級病原微生物實驗室的安全保衛。高等級病原微生物實驗室應當接受公安機關等部門有關實驗室安全保衛工作的監督指導，嚴防高致病性病原微生物洩漏、丟失和被盜、被搶。

國家建立高等級病原微生物實驗室人員進入審核制度。進入高等級病原微生物實驗室的人員應當經實驗室負責人批准。對可能影響實驗室生物安全的，不予批准；對批准進入的，應當採取安全保障措施。

第五十條　病原微生物實驗室的設立單位應當制定生物安全事件應急預案，定期組織開展人員培訓和應急演練。發生高致病性病原微生物洩漏、丟失和被盜、被搶或者其他生物安全風險的，應當按照應急預案的規定及時採取控制措施，並按照國家規定報告。

第五十一條　病原微生物實驗室所在地省級人民政府及其衛生健康主管部門應當加強實驗室所在地感染性疾病醫療資源配置，提高感染性疾病醫療救治能力。

第五十二條　企業對涉及病原微生物操作的生產車間的生物安全管理，依照有關病原微生物實驗室的規定和其他生物安全管理規范進行。

涉及生物毒素、植物有害生物及其他生物因子操作的生物安全實驗室的建設和管理，參照有關病原微生物實驗室的規定執行。

第六章　人類遺傳資源與生物資源安全

第五十三條　國家加強對我國人類遺傳資源和生物資源採集、保藏、利用、對外提供等活動的管理和監督，保障人類遺傳資源和生物資源安全。

國家對我國人類遺傳資源和生物資源享有主權。

第五十四條　國家開展人類遺傳資源和生物資源調查。

國務院科學技術主管部門組織開展我國人類遺傳資源調查，制定重要遺傳家系和特定地區人類遺傳資源申報登記辦法。

國務院科學技術、自然資源、生態環境、衛生健康、農業農村、林業草原、中醫藥主管部門根據職責分工，組織開展生物資源調查，制定重要生物資源申報登記辦法。

第五十五條　採集、保藏、利用、對外提供我國人類遺傳資源，應當符合倫理原則，不得危害公眾健康、國家安全和社會公共利益。

第五十六條　從事下列活動，應當經國務院科學技術主管部門批准：

（一）採集我國重要遺傳家系、特定地區人類遺傳資源或者採集國務院科學技術主管部門規定的種類、數量的人類遺傳資源；

（二）保藏我國人類遺傳資源；

（三）利用我國人類遺傳資源開展國際科學研究合作；

（四）將我國人類遺傳資源材料運送、郵寄、攜帶出境。

前款規定不包括以臨床診療、採供血服務、查處違法犯罪、興奮劑檢測和殯葬等為目的採集、保藏人類遺傳資源及開展的相關活動。

為了取得相關藥品和醫療器械在我國上市許可，在臨床試驗機構利用我國人類遺傳資源開展國際合作臨床試驗、不涉及人類遺傳資源出境的，不需要批准；但是，在開展臨床試驗前應當將擬使用的人類遺傳資源種類、數量及用途向國務院科學技術主管部門備案。

境外組織、個人及其設立或者實際控制的機構不得在我國境內採集、保藏我國人類遺傳資源，不得向境外提供我國人類遺傳資源。

第五十七條　將我國人類遺傳資源信息向境外組織、個人及其設立或者實際控制的機構提供或者開放使用的，應當向國務院科學技術主管部門事先報告並提交信息備份。

第五十八條　採集、保藏、利用、運輸出境我國珍貴、瀕危、特有物種及其可用於再生或者繁殖傳代的個體、器官、組織、細胞、基因等遺傳資源，應當遵守有關法律法規。

境外組織、個人及其設立或者實際控制的機構獲取和利用我國生物資源，應當依法取得批准。

第五十九條　利用我國生物資源開展國際科學研究合作，應當依法取得批准。

利用我國人類遺傳資源和生物資源開展國際科學研究合作，應當保證中方單位及其研究人員全過程、實質性地參與研究，依法分享相關權益。

第六十條　國家加強對外來物種入侵的防範和應對，保護生物多樣性。國務院農業農村主管部門會同國務院其他有關部門製定外來入侵物種名錄和管理辦法。

國務院有關部門根據職責分工，加強對外來入侵物種的調查、監測、預警、控制、評估、清除以及生態修復等工作。

任何單位和個人未經批准，不得擅自引進、釋放或者丟棄外來物種。

第七章　防範生物恐怖與生物武器威脅

第六十一條　國家採取一切必要措施防範生物恐怖與生物武器威脅。

禁止開發、製造或者以其他方式獲取、儲存、持有和使用生物武器。

禁止以任何方式唆使、資助、協助他人開發、製造或者以其他方式獲取生物武器。

第六十二條國務院有關部門製定、修改、公佈可被用於生物恐怖活動、製造生物武器的生物體、生物毒素、設備或者技術清單，加強監管，防止其被用於製造生物武器或者恐怖目的。

第六十三條國務院有關部門和有關軍事機關根據職責分工，加強對可被用於生物恐怖活動、製造生物武器的生物體、生物毒素、設備或者技術進出境、進出口、獲取、製造、轉移和投放等活動的監測、調查，採取必要的防範和處置措施。

第六十四條　國務院有關部門、省級人民政府及其有關部門負責組織遭受生物恐怖襲擊、生物武器攻擊後的人員救治與安置、環境消毒、生態修復、安全監測和社會秩序恢復等工作。

國務院有關部門、省級人民政府及其有關部門應當有效引導社會輿論科學、準確報導生物恐怖襲擊和生物武器攻擊事件，及時發布疏散、轉移和緊急避難等信息，對應急處置與恢復過程中遭受污染的區域和人員進行長期環境監測和健康監測。

第六十五條　國家組織開展對我國境內戰爭遺留生物武器及其危害結果、潛在影響的調查。

國家組織建設存放和處理戰爭遺留生物武器設施，保障對戰爭遺留生物武器的安全處置。

第八章　生物安全能力建設

第六十六條　國家製定生物安全事業發展規劃，加強生物安全能力建設，提高應對生物安全事件的能力和水平。

縣級以上人民政府應當支持生物安全事業發展，按照事權劃分，將支持下列生物安全事業發展的相關支出列入政府預算：

（一）監測網絡的構建和運行；

（二）應急處置和防控物資的儲備；

（三）關鍵基礎設施的建設和運行；

（四）關鍵技術和產品的研究、開發；

（五）人類遺傳資源和生物資源的調查、保藏；

（六）法律法規規定的其他重要生物安全事業。

第六十七條國家採取措施支持生物安全科技研究，加強生物安全風險防禦與管控技術研究，整合優勢力量和資源，建立多學科、多部門協同創新的聯合攻關機制，推動生物安全核心關鍵技術和重大防禦產品的成果產出與轉化應用，提高生物安全的科技保障能力。

第六十八條　國家統籌佈局全國生物安全基礎設施建設。國務院有關部門根據職責分工，加快建設生物信息、人類遺傳資源保藏、菌（毒）種保藏、動植物遺傳資源保藏、高等級病原微生物實驗室等方面的生物安全國家戰略資源平台，建立共享利用機制，為生物安全科技創新提供戰略保障和支撐。

第六十九條　國務院有關部門根據職責分工，加強生物基礎科學研究人才和生物領域專業技術人才培養，推動生物基礎科學學科建設和科學研究。

國家生物安全基礎設施重要崗位的從業人員應當具備符合要求的資格，相關信息應當向國務院有關部門備案，並接受崗位培訓。

第七十條　國家加強重大新發突發傳染病、動植物疫情等生物安全風險防控的物資儲備。

國家加強生物安全應急藥品、裝備等物資的研究、開發和技術儲備。國務院有關部門根據職責分工，落實生物安全應急藥品、裝備等物資研究、開發和技術儲備的相關措施。

國務院有關部門和縣級以上地方人民政府及其有關部門應當保障生物安全事件應急處置所需的醫療救護設備、救治藥品、醫療器械等物資的生產、供應和調配；交通運輸主管部門應當及時組織協調運輸經營單位優先運送。

第七十一條　國家對從事高致病性病原微生物實驗活動、生物安全事件現場處置等高風險生物安全工作的人員，提供有效的防護措施和醫療保障。

第九章　法律責任

第七十二條　違反本法規定，履行生物安全管理職責的工作人員在生物安全工作中濫用職權、玩忽職守、徇私舞弊或者有其他違法行為的，依法給予處分。

第七十三條違反本法規定，醫療機構、專業機構或者其工作人員瞞報、謊報、緩報、漏報，授意他人瞞報、謊報、緩報，或者阻礙他人報告傳染病、動植物疫病或者不明原因的聚集性疾病的，由縣級以上人民

，依法給予處分，並可以依法暫停一定期限的執業活動直至吊銷相關執業證書。

違反本法規定，編造、散佈虛假的生物安全信息，構成違反治安管理行為的，由公安機關依法給予治安管理處罰。

第七十四條違反本法規定，從事國家禁止的生物技術研究、開發與應用活動的，由縣級以上人民政府衛生健康、科學技術、農業農村主管部門根據職責分工，責令停止違法行為，沒收違法所得、技術資料和用於違法行為的工具、設備、原材料等物品，處一百萬元以上一千萬元以下的罰款，違法所得在一百萬元以上的，處違法所得十倍以上二十倍以下的罰款，並可以依法禁止一定期限內從事相應的生物技術研究、開發與應用活動，吊銷相關許可證件；對法定代表人、主要負責人、直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員，依法給予處分，處十萬元以上二十萬元以下的罰款，十年直至終身禁止從事相應的生物技術研究、開發與應用活動，依法吊銷相關執業證書。

第七十五條違反本法規定，從事生物技術研究、開發活動未遵守國家生物技術研究開發安全管理規範的，由縣級以上人民政府有關部門根據職責分工，責令改正，給予警告，可以並處二萬元以上二十萬元以下的罰款；拒不改正或者造成嚴重後果的，責令停止研究、開發活動，並處二十萬元以上二百萬元以下的罰款。

第七十六條違反本法規定，從事病原微生物實驗活動未在相應等級的實驗室進行，或者高等級病原微生物實驗室未經批准從事高致病性、疑似高致病性病原微生物實驗活動的，由縣級以上地方人民政府衛生健康、農業農村主管部門根據職責分工，責令停止違法行為，監督其將用於實驗活動的病原微生物銷毀或者送交保藏機構，給予警告；造成傳染病傳播、流行或者其他嚴重後果的，對法定代表人、主要負責人、直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員依法給予撤職、開除處分。

第七十七條違反本法規定，將使用後的實驗動物流入市場的，由縣級以上人民政府科學技術主管部門責令改正，沒收違法所得，並處二十萬元以上一百萬元以下的罰款，違法所得在二十萬元以上的，並處違法所得五倍以上十倍以下的罰款；情節嚴重的，由發證部門吊銷相關許可證件。

第七十八條違反本法規定，有下列行為之一的，由縣級以上人民政府有關部門根據職責分工，責令改正，沒收違法所得，給予警告，可以並處十萬元以上一百萬元以下的罰款：

（一）購買或者引進列入管控清單的重要設備、特殊生物因子未進行登記，或者未報國務院有關部門備案；

（二）個人購買或者持有列入管控清單的重要設備或者特殊生物因子；

（三）個人設立病原微生物實驗室或者從事病原微生物實驗活動；

（四）未經實驗室負責人批准進入高等級病原微生物實驗室。

第七十九條違反本法規定，未經批准，採集、保藏我國人類遺傳資源或者利用我國人類遺傳資源開展國際科學研究合作的，由國務院科學技術主管部門責令停止違法行為，沒收違法所得和違法採集、保藏的人類遺傳資源，並處五十萬元以上五百萬元以下的罰款，違法所得在一百萬元以上的，並處違法所得五倍以上十倍以下的罰款；情節嚴重的，對法定代表人、主要負責人、直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員，依法給予處分，五年內禁止從事相應活動。

第八十條違反本法規定，境外組織、個人及其設立或者實際控制的機構在我國境內採集、保藏我國人類遺傳資源，或者向境外提供我國人類遺傳資源的，由國務院科學技術主管部門責令停止違法行為，沒收違法所得和違法採集、保藏的人類遺傳資源，並處一百萬元以上一千萬元以下的罰款；違法所得在一百萬元以上的，並處違法所得十倍以上二十倍以下的罰款。

第八十一條違反本法規定，未經批准，擅自引進外來物種的，由縣級以上人民政府有關部門根據職責分工，沒收引進的外來物種，並處五萬元以上二十五萬元以下的罰款。

違反本法規定，未經批准，擅自釋放或者丟棄外來物種的，由縣級以上人民政府有關部門根據職責分工，責令限期捕回、找回釋放或者丟棄的外來物種，處一萬元以上五萬元以下的罰款。

第八十二條　違反本法規定，構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任；造成人身、財產或者其他損害的，依法承擔民事責任。

第八十三條　違反本法規定的生物安全違法行為，本法未規定法律責任，其他有關法律、行政法規有規定的，依照其規定。

第八十四條　境外組織或者個人通過運輸、郵寄、攜帶危險生物因子入境或者以其他方式危害我國生物安全的，依法追究法律責任，並可以採取其他必要措施。

第十章　附則

第八十五條　本法下列術語的含義：

（一）生物因子，是指動物、植物、微生物、生物毒素及其他生物活性物質。

（二）重大新發突發傳染病，是指我國境內首次出現或者已經宣布消滅再次發生，或者突然發生，造成或者可能造成公眾健康和生命安全嚴重損害，引起社會恐慌，影響社會穩定的傳染病。

（三）重大新發突發動物疫情，是指我國境內首次發生或者已經宣布消滅的動物疫病再次發生，或者發病率、死亡率較高的潛伏動物疫病突然發生並迅速傳播，給養殖業生產安全造成嚴重威脅、危害，以及可能對公眾健康和生命安全造成危害的情形。

（四）重大新發突發植物疫情，是指我國境內首次發生或者已經宣布消滅的嚴重危害植物的真菌、細菌、病毒、昆蟲、線蟲、雜草、害鼠、軟體動物等再次引發病蟲害，或者本地有害生物突然大範圍發生並迅速傳播，對農作物、林木等植物造成嚴重危害的情形。

（五）生物技術研究、開發與應用，是指通過科學和工程原理認識、改造、合成、利用生物而從事的科學研究、技術開發與應用等活動。

（六）病原微生物，是指可以侵犯人、動物引起感染甚至傳染病的微生物，包括病毒、細菌、真菌、立克次體、寄生蟲等。

（七）植物有害生物，是指能夠對農作物、林木等植物造成危害的真菌、細菌、病毒、昆蟲、線蟲、雜草、害鼠、軟體動物等生物。

（八）人類遺傳資源，包括人類遺傳資源材料和人類遺傳資源信息。人類遺傳資源材料是指含有人體基因組、基因等遺傳物質的器官、組織、細胞等遺傳材料。人類遺傳資源信息是指利用人類遺傳資源材料產生的數據等信息資料。

（九）微生物耐藥，是指微生物對抗微生物藥物產生抗性，導致抗微生物藥物不能有效控制微生物的感染。

（十）生物武器，是指類型和數量不屬於預防、保護或者其他和平用途所正當需要的、任何來源或者任何方法產生的微生物劑、其他生物劑以及生物毒素；也包括為將上述生物劑、生物毒素使用於敵對目的或者武裝衝突而設計的武器、設備或者運載工具。

（十一）生物恐怖，是指故意使用致病性微生物、生物毒素等實施襲擊，損害人類或者動植物健康，引起社會恐慌，企圖達到特定政治目的的行為。

第八十六條　生物安全信息屬於國家秘密的，應當依照《中華人民共和國保守國家秘密法》和國家其他有關保密規定實施保密管理。

第八十七條　中國人民解放軍、中國人民武裝警察部隊的生物安全活動，由中央軍事委員會依照本法規定的原則另行規定。

第八十八條　本法自2021年4月15日起施行。

Official Referring url: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-10/18/content_5552108.htm

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中國軍事生物安全：國防戰略制高點

03/10/2021 admin Leave a comment

Chinese Military Bio-Defense : Achieve the Commanding Heights of Military Dominance

Original title: Biosecurity: the commanding heights of national defense strategy
The frequent occurrence of serious “biological incidents” worldwide has enabled national defense to break through the boundaries of land, sea, air, space, and electricity, and expand into the category of “biological territory.” “Biological territory” is the range of biological security protection and biological threat defense capabilities that a country should have in order to protect life resources and related rights and interests. The security of “biological territory” is closely related to the core national interests and is an important part of national security. It is increasingly being valued by governments of various countries. Many countries have incorporated biosecurity into their national strategies as the commanding heights of the game between national defense and military affairs. As our country is undergoing a transitional period of economic development and a period of prominent social contradictions, it is more necessary to deeply understand the global biosafety situation from the strategic height of national security, fully learn from advanced biosafety management experience, build a new type of biological threat defense system, and ensure the realization of the goal of a prosperous country and a strong military. convoy.

The global biosecurity situation is severe, and my country is facing serious biological threats

With the increasing complexity of the international situation, biosafety issues caused by geo-environment and interest disputes have become more prominent. To maintain national security and social stability, it is necessary to firmly establish the awareness of “biological territory” and earnestly recognize the biological threats facing.

The global biosecurity situation is very severe. The global biosecurity situation presents the characteristics of affecting internationalization, extreme hazards, and complicated development. The United Nations “Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons” is difficult to implement. The research and development of biological weapons has been repeatedly banned, and the threat of biological warfare still exists; pathogens are infected across species and spread across regions, resulting in the continuous emergence of new and emerging infectious diseases; caused by natural disasters and human factors Public health emergencies emerge in an endless stream; environmental pollution, invasion of alien species, etc. have caused serious damage to the ecological environment, and the loss of genetic resources has occurred from time to time. These have become major biosafety issues that all countries in the world are facing.

The characteristics of new biological threats have changed significantly. Affected by factors such as the ongoing international political struggle, high-tech weapons and equipment, and deliberate man-made actions, the characteristics of new biological threats have changed significantly. In the future, the main manifestation of biological threats may be sudden human, animal, and plant epidemics, which are difficult to distinguish from naturally occurring infectious disease epidemics or public health emergencies; pathogens may tend to be low-fatality, high-pathogenicity, easy to spread, and difficult. The characteristics of retrospective; the means of implementation may be the synthesis and release of new pathogens to create a suspicious epidemic; the scope of harm not only points to life and health, but also focuses on threatening society and the government to achieve political, economic, and military goals.

The types of biosecurity threats in our country have increased. As a rapidly developing emerging economy in the world today, my country is at the center of the world’s complex structure, the vortex of the game of great powers, and faces many biological threats. The risk of some countries or organizations using pathogens to implement biological threats continues to increase, becoming a major challenge to national security. Major new outbreaks of infectious diseases, food-borne diseases, and increased animal diseases have seriously endangered people’s health. Genomics, synthetic biotechnology applications, and biological laboratory leak accidents, there are potential risks. The invasion of alien species has accelerated the rate of species extinction, the loss of genetic diversity, and the increasing trend of environmental damage. According to the People’s Daily on October 25, 2013, almost all ecosystems in my country have been invaded, and 544 alien invasive organisms have been confirmed, of which more than 100 occur in large areas and are seriously harmful.

The status of biosafety is important, and my country’s ability to defend against biological threats urgently needs to be strengthened

my country needs to strengthen the awareness of “biological defense”, learn from international advanced biosafety management experience, and make up for the lack of biological threat defense capabilities as soon as possible.

Biosecurity is an important guarantee for the country’s core interests. If a country has a biosafety problem, it will seriously affect people’s health, economic operations, social order, national security, and political stability. For example, in the 2001 anthrax incident in the United States, although there were only 22 patients and 5 deaths, more than 30,000 people received preventive treatment alone, and the economic loss caused cannot be estimated. The First World War was caused by an outbreak of infectious diseases, which had an important impact on the outcome of the war between the two warring parties. Therefore, doing a good job in the defense of biological threats involves core interests such as national security and must be strengthened.

Biosecurity is an important pillar of national strategic goals. Many countries have incorporated biosecurity into their national security strategies, established a biodefense system based on military-related institutions, and actively seized the strategic commanding heights from the perspective of national defense and military affairs. The United States has successively formulated and promulgated the Biological Shield Plan, Biological Monitoring Plan and Biological Sensing Plan, and deployed a series of projects with obvious national defense and military intentions around these three plans, playing an important role in biological counter-terrorism and epidemic management; Germany Defining infectious diseases as a national security threat; Britain, Australia and other countries have also incorporated security and defense departments into their public health systems. These are enough to prove the important position of biosafety in national strategic deployment.

my country’s biological threat defense capability needs to be strengthened urgently. Our party and government pay close attention to the issue of biosafety, and propose to accelerate the development of biosafety technology, build an advanced national security and public safety system, and effectively prevent biological threats to people’s lives and the ecological environment. At present, my country has gradually established scientific and technological support platforms such as the State Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism Biosafety, the National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Bioprotective Equipment, and has incorporated military disease prevention and control institutions into the construction of the national public health system, and has established a preliminary biological threat defense. The system plays an important role in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases such as atypical pneumonia and highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza. However, compared with the advanced biosafety management experience of developed countries, my country still has many weak links in the areas of biological threat monitoring and early warning, emergency response and scientific and technological support. It is urgently needed from strategic planning research, organizational management system, scientific and technological research, and publicity. Strengthen construction in areas such as education and training.

Biosecurity involves a wide range of areas, and there is an urgent need to build a new type of biological threat defense system

There are many departments involved in biosecurity in my country, and it is urgent to take deepening reform as an opportunity to strengthen the national will, formulate strategic plans, and build a new type of biological threat defense system featuring unified command, complementary military and local forces, coordination of departments, and participation of the whole people.

Establish an authoritative and efficient biological threat defense organization and management system. Break up the fragmented biosafety management pattern, establish authoritative biosafety management institutions at all levels of government, and implement unified leadership, coordination and command. Strengthen the special status and important role of the military in national biological threat defense, give full play to the obvious advantages of the military’s high concentration and unity, strong scientific and technological strength, and quick emergency response. With the relevant professional forces of the military as the main body, build a united connection between peacetime and warfare. Integrate the development of the national biological threat defense system and emergency response network, establish a joint military-civilian consultation and judgment mechanism, and a multi-department joint handling division and coordination mechanism, and strengthen the construction of corresponding laws and regulations.

Establish a scientific and technological support system for defense against biological threats that are complementary to the military and the ground. In accordance with the principle of “military and local alliances and complementary advantages,” we will build a scientific and technological support system for biological threat defense, and make up for deficiencies on the basis of understanding the current status of my country’s biological threat defense capability system to improve the overall level. In view of the global biosecurity situation and the biological threats that my country may face in the future, systematically demonstrate the scientific and technological needs of biological threat defense, forward-looking deployment of major national and military biological threat defense projects, focusing on monitoring and early warning, emergency response, basic research, etc. to increase technology Support efforts and strengthen countermeasure research in the safety management and control of dual-use biological products.

Establish a multi-layered biological threat defense education and training system. Incorporate biosafety knowledge into the national defense education system, establish an education and training system with military medical scientific research and military disease prevention and control institutions as the backbone, and rely on corresponding national institutions to carry out biosafety publicity and education through various forms, so that governments at all levels, All sectors of society fully understand the importance of biosafety. The military must always play its role as an “outpost”, keep track of global biosecurity trends, focus on anti-biological warfare and anti-biological terrorism, in-depth study and judgment of the ever-changing biological threats facing our country, and resolutely defend the country’s “biological territory” “Safety.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

原標題：生物安全：國防戰略制高點
世界範圍內頻發的嚴重“生物事件”，使得國防已經突破陸、海、空、天、電的疆界，拓展至“生物疆域”範疇。 “生物疆域”是一個國家為了保護生命資源以及與之相關的權益空間，應該具備的生物安全保護和生物威脅防禦實力的範圍。 “生物疆域”安全與國家核心利益密切相關，是國家安全的重要組成部分，越來越受到各國政府的高度重視，許多國家把生物安全納入國家戰略，作為國防和軍事博弈的製高點。我國正值經濟發展轉型期和社會矛盾凸顯期，更需從國家安全的戰略高度深刻認識全球生物安全形勢，充分借鑒先進生物安全管理經驗，構建新型生物威脅防禦體系，為實現富國強軍目標保駕護航。

一、全球生物安全形勢嚴峻，我國面臨嚴重生物威脅

隨著國際形勢日趨複雜，由地緣環境、利益爭端等引發的生物安全問題愈加突出。維護國家安全和社會穩定，需要牢固樹立“生物疆域”意識，切實認清面臨的生物威脅。

全球生物安全形勢非常嚴峻。全球生物安全形勢呈現影響國際化、危害極端化、發展複雜化的特點。聯合國《禁止生物武器公約》有令難行，生物武器研發屢禁不止，生物戰的威脅仍然存在；病原體跨物種感染、跨地域傳播，造成新發突發傳染病不斷出現；由自然災害、人為因素造成的突發公共衛生事件層出不窮；環境污染、外來物種入侵等造成嚴重生態環境破壞，基因資源流失現象時有發生。這些均成為世界各國共同面對的重大生物安全問題。

新型生物威脅特點明顯變化。受國際政治鬥爭持續進行、武器裝備高新技術化、人為故意行動等因素的影響，新型生物威脅的特點發生明顯變化。未來生物威脅主要表現形式可能是突發的人或動、植物疫情，與自然發生的傳染病疫情或突發公共衛生事件很難分清；病原體可能趨於低致死、高致病、易傳播、難追溯的特性；實施手段可能是合成和施放新病原體製造可疑疫情等；危害範圍不僅指向生命健康，而且重在威脅社會和政府，以達成政治、經濟、軍事目的。

我國生物安全威脅種類增多。我國作為當今世界快速發展的新興經濟體，處於世界複雜格局的中心、大國博弈的漩渦，面臨多種生物威脅。一些國家或組織利用病原體實施生物威脅的風險不斷增加，成為國家安全面臨的重大挑戰。重大新發突發傳染病疫情、食源性疾病、動物疫病增加等問題，嚴重危害人民健康。基因組學、合成生物技術應用，以及生物實驗室洩漏事故，存在著潛在風險。外來物種入侵造成物種滅絕速度加快、遺傳多樣性喪失、生態環境破壞趨勢不斷加劇。據2013年10月25日《人民日報》消息，我國幾乎所有生態系統均遭入侵，已確認544種外來入侵生物，其中大面積發生、危害嚴重的達100多種。

二、生物安全地位重要，我國生物威脅防禦能力急需加強

我國需要強化“生物國防”意識，借鑒國際先進的生物安全管理經驗，盡快彌補生物威脅防禦能力的不足。

生物安全是國家核心利益的重要保證。一個國家如果出現生物安全問題，將會嚴重影響到民眾健康、經濟運行、社會秩序、國家安全和政局穩定。例如，2001年美國炭疽事件，雖然只有22例患者、5例死亡，但僅接受預防性治療的就達3萬多人，對經濟造成的損失無法估計。第一次世界大戰曾因傳染病暴發流行，對交戰雙方的戰爭勝負產生了重要影響。因此，做好生物威脅防禦工作，涉及國家安全等核心利益，必須加強。

生物安全是國家戰略目標的重要支柱。許多國家把生物安全納入國家安全戰略，建立以軍隊相關機構為主的生物防禦體系，並從國防和軍事角度積極搶占戰略制高點。美國先後製訂頒布了生物盾牌計劃、生物監測計劃和生物傳感計劃，並圍繞這三個計劃部署了一系列明顯具有國防和軍事意圖的項目任務，在生物反恐和疫情處置中發揮重要作用；德國將傳染病定性為國家安全威脅；英國、澳大利亞等國也分別把安全、國防等部門納入公共衛生體系。這些足以證明生物安全在國家戰略部署中的重要地位。

我國生物威脅防禦能力建設急需加強。我們黨和政府密切關註生物安全問題，提出要加快發展生物安全技術，構建先進國家安全和公共安全體系，有效防範對人民生活和生態環境的生物威脅。目前，我國逐步建立了病原微生物生物安全國家重點實驗室、國家生物防護裝備工程技術研究中心等科技支撐平台，並把軍隊疾病預防控制機構納入國家公共衛生體系建設，已經構建了初步的生物威脅防禦體系，在非典型肺炎、高致病性H5N1禽流感等重大傳染病疫情防控中發揮重要作用。然而，與發達國家先進的生物安全管理經驗相比，我國在生物威脅監測預警、應急處置和科技支撐等方面仍然存在不少薄弱環節，急需從戰略規劃研究、組織管理體制、科學技術研究、宣傳教育培訓等方面加強建設。

三、生物安全涉及面廣，急需構建新型生物威脅防禦體系

我國生物安全涉及部門較多，急需以深化改革為契機，強化國家意志，制訂戰略規劃，構建統一指揮、軍地互補、部門協同、全民參與的新型生物威脅防禦體系。

建立權威高效的生物威脅防禦組織管理體系。打通條塊分割的生物安全管理格局，在各級政府建立權威的生物安全管理機構，實施統一領導、協調和指揮。強化軍隊在國家生物威脅防禦中的特殊地位和重要作用，發揮軍隊高度集中統一、科技實力較強、應急反應較快的明顯優勢，以軍隊相關專業力量為主體，構建平戰一體銜接、軍地融合發展的國家生物威脅防禦體系和應急反應網絡，建立軍地聯席的會商研判機制，以及多部門聯合處置的分工協調機制，同時加強相應的法規制度建設。

建立軍地互補的生物威脅防禦科技支撐體系。按照“軍地聯合、優勢互補”的原則，構建生物威脅防禦科技支撐體系，在摸清我國生物威脅防禦能力體系建設現狀的基礎上進行補缺配套，提高整體水平。針對全球生物安全形勢以及我國未來可能面臨的生物威脅，系統論證生物威脅防禦的科技需求，前瞻部署國家和軍隊生物威脅防禦重大科技專項，重點在監測預警、應急處置、基礎研究等方面加大科技支撐力度，在生物兩用品安全管控方面加強對策研究。

建立多元分層的生物威脅防禦教育培訓體系。把生物安全知識納入國防教育體系，建立以軍事醫學科研和軍隊疾病預防控制機構為骨幹，以國家相應機構為依託的教育培訓體系，通過多種形式，開展生物安全宣傳教育，使各級政府、社會各界充分認識生物安全的重要性。軍隊要始終發揮好“前哨”的作用，時刻追踪全球的生物安全動態，重點從反生物戰、反生物恐怖的角度，深入研判我國面臨的、不斷變化的生物威脅，堅決捍衛國家的“生物疆域”安全。

Original referring Communist Party of China link: http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2014/0101/c40531-23995992.html

National Defense and Military Modernization, 國防和軍隊現代化建設

圖解十八大報告之九：“國防和軍隊現代化建設”

02/25/2021 admin Leave a comment

Graphic illustration of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: “National Defense and Military Modernization”

【編者按】：在黨的十八大開幕式上，胡錦濤代表第十七屆中央委員會向大會作了題為《堅定不移沿著中國特色社會主義道路前進，為全面建成小康社會而奮鬥》的報告。

黨的十八大報告旗幟鮮明、思想深刻、求真務實、部署全面，提出一系列新提法、新觀點、新部署和新要求，例如“兩個加快”、“三個自信”、“四化同步”、“五位一體”……為了能讓廣大網友全面、深刻理解和掌握十八大報告中的要點及精華，本網特從十八大報告的十二部分中擷取了典型“關鍵詞”，每天一期，連續推出，供網友學習參考。

关键词：“富国强军 军民融合式发展”。十八大报告提出“走中国特色军民融合式发展路子，坚持富国和强军相统一”, 明确了建设巩固国防和强大军队是我国现代化建设的战略任务。同时也进一步明确了国防和军队建设在中国特色社会主义事业总体布局中的地位，指引国防和军队建设步入着力提升国家战略能力、与国家经济社会建设同步发展的轨道。

□ 相关新闻：

高清专题：图解十八大报告

图解十八大报告之一：科学发展观五位一体

图解十八大报告之二：八个坚持三个公平三个自信

图解十八大报告之三：两个翻一番五个加快

图解十八大报告之四：四化同步三个平等创新驱动

图解十八大报告之五：推进政治体制改革

图解十八大报告之六：三个坚持三个倡导以德治国

图解十八大报告之七：社会建设两个同步两个公平

图解十八大报告之八：美丽中国两个坚持三个发展

Modern English Translation:

At the opening ceremony of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Hu Jintao, on behalf of the 17th Central Committee, presented the title of “Unswervingly Marching on the Road of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Striving for the Full Construction of a Well-off Society” Report.

The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is clear-cut, profound, truth-seeking, pragmatic, and comprehensive. It puts forward a series of new formulations, new viewpoints, new deployments and new requirements, such as “two accelerations”, “three confidences”, and “four modernizations”. “Synchronization”, “Five in One”… In order to allow netizens to fully and profoundly understand and master the key points and essence of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, this website has extracted typical “keys” from the twelve parts of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. “Words”, one issue every day, is continuously released for the reference of netizens.

Key words: “Prosperous country and strong military-civilian integrated development” . The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward “taking the path of military-civilian integration with Chinese characteristics, and insisting on the unity of rich country and strong military”, and it is clear that building and consolidating national defense and a strong military is a strategic task for China’s modernization drive. At the same time, it has further clarified the status of national defense and army building in the overall layout of the socialist cause with Chinese characteristics, and guided national defense and army building on the track of focusing on improving national strategic capabilities and developing in sync with the country’s economic and social construction.

Illustrated one of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Five in One of Scientific Development

Illustration of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Eight adhere to three fairness and three self-confidence

Graphical report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Two doubled and five accelerated

Graphical report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Four modernizations, three equal innovation drivers

Illustrated report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China No. 5: Promoting political reform

Illustration of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Three Adhere to Three Advocate the Rule of Virtue

Illustration 7 of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Two simultaneous two fairs in social construction

Graphical report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China No. 8: Beautiful China, two adhere to three developments

The full text of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

Topic: The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

Exclusive interpretation: Detailed explanation of the twelve parts of the report of the 18th CPC National Congress

Topic: Studying, propagating and implementing the spirit of the 18th National Congress of the Party

【编者按】：在党的十八大开幕式上，胡锦涛代表第十七届中央委员会向大会作了题为《坚定不移沿着中国特色社会主义道路前进，为全面建成小康社会而奋斗》的报告。

党的十八大报告旗帜鲜明、思想深刻、求真务实、部署全面，提出一系列新提法、新观点、新部署和新要求，例如“两个加快”、“三个自信”、“四化同步”、“五位一体”……为了能让广大网友全面、深刻理解和掌握十八大报告中的要点及精华，本网特从十八大报告的十二部分中撷取了典型“关键词”，每天一期，连续推出，供网友学习参考。

关键词：高度关注“三个空间”安全。党的十八大报告强调要高度关注海洋、太空、网络空间安全，这对我们加强军事战略指导、维护国家安全提出了新的要求。海洋是国际交往的大通道和人类可持续发展的战略资源宝库，当今世界正在兴起新一轮海洋开发浪潮；太空是国际战略竞争新的制高点，太空军事优势对现代战争进程和结局具有决定性影响；网络空间是信息时代的基本标志，正在成为影响国家安全和发展的新兴战略领域，成为渗透、影响甚至决定其他作战空间的重要作战空间。我们要充分认清海洋、太空、网络空间安全形势，加强海洋、太空、网络空间安全问题研究，抓好相关力量和手段建设，为维护国家利益提供有力的战略支撑。

□ 相关新闻：

高清专题：图解十八大报告

图解十八大报告之一：科学发展观五位一体

图解十八大报告之二：八个坚持三个公平三个自信

图解十八大报告之三：两个翻一番五个加快

图解十八大报告之四：四化同步三个平等创新驱动

图解十八大报告之五：推进政治体制改革

图解十八大报告之六：三个坚持三个倡导以德治国

图解十八大报告之七：社会建设两个同步两个公平

图解十八大报告之八：美丽中国两个坚持三个发展

Modern English Translation:

Keywords: Highly concerned about the safety of the “three spaces” . The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the need to pay close attention to the security of oceans, space, and cyberspace, which puts forward new requirements for us to strengthen military strategic guidance and maintain national security. The ocean is a major channel for international exchanges and a treasure house of strategic resources for the sustainable development of mankind. A new wave of ocean development is emerging in the world today; space is the new commanding height of international strategic competition, and space military advantages have a decisive influence on the process and outcome of modern warfare; Cyberspace is the basic symbol of the information age. It is becoming an emerging strategic area that affects national security and development, and an important combat space that penetrates, influences, and even determines other combat spaces. We must fully understand the security situation of oceans, space, and cyberspace, strengthen research on ocean, space, and cyberspace security issues, and do a good job in building related forces and methods to provide strong strategic support for safeguarding national interests.

Illustrated one of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Five in One of Scientific Development

Illustration of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Eight adhere to three fairness and three self-confidence

Graphical report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Two doubled and five accelerated

Graphical report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Four modernizations, three equal innovation drivers

Illustrated report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China No. 5: Promoting political reform

Illustration of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Three Adhere to Three Advocate the Rule of Virtue

Illustration 7 of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Two simultaneous two fairs in social construction

Graphical report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China No. 8: Beautiful China, two adhere to three developments

The full text of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

Topic: The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

Exclusive interpretation: Detailed explanation of the twelve parts of the report of the 18th CPC National Congress

Topic: Studying, propagating and implementing the spirit of the 18th National Congress of the Party

关键词：两大核心“坚持”。一是坚决听从党中央的指挥，这是我党历来的重要思想。二是国防和军队现代化。现代化是军队建设的中心任务。随着时代条件和战争形态加速演变，信息化已经成为军队现代化的本质规定性。正是基于对军队现代化时代内涵的准确把握，党的十八大报告提出要坚定不移把信息化作为军队现代化建设发展方向，推动信息化建设加速发展。

关键词：现代化建设。我们必须看到，与国家安全和发展需求相比，国防和军队现代化水平还存在较大差距。国防和军队建设的主要矛盾，仍然是现代化水平与打赢信息化条件下局部战争的要求不相适应、军事能力与履行新世纪新阶段我军历史使命的要求不相适应。十八大报告中这一重要论断体现了党中央对国家安全环境新特点新趋势的深刻把握，体现了国防建设必须坚持以国家核心安全需求为导向的内在逻辑和基本规律，也反映了全党全军全国各族人民对新形势下国防和军队建设的新期待。

□ 相关新闻：

高清专题：图解十八大报告

图解十八大报告之一：科学发展观五位一体

图解十八大报告之二：八个坚持三个公平三个自信

图解十八大报告之三：两个翻一番五个加快

图解十八大报告之四：四化同步三个平等创新驱动

图解十八大报告之五：推进政治体制改革

图解十八大报告之六：三个坚持三个倡导以德治国

图解十八大报告之七：社会建设两个同步两个公平

图解十八大报告之八：美丽中国两个坚持三个发展

Modern English Translation:

Keywords: “persistence” at the two cores . The first is to resolutely obey the instructions of the Party Central Committee. This is an important thought of our Party. The second is the modernization of national defense and the army. Modernization is the central task of army building. With the accelerating evolution of the conditions of the times and the forms of warfare, informatization has become the essential requirement of military modernization. It is precisely based on an accurate grasp of the connotation of the era of military modernization that the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposes to unswervingly regard informatization as the development direction of military modernization and promote the accelerated development of informatization.

Keywords: modernization . We must be aware that there is still a big gap in the level of national defense and military modernization compared with national security and development needs. The main contradiction between national defense and army building is still the incompatibility of the modernization level with the requirements of winning local wars under the conditions of informationization, and the incompatibility of military capabilities with the requirements of fulfilling our military’s historical mission in the new century and new stage. This important conclusion in the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China reflects the Party Central Committee’s profound grasp of the new characteristics and trends of the national security environment, the internal logic and basic laws that must be guided by the country’s core security needs in national defense construction, and also reflects the entire party’s The people of all ethnic groups throughout the army have new expectations for national defense and army building under the new situation.

Illustrated one of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Five in One of Scientific Development

Illustration of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Eight adhere to three fairness and three self-confidence

Graphical report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Two doubled and five accelerated

Graphical report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Four modernizations, three equal innovation drivers

Illustrated report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China No. 5: Promoting political reform

Illustration of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Three Adhere to Three Advocate the Rule of Virtue

Illustration 7 of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: Two simultaneous two fairs in social construction

Graphical report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China No. 8: Beautiful China, two adhere to three developments

The full text of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

Topic: The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

Exclusive interpretation: Detailed explanation of the twelve parts of the report of the 18th CPC National Congress

Topic: Studying, propagating and implementing the spirit of the 18th National Congress of the Party

Original Communist Party of China url: http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2012/1227/c164113-20027402-3.html

China National Cyber Security Strategy, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

了解習近平對“軍民融合”的關注

02/25/2021 admin Leave a comment

Understanding Xi Jinping’s focus on “military-civilian integration”

中共中央政治局1月22日召開會議，決定設立中央軍民融合發展委員會，由習近平任主任。中央軍民融合發展委員會是中央層面軍民融合發展重大問題的決策和議事協調機構，統一領導軍民融合深度發展，向中央政治局、中央政治局常務委員會負責。

習主席高度重視經濟建設和國防建設融合發展的問題。這些年，習近平反復在多個場合提到“軍民融合”。2015年3月12日，習近平在出席十二屆全國人大三次會議解放軍代表團全體會議時強調“把軍民融合發展上升為國家戰略”。去年3月25日和10月19日，習近平在出席中共中央政治局會議和在北京參觀第二屆軍民融合發展高技術成果展時，又分別強調軍民融合是“一項利國利軍利民的大戰略”“關乎國家安全和發展全局”。這充分體現了習主席對軍民融合的深謀遠慮和強烈憂患。

當今時代，國防建設和經濟建設的關系更為深刻復雜，特別是技術方面，軍事技術和民用技術兩者的通用性越來越強。從美國的高科技發展史可以看出，從計算機、通信網絡、航空航天、核工業，到先進制造業等各個領域，都和它的軍事工業有聯系。據統計，85%的現代軍事核心技術同時也是民用關鍵技術；80%以上的民用關鍵技術被直接運用于軍事目的。美國前國防部長佩里估計，利用民用高技術開發軍品及擴大采用民品，每年可節省大約300億美元的國防開支，而且還可精減20%以上的采辦人員，同時可以利用國防經濟和軍用技術帶動和促進民用經濟技術發展。他甚至認為，美國軍事變革的重要方面就是把民用技術運用到軍事領域，是一場資源配置方式的根本變革。美國每隔10年左右就推出一個軍民兩用技術發展計劃，依靠這些計劃，美國高新技術產業相繼涌現，始終保持超前于世界其他國家一至兩代的領先地位。俄羅斯一度繼承蘇聯“軍民分離”的國防經濟管理體制，普京上任後對軍事工業實行全面改革，大力推進軍民融合，發展軍民兩用技術，軍民融合式發展取得顯著成效。由此可見，當前走軍民融合式發展路子，已成為符合時代潮流的、世界大多數國家的一致政策取向。

進入21世紀新階段，隨著信息時代的到來，戰爭形態正從機械化戰爭向信息化戰爭轉變。從信息化條件下作戰特點來看，交戰雙方往往會為了實現其戰略企圖，在短時間內聚合戰爭能量對對方施以毀滅性打擊，作戰具有爆發突然、持續時間短、作戰節奏快的特點，更加強調初戰決勝。在此背景下，戰爭潛力向戰爭實力的轉換能力、平時向戰時的轉換能力更加重要。從我軍的實際情況看，目前仍處于機械化、信息化復合發展的特定歷史階段，制約發展的體制性障礙和結構性矛盾還比較多，特別是國防科技自主創新能力較弱，武器裝備與世界水平還有較大的差距。因此，緊緊抓住信息化這一主要矛盾，在一些關鍵項目和環節上實行重點突破，搶佔軍事信息技術的制高點，以局部躍升推動和促進軍隊的現代化整體建設，是我軍現代化發展途徑的科學抉擇。而另一方面的事實是，目前我國許多科技型企業，特別是在IT領域的企業，已經具備相當高的甚至比國防工業中同領域企業更強的實力，信息化技術和產業的領軍大部分在民用高科技企業，而且這種趨勢仍然在發展。這充分說明，抓住國家經濟快速發展與建設現代化軍隊的歷史機遇，走軍民融合式發展之路，建立起高效調動與轉化國家整體力量的國防動員體系，才能做到有備無患、戰則能保，為軍隊始終掌握戰爭主動權提供強大的力量支撐。

當前，軍隊的改革已進入深水區，軍隊與社會經濟系統的融合是否緊密，是否具有高效的國民經濟動員能力，在很大程度上影響著軍隊戰斗力的生成與釋放。我們正逐步走軍民融合式發展的路子，在更廣範圍、更高層次、更深程度上推進軍民融合，逐步形成了在重大基礎設施、海洋、空天、信息等關鍵領域軍民深度融合發展的大格局，建立了軍民融合的武器裝備科研生產體系、軍隊人才培養體系、軍隊保障體系。正是在這個基礎上，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央，繼承我們黨幾十年探索的實踐經驗和寶貴成果，更加明確地把走中國特色軍民融合式發展與實現中華民族偉大復興緊密聯系在一起，深刻指出要進一步做好軍民融合式發展這篇大文章。

習近平高度重視“軍民融合”說明，推動國防建設和經濟建設良性互動，確保在全面建成小康社會進程中實現富國和強軍的統一，是實現強國夢強軍夢的必由之路，對于提高我軍能打仗、打勝仗，有效維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，具有極其重要的現實意義。

同時，也引出了一系列戰略話題︰我國軍民融合深度發展面臨哪些問題？軍民融合深度發展如何才能契合世界各地富國強軍戰略？……

由解放軍報社長征出版社出版的《富國強軍——軍民融合深度發展》，著眼實現強軍目標，圍繞軍民融合深度發展，全面、系統回答了這一系列問題，並重點對軍民融合深度發展的“深”進行了權威解讀。

Modern English Translation:

The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting on January 22 and decided to establish the Central Military-civilian Integration Development Committee, with Xi Jinping as its director. The Central Military-civilian Integration Development Committee is the central-level decision-making and deliberative coordination agency for major issues of military-civilian integration and development. It unifies the leadership of the in-depth development of military-civilian integration and is responsible to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.

President Xi attaches great importance to the integration and development of economic construction and national defense construction. Over the years, Xi Jinping has repeatedly mentioned “military-civilian integration” on many occasions. On March 12, 2015, when Xi Jinping attended the Plenary Session of the PLA delegation to the Third Session of the Twelfth National People’s Congress, he emphasized that “elevating the development of military-civilian integration to a national strategy”. On March 25 and October 19 last year, when attending the Politburo meeting of the CPC Central Committee and visiting the 2nd Military-civilian Integration and Development High-Tech Achievement Exhibition in Beijing, Xi Jinping emphasized that military-civilian integration is “a benefit for the country, military and people. The “grand strategy” is “related to the overall situation of national security and development.” This fully reflects President Xi’s foresight and strong worries about military-civilian integration.

In today’s era, the relationship between national defense construction and economic construction is more profound and complex. Especially in terms of technology, the versatility of both military technology and civilian technology is becoming stronger. From the history of high-tech development in the United States, it can be seen that various fields from computers, communication networks, aerospace, nuclear industry, to advanced manufacturing are all connected with its military industry. According to statistics, 85% of modern military core technologies are also key civilian technologies; more than 80% of key civilian technologies are directly used for military purposes. Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Perry estimated that the use of civilian high technology to develop military products and expand the adoption of civilian products can save approximately US$30 billion in defense expenditures each year, and it can also reduce procurement personnel by more than 20%, while also taking advantage of defense economy and military use. Technology drives and promotes the development of civil economy and technology. He even believes that an important aspect of the US military revolution is the application of civilian technology to the military field, which is a fundamental change in the way of resource allocation. The United States launches a dual-use technology development plan every 10 years or so. Relying on these plans, high-tech industries in the United States have emerged one after another and have always maintained a leading position one to two generations ahead of other countries in the world. Russia once inherited the Soviet Union’s “separation of military and civilian” national defense economic management system. After taking office, Putin implemented comprehensive reforms of the military industry, vigorously promoted military-civilian integration, and developed dual-use technologies. Military-civilian integrated development has achieved remarkable results. It can be seen from this that the current path of military-civilian integration has become the consistent policy orientation of most countries in the world in line with the trend of the times.

Entering the new stage of the 21st century, with the advent of the information age, the form of warfare is changing from mechanized warfare to information warfare. Judging from the characteristics of operations under informatization conditions, both sides in wars often gather war energy in a short period of time in order to achieve their strategic intentions to inflict a devastating attack on each other. Operations have the characteristics of sudden outbreak, short duration, and fast pace of operations. More emphasis on the first battle and decisive victory. In this context, the ability to transform war potential to war strength and the ability to transform peacetime to wartime is more important. Judging from the actual situation of our military, we are still in a specific historical stage of the combined development of mechanization and informatization. There are still many systemic obstacles and structural contradictions that restrict development. In particular, the ability of independent innovation in national defense science and technology is relatively weak, and weapons and equipment are related to the world. There is still a big gap in level. Therefore, to firmly grasp the main contradiction of informatization, implement key breakthroughs in some key projects and links, seize the commanding heights of military information technology, and promote and promote the modernization of the military as a whole through local jumps are the path to the development of our military’s modernization. Scientific choice. On the other hand, the fact is that many technology-based enterprises in my country, especially those in the IT field, already have quite high or even stronger strengths than those in the same field in the defense industry. Most of the leaders in information technology and industry In civilian high-tech enterprises, and this trend is still developing. This fully shows that only by seizing the historical opportunity of rapid national economic development and building a modern army, taking the road of military-civilian integrated development, and establishing a national defense mobilization system that efficiently mobilizes and transforms the country’s overall strength, can it be prepared and protected by war. Provide strong support for the army to always grasp the initiative in war.

At present, the reform of the military has entered the deep water zone. Whether the military is closely integrated with the socio-economic system and whether it has an efficient national economic mobilization capability has largely affected the generation and release of the military’s combat effectiveness. We are gradually taking the path of military-civilian integrated development, promoting military-civilian integration in a broader, higher-level, and deeper level, and gradually forming a large-scale development of military-civilian integration in key areas such as major infrastructure, ocean, aerospace, and information. It has established a military-civilian integrated weaponry and equipment research and production system, military personnel training system, and military support system. It is on this basis that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core inherits the practical experience and valuable achievements of our party’s decades of exploration, and more clearly connects the development of military-civilian integration with Chinese characteristics and the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At the same time, it is deeply pointed out that we must further do a good job in the development of military-civilian integration.

Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the “military-civilian integration”. It shows that promoting the benign interaction between national defense construction and economic construction and ensuring the unity of a prosperous country and a strong army in the process of building a well-off society in all respects is the only way to realize the dream of a strong country and a strong army. , Winning battles and effectively safeguarding national sovereignty, security, and development interests are of extremely important practical significance.

At the same time, a series of strategic topics have also been brought up: What are the problems facing my country’s deep development of military-civilian integration? How can the in-depth development of military-civilian integration fit the strategy of prospering countries and strengthening the military around the world? …

The “Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army-Deep Development of Military-civilian Integration” published by the People’s Liberation Army News Agency’s Long March Press focuses on achieving the goal of strengthening the military, focusing on the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and comprehensively and systematically answering this series of questions. “Deep” conducted an authoritative interpretation.

軍民融合

軍民融合深度發展面臨哪些問題？軍民融合深度發展如何才能契合世界各地富國強軍戰略？

當前，隨著軍民融合上升為國家戰略，軍民深度融合發展也成為國內外輿論場密切關注的焦點。

由解放軍報社長征出版社出版的《富國強軍——軍民融合深度發展》（以下簡稱《富國強軍》），全面、系統回答了這一系列問題。

此書入選“‘十二五’國家重點圖書出版規劃項目”“慶祝新中國成立65周年主題出版項目”“國家出版基金項目”等重要主題出版項目，是解放軍報社長征出版社和國防大學專家團隊精心打造的“強軍夢系列叢書”之一。作者陳昱澍、李善東先後多次參與國家和軍隊重點科研課題，榮獲多項國家和軍隊獎項，發表的數十篇前沿軍事理論論文大多引起廣泛關注。此書將他倆一系列研究成果精華融會貫通，一經推出，就引起積極反響。

《富國強軍》，從全新視角，客觀分析了新形勢下軍民融合式發展的時代價值；系統闡述了軍民深度融合發展在實現中國夢、強軍夢中的戰略地位；全面論述了在新的歷史條下軍民深度融合的新特點、新趨勢，描述了我國軍民融合發展的成效和現狀；探索提出了推進軍民深度融合發展的途徑和方法。其中，重點對軍民融合深度發展的“深”進行了權威解讀——

深在軍民一體推進。軍民融合發展則國家興盛。本書明確提出，一體推進，是軍民融合式發展的總體思路。其實質就是將傳統的軍民分割形成的社會總資源轉換成軍民雙向互動的高效資源，實現國防建設和經濟建設資源的最優配置，最大限度地提升國家的綜合國力，進而實現富國和強軍的統一。

深在鑄造利劍。建立軍民融合式武器裝備科研生產體系是大勢所趨。本書明確提出，深化武器裝備科研生產軍民融合發展，應堅持市場化導向，著眼形成“開放、競爭、共享”的發展格局，通過關鍵領域、關鍵環節的改革強固武器裝備科研生產軍民融合式市場基礎，努力將武器裝備建設深深根植于國家大工業基礎之中，吸引更多優勢資源向武器裝備科研生產領域集聚。

深在提高綜合效益。軍隊能打勝仗，作戰保障是關鍵。本書明確提出，要實現綜合高效的軍民融合，必須建立軍民融合式軍隊人才培養體系、軍民融合式軍隊保障體系、軍民融合式國防動員體系，完善系統配套的軍民融合式發展的基本保障。

《富國強軍》適應了全媒體時代受眾的審美情趣。本書觀點新穎、內容飽滿、前瞻性強，總體體現了“專家視野＋基層口吻解讀＋案例索引”的概念，適應了全媒體時代受眾的審美情趣。

全書依托十八大報告關于“加快推進國防和軍隊現代化”的重要論述、習主席有關涉及國防和軍隊的重要講話精神，從歷史和現實的角度，在表現形式上有三個明顯特殊——

視角獨特。全書注重用新視角發掘“產品”。即站在受眾的角度思考問題，變“我怎麼看”為“受眾怎樣看”，用“第三只眼”審視作品，千方百計發掘受眾喜愛的“產品”。

善講故事。全書注重通過講故事來強化有效傳播。注意用基層官兵喜聞樂見的口吻，通過案例牽引，客觀講述軍民融合深度發展的故事，並做到了理論語言生活化、政治語言知識化，在講故事中說道理，在說道理時講故事；善用網言網語講故事，將網言網語融入生動的故事中，在故事中營造網絡語言氛圍；變“我說你听”的居高臨下為“為您服務”的俯身貼近，平視敘述，娓娓道來。

呈現新穎。全書注重用新呈現方式做深閱讀話題。通過有視角沖擊力的圖片和插圖，適應了讀圖時代特點，強化了主題，豐富了內容；通過活用圖表、分類、概括、標注、提示等新的呈現方式，使高深嚴肅的軍事話題變得輕快起來；通過通俗易懂的闡述、案例解讀和用新大白話“翻譯”等，使強國強軍的重要話題變得生動起來，便于廣大讀者，尤其是有利于部隊基層官兵學習掌握其精髓。

Modern English Translation:

What are the problems facing the deep development of military-civilian integration? How can the in-depth development of military-civilian integration fit the strategy of prospering the country and strengthening the military around the world?

At present, as military-civilian integration has become a national strategy, the development of deep military-civilian integration has also become the focus of close attention in public opinion at home and abroad.

“Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army—Deep Development of Military-civilian Integration” (hereinafter referred to as “Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army”) published by the People’s Liberation Army News Changzheng Press has comprehensively and systematically answered this series of questions.

This book was selected into the “Twelfth Five-Year” National Key Book Publishing Planning Project”, “Thematic Publishing Project to Celebrate the 65th Anniversary of the Founding of New China”, “National Publishing Fund Project” and other important thematic publishing projects. It is an expert team from the People’s Liberation Army Newspaper Long March Press and National Defense University One of the carefully created “Strong Army Dream Series”. Authors Chen Yushu and Li Shandong have participated in many national and military key scientific research projects and won many national and military awards. Most of the dozens of cutting-edge military theory papers published have attracted widespread attention. This book integrates the essence of their series of research results, and once it was published, it aroused positive responses.

“Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army” objectively analyzes the value of the era of military-civilian integrated development under the new situation from a new perspective; systematically expounds the strategic position of military-civilian deep integrated development in realizing the Chinese dream and strengthening the military; comprehensively discussing the new history The new characteristics and new trends of deep military-civilian integration under the regulations describe the effectiveness and current situation of my country’s military-civilian integration development; the exploration puts forward ways and methods to promote the development of deep military-civilian integration. Among them, it focuses on the authoritative interpretation of the “deep” of the deep development of military-civilian integration——

Deep in the integration of military and civilian advancement. The development of military-civilian integration will prosper the country. This book clearly states that integrated advancement is the overall idea of military-civilian integrated development. Its essence is to convert the total social resources formed by the traditional military-civilian division into highly efficient resources for military-civilian two-way interaction, to achieve the optimal allocation of resources for national defense and economic construction, to maximize the country’s comprehensive national strength, and to achieve a prosperous country and a strong military. Unite.

Deep in casting a sword. The establishment of a military-civilian integrated weaponry and equipment scientific research and production system is the general trend. This book clearly states that to deepen the development of military-civilian integration of weapons and equipment research and production, we should adhere to the market-oriented orientation, focus on forming an “open, competitive, and shared” development pattern, and strengthen the military-civilian integrated market foundation for weapons and equipment research and production through reforms in key areas and key links. , And strive to deeply root the construction of weapons and equipment in the country’s large-scale industrial foundation, and attract more advantageous resources to gather in the field of weapons and equipment research and production.

Deeply improving the overall benefits. For the army to win battles, combat security is the key. The book clearly states that to achieve comprehensive and efficient military-civilian integration, it is necessary to establish a military-civilian integrated military personnel training system, a military-civilian integrated military support system, and a military-civilian integrated national defense mobilization system, and perfect the basic guarantee for the system’s supporting military-civilian integrated development.

“Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army” adapts to the aesthetic taste of the audience in the all-media era. This book has novel viewpoints, full content, and strong forward-looking. It generally embodies the concept of “experts’ vision + grassroots tone interpretation + case index” and adapts to the aesthetic taste of audiences in the all-media era.

The whole book relies on the important exposition of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on “Accelerating the Modernization of National Defense and the Army” and the spirit of Chairman Xi’s important speech concerning national defense and the military. From the perspective of history and reality, there are three obvious special manifestations:

Unique perspective. The book focuses on discovering “products” with new perspectives. That is to think about the problem from the perspective of the audience, change “how do I see” to “how the audience sees”, examine the work with the “third eye”, and do everything possible to discover the “product” that the audience loves.

Tell stories well. The book focuses on strengthening effective communication through storytelling. Pay attention to using the tone that grassroots officers and soldiers like to hear, and use cases to objectively tell the story of the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and achieve the realization of theoretical language life, political language knowledge, reason in storytelling, and storytelling when reasoning; Internet language and Internet language tell stories, integrate Internet language and Internet language into vivid stories, and create an atmosphere of Internet language in the story; change from “I say you listen” to “serving for you” leaning close and narrating directly, Whispered.

Presenting novelty. The book focuses on using new presentation methods to do deep reading topics. Through visually impactful pictures and illustrations, it adapts to the characteristics of the picture-reading era, strengthens the theme, and enriches the content; through the use of new presentation methods such as charts, classification, generalization, annotations, and prompts, advanced and serious military topics become Get up lightly; through easy-to-understand explanations, case interpretations, and “translation” in the new vernacular, the important topics of strengthening the country and the army become vivid, which is convenient for readers, especially for the grassroots officers and soldiers of the army to learn and master its essence.

Original Referring Chinese MOD URL: http://www.mod.gov.cn/big5/jmsd/2017-02/04/content_4771493_3.htm

Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949

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