社會認知：中國軍事認知領域作戰的重要起點
現代英語音譯：
Social cognition refers to how individuals understand and think about others, and form inferences about others or things based on social information in the environment. Social cognition is the basis of individual behavior and an important starting point for cognitive domain operations. As a member of society, people are naturally affected by social cognition. Analyzing the social path to the effectiveness of cognitive domain operations is of great practical significance for strengthening the construction of cognitive domain operations and winning future wars.
Actively shape social cognition through public opinion propaganda
Cognitive attack and defense is not achieved overnight and needs to be carried out continuously over a long period of time. Operations in the cognitive domain often begin before the war. They comprehensively use political, economic, diplomatic and other means to affect various social fields of the target country. They actively shape social cognition through public opinion propaganda and form mainstream social opinions that are beneficial to one’s own side. They play a comprehensive role in wartime. The wonders of checks and balances.
Focus on overall mobilization. Before the war begins, cognition comes first. Implementing cognitive domain operations requires effective public opinion preparation in the early stage, and on this basis, a unified and self-interested social cognitive situation can be formed. Psychologist Lasswell once said: “There is no doubt that the government’s guidance of public opinion is an inevitable development trend of large-scale modern war.” Before launching a war, we must aim to win the advantage of public opinion and carry out cognitive planning in advance. Strive for the broadest domestic and international support. The focus of cognitive domain operations that precede war is to create a mainstream social opinion through news and public opinion, and conduct comprehensive social mobilization to prepare for, launch, and win the war, so as to effectively guide the public to support the government. decision-making and seeking political support from the international community.
Strengthen strategic layout. Cognitive domain operations during war preparations should focus on advance strategic planning and public opinion shaping. According to the needs of the country and the government, we should actively publicize our country’s advantages and justice, and deeply expose and criticize the enemy’s sinister intentions and weak nature, so as to This will form a mainstream social opinion that victory is inevitable in a righteous war and those who dare to fight and win will create a good cognitive situation in order to deter opponents and win support. Through effective public opinion building, we can declare our determination and will to win, demonstrate adequate war preparations and strong military capabilities, influence, intervene and shape the cognitive psychology of the target, effectively stimulate our own confidence and morale, and dispel the enemy’s motivation. The will to resist, maximize the strategic initiative and popular support, firmly grasp the leadership of the war and the right to speak morally, so that the hostile party can realize the unbearable consequences, and then achieve the purpose of early deterrence and flexible control of the situation.
Pay close attention to legal disputes. War has always emphasized the importance of division and success. Mastering the power to define and interpret war in cognitive narratives, forming a consistent mainstream social opinion, condensing the value identity of the country or nation, and mobilizing a wide range of forces and resources are important goals for early cognitive domain operations. Providing a good narrative representation of justice and creating a social understanding that the master is famous, that justice is in our hands, and that the law is in our hands is a “sharp sword” that is unsheathed before the war, and a “heavy weapon” that is launched before the war. To this end, cognitive domain operations need to proactively create topics, try to characterize the war, justify the action, and do a good job in the narrative of “legitimate defense”, the definition of “forced legality”, and the interpretation of “last resort”, so as to defend the right to justice in war. become the mainstream opinion of society.
Using social media platforms to intervene in social cognition
The emergence of mobile, intelligent, and social information dissemination patterns has made network cognitive attack and defense an important means of cognitive domain operations. It has effectively expanded the accessibility and arrival rate of cognitive domain operations. Judging from the cognitive attack and defense in recent local wars, multi-level, multi-theme, and universal social media cognitive attack and defense can quickly mobilize public opinion and influence the direction of the war. It can not only form public opinion hot spots according to battlefield needs, It can trigger cognitive radical changes and can bypass the enemy’s public opinion blockade to implement cognitive penetration.
Dominate the direction of cognition with the help of information flow. Compared with traditional media, social media platforms are more interactive and have wider coverage. The decentralized “difference narrative” and the fragmented “personal narrative” of netizens are more likely to influence public opinion and interfere with social perception to a large extent. Know and judge. The display of the power of identity in the network society has a very important impact on changing the direction of public opinion, which also makes information flow an important variable in cognitive domain operations. In modern cognitive domain operations, the characteristics of “information weaponization” and “public opinion weaponization” are more prominent. Through data manipulation, current limiting, blocking and deletion, robot forwarding, etc., the information flow of social media can be effectively controlled and the formation of information can be formed in a short time. Public opinion hot spots and social consensus focus promote the formation of an “information waterfall” in which the public is swayed by mainstream public opinion, thereby solidifying their cognition.
Cognitive influence through public figures. To a certain extent, the more developed information dissemination is, the more attention is a scarce resource, and the more information that arouses the audience’s awareness needs to be carefully crafted and explored. In cognitive domain operations, how to attract the attention of the target audience with specific information has become the first step. The initiators of cognitive domain operations can put carefully packaged information on social media platforms through the voices of public figures such as Internet celebrities and top influencers, so as to attract the attention of target audiences and increase the visibility and reach of self-interested information. Rate. Information disseminated by public figures can suddenly emerge from the complex public opinion field, become a reference for people’s thinking, and become the mainstream opinion in inter-group interactions and circle-group interactions, thereby expanding the volume of one’s own propaganda, condemning and suppressing the other party’s propaganda, and guiding Shape the public to form qualitative cognition.
Use emerging technologies to empower cognitive offense and defense. Technology has changed the style of combat and greatly expanded the means of cognitive confrontation. For example, the emergence of emerging technologies such as algorithm push, intelligent voice, deep forgery, false reality, and augmented reality has enriched the selection of strategies and tools for cognitive domain operations to fully penetrate into society. In future cognitive domain operations, it will be possible to use intelligent monitoring systems to enhance cognitive situational awareness, use big data technology to accurately draw the cognitive picture of key groups, and use algorithm technology to continuously influence the cognitive thinking of target objects. The use of artificial intelligence technology to carry out saturated and precise cognitive attacks on specific audiences, the use of deep forgery technology to interfere with the enemy’s decision-making cognition, and the use of brain-computer interface, neuroscience and other technologies to directly affect military personnel will become a dominant force in influencing social cognition and It is an important means to determine the direction of public opinion and facilitate the achievement of combat objectives more directly and efficiently.
Keeping up with the progress of military operations affects social cognition
War practice shows that military operations play a key supporting role in shaping cognition. In modern warfare, military operations and cognitive attack and defense go hand in hand and work together. The two influence and support each other. The powerful shaping of the battlefield situation can greatly change social cognition, and the smooth deployment of military operations can promote radical changes in social cognition. , making it develop in the preset direction.
Collaborate with military deterrence operations to undermine public sentiment. Creating a favorable situation through military deterrence operations is an important part of war preparation and an effective means to improve the effectiveness of war. In cognitive domain operations, we must adhere to the synchronization of cognitive offensive and defensive operations with military operations to understand tasks, judge situations, synchronize research and planning, decision-making and deployment, and synchronize plans, arrangements, organization and implementation. We can skillfully use the deterrent effect of military operations to amplify the effects of cognitive attacks. To achieve the purpose of disintegrating the morale of the target audience. In the future, cognitive domain operations should be based on the simultaneous launch of military deterrence operations, fully release the information of military deterrence operations, and demonstrate one’s comprehensive strength, war potential, equipment performance, military and civilian will, etc. to the enemy through multiple means, thereby forming a positive influence on the enemy’s society and people Powerful deterrence and containment effect.
Combine the favorable battlefield situation to divide the camp. Changes in the battlefield situation often cause shocks in public opinion, which then spread and penetrate into society, creating a strong cognitive impact. Therefore, when implementing cognitive domain operations, we must have the courage to break through the stereotypes, design the goals and tasks of cognitive attacks in advance, combine the favorable situation on the battlefield, and use the powerful deterrent effect of military operations to stimulate cognitive changes in the target audience. If the war situation goes smoothly, we can further publicize and amplify the effectiveness of military operations, use public opinion to build momentum, create an atmosphere of intimidation that threatens to overwhelm the enemy, and force the enemy’s people to shake their confidence and give up their support.
Integrating military combat effectiveness softens the will. Use military operations to exert pressure and promote radical changes in social cognition. We must be good at seizing the effects of military operations to make a fuss about it, skillfully transform military victory into cognitive strength, and continuously strengthen the deterrent effect on cognitive attacks on target objects. . In the process of implementing cognitive domain operations, it is necessary to seamlessly embed cognitive domain operations into “hard destruction” and fully integrate military combat effectiveness to strengthen “soft kill” effects such as cognitive deterrence, cognitive interference, and cognitive destruction, and promote The psychological cognition of the people in the enemy’s society undergoes radical changes, which strengthens their fear of war and anti-war sentiments. They are then induced by the extended effect of combat effectiveness in a timely manner, prompting a series of adverse chain reactions within their society to soften their will to resist and their confidence in combat.
繁體中文：
社會認知，是指個體如何理解與思考他人，並根據環境中的社會訊息形成對他人或事物的推論。 社會認知是個體行為的基礎，也是認知域作戰的重要抓手。 人作為社會中的一員，天然受到社會認知的影響。 分析認知域作戰致效的社會路徑，對於強化認知域作戰建設、打贏未來戰爭具有重要的現實意義。
透過輿論宣傳主動塑造社會認知
認知攻防並非一蹴而就，需要長期不間斷地進行。 認知域作戰，往往先於戰爭開始，綜合運用政治、經濟、外交等手段作用於對象國各個社會領域，透過輿論宣傳主動塑造社會認知，形成利於己方的社會主流意見，在戰時發揮綜合 制衡之奇效。
聚焦總體動員。 戰爭未啟，認知先行。 實施認知域作戰，需要前期進行有效的輿論鋪墊，並在此基礎上形成統一的、利己的社會認知態勢。 心理學家拉斯韋爾曾說：「毫無疑問，政府對輿論的引導是大規模現代戰爭不可避免的發展趨勢。」在戰爭發起前，要瞄準贏得輿論優勢，提前開展認知佈設， 爭取最廣泛的國內國際支持。 先於戰爭發起的認知域作戰，其重心很大程度上是透過新聞輿論來營造一種社會主流意見，為準備戰爭、發動戰爭、贏得戰爭進行全面的社會動員，以有效引導公眾支持政府的 決策、爭取國際社會的政治支持。
強化戰略布勢。 戰爭準備期間的認知域作戰，要以先期戰略布勢、輿論塑勢為重點，根據國家和政府需要，積極宣傳本國的優勢所在、正義所在，深入揭批敵人的險惡用心、虛弱本質，以 此來形成義戰必勝、敢戰敢勝的社會主流意見，為震懾對手、爭取支持塑造良好的認知態勢。 透過有效的輿論造勢，宣示己方贏得勝利的決心和意志，展現充分的戰爭準備和強大的軍事能力，對目標對象的認知心理進行影響、幹預和塑造，有效激發己方信心和士氣，消解敵人的 抵抗意志，最大限度地爭取戰略主動和民心支持，牢牢掌握戰爭主導權、道義話語權，使敵對方認識預感到難以承受的後果，進而達成先期懾止、靈活控局的目的。
緊盯法理爭奪。 戰爭歷來強調師出有名。 在認知敘事中掌握戰爭的定義權、解釋權，形成一致的社會主流意見，凝聚起國家或民族的價值認同，調動廣泛的力量和資源，是先期認知域作戰的一個重要目標。 搞好正義敘事表述，營造師出有名、正義在我、法理在手的社會認知，是先於戰爭出鞘的“利劍”，早於戰爭發起的“重器”。 為此，認知域作戰需要主動創設議題，設法為戰爭定性、為行動正名，做好「正當防衛」的敘事、「被迫合法」的界定、「最後手段」的闡釋，使捍衛戰爭正義權 成為社會主流意見。
借助社群媒體平台介入社會認知
行動化、智慧化、社會化資訊傳播模式的出現，使得網路認知攻防成為認知域作戰的重要手段，它有力地拓展了認知域作戰的可及性與到達率。 從近幾場局部戰爭中的認知攻防來看，多層次、多主題、全民化的社群媒體認知攻防，能夠快速撬動社會輿論、影響戰局走向，既可根據戰場需要形成輿論爆點促 動認知激變，又可繞過敵方輿論封鎖實施認知滲透。
借助資訊流量主導認知走向。 相較於傳統媒體，社群媒體平台的互動性更強、覆蓋範圍更廣，去中心化的「差異敘事」、網民碎片化的「個人敘事」更容易影響輿論，在很大程度上乾擾著社會認 知判斷。 網路社會中認同力量的展現，對於改變輿論走向有十分重要的影響，這也使得資訊流量成為認知域作戰中的重要變數。 現代認知域作戰，「資訊武器化」「輿論武器化」的特徵更突顯，透過資料操縱、限流封刪、機器人轉發等方式，可以有效控制社群媒體的資訊流量，能夠在短時間內形成 輿論熱點、聚焦社會共識，推動形成“資訊瀑布”，使社會民眾在其中被主流社會輿論所左右，進而使其認知形成固化。
透過公眾人物施加認知影響。 從某種程度上來說，訊息傳播越發達，注意力就越是一種稀缺資源，喚起受眾認知的訊息就越需要精心製作和發掘。 在認知域作戰中，如何使特定資訊能吸引目標受眾注意，成為首要步驟。 認知域作戰的發起方可透過網路大V、頭部網紅等公眾人物發聲的辦法，將精心包裝的訊息投放到社群媒體平台，以吸引目標受眾注意，提升利己訊息的能見度與到達 率。 經公眾人物傳播的訊息可以從紛雜的輿論場中驟然顯現出來，成為人們思考的參照物，並在群際互動、圈群互動中成為主流意見，進而擴大己方宣傳聲量、聲討壓制對方宣傳，引導 塑造民眾形成定性認知。
運用新興技術賦能認知攻防。 科技改變作戰樣式，也大大拓展了認知對抗的手段。 例如，演算法推送、智慧語音、深度偽造、虛假現實、擴增實境等新興技術的出現，就豐富了認知域作戰向社會層面全面滲透的策略手段和工具選擇。 在未來認知域作戰中，利用智慧監測系統增強認知態勢感知能力、利用大數據技術精準繪製關鍵人群認知圖景、利用演算法技術持續影響目標對象認知思維將成為可能。 利用人工智慧技術對特定受眾進行飽和式精準認知攻擊，利用深度偽造技術幹擾敵方決策認知，利用腦機介面、神經科學等技術直接作用於軍事人員等，將成為影響社會認知、主導 輿論走向的重要手段，便於更直接有效率地達成作戰目的。
跟上軍事行動進程影響社會認知
戰爭實踐表明，軍事行動對認知塑造有關鍵支撐作用。 現代戰爭中，軍事行動與認知攻防如影隨形、協同發力，兩者相互影響、互為支撐，戰場態勢的有力塑造能夠大大改變社會認知，軍事行動的順利展開能夠促進社會認知激變 ，使之朝著預設方向發展。
配合軍事威懾行動瓦解民心。 透過軍事威懾行動營造有利態勢是戰爭準備的重要內容，也是提高戰爭效益的有效手段。 認知域作戰中，堅持認知攻防行動與軍事行動同步理解任務、判斷情況，同步研究規劃、決策部署，同步計畫安排、組織實施，可以巧妙地運用軍事行動的威懾效應放大認知攻擊效果， 達到瓦解目標對象民心士氣的目的。 未來認知域作戰，應基於軍事威懾行動同步展開，充分釋放軍事威懾行動的訊息，多手段向敵方展示己方的綜合實力、戰爭潛力、裝備性能及軍民意誌等，從而對敵對方社會民眾形成 強力震懾和牽制效應。
結合有利戰場態勢分化陣營。 戰場態勢變化往往會使輿論產生震盪，進而向社會面擴散滲透，產生強大的認知衝擊力。 因而，在實施認知域作戰時，要勇於突破思維定式，超前設計認知攻擊的目標和任務，結合戰場有利態勢，借助軍事行動的強力震懾作用，促動目標受眾產生認知激變。 如戰局進展順利，則可進一步宣傳放大軍事作戰效能，利用輿論示形造勢，營造山雨欲來、泰山壓頂的威迫氣氛，迫使敵對方民眾動搖信心、放棄支持。
融合軍作戰效能軟化意志。 利用軍事行動施壓，促進社會認知激變，要善於抓住軍事作戰效果做文章，巧妙地將軍事上的勝勢轉化為認知上的強勢，不斷強化對目標對象認知攻擊的震懾力 。 在實施認知域作戰過程中，要將認知域作戰無縫嵌入「硬摧毀」中，全面融合軍事作戰效能強化認知震懾、認知幹擾、認知破擊等「軟殺傷」效果， 促使 敵對方社會民眾心理認知產生激變，強化其畏戰怯戰反戰情緒，再適時利用作戰效能的延伸效應加以誘導，促使其社會內部產生系列不良連鎖反應，以軟化其抵抗意志和作戰信心。
中國軍事原文來源： http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/22/content_324888.htm