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#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Chinese Military Trend of Intelligent Command and Control Systems – Enhancing Intelligentization Warfare Dominance

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中國軍事智慧指揮控制系統趨勢—增強智慧化戰爭優勢

現代英語：

Modern warfare is accelerating towards intelligence, and the key to victory has extended from “power advantage” and “information advantage” to “intelligence advantage”. Integrating artificial intelligence technology into the field of combat command and deeply coupling it with the command and control system will bring about a large number of systematic and systemic transformations and reshaping.

Intelligent situation perception, data promotes the continuous emergence of command capabilities. Unlike information-based command, which is the key to command, intelligent combat command emphasizes the comprehensive use of data, algorithms, and computing power. Data in the combat command chain can optimize the command process, accelerate the decision-making process, and multiply the command efficiency. In combat command under intelligent conditions, the hardware system will be closely combined with efficient algorithms and powerful computing power, which can achieve rapid situation perception and accurate situation judgment, continuously shorten the combat preparation cycle, promote the transformation from data advantage to decision-making advantage and action advantage, and promote the emergence of command capabilities.

Deep human-machine interaction and intelligent algorithms promote the improvement of command efficiency. Artificial intelligence technology is the product of the cross-integration of multiple technologies. Combat command under the background of intelligence will reconstruct the basic connotation of combat command with new elements represented by “cloud, network, terminal, and group”. Through the integrated application of technologies such as voice recognition, natural language processing, and human-computer interaction, the speed of information and command flow in each node and link of command can be accelerated, and the realization of intelligent platform control and intelligent system decision-making can be promoted, and the pressure of the command subject can be released, so that it can better respond to other emergencies, and provide intelligent solutions for improving command efficiency.

The competition for intellectual property rights is fierce, and artificial intelligence promotes innovation in command technology. Under the conditions of future information-based and intelligent warfare, the technological war between data, algorithms, and computing power will intensify, and the competition for intellectual property rights will also become more intense. In the field of combat command, big data and algorithms such as deep learning and enhanced learning will have a profound impact on the timeliness of situation perception, the level of human-computer interaction, and the quality and efficiency of simulation and evaluation. The party that masters advanced technology can make decisions and judgments faster than the enemy, implement response adjustments one step ahead of the enemy, and strike and damage one step ahead of the enemy, so as to achieve better, more accurate, more complete, and more detailed planning and deployment and dynamic control.

Manned and unmanned collaboration, mission-driven iterative development of command means. Unmanned combat forces shine in armed conflicts and have a profound impact on the course of combat. How to command and control this force is a problem that must be solved in combat command under the background of intelligence. Obviously, manned and unmanned collaborative combat will be a new style of intelligent warfare. In the process of manned and unmanned collaborative combat and unmanned swarms conducting autonomous combat, targeted adjustments and optimizations can be made to the command process, command system, command authority and responsibility, and command mechanism to adapt to the needs of intelligent development.

The system support is obvious, and the computing power guarantees the efficient operation of the command system. Modern warfare is a comprehensive comparison of systems and systems. The system interconnection of combat command under the background of intelligence is becoming more and more obvious, but there are many constituent elements, complex systems, and arduous computing tasks, and there is an urgent need for machine computing power adapted to provide power support. Through intelligent computing centers, cloud computing, edge computing, etc., the advantages of machine computing power can be fully utilized to support the efficient operation of the command and control platform, provide power guarantee for situation perception, target identification, mission planning, rapid strikes, etc., and provide effective support for “information power + mobility + control + strike power”.

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2025年5月29日 星期四

錢儒雪 張宏岩

現代戰爭正加速向智慧化方向演進，制勝的關鍵從「力量優勢」「資訊優勢」延伸至「智慧優勢」。將人工智慧技術融入作戰指揮領域，與指揮控制體系深度耦合，將會帶來大量系統性、體系性的改造與重塑。

態勢智能感知，數據助推指揮能力持續湧現。不同於資訊化條件下指揮的關鍵在於訊息，智能化背景下作戰指揮更加強調數據、演算法、算力的綜合運用，數據在作戰指揮鏈中，能夠起到優化指揮流程、加速決策進程、倍增指揮效能的作用。智慧化條件下的作戰指揮，硬體系統將與高效演算法和強大算力緊密結合，能夠實現快速態勢感知、準確判斷情況，不斷縮短作戰準備週期，促進從數據優勢到決策優勢、行動優勢的轉變，助推指揮能力湧現。

人機深度交互，智慧演算法促進指揮效能提升。人工智慧技術是多技術交叉融合的產物，智能化背景下的作戰指揮，將以「雲、網、端、群」為代表的全新要素重構作戰指揮基本內涵，透過語音識別、自然語言處理、人機交互等技術的融合運用，可加速指揮各節點、各環節信息指令流轉速度，促進實現智能化平台控制、智能化體系決策，釋放主體

智權爭奪激烈，人工智慧推動指揮技術創新。在未來資訊化智能化戰爭條件下，數據、演算法、算力之間的科技戰會愈演愈烈，制智權的爭奪也會更加激烈。在作戰指揮領域，大數據和深度學習、強化學習等演算法將對態勢感知時效、人機交互水平、推演評估質效等產生深遠影響，掌握先進技術的一方，能夠快敵一步做出決策判斷、先敵一步實施應對調整、早敵一步進行打擊毀傷，實現更優、更準、更全、更細的籌劃部署和動態管控。

有人無人協同，任務牽引指揮手段迭代發展。無人作戰力量在武裝沖突中大放異彩，深刻影響作戰進程，如何指揮控制這一力量是智慧化背景下作戰指揮必須解決的問題。顯然，有人無人協同作戰將是智慧化戰爭的新樣式。在有人無人協同作戰以及無人集群進行自主作戰過程中，可針對指揮流程、指揮系統、指揮權責、指揮機制等做出針對性調整優化，以此適應智慧化發展的需要。

體系支撐明顯，算力保障指揮系統高效運轉。現代戰爭是體系與體系的綜合較量，智慧化背景下作戰指揮的體系交聯越來越明顯，但構成要素眾多、系統繁雜、運算任務艱巨，急需與之適配的機器算力提供動力支撐。透過智算中心、雲計算、邊緣計算等，能夠充分發揮機器算力優勢，支撐指控平台高效運轉，為態勢感知、目標識別、任務規劃、快速打擊等提供動力保障，為「資訊力+機動力+控制力+打擊力」提供有效的支撐。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2025-05-29&paperNumber=10&articleid=95608883

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Command information Systems

A Brief Analysis on the Development of Chinese Military Intelligent Command Information Systems

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淺析解放軍軍事智慧指揮資訊系統發展

現代英語：

The prelude to the era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nervous system” of future intelligent combat command and control, and the supporting means of intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the key points of the development of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of intelligent command information system research and development, and exploring the key points of intelligent command information system development, can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems and win the initiative in future intelligent combat.

Clarify the key points of developing intelligent command information system

Intelligent command information system is the inevitable choice for the development of war form to information-based intelligent war, the inevitable result of the development of scientific and technological revolution, and the demand of the times for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the development significance of intelligent command information system will help to identify the direction of intelligent command information system construction and establish the long-term goal of system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of war forms. In future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation changes rapidly and the battlefield environment is complex and harsh. In order to take the initiative on the battlefield, “intelligence control” becomes the new commanding height, and the intelligent command information system is undoubtedly an important support means for future combat command and action. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of war forms to intelligence, and is an important support for intelligent warfare to gain the initiative and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent combat requires a combat command concept that is compatible with it, and the intelligent command information system is an important support for the practical application of the combat command concept, and is the soil for the innovation and development of the intelligent combat command concept. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formation, data-driven command activities, open development command mode, and intelligent force-focused command process are inseparable from the support of intelligent command information systems. Intelligent command information systems will serve as the extension of the human brain, break through the physiological limits of the human body, and realize the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about major changes in the mechanism of combat victory. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods change from “combat network + precision-guided weapons” in the information age to “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age, and the basic combat style will evolve from “network-centric warfare” to “cognitive-centric warfare” accordingly.

Grasp the key points of intelligent command information system research and development

The command information system is a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade of the command information system is imminent. We should highlight the key points of functional research and development to create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super brain” assists decision-making. In future intelligent warfare, the amount of battlefield information data is huge and complex and changeable. Commanders are easily trapped in the “sea of ​​information” during the command process, resulting in information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making assistance technology and “cloud brain” and “digital staff”, a new decision-making model based on “human brain + artificial intelligence” collaboration is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence. As an extension of the human brain, it will assist commanders in their work and enable war decisions to develop from simple human brain decisions to “human brain + artificial intelligence” super brain command decisions.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent warfare, there will be a trend of multi-dimensional space, multiple forces, various styles, and accelerated rhythm. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of battlefield situation will become the basis for commanders’ decision-making, and the multi-domain integration and intelligent dynamic presentation of full-dimensional battlefield situation will become an inevitable requirement for the construction and development of command information systems. The command information system’s perception, understanding, integration and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future battle situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces to cognitive domains and social domains, realizing “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent warfare will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the intelligent information and communication system must be used to connect the command and control platforms and weapon platforms. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, the intelligent information and communication system plays a linking and lubricating role in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an intelligent information network with full-dimensional coverage and uninterrupted connection to support the connection and control of intelligent equipment, form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network anti-destruction, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities, so as to ensure intelligent collaborative warfare between platforms and give full play to the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been used in large numbers and played an important role in determining the direction of the war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis of intelligent warfare, and have formed subversive combat styles based on this, such as invasive lone wolf warfare, manned/unmanned collaborative system attack warfare, unmanned system formation independent warfare, and drone swarm cluster warfare. Although unmanned warfare is dominated by humans, machines are given a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby realizing unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be more intelligent and be able to conduct autonomous collaborative operations according to the combat objectives.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the battle for “intelligence control” on the battlefield and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, build strong intelligent tracing and countermeasure capabilities, and effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key to the development of intelligent command information system

The development of intelligent command information system is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of mind and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information system, we must change the traditional idea of ​​adding hardware, building a large “network”, collecting and storing various types of data, break through the inherent hierarchical settings, create an open and service-oriented system, aim at the needs of intelligent combat command and action, and explore and study the key points of the development of intelligent command information system.

Innovative concept. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, combine actual needs, and explore a development path with its own characteristics. We must break the traditional “chimney” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of command information systems, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system development ideas of combining research, construction and use, formulate development strategies for different stages in the short, medium and long term, and standardize the development direction of system construction; adhere to the iterative upgrade and optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems such as command and control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information confrontation and comprehensive support, to ensure the sustainable and healthy development of intelligent command information systems.

Focus on the key. Focusing on the construction of key capabilities of intelligent command information systems is an important support for intelligent warfare to gather intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to intelligent warfare to gain the “right to win”. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the internal driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of next-generation computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; deeply explore the deeper and wider dimensional information value in massive combat data resources to seek the first opportunity to win.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-field, multi-disciplinary, multi-department, and multi-unit integrated and coordinated project. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collective wisdom, and pioneering innovation, aiming at strategic forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, and insist on the promotion of high-tech and the pull of intelligent combat needs. Carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, multiple levels, and multiple forms, continuously break through innovation, iterate and upgrade, and make the intelligent command information system more complete and more intelligent.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the era of innovation and development of artificial intelligence in the world. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is booming, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application and broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to achieve the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. It is necessary to study and formulate general technical standards, remove barriers, break the ice, facilitate military-civilian cooperation, and realize the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. It is necessary to cultivate and shape new military talents through collaboration, so that they can constantly adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年8月9日 星期二

李建平 紀鳳珠 李 琳

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開，具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”，是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建置是軍事智慧化發展的內在需求，只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點，探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津，才能更好地推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程，贏得未來智能化作戰制勝先發。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇，是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建構方向，確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰，戰場情勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境複雜嚴酷，要想在戰場上取得主動，「制智權」成為新的製高點，而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智能化發展可助推戰爭形態向智能化演變，是智能化作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智能化發展可助推戰爭形態向智能化演變，是智能化作戰指揮機、求勝利機、求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智慧化創新。未來智慧化作戰，需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托，是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐，智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延，突破人體生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術和智能技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化，智慧超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建置發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網路＋精確導引武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網＋有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網路中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發重點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物，隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用，指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發重點，打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

「超腦化」輔助決策。未來智慧化作戰，戰場資訊資料量龐大且複雜多變，指揮官在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫，影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數位參謀」的出現，以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限，作為人腦的外延，輔助指揮員工作，使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智慧化作戰，空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出，全面靈動掌握戰場態勢成為指揮官決策的基礎，多域一體、智慧動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對目標辨識、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測，正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域，實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網路通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧化指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台，而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管，智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑。因此，要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡，支撐智慧化裝備的連結與控制，形成網路結構智慧最佳化、網路抗毀智慧重組以及智慧抗干擾能力，以確保平台間的智能化協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。在近期世界局部衝突中，無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用，引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎，並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式，如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導，並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協同被破壞將會成為常態，無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧，要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊，資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此，應主動作為，積極制定及完善網路防護策略，豐富入侵偵測能力及認證辨識手段，加強資訊安全高新技術運用，強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力，建強智能化溯源反制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展，要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集儲存各類資料的思路，突破固有層級設定，打造開放式、服務型系統，瞄準智慧化作戰指揮與行動需要，探索研究智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引，借鏡軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路，結合實際需求，探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法，堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃，統一介面、協定和標準，形成開放式、永續發展的系統架構佈局；堅持開發用相結合的系統研發，制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化情報系統持續提升與資訊控制、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化情報系統持續提升與資訊控制、情報系統分權。

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設，是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托，是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐，也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力需求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢與決策優勢；加速量子電腦等為代表的下一代電腦研發，為智慧化指揮資訊系統提供更強的算力支援；深度挖掘海量作戰資料資源中更深層、更廣維度資訊價值，謀取勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一，是一個多領域、多學科交叉，多部門、多單位參與的大融合大連動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建置發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神，瞄準感測器、量子資訊、網路通訊、積體電路、關鍵軟體、大數據、人工智慧、區塊鏈等策略性前瞻領域，堅持高新技術推動、智慧化作戰需求拉動，進行多領域、多層次、多層次研究交流，不斷完善創新、智慧化作戰需求拉動，展開多領域、多層次、多變式研究研究，不斷完善創新、化電系統更能使智能化更強大、更變動系統、更不斷研究電系統，不斷完善創新。

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建置發展，必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果，融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。目前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢，人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準，拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作，實現技術成果共享連動。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求，充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-08/09/content_321593888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations

China Strengthening Innovation in Military Theory During the New Era and New Journey

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新時代新徵中國加強軍事理論創新

吳霞
2025-05-29 08:xx 資料來源：中國軍網

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping stressed that in the new era and new journey, the world is undergoing a century-long transformation, the new military revolution is developing rapidly, and my country’s security and development needs are undergoing profound changes. It is more urgent to achieve the goal of strengthening the military, and we must comprehensively strengthen military theory work. To accelerate the formation of a military theory system that is contemporary, leading, and unique, we must expand our thinking horizons, strengthen military theory innovation, strive to seize the commanding heights of military theory innovation, and gain new advantages in military theory competition, and thus seize the initiative in the strategic game between major powers.

Reconstructing a pluralistic cognitive framework based on the characteristics of the war era

Since the 21st century, with the development of global politics, economy, culture, and science and technology, the characteristics of modern warfare have undergone profound changes. The system confrontation, spatial superposition, and multi-domain hybrid characteristics of the high-end war game between major powers have become more prominent. The war form is accelerating towards a highly dispersed force, highly circulated information, and highly coordinated actions. We urgently need to examine the driving force of the times for innovation in military theory.

The timeliness of the evolution of war forms. After combing through the development context from traditional warfare to modern warfare and comparing and analyzing it, we can find that the simple primitive form of “building a stronghold, fighting a stupid battle, and fighting in a group” has already moved towards multiple advanced forms such as multi-domain warfare and hybrid warfare. The war concept, combat system, tactics and fighting methods are all evolving continuously. The driving force of the times is the coupling effect of “technical background determines tactical quality, and tactical innovation forces technological innovation”. Against this background, future wars will present the three major characteristics of “full-domain linkage, intelligent dominance, and unmanned front”. In essence, it is a breakthrough in nonlinear state, an update of war philosophy, and even a super-dimensional power game. The driving force behind it is the endless emergence of new combat concepts. Military theory innovation must face the compound challenges of full-domain confrontation, hybrid competitive capabilities and technological breakthroughs. The core lies in building a new war concept that can break the constraints of thinking and achieve cross-domain victory.

The leading nature of military theory game. The game between major powers is a long-term process, in which the arms race is a traditional path of mutual game, while another emerging track is the military theory competition. First of all, military theory is the high-level logic of the game between major powers. The alternating evolution of leading, accompanying and follow-up military theories provides a blueprint for resource integration, training iteration and force optimization for the game between major powers. It also provides methods and strategies for restricting and cracking the opponent’s capabilities, which can accelerate the trend of the military system to win the battle. Secondly, with the continuous changes in the international situation and scientific and technological development, new contradictions, new problems, new goals and new threats continue to emerge, and the causes, subjects, forms, and scenarios of war and confrontation will be more complex, diverse and multi-domain integrated, and their performance will be more uncertain and nonlinear. Whoever can recognize the future war form and style and whoever has a rich concept of combat concepts can take the initiative in international games.

The deterrent effect of advanced military theories. Advanced military theories can coordinate existing war resources to the greatest extent through scientific theoretical design, and fully transform war potential into war power. Therefore, advanced military theories are both combat effectiveness that can win wars and deterrence that can deter wars. For example, people’s war is our magic weapon to defeat the enemy, which has been proven by war practice. For a long time after the founding of New China, imperialism and hegemonism did not dare to act rashly against our country. One important reason was that they were afraid of the power of our people’s war. In recent years, the form of war has accelerated its evolution towards intelligence, and new combat concepts of foreign armies have emerged in an endless stream. In the face of competition in military theory innovation on the “silent battlefield”, we must have insight into the new development of intelligent combat theory, examine the new changes in intelligent combat styles, and adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”. We must be good at creating advanced fighting methods to defeat the superior, and we must also be good at avoiding the real and attacking the virtual to attack the incapable, and innovate and develop theoretical deterrence with our own characteristics.

Promote cross-domain communication and integration, and deconstruct multi-dimensional innovation mechanisms

Modern warfare has broken through the boundaries of land, sea, air, space and power grids, proving the necessity of multi-domain linkage and multi-dimensional connection. In this vast military and even civilian field, the military theory innovation must integrate scientific and technological channels, build a strategic and tactical research and training platform, and seek breakthroughs from the innovation mechanism by gathering the best and releasing energy, integrating information, and integrating strikes.

The battlefield space is ubiquitous and multi-dimensionally reconstructed. The essence of battlefield space reconstruction is the breakthrough of technological civilization on physical boundaries, that is, when new technologies develop to a certain extent, the physical domain, information domain, social domain, etc. will present a reconstructed form. This reconstruction breaks the spatial limitations and time dimensions of the traditional battlefield, and deeply promotes the war confrontation from the centralized and linear physical space to the hyper-dimensional space of multi-domain integration and boundless linkage, which brings about the ubiquitous combat domain, all-encompassing combat elements, and all-encompassing combat forces, and will form a new combat form. This requires military theory to reconstruct the three-dimensionality, multi-dimensionality and linkage of modern warfare from the aspects of combat system, strategy and tactics, and node elements. Especially in the future, the mixed linkage of battlefield space such as politics, economy, military, and public opinion will bring about many sources of struggle, wide fields, and strong coupling. Military theory innovation needs to have a deep insight into the connotation and essential characteristics of the endogenous development of battlefield space, so as to reconstruct an autonomous, flexible, elastic, and closed-loop combat space and highlight the battlefield ecological mechanism of linkage and balance.

Reshaping of multi-layer technology nested structure. Modern warfare needs to integrate technical systems at different levels and in different fields to form a highly coordinated and dynamically adaptive combat system to cope with the complex needs of informatization, intelligence and precision. The huge combat system urgently needs to evolve from a single function to a systematized and networked one. The core lies in breaking the boundaries of traditional military services and equipment technology and building a multi-dimensional linkage technology ecosystem. For example, the strategic early warning system requires three-dimensional networking of space satellites, ground radars, underwater sonars, etc., that is, integration and nesting from the physical layer; the global battlefield perception network requires real-time data of space-based surveillance, air early warning, and ground reconnaissance, that is, fusion and interaction from the information layer; the joint global command and control system needs to complete target identification, threat assessment and target allocation within seconds, that is, intelligent decision-making from the cognitive layer. These cross-domain communication integrations force the deep reconstruction of the technical architecture, which in turn triggers the transformation of military organizations and actions. Technological innovation drives tactical breakthroughs, promotes the iteration of equipment systems and the reshaping of military theory systems, which is the secret of the innovation mechanism of military theory.

Cross-domain knowledge integration and cognitive reconstruction. Modern warfare has broken through the Clausewitzian “trinity” framework and presents the characteristics of quantum entanglement-style full-dimensional confrontation. For example, the US military’s “mosaic warfare” theory integrates AI and biological nerves to construct a dynamic and reconfigurable killing network. This requires that military theory innovation must have the ability of cross-domain deconstruction and cognitive reconstruction. This integration and reconstruction is not a simple superposition of knowledge, but a new dimension of understanding of war and a metacognitive system through the “emergence effect”. This requires breaking down disciplinary barriers and traditional thinking frameworks, integrating advanced technologies such as communications, navigation, detection, and quantum on the basis of cybernetics, information theory, and systems theory, and forming a knowledge ecosystem with its internal logic that can couple new tactics, combat systems, and war forms.

Create an open source theoretical ecosystem and form a distributed innovation pattern

With the development of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain-computer interfaces, and multi-dimensional information, the development of military theory has shown an era trend of diversified innovation. If we can activate the innovation potential with an open source ecosystem, we may be able to develop a different innovation model for military theory from the existing ones – one that maintains the traditional background of military theory while also having the technological sharpness of the intelligent era. Its core lies in stimulating innovation through an open ecosystem, diversified cooperation, and localization.

Shaping an open source ecosystem. Traditional military theory research is highly confidential and exclusive, and inevitably has information barriers, thinking limitations, and technical gaps, which can no longer meet the needs of war development. The superiority, vitality, and professionalism shown by the open source big model inspire the world. The open source military theory ecosystem can also build an advanced basic military theory base through a controllable open sharing ecosystem of theoretical frameworks, tactical deductions, and technical solutions under the support of a hierarchical collaboration system and blockchain technology, and then derive concrete military theory plug-ins for operational concept trees, scenario sets, and style groups in various fields. Its ecological connotation lies in breaking departmental boundaries, integrating military units, scientific research institutes, local universities, social think tanks, etc., and using supply and demand announcement platforms, war game deduction platforms, information interaction platforms, etc. to form a closed-loop feedback environment of “theoretical crowd creation” with multi-party participation. This distributed collaborative ecology can accelerate the formation of theoretical innovation and iteration through the interaction between nodes, and achieve sustainable development advantages in a complex internal and external environment.

Integration of military democracy. In the process of military theory innovation, through a professional and efficient collective collaboration mechanism, scattered cognitive resources are transformed into collective combat effectiveness, forming cross-domain and cross-weapon collaboration. Its success depends on three fulcrums: an open resource organization structure, an efficient knowledge management mechanism, and a deep integration of science and technology. This innovation model reshapes the production process of modern military theory: breaking the vertical, closed, and minority participation characteristics of traditional military theory innovation, and forming a collaborative paradigm that includes sharing and competitive participation of multiple subjects. This means that military theory innovation has entered a new stage of “collective wisdom + knowledge transfer”. The key is to release innovation potential through a military democracy mechanism, and to enhance the system resilience of theoretical innovation while ensuring military effectiveness. The ultimate goal is to form a theoretical system that can both guide its own military practice and contribute to human war cognition.

Highlight its own characteristics. The “two combinations” are the fundamental way to promote the theoretical innovation of the Party. To strengthen the innovation of military theory, we must insist on combining the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of building the people’s army and absorbing the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture. We should focus on using the “arrow” of truth to shoot the “target” of military practice in the new era, and innovate and develop military theory in the process of creatively applying Marxism to analyze and deal with contemporary Chinese military issues. We should focus on extracting rich nutrition from China’s excellent traditional military culture, absorbing the war concepts, military wisdom, strategic thinking, military tactics and strategies contained therein, and giving military theory distinct Chinese characteristics, Chinese style and Chinese style. In particular, we should focus on deeply integrating the laws of modern warfare and the laws of war guidance, the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture and China’s national conditions and military conditions, forming a military theory generation system with autonomy, adaptability and foresight, and constantly opening up new horizons for the development of our military’s military theory.(Editors: Dai Xiaoling, Wan Peng)

現代國語：

習主席強調指出，新時代新征程，世界百年變局加速演進，新軍事革命迅速發展，我國安全和發展需求深刻變化，實現強軍目標任務更加緊迫，必須全面加強軍事理論工作。加速形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的軍事理論體系，就要拓展思維視野，加強軍事理論創新，努力搶佔軍事理論創新制高點，奪得軍事理論競爭新優勢，進而在大國戰略博弈中掌握主動權。

立足戰爭時代特徵，重建多元式認知框架

自21世紀以來，隨著全球政治、經濟、文化、科技的發展，現代戰爭特徵發生了深刻變化，大國高端戰爭博弈下的體系對抗、空間疊加、多域混合特徵更加突出。戰爭形態向力量高度混散、資訊高度流動、行動高度協同的方向加速演進，亟需我們檢視軍事理論創新的時代動因。

戰爭形態演化的時代性。梳理傳統戰爭到現代戰爭的發展脈絡，對比分析後可以發現「結硬寨、打呆仗、群毆式」的單純原始形態已然走向多域戰、混合戰等多元高級形態，戰爭理念、作戰體系、戰法打法等均在持續發生演化，其時代動因是「技術底色決定逼成色，戰術創新技術革新」的戰術效應。在此背景下，未來戰爭將呈現「全域連動、智能主導、無人爭鋒」三大特徵，其本質上是一種非線性狀態突破，是一種戰爭哲學更新，更是一種超維力量博弈。背後推手是層出不窮的新型作戰概念，軍事理論創新必須直面全局對抗、混合競能與技術突進的複合挑戰，其核心在於建構能夠打破思維掣肘、實現跨域制勝的新型戰爭觀。

軍事理論博弈的先導性。大國博弈是一個長期過程，其中的武器裝備競賽是互相博弈的一種傳統路徑，而另一個新興賽道則是軍事理論競賽。首先，軍事理論是大國博弈的高層邏輯，先導式、伴隨式與跟進式軍事理論交替演進，為大國博弈提供了資源整合、演訓迭代和力量優化的藍圖指引，也為制約與破解對手能力提供了方法策略，可以加速軍事體系決勝的衝線趨勢。其次，隨著國際情勢、科技發展等方面的不斷變化，新矛盾、新問題、新目標、新威脅不斷湧現，戰爭和對抗的誘因、主體、形式、場景等方面將更為複雜多元和多域融合，其表現也更加充滿不確定和非線性。誰能認清未來戰爭形態樣式，誰能擁有豐富的作戰理念概念，誰能在國際博弈中佔據主動。

先進軍事理論的威懾性。先進軍事理論可以透過科學的理論設計，最大程度地統籌現有的戰爭資源，把戰爭潛力充分轉化為戰爭實力。所以，先進軍事理論既是能夠勝戰的戰鬥力，也是能夠懾戰的威懾力。例如，人民戰爭是我克敵制勝的法寶，已經得到戰爭實踐的證明。新中國成立後的相當長一段時間裡，帝國主義、霸權主義不敢對我國輕舉妄動，一個重要原因就是懼怕我人民戰爭的威力。近年來，戰爭形態向智能化加速演進，外軍新型作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰樣式新變化，堅持“你打你的、我打我的”，既要擅長創造高級打法以優制工業理論，也要避實擊擊你的、我打我的”，既要擅長創造高級打法以優適能避實擊

促進跨域交流集成，解構多維式創新機理

現代戰爭突破陸海空天電網的界限，印證了多域聯動多維連結的必要性。而在此龐大的軍事甚至民用領域中聚優釋能、資訊整合、融合打擊，軍事理論創新必須整合科學技術通道、搭建戰略戰術研練平台，更需多維多域互通，從創新機理中去尋求突破。

戰場空間泛在多元重建。戰場空間重構的本質是科技文明對物理邊界的突破，也就是新科技發展到一定程度後，物理域、資訊域、社會域等將呈現重構形體。這種重建打破了傳統戰場的空間限制、時間維度，深入推動戰爭對抗從集中式、線性化的物理空間轉向多域融合、無界聯動的超維空間，由此帶來作戰要域無所不在、作戰要素無所不包、作戰力量無所不及，並將形成全新的作戰形態。這需要軍事理論從作戰體系、戰略戰術、節點要素等方面重新解構現代戰爭的立體性、多維性和連結性。特別是今後時期，政治、經濟、軍事、輿論等戰場空間的混合連動帶來的鬥爭來源多、領域廣、耦合強，軍事理論創新需深刻洞悉戰場空間內生髮育的內涵要義與本質特徵，以重構自主、靈活、彈性、閉環的作戰空間，凸顯聯動平衡的戰場生態機理。

多層技術嵌套結構重塑。現代戰爭需要透過整合不同層級、不同領域的技術系統，形成高度協同、動態適應的作戰體系，以因應資訊化、智慧化、精確化的複雜需求。龐大的作戰體系亟須將單一功能向體系化和網路化演變，其核心在於打破傳統軍兵種和裝備技術領域的界限，建構多維連動的技術生態。例如，戰略預警體系需要太空衛星、地面雷達、水下聲吶等立體組網，即從物理層整合嵌套；全局戰場感知網絡需要天基監視、空中預警、地面偵察的即時數據，即從資訊層融合交互；聯合全局指揮控制系統需要數秒內完成目標識別、威脅評估與目標分配，即從認知層智能決策。這些跨域交流整合倒逼技術架構的深度重構，由此引發軍事組織與行動破繭化蝶。技術創新驅動戰術突破，推動裝備體系迭代和軍事理論體系重塑，是軍事理論創新機制的奧秘所在。

跨域知識整合認知重建。現代戰爭突破克勞塞維茨式「三位一體」框架，呈現量子糾纏式的全維度對抗特質。如美軍「馬賽克戰」理論將AI與生物神經融合，架構動態可重建殺傷網。這要求軍事理論創新必須具備跨域解構與認知重建能力。這種整合與重建不是簡單的知識疊加，而是透過「湧現效應」產生新的戰爭理解維度與後設認知體系。這要求打破學科壁壘與傳統思維框架，在控制論、資訊理論、系統論基礎上，融合通訊、導航、偵測、量子等先進技術，以其內在邏輯形成能夠耦合新型戰術戰法、作戰體系、戰爭形態的知識生態系統。

打造開源理論生態，形成分散式創新格局

隨著人工智慧、腦機介面、多維度資訊等顛覆性技術發展，軍事理論發展呈現多元創新的時代趨勢。若能以開源生態活化創新潛力，或可走出一條不同於既有的軍事理論創新模式──既保持軍事理論傳統底色，又兼具智慧化時代的科技銳度，其核心在於從開放生態、多元合作和本土化路徑中去激發創新。

塑造開源生態。傳統軍事理論研究多具有高度保密性與排他性，也不可避免地存在資訊障礙、思考限制和技術鴻溝，已無法滿足戰爭發展需求。開源大模型顯示出的超群性、生命性、專業性給世人以啟發，開源軍事理論生態亦可在分級協作體系與區塊鏈技術的支撐下，透過理論架構、戰術推演、技術方案的可控式開放共享生態，建構一個先進的基本軍事理論基座，再衍生出各領域作戰概念樹、場景集、具象化的場景具象集。其生態內涵在於打破部門邊界，整合軍事單位、科研院所、地方高校、社會智庫等，利用供求揭榜平台、兵棋推演平台、資訊互動平台等，形成多方參與的「理論眾創」閉環回饋環境。這種分散式協作生態，可透過節點間的互動加速形成理論創新迭代合力，在複雜的內外環境中實現永續發展優勢。

融合軍事民主。在軍事理論創新過程中，透過專業、高效率的集體協作機制，將分散的認知資源轉化為集體戰鬥力，形成跨領域、跨武器協同。其成功依賴三個支點：開放的資源組織架構、高效率的知識管理機制，以及深度的理技融合。這種創新模式重塑了現代軍事理論生產流程：打破傳統軍事理論創新的垂直化、封閉化、少數化的參與特徵，形成包容多元主體共享與競爭參與的協作典範。這意味著軍事理論創新進入「集體智慧+知識遷移」的新階段，其關鍵是透過軍事民主機制釋放創新潛能，在確保軍事效能的同時提升理論創新的體系韌性。最終目的是形成既能引導自身軍事實踐，也能貢獻於人類戰爭認知的理論體系。

突顯自身特色。 「兩個結合」是推動黨的理論創新的根本途徑。加強軍事理論創新就要堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同人民軍隊建設實踐結合，汲取中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華。注重以真理之“矢”去射新時代軍事實踐之“的”，在創造性運用馬克思主義分析和處理當代中國軍事問題的過程中創新發展軍事理論。注重從中華優秀傳統軍事文化中萃取豐富營養，汲取蘊含其中的戰爭觀念、治軍智慧、戰略思想、兵法謀略等，賦予軍事理論鮮明的中國特色、中國風格、中國氣派。特別是注重將現代戰爭規律與戰爭指導規律、中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華與中國國情軍情深度融合，形成具有自主性、適應性和前瞻性的軍事理論生成體系，不斷開闢我軍軍事理論發展新境界。

(編按：代曉靈、萬鵬)

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2025/0529/c40531-40490232888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

China’s first optical quantum computer shows off its computing power comparable to top “supercomputers”

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我國首台光量子電腦展現媲美頂級「超級電腦」的運算能力

現代英語：

In today’s era of rapid technological development, the technological competition between China and the United States is like a war without gunpowder, especially in cutting-edge technology fields such as lithography machines and chips. The United States has relied on its technological advantages to blockade and suppress my country, trying to curb the pace of my country’s technological rise. However, things suddenly turned around, and pressure can often be transformed into motivation. my country’s technology companies did not retreat, but instead accelerated the pace of independent research and development. Recently, the first appearance of a new generation of domestic optical quantum computers is undoubtedly a shining star in my country’s science and technology field, illuminating the road to future technological development.

Stunning debut, showing strength

This device, called “TurningQ Gen2 Large-Scale Programmable Optical Quantum Computing System”, attracted countless eyes. It looks like a double-door refrigerator, seemingly ordinary, but contains huge scientific and technological energy. The device is mainly composed of three core components: quantum light source unit, quantum computing unit, and detection unit. Each component embodies the hard work and wisdom of scientific researchers.

According to relevant persons in charge of Turing Quantum, this optical quantum computer has a quantum superiority level of 56 photons. When solving certain specific problems, its computing power is almost comparable to that of the top supercomputer, Tianhe-2. As an outstanding representative of my country’s supercomputers, Tianhe-2 has been ranked among the top in the global supercomputer rankings many times. Its powerful computing power has provided strong support for many scientific research and engineering fields. Today, the computing power of domestic optical quantum computers on specific problems is comparable to that of Tianhe-2, which is undoubtedly a major breakthrough in my country’s quantum computing field.

What is even more surprising is that compared with Tianhe-2, this optical quantum computer has obvious advantages in terms of floor space and energy consumption. Supercomputers usually require huge computer rooms and a large amount of energy supply to maintain operation, while optical quantum computers are only the size of a refrigerator, which greatly saves space and energy. This not only reduces the cost of use, but also makes it possible for the widespread application of quantum computers.

Key components, simultaneously unveiled

At the exhibition, the key device for the industrialization of this quantum computer, the photonic chip based on 110 nanometer technology, was also unveiled. The photonic chip is one of the core components of the optical quantum computer. It uses photons to transmit and process information and has the advantages of high speed and low energy consumption. The emergence of the photonic chip based on 110 nanometer technology marks that my country has made important progress in photonic chip manufacturing technology.

The development and production of photonic chips require high-precision manufacturing processes and advanced equipment. Through unremitting efforts, Chinese researchers have overcome technical difficulties one after another and successfully developed photonic chips based on 110-nanometer technology. This achievement not only lays a solid foundation for the industrialization of my country’s optical quantum computers, but also wins my country an advantage in the development of photonic chips.

Future prospects, unlimited potential

With the continuous advancement of quantum computing technology, the further optimization of CPO optoelectronic co-packaging and related micro-nano processing technologies, quantum computers are expected to significantly improve computing power while reducing their size to the size of a laptop computer. This prospect is exciting and will bring revolutionary changes to the popularization and application of quantum computers.

In the field of scientific research, quantum computers will provide powerful tools for solving complex scientific problems. For example, in the fields of quantum chemistry, materials science, biomedicine, etc., quantum computers can simulate the structure and properties of molecules and accelerate the process of new drug development and material design. In the financial field, quantum computers can be used for risk assessment, portfolio optimization, etc. to improve the accuracy and efficiency of financial decision-making. In the field of artificial intelligence, quantum computers can accelerate the training of machine learning and deep learning algorithms and promote the development of artificial intelligence technology.

In addition, the widespread application of quantum computers will also drive the development of related industries. From the manufacture of photon chips to the assembly and debugging of quantum computers, to the development and application of quantum computing software, a huge industrial chain will be formed. This will inject new impetus into my country’s economic development and create a large number of employment opportunities.

Independent innovation, forging ahead

The debut of the new generation of domestic optical quantum computers is another major achievement of my country’s independent scientific and technological innovation. In the face of the blockade and suppression of the United States, my country’s technology companies did not choose to rely on imports, but firmly embarked on the path of independent research and development. This spirit of independent innovation is the core driving force of my country’s scientific and technological development.

However, we must also be aware that there is still a certain gap between my country and the world’s advanced level in the field of quantum computing. In future development, we need to continue to increase investment in scientific research, cultivate more scientific and technological talents, strengthen international cooperation and exchanges, and continuously enhance my country’s core competitiveness in the field of quantum computing.

The debut of the new generation of domestic optical quantum computers is an important milestone in the history of my country’s scientific and technological development. It allows us to see the huge potential and broad prospects of my country in the field of quantum computing. I believe that in the near future, quantum computers will enter our lives and bring more surprises and changes to the development of human society. Let us look forward to the arrival of this day and work hard for the brilliant future of my country’s science and technology!

現代國語：

在當今科技快速發展的時代，中美之間的科技競爭猶如一場沒有硝煙的戰爭，在光刻機、晶片等前沿科技領域尤為激烈。美國憑藉其技術優勢對我國進行封鎖和打壓，試圖遏制我國科技崛起的腳步。然而，事情突然反轉了，壓力往往能轉化為動力，我國科技企業並未因此退縮，反而加快了自主研發的腳步。近日，國產新一代光量子電腦首次亮相，無疑是我國科技領域的璀璨明星，照亮了未來科技發展的道路。

驚艷首秀，實力彰顯

這台名為「TurningQ Gen2大規模可程式光量子計算系統」的設備吸引了無數目光。它外觀猶如一台對開門冰箱，看似普通，卻蘊含著巨大的科技能量。該設備主要由量子光源單元、量子計算單元、探測單元三大核心組件所構成，每個組件都凝聚著科研人員的心血與智慧。

據圖靈量子相關負責人介紹，這台光量子電腦具備56光子的量子優越性等級規模。在求解某些特定問題時，其運算能力幾乎可媲美頂尖超級電腦——天河二號。天河二號作為我國超算的傑出代表，曾多次在全球超算排行榜上名列前茅，其強大的運算能力為許多科學研究和工程領域提供了有力支持。而如今，國產光量子電腦在特定議題上的運算能力與之相當，這無疑是我國在量子運算領域的重大突破。

更令人驚訝的是，與天河二號相比，這台光量子電腦在佔地面積和能耗方面具有明顯優勢。超算通常需要龐大的機房和大量的能源供應來維持運行，而光量子電腦僅相當於一台冰箱的大小，大大節省了空間和能源。這不僅降低了使用成本，也為量子電腦的廣泛應用提供了可能。

關鍵裝置，同步亮相

在展會現場，與這台量子電腦實現產業化的關鍵裝置－基於110奈米製程的光子晶片也同步亮相。光子晶片是光量子電腦的核心元件之一，它利用光子進行資訊傳輸和處理，具有高速、低能耗等優點。基於110奈米製程的光子晶片的出現，標誌著我國在光子晶片製造技術上取得了重要進展。

光子晶片的研發和生產需要高精度的製造流程和先進的設備。我國科學研究人員經過不懈努力，攻克了一個又一個技術難題，成功研發了基於110奈米製程的光子晶片。這項成果不僅為我國光量子電腦的產業化奠定了堅實基礎，也為我國在光子晶片領域的發展贏得了先機。

未來展望，潛力無限

隨著量子運算技術的不斷進步，CPO光電共封裝以及相關微納加工製程的進一步優化，量子電腦有望在大幅提升運算能力的同時，將尺寸縮小到筆記型電腦大小。這一前景令人振奮，它將為量子電腦的普及和應用帶來革命性的變化。

在科學研究領域，量子電腦將為複雜科學問題的求解提供強大的工具。例如，在量子化學、材料科學、生物醫學等領域，量子電腦可以模擬分子的結構和性質，加速新藥研發和材料設計的進程。在金融領域，量子電腦可以用於風險評估、投資組合最佳化等，提高財務決策的準確性和效率。在人工智慧領域，量子電腦可以加速機器學習和深度學習演算法的訓練，推動人工智慧技術的發展。

此外，量子電腦的廣泛應用也將帶動相關產業的發展。從光子晶片的製造到量子電腦的組裝和調試，再到量子運算軟體的開發和應用，都將形成一個龐大的產業鏈。這將為我國經濟發展注入新的動力，創造大量的就業機會。

自主創新，砥礪前行

國產新一代光量子電腦的首秀，是我國科技自主創新的另一個重大成果。在面對美國的封鎖和打壓時，我國科技企業並沒有選擇依賴進口，而是堅定地走上了自主研發的道路。這種自主創新的精神是我國科技發展的核心動力。

然而，我們也要清醒地體認到，我國在量子運算領域與世界先進水準仍有一定的差距。在未來的發展中，我們需要持續加大科研投入，培養更多的科技人才，加強國際合作與交流，不斷提升我國在量子運算領域的核心競爭力。

國產新一代光量子電腦的首秀，是我國科技發展史上的重要里程碑。它讓我們看到了我國在量子運算領域的巨大潛力和廣闊前景。相信在不久的將來，量子電腦將走進我們的生活，為人類社會的發展帶來更多的驚喜和改變。讓我們共同期待這一天的到來，為我國科技的輝煌未來而奮鬥！

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/K2OHRN700540MBP1888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Quantum Technology Has Great Potential For Future Chinese Warfare Success

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量子科技對中國未來戰爭的成功有巨大潛力

現代英語：

On October 16, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a collective study on the research and application prospects of quantum technology. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that we must fully recognize the importance and urgency of promoting the development of quantum technology, strengthen the strategic planning and systematic layout of quantum technology development, grasp the general trend, and take the initiative.

As the mystery of quantum is unveiled, people are increasingly aware that quantum technology represents the future of human society, is a strategic field that concerns national security and high-quality social and economic development, is a major disruptive technological innovation that impacts and reconstructs the traditional technological system, and will lead a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. It has a bright future.

The United States, the European Union, Australia, Russia and other world powers and regional organizations have been conducting research on quantum technology for many years and have done a lot of preliminary work in the field of quantum information. my country has also pressed the “accelerator” in the development of quantum technology.

Quantum thinking opens up your mind

Do you think quantum technology is very high-end, sounds vague, and even a bit illusory? Not only do you think so, but even Niels Bohr, the founder of quantum physics, once said: “If someone is not confused by quantum mechanics, he does not understand it.”

In fact, we live in the quantum world every day. Quantum is the basic unit of matter: if you divide the physical quantity piece by piece until it is small enough that it cannot be divided any further, it is a quantum. For example, a photon is the basic unit of light energy and it is impossible to divide it into half a photon.

So why can’t we feel its existence at all, and even find it difficult to understand the phenomena of the quantum world? This is because the scale we are familiar with is too different from the quantum scale. For example, a table is on the meter scale, a hair is on the millimeter scale, and the object of quantum physics is tens of millions or even hundreds of millions times smaller than the scale of a hair. If a person is reduced to a size of tens of millions of times the diameter of a hair, then the world in which humans live will follow a completely different set of rules.

In the Newtonian classical thinking model that we are familiar with, “the world is accurately measurable”, everything is an objective, precise, mechanically connected, describable and quantifiable mathematical model, just like you can calculate and analyze the whole process of a wooden block sliding down a slope with a pen. However, several key words of quantum thinking may subvert all this:

Keyword 1: “Probability”. The world is jumpy, unpredictable, and uncertain, or in other words, it is extremely complex and interconnected like the butterfly effect.

Keyword 2: “Overlap”. The world is “plural”. Before we make a choice, the choices are infinite and changing. Only when we finally make a choice, other possibilities “collapse”. At the same time, this choice provides us with infinite options for the next choice.

Keyword three: “Observer”. This is even weirder – if you observe a quantum system, it changes immediately! In other words, the state of the quantum depends on the observer.

Einstein described the quantum world as “ghost-like”. There, many natural laws that people firmly believe in will become invalid, and the perspective of understanding the universe will be completely changed. Before opening the door to the quantum world, you need to abandon all the common sense you have acquired in the macroscopic world, replace it with quantum thinking, keep your mind open, and be ready to exclaim: “How is this possible?!”

A tiny quantum has brought about two revolutions

With quantum thinking, you may understand the two “unique skills” of quantum: one is “clone” – quantum superposition, a quantum can exist in several states at the same time; the other is “remote telepathy” – quantum entanglement, a pair of entangled quantum is like a pair of twins with telepathy. At the same time, quantum is also very “weird” – indivisible and non-cloneable.

It is precisely these magical properties that enable such tiny quantum to burst out with huge energy, setting off two technological waves in human history.

As early as 1900, German physicist Planck proposed the concept of quantum, which split the “hard core” of the real world and ushered in the quantum era. A group of talented scientists such as Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and Bohr basically completed the theoretical framework of quantum mechanics.

Quantum mechanics is one of the greatest scientific discoveries of the last century. Based on quantum mechanics, modern technologies such as transistors, lasers, nuclear fusion, mobile communications, and global positioning systems have emerged, allowing humans to enter the information age, and then developed into the ubiquitous computers and the Internet, creating further prosperity for society. This is the first quantum revolution.

In the 1980s, quantum information technology was born in the information field based on quantum mechanics. For example, quantum computers, quantum cryptography, quantum sensors, etc., not only are based on quantum mechanics, but the devices themselves also have quantum world characteristics such as superposition, entanglement, non-locality, and non-cloning, breaking through the physical limits of classical technology and finding new research directions. The birth of quantum information technology is called the second quantum revolution.

Quantum technology is one of the most cutting-edge technologies at present. It is moving out of the laboratory and achieving unprecedented leapfrog development in various fields. Some even predict that, like steam engines, electricity and computers, quantum technology will become the symbol of the fourth technological revolution.

“A pair of twin stars rises”

Academician Guo Guangcan of the University of Science and Technology of China once said vividly: “The computing power of quantum computers compared with electronic computers is equivalent to the computing power of electronic computers compared with abacus.” The computers we use use the two states of bits 0 and 1 as information processing units, and can only process a single state bit that is either 0 or 1 at a time; while the quantum computing processing unit is a quantum bit, which can process 0 and 1 at the same time due to the superposition effect, just like Sun Wukong can split into dozens of bodies to fight monsters. If a light quantum computer is made using quantum technology, the computing time of a classical computer that takes hundreds of thousands of years will be shortened to a few seconds.

Therefore, as the number of quantum bits continues to increase, the more “clones” there are, the faster the calculation will be. When the number of quantum bits reaches 50, that is, 250 states exist simultaneously, how huge is this number? Converted into the thickness of a 0.1 mm A4 paper folded in half 50 times, this number is 100 million kilometers, which is close to 3/4 of the distance from the earth to the sun. When a quantum computer can reach 100 bits, it may be 100 billion times faster than a supercomputer in some directions.

How should we use such powerful computing power?

First, large-scale, high-dimensional computing problems that were difficult or impossible to solve in the past can now be quickly solved, such as typical search problems and combinatorial optimization problems, such as optimal route selection, code cracking, network threat prediction, urban traffic planning, and so on.

Secondly, artificial quantum systems can be used to simulate natural quantum systems to explore the dynamic properties of molecules. For example, once we simulate and analyze the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity, we can design some new superconducting materials. This will open a new door for drug design, new material exploration, weather forecasting, space exploration, chemical engineering and other fields, and has great economic and social value.

What is particularly worth looking forward to is that artificial intelligence and quantum technology will coexist and evolve at the same time, “rising like a pair of twin stars.”

Gordon Moore, the founder of Intel, proposed the famous Moore’s Law: Computer computing speed doubles every 18 months or so. Without the exponential growth of silicon transistors in chips and the increasing computing power, artificial intelligence would not have achieved such remarkable results in recent years. However, today, the size of a transistor is much smaller than a flu virus, approaching the physical limit, and computer computing speed is about to reach a “bottleneck”, and artificial intelligence may face a “cold winter”.

Scientists are convinced that only quantum computing, which goes beyond classical computing, can be a strong backing for artificial intelligence to break through its limits. In particular, machine learning technology, which relies on large-scale data processing, will benefit greatly from quantum computing and generate unlimited possibilities; at the same time, artificial intelligence technology can realize self-calibration and evaluation of quantum computing, and evolve with it.

In a foreseeable period, quantum computing will gradually transition from solving optimization problems, quantum encryption communications, and molecular structure research to integrating artificial intelligence, and infiltrating various industries such as smart manufacturing, smart logistics and smart retail, and smart finance. Cloud services will be a new form of service that quantum computing can provide.

Quantum communication “weaves” quantum internet

This is the most amazing phenomenon in the quantum world: independent particles can be completely “entangled” together. Even if the two particles are at the two ends of the universe, both sides can “sense” each other’s state; as long as the state of one of the particles changes, the state of the other particle will also change instantly.

At the same time, quantum is in multiple possible superposition states, and its true state cannot be determined before it is observed. We can achieve absolutely secure communication with subversive significance by constructing particles with quantum entanglement.

With the help of the magical properties of quantum, scientists have found an unbreakable code, the only unconditionally secure encryption method currently available to humans, and the most critical link in quantum communication – quantum key distribution.

Quantum keys use single photons as carriers. Once an eavesdropper takes action, the first layer of “firewall” will be triggered – the quantum state of particles will change. The eavesdropping behavior will be immediately discovered by the user transmitting the information, and the sender and receiver will immediately stop using the key to encrypt the information content. As a “spy”, since quantum state particles cannot be copied, can’t you just intercept and measure them directly? Sorry, doing so will trigger the second layer of “firewall” – the uncertainty principle. Even if you are intercepted by an eavesdropper, there is no way to get the correct information. Quantum satellites are the most promising way to achieve ultra-long-distance quantum communication. In August 2016, the world’s first quantum science experimental satellite “Mozi” was successfully launched in China.

Quantum communication technology and quantum resources have given rise to a new functional network – quantum Internet. It will bring about a leap forward in network security, computing and science, and has broad application prospects: in addition to achieving unconditional secure communication, it can also connect multiple quantum computers to build a distributed quantum computing system, forming a large-scale computing capability that a single quantum computer cannot achieve; forming a sensor network to increase the accuracy of navigation networks such as the global positioning system from the meter level to the millimeter level; connecting optical telescopes thousands of kilometers apart to obtain a resolution equivalent to that of a monocular telescope of the same diameter, and so on.

In May 2020, the European Union stated that it would promote the integration of quantum communications with traditional network infrastructure and applications, develop satellite-based quantum cryptography that can be used for global secure key distribution, and lay the foundation for the future “quantum internet” vision.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network
Friday , November 13, 2020

現代國語：

10月16日，中共中央政治局就量子科技研究和應用前景舉行集體學習。習近平總書記強調，要充分認識推動量子科技發展的重要性和迫切性，加強量子科技發展戰略規劃和系統佈局，把握大趨勢，下好先手棋。

揭開量子的神秘面紗，人們愈來愈認識到，量子科技代表著人類社會未來，是事關國家安全和社會經濟高品質發展的戰略領域，是對傳統技術體系產生衝擊、進行重構的重大顛覆性技術創新，將引領新一輪科技革命和產業變革，可謂「前途」無量。

對於量子科技的研究，美國、歐盟、澳洲、俄羅斯等世界大國和區域組織已持續多年，在量子資訊領域都做了大量前期部署工作。我國在發展量子科技上，也按下了「加速鍵」。

量子思維讓腦洞大開

您是不是覺得量子科技非常高冷，聽起來似懂非懂，甚至有點亦真亦幻？不光您這麼想，連量子物理奠基人尼爾斯·玻爾都曾說過：“如果誰不對量子力學感到困惑，他就沒有理解它。”

其實，我們每天都生活在量子世界裡。量子是物質的基本單元：如果把物理量一份一份往下分，分到無法再分的小塊，就是量子。例如，光量子就是光能量的基本單元，不可能再分成半個光量子。

那麼，我們為何完全感覺不到它的存在，甚至很難理解量子世界的現象？這是因為我們熟悉的尺度和量子尺度相差太大。例如，一張桌子是米尺度，一根頭髮絲是毫米尺度，而量子物理學的研究對像比頭髮絲的尺度還小幾千萬倍甚至幾億倍。如果人類縮小成頭髮直徑的幾千萬分之一大小，那麼人類生活的世界將完全遵循另一套規則。

在我們熟知的牛頓經典思維模式下，“世界是測得準的”，一切都是客觀的、精準的、機械聯繫的、可描述可量化的數學模型，好比您提起筆就能計算分析出一個木塊從斜坡滑落的全過程。但量子思維的幾大關鍵字，可能顛覆這一切——

關鍵字一：「機率」。世界是跳躍的、不可預測的、測不準的，或者說是像蝴蝶效應那樣異常複雜關聯的。

關鍵字二：「重疊」。世界是「複數」的，在我們選定之前，選擇是無限的和變化的。直到最終選定了，其他可能性才「崩塌」。同時，這個選擇為我們下一次選擇又提供了無限的選項。

關鍵字三：「觀測者」。這個就更加詭異了——如果您去觀測測量子系統，它立刻就變了！換句話說，量子的狀態取決於觀測者。

愛因斯坦形容量子世界「如幽靈一般」。在那裡，人們堅信不疑的許多自然法則都會失效，理解宇宙的角度會徹底改變。在推開量子世界大門前，您需要拋棄在宏觀世界所獲得的一切常識，換上量子思維，保持腦洞大開狀態，並隨時準備驚呼：“這怎麼可能？！”

小小量子掀起兩次革命

有了量子思維，也許您就好理解量子所擁有的兩個「絕技」了：一是「分身術」——量子疊加，一個量子可同時存在好幾種狀態；另一個是「遠程心靈感應」——量子糾纏，一對糾纏的量子就好像一對有心靈感應的雙胞胎一樣。同時，量子還很「古怪」——不可分割和不可複製。

正是具備這些神奇特性，使如此微小的量子爆發出巨大能量，在人類歷史上掀起兩波科技浪潮。

早在1900年，德國物理學家普朗克提出量子概念，現實世界的「硬核」就此被劈開，隨之開啟量子時代。海森堡、薛丁格、玻爾等一群天才科學家基本上完成了量子力學的理論架構。

量子力學是上世紀最偉大的科學發現之一。基於量子力學，才有了晶體管、雷射、核融合、行動通訊、全球定位系統等現代技術，使人類進入資訊時代，繼而發展產生了當下無處不在的電腦和互聯網, 造就了社會進一步繁榮。這便是第一次量子革命。

在1980年代，基於量子力學，在資訊領域誕生了量子資訊技術。例如量子電腦、量子密碼、量子感測等，不僅其原理是量子力學，裝置本身也具備了疊加、糾纏、非局域性、不可複製性等量子世界特性，突破了經典技術的物理極限，找到了新的研究方向。量子資訊科技的誕生稱為第二次量子革命。

量子科技是目前最前沿的科技之一，它正走出實驗室，在各個領域實現前所未有的跨越式發展。甚至有人預言，就像蒸汽機、電力和電腦一樣，量子科技將成為第四次科技革命的象徵。

“升起一對雙子星”

中國科技大學郭光燦院士曾經形像地說：「量子電腦的運算能力同電子計算機相比，等同於電子計算機的運算能力同算盤相比。」我們所使用的計算機，是以比特0和1兩個狀態作為資訊處理單元，一次只能處理一個非0即1的單一狀態比特；而量子計算處理單元是量子比特，由於疊加效應，一次只能處理一個非0即1的單一狀態比特；而一個量子計算如果利用量子技術製造一台光量子計算機，那麼經典計算機幾十萬年的運算時間將縮短為幾秒鐘。

所以，當量子位元數不斷增加，「分身」就越多，運算速度就會呈指數級成長。當量子位元達到50個，也就是250種狀態同時存在時，這個數字究竟巨大到什麼程度？換算成一張0.1毫米的A4紙對折50次的厚度，這個數字是1億公里，接近從地球到太陽距離的3/4。當量子電腦能達到100個位元時，在某些方向就可能比超級電腦快百億億倍了。

這麼強大的算力我們該怎麼使用？

首先，過去很難或無法解決的大規模、高維度計算難題，這下可以快速解決了。例如典型的搜尋問題、組合最佳化問題，諸如最優路線選擇、密碼破解、網路威脅預測、城市交通規劃，等等。

其次，可利用人造量子系統模擬自然量子系統，進而探索分子的動力學性質。例如高溫超導現象，一旦我們把高溫超導的機制模擬分析出來，就能設計出一些超導新材料。這將為藥物設計、新材料探索、天氣預測、太空探索、化學等領域打開一扇新的大門，具有重大經濟和社會價值。

特別值得期待的是，人工智慧與量子科技將相生相伴、同時進化，「升起一對雙子星」。

英特爾的創辦人戈登·摩爾提出了著名的摩爾定律：每18個月左右，電腦的運算速度就會增加一倍。如果沒有晶片中矽電晶體的指數級成長、實現算力越來越強，近年來人工智慧不可能成績斐然。然而今天，一枚晶體管的尺寸已遠小於一個流感病毒，逼近物理極限，計算機計算速度即將陷入“瓶頸”，人工智能或將面臨“寒冬”。

科學家確信，只有超越經典計算的量子運算，才能成為人工智慧突破極限的強大後盾。特別是依賴大規模資料處理的機器學習技術，將大大受益於量子運算，產生無限可能；同時人工智慧技術可實現對量子計算的自校準評估，相伴進化發展。

在一個可預測的期間，量子運算將逐步從解決最佳化問題、量子加密通訊、分子結構研究，過渡到融入人工智慧，滲透進智慧製造、智慧物流與智慧零售、智慧金融等各產業。而雲端服務將是量子運算可提供的服務新形態。

量子通訊「編織」量子互聯網

這是量子世界最奇妙的現象：相互獨立的粒子可以完全「糾纏」在一起，就算這兩個粒子分別處於宇宙的兩端，雙方都能「感應」到對方的狀態；只要其中一個粒子的狀態發生變化，另一個粒子也會瞬間發生狀態改變。

同時，量子處於多種可能的疊加狀態，在對其觀測前，無法確定其真實狀態。我們可透過建構有著量子糾纏態的粒子，實現具有顛覆意義的絕對安全通訊。

借助量子的神奇特性，科學家們已尋找到無法被破解的密碼、人類目前唯一無條件安全的加密方式、量子通訊中最關鍵的一環——量子金鑰分發。

量子金鑰採用單光子作為載體，竊密者一旦行動，就會觸發第一層「防火牆」——量子態的粒子改變。竊聽行為馬上會被傳遞訊息的用戶發覺，收發雙方立即不再使用該金鑰來加密訊息內容。作為“竊取者”，既然量子態的粒子不能被複製，截取後直接測量不就可以了嗎？對不起，這麼做會觸發第二層「防火牆」——測不準原理。就算是被竊聽者截住，也沒有辦法得到正確資訊。量子衛星是實現超遠距離量子通訊最有希望的途徑。 2016年8月，世界首顆量子科學實驗衛星「墨子號」在中國發射成功。

量子通訊技術和量子資源，催生了新型功能網路—量子網路。它將帶來網路安全、計算以及科學上的飛躍，應用前景廣闊：除了可實現無條件安全通信外，還可連接多個量子計算機，構建分佈式量子計算系統，形成單個量子計算機無法實現的規模計算能力；形成傳感器網絡，將全球定位系統等導航網絡的精度從米級提高到毫米級；連接相距數千公里的光學望遠鏡，將全球定位系統等導航網絡的精度從米級提高到毫米級；連接相距數千公里的光學遠鏡，可獲得遠分辨率距，可獲得一個同等的望遠鏡等；連接相距數千公里的光學遠鏡，可獲得遠分辨率，可獲得遠1分辨率。

2020年5月，歐盟表示，將推動量子通訊與傳統網路基礎設施和應用結合，開發可用於全球安全金鑰分發、基於衛星的量子密碼，為未來「量子網路」遠景奠定基礎。

中國軍網 國防部網
2020年11月13日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-11/13/content_275729888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Chinese Military Commentary : What Key Capabilities Does the US Air Force Need in the Future? China Must be Vigilant

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中國軍事評論：美國空軍未來需要哪些關鍵能力？中國必須警惕

現代英語：

The U.S. Air Force Research Institute recently published a research report, “Air Force Strategic Research from 2020 to 2030”, which is to answer this question: What key capabilities does the U.S. Air Force need to have by 2030? According to current trends, in the next decade or so, the U.S. Air Force should focus its energy and resources on developing five key capabilities: force projection capability; the ability to act freely in air, space and cyberspace; global situational awareness; air force diplomacy; and the ability to provide military support to local governments. The research report also revolves around a basic theme, that is, the success of the U.S. Air Force in these areas will depend on whether it can comprehensively apply the various strengths of the United States in air, space and cyberspace.

Power Projection

In a worldwide security environment characterized by the proliferation of advanced anti-access and area-denial systems, it will become increasingly difficult for U.S. forces to establish secure bases within striking distance of their adversaries, increasing the need for long-range power projection—primarily long-range attack.

The main challenge for potential U.S. adversaries is to deny the United States access to bases and targets. In the short term, most adversaries cannot compete with the United States’ technological advantage; however, this advantage is declining. Future battlefields may look more like the network-centric war between Russia and Georgia in 2008 than like the wars in Iraq or Afghanistan.

The U.S. Department of Defense’s Quadrennial Defense Review states that “the future combat environment indicates that the U.S. military may have to conduct prolonged air and sea operations.” To meet these challenges, the U.S. Air Force must be able to defeat its opponents, even if these opponents have unprecedented military capabilities that can confront the U.S. Army and Navy. The following four suggestions may help meet the requirements of future air force power projection.

1. The U.S. Air Force must integrate air, space and cyber capabilities into current and future platforms and systems. For example, aircraft rely on GPS (Global Positioning System) and a range of network systems.

2. The Air Force must increase its flexibility in power projection. The available aircraft must include a variety of models from high-end (such as F-35 fighters) to low-end (light attack aircraft). Therefore, the Air Force should establish a “universal” force to undertake responsibilities other than traditional power projection with its allies; at the same time, it must also retain the necessary combat power to respond to major emergencies. Some examples show that in unconventional conflicts, it is not always necessary to use the best-performing aircraft.

3. Develop unmanned platforms with greater artificial intelligence that will support traditional force projection missions. Such systems could become a vital psychological warfare tool in peer competition, and adversaries could choose to cooperate with the United States because of its use of such systems.

4. Offensive and defensive cyber capabilities must be integrated into air and space platforms. As a force multiplier, cyber capabilities may soon become the best force projection tool in the Air Force’s arsenal. It is clear that several countries have cyber offensive capabilities that have caught up with or even surpassed the United States. Although the U.S. Air Force has worked hard to organize, train, and equip itself to meet the requirements of cyber warfare, it remains uncertain whether the Air Force’s cyber warfare capabilities can achieve victory.

Freedom of movement

To project power, the Air Force needs freedom of action in all domains: air, space, and cyber. Now, when discussing the importance of persistent air superiority, it is worth noting.

With the F-22 and F-35 likely to remain the Air Force’s primary air superiority platforms through at least 2030, relatively inexpensive force multipliers such as autonomous unmanned platforms, human-machine interaction technologies, and cyberattack capabilities will be key to improving the Air Force’s capabilities. Self-guided systems, cyberattack technologies, and human enhancement technologies are all likely to make progress, and here are three related suggestions:

1. Stealth, high-performance, autonomous aircraft can increase the number of fifth-generation fighters and enhance their capabilities. The old fighters will gradually be retired from service, and their role has been reduced to only supporting missions. The resulting combat power gap will be filled by advanced aircraft.

2. Human enhancement can “improve capabilities and save costs by improving manpower efficiency and reducing manpower requirements.” This is the view in the “Technology Outlook Report” released by the Office of the Chief Scientist of the US Air Force. As weapon systems become more complex and increasingly rely on advanced human-machine interfaces, human enhancement will be very useful.

3. Airborne cyber attack systems that can penetrate and disrupt the software, radars, and other systems of enemy aircraft will become a significant force multiplier for smaller fleets of air superiority aircraft. While exploiting the network is not a magic weapon to win, investments in this area will certainly pay off handsomely.

America’s adversaries are continually developing new ways to challenge U.S. air superiority. Preventing their success requires the United States to continually update systems and change tactics, techniques, and procedures.

Space advantage

The U.S. Air Force must achieve space superiority. The Air Force’s main goal for the next decade or so is to control space and make the concept of space superiority a reality. In the short term, kinetic attacks in the space domain are unlikely, however, if the U.S. advantage is challenged, space weapons may eventually be deployed. Damage to space systems will greatly weaken the United States’ civil and military capabilities in all domains. If other countries attack the United States’ space communications, navigation, or detection systems, it may prompt the American public to support space weapons. To successfully delay such attacks and maintain the United States’ freedom of action in space, the United States needs to use its diplomatic, information, military, and economic power to develop a multi-layered space operations system. The following four suggestions will help the Air Force gain sustainable space superiority.

1. The U.S. Air Force must continue to strengthen space surveillance. The Air Force has taken the first step in this direction: On September 25, 2010, the Air Force launched the Pathfinder satellite, the first satellite of the planned space-based space surveillance system. The role of this system is to improve the Department of Defense’s ability to detect and track objects in orbit. In order to maximize the use of this capability, the Air Force must accelerate the deployment of the space-based space surveillance system or a satellite system similar to it.

2. The U.S. Air Force must ensure its ability to enter space while reducing production and operating costs. The space launch tools currently used mainly include improved launch vehicles such as the Delta 4 rocket developed by Boeing and the Atlas 5 rocket developed by Lockheed Martin. The purpose of using such launch vehicles is to standardize and improve the operability of space launches, reduce government involvement in the launch process, and plan to reduce the cost of the new system by 25% compared to the previous launch system. However, further cost reduction is needed.

3. Strengthening cooperation with private enterprises will help the Air Force achieve its goal of gaining space superiority. The former Obama administration once made some decisions on space activities, shifting investment from government departments to private enterprises, which means that the US space policy may change significantly.

4. To prevent adversaries from exploiting vulnerabilities in U.S. space systems, the United States must make its satellite systems more resilient. As space competition evolves, space systems must become more responsive and less vulnerable to meet the needs of combat forces.

Network Challenges

The establishment of the Cyber ​​Command and the 24th Air Force, whose mission is to operate, expand and protect the Air Force information network and protect mission-critical systems, clearly demonstrates the importance of cyberspace. The Air Force has transformed communications and information majors into cyberspace operations and support majors and established undergraduate courses in cyberspace, which shows the importance the Air Force attaches to cyberspace. The challenge facing the US Air Force is to always be at the forefront of cyber technology.

If cyber remains a tool that can reduce the gap between countries, groups and individuals, cyber superiority will be difficult to achieve and maintain. Therefore, the U.S. Air Force must be at the forefront. Unfortunately, the number of American computer science and engineering graduates is decreasing, while the number of foreign graduates of the same major is increasing. The U.S. Air Force’s cyber education cannot provide enough cyber experts and trained and motivated attackers, which is a very unfavorable situation. The success or failure of the U.S. military depends on an area where it does not dominate. But in the cyber field, this is the case.

Cyber ​​will continue to evolve as a weapon of choice, replacing many of the current kinetic weapons. The U.S. Air Force will have fewer aircraft and operate over larger areas, especially in the Pacific. This makes cyberspace a critical domain of Air Force operations. Adversaries will have the ability to disrupt the software of U.S. aircraft and suppress U.S. air defenses, which will become reality, not science fiction.

To prepare for this future, the Air Force needs to radically change the way it approaches the network. It is not enough to put a firewall on the network. The Air Force should take a more proactive approach to developing the network into a key operational capability. This requires the Air Force to work hard to do the following two things:

1. The U.S. Air Force must assume responsibility for cyber activities in accordance with relevant provisions of the United States Code. As the service most dependent on cyber, the Air Force must develop cyber capabilities independently. To achieve this goal, the Air Force must establish a cyberspace department that can conduct both offensive and defensive cyber activities, have sound laws and regulations to regulate it, and its activities should be interoperable and joint.

2. The Air Force must train a large number of experts in computer science and computer engineering. Without the right talent, it will be difficult for the Air Force to maintain a network-savvy workforce, and every mission of the Air Force may be threatened.

Situational Awareness

The United States’ situational awareness agencies are basically located domestically, and surveillance and reconnaissance missions will become remote activities. In longer-distance surveillance and reconnaissance, space and network resources are more valuable and can play an increasingly important role in obtaining situational awareness in distant areas. The U.S. Air Force Intelligence Department must become a well-organized and dynamic force that can make timely adjustments to achieve global and local coverage. To this end, the following three suggestions are put forward:

1. The Air Force must work more closely with the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) when planning and building space capabilities. Space-based reconnaissance is becoming increasingly important, so the Air Force must exert greater influence on the NRO’s resource request process. Currently, Air Force positions in the NRO are sometimes vacant, which leaves the Air Force, as an end user, without a full say in satellite design and development.

2. We should plan the surveillance and reconnaissance system after the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, so that the Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS) is ready to take on global tasks. In future wars, the role of the Distributed Common Ground System will shift from taking on tactical tasks to processing and disseminating national intelligence products and intelligence products of allies, so we must seriously think about the corresponding theories, tactics, technologies and procedures.

3. The Air Force must improve data analysis using new automation technologies so that analysts can take on the most advanced tasks. Accelerating the development of translation software, artificial intelligence, and electronic processing of raw data (signals and electronic intelligence) is the most practical way to manage large amounts of data and should be a priority for funding.

The strategic challenges facing the United States are increasingly global in nature. Without major reforms to address these characteristics, the U.S. Air Force’s global situational awareness department will not be able to fully realize its potential. At present, the United States’ opponents are gradually undermining the United States’ strategic advantages, so it is necessary to understand the situation of the opponents.

Air Force Diplomacy

Air diplomacy is the non-combat missions that the Air Force performs to defend national interests. It is a supporting function. Defined in this way, air diplomacy provides many soft power resources to national diplomacy. The Air Force carries out a range of diplomatic missions as set out in the Security Cooperation Strategy. The Air Force currently uses air power to achieve soft power goals, but air diplomacy activities have not yet reached their full potential. If the Air Force integrates its various soft power missions into a unified air diplomacy strategy, the Air Force will be able to use these capabilities more effectively to defend national interests. Air diplomacy is likely to become increasingly important over the next decade. When decision makers face a tough fiscal environment, they may place more emphasis on air power because of its long range, high speed and strong flexibility. If air diplomacy is used before combat operations are necessary, it will help the United States prevent more costly conflicts. Permanent overseas bases or large-scale military deployments may cause anti-American sentiment, and air diplomacy can help to eliminate anti-American sentiment. Of course, air diplomacy will not always succeed.

Although the U.S. Air Force Security Cooperation Strategy has laid a useful foundation for the Air Force’s diplomatic strategy, there is still much work to be done. A complete Air Force diplomatic strategy should focus on three core goals: 1. Coordinate and strengthen different diplomatic missions; 2. Actively engage with allies, neutral parties and adversaries; 3. Use existing means to achieve strategic goals.

The Air Force should also streamline processes based on existing strategic guidance and programs. Any strategy must develop a set of criteria to measure its success or failure. An effective Air Force diplomacy strategy backed by a reliable power projection capability helps protect national interests.

Military support for local governments

With the proliferation of nuclear weapons technology, advanced missile technology, and cyber attack technology, military support for local governments has become increasingly important. Air Force Instruction 10-802: Military Support to Local Governments states that “the Air National Guard has the primary responsibility for providing military assistance to state and local governments in the event of a civil emergency.” In short, the Air National Guard can not only respond long before the federal military takes any action, but should do so according to the instructions. Except for man-made disasters involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear materials, active duty troops are generally not required. However, if a disaster causes a major disaster, the state or local government department may be unable to cope with it, and the governor will need to apply for federal support.

If technological innovations allow adversaries to attack closer to the U.S. homeland, the American public will want the military to focus on homeland defense and disaster relief. For the Air Force and the Air National Guard, this means providing civil support capabilities such as airlift, medical care, and situational awareness.

The Air Force has a guiding role in the development of the Air National Guard, so Air Force leadership should take effective measures to promote civil support capabilities as a key capability. Developing a dual-design combat capability statement, especially for the Air National Guard, will help clarify the mission of each unit in civil support and wartime.

Based on the interconnected missions of the Air Force and the Air National Guard in the military support of local governments, the following three recommendations can enable the Air Force and the Air National Guard to resolve complex legal, political, and command and control issues and improve emergency response and disaster relief capabilities.

1. The Air National Guard’s primary equipment should be transport aircraft. Emergency air transport is a critical capability that should be provided by the Air National Guard. Each Air National Guard air transport unit must have an air port function to ensure that the unit can be assembled and transported for subsequent operations. The transportation of medical support units is also an important part of air transport because no matter what disaster occurs, medical assistance is the first thing needed, and medical assistance will be needed for a long time after the disaster.

2. Air National Guard airlift units should be deployed to 10 federal emergency management regions. This will help airlift units work with state and local emergency responders in disaster relief exercises and establish close ties before disasters occur.

3. State and local government officials will rely primarily on Air National Guard imagery analysts for support, advice, and imagery interpretation. Understanding the scope and extent of a disaster is a critical step in disaster response. To provide emergency responders with better situational awareness, Air National Guard analysts working in the Distributed Common Ground System should provide real-time imagery support during a disaster.

The future is full of uncertainty, the increase in defense budgets will stagnate, and threats will come not only from high-intensity conflicts, but also from low-intensity conflicts. Therefore, the U.S. Air Force must be prepared to deal with increasingly complex situations and should not take it for granted that it will be able to win in the future environment. In short, the U.S. Air Force’s time, resources, and strategic thinking should focus on the five key capabilities described above. (Translated from the U.S. “Armed Forces Magazine” 10641 (US) Adam Lowther (Professor of the U.S. Air Force Research Institute) Translated by Li Youguan)

(Editors: Wang Lu (intern), Yan Jiaqi)

現代國語：

美國空軍研究所不久前發表一份研究報告－《2020年至2030年空軍戰略研究》，其內容是回答這個問題：到2030年，美國空軍需要哪些關鍵能力？根據目前的趨勢，在未來十多年內，美國空軍應該集中精力和資源發展五種關鍵能力：力量投送能力﹔空中、太空和網絡空間自由行動的能力﹔全球態勢感知能力﹔空軍外交能力﹔對地方政府提供軍事支援的能力。研究報告也圍繞著一個基本主題，即美國空軍在這些領域的成功將取決於能否綜合應用美國的空中、太空以及網路空間的各種實力。

力量投送

全世界安全環境的明顯特徵是，先進的反介入和區域封鎖系統不斷擴散。在這種環境下，美國軍隊將越來越難以在敵人的攻擊距離之內建立安全的基地，這增加了對遠距離力量投送——主要是遠距離攻擊的需要。

美國潛在對手的主要挑戰是，如何使美國無法獲取基地和接觸目標。在短期內，大多數對手都無法與美國的技術優勢競爭﹔然而，美國的這種優勢正在下降。未來的戰場可能更像2008年發生的俄羅斯與格魯吉亞的網絡中心化戰爭，而不是像伊拉克戰爭或阿富汗戰爭。

美國國防部的《四年防務評估報告》指出，「未來的作戰環境預示，美國軍隊可能要進行長時間的空中作戰和海上作戰。」為了應對這些挑戰，美國空軍必須能夠戰勝對手，即使這些對手具有前所未有的軍事能力，能夠對抗美國的陸軍和海軍。以下4項建議，可能有助於滿足未來空軍力量投送的要求。

1、美國空軍必須將空中、太空與網路能力整合到當前以及未來的平台和系統中。例如，飛機依賴GPS（全球衛星定位系統）和一系列網路系統。

2、空軍必須提高其力量投射的靈活性。可供選擇的飛機必須包括從高端（例如F-35型戰鬥機）到低端（輕型攻擊機）的各種機型。因此，空軍應建立「通用型」部隊，以便和盟友一起承擔除了傳統力量投送以外的職責﹔同時也要保留必要的作戰力量，來應對重大的突發事件。一些實例表明，在非常規的沖突中，並不總是必要使用性能最好的飛機。

3.發展具有更強人工智慧的無人平台，這將支援傳統力量投送任務。這樣的系統可能會成為同儕競爭中至關重要的心理戰工具，對手可能會因為美國使用這類系統而選擇與美國合作。

4.必須將進攻性與防禦性網絡能力融入空中平台和太空平台。作為一種力量倍增器，網絡能力可能很快就會成為空軍武器庫中最佳的力量投射工具。顯然有好幾個國家的網絡攻擊能力趕上甚至超過了美國。盡管美國空軍努力在組織、訓練和裝備方面滿足網絡戰的要求，但空軍的網絡作戰能力是否能夠取得勝利仍然不確定。

行動自由

為了力量投送，空軍需要在空中、太空和網路等所有領域都具有行動自由。現在討論空中優勢持久的重要性，那麼這一點是值得注意的。

至少到2030年，F-22型戰鬥機和F-35型戰鬥機可能一直都是美國空軍主要的空中優勢平台，這樣一來，相對低的力量倍增器，例如自主無人駕駛平台、人機互動技術和網絡攻擊能力等將是提高空軍能力的關鍵。自導系統、網路攻擊技術和增強人體機能技術都有可能取得進展，以下提出3個相關的建議：

1.隱形、高性能、自主型飛機能夠增加第五代戰鬥機的數量和增強其能力。以前的舊式戰鬥機將要逐步退出現役，其作用已下降為隻承擔支援任務，隨之產生的戰鬥力缺口，將由先進的飛機加以彌補。

2、增強人體機能可以「透過提高人力效率、減少人力需求來實現能力提高並節省成本。」這是美國空軍首席科學家辦公室發布的《科技展望報告》中的觀點。隨著武器系統越來越複雜，越來越依靠先進的人機接口，增強人體機能將非常有用。

3.能夠滲透和破壞敵方飛機的軟件系統、雷達和其它系統的機載網絡攻擊系統，將成為規模較小的空中優勢飛機機隊的重要力量倍增器。雖然利用網路並不是取勝的法寶，但在這方面的投資肯定會獲得豐厚的回報。

美國的對手在不斷地開發挑戰美國空中優勢的新方法。要防止他們成功，美國需要不斷更新系統，改變戰術、技術和程序。

太空優勢

美國空軍必須取得太空優勢。未來10多年空軍的主要目標是必須對太空加以控制，使太空優勢的概念成為現實。在短期內，太空領域不大可能發生動能攻擊，雖然如此，如果美國的優勢受到了挑戰，可能最終會部署太空武器。對太空系統的破壞將極大地削弱美國在所有領域的民事和軍事行動能力。如果其它國家對美國的太空通訊、導航或探測系統進行了攻擊，可能會促使美國公眾支持太空武器。要成功地延緩此類攻擊的發生，並保持美國在太空的行動自由，美國需要利用其外交、資訊、軍事和經濟力量，發展多層次太空行動體系。以下4項建議有助於空軍獲得可持續的太空優勢。

1.美國空軍必須繼續加強太空監視。空軍已經朝著這個方向邁出了第一步：2010年9月25日，空軍發射了「探路者」衛星，它是計畫中的天基太空監視系統的第一顆衛星。這種系統的作用是提高國防部探測和追蹤在軌物體的能力。為了最大限度地使用這種能力，空軍必須加快部署天基太空監視系統或與其類似的衛星系統。

2.美國空軍在降低生產和營運成本的同時，必須保証其具有進入太空的能力。目前使用的航太發射工具主要包括波音公司開發的德爾塔4型火箭和洛克希德•馬丁公司研製的阿特拉斯5型火箭等改進型運載火箭，使用這類運載火箭的目的是規範和改善太空發射的可操作性，減少政府參與發射過程的活動，併計劃使新系統的成本比過去的發射系統減少25%。然而，還需要進一步降低成本。

3.加強與私營企業的合作，這將有助於空軍實現獲得太空優勢的目標。前任奧巴馬政府曾經就太空活動做出了一些決策，將投資從政府部門轉移到私營企業，這意味著美國的太空政策可能會發生很大變化。

4.為了防止對手利用美國太空系統的漏洞，美國必須使其衛星系統具有更強的復原能力。隨著太空競爭的發展，太空系統必須變得反應更靈敏，漏洞更少，以滿足作戰部隊的需要。

網絡的挑戰

美國空軍成立了網絡司令部和第24航空隊，其使命是運行、擴展和保護空軍資訊網絡，保護關鍵任務系統，這清楚地表明了網絡空間的重要性。空軍將通訊和資訊專業轉變為網絡空間作戰與支援專業，並設立了網絡空間的大學本科課程，這些措施表明了空軍對網絡空間的重視。美國空軍所面臨的挑戰就是要始終處於網路技術的最前線。

如果網絡一直是一種能夠減少國家、團體和個人之間差距的工具，那麼網絡優勢將很難實現並維持。因此美國空軍必須佔領最前沿。遺憾的是，美國計算機科學與工程學畢業生的數量正在減少，而外國同樣專業的畢業生數量正在增加。美國空軍的網絡教育無法提供數量足夠的網絡專家和訓練有素且動力十足的攻擊者，這是一種非常不利的情況。美國軍隊的成敗取決於一個其不佔主導地位的領域，美國很少遇到這種情況。但在網絡領域，就出現了這種情況。

網絡將繼續演變成為一種偏愛的武器，取代目前的許多動能武器。美國空軍的飛機數量將變得更少，而作戰範圍變得更大，特別是在太平洋地區。這使網絡空間成為空軍行動的重要領域。對手將有能力破壞美國飛機的軟件和壓制美國的防空系統，這將成為現實，而不是科幻小說，。

要準備應對這種未來形勢，美國空軍需要徹底改變其對待網絡的方式。在網路上建立防火牆是不夠的，空軍應該採取更積極的方式將網絡發展成為一種重要的作戰能力。這要求空軍努力做到下面兩點：

1.美國空軍必鬚根據《美國法典》中的有關條文，承擔起網絡活動方面的責任。空軍作為最依賴網絡的軍種，必須自力更生發展網絡能力。空軍要實現這一目標，就要建立一個網絡空間部門，可以同時進行網絡進攻和防禦活動，有健全的法律法規對其進行規範，其活動應當具有互操作性和聯合性。

2、空軍必須培養一大批計算機科學和計算機工程學的專家。沒有合適的人才，空軍就難以維持一支精通網路的人員隊伍，而空軍的每一項任務都可能面臨威脅。

態勢感知

美國的態勢感知機構基本上都設在國內，監視和偵察任務將成為遠程活動。在更遠距離的監視和偵察中，太空和網絡資源更具有價值，在獲得遙遠地區態勢感知時，太空和網絡資源能夠發揮越來越重要的作用。美國空軍情報部門必須成為一支組織嚴密和充滿活力的力量，能夠及時進行調整，以實現對全球和局部地區的覆蓋。為此提出以下3個建議：

1.美國空軍在規劃與建立太空能力時，必須與國家偵察局(簡稱NRO)進行更密切的配合。基於太空的偵察變得越來越重要，因此空軍必須對國家偵察局的資源要求過程施加更大的影響。目前，空軍在國家偵察局的職位有時是空缺的，這使得作為終端用戶的空軍在衛星設計和開發方面沒有充分的發言權。

2.現在應該規劃好阿富汗戰爭和伊拉克戰爭以後的監視與偵察體系，使分散式通用地面系統(簡稱DCGS)準備好承擔全球性任務。在未來戰爭中，分散式通用地面系統的角色將由承擔戰術任務轉為處理和傳播國家情報產品與盟國的情報產品，因此必須對相應的理論、戰術、技術和程序進行認真的思考。

3.空軍必須利用新型的自動化技術來改進數據分析工作，以便分析人員能夠承擔最高級別的任務。加速開發翻譯軟件、人工智慧以及原始數據（訊號和電子情報）的電子化處理，這是管理大量數據的最實用的方法，並且應該成為優先撥款的項目。

美國面臨的戰略挑戰越來越呈現全球化的特點，如果不針對這種特點進行重大改革，美國空軍的全球態勢感知部門將無法充分發揮其潛能。目前美國的對手正逐漸削弱美國的戰略優勢，為此必須了解對手的情況。

空軍外交

空軍外交是為了捍衛國家利益而由空軍執行非作戰任務的活動，這是一種輔助性職能。依照這種界定，空軍外交為國家外交提供了許多軟實力資源。空軍執行《安全合作戰略》中規定的一系列外交使命。空軍現在使用空中力量來實現軟實力目標，但空軍外交活動還沒有發揮出全部潛能。如果空軍將其各項軟實力使命融合到一個統一的空軍外交戰略中，空軍將能夠更有效地使用這些能力來保衛國家利益。在未來十多年，空軍外交有可能變得越來越重要。當決策者面臨嚴峻的財政環境時，可能會更加重視空中力量，因為其航程遠、速度快、靈活性強。如果在有必要進行作戰行動之前就使用空軍外交，將有助於美國防止成本更高昂的沖突。永久性海外基地或大規模軍事部署都可能引起反美情緒，而空軍外交有助於消除反美情緒。當然空軍外交並不總是能成功。

雖然美國空軍《安全合作戰略》為空軍外交戰略奠定了有益的基礎，仍需要做許多工作。一個完善的空軍外交戰略應著眼於三個核心目標：1、協調與加強不同的外交使命﹔2、積極接觸盟友、中立方和對手﹔3、利用現有手段實現戰略目標。

空軍還應在現有戰略指導和方案的基礎上簡化流程。任何戰略都必須制定一套準則來衡量其成功或失敗。一項有效的以可靠的力量投送能力為後盾的空軍外交戰略有助於保護國家利益。

對地方政府的軍事支援

隨著核武技術、先進的飛彈技術和網路攻擊技術的擴散，​​對地方政府的軍事支援顯得越來越重要。 《10-802號空軍指令：軍事支援地方政府》中規定，「在發生民事緊急情況時，空軍國民警衛隊擔負為州政府和地方政府提供軍事援助的主要責任。」簡而言之，空軍國民警衛隊不僅可以在聯邦軍隊採取任何行動之前很早就做出響應，而且按照指令應當做到這一點。除了涉及化學、生物、放射性或核子物質的人為大災難，一般不需要動用現役部隊。不過，如果一場災害引發了大災難，州政府或地方政府部門可能無力應對，就需要州長申請聯邦支援。

如果隨著科技的創新，對手的攻擊範圍更接近美國的本土，美國公眾會希望軍方重視國土的防禦和救災。對於空軍和空軍國民警衛隊來說，這意味著要提供空運、醫療和態勢感知等民事支援能力。

空軍在空軍國民警衛隊的建設中負有指導的職責，因此空軍的領導層應採取有效措施，把民事支援能力提升為一項關鍵能力。制定雙重設計作戰能力說明，特別是關於空軍國民警衛隊的，將有助於明確每支部隊在民事支援中和戰時的任務。

在軍事支援地方政府的任務中，空軍和空軍國民警衛隊的使命是相互聯繫的，根據這一點，有以下三項建議可以使空軍和空軍國民警衛隊解決復雜的法律、政治和指揮與控制的問題，提高應急救災能力。

1.空軍國民警衛隊的主要裝備應為運輸機。應急空運是一項關鍵能力，應該由空軍國民警衛隊提供。空軍國民警衛隊每支空運部隊都必須具備航空港的功能，以保障部隊集結待運，進行後續行動。醫療支援部隊的運輸也是空運的重要組成部分，因為無論發生任何災難，首先需要的就是醫療救助，而且災難發生後很長時間內都需要醫療救助。

2.空軍國民警衛隊空運部隊應該分別部署到10個聯邦應急管理區。這將有助於空運部隊在救災演練中與州政府和地方政府的應急救援人員合作，在災難發生之前就建立起緊密的聯繫。

3.州政府和地方政府官員將主要依靠空軍國民警衛隊的圖像分析人員獲得支援、建議和圖像解讀。了解一場災難的範圍和程度，是應對災難的關鍵一步。為了給應急救援人員更好的態勢感知，在發生災難時，應當由在分佈式通用地面系統中工作的空軍國民警衛隊分析人員來提供實時圖像支援。

未來形勢充滿了不確定性，國防預算的增加也將陷入停滯，威脅將不僅來自高強度沖突，也將來自低強度沖突。因此美國空軍必須準備好應對日益複雜的各種局面，不應該想當然地認為在未來環境中一定能夠取得勝利。總而言之，美國空軍的時間、資源和戰略思想都應該以上述所闡述的5個關鍵能力為重點。 （編譯自美國《武裝力量雜志》 10641 （美）亞當•勞瑟（美國空軍研究所教授） 李有觀編譯）

(責編：王璐（實習生）、閻嘉琪)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2017/0401/c1011-29185809888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare

China’s New Trends in the Transformation of Military Organization in the Era of Intelligence

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情報時代中國軍隊組織變革新趨勢

現代英語：

In the era of intelligence, new scenarios and new forms such as digital twins and “human-machine intelligence” have emerged in large numbers and have been deeply applied in the military field, giving rise to a comprehensive upgrade of the war form. This upgrade is mainly manifested in the integration of combat forces, the operation mode of battlefield energy, and the dominant factors in the generation and release of combat power. Facing intelligent warfare, the organizational form of the military has accelerated its transformation and presented a new development trend.

Generate new system emergence

System science believes that when several interacting parts form a system in a certain way, they can produce new overall characteristics such as properties, characteristics, behaviors, functions, etc. that only the system as a whole has, but not the parts or the sum of the parts; and once the system is reduced to unrelated parts, these new overall characteristics will no longer exist. This characteristic that only the whole has, but the isolated parts and their sum do not have, is the overall emergence. In the confrontation of military systems in the intelligent era, emergence is mainly presented in two ways: one is the formation of swarm intelligence. That is, a single low-intelligence, relying on the group to form a high-intelligence collective behavior. This phenomenon is produced in a self-organized way after each individual in the system obeys local rules and continuously interacts. In recent years, supported by artificial intelligence technology, swarm intelligence has developed rapidly. In the military field, drone “swarm” tactics and unmanned boat “school of fish” tactics are typical applications in this regard. Another way is to form “human-machine” advanced intelligence. That is, through the effective combination and reliable operation of man and machine, a higher level of intelligence based on the “man-machine” combination is formed. This is a new intelligence that is higher than human intelligence, robots, and artificial intelligence.

In fact, the emergence phenomenon is not uncommon in human military activities, especially in military organizations with clear and stable operating rules and a strong sense of common goals and beliefs. An army with a highly consistent collective identity can play a reliable role in mutual support and self-organization and self-coordination in combat operations, and then burst out with new capabilities that far exceed the sum of the individual capabilities within the organization. Entering the era of intelligence, the system’s emergence has taken on new forms and connotations. An important trend in the transformation of the military’s organizational form is to promote the realization of highly autonomous “man-machine” collaboration by improving functional elements and setting up scientific structures, so that the entire system can burst out with new functions that are not possessed by the accumulation of elements.

Forming new intelligent bonding force

The prominent feature of information warfare is the formation of “information structural power”. That is, due to the embedding of information platforms, the information chain movement based on information systems, data chains, and sensors has broken the originally closed and separated state between combat elements, allowing the military system to form a new structure and trigger a nonlinear leap in combat power. On the information battlefield, people and weapons, weapons and weapons, people and platforms, etc., all rely on information systems to establish effective connections to achieve efficient flow of data and information. The effectiveness of commanders in investigating the situation and judging the enemy has been greatly improved, and the realization method and iteration rhythm of command intentions have undergone a qualitative leap. This revolution in the interactive method from sensors to shooters is ultimately reflected in the overall upgrade of the combat power of the military system and combat system.

Entering the era of intelligence, the connotation of “information structural power” has undergone a fundamental change. Based on the widespread use of artificial intelligence technologies such as big data and big models, problems such as “information redundancy” and “decision-making delays” that have troubled commanders in the information age have been alleviated. The “cloud brain” decision-making and planning, the “human-machine” coordination of command and control, and the automation of action coordination have made the overall intelligence of the entire combat system higher. The reason why new models and methods such as “autonomous decision-making”, “order-based coordination” and “unmanned strikes” can be realized is the result of “wisdom” empowerment on the intelligent battlefield. The effective “glue” from the integration of several unit intelligent agents into a consensus-based, large-scale comprehensive intelligent agent is a higher level of intelligent bonding. To accelerate the transformation of the military’s organizational structure, we must establish scientific working and driving mechanisms on the basis of improving its structure and functions, build an autonomous, intelligent and efficient system link, allow the vitality of all combat power elements to compete and burst forth, and allow all sources of the military’s modernization to flow fully.

Reflecting the overall new quality of combat capability

New-quality combat power is a brand-new combat capability that is fundamentally supported by new-quality combat forces and is different from traditional combat capabilities in terms of mechanism, logic, and generation method. Therefore, simply designating a certain type of force as a new-quality force does not necessarily lead to the formation of new-quality combat capabilities. Just like using rifles as cold weapons, large combat platforms as vehicles, and network forces for attacking and defending cities, although from the external appearance, the elements of combat force composition and personnel ratios have changed greatly, the way people interact with weapons, the way weapons are used, and the way unit combat power is generated and released have not changed in essence, and they are far from being called new-quality combat power.

New quality combat power comes from the new combat capability of new combat forces, from the effective integration of a series of new combat capabilities, and from the new capabilities generated by the integration and innovation of new capabilities. Whether comprehensive and systematic new quality combat power can be generated is an important criterion for judging whether the modernization of organizational form for intelligent warfare is effective. To accelerate the transformation of the organizational form of the military, it is necessary to generate new “information structure power” within the military system through the optimization of system structure, operation mechanism, and energy form, and then use it to emerge a new and revolutionary system combat power.

Give full play to the structural frame support

Structure determines function. In engineering structures, the structural framework mainly refers to the key support for the balance of the beam-column system and the stability of the structure. This concept is transferred to organizational form management, and is mainly used to describe the link relationship and the action space for the effective interaction of various elements in the military organization. To give full play to the structural framework support of the organizational form involves two aspects: static support and dynamic support. The so-called static support is to focus on forming a scientific military organization force structure and to set up a scientific military organization structural framework as much as possible. It involves the scientific configuration of various elements in the combat power system, which is specifically manifested in three aspects. The first is the ratio of combat elements and force units. For example, the composition ratio of the military services in the combat system, or the ratio of military services, the ratio of offense and defense, the ratio of personnel and equipment, etc. The second is the distribution of combat elements and force units. It mainly refers to the scientific deployment of combat forces on the battlefield, the distribution and configuration of various combat elements within the troops, and the evolution and development of the battlefield situation. The third is the hierarchical setting and morphological design of the system. Including the hierarchy of the army, the level of integration, the command system, the command method, etc. Dynamic support emphasizes that the structural support of an organization is also a specific organizational operational capability, including the ability of the military organization to operate efficiently and exert its effectiveness under the established configuration framework, and also the ability of the organization to quickly adapt and respond to changes in the external environment and adjustments in internal needs. This capability is more reflected in the macro governance structure, business process system, talent team and resources of the military organization. To accelerate the transformation of the military organization’s form, it is necessary to lay the foundation for the effective interaction of various elements in the organization and the realization of organizational functions by building a scientific and reasonable framework structure.

Improve autonomous iterative growth

Autonomous iterative growth capability refers to the ability of military organizations to achieve orderly development and active growth through active and continuous self-adjustment and optimization in the face of ever-changing war situations, external environments, and competitive pressures. The diversity and integration of combat power, the sequentiality and integration of combat power generation, and the jointness and nonlinearity of combat power release all put forward new and higher requirements for the autonomous iterative growth capability of military organizations. First, we must have a keen ability to perceive the environment. We must be able to detect defects or shortcomings in a timely manner, accurately judge the problems and risks that may result, and scientifically determine the timing and methods of intervention; second, we must have reliable innovation and correction capabilities. The ability to face problems with an open mind, analyze problems with effective mechanisms, and study problems with innovative ideas, and then propose feasible, reliable and highly consensus-based correction plans; third, the ability to execute efficiently. The ability to achieve the specific goals of evolutionary correction with full enthusiasm and high consensus, and to promote growth and optimization with a proactive attitude, so that each individual can implement with full trust when facing innovative and revolutionary adjustments. Facing the future intelligent warfare, promoting the transformation of the military organization is to focus on improving the iterative growth capability of the military organization. In the whole process of promoting the construction of institutional mechanisms, force structures and legal systems, we should simultaneously think about building a scientific consultation and evaluation mechanism for major decisions, building a sound supervision, feedback and correction mechanism, forming a benign innovation incentive mechanism, and promptly dealing with key and difficult issues with a dynamic perspective and a development vision.

In short, the transformation of the military organization is a process of adapting to the development of technology, following the development of the war form, actively optimizing and innovating the combat power form, and constantly liberating and developing combat power. The advanced military organization form should include static contents such as “appearance” and “structure”, and on this basis, it should effectively streamline business processes, improve operating mechanisms, and stimulate organizational dynamics, so that the military organization can achieve comprehensive transformation and transformation in terms of structure, mechanism, function, etc., and fully adapt to the requirements of the era of future intelligent warfare.

(Author’s unit: College of Military Management, National Defense University)

Source: China Military Network – People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Zhou Hui Editor: Sun Zhiying Release: 2024-06-18 07:xx:xx

現代國語：

智能化時代，數字孿生、“人-機智能”等新場景新樣態大量出現並在軍事領域深度應用，催生戰爭形態全面升級。這一升級，集中表現為作戰力量整合方式、戰場能量運行模式，以及戰斗力生成和釋放的主導要素都在發生全新變化。面向智能化戰爭，軍隊組織形態加快變革轉型，呈現出全新的發展態勢。

生成新的體系湧現力

系統科學認為，相互作用的若干部分按照某種方式組成系統，能夠產生出只有系統整體才具有而部分或部分總和所不具有的屬性、特征、行為、功能等新的整體特性；而一旦把系統還原為互不相干的各個部分，這些新的整體特性就不復存在。這種整體才具有、孤立的部分及其總和不具有的特征，就是整體湧現性。智能化時代的軍事體系對抗，湧現性主要通過兩種方式呈現：一種方式是形成集群智能。即單個低智能，依托群體形成高智能的集體行為。這一現象通過系統中每個個體都遵從局部規則並不斷進行交互之後，以自組織的方式產生出來。近年來，在人工智能技術的支撐下，集群智能迅速發展。在軍事領域，無人機“蜂群”戰術、無人艇“魚群”戰術等，便是這方面的典型應用。另一種方式是形成“人-機”高級智能。也就是通過人與機器的有效結合、可靠運行，形成基於“人-機”組合的更高級智能。這是一種既高於人類智能，也超過機器人、人工智能的全新智能。

其實，湧現現象在人類軍事活動中並不鮮見，特別是在運行規則明確且穩定，共同目標感、信念感非常強烈的軍事組織之中，體現得更加明顯。集體認同高度一致的軍隊，能在作戰行動中發揮出可靠的互補支撐和自組織自協同作用，進而爆發出遠超過組織內個體能力之和的全新能力。進入智能化時代，體系湧現力有了新的形式和內涵，軍隊組織形態變革的重要趨勢，就是要通過完善功能要素、設置科學結構，促進實現“人-機”高度自主協同，使整個體系爆發出要素累加所不具備的全新功能。

形成新的智能黏合力

信息化戰爭的顯著特征，是形成了“信息結構力”。即由於信息平台的嵌入，基於信息系統、數據鏈、傳感器的信息鏈式運動，打破了作戰要素之間原本封閉、割裂的狀態，使軍事系統形成新的結構，引發戰斗力的非線性躍升。信息化戰場上，人與武器、武器與武器、人與平台等，都依托信息系統建立有效連接，實現數據信息的高效流轉。指揮人員查情判敵的有效性大大提升，指揮意圖的實現方式和迭代節奏發生了質的飛躍，這種從傳感器到射手的交互方式革命，最終體現為軍事體系和作戰系統的戰斗力整體升級。

進入智能化時代，“信息結構力”的內涵發生了本質變化。基於大數據、大模型等人工智能技術的廣泛運用，信息化時代困擾指揮員的“信息冗余”“決策延遲”等問題得以緩解。決策籌劃“雲腦”化、指揮控制“人-機”協同化、行動協調自動化，使得整個作戰體系的綜合智能化程度更高。“自主化決策”“接單式協同”“無人化打擊”等新模式新方式之所以能夠實現，正是智能化戰場上“智慧”賦能的結果。而從若干個單元智能體融合集成為一個有共識的、龐大的綜合智能體，其有效“黏合劑”就是更高級的智能黏合力。加快推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要在完善結構和功能的基礎上，設置科學的工作機制和動力機制，構建自主智能高效的系統鏈接，讓一切戰斗力要素的活力競相迸發，讓一切軍隊現代化建設的源泉充分湧流。

體現整體新質戰斗力

新質戰斗力是以新質作戰力量為基本支撐，從機理上、邏輯上、生成方式上都不同於傳統作戰能力的全新作戰能力。因此，僅憑人為指定某類型部隊為新質力量，並不會必然形成新質作戰能力。如同將線膛槍僅當作冷兵器、將大型作戰平台僅當作運載工具、將網絡部隊用於攻城守地，雖然從外在表象上看，作戰力量組成要素、人員比例都有了大的變化，但人與武器的交互方式、武器運用方式、單元戰斗力生成和釋放方式都沒有發生本質改變，都遠不能稱之為新質戰斗力。

新質戰斗力來源於新型作戰力量的新型作戰能力，來源於一系列新型作戰能力的有效集成，來源於新能力融合創新之上生成的全新能力。能否生成綜合性的、體系化的新質戰斗力，是面向智能化戰爭進行組織形態現代化建設是否有效的重要判斷標准。加快推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要通過體系結構優化、運行機制優化、能量形式優化，在軍事系統內生成新的“信息結構力”，進而借助它湧現出全新的、具有革命性的體系戰斗力。

發揮構型框架支撐力

結構決定功能。構型框架，在工程結構學中主要指建築物梁柱系統平衡和結構穩定的關鍵支撐；將這一概念遷移至組織形態管理中，主要用以描述軍隊組織中各要素賴以有效互動的鏈接關系和鏈接關系賴以存在的作用空間。發揮組織形態的構型框架支撐力，涉及靜態支撐力和動態支撐力兩個方面。所謂靜態支撐力，就是著眼形成科學的軍隊組織力量結構，盡可能設置科學的軍隊組織構型框架，涉及戰斗力體系中各要素的科學配置問題，具體表現在三個方面。一是作戰要素和力量單元的比例。比如，軍兵種在作戰體系中的構成比例，或者軍種內部的兵種比例、攻防比例、人裝比例等。二是作戰要素和力量單元的分布。主要是作戰力量在戰場的科學部署，部隊內部各種作戰要素的分布配置情況，以及戰場態勢的演進發展等。三是系統的層次設置與形態設計。包括軍隊的層級、一體化水平、指揮體制、指揮方式等。而動態支撐力，則強調組織的結構支撐力也是一種具體的組織運行能力，包括軍隊組織在既定的構型框架之下能夠高效運行、發揮效能的能力，也包括組織在面對外部環境變化和內部需求調整時能夠快速適應和應對的能力。這種能力更多體現在軍隊組織的宏觀治理結構、業務流程制度、人才隊伍和資源等方面。加快推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要通過構建科學合理的框架結構，為組織中各個要素有效互動進而實現組織功能奠定基礎。

提升自主迭代生長力

自主迭代生長能力，是軍隊組織在面對不斷變化的戰爭形態、外部環境和競爭壓力時，能夠通過主動的、持續的自我調整和優化，實現有序發展和主動成長的能力。戰斗力構成的多樣化、集成性，戰斗力生成的時序性、融合性，戰斗力釋放的聯合性、非線性，都對軍隊組織的自主迭代生長能力提出了新的更高要求。一是要有敏銳的環境感知能力。能夠及時察覺缺陷或弊端，准確研判可能導致的問題和風險，科學確定介入的時機和方式；二是要有可靠的創新糾偏能力。能夠以開放的心態正視問題，有效的機制解析問題，創新的思路研透問題，進而提出可行可靠且有高度共識的糾偏方案；三是要有高效的執行力。能夠以飽滿的熱情和高度的共識達成進化糾偏的具體目標，以積極主動的心態促進生長和優化，使得每個個體在面對革新性、革命性調整時，能夠飽含信任地貫徹執行。面向未來智能化戰爭，推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要著眼提升軍隊組織的迭代生長能力，在推進體制機制、力量結構和法規制度建設的全過程中，同步思考構建科學的重大決策咨詢評估機制，構建完善的監督反饋糾偏機制，形成良性的創新激勵機制，以動態的視角、發展的眼光及時處理重難點問題。

總之，軍隊組織形態變革是適應技術發展變化、順應戰爭形態發展，主動優化革新戰斗力形態，不斷解放和發展戰斗力的過程。先進的軍隊組織形態既要包括“外形”“結構”等靜態內容，還應在此基礎之上，切實理順業務流程、完善運行機制、激發組織動力，進而使軍隊組織從結構、機制、機能等各方面全面實現變革轉型，全面適應未來智能化戰爭的時代要求。

（作者單位：國防大學軍事管理學院）

資料來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：週暉 編輯：孫志英 發布：2024-06-18 07:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16316517888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Analyzing Chinese Military’s New Trend of Intelligent Warfare

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解析中國軍隊智能化戰爭新趨勢

現代英語：

Modern warfare practice has proved that high-tech has become the core combat power and has promoted the rapid advancement of warfare towards intelligence. Especially under the guidance of new technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence, and supported by algorithms and computing power technologies, the degree of military intelligence is gradually deepening, and the characteristics of intelligent battlefield warfare are becoming more and more apparent.

The combat space is developing towards full-domain multi-dimensional integration

The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field will integrate combat units distributed in different battlefield spaces, accelerate the expansion of combat space, cross-domain linkage, and simultaneously exert efforts in multi-dimensional battlefield space and focus on multiple combat capabilities at the same time, so as to achieve precise energy concentration and release in the entire domain.

The pan-connection of data cloud networks has expanded the combat space in the information domain. With the development of new-generation information technologies such as big data and cloud computing, information domain operations will penetrate various combat spaces, and modular combat units dispersed in space will be connected into a decentralized distributed combat system. When combat missions change or certain nodes are damaged, by adding new nodes or upgrading other nodes, the original combat functions can be maintained or new combat functions can be formed. Relying on information infrastructure, the combat system presents the characteristics of distribution, self-organization, and self-synchronization, which greatly improves the reliability, anti-destruction, and flexibility of the combat system. The combat system has developed from a task-based, static-oriented direction to a capability-based, dynamic-oriented direction.

Intelligent weapons and equipment expand the physical domain combat space. With the development and application of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, autonomous control, and the Internet of Things, weapons and equipment are becoming more and more intelligent, more powerful, and more widely used. The battlefield of intelligent combat has expanded from traditional land, sea, and air to near-space, polar regions, deep space, deep sea, and underground.

The human brain and computer complement each other to expand the cognitive domain space. With the integrated development of artificial intelligence and cognitive science, human brain intelligence and artificial intelligence promote each other, which can realize the complementary advantages of human brain logical thinking and computer high-speed computing. In intelligent warfare, the cognitive domain combat space will become the main battlefield, and “brain control” and “brain control” will become the focus of future wars.

Combat forces are developing towards mixed human-machine formations

In intelligent warfare, new types of unmanned combat forces will become the main combat force and a new growth point for the military’s combat effectiveness. New types of unmanned combat forces such as space, network, electromagnetic and intelligent ammunition will directly participate in combat, achieving a seamless link from strategy to tactics, and forming a multi-dimensional, all-domain attack and defense, and rapid assault overall force.

Combat force formations are organized in a variety of styles. Human-machine mixed formations. According to different tasks, combined with unmanned combat forces with different functions, reasonable human-machine formations are carried out to give full play to human subjective initiative on the one hand, and the special functions of unmanned combat forces on the other hand, so as to achieve the best combination to achieve combat objectives. Autonomous formation of unmanned forces. In intelligent warfare, unmanned tactical units, as the smallest combat units, can autonomously form combat groups or teams according to combat mission requirements to attack or defend targets. They can also automatically coordinate and cooperate according to changes in battlefield environment and tasks to ensure the achievement of unified combat objectives.

Combat command develops towards autonomous intelligence

In intelligent warfare, the application of high-tech in the military field with artificial intelligence as the core has had a profound impact on combat command and even triggered disruptive changes.

Command information acquisition is more autonomous. The sensor platform of the intelligent battlefield can implement intelligent fusion processing of multi-source intelligence with “large volume, multiple types, fast transmission speed and low value density”, obtain valuable data from massive data, and automatically transmit it to the command and control center to provide information support for commanders’ decision-making.

Human-machine collaboration in command and decision-making. In intelligent warfare, the use of intelligent robot systems to assist in decision-making has greatly reduced the burden on commanders, freeing them from heavy tasks and allowing them to concentrate on studying operations and command. They can hand over some tedious intelligence information judgment, identification and disposal work to artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making systems, giving full play to the role of human-machine integration, reasonable division of labor and mutual complementation, greatly improving the commanders’ command efficiency.

Dynamic planning. An intelligent system based on artificial intelligence technology and intelligent human-machine interface technology can speed up the pace of updating battlefield dynamic information and quickly propose suggestions for adjusting and improving plans, which will help commanders update mission plans in a timely manner and improve the troops’ ability to act quickly.

Agile control response. With the support of artificial intelligence technology and sensor technology, the ability of intelligent control of troops will be further improved in the future. Specifically, intelligent weapons and equipment can use sensors similar to human vision and hearing to track and detect targets, and process the information obtained and provided by the command information system through computers similar to the human brain, so as to achieve autonomous analysis, identification, judgment, and make corresponding decisions, thereby regulating the attack on the target.

Combat equipment is becoming more intelligent

With the widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the field of military equipment, intelligent combat platforms and systems, intelligent ammunition and intelligent weapons and equipment have been successively equipped in the army. Combat equipment will develop from manned equipment as the main and unmanned equipment as the auxiliary to manned/unmanned equipment coordination and unmanned equipment as the main direction. UAVs, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned spacecraft, military robots and intelligent individual systems will become the main force of intelligent combat. They have good combat performance, fast response speed, strong mobility and high combat accuracy, which plays a key role in seizing the initiative in war and even affects the entire war process.

The entire process of technological infiltration war

Intelligent warfare in modern warfare is supported by Internet technology, unmanned technology, data processing and prediction technology, target recognition and search technology, and artificial intelligence technology. Various high-tech platforms and systems are increasingly likely to replace human actions in various combat links such as intelligence reconnaissance, efficient command, precise action, and comprehensive support in war. These intelligent combat platforms or systems also have super computing, recognition, and autonomous control capabilities, especially the ability to complete urgent, difficult, and dangerous tasks under harsh conditions that are difficult for humans to complete. This trend is attracting more and more interest and investment from military powers.

Yue Guiyun Cheng Cimin Li Qinan

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月7日 星期二

現代戰爭實踐證明，高新科技已成為核心戰鬥力，並推動戰爭形態向智慧化快速邁進。尤其在大數據、物聯網、人工智慧等新技術的牽引下，在演算法和算力技術的支撐下，軍事智慧化程度正逐漸加深，戰場智慧化作戰特徵越發顯現。

作戰空間朝向全局多維融合發展

人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，將分佈在不同戰場空間的作戰單元融為一體，促使作戰空間加速拓展、跨域聯動，多維戰場空間同時發力，多種作戰能力同時聚焦，可達成全局精確聚能釋能。

資料雲網路泛聯拓展了資訊域作戰空間。隨著大數據、雲端運算等新一代資訊技術的發展，資訊域作戰將滲透各個作戰空間，空間上分散的模組化作戰單元將連結為無中心的分散式作戰體系，在作戰任務變化或某些節點受損的情況下，透過加入新節點或升級其他節點，可實現維持原作戰功能或形成新的作戰功能。依托資訊基礎設施，作戰體系呈現分散式、自組織、自同步的特徵，大大提高了作戰體系的可靠性、抗毀性、靈活性，作戰體系從基於任務、面向靜態向基於能力、面向動態的方向發展。

智慧化武器裝備拓展物理域作戰空間。隨著人工智慧、大數據、自主控制、物聯網等先進技術的發展及轉換應用，武器裝備的智慧化程度越來越高，功能越來越強，應用範圍越來越廣，智慧化作戰戰場由傳統的陸、海、空等向臨近空間、極地、深空、深海、地下等領域拓展。

人腦與電腦互補拓展認知域空間。隨著人工智慧與認知科學的融合發展，人腦智慧與人工智慧相互促進，可實現人腦邏輯思維與電腦高速運算的優勢互補，在智慧化戰爭中，認知域作戰空間將成為主戰場，「腦控」與「控腦」將成為未來戰爭爭奪焦點。

作戰力量向人機混合編組方向發展

在智慧化戰爭中，新質無人作戰力量將成為主戰力量，是軍隊戰鬥力新的成長點。太空、網路、電磁和智慧彈藥等新質無人作戰力量直接參與作戰，將實現從戰略到戰術的無縫鏈接，形成多維一體、全局攻防、快速突擊的整體合力。

作戰力量編成呈多種樣式。人機混合編組。根據不同的任務，結合不同功能的無人作戰力量，合理進行人機編組，一方面充分發揮人的主觀能動性，另一方面發揮無人作戰力量的特殊功能，以實現最佳組合達成作戰目的。無人力量自主編組。在智慧化戰爭中，無人戰術單元作為最小作戰單元，能夠根據作戰任務需求自主編成作戰群或隊，對目標進行攻擊或防禦，也可根據戰場環境和任務的變化，自動協同配合，確保達成統一的作戰目的。

作戰指揮向自主智能發展

在智慧化戰爭中，以人工智慧為核心的高新技術在軍事領域的應用，對作戰指揮造成了深刻影響，甚至引發顛覆性變化。

指揮資訊獲取更加自主。智慧化戰場的感測器平台可以對「體量大、類型多、傳輸速度快、價值密度低」的多源情報實施智慧化融合處理，從海量數據中獲取有價值數據，並自動傳輸到指揮控制中心，為指揮官決策提供資訊支援。

指揮決策人機協同。在智能化戰爭中，智能機器人系統輔助決策功能的運用，大大減輕了指揮員的負擔，使指揮員從繁重的事務中解脫出來，集中精力研究作戰、研究指揮，把一些繁瑣的情報信息判斷、甄別與處置工作，交給人工智能輔助決策系統來處理，充分發揮人機結合、合理分工、相互補充的作用，大大提高了指揮員的指揮效率。

規劃動態生成。基於人工智慧技術、智慧人機介面技術的智慧化系統，能加速戰場動態資訊更新節奏，快速提出對計畫進行調整完善的建議，有助於指揮官及時更新任務規劃，提升部隊快速行動能力。

控制響應敏捷。在人工智慧技術、感測器技術支援下，未來智慧化調控部隊的能力將進一步提升。具體體現在：智慧化武器裝備能夠利用類似人的視覺、聽覺等的感測器，對目標進行追蹤探測，將獲取資訊與指揮資訊系統提供的資訊透過類似人腦的電腦進行處理，實現自主分析、辨識、判斷，並做出相應的決策，進而調控對目標的攻擊行動。

作戰裝備智能化程度加深

隨著人工智慧技術在軍事裝備領域廣泛運用，智慧化作戰平台和系統、智慧彈藥和智慧化武器裝備等陸續列裝部隊，作戰裝備將由有人裝備為主、無人裝備為輔，向有人/無人裝備協同和以無人裝備為主方向發展，無人機、無人戰車、無人客艦力量、無人太空船、軍用機器人和機器系統將成為主要力量的主要力量。它們具有良好的作戰性能，反應速度快、機動能力強、作戰精度高，對奪取戰爭主動權起著關鍵作用，甚至影響整個戰爭進程。

科技滲透戰爭全過程

現代戰爭智能化作戰在互聯網技術、無人技術、資料處理與預測技術、目標識別與搜索技術以及人工智能技術支撐下，各類高科技平台和系統越來越可能代替人在戰爭中情報偵察、高效指揮、精確行動和綜合保障等各個作戰環節中的行動。這些智慧化作戰平台或系統同時具有超強的運算、辨識與自主控制能力，特別是能完成人難以完成的惡劣條件下的急難險重任務，這一趨勢正引起各軍事強國越來越多的興趣與投入。

岳贵云 成次敏 李奇男

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-06/07/content_317172888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰

China’s “Deep technology” Brings New Forms of Warfare

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中國的「深度技術」帶來新的戰爭形式

現代英語：

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Friday , August 13, 2021

Since the 21st century, global scientific and technological innovation has entered an unprecedented period of intensive activity. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is reshaping the global innovation landscape and reshaping the global economic structure. Some people therefore call the current era the era of “deep technology”.

The military field is the most sensitive to technological change. At present, some major disruptive technologies are constantly emerging, showing a trend of cross-integration and group leaps. Their military applications will bring about sudden and revolutionary consequences, and even bring about a new form of war.

Artificial Intelligence: Opening the Door to Intelligent Warfare

Artificial intelligence was born in 1956. Its essence is to simulate the human thinking process, that is, to make machines understand, think and learn like humans, form experience, and generate a series of corresponding judgments and processing methods. In the past 10 years, with the continuous development of new theories and technologies such as big data, neural networks, and deep learning, artificial intelligence has pressed the fast-forward button and started to develop rapidly, bringing fundamental changes to all areas of human society.

In 2016, the artificial intelligence program AlphaGo defeated the world Go champion Lee Sedol. By 2020, the latest algorithmic programs can teach themselves to play Go, chess and other games without even being told the rules of the game.

As a strategic technology leading a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the application of artificial intelligence in the military field has accelerated the transformation of warfare from informationization to intelligence. This transformation will be full-dimensional and full-spectrum, involving almost all links in the military chain. The most prominent impacts basically include the following aspects:

——Assisting unmanned combat. The rapid development of artificial intelligence will greatly enhance the collaborative and autonomous combat capabilities of various unmanned combat systems. This will undoubtedly promote structural changes in the composition of combat forces, and unmanned combat mode will gradually become the “main theme” of war. In a simulated confrontation in August 2020, an intelligent system funded by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency controlled a fighter jet and defeated experienced air force pilots. The trend of unmanned combat seems to be increasingly unstoppable.

——Reshape command and control. Complex adaptive systems supported by artificial intelligence, such as swarm systems, will have increasingly strong self-organizing capabilities, thereby breaking the traditional strict hierarchical command system and incubating a new command and control model. The action control of a swarm composed of thousands of unmanned systems will be completed by an intelligent and efficient algorithm system, which can achieve a high degree of decentralization and dynamic aggregation, demonstrating a new concept of group intelligent combat.

——Achieve intelligent decision-making. That is, generate intelligent evaluation and auxiliary decision-making capabilities, realize automatic generation, dynamic optimization, and real-time adjustment of combat plans, and enable combat planning to flexibly adapt to changes in the mission environment and battlefield uncertainties. At present, the new generation of artificial intelligence technology is in a stage of vigorous development, and new technologies will continue to emerge.

Quantum technology: writing the winning code in “entanglement”

Quantum is the smallest, indivisible unit of energy. The biggest feature of quantum technology is that it can break through the physical limits of existing information technology, play a huge role in information processing speed, information capacity, information security, information detection accuracy, etc., and thus significantly improve human ability to obtain, transmit and process information, providing strong impetus for the evolution and development of the future information society.

Quantum theory has gone through more than a hundred years of development since its birth. The development of quantum technology has directly given rise to modern information technology. Nuclear energy, semiconductor transistors, lasers, nuclear magnetic resonance, high-temperature superconducting materials, etc. have come into being, changing human production and life. In recent years, the continuous combination of quantum mechanics and information technology will usher in a new quantum technology revolution, impacting the traditional technology system and even causing the reconstruction of the traditional technology system.

Compared with the macroscopic physical world, quantum has many wonderful properties, the most representative of which are quantum superposition and quantum entanglement. Quantum superposition means that a quantum can be in different states at the same time, and can be in a superposition of these states. A vivid metaphor is the cat in a state of “both dead and alive” imagined by physicist Schrödinger. Quantum entanglement means that independent particles can be completely “entangled” together. No matter how far apart they are, when the state of one quantum changes, the other will change accordingly like “telepathy”.

These special properties of quantum contain great military potential. In quantum detection, quantum communication, quantum imaging, quantum computing, etc., they are gradually showing great military application value. For example, by taking advantage of the characteristics of quantum state superposition and the inability to accurately copy unknown quantum states, quantum codes that cannot be deciphered can be developed.

In addition, based on the characteristics of quantum entanglement, the high correlation between two microscopic particles with a common source can be utilized, and entangled photons can be used as light sources to achieve quantum imaging, which can greatly improve the resolution and anti-interference ability of imaging.

Gene technology: a new weapon that can be “edited”

Genes are the genetic information that controls various characteristics of organisms and are known as the “master switch” of various life activities of organisms. Gene editing is equivalent to a pair of “gene scissors”, which can accurately achieve gene “modification” such as insertion, removal, and replacement of specific target genes of organisms, thereby achieving control over the genetic information of organisms.

In 2012, researchers from the United States and Sweden found a very effective pair of “gene scissors”, namely the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which can cut any genome at any desired location. Since then, the development of gene editing technology has achieved unprecedented “acceleration”, realizing gene editing of fruit flies, mice, pigs, sheep, rice, wheat and other organisms, and also providing new medical means for treating diseases such as tumors, AIDS, and thalassemia.

While genetic technology is gradually unlocking the mysteries of life, it will also cause unpredictable military security issues. If gene editing is used in the development of biological weapons, it means that developers can modify genes to obtain new pathogenic microorganisms according to their own needs, or implant biological gene fragments with different characteristics and transform existing biological warfare agents, or even artificially design and synthesize new viruses that do not exist in nature. These may produce new biological weapons that humans cannot prevent and control, and even use the precision of genetic technology to make attacks more targeted. This new coronavirus epidemic has made the world suspicious of Fort Detrick and more than 200 American overseas biological experimental bases. The United States should disclose more facts and give an explanation to the international community.

Brain science: heading towards the battlefield of “brain control”

The human brain is a highly complex information processing system that consists of billions of neurons that communicate with each other and complete a variety of cognitive tasks in an overall coordinated manner.

The brain’s complex neural information processing and cognition are so complex that even supercomputers pale in comparison. Therefore, brain science research is regarded as the “ultimate frontier” of natural science research, and the International Brain Research Organization believes that the 21st century is the “era of brain science.”

In recent years, major countries in the world have announced the launch of brain science research programs. With the emergence of new imaging technologies, convergence technologies, and computing and information communication technology platforms, brain science research has made new breakthroughs in the fields of neural circuits, brain-like intelligence, and brain-computer interfaces.

As a branch of cognitive science, the “brain-computer interface” technology was born in the 1970s. It collects the EEG signals generated by the activity of the cerebral cortex nervous system, and converts them into signals that can be recognized by computers through methods such as amplification and filtering, so that external devices can read the brain’s neural signals, identify people’s true intentions, and achieve effective control of external physical devices. In other words, a certain operation is performed by the human brain without the need to complete it through the body.

As a new type of human-computer interaction, brain-computer interface technology provides a new intelligent development direction for the control of weapons and equipment. Realizing the direct control of weapons and equipment by the human brain and giving them the intelligent features of “moving at will” are becoming the goals pursued by Western military powers. In 2013, the US Department of Defense disclosed a research project called “Avatar”, which plans to control remote “machine warriors” through thoughts in the future to replace soldiers in the battlefield and carry out various combat tasks.

If the above research is regarded as “brain control”, then the use of “brain-computer interface” and other technical means to interfere with, destroy or even control people’s neural activities and thinking abilities is the so-called “brain control”. For example, electromagnetic waves and sound waves are used to affect the normal activities of human brain cells, and even suggestions and commands are directly “projected” into the human brain. In March 2018, a Western country proposed the “Next Generation Non-Invasive Neurotechnology (N3)” plan to develop a new generation of non-invasive two-way brain-computer interfaces to further improve the high-level interaction capabilities of soldiers and weapons and equipment.

In the future, the rapid development of brain science will give rise to a new cognitive domain combat model centered on the brain, and “brain control” will also become a new battlefield for the competition in the cognitive domain.

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is in a “qualitative change period”. Science and technology have never had such a profound impact on national security and military strategy as today. In the face of the rapid development of science and technology, we must vigorously enhance our scientific and technological cognition and acumen, strive to seize the commanding heights of science and technology, seek military competitive advantages, and seize the initiative in future wars.

Professor Liu Yangyue from the College of Arts and Sciences at the National University of Defense Technology 

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2021年8月13日 星期五

國防科技大學文理學院劉揚月教授

21世紀以來，全球科技創新進入空前密集活躍期，新一輪科技革命與產業變革，重建全球創新版圖、重塑全球經濟結構。有人因而將當今時代稱為「深度科技化」時代。

軍事領域是對科技變革最敏感的領域。目前，一些重大顛覆性技術不斷湧現，呈現交叉融合、群體躍進之勢，其軍事應用將會帶來突變性、革命性後果，甚至帶來戰爭新形態。

人工智慧：叩開智慧化戰爭之門

人工智慧誕生於1956年，它的實質是模擬人的思考過程，即讓機器像人一樣理解、思考和學習，形成經驗，並產生一系列相應的判斷與處理方式。近10年來，隨著大數據、神經網路、深度學習等新理論新技術不斷發展，人工智慧按下了快進鍵，開始飛速發展並為人類社會各領域帶來根本性改變。

2016年，人工智慧程式「阿爾法狗」擊敗了世界圍棋冠軍李世石。到了2020年，最新演算法程式甚至不需要被告知遊戲規則，就能自學成才，掌握下圍棋、西洋棋等技藝。

作為引領新一輪科技革命和產業變革的戰略性技術，人工智慧應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態加速由資訊化轉變為智慧化。這項轉變將是全維度、全圖譜的，幾乎涉及軍事鏈的所有環節。最突出的影響基本上包括以下幾個方面：

——助力無人作戰。人工智慧的快速發展，將極大提升各類無人作戰系統的協同作戰、自主作戰能力。這無疑會推動作戰力量組成發生結構性變化，無人化作戰模式將逐步成為戰爭「主旋律」。在2020年8月的一場模擬對抗中，美國國防高級研究計畫局資助的智慧系統操縱戰機，完勝經驗豐富的空軍飛行員，無人作戰趨勢似乎愈發勢不可擋。

——重塑指揮控制。由人工智慧支撐的複雜自適應系統，如蜂群系統，將具備越來越強的自組織能力，從而打破傳統的嚴格層級的指揮體制，孵化出全新的指揮控制模式。由成千上萬個無人系統組成的蜂群，其行動控制將由智慧高效的演算法系統完成，能實現高度去中心化與動態聚合，展現出群體智慧作戰新概念。

——實現智能決策。即產生智慧化的評估和輔助決策能力，實現作戰方案計畫的自動生成、動態優化、即時調整，使作戰規劃靈活適應任務環境變化和戰場不確定性。目前，新一代人工智慧技術正處於蓬勃興起階段，新技術仍將持續出現。

量子技術：在「糾纏」中書寫制勝密碼

量子是最小的、不可再分割的能量單位。量子科技最大特點在於，它可以突破現有資訊科技的物理極限，在資訊處理速度、資訊容量、資訊安全、資訊偵測精準度等方面發揮極大作用，進而顯著提升人類獲取、傳輸和處理資訊的能力，為未來資訊社會的演進和發展提供強勁動力。

量子理論從誕生至今，已走過數百年發展歷程，量子科技的發展直接催生了現代資訊技術，核能、半導體電晶體、雷射、核磁共振、高溫超導材料等紛紛問世，改變了人類的生產生活。近年來，量子力學與資訊科技不斷結合，將開啟一場新的量子科技革命，衝擊著傳統科技體系，甚至引起傳統科技體系的重建。

相對於宏觀物理世界，量子有許多奇妙特性，最具代表性的莫過於量子疊加與量子糾纏。量子疊加意味著量子可同時處於不同狀態，且可處於這些狀態的疊加態。形象的比喻就是，物理學家薛丁格所設想的處於「既死又活」狀態的貓。量子糾纏則意味著相互獨立的粒子可以完全「糾纏」在一起，無論相隔多麼遙遠，當一個量子的狀態發生變化，另一個就會「心靈感應」般發生相應變化。

量子的這些特殊性，蘊藏著極大的軍事潛能。在量子探測、量子通訊、量子成像、量子計算等方面，正逐漸展現出巨大的軍事應用價值。如利用量子態疊加與未知量子態無法精確複製等特點，可研發出無法破解的量子密碼。

此外，根據量子的糾纏特性，利用兩個有共同來源的微觀粒子高度關聯性，將糾纏的光子作為光源實現量子成像，可大幅提升成像的解析度和抗干擾性。

基因技術：可以「編輯」的新武器

基因是控制生物各種特徵的遺傳訊息，被譽為生物體各種生命活動的「總開關」。基因編輯就相當於一把“基因剪刀”，透過它可精確實現對生物體特定目標基因的插入、移除、替換等基因“修飾”，從而實現對生物遺傳訊息的控制。

2012年，美國和瑞典的研究人員找到一把十分有效的“基因剪刀”，即使用CRISPR/Cas9系統，可在任何想要的地方切割任何基因組。此後，基因編輯技術發展獲得前所未有的“加速”，實現了對果蠅、鼠、豬、羊以及水稻、小麥等各類生物的基因編輯，也為治療腫瘤、愛滋病、地中海貧血等疾病提供了新的醫學手段。

基因技術在逐漸破解生命奧秘的同時，也將引發難以預料的軍事安全問題。如將基因編輯運用於生物武器的開發上，那就意味著開發者可根據自己的需要，修改基因獲得新的致病微生物，或是將具有不同特徵的生物基因片段植入並改造已有的生物戰劑，甚至人工設計與合成自然界本不存在的新型病毒。這些都可能產生人類無法預防和控制的新生物武器，甚至利用基因技術的精準性，使得攻擊更具針對性。這次新冠肺炎疫情，讓世界對美國德特里克堡以及200多個美國海外生物實驗基地疑雲叢生，美國應該公開更多事實，給國際社會一個交代。

腦科學：走向「制腦」戰場

人的大腦是一個高度複雜的訊息處理系統，它由數十億神經元透過相互連結來進行訊息交流，以整體協調的方式完成各種各樣的認知任務。

大腦複雜的神經訊息處理與認知，即便是超級電腦也相形見絀。因此，腦科學研究被視為自然科學研究的“終極疆域”，國際腦研究組織認為21世紀是“腦科學時代”。

近年來，世界主要國家紛紛宣布啟動腦科學研究計畫。隨著新型影像技術、匯聚技術以及基於計算和資訊通信技術平台的出現，腦科學研究在神經環路、類腦智能、腦機介面等領域不斷取得新突破。

作為認知科學的一個分支，「腦機介面」技術誕生於1970年代。它透過擷取大腦皮質神經系統活動產生的腦電訊號，經過放大、濾波等方法，將其轉化為可被電腦辨識的訊號，讓外部設備讀懂大腦的神經訊號，從中辨別出人的真實意圖，實現對外部實體設備的有效控制。也就是由人腦思考執行某項操作，而不需要透過肢體來完成。

腦機介面技術作為一種新型的人機互動方式，為武器裝備操控提供了全新的智慧化發展方向。實現人腦對武器裝備的直接控制，賦予武器裝備「隨心所欲」的智慧化特徵，正成為西方軍事強國追求的目標。 2013年，美國防部披露了一項名為“阿凡達”的研究項目，計劃在未來能通過意念操控遠程的“機器戰士”，以代替士兵在戰場上作戰，遂行各種戰鬥任務。

如果把上述研究視為“腦控”，那麼，利用“腦機介面”等技術手段對人的神經活動、思考能力等進行幹擾、破壞甚至控制，就是所謂的“控腦”。如使用電磁波和聲波等對人類腦細胞正常活動產生影響，甚至把建議和命令直接「投射」到人腦中。 2018年3月，某西方國家提出「下一代非侵入性神經技術（N3）」計劃，開發新一代非侵入式雙向腦機接口，進一步提高士兵與武器裝備的高水平交互能力。

未來，腦科學的快速發展，將催生以大腦為中心的認知域作戰新模式，「控腦」也將成為認知域爭奪的新陣地。

目前，新一輪科技革命、軍事革命正處於“質變期”，科技從未像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局。面對快速發展的科學技術，必須大力增強科技認知力和敏銳性，努力搶佔科技制高點，謀取軍事競爭優勢，掌握未來戰爭的主動權。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/13/content_296410888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Chinese Military Research on U.S. Air Force Invisible Battlefield Armament Expansion – Cyber Warfare

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中國軍方對美空軍隱形戰場裝備擴充－網路戰的研究

現代英語：

Recently, the U.S. Air Force released a new version of the Cyber ​​Warfare Doctrine (hereinafter referred to as the Doctrine). The U.S. Air Force has thus become the first military service to publish a new version of the Doctrine after the release of a series of strategic documents by the Cyberspace Command. The U.S. military’s arms expansion in the invisible battlefield is being fully rolled out.

Seeking cyber warfare advantage

The new version of the directive is the second time that the US Air Force has issued a programmatic document in the field of cyberspace, following the first version in 2010 and the revised version in 2011. The directive is mainly divided into three parts, including the threats and challenges faced by the US Air Force in cyberspace, the main functions of cyber warfare forces, and the force structure.

The new version of the order points out that the threats currently faced by the US Air Force are divided into “malicious acts that intentionally damage the Air Force’s network information system” and “unintentional but damaging network activities that cause impacts”, and proposes four challenges in the medium and long term, namely, the commercial technology and outsourced products currently in use have security vulnerabilities, attacks launched in cyberspace are difficult to trace, network connections have security risks of being invaded, and network infrastructure has weaknesses. Foreign media said that the US Air Force deliberately exaggerated the inherent security risks of the network in order to provide an excuse for strengthening the construction of cyber warfare forces and conducting military operations in this field.

The new version of the regulations further clarifies the main functions of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces. The new version of the regulations states that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should not only support the US Air Force in conducting cyber warfare offensive and defensive operations in wartime or quasi-wartime states to gain competitive and operational advantages in this field, but also play a role in peacetime non-armed conflict military activities.

The U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare style is mainly cyberspace offensive and defensive operations and the operation and maintenance of the U.S. Department of Defense information network. Its main combat force is the 16th Air Force. The unit is formed by the merger of the 24th Air Force responsible for cyberspace and the 25th Air Force responsible for global intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. It not only undertakes the U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare and electronic warfare tasks, but also serves as the air force branch of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command.

The new version of the regulations states that according to the U.S. military’s institutional structure of separation of military, political and command, the 16th Air Force is commanded by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command, and the process of carrying out combat operations is formulated by the command. In addition, in order to clarify the relationship between the military forces and functional commands, the Air Force has set up the 616th Operations Command Center, which is responsible for converting the tasks assigned by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command and the needs and cooperation matters of the supported theater into the plans, programs and goals of the Air Force Cyber ​​Warfare Task Force, and connecting with subsequent evaluation work.

Integration into the joint combat system

In addition to the three main parts, the new version of the order also emphasizes that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should be integrated into the “integrated deterrence” and joint combat system. Among them, the 16th Air Force will integrate intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance, electronic warfare and information warfare forces to create an “information environment advantage” for US Air Force operations in order to gain the upper hand in armed conflicts.

The new version of the regulations points out that the US Air Force’s military operations and combat plans in cyberspace should be integrated into the joint force’s combat plans, fully considering cross-agency cooperation, the linkage effects of the physical and cyber domains of the battlefield, and information sharing supported by the national intelligence system.

In order to better integrate into joint operations, the new version of the regulations clarifies the military terminology of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces and divides the evaluation of cyberspace combat effectiveness into tactics, campaigns and strategies to reflect the target effects of combat operations at different levels. According to the joint operations regulations of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, the “blue”, “red” and “gray” combat opponent marking terms are introduced to represent allies, opponents and neutral parties in cyberspace respectively. “Cyberspace key terrain” is used to refer to cyberspace areas that can provide absolute advantages for cyber warfare mission units.

The concept of “cyberspace control” applies the “command and control” of the US military’s joint operations to new areas, and divides the control level into three levels from low to high: “balance”, “advantage” and “dominance” based on the degree of influence on the opponent’s network information field. This is slightly different from the three combat indicators of the US military’s joint forces: “weak”, “medium” and “strong”.

Foreign media said that under the guidance of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command’s “dominate the cyber domain” principle, the U.S. Air Force cyber warfare forces can “match” the terminology and concepts in the joint combat system, which will enable service commanders and joint force commanders to better use the “hybrid warfare” force of cyber warfare forces.

Strengthen construction in multiple areas

With the release of the new version of the regulations, the U.S. Air Force became the first service branch of the U.S. military to revise its cyber warfare guidelines, which also indicates that the U.S. military has extended its efforts to strengthen cyberspace armaments to combat forces.

The report said that at the same time as the US Air Force issued a new version of the regulations, the US Navy announced the strength of the 10th Fleet under the Cyber ​​Command, which has 14,000 active, civilian and reserve personnel, 28 active commands, 40 cyber mission forces and 27 reserve commands around the world. The US Navy’s cyber warfare force is the largest among all branches of the US military, and the US Air Force may follow the Navy’s system to build the force structure of this branch. A series of actions by the US military in the field of cyberspace will contribute to the expansion of arms in this field.

Since the beginning of this year, the U.S. Cyber ​​Command has successively released a series of documents, including the “Mission Statement of the Department of Defense Information Network Joint Force Command” and the “Mission Statement of the Coast Guard Cyber ​​Command”, to enrich the development plan of cyber warfare forces.

The U.S. Cyber ​​Command plans to invite the U.S. Department of Defense’s Joint Interoperability Test Command to serve as the testing agency for the “Joint Cyberspace Operations Architecture” to improve joint combat capabilities in the cyberspace field, and plans to take the lead in hosting the NATO “Locked Shield” cybersecurity joint military exercise in late April. At the same time, the United States also invites India and South Korea to conduct military research in the cyberspace and digital policy field.

In addition, the U.S. Air Force has also implemented the goal of improving cyber warfare capabilities in military academies. The U.S. Air Force University Cyber ​​Academy requires students to take at least three courses related to information and cyberspace, and the Air Force War College has formally incorporated cyber warfare and other teaching content into its general courses.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network
Friday, February 24, 2023

現代國語：

近日，美國空軍發布新版《網路作戰條令》（以下簡稱條令）。美國空軍也由此成為網路空間司令部系列戰略性文件出台後，首個公佈新版作戰條令的軍種部隊。美軍在無形戰場的軍備擴張正全面鋪面。

謀求網路作戰優勢

新版條令是繼2010年首版、2011年修訂版後，美國空軍再次發布網路空間領域的綱領文件。該條令主要分為3個部分，包括美國空軍在網路空間面臨的威脅與挑戰、網路戰部隊的主要功能、力量架構。

新版條令指出，美國空軍目前面臨的威脅分為“有意破壞空軍網路資訊系統的惡意行為”和“無意但造成破壞和影響的網路活動”，並據此提出中長期存在的4項挑戰，即正在使用的商業技術和外包產品存在安全漏洞、網路空間發起的攻擊難以溯源、網路連接存在被侵入的安全隱患、網路基礎設施存在弱點。外媒稱，美國空軍刻意放大網路固有的安全風險，意在為其強化網路戰部隊建立並在該領域遂行軍事行動提供口實。

關於美國空軍網路戰部隊的主要功能，新版條令予以進一步明確。新版條令提出，美國空軍網路戰部隊既要在戰時或準戰時狀態下支援美國空軍進行網路戰攻防行動，贏得該領域競爭優勢和作戰優勢，也要在平時的非武裝衝突類軍事活動中發揮作用。

美國空軍網路作戰樣式主要為網路空間攻防作戰及美國國防部資訊網路運作維護，其主要作戰力量為第16航空隊。該部隊由負責網路空間的第24航空隊和負責全球情報、監視和偵察的第25航空隊合併組建，其不僅擔負美國空軍的網路戰和電子戰任務，也是美軍網路司令部的空軍分支。

新版條令稱，根據美軍軍政軍令分離的體制結構，第16航空隊由美軍網路司令部指揮，遂行作戰行動的流程由該司令部製定。此外，為明確軍種部隊和職能司令部間的關係，該航空隊下設第616作戰指揮中心，負責將美軍網絡司令部賦予的任務及受支援戰區的需求和協作事項，轉化為空軍網絡戰任務部隊的計劃、方案和目標，並對接後續評估工作。

融入聯合作戰體系

除了3個主要部分外，新版條令也聚焦在美國空軍網路戰部隊應融入「一體化威懾」和聯合作戰體系。其中，第16航空隊將整合情報偵察監視、電子戰和資訊戰力量，為美國空軍行動創造“資訊環境優勢”，以在武裝衝突中取得先機。

新版條令指出，美國空軍在網路空間的軍事行動和作戰計畫應融入聯合部隊的作戰方案，充分考慮跨機構合作、戰場物理域和網路域連動效應，及國家情報體系支撐下的資訊共享。

為了更好地融入聯合作戰，新版條令明確美國空軍網路戰部隊的軍事術語，將網路空間作戰效能評估分為戰術、戰役和戰略，以體現不同層級作戰行動的目標效果。依據美軍參聯會的聯合作戰條令，引入「藍色」「紅色」和「灰色」的作戰對手標註術語，分別表示網路空間的盟友、對手和中立方。以「網路空間關鍵地形」指稱可為網路戰任務分隊提供絕對優勢的網路空間區域。

「網路空間控制」這個概念，則將美軍聯合作戰中「指揮與控制」應用至新領域，並結合對對手網路資訊領域的影響程度，把控制等級由低至高劃分為「均勢」「優勢」「統治」3個等級，這與美軍聯合部隊「弱」「中」指標「強」3個作戰指標略有差別。

外媒稱，在美軍網絡司令部“主宰網絡域”準則引導下，美國空軍網絡戰部隊與聯合作戰體系中的術語概念“對錶”，可以使軍種指揮官及聯合部隊指揮官更好地運用網絡戰部隊這一“混合戰”力量。

多點發力加強建設

隨著新版條令出爐，美國空軍成為美軍首個修訂網路戰綱領的軍種部隊，這也標誌著美軍已將加強網路空間軍備建設的舉措延伸至作戰部隊。

報道稱，就在美國空軍出台新版條令的同時，美國海軍公佈了隸屬於網絡司令部的第10艦隊實力，該部隊下轄1.4萬名現役、文職和預備役人員，在全球有28個現役指揮部、40支網絡任務部隊和27個預備役指揮部。美國海軍網路戰部隊在美軍各軍兵種中規模最大，美國空軍或將效法海軍體制，建構該軍種的力量結構。美軍在網路空間領域的一系列舉動，將助長該領域軍備擴張態勢。

今年以來，美軍網路司令部相繼發布《國防部資訊網路聯合部隊指揮部任務說明》《海岸防衛隊網路司令部任務說明》等系列文件，豐富網路戰部隊發展計畫。

美軍網路司令部計畫邀請美國國防部聯合互通性測試司令部擔任「聯合網路空間作戰架構」的測試機構，以提高網路太空領域的聯合作戰能力，並擬於4月下旬牽頭承辦北約「鎖盾」網路安全聯合軍演。同時，美國也拉印度、韓國進行網路空間和數位政策的軍事領域研究。

此外，美國空軍也將提升網路戰能力的目標落實到軍事院校。美國空軍大學網路學院要求學員至少選修3門資訊與網路空間相關的課程，空軍戰爭學院則在通用課程中正式編入網路戰等教學內容。

中國軍網 國防部網
2023年2月24日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2023-02/24/content_334361888.htm