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Chinese Military Adhering to Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization & Intelligence

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中國軍隊堅持機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

現代英語：

Adhere to the integrated development of mechanized informatization and intelligence

——Seriously study, publicize and implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

The report to the 20th CPC National Congress emphasized “upholding the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence,” elevating the requirement for the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence (hereinafter referred to as the “three modernizations”) to a new strategic level. To thoroughly study, publicize, and implement the spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress and strive to achieve the goals of the PLA’s centenary, we must focus on understanding and grasping the primary characteristics, profound mechanisms, basic principles, and strategic measures of the integrated development of the “three modernizations,” and effectively promote their implementation.

Recognize the main characteristics of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Mechanization, informatization, and intelligence are progressive and interdependent. From a chronological perspective, the three transformations did not originate simultaneously. Without the prerequisites and foundations of the previous transformations, the subsequent transformations could not occur and develop. For example, without mechanization, there would be no informatization. Informatization requires the physical substance provided by mechanization. Without mechanized combat platforms and ammunition as carriers of information nodes, the “connectivity” of informatization would be lost. Informatization is the nucleus of intelligence. Without the sufficient computing power and data provided by advanced informatization, the next generation of artificial intelligence cannot achieve the chain breakthroughs it promises. Without a solid foundation of mechanization, a military cannot advance informatization, and without a solid foundation of mechanization and informatization, it cannot effectively advance intelligence.

Based on this understanding, it’s difficult to leapfrog mechanization and informatization to embrace intelligence. Generally speaking, the latter can only replace the former in specific areas, not completely replace or surpass it. If the foundation of the former’s core technologies, foundational areas, and key stages is not solid, bottlenecks and shortcomings will be difficult to address quickly. Not only will these bottlenecks be difficult to address with the latter, but their weak foundation will also hinder the latter’s development, hindering overall development. If we skip mechanization and informatization and shift our focus entirely to intelligence, haste may lead to failure.

Mechanization, informatization, and intelligence will overlap and coexist for a long time. The term “basic mechanization” generally refers to the fact that mechanization has reached a late stage of development, with its contribution to combat effectiveness having already experienced diminishing returns. Further investment in mechanization will significantly reduce the cost-effectiveness. This does not mean that there will be no more mechanization construction tasks; it simply means that the proportion of investment in informatization and intelligence will gradually decrease compared to informatization and intelligence. Informatization is not the end of mechanization; a certain degree of mechanization will continue during the informatization process. Similarly, intelligence is not the end of mechanization and informatization; a certain degree of informatization and mechanization will continue during the intelligence process. Each of the “three transformations” is only a construction focus for a specific historical period; no one “transformation” is exclusive to any given period.

Based on this understanding, we cannot pursue a “starting from scratch” approach, overthrowing mechanization and informatization in favor of intelligentization. The “three transformations” cannot be viewed in isolation. They are meant to be inclusive, integrated, and mutually exclusive, not selective. The subsequent transformation does not negate or terminate the previous one, nor does it mean discarding the achievements of the previous one and starting over with a new one. We must ensure a smooth transition and gradual upgrade of the combat system from mechanization to informatization and then to intelligentization. Taking intelligentization as an example, intelligentization does not mean completely overthrowing the existing informatized combat system and establishing a completely new, independent intelligent combat system.

Intelligent informationization uses the virtual to control the real, empowering and increasing efficiency in mechanization. The “real” here primarily refers to “hardware,” represented by physical entities such as combat platforms and ammunition, while the “virtual” primarily refers to “software,” centered around combat data and algorithms. While mechanization primarily relies on hardware development, informationization and intelligentization primarily rely on software development, optimizing and upgrading hardware and increasing its efficiency through software. In terms of development priorities, payloads surpass platforms, software surpasses payloads, and algorithms surpass software. Software costs in informationization and intelligentization far exceed hardware costs.

Based on this understanding, we must not pursue development that prioritizes hardware over software or creates a disconnect between the virtual and the real. In the era of intelligence, if the supporting software and core algorithms that serve as the “brains” of weapons and equipment lag behind, even the highest hardware performance indicators will be merely “inflated,” and it will be difficult to realize its combat potential in actual combat. Military combat practice demonstrates that in the era of intelligence, we should prioritize the development of general-purpose chips and core algorithms for military intelligence technology from the outset to avoid being caught in a passive position.

Clarify the profound mechanism of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

The integrated development of the “three transformations” is not a simple mixing, combination, or compounding of the “three transformations,” but rather a process of mutual inclusion, mutual penetration, and mutual promotion. From “you are you, I am me” to “you are in me, I am in you,” and then to “you are me, I am you,” achieving a seamless blend and unity, generating cumulative, aggregate, and multiplier effects, and achieving a qualitative leap in overall combat effectiveness. The integrated development of the “three transformations” primarily follows the following mechanisms:

Advantage-overlaying mechanism. Whether mechanization, informatization, or intelligentization, the supporting technology clusters for each “transformation” will give rise to a series of new weaponry and equipment, generate new combat forces, and ultimately form new combat capabilities with different operational mechanisms. The combined advantages of these new combat capabilities with existing combat capabilities can produce a systemic emergence effect, greatly enhancing the overall combat capability of the military; it can enrich one’s own combat means, methods, and approaches, and put the enemy in a dilemma of multiple difficulties.

Upgrade and expansion mechanism. Informatization, through the digital transformation and networking of various mechanized combat platforms, aggregates and upgrades mechanized combat systems into informationized combat systems, resulting in a qualitative leap in combat effectiveness. Intelligence can also be integrated with mechanization and informatization through upgrades and expansions. On the one hand, intelligent technologies are used to upgrade the control systems of mechanized combat platforms, continuously enhancing the autonomous combat capabilities of individual weapons and equipment. On the other hand, intelligent technologies are used to optimize and upgrade informationized combat systems, significantly enhancing their capabilities in information acquisition, transmission, processing, sharing, and security, and comprehensively improving the combat capabilities of the system.

A mechanism for addressing shortcomings and replacing them. The history of military development shows that as a particular “industry” develops, it often encounters bottlenecks that are difficult to resolve with its own technological system alone. This necessitates the urgent need for innovative solutions using the technical means and development strategies of other “industries.” Currently, machinery is becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex, making its design and control increasingly difficult. Informatization has led to an “information explosion,” making it increasingly difficult to quickly translate this information into decision-making information. These problems are difficult to effectively address within the technological systems of mechanization and informatization alone. However, the application of intelligent technology can effectively overcome bottlenecks in mechanical control and information processing capabilities. Furthermore, technological breakthroughs in the first “industry” can offset the shortcomings of the second. For example, hypersonic missiles can outpace the response capabilities of networked and informationized defense systems, enabling rapid penetration, which to some extent offsets an adversary’s information advantage.

Grasp the basic principles of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

In promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations”, we should focus on the following basic principles:

The principle of mutual promotion and symbiosis. Each “transformation” differs fundamentally in its combat effectiveness generation mechanisms and development goals. The simultaneous and parallel development of the three transformations presents both favorable conditions for mutual enhancement, mutual promotion, and mutual support, but also unfavorable factors such as competition over development areas, resource allocation, and investment volume. We must ensure that the three transformations form a healthy symbiotic relationship within the overall development process, avoiding conflicts, frictions, and constraints that could lead to a situation where 1+1+1 is less than 3, and strive to achieve systemic emergence and synergistic effects.

The principle of overall coordination. The importance of the “three transformations” is not ranked in order of importance. We should not emphasize one at the expense of the others. Instead, the three transformations should be considered as a system, coordinated and advanced as a whole. While informatization and intelligentization appear more advanced and complex, we should not assume that mechanization is low-end, simple, and easy to implement, or that the importance of mechanization can be ignored with the advent of informatization and intelligentization. On the one hand, if mechanization is not fully implemented, it will hinder progress and become a bottleneck restricting overall development. Similarly, without the sufficient computing power and data provided by full informatization, the next generation of artificial intelligence cannot achieve a series of breakthroughs. On the other hand, mechanization also has high-end cutting-edge fields such as hypersonic aircraft and deep-sea submersibles that can have a disruptive effect.

The principle of prioritizing key areas. Total investment in national defense and military development is limited. Given a relatively fixed overall budget, investing more in one area will inevitably result in less investment in others. We should accurately assess the contribution of each area to combat effectiveness over the coming period, identify the area that will most significantly increase combat effectiveness as the priority for development, rationally allocate resources in a prioritized manner, and scientifically determine the direction and amount of investment. Failure to prioritize the development of the “three areas” and applying a “sprinkle pepper” approach to each area can easily result in a low input-output ratio and may even cause military development to stray from its correct trajectory.

Strengthening strategic measures for the integrated development of “three transformations”

In practice, we should strive to change the inertial thinking of relying on latecomer advantages and unconsciously falling into the habit of following development, strive to get out of the passive catch-up development model, and turn to the pursuit of concurrent advantages and first-mover advantages. We should develop intelligence on the basis of existing mechanization and informatization, and at the same time use intelligence to drive mechanization and informatization to a higher level. We should use the integrated development of the “three transformations” as a powerful engine to promote the transformation and development of the military and achieve a comprehensive leap in the overall construction level.

We must effectively strengthen top-level design and overall coordination for the integrated development of the “three transformations.” We must fully recognize the long-term, complex, and arduous nature of the integrated development of the “three transformations,” adhere to the unity of technological and conceptual integration, and avoid simply applying the existing mechanization and informatization construction model to the integrated development of the “three transformations.” We must also avoid generalization and labeling of the “three transformations.” We must strengthen top-level design and overall coordination with strong organizational leadership, streamline multiple relationships, pool the strengths of all parties, and create a positive synergy.

Proactively plan key areas for the integrated development of the three transformations. First, address areas where one transformation affects and constrains the development of others. Quickly identify technical bottlenecks within each transformation, compile a list of these bottlenecks, and increase investment in focused research to address these shortcomings as quickly as possible. Second, address areas where one transformation could potentially offset the achievements of others. During the integrated development of the three transformations, even after one has become dominant, we should still prioritize developing new operational mechanisms within the others, potentially disrupting the strategic balance and generating disruptive impacts, potentially even offsetting the achievements of the others. Third, address areas where the three transformations intersect and intersect. The “edge zones, intersections, and junctions” of the three transformations are also crucial for rapidly generating new qualitative combat capabilities. Currently, we should particularly proactively plan for areas such as “ubiquitous network plus” and “artificial intelligence plus.”

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年11月10日 星期四

現代國語：

黨的二十大報告強調“堅持機械化信息化智能化融合發展”，把機械化信息化智能化（以下簡稱“三化”）融合發展要求提升到新的戰略高度。深入學習宣傳貫徹黨的二十大精神，奮力實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，應著力認清把握「三化」融合發展的主要特徵、深刻機理、基本原則和戰略舉措，切實推動「三化」融合發展落地落實。

認清「三化」融合發展的主要特徵

機械化資訊化智能化逐次遞進有序依存。從時序來看，「三化」不是同時起源的，沒有前一「化」作為前提和基礎，就沒有後一「化」的發生和發展。例如，沒有機械化就沒有資訊化。資訊化建設需要機械化建設提供物理實體，沒有機械化作戰平台和彈藥作為資訊節點的載體，資訊化的「聯」就失去了物件。資訊化是智慧化的孕育母體。沒有高度資訊化提供足夠的算力和數據，新一代人工智慧也不可能產生鍊式突破。一支軍隊沒有一定的機械化基礎，就無法推進資訊化，沒有一定的機械化資訊化基礎，也無法很好地推進智慧化。

基於這個認識，我們難以跨越機械化資訊化直接擁抱智慧化。通常說來，後一「化」對前一「化」只有在個別領域可以替代，而不可能全局替代或全面跨越。如果前一「化」的核心技術、基礎領域和關鍵階段的「底子」打得不牢，出現瓶頸和短板時將無法在短時間內彌補，不但難以被後一「化」解決，反而會因基礎不牢影響後一「化」發展，進而拖累整體發展。如果跳過機械化、資訊化，把建設重點全面轉向智慧化，可能欲速則不達。

機械化資訊化智能化相互​​交疊長期並存。通常所說的基本實現機械化，意思是機械化發展到後期，其戰鬥力貢獻已經產生了邊際遞減效應，繼續加大機械化投入，效費比將大大降低。但這並不意味著此後就沒有任何機械化建設任務了，只是與資訊化、智慧化相比對其投入比重將逐步降低。資訊化不是機械化的終結，資訊化過程中還有一定的機械化，智能化也不是機械化、資訊化的終結，智能化過程中還有一定的資訊化、機械化。 「三化」中的每一「化」都只是某一歷史時期的建設重點，不存在某一時期被某一「化」排他性獨佔的情況。

基於這個認識，我們不能搞推翻機械化資訊化，專搞智慧化的「另起爐灶」式發展。不能以割裂的觀點看待“三化”，“三化”是“三合一”式的兼容並蓄，不是“三選一”式的互斥排他。後一「化」不是對前一「化」的否定和終結，不是摒棄前一「化」所取得的發展成果推倒重來另搞一套，必須確保作戰體係由機械化到資訊化再到智能化的平滑過渡和漸進升級。以智慧化為例，智慧化絕不是顛覆性地推倒原有資訊化作戰體系，另建一個全新的獨立的智慧化作戰體系。

智慧化資訊化對機械化以虛控實、賦能增效。這裡所說的“實”主要是指以作戰平台、彈藥等物理實體為代表的“硬體”，“虛”主要是指以作戰數據、演算法等為核心的“軟體”。機械化以硬體建置為主，資訊化和智慧化則以軟體建置為主，透過軟體對硬體進行最佳化升級和賦能增效。在建置優先順序上，載重超越平台、軟體超越載重、演算法超越軟體，資訊化和智慧化建設中的軟體成本遠超硬體成本。

基於這個認識，我們不能搞「重硬輕軟」或「虛實脫節」式發展。進入智能化時代，如果作為武器裝備“大腦”的配套軟體和核心演算法落後，其硬體性能指標再高都只是“虛高”，實戰中很難發揮出作戰潛能。軍事鬥爭實踐表明，進入智慧化時代，應在一開始就注重軍事智慧技術的通用晶片和核心演算法研發，避免陷入被動。

明晰「三化」融合發展的深刻機理

「三化」融合發展，不是「三化」簡單的混合、化合或複合，而是相互包容、相互滲透、相互促進。從“你是你、我是我”變成“你中有我、我中有你”，進而變成“你就是我、我就是你”，達到水乳交融、合而為一的程度，並產生疊加效應、聚合效應和倍增效應，實現整體戰鬥力質的躍升。 「三化」融合發展主要遵循以下機制：

優勢疊加機理。不管是機械化、資訊化或智慧化，每一「化」的支援技術群都會催生出一系列新型武器裝備，產生新型作戰力量，最終形成具有不同作戰機理的新質作戰能力。這些新質作戰能力與原有作戰能力綜合運用優勢疊加，能夠產生系統湧現效應，大大提升軍隊整體作戰能力；能夠豐富己方作戰手段、作戰方式和方法，使敵方陷入顧此失彼的多重困境。

升級拓展機理。資訊化透過對各類機械化作戰平台進行數位化改造和網路化鏈接，將機械化作戰體系聚合升級為資訊化作戰體系，催生戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。智慧化也可透過升級拓展方式，與機械化、資訊化融為一體。一方面，運用智慧技術升級機械化作戰平台的操控系統，不斷提升其單件武器裝備的自主作戰能力。另一方面，運用智慧技術優化升級資訊化作戰體系，使其資訊取得、傳輸、處理、共享、安全等能力均大幅增強，體係作戰能力全面提升。

補短替代機理。從軍隊建設歷史來看，某一「化」在深化發展過程中，往往會出現僅靠自身技術體系難以解決的瓶頸問題，迫切需要其他「化」的技術手段和發展思路另闢蹊徑來解決。目前，機械越來越精密複雜，設計和控制難度越來越大；資訊化導致“資訊爆炸”，快速轉化為決策資訊的難度越來越大，這些問題在機械化、資訊化自身技術體系內難以得到有效解決，而運用智慧技術可有效突破機械操控能力、資訊處理能力的瓶頸。此外，前一「化」所產生的技術突破也可能抵消後一「化」的不​​足。如高超音波飛彈速度可以超出網路化資訊化防禦體系的反應能力實現快速突防，這在一定程度上抵消了對手的資訊優勢。

掌握「三化」融合發展的基本原則

在推動「三化」融合發展過程中，應著重於以下基本原則：

互促共生原則。各「化」在戰鬥力生成機制、建設發展目標等方面有著本質不同，「三化」同時並行發展，既存在著相互提升、相互促進、相互支撐的有利條件，也可能存在著發展領域方向、資源投向投量之爭等不利因素。應確保「三化」在建設全局形成良性共生關係，避免相互衝突、摩擦、掣肘造成1+1+1<3的不良後果，力求產生系統湧現及協同效應。

整體協調原則。 “三化”的重要性並不分高下，不能只強調某一“化”，而忽視其他“化”，應把“三化”視為一個體系整體協調推進。雖然資訊化、智慧化似乎更為高級和複雜，但不能認為機械化就是低端、簡單和易於實現的，或者說有了資訊化和智慧化，機械化的重要性就可以忽略。一方面，如果機械化完成度不高，就會拖後腿，成為限制整體發展的瓶頸。同樣，沒有充分資訊化後提供的足夠算力和數據，新一代人工智慧也不可能產生鍊式突破。另一方面，機械化也存在高超音波速飛行器、深海潛水器等可產生顛覆性效果的高端前緣領域。

突出重點原則。國防和軍隊建設的總投入是有限的，在「大盤子」相對固定的情況下，在某一「化」上投入得多，必然在其他「化」上投入得少。應準確評估今後一段時期每一「化」對戰力的貢獻率，把最能提升戰鬥力增量的一「化」確定為建設重點，有主有次地合理分配資源，科學確定投向投量。 「三化」建設重點不突出，對各「化」建設採取「撒胡椒麵」式平均用力，容易造成投入產出比不高，甚至可能導致軍隊建設偏離正確的發展方向。

強化「三化」融合發展的策略性舉措

實踐中，應努力轉變依賴後發優勢、不自覺陷入跟隨發展的慣性思維，努力走出被動追趕的發展模式，轉向追求並發優勢、先發優勢，在現有機械化和信息化基礎上來發展智能化，同時用智能化牽引機械化和信息化向更高層次發展，把“三化”集成發展作為軍隊發展的強躍水平，實現整體建設的整體水平的全面建設。

切實加強「三化」融合發展的頂層設計和統籌協調。應充分認識「三化」融合發展的長期性複雜性艱鉅性，堅持技術融合與理念融合相統一，防止簡單套用機械化資訊化原有建設模式抓「三化」融合發展，避免「三化」融合被「泛化」和「貼標籤」。應以強而有力的組織領導加強頂層設計和統籌協調，理順多重關係，匯聚各方力量，形成正向合力。

前瞻佈局「三化」融合發展重點領域。一是某一「化」影響限制其他「化」發展的短板弱項領域。盡快整理各「化」中的技術瓶頸，拉出「卡脖子」技術清單，並加大投入集中攻關，盡快補齊短板。二是某一「化」可能抵銷其他「化」建設成果的質變顛覆領域。在「三化」融合發展過程中，當某一「化」成為主導後，仍應高度注重發展其他「化」中採用新的作戰機理，可能打破戰略平衡並產生顛覆性影響，甚至可能在一定程度上抵消其他「化」建設成果的技術領域。三是「三化」相互交叉鄰接領域。 「三化」的「邊緣帶、交叉點、接合部”，同樣也是快速催生新質戰鬥力的重要領域，當前尤其應前瞻佈局「泛在網路+」和「人工智慧+」等領域。

（作者單位：軍事科學學院戰爭研究院）

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年11月10日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926673.html

#Chinese #Navy, #Chinese Military Joint Oprations, #informatization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Information Support Force

China’s Military Effectively Creating a Solid Foundation for Informatization Warfare Construction

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我軍切實打造資訊化戰爭建設堅實基礎

現代英語：

Effectively lay a solid foundation for informatization

■Li Zhanliang

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized that we should adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. From the perspective of the relationship between mechanization, informatization and intelligence, mechanization is the foundation of informatization, and intelligence is the sublimation of informatization. Without mechanization there is no informatization, and without adequate informatization, no major breakthrough in intelligence is possible. At present, to vigorously promote military intelligence, we must first effectively lay a solid foundation for informatization construction and strive to improve the level of informatization of our troops.

Solidifying the material base. “It’s hard for a clever woman to make a meal without rice”. In order to shorten the gap with powerful enemies “system gap”, information construction should closely follow the mission and tasks, keep up with cutting-edge technology, do a good job in top-level design, and promote peace and war in an integrated manner. First, upgrade and improve all types of information systems. It is necessary to “focus on the construction of the accusation center and use information infrastructure as a platform to coordinate the construction of sub-systems and the linkage construction of various systems, promote the construction of all elements and systems in areas such as command and control, and realize the integration of information networks in each sub-domain.” Real-time command and control. Secondly, we should build a good operational database. In accordance with the principles of “integration of peacetime and wartime, overall planning, and classified implementation”, we will build a comprehensive combat database to achieve information sharing, data support, and auxiliary decision-making, and support “command chain” with “information flow”. Again, a preset backup mobile command post. We should actively draw on the useful practices of foreign military forces and vigorously strengthen civil defence projects, so as to form a mobile command capability with a multi-point layout, complementary movements and static forces, and rapid configuration.

Build a “strong team”. To win local information wars with intelligent characteristics, building a strong information force is an important guarantee. On the whole, efforts should be made to train four types of talents: first, information command talents. Frontline mid – and senior-level commanders should study information and data like troops, the construction of information systems like battle breakthroughs, and the use of electromagnetic spectrum like ammunition performance. Second, information warfare talent. Cultivate a group of intelligent staff officers, operational planners, cognitive operations and other talents who are competent in information-based operations. Third, information security talents. With the “information assurance department and information assurance operation and maintenance professional technical team personnel” as the main targets, we will continue to increase professional training and improve network management, system use, inspection and maintenance capabilities. Fourthly, information research and development talents. Adopt methods such as “invite in, go out, etc., let go of burdens, and hand in tasks, cultivate a group of expert technical talents with strong system research and development capabilities, establish an information-based high-end talent mobile station, and form “not for me, but for me”” Use a virtuous cycle.

Change command philosophy. Modern warfare is about system, and joint combat command is a key part of it. In order to respond to real threats and challenges, it is necessary to establish a new concept of command that is compatible with future wars. First, the establishment of a solid integrated command concept. Overcoming the narrow concept of command of a single service and arms, comprehensively coordinating multi-dimensional battlefield operations such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and networks, and integrating various combat elements to effectively improve the combat effectiveness of overall victory and joint victory. Second, establish a solid digital command concept. Transform from “extensive to precise command”, concretize and refine mission distinction, force use, time and space division, goal determination, etc., standardize the command procedures, command methods, command content and other processes of joint combat forces, and standardize reconnaissance intelligence, weapons The platform, command and control and other networked and real-time operations shorten the command process and improve the command timeliness. Third, we need to establish a solid and intelligent command concept. Actively explore the systematic application of artificial intelligence technology, accelerate the development and application of new technologies such as intelligent decision-making, digital twins, big data, and cloud computing, improve the level of complex information processing on the battlefield, and enable commanders to control combat units and various types of weapons with the support of intelligent cloud brains. Task-based command of the platform.

Advancing innovative practices. In order to adapt to changes in science and technology, changes in war, and changes in opponents, we should speed up the construction of “three systems” to win the information war. First, the system of innovative tactics. In-depth study of the real strategies of preventing enemy information attacks, resisting enemy information interference, and counterattacking enemy information in the case of all-round information strikes and firepower destruction by powerful enemy opponents, and strive to achieve precise enemy control. Secondly, the system of innovative training. Focusing on “strong enemy opponents and combat tasks, set up an information combat environment, conduct in-depth research and training on command coordination, tactical application, system construction, comprehensive support and other topics, and promote actual combat deployment and application”. Innovation management systems again. Adhere to the integration of peacetime and wartime management and the combination of virtual and real management, establish a demand-driven mechanism, a plan-led mechanism, and an inspection and evaluation mechanism led by war, create an independent and controllable industrial chain, supply chain, and guarantee chain, and ensure “peace management ”“wartime Use” seamless connection to help continuously improve information combat capabilities.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語：

切實打牢資訊化建設基礎

■李佔良

黨的二十大報告強調，堅持機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。從機械化、資訊化和智慧化之間的關係來看，機械化是資訊化的基礎，智能化是資訊化的昇華。沒有機械化就沒有資訊化，沒有充分的資訊化，智慧化也不可能有重大突破。目前，大力推動軍事智慧化，首先必須切實打牢資訊化建設基礎，著力提升部隊資訊化水準。

夯實物質基礎。巧婦難為無米之炊。為縮短與強敵的“體系差”，資訊化建設應緊貼使命任務，緊跟前沿科技，搞好頂層設計，平戰一體推進。首先，升級完善各類資訊系統。要以指控中心建設為重點，以資訊基礎設施為平台，統籌抓好分系統建設及諸系統聯動建設，全要素、成體系推進指揮控制等領域建設，實現各分域資訊網路一體化、指揮控制即時化。其次，建好用好作戰資料庫。依照「平戰一體、統籌規劃、分類實施」的原則，建好作戰綜合資料庫，實現資訊共享、資料支援、輔助決策，以「資訊流」支援「指揮鏈」。再次，預置備份機動指揮所。積極借鏡外軍有益做法，大力加強人防工程，形成多點佈局、動靜互補、快速配置的機動指揮能力。

建強力量隊伍。打贏具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭，建強資訊力量隊伍是重要保證。綜合來看，應著力培養四類人才：一是資訊指揮人才。一線中高級指揮員，應該像研究用兵一樣研究資訊與數據，像研究戰役突破口一樣研究資訊系統的構建，像研究彈藥性能一樣研究電磁頻譜的使用。二是資訊作戰人才。培養一批勝任資訊化作戰的智慧參謀、作戰規劃、認知作戰等人才。三是資訊保障人才。以資訊保障部門及資訊保障維運專業技術分隊人員為主要對象，持續加強專業訓練力度，提升網路管理、系統使用、偵測維修等能力。四是資訊研發人才。採取請進來、走出去等方式，放手壓擔子、交任務，培養一批具有較強系統研發能力的專家型技術人才，建立資訊化高端人才流動站，形成「不為我有、但為我用」的良性循環。

變革指揮理念。現代戰爭拼的是體系，聯合作戰指揮是其中關鍵一環。為因應現實威脅挑戰，需確立與未來戰爭相適應的新型指揮觀。一是樹牢一體化指揮觀。克服狹隘的單一軍兵種指揮觀，全面協調陸、海、空、天、電、網等多維戰場行動，綜合整合各種作戰要素，實際提升整體制勝、聯合製勝的作戰效能。二是樹牢數位化指揮觀。由粗放式向精確化指揮轉變，將任務區分、力量使用、時空劃分、目標確定等具體化精細化，將聯合作戰力量的指揮程序、指揮方法、指揮內容等流程化標準化，將偵察情報、武器平台、指揮控制等網絡化實時化，縮短指揮流程，提高指揮時效。三是樹牢智能化指揮觀。積極探索人工智慧技術成體系應用，加速智慧決策、數位孿生、大數據、雲端運算等新型技術開發運用，提升戰場複雜資訊處理水平，實現指揮者在智慧雲腦支撐下對作戰分隊及各類武器平台的任務式指揮。

推進創新實踐。為適應科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，應加速建構打贏資訊化戰爭的「三個體系」。首先是創新戰法體系。在深入研討強敵對手全方位資訊打擊與火力硬破壞的情況下，防敵資訊攻擊、抗敵訊息幹擾、對敵訊息反擊的真招實策，努力實現精準制敵。其次是創新訓法體系。圍繞強敵對手及作戰任務，設置資訊作戰環境，深度研練指揮協同、戰法運用、體系建構、綜合保障等課題，推動實戰化部署運用。再次是創新管理體系。堅持平戰一體管、虛實結合管，建立以戰領建的需求牽引機制、計畫主導機制、檢驗評估機制，打造自主可控的產業鏈、供給鏈、保障鏈，確保「平時管」「戰時用」無縫銜接，助力資訊化作戰能力不斷提升。

（作者單位：中部戰區）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926263888.html

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Cognitive Domain Warfare The New Main Chinese Battlefield for Language Confrontation

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認知領域戰爭：中國語言對抗的新主戰場

現代英語：

Cognitive domain warfare refers to the important form of public opinion propaganda, psychological attack and defense, winning people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle, guided by modern cognitive theory and science, calling on multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and using multi-dimensional technologies such as modern networks, media, text, pictures, videos, and numbers, aiming to fight for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification, and judgment tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade warfare, diplomatic warfare, scientific and technological warfare, ideological warfare, and other multi-domain warfare.

At present, cognitive domain warfare has become an important support for countries to carry out military struggles and struggles in other fields. Language confrontation driven by cognitive domain goals has become an important form of cognitive domain warfare and deserves high attention.

Language confrontation: a new area for exerting influence on combat targets

Cognitive domain operations are a result of the development of contemporary cognitive science research. They are an emerging field of operations that emerged after people actively explored the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract and thorough understanding of the brain. They are also a high-end form of influence in language confrontation that targets the advanced, deep and hidden activities of the audience’s brain. Whether it is the object of information action, the producer of information, the information content itself or the channel of information, cognitive domain operations are all permeated with cognitive characteristics, and always emphasize taking action at the cognitive level.

In terms of the recipients of information, this cognition targets the deep cognitive aspects of the opponent’s audience, including its people, military, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly includes the leaders of the other country or specific important generals of the army, etc. It can also be a specific group of people or the public. It can involve the cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, and cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also be the beliefs, values, political identity, national identity, social and cultural identity, and emotional attitudes of individuals and groups.

From the perspective of the distributor and content of information, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer, which includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the observation perspective of things, the cognitive focus and depth of the narrative, the organization form of the sentence, the value concept and other tendencies of the sentence, the acceptability of the concept of the sentence to the other party, etc.

In terms of the channels for information issuance and dissemination, the form of text is closer to multimedia and multimodal forms, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smart phones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, that is, it is more in line with the cognitive characteristics, cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies accepted by the audience. The dissemination form of text fully considers the cognitive effects in international communication, especially cross-cultural, cross-linguistic, cross-media and cross-group cognitive communication. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from a cognitive level.

Language confrontation responds to changes in combat styles and generates new tactics

Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the style of military struggle has been constantly changing. From the initial physical struggle with cold weapons to the contest of hot weapons and mechanical forces, and then to the balance and counter-balance of information capabilities under high-tech warfare conditions, in recent years, it has developed towards the intelligent decision-making competition in the direction of intelligence and unmanned. Each change has brought profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of coexistence of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, people not only pay attention to the competition for dominance in the physical and information domains of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the cognitive domain that affects the main body of war, that is, the competition in the fields of thinking, cognitive patterns and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication patterns, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, and ideological identity of the personnel on both sides of the war. The latter involves the basic situation of social personnel and social existence, that is, the emerging field of cognitive domain warfare, and its tactics have strong particularity.

Flexibility of topics: Cognitive domain operations can select many topics in the cognitive domain and carry out flexible and flexible combat operations. According to the current situation and needs, topics can be selected from the relatively macroscopic strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the opponent’s entire society, etc.), the mesoscopic campaign level (such as social problems in the local field or direction of the opponent’s society: social welfare policy or environmental protection policy, etc.), and very microscopic tactical issues in society (such as the unfairness, injustice, and non-beautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). Macro, meso, and micro cognitive domain issues are interconnected and transformed into each other. It is very likely that a microscopic topic will also become a major macroscopic strategic topic. The raising of issues depends on the relationship with the entire military operation. Cognitive domain operations should be subject to the overall combat operations and serve the needs of the macroscopic political and diplomatic situation. More importantly, topics should be prepared in peacetime, and data on various topics should be collected in peacetime, especially paying attention to various important data in the real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and shells shot at the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.

Controllability of the operational level: The important design of cognitive operations is that it can be controlled and regulated as a whole at the operational level, and can be upgraded or reduced in dimension according to changes in the situation. If it is necessary at the strategic level, the commander can open the strategic level design and force investment; if it is necessary at the campaign level, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only necessary at the level of specific small problems, it can also be controlled at the corresponding niche local level, so that the entire action serves the needs of the overall combat operation. The strategic campaign tactics here refer more to operational design and force investment. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, with strategic issues affecting the effects of the campaign and tactical levels; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign and strategic level issues that affect the overall situation.

Dominance of emerging media: The main influence channel of cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on single media, such as newspapers, magazines, books, flyers, posters, etc. to convey information; the emergence of television in the later period brought three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multi-media, multi-modal, short videos and short texts to convey information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, smart players, and the birth of various emerging social software and tools have made emerging media the main tool for people to communicate and exchange. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to play games and struggle in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security and political security. Internet security, especially whether the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools can be mastered, is, to some extent, the key to whether a country’s cognitive domain can be secure. Information in emerging media tools and new media space has become the main battlefield, main position and main space for competition in cognitive operations of various countries. It is worth pointing out that ideas and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain operations.

Language confrontation adapts to the intelligent era, cognitive computing enhances new computing power

In the era of artificial intelligence, based on the substantial improvement in big data analysis and application, supercomputing capabilities, intelligent computing capabilities, natural language processing capabilities, smartphone communication capabilities, and new generation network communication capabilities, humans have begun to accurately model and analyze language culture, psychological cognition, group emotions, and social behavior for the entire society, the entire network domain, local groups, local different groups, and specific individuals. In particular, people have a deep understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking patterns, habitual preferences, image schemas, cognitive frameworks, and even neural networks, human-computer collaboration, and brain control technology. As long as there is enough diverse dynamic data, people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, social opinions, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculations, actuarial calculations, and clever calculations, people’s cognitive world can be accurately grasped, and a fine and profound control of people’s cognitive domain can be formed. This aspect also presents the following characteristics:

The dimensionality of computation: As an emerging field, all aspects of the cognitive domain can be digitized and made fully computable for all aspects of the entire process and all individuals. This can be achieved by widely collecting various types of information and then sorting out the information to form big data on the diverse factors of the opponent’s subjects. This will allow various computations to be conducted on the entire population, groups, between groups, and between individual data. As a result, all kinds of activities based on thinking, psychology, emotion, speech, behavior, etc. that were previously impossible to achieve can be completed, displayed, and accurately grasped through computation.

Cognitive nature of computation: computation in the cognitive domain reflects a strong cognitive nature. It can reveal more of the connections between things, events, and people that are difficult to observe with the naked eye. It can reveal the clustering and hierarchical relationships between concepts in the same event framework, and reflect the deep cognitive connections between concepts, whether explicit or implicit, direct or indirect. It reveals the complex conceptual network system between concepts, allowing people to see a deep cognitive world that completely transcends ordinary naked eye observation.

Intelligence of computation: The computation in cognitive domain also reflects strong intelligence. This intelligence is manifested in the fact that intelligent conclusions can be drawn through computation. For example, through the collection of a large amount of text and data mining, we can find the relationship between various topics, various viewpoints, various tendencies, various groups of people, various positions, and various demands that cannot be seen by human power, so as to form a more comprehensive, in-depth, accurate, and systematic understanding of a certain issue and make scientific and optimized decisions. Such decisions may be consistent with human intelligence, or they may surpass or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by integrating the data of our country and the data of our opponents, we can better prevent, warn, and deploy in advance, and achieve the best, optimal, fastest, and most accurate strikes and counterattacks, and better reflect efficient, powerful, and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about the possible reactions of a possible macro, meso, or micro topic in different groups of people, different time periods, and different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or a local network domain, or within a specific group, especially the analysis and inspection of the active and passive situations that both parties may present when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of cognitive domain.

New application of giving full play to the status of discourse subject and releasing the power of discourse

Cognitive domain operations have a very important support, that is, it mainly relies on language media to play a role, mainly exerts influence through the discourse level, mainly forms an implicit effect on the cognitive domain through the narrative of discourse, mainly exerts potential effects through cultural models, and exerts explicit or implicit effects through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Uniqueness of textual discourse: The cognitive domain needs to be influenced by information. Although information may be presented through the special visual effects of video images, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the discourse expressed by the text becomes the main support for producing cognitive influence. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skills of discourse expression, the main design of the persuasiveness and appeal of discourse expression, and especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to influencing people’s cognition. This may include the perspective of the narrative, the theme and style of the narrative, the story framework of the narrative, the language innovation of the narrative, the key sentences of the narrative, the philosophical, humanistic, religious, social, natural and other feelings contained in the narrative, the identities of different participants in the narrative, the diversified evaluation of the narrative, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of the narrative, the subtle influence of the narrative on the viewpoint, the personal emotions, values, ideology, and position evaluation released by the narrative. The uniqueness of textual discourse is an important reliance for cognitive domain operations to exert cognitive influence through text. Making full use of the complexity of the text, giving play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving play to the role of implicit and explicit cognitive influence of the text connotation have become the key to cognitive domain operations of textual discourse. The most important thing is to innovate the text discourse, win readers with newer words, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions, so that readers can understand and feel the ideas in the text imperceptibly, and accept the ideas of the text silently.

Potentiality of cultural models: In cognitive domain operations, we must deeply grasp the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different nationalities have different cultural models. Their philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are all obviously different. Citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national cognitive models. They should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to their own national culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses. Some of them obviously have a huge difference in understanding from other nationalities in their own country, and even misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, cognitive domain operations at the cultural level are to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models of different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models of different countries on different things, and fully grasp the overall attitude and behavior of a country on a series of things and issues, especially for some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, and overall concepts. With the help of existing theories and discoveries, we should comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical problems, sensitive problems, and important problems, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step of cognitive operations. Strengthening the study of the cultural patterns of different enemy personnel, especially military personnel, personnel in key positions, including the study and construction of the basic cultural characteristics and models of enemy generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as the character’s psychological cognitive behavior and cultural model portrait, has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. The cognitive analysis of ordinary enemy personnel, especially the general public, citizens, and specific groups, including special non-governmental organizations, is also of great value.

Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language and cultural communications, and need to follow the laws of international communication. We must grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, skillfully combine our own stories with international expressions, and skillfully combine the other party’s language and culture with our own stories and ideas; we must be good at combining different art forms, including text, pictures, paintings, music (sound), video and other means or multimodal means to achieve international communication of information. At the same time, we must coordinate multi-dimensional macro communication at the strategic level: we must use various means to carry out communication through military-civilian integration, military-civilian coordination, and military-civilian integration; in addition to non-governmental organizations, we must especially rely on civilian forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people to help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; we must unify the setting of topics, speak out in multiple locations and dimensions, form a strategic communication situation, and form a good situation for emergency solutions for major actions, major issues, and major crisis management, form a good public opinion atmosphere, create positive effects, and eliminate or extinguish adverse effects. In particular, we must establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, knows the laws of international communication, and can speak out skillfully on international multi-dimensional platforms. These people can usually conduct extensive topic perception, information collection and discussion, and use common or special topics to build personal connections and establish fan communities. More importantly, at critical moments, they can exert influence through their fan groups and complete strategic communication tasks.

At present, with the prevalence of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common means of mixing and blending. The process of cognitive domain warfare from unfamiliarity, emerging, development to growth is also the advanced stage, complex stage and upgraded stage of the development of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare and legal warfare. Its rise is more deceptive, ambiguous, concealed, embedded, implanted and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with the entry of contemporary emerging media, and it is constantly learning and drawing on new ideas, new technologies and new means that integrate into multiple disciplines, cross-disciplines and cross-disciplinary disciplines. As a result, cognitive domain warfare has become a form of warfare that we must be highly vigilant and guard against. (Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor at the College of Arts and Sciences of the National University of Defense Technology)

[This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Major Project “National Defense Language Capacity Building in the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]

(Source: China Social Sciences Network)

(Editors: Chen Yu, Huang Zijuan)

現代國語：

認知域作戰指的是以現代認知理論和科學為指導，調用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段，運用現代網絡、傳媒、文字、圖片、視頻、數字等多維技術，開展輿論宣傳、心理攻防、人心爭取、信心顛覆、信仰影響、思維爭奪以及意識形態斗爭的重要形式，意在爭奪人們在思維、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同與評判傾向方面主動權。認知域作戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰及貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、思想戰等多域戰的復合集合體。

當前，認知域作戰已成為國家間開展軍事斗爭和其他領域斗爭的重要依托，認知域目標驅動的語言對抗已經成為認知域作戰的重要形式，值得高度關注。

語言對抗針對作戰對象施加影響的新領域

認知域作戰是當代認知科學研究發展的伴隨結果，是人們積極探索大腦認知活動獲得對大腦更為復雜更為抽象更為透徹的理解后產生的一種新興作戰領域，更是語言對抗以受眾大腦的高級深層隱性活動為作用對象的高端影響形式。不管是從信息作用的對象、信息的生產者、信息內容本身還是信息的渠道，認知域作戰都無不貫穿了認知的特點，自始至終都突出從認知層面開展行動。

從信息的接受對象來說，這個認知針對的是對手受眾大腦深層的認知方面，包括其民眾、軍隊、軍事指揮員或者重要領導、政界商界的重要人物，甚至直接包括對方國家領導人或者軍隊的特定重要將領等，也可以是特定的人群或者民眾。它可以涉及個人或者群體的認知偏好、認知短板、認知習慣、認知偏差、認知誤區﹔也可以是個人和群體的信仰、價值觀念、政治認同、民族認同以及社會和文化認同與情感態度。

從信息的投放者和內容來說，它應該是注入了信息生產者的認知設計和安排，這個包括文本的獨特認知性，比如文本的話語模式、文本的敘事模式、事物的觀察視角、敘事的認知焦點與深度、語句的組織形式、語句的價值觀念等傾向性、語句的概念的對方可接受性等。

從信息發出和傳播的渠道來說，文本的形式更加貼近多媒體多模態形式，更加貼近網絡空間的需要，更加貼近當代智能手機的優勢，更加貼近當下新興媒體時代的特點，也就是更加符合受眾接受的認知特點認知習慣和認知傾向。文本的傳播形式充分考慮國際傳播中的認知效果，特別是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。如此，文本將會從認知層面，更好地對受眾施加影響。

語言對抗應對作戰樣式變革生成新戰法

縱觀人類歷史，我們不難發現，軍事斗爭的樣式一直在不斷變化。從最初的借助冷兵器的體力纏斗發展成為熱兵器機械力量的較量，又發展成為高科技戰爭條件下的信息化能力的制衡與反制衡，近年來又向著智能化無人化方向的智能決策比拼發展，每一次變革都帶來深刻的戰法變化。當下的機械化信息化智能化的共處過渡階段，人們不僅重視戰場的物理域和信息域主導權的爭奪，更重視影響戰爭主體——人的認知域的掌控，也就是作戰雙方人員的思維方式、認知模式與風格、價值觀念、情感態度、文化模型、溝通模式、心理強弱項、認知偏好、文化與知識圖譜、意識形態認同等領域的爭奪。后者涉及社會人員和社會存在的基本態勢，也就是認知域作戰施加影響的新興領域，其戰法有著強烈的特殊性。

議題靈活機動性：認知域作戰可挑選認知域的諸多議題，開展靈活機動的作戰行動。議題根據當下的情況與需要，既可以選擇涉及較為宏觀的戰略層面（如對方全社會的意識形態與制度等），也可以選擇中觀的戰役層面（如對方社會局部領域或方向的社會問題：社會福利政策或環境保護政策等），還可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題（如某個人、某個具體事件所折射出的社會的非公平、非正義、非美好的一面）。宏觀、中觀、微觀的認知域問題相互聯系、相互轉化，很有可能一個微觀的議題也會成為一個宏觀的重大戰略性議題。而問題的提出要視與整個軍事行動的關系，要使認知域作戰服從於全局的作戰行動，服務於宏觀的政治、外交大局的需要。更為重要的是，議題要准備在平時，要把各種議題的數據收集在平時，特別是要關注現實社會中的各種重要數據。一旦需要，這些數據就可以迅速轉變為射向敵方認知域的箭頭、子彈、炮彈，甚至成為影響全局的戰略性武器。

作戰層次可控性：認知作戰其重要的設計是，在作戰的層面上，是整體可以控制的，也是可以調控的，可以根據形勢的變化，做出相應的升級或者降維。如果需要戰略層面的，指揮人員可以開通戰略層面的設計和力量投入﹔如果需要戰役級別的，也可以控制在相應戰役層面﹔如果僅僅需要是在特定的小問題層面，也可以將其控制在相應的小眾局域層面，使得整個行動服務於整體作戰行動的需要。這裡的戰略戰役戰術，更多的指的是作戰設計和力量的投入。由於戰場態勢可能瞬息萬變，有些議題也有可能在層級上發生變化，由戰略性的議題影響到戰役和戰術級的效果﹔有些議題，則由於戰術議題的特殊性，成為影響全局的戰役戰略級議題。

新興媒介主導性：認知域的主要影響渠道，已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向了新興媒體。傳統媒介主要依靠單一媒介，如報紙、雜志、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞信息﹔后期電視的產生帶來了立體媒體。到了互聯網時代，特別是互聯網2.0時代和智能通訊設備的誕生，人們更加依靠多媒介、多模態以及短視頻、短文本的形式來傳遞信息。各種智能手機、智能平板、智能播放器等高級設備的推陳出新，各種新興社交軟件和工具的誕生，使得新興媒體成為當下人們開展溝通和交流的主要工具。新興媒體、新興社交軟件和工具已經成為當下各種力量在社會安全、輿論安全、意識形態安全、社會安全和政治安全展開博弈和斗爭的重要空間。互聯網安全，特別是能否掌握住新型的社交媒體、新興社交軟件和工具等的安全，在某種程度上說，是一國認知域能否安全的關鍵。新興媒體工具和新型媒體空間的信息已經成為各個國家認知作戰的主戰場、主陣地和主要爭奪空間。值得指出的是，左右人們認知的思想和理論將成為認知域作戰各層面的最為有影響力的武器。

語言對抗適應智能時代認知計算增強新算力

人工智能時代，在大數據分析與運用、超級計算能力、智能計算能力、自然語言處理能力、智能手機傳播能力以及新一代網絡通信能力大幅提高的基礎上，人類已經開始可以對全社會、全網域、局部群體、局部不同群體以及特定個體開展精准的語言文化、心理認知、群體情感、社會行為建模和分析。特別是人們對大腦認知、人腦思維、思維模式、習慣偏好、意象圖式、認知框架、乃至神經網絡、人機協同、腦控技術等的深刻認識和把握，隻要有足夠多樣化的動態數據，人們就可以把人們的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、社會輿論以及行為方式等全部計算模擬出來，通過深算、精算、妙算，可以精准地把握人們的認知世界，形成對人們認知域的精細和深刻的掌控。這方面又呈現以下特征：

計算的全維性：認知域作為一個新興領域，其涉及的方方面面都可以被數據化並實現全方位全過程全個體可計算，可以通過廣泛的收集各類型信息，經過信息梳理進而可體現為關於作戰對手主體因素多樣化的大數據，從而可以就此開展面向全體、群體、群體之間以及個體數據及其之間的各種計算，由此，以往無法實現的基於思維、心理、情感、言論、行為等方面的各種活動都可以通過計算來完成、展示和精准把握。

計算的認知性：認知域的計算體現了了強烈的認知性，它更多地可以揭示各種事物、事件、人物之間的難以用肉眼觀察到的關聯關系，可以揭示同一事件框架中各種概念之間的聚類和層級關系，體現各概念之間或明或暗、或直接或間接的深層認知聯系，揭示概念之間的復雜概念網絡體系，使人們看到完全超越一般肉眼觀察的深層認知世界。

計算的智能性：認知域的計算又體現了強烈的智能性。這種智能性表現為通過計算，會得出具有智慧性的結論。譬如可以通過大量文本收集和數據挖掘，尋找人工力量受限而看不到的各種主題、各種觀點、各種傾向、各種人群、各種立場、各種訴求之間的關系，形成對某一問題的更為全面、縱深、精確、系統的認識，做出科學優化的決策。這類決策既可能是與人類智能相符，也可能是超越甚至遠遠勝過人類的智能。運用好認知計算的力量，特別是綜合本國的數據和對手的數據，可以更好地做到提前預防、提前預警、提前開展布局，並能夠實現最好最優最快最精准地打擊和反擊，也能夠更好地體現高效有力有針對性的防護。這裡的認知計算，更多的是對某一可能的宏觀中觀或微觀的議題在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景下，在全網域或者某一局域網域、某一特定群體內部可能產生的反響，特別是對與對手展開博弈時雙方可能呈現的主動、被動的態勢開展分析和檢視，對認知域的攻防等。

發揮話語主體地位釋放話語力量的新運用

認知域作戰有一個非常重要的依托，就是它主要依托語言媒介來發揮作用，主要通過話語層面來施加影響，主要通過話語的敘事性來形成對認知域的隱性作用，主要通過文化模式來施加潛在作用，通過跨文化的傳播來施加或明或暗的作用。其主要體現為以下方面：

文本話語獨特性：認知域是需要用信息來施加影響的。盡管信息可能依托視頻圖片的特殊視覺效果來展現，但從根本上說，文本所綜合表達話語的獨特性成為產生認知影響的主要依托。這其中，話語表達的模式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達說服力和感染力的主要設計，特別是話語敘事獨特性將是影響人們認知的關鍵。這可能會包括敘事的視角，敘事的主題、風格，敘事的故事框架，敘事的語言創新，敘事的關鍵語句，敘事蘊含的哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等情懷，敘事的不同參與者身份，敘事的多樣化評價，敘事的真實度、深度和情感溫度，敘事對於觀點的潛移默化影響作用，敘事釋放的個人情感、價值觀念、意識形態、立場評價等。文本話語的獨特性，是認知域作戰以文本施加認知影響的重要依靠。充分利用文本的復雜性，發揮多樣化文本各自優勢，發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響的作用，已經成為文本話語認知域作戰的關鍵。其中最為重要的，就是要創新文本話語，用更加嶄新的話語、更加新奇的表述，更加獨特的表達來贏得讀者，使讀者了解並在潛移默化中感受文本中的思想，並在無聲無息中接受文本的思想。

文化模式潛在性：認知域作戰，一定要深刻把握不同國家和民族文化的特點和模式。不同國家、不同民族，其文化的模型不一樣，哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思維方式皆有明顯不同﹔不同文化下的國民，也有著不同樣的民族心理、民族性的認知模式，還應該有典型的屬於本民族本文化的認知偏好，也有相應的短處與弱點，有的還明顯存在與本國其他民族有巨大差異的認識，甚至還有誤解和敵意。因此，認知域作戰在文化層面，就是要把握好不同國家的總體文化模型，建設不同國家不同群體的文化模型，建設不同國家在不同事物上的不同認知模型，充分把握某一國家在一系列事物和議題上的總體態度和行事方式，特別是針對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、總體觀念等。要借助現有理論和發現，綜合構建在認知領域不同人群對一些典型問題、敏感問題、重要問題的基本表現，為下一步開展認知作戰提供重要的參考和指導。加強對敵方不同人員的文化模式研究，特別是軍隊人員，重點崗位的人員，包括對方將領、軍官、士兵等的基本文化特點和模型的研究與構建，譬如人物心理認知行為與文化模型畫像，已經成為認知域作戰的核心做法。對對方普通人員，特別是一般國民、市民的認知模式，以及特定人群，包括特殊的非政府組織力量等的認知分析，也同樣具有重要價值。

跨文化戰略傳播性：認知域作戰，是面向國際的語言傳播和文化傳播，需要遵循國際傳播的規律。要把握好國際傳播的基本范式，要把本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合，要將對方語言與文化和本國的故事與思想巧妙結合﹔要善於結合不同的藝術形式，包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂（聲音）、視頻等手段或者多模態的手段來實現信息的國際傳播。同時，還要在戰略層面統籌多維宏觀的傳播：要利用各種手段，依靠軍民融合軍民協同軍民一體開展傳播﹔除了非政府組織之外，特別是要依靠民間力量，依靠專家、意見領袖、普通民眾來幫助軍隊來開展認知域作戰﹔要統一設置議題，多點多位多維發聲，形成戰略傳播態勢，為重大行動、重大議題、重大危機管控等形成應急解決的良好態勢，形成良好輿論氛圍，營造積極效應，消除不利影響或者扑滅不利影響。特別是要建立一支能夠精通外語、懂得跨文化技巧、知曉國際傳播規律、能在國際多維平台巧妙發聲的精干隊伍。這些人員平時可以開展廣泛的議題感知、收集和討論，借助普通議題或者特殊議題建立人脈關系，建立粉絲群落﹔更重要的是，在關鍵時刻，通過他們的粉絲群體，施加影響，完成戰略傳播任務。

當前，隨著混合戰多域戰全域戰的大行其道，認知域作戰已經成為雜糅其間、混合其間的常用手段，認知域作戰由陌生、新興、發展到壯大的歷程，更是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰發展的高級階段復雜階段升級階段。它的興起，更具有欺騙性、模糊性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性，特別是考慮它與當代新興媒體進場深度接軌深度融合，而且還不斷學習借鑒融入多學科、跨學科、交叉學科的新思想、新技術、新手段。由此，認知域作戰已然成為我們必須高度警惕高度提防的作戰形式。（國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師梁曉波）

【本文系國家社科基金重大項目“國防與軍隊改革視野下的國防語言能力建設”階段性成果】

（來源：中國社會科學網）

(責編：陳羽、黃子娟)

2022年05月17日10:xx | 

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423539888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

People’s Liberation Army Artificial Intelligence Innovation Will Profoundly Change the Face of Warfare for China

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解放軍人工智慧創新將深刻改變中國戰爭面貌

現代英語：

Defeating dozens of top Go players in man-machine battles, defeating retired U.S. Air Force pilots in simulated air combat… In recent years, artificial intelligence has been like an omnipotent “magician”, creating endless miracles, which not only surprises many people, but also constantly refreshes people’s imagination.

As a technical science dedicated to simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence, artificial intelligence has long surpassed scientists’ initial imagination and entered a “blowout period” of rapid development. It is profoundly changing human production and lifestyle, and promoting the social form to accelerate the leap from digitalization and networking to intelligence. At the same time, the widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the military field will fundamentally change the winning mechanism and combat methods of modern warfare, give birth to new combat means and combat ideas, and promote the war form to accelerate into the intelligent era.

In intelligent warfare, intelligent equipment, intelligent command, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent combat methods are all conceivable – “fake news” created by artificial intelligence is everywhere in the entire process of war preparation, conduct and end, and it is “indistinguishable from the real thing”; the role of inanimate intelligent bodies and robot combatants in intelligent warfare is highlighted, and artificial intelligence combat forces such as “cloud brain”, “digital staff” and “virtual warehouse” used for information support, command and control, effect evaluation and logistics support will play an increasingly important role in future wars, and intelligent machines and intelligent weapons will become the main force on the battlefield of the future; long-range, precise, miniaturized and large-scale unmanned attacks will become the main form of attack, and the “man-to-man” war will expand to the war of “machine autonomous combat”; intelligent swarm attrition warfare, cross-domain mobile warfare, and cognitive control warfare will become the basic combat types; dispersed deployment of man and machine, autonomous coordination, and concentrated energy offensive and defensive operations will become the basic principles of cross-domain integration and full-domain operations; the “observation-judgment-decision-action” link will be greatly shortened, the combat rhythm will be faster, the actions will be more precise, and the efficiency will be higher; upgrading and training of artificial intelligence systems and various unmanned combat platforms through continuous confrontation exercises will become an important way to enhance combat effectiveness. Intelligence will surpass firepower, mobility and information power to become the most critical factor in determining the outcome of a war. As a result, the connotation of battlefield control will need to be redefined, new topics will be added to international arms negotiations, and textbooks on deterrence theory will also be rewritten.

The world’s military powers, represented by the United States, have foreseen the broad application prospects of artificial intelligence technology in the military field. They believe that future wars will be intelligent wars and future arms races will be intelligent competitions. They have already laid out a series of research plans in advance, hoping to seize the initiative in the militarization of artificial intelligence and strive to open up a “generation gap” with potential opponents. In recent years, NASA, the Department of Defense and various military services have deployed a series of artificial intelligence technology research projects in the military field. The US Department of Defense has also proposed the establishment of a “Joint Artificial Intelligence Center” to jointly promote artificial intelligence projects with the US military and 17 intelligence agencies, and coordinate the planning and construction of an intelligent military system supported by military technology and military applications. Russia also regards artificial intelligence as the commanding heights of future military competition. The Russian army is stepping up the development of humanoid robots that can drive vehicles and forming robot troops that can fight side by side with human soldiers. Russian President Putin said: “Artificial intelligence is not only the future of Russia, but also the future of all mankind. This contains huge opportunities and unpredictable threats today.” Countries such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, South Korea, and India are also increasingly paying attention to the development and application of artificial intelligence in the military field.

Today, the pace of militarized application of artificial intelligence may be difficult to stop. Faced with the new situation, we need to firmly grasp the major historical opportunities for the development of artificial intelligence, analyze the general trend, take the initiative to plan, grasp the direction, seize the initiative, and effectively safeguard national security. At the same time, based on the future and destiny of mankind, the international community should establish a mechanism to prevent the excessive military application of artificial intelligence as soon as possible. After all, the power of mankind to create civilization should not become a tool to destroy civilization, and scientific and technological progress should be a blessing for the benefit of mankind, rather than a death knell that threatens human survival and development.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

游光荣

在人机大战中击败数十名顶级围棋高手、在模拟空战中击败美国空军退役飞行员……近年来，人工智能犹如万能的“魔法师”，创造了层出不穷的奇迹，在惊掉不少人下巴的同时，也不断刷新着人们的想象。

作为一门致力于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的技术科学，人工智能早已超越了科学家最初的想象，进入了一个高速发展的“井喷期”，正在深刻改变人类的生产生活方式，推动社会形态从数字化、网络化向智能化加速跃升。同时，人工智能技术在军事领域的广泛运用，将从根本上改变现代战争制胜机理和作战方式，催生新的作战手段和作战思想，推动战争形态加速迈入智能化时代。

在智能化战争中，智能化装备、智能化指挥、智能化维修、智能化作战方式都是可以想象的——人工智能制造的“虚假新闻”在战争准备、进行和结束的全过程中无处不在，而且“以假乱真”；无生命智能体、机器人战斗员在智能化战争中的作用凸显，用于信息支援、指挥控制、效果评估、后勤保障的“云端大脑”“数字参谋”“虚拟仓储”等人工智能作战力量将在未来战争中发挥越来越重要的作用，智能机器和智能武器将成为未来战场的主力军；远程化、精确化、小型化、大规模无人攻击将成为主要进攻形式，“人对人”的战争将向“机器自主作战”的战争拓展；智能化的蜂群消耗战、跨域机动战、认知控制战将成为基本作战类型；人机分散部署、自主协同、集中能量攻防作战，成为跨域融合、全域作战的基本准则；“观察-判断-决策-行动”链路大大缩短，作战节奏更加快捷、行动更加精准、效率更高；通过持续的对抗演习对人工智能系统和各类无人化作战平台的升级训练，将成为战斗力提升的重要方式。智能将超越火力、机动力和信息力，成为决定战争胜负的最关键因素。随之而来的是，战场控制权的内涵将需要重新界定，国际军备谈判将增加新主题，威慑理论的教科书也将改写。

以美国为代表的世界军事强国，预见到人工智能技术在军事领域的广阔应用前景，认为未来的战争将是智能化战争、未来的军备竞赛将是智能化竞赛，并已提前布局了一系列研究计划，希望抢占人工智能军事化应用先机，力求与潜在对手拉开“代差”。近年来，美国国家航空航天局、国防部和各军种在军事领域部署了一系列人工智能技术研究项目，美国国防部还提出建立“联合人工智能中心”，计划联合美军和17家情报机构共同推进人工智能项目，统筹规划建设以军事技术和军事应用为支撑的智能化军事体系。俄罗斯也视人工智能为未来军事竞争的制高点，俄军正加紧研制可以驾驶车辆的类人机器人、组建可与人类战士并肩战斗的机器人部队。俄总统普京提出：“人工智能不仅仅是俄罗斯的未来，也是全人类的未来。这包含着巨大的机遇和当今难以预测的威胁。”英国、日本、澳大利亚、韩国、印度等国家也日益重视人工智能在军事领域的发展和应用。

如今，人工智能军事化应用步伐或许已难以阻止，面对新形势，我们需要牢牢把握人工智能发展的重大历史机遇，研判大势、主动谋划、把握方向、抢占先机，有效维护国家安全。与此同时，从人类自身前途命运出发，国际社会应该早日建立防止人工智能在军事上过度应用的机制。毕竟，人类创造文明的力量不应该成为毁灭文明的工具，科技进步应该成为造福人类的福音，而不是成为威胁人类生存与发展的丧钟。

（作者单位：军事科学院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4826892888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations

China Strengthening Innovation in Military Theory During the New Era and New Journey

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新時代新徵中國加強軍事理論創新

吳霞
2025-05-29 08:xx 資料來源：中國軍網

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping stressed that in the new era and new journey, the world is undergoing a century-long transformation, the new military revolution is developing rapidly, and my country’s security and development needs are undergoing profound changes. It is more urgent to achieve the goal of strengthening the military, and we must comprehensively strengthen military theory work. To accelerate the formation of a military theory system that is contemporary, leading, and unique, we must expand our thinking horizons, strengthen military theory innovation, strive to seize the commanding heights of military theory innovation, and gain new advantages in military theory competition, and thus seize the initiative in the strategic game between major powers.

Reconstructing a pluralistic cognitive framework based on the characteristics of the war era

Since the 21st century, with the development of global politics, economy, culture, and science and technology, the characteristics of modern warfare have undergone profound changes. The system confrontation, spatial superposition, and multi-domain hybrid characteristics of the high-end war game between major powers have become more prominent. The war form is accelerating towards a highly dispersed force, highly circulated information, and highly coordinated actions. We urgently need to examine the driving force of the times for innovation in military theory.

The timeliness of the evolution of war forms. After combing through the development context from traditional warfare to modern warfare and comparing and analyzing it, we can find that the simple primitive form of “building a stronghold, fighting a stupid battle, and fighting in a group” has already moved towards multiple advanced forms such as multi-domain warfare and hybrid warfare. The war concept, combat system, tactics and fighting methods are all evolving continuously. The driving force of the times is the coupling effect of “technical background determines tactical quality, and tactical innovation forces technological innovation”. Against this background, future wars will present the three major characteristics of “full-domain linkage, intelligent dominance, and unmanned front”. In essence, it is a breakthrough in nonlinear state, an update of war philosophy, and even a super-dimensional power game. The driving force behind it is the endless emergence of new combat concepts. Military theory innovation must face the compound challenges of full-domain confrontation, hybrid competitive capabilities and technological breakthroughs. The core lies in building a new war concept that can break the constraints of thinking and achieve cross-domain victory.

The leading nature of military theory game. The game between major powers is a long-term process, in which the arms race is a traditional path of mutual game, while another emerging track is the military theory competition. First of all, military theory is the high-level logic of the game between major powers. The alternating evolution of leading, accompanying and follow-up military theories provides a blueprint for resource integration, training iteration and force optimization for the game between major powers. It also provides methods and strategies for restricting and cracking the opponent’s capabilities, which can accelerate the trend of the military system to win the battle. Secondly, with the continuous changes in the international situation and scientific and technological development, new contradictions, new problems, new goals and new threats continue to emerge, and the causes, subjects, forms, and scenarios of war and confrontation will be more complex, diverse and multi-domain integrated, and their performance will be more uncertain and nonlinear. Whoever can recognize the future war form and style and whoever has a rich concept of combat concepts can take the initiative in international games.

The deterrent effect of advanced military theories. Advanced military theories can coordinate existing war resources to the greatest extent through scientific theoretical design, and fully transform war potential into war power. Therefore, advanced military theories are both combat effectiveness that can win wars and deterrence that can deter wars. For example, people’s war is our magic weapon to defeat the enemy, which has been proven by war practice. For a long time after the founding of New China, imperialism and hegemonism did not dare to act rashly against our country. One important reason was that they were afraid of the power of our people’s war. In recent years, the form of war has accelerated its evolution towards intelligence, and new combat concepts of foreign armies have emerged in an endless stream. In the face of competition in military theory innovation on the “silent battlefield”, we must have insight into the new development of intelligent combat theory, examine the new changes in intelligent combat styles, and adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”. We must be good at creating advanced fighting methods to defeat the superior, and we must also be good at avoiding the real and attacking the virtual to attack the incapable, and innovate and develop theoretical deterrence with our own characteristics.

Promote cross-domain communication and integration, and deconstruct multi-dimensional innovation mechanisms

Modern warfare has broken through the boundaries of land, sea, air, space and power grids, proving the necessity of multi-domain linkage and multi-dimensional connection. In this vast military and even civilian field, the military theory innovation must integrate scientific and technological channels, build a strategic and tactical research and training platform, and seek breakthroughs from the innovation mechanism by gathering the best and releasing energy, integrating information, and integrating strikes.

The battlefield space is ubiquitous and multi-dimensionally reconstructed. The essence of battlefield space reconstruction is the breakthrough of technological civilization on physical boundaries, that is, when new technologies develop to a certain extent, the physical domain, information domain, social domain, etc. will present a reconstructed form. This reconstruction breaks the spatial limitations and time dimensions of the traditional battlefield, and deeply promotes the war confrontation from the centralized and linear physical space to the hyper-dimensional space of multi-domain integration and boundless linkage, which brings about the ubiquitous combat domain, all-encompassing combat elements, and all-encompassing combat forces, and will form a new combat form. This requires military theory to reconstruct the three-dimensionality, multi-dimensionality and linkage of modern warfare from the aspects of combat system, strategy and tactics, and node elements. Especially in the future, the mixed linkage of battlefield space such as politics, economy, military, and public opinion will bring about many sources of struggle, wide fields, and strong coupling. Military theory innovation needs to have a deep insight into the connotation and essential characteristics of the endogenous development of battlefield space, so as to reconstruct an autonomous, flexible, elastic, and closed-loop combat space and highlight the battlefield ecological mechanism of linkage and balance.

Reshaping of multi-layer technology nested structure. Modern warfare needs to integrate technical systems at different levels and in different fields to form a highly coordinated and dynamically adaptive combat system to cope with the complex needs of informatization, intelligence and precision. The huge combat system urgently needs to evolve from a single function to a systematized and networked one. The core lies in breaking the boundaries of traditional military services and equipment technology and building a multi-dimensional linkage technology ecosystem. For example, the strategic early warning system requires three-dimensional networking of space satellites, ground radars, underwater sonars, etc., that is, integration and nesting from the physical layer; the global battlefield perception network requires real-time data of space-based surveillance, air early warning, and ground reconnaissance, that is, fusion and interaction from the information layer; the joint global command and control system needs to complete target identification, threat assessment and target allocation within seconds, that is, intelligent decision-making from the cognitive layer. These cross-domain communication integrations force the deep reconstruction of the technical architecture, which in turn triggers the transformation of military organizations and actions. Technological innovation drives tactical breakthroughs, promotes the iteration of equipment systems and the reshaping of military theory systems, which is the secret of the innovation mechanism of military theory.

Cross-domain knowledge integration and cognitive reconstruction. Modern warfare has broken through the Clausewitzian “trinity” framework and presents the characteristics of quantum entanglement-style full-dimensional confrontation. For example, the US military’s “mosaic warfare” theory integrates AI and biological nerves to construct a dynamic and reconfigurable killing network. This requires that military theory innovation must have the ability of cross-domain deconstruction and cognitive reconstruction. This integration and reconstruction is not a simple superposition of knowledge, but a new dimension of understanding of war and a metacognitive system through the “emergence effect”. This requires breaking down disciplinary barriers and traditional thinking frameworks, integrating advanced technologies such as communications, navigation, detection, and quantum on the basis of cybernetics, information theory, and systems theory, and forming a knowledge ecosystem with its internal logic that can couple new tactics, combat systems, and war forms.

Create an open source theoretical ecosystem and form a distributed innovation pattern

With the development of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain-computer interfaces, and multi-dimensional information, the development of military theory has shown an era trend of diversified innovation. If we can activate the innovation potential with an open source ecosystem, we may be able to develop a different innovation model for military theory from the existing ones – one that maintains the traditional background of military theory while also having the technological sharpness of the intelligent era. Its core lies in stimulating innovation through an open ecosystem, diversified cooperation, and localization.

Shaping an open source ecosystem. Traditional military theory research is highly confidential and exclusive, and inevitably has information barriers, thinking limitations, and technical gaps, which can no longer meet the needs of war development. The superiority, vitality, and professionalism shown by the open source big model inspire the world. The open source military theory ecosystem can also build an advanced basic military theory base through a controllable open sharing ecosystem of theoretical frameworks, tactical deductions, and technical solutions under the support of a hierarchical collaboration system and blockchain technology, and then derive concrete military theory plug-ins for operational concept trees, scenario sets, and style groups in various fields. Its ecological connotation lies in breaking departmental boundaries, integrating military units, scientific research institutes, local universities, social think tanks, etc., and using supply and demand announcement platforms, war game deduction platforms, information interaction platforms, etc. to form a closed-loop feedback environment of “theoretical crowd creation” with multi-party participation. This distributed collaborative ecology can accelerate the formation of theoretical innovation and iteration through the interaction between nodes, and achieve sustainable development advantages in a complex internal and external environment.

Integration of military democracy. In the process of military theory innovation, through a professional and efficient collective collaboration mechanism, scattered cognitive resources are transformed into collective combat effectiveness, forming cross-domain and cross-weapon collaboration. Its success depends on three fulcrums: an open resource organization structure, an efficient knowledge management mechanism, and a deep integration of science and technology. This innovation model reshapes the production process of modern military theory: breaking the vertical, closed, and minority participation characteristics of traditional military theory innovation, and forming a collaborative paradigm that includes sharing and competitive participation of multiple subjects. This means that military theory innovation has entered a new stage of “collective wisdom + knowledge transfer”. The key is to release innovation potential through a military democracy mechanism, and to enhance the system resilience of theoretical innovation while ensuring military effectiveness. The ultimate goal is to form a theoretical system that can both guide its own military practice and contribute to human war cognition.

Highlight its own characteristics. The “two combinations” are the fundamental way to promote the theoretical innovation of the Party. To strengthen the innovation of military theory, we must insist on combining the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of building the people’s army and absorbing the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture. We should focus on using the “arrow” of truth to shoot the “target” of military practice in the new era, and innovate and develop military theory in the process of creatively applying Marxism to analyze and deal with contemporary Chinese military issues. We should focus on extracting rich nutrition from China’s excellent traditional military culture, absorbing the war concepts, military wisdom, strategic thinking, military tactics and strategies contained therein, and giving military theory distinct Chinese characteristics, Chinese style and Chinese style. In particular, we should focus on deeply integrating the laws of modern warfare and the laws of war guidance, the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture and China’s national conditions and military conditions, forming a military theory generation system with autonomy, adaptability and foresight, and constantly opening up new horizons for the development of our military’s military theory.(Editors: Dai Xiaoling, Wan Peng)

現代國語：

習主席強調指出，新時代新征程，世界百年變局加速演進，新軍事革命迅速發展，我國安全和發展需求深刻變化，實現強軍目標任務更加緊迫，必須全面加強軍事理論工作。加速形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的軍事理論體系，就要拓展思維視野，加強軍事理論創新，努力搶佔軍事理論創新制高點，奪得軍事理論競爭新優勢，進而在大國戰略博弈中掌握主動權。

立足戰爭時代特徵，重建多元式認知框架

自21世紀以來，隨著全球政治、經濟、文化、科技的發展，現代戰爭特徵發生了深刻變化，大國高端戰爭博弈下的體系對抗、空間疊加、多域混合特徵更加突出。戰爭形態向力量高度混散、資訊高度流動、行動高度協同的方向加速演進，亟需我們檢視軍事理論創新的時代動因。

戰爭形態演化的時代性。梳理傳統戰爭到現代戰爭的發展脈絡，對比分析後可以發現「結硬寨、打呆仗、群毆式」的單純原始形態已然走向多域戰、混合戰等多元高級形態，戰爭理念、作戰體系、戰法打法等均在持續發生演化，其時代動因是「技術底色決定逼成色，戰術創新技術革新」的戰術效應。在此背景下，未來戰爭將呈現「全域連動、智能主導、無人爭鋒」三大特徵，其本質上是一種非線性狀態突破，是一種戰爭哲學更新，更是一種超維力量博弈。背後推手是層出不窮的新型作戰概念，軍事理論創新必須直面全局對抗、混合競能與技術突進的複合挑戰，其核心在於建構能夠打破思維掣肘、實現跨域制勝的新型戰爭觀。

軍事理論博弈的先導性。大國博弈是一個長期過程，其中的武器裝備競賽是互相博弈的一種傳統路徑，而另一個新興賽道則是軍事理論競賽。首先，軍事理論是大國博弈的高層邏輯，先導式、伴隨式與跟進式軍事理論交替演進，為大國博弈提供了資源整合、演訓迭代和力量優化的藍圖指引，也為制約與破解對手能力提供了方法策略，可以加速軍事體系決勝的衝線趨勢。其次，隨著國際情勢、科技發展等方面的不斷變化，新矛盾、新問題、新目標、新威脅不斷湧現，戰爭和對抗的誘因、主體、形式、場景等方面將更為複雜多元和多域融合，其表現也更加充滿不確定和非線性。誰能認清未來戰爭形態樣式，誰能擁有豐富的作戰理念概念，誰能在國際博弈中佔據主動。

先進軍事理論的威懾性。先進軍事理論可以透過科學的理論設計，最大程度地統籌現有的戰爭資源，把戰爭潛力充分轉化為戰爭實力。所以，先進軍事理論既是能夠勝戰的戰鬥力，也是能夠懾戰的威懾力。例如，人民戰爭是我克敵制勝的法寶，已經得到戰爭實踐的證明。新中國成立後的相當長一段時間裡，帝國主義、霸權主義不敢對我國輕舉妄動，一個重要原因就是懼怕我人民戰爭的威力。近年來，戰爭形態向智能化加速演進，外軍新型作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰概念層出不窮，面對“寂靜戰場”上軍事理論創新的競爭，必須洞察智能化作戰理論新發展，審視智能化作戰樣式新變化，堅持“你打你的、我打我的”，既要擅長創造高級打法以優制工業理論，也要避實擊擊你的、我打我的”，既要擅長創造高級打法以優適能避實擊

促進跨域交流集成，解構多維式創新機理

現代戰爭突破陸海空天電網的界限，印證了多域聯動多維連結的必要性。而在此龐大的軍事甚至民用領域中聚優釋能、資訊整合、融合打擊，軍事理論創新必須整合科學技術通道、搭建戰略戰術研練平台，更需多維多域互通，從創新機理中去尋求突破。

戰場空間泛在多元重建。戰場空間重構的本質是科技文明對物理邊界的突破，也就是新科技發展到一定程度後，物理域、資訊域、社會域等將呈現重構形體。這種重建打破了傳統戰場的空間限制、時間維度，深入推動戰爭對抗從集中式、線性化的物理空間轉向多域融合、無界聯動的超維空間，由此帶來作戰要域無所不在、作戰要素無所不包、作戰力量無所不及，並將形成全新的作戰形態。這需要軍事理論從作戰體系、戰略戰術、節點要素等方面重新解構現代戰爭的立體性、多維性和連結性。特別是今後時期，政治、經濟、軍事、輿論等戰場空間的混合連動帶來的鬥爭來源多、領域廣、耦合強，軍事理論創新需深刻洞悉戰場空間內生髮育的內涵要義與本質特徵，以重構自主、靈活、彈性、閉環的作戰空間，凸顯聯動平衡的戰場生態機理。

多層技術嵌套結構重塑。現代戰爭需要透過整合不同層級、不同領域的技術系統，形成高度協同、動態適應的作戰體系，以因應資訊化、智慧化、精確化的複雜需求。龐大的作戰體系亟須將單一功能向體系化和網路化演變，其核心在於打破傳統軍兵種和裝備技術領域的界限，建構多維連動的技術生態。例如，戰略預警體系需要太空衛星、地面雷達、水下聲吶等立體組網，即從物理層整合嵌套；全局戰場感知網絡需要天基監視、空中預警、地面偵察的即時數據，即從資訊層融合交互；聯合全局指揮控制系統需要數秒內完成目標識別、威脅評估與目標分配，即從認知層智能決策。這些跨域交流整合倒逼技術架構的深度重構，由此引發軍事組織與行動破繭化蝶。技術創新驅動戰術突破，推動裝備體系迭代和軍事理論體系重塑，是軍事理論創新機制的奧秘所在。

跨域知識整合認知重建。現代戰爭突破克勞塞維茨式「三位一體」框架，呈現量子糾纏式的全維度對抗特質。如美軍「馬賽克戰」理論將AI與生物神經融合，架構動態可重建殺傷網。這要求軍事理論創新必須具備跨域解構與認知重建能力。這種整合與重建不是簡單的知識疊加，而是透過「湧現效應」產生新的戰爭理解維度與後設認知體系。這要求打破學科壁壘與傳統思維框架，在控制論、資訊理論、系統論基礎上，融合通訊、導航、偵測、量子等先進技術，以其內在邏輯形成能夠耦合新型戰術戰法、作戰體系、戰爭形態的知識生態系統。

打造開源理論生態，形成分散式創新格局

隨著人工智慧、腦機介面、多維度資訊等顛覆性技術發展，軍事理論發展呈現多元創新的時代趨勢。若能以開源生態活化創新潛力，或可走出一條不同於既有的軍事理論創新模式──既保持軍事理論傳統底色，又兼具智慧化時代的科技銳度，其核心在於從開放生態、多元合作和本土化路徑中去激發創新。

塑造開源生態。傳統軍事理論研究多具有高度保密性與排他性，也不可避免地存在資訊障礙、思考限制和技術鴻溝，已無法滿足戰爭發展需求。開源大模型顯示出的超群性、生命性、專業性給世人以啟發，開源軍事理論生態亦可在分級協作體系與區塊鏈技術的支撐下，透過理論架構、戰術推演、技術方案的可控式開放共享生態，建構一個先進的基本軍事理論基座，再衍生出各領域作戰概念樹、場景集、具象化的場景具象集。其生態內涵在於打破部門邊界，整合軍事單位、科研院所、地方高校、社會智庫等，利用供求揭榜平台、兵棋推演平台、資訊互動平台等，形成多方參與的「理論眾創」閉環回饋環境。這種分散式協作生態，可透過節點間的互動加速形成理論創新迭代合力，在複雜的內外環境中實現永續發展優勢。

融合軍事民主。在軍事理論創新過程中，透過專業、高效率的集體協作機制，將分散的認知資源轉化為集體戰鬥力，形成跨領域、跨武器協同。其成功依賴三個支點：開放的資源組織架構、高效率的知識管理機制，以及深度的理技融合。這種創新模式重塑了現代軍事理論生產流程：打破傳統軍事理論創新的垂直化、封閉化、少數化的參與特徵，形成包容多元主體共享與競爭參與的協作典範。這意味著軍事理論創新進入「集體智慧+知識遷移」的新階段，其關鍵是透過軍事民主機制釋放創新潛能，在確保軍事效能的同時提升理論創新的體系韌性。最終目的是形成既能引導自身軍事實踐，也能貢獻於人類戰爭認知的理論體系。

突顯自身特色。 「兩個結合」是推動黨的理論創新的根本途徑。加強軍事理論創新就要堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同人民軍隊建設實踐結合，汲取中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華。注重以真理之“矢”去射新時代軍事實踐之“的”，在創造性運用馬克思主義分析和處理當代中國軍事問題的過程中創新發展軍事理論。注重從中華優秀傳統軍事文化中萃取豐富營養，汲取蘊含其中的戰爭觀念、治軍智慧、戰略思想、兵法謀略等，賦予軍事理論鮮明的中國特色、中國風格、中國氣派。特別是注重將現代戰爭規律與戰爭指導規律、中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華與中國國情軍情深度融合，形成具有自主性、適應性和前瞻性的軍事理論生成體系，不斷開闢我軍軍事理論發展新境界。

(編按：代曉靈、萬鵬)

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2025/0529/c40531-40490232888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

China’s first optical quantum computer shows off its computing power comparable to top “supercomputers”

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我國首台光量子電腦展現媲美頂級「超級電腦」的運算能力

現代英語：

In today’s era of rapid technological development, the technological competition between China and the United States is like a war without gunpowder, especially in cutting-edge technology fields such as lithography machines and chips. The United States has relied on its technological advantages to blockade and suppress my country, trying to curb the pace of my country’s technological rise. However, things suddenly turned around, and pressure can often be transformed into motivation. my country’s technology companies did not retreat, but instead accelerated the pace of independent research and development. Recently, the first appearance of a new generation of domestic optical quantum computers is undoubtedly a shining star in my country’s science and technology field, illuminating the road to future technological development.

Stunning debut, showing strength

This device, called “TurningQ Gen2 Large-Scale Programmable Optical Quantum Computing System”, attracted countless eyes. It looks like a double-door refrigerator, seemingly ordinary, but contains huge scientific and technological energy. The device is mainly composed of three core components: quantum light source unit, quantum computing unit, and detection unit. Each component embodies the hard work and wisdom of scientific researchers.

According to relevant persons in charge of Turing Quantum, this optical quantum computer has a quantum superiority level of 56 photons. When solving certain specific problems, its computing power is almost comparable to that of the top supercomputer, Tianhe-2. As an outstanding representative of my country’s supercomputers, Tianhe-2 has been ranked among the top in the global supercomputer rankings many times. Its powerful computing power has provided strong support for many scientific research and engineering fields. Today, the computing power of domestic optical quantum computers on specific problems is comparable to that of Tianhe-2, which is undoubtedly a major breakthrough in my country’s quantum computing field.

What is even more surprising is that compared with Tianhe-2, this optical quantum computer has obvious advantages in terms of floor space and energy consumption. Supercomputers usually require huge computer rooms and a large amount of energy supply to maintain operation, while optical quantum computers are only the size of a refrigerator, which greatly saves space and energy. This not only reduces the cost of use, but also makes it possible for the widespread application of quantum computers.

Key components, simultaneously unveiled

At the exhibition, the key device for the industrialization of this quantum computer, the photonic chip based on 110 nanometer technology, was also unveiled. The photonic chip is one of the core components of the optical quantum computer. It uses photons to transmit and process information and has the advantages of high speed and low energy consumption. The emergence of the photonic chip based on 110 nanometer technology marks that my country has made important progress in photonic chip manufacturing technology.

The development and production of photonic chips require high-precision manufacturing processes and advanced equipment. Through unremitting efforts, Chinese researchers have overcome technical difficulties one after another and successfully developed photonic chips based on 110-nanometer technology. This achievement not only lays a solid foundation for the industrialization of my country’s optical quantum computers, but also wins my country an advantage in the development of photonic chips.

Future prospects, unlimited potential

With the continuous advancement of quantum computing technology, the further optimization of CPO optoelectronic co-packaging and related micro-nano processing technologies, quantum computers are expected to significantly improve computing power while reducing their size to the size of a laptop computer. This prospect is exciting and will bring revolutionary changes to the popularization and application of quantum computers.

In the field of scientific research, quantum computers will provide powerful tools for solving complex scientific problems. For example, in the fields of quantum chemistry, materials science, biomedicine, etc., quantum computers can simulate the structure and properties of molecules and accelerate the process of new drug development and material design. In the financial field, quantum computers can be used for risk assessment, portfolio optimization, etc. to improve the accuracy and efficiency of financial decision-making. In the field of artificial intelligence, quantum computers can accelerate the training of machine learning and deep learning algorithms and promote the development of artificial intelligence technology.

In addition, the widespread application of quantum computers will also drive the development of related industries. From the manufacture of photon chips to the assembly and debugging of quantum computers, to the development and application of quantum computing software, a huge industrial chain will be formed. This will inject new impetus into my country’s economic development and create a large number of employment opportunities.

Independent innovation, forging ahead

The debut of the new generation of domestic optical quantum computers is another major achievement of my country’s independent scientific and technological innovation. In the face of the blockade and suppression of the United States, my country’s technology companies did not choose to rely on imports, but firmly embarked on the path of independent research and development. This spirit of independent innovation is the core driving force of my country’s scientific and technological development.

However, we must also be aware that there is still a certain gap between my country and the world’s advanced level in the field of quantum computing. In future development, we need to continue to increase investment in scientific research, cultivate more scientific and technological talents, strengthen international cooperation and exchanges, and continuously enhance my country’s core competitiveness in the field of quantum computing.

The debut of the new generation of domestic optical quantum computers is an important milestone in the history of my country’s scientific and technological development. It allows us to see the huge potential and broad prospects of my country in the field of quantum computing. I believe that in the near future, quantum computers will enter our lives and bring more surprises and changes to the development of human society. Let us look forward to the arrival of this day and work hard for the brilliant future of my country’s science and technology!

現代國語：

在當今科技快速發展的時代，中美之間的科技競爭猶如一場沒有硝煙的戰爭，在光刻機、晶片等前沿科技領域尤為激烈。美國憑藉其技術優勢對我國進行封鎖和打壓，試圖遏制我國科技崛起的腳步。然而，事情突然反轉了，壓力往往能轉化為動力，我國科技企業並未因此退縮，反而加快了自主研發的腳步。近日，國產新一代光量子電腦首次亮相，無疑是我國科技領域的璀璨明星，照亮了未來科技發展的道路。

驚艷首秀，實力彰顯

這台名為「TurningQ Gen2大規模可程式光量子計算系統」的設備吸引了無數目光。它外觀猶如一台對開門冰箱，看似普通，卻蘊含著巨大的科技能量。該設備主要由量子光源單元、量子計算單元、探測單元三大核心組件所構成，每個組件都凝聚著科研人員的心血與智慧。

據圖靈量子相關負責人介紹，這台光量子電腦具備56光子的量子優越性等級規模。在求解某些特定問題時，其運算能力幾乎可媲美頂尖超級電腦——天河二號。天河二號作為我國超算的傑出代表，曾多次在全球超算排行榜上名列前茅，其強大的運算能力為許多科學研究和工程領域提供了有力支持。而如今，國產光量子電腦在特定議題上的運算能力與之相當，這無疑是我國在量子運算領域的重大突破。

更令人驚訝的是，與天河二號相比，這台光量子電腦在佔地面積和能耗方面具有明顯優勢。超算通常需要龐大的機房和大量的能源供應來維持運行，而光量子電腦僅相當於一台冰箱的大小，大大節省了空間和能源。這不僅降低了使用成本，也為量子電腦的廣泛應用提供了可能。

關鍵裝置，同步亮相

在展會現場，與這台量子電腦實現產業化的關鍵裝置－基於110奈米製程的光子晶片也同步亮相。光子晶片是光量子電腦的核心元件之一，它利用光子進行資訊傳輸和處理，具有高速、低能耗等優點。基於110奈米製程的光子晶片的出現，標誌著我國在光子晶片製造技術上取得了重要進展。

光子晶片的研發和生產需要高精度的製造流程和先進的設備。我國科學研究人員經過不懈努力，攻克了一個又一個技術難題，成功研發了基於110奈米製程的光子晶片。這項成果不僅為我國光量子電腦的產業化奠定了堅實基礎，也為我國在光子晶片領域的發展贏得了先機。

未來展望，潛力無限

隨著量子運算技術的不斷進步，CPO光電共封裝以及相關微納加工製程的進一步優化，量子電腦有望在大幅提升運算能力的同時，將尺寸縮小到筆記型電腦大小。這一前景令人振奮，它將為量子電腦的普及和應用帶來革命性的變化。

在科學研究領域，量子電腦將為複雜科學問題的求解提供強大的工具。例如，在量子化學、材料科學、生物醫學等領域，量子電腦可以模擬分子的結構和性質，加速新藥研發和材料設計的進程。在金融領域，量子電腦可以用於風險評估、投資組合最佳化等，提高財務決策的準確性和效率。在人工智慧領域，量子電腦可以加速機器學習和深度學習演算法的訓練，推動人工智慧技術的發展。

此外，量子電腦的廣泛應用也將帶動相關產業的發展。從光子晶片的製造到量子電腦的組裝和調試，再到量子運算軟體的開發和應用，都將形成一個龐大的產業鏈。這將為我國經濟發展注入新的動力，創造大量的就業機會。

自主創新，砥礪前行

國產新一代光量子電腦的首秀，是我國科技自主創新的另一個重大成果。在面對美國的封鎖和打壓時，我國科技企業並沒有選擇依賴進口，而是堅定地走上了自主研發的道路。這種自主創新的精神是我國科技發展的核心動力。

然而，我們也要清醒地體認到，我國在量子運算領域與世界先進水準仍有一定的差距。在未來的發展中，我們需要持續加大科研投入，培養更多的科技人才，加強國際合作與交流，不斷提升我國在量子運算領域的核心競爭力。

國產新一代光量子電腦的首秀，是我國科技發展史上的重要里程碑。它讓我們看到了我國在量子運算領域的巨大潛力和廣闊前景。相信在不久的將來，量子電腦將走進我們的生活，為人類社會的發展帶來更多的驚喜和改變。讓我們共同期待這一天的到來，為我國科技的輝煌未來而奮鬥！

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/K2OHRN700540MBP1888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Chinese Military Research on U.S. Air Force Invisible Battlefield Armament Expansion – Cyber Warfare

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中國軍方對美空軍隱形戰場裝備擴充－網路戰的研究

現代英語：

Recently, the U.S. Air Force released a new version of the Cyber ​​Warfare Doctrine (hereinafter referred to as the Doctrine). The U.S. Air Force has thus become the first military service to publish a new version of the Doctrine after the release of a series of strategic documents by the Cyberspace Command. The U.S. military’s arms expansion in the invisible battlefield is being fully rolled out.

Seeking cyber warfare advantage

The new version of the directive is the second time that the US Air Force has issued a programmatic document in the field of cyberspace, following the first version in 2010 and the revised version in 2011. The directive is mainly divided into three parts, including the threats and challenges faced by the US Air Force in cyberspace, the main functions of cyber warfare forces, and the force structure.

The new version of the order points out that the threats currently faced by the US Air Force are divided into “malicious acts that intentionally damage the Air Force’s network information system” and “unintentional but damaging network activities that cause impacts”, and proposes four challenges in the medium and long term, namely, the commercial technology and outsourced products currently in use have security vulnerabilities, attacks launched in cyberspace are difficult to trace, network connections have security risks of being invaded, and network infrastructure has weaknesses. Foreign media said that the US Air Force deliberately exaggerated the inherent security risks of the network in order to provide an excuse for strengthening the construction of cyber warfare forces and conducting military operations in this field.

The new version of the regulations further clarifies the main functions of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces. The new version of the regulations states that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should not only support the US Air Force in conducting cyber warfare offensive and defensive operations in wartime or quasi-wartime states to gain competitive and operational advantages in this field, but also play a role in peacetime non-armed conflict military activities.

The U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare style is mainly cyberspace offensive and defensive operations and the operation and maintenance of the U.S. Department of Defense information network. Its main combat force is the 16th Air Force. The unit is formed by the merger of the 24th Air Force responsible for cyberspace and the 25th Air Force responsible for global intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. It not only undertakes the U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare and electronic warfare tasks, but also serves as the air force branch of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command.

The new version of the regulations states that according to the U.S. military’s institutional structure of separation of military, political and command, the 16th Air Force is commanded by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command, and the process of carrying out combat operations is formulated by the command. In addition, in order to clarify the relationship between the military forces and functional commands, the Air Force has set up the 616th Operations Command Center, which is responsible for converting the tasks assigned by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command and the needs and cooperation matters of the supported theater into the plans, programs and goals of the Air Force Cyber ​​Warfare Task Force, and connecting with subsequent evaluation work.

Integration into the joint combat system

In addition to the three main parts, the new version of the order also emphasizes that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should be integrated into the “integrated deterrence” and joint combat system. Among them, the 16th Air Force will integrate intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance, electronic warfare and information warfare forces to create an “information environment advantage” for US Air Force operations in order to gain the upper hand in armed conflicts.

The new version of the regulations points out that the US Air Force’s military operations and combat plans in cyberspace should be integrated into the joint force’s combat plans, fully considering cross-agency cooperation, the linkage effects of the physical and cyber domains of the battlefield, and information sharing supported by the national intelligence system.

In order to better integrate into joint operations, the new version of the regulations clarifies the military terminology of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces and divides the evaluation of cyberspace combat effectiveness into tactics, campaigns and strategies to reflect the target effects of combat operations at different levels. According to the joint operations regulations of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, the “blue”, “red” and “gray” combat opponent marking terms are introduced to represent allies, opponents and neutral parties in cyberspace respectively. “Cyberspace key terrain” is used to refer to cyberspace areas that can provide absolute advantages for cyber warfare mission units.

The concept of “cyberspace control” applies the “command and control” of the US military’s joint operations to new areas, and divides the control level into three levels from low to high: “balance”, “advantage” and “dominance” based on the degree of influence on the opponent’s network information field. This is slightly different from the three combat indicators of the US military’s joint forces: “weak”, “medium” and “strong”.

Foreign media said that under the guidance of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command’s “dominate the cyber domain” principle, the U.S. Air Force cyber warfare forces can “match” the terminology and concepts in the joint combat system, which will enable service commanders and joint force commanders to better use the “hybrid warfare” force of cyber warfare forces.

Strengthen construction in multiple areas

With the release of the new version of the regulations, the U.S. Air Force became the first service branch of the U.S. military to revise its cyber warfare guidelines, which also indicates that the U.S. military has extended its efforts to strengthen cyberspace armaments to combat forces.

The report said that at the same time as the US Air Force issued a new version of the regulations, the US Navy announced the strength of the 10th Fleet under the Cyber ​​Command, which has 14,000 active, civilian and reserve personnel, 28 active commands, 40 cyber mission forces and 27 reserve commands around the world. The US Navy’s cyber warfare force is the largest among all branches of the US military, and the US Air Force may follow the Navy’s system to build the force structure of this branch. A series of actions by the US military in the field of cyberspace will contribute to the expansion of arms in this field.

Since the beginning of this year, the U.S. Cyber ​​Command has successively released a series of documents, including the “Mission Statement of the Department of Defense Information Network Joint Force Command” and the “Mission Statement of the Coast Guard Cyber ​​Command”, to enrich the development plan of cyber warfare forces.

The U.S. Cyber ​​Command plans to invite the U.S. Department of Defense’s Joint Interoperability Test Command to serve as the testing agency for the “Joint Cyberspace Operations Architecture” to improve joint combat capabilities in the cyberspace field, and plans to take the lead in hosting the NATO “Locked Shield” cybersecurity joint military exercise in late April. At the same time, the United States also invites India and South Korea to conduct military research in the cyberspace and digital policy field.

In addition, the U.S. Air Force has also implemented the goal of improving cyber warfare capabilities in military academies. The U.S. Air Force University Cyber ​​Academy requires students to take at least three courses related to information and cyberspace, and the Air Force War College has formally incorporated cyber warfare and other teaching content into its general courses.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network
Friday, February 24, 2023

現代國語：

近日，美國空軍發布新版《網路作戰條令》（以下簡稱條令）。美國空軍也由此成為網路空間司令部系列戰略性文件出台後，首個公佈新版作戰條令的軍種部隊。美軍在無形戰場的軍備擴張正全面鋪面。

謀求網路作戰優勢

新版條令是繼2010年首版、2011年修訂版後，美國空軍再次發布網路空間領域的綱領文件。該條令主要分為3個部分，包括美國空軍在網路空間面臨的威脅與挑戰、網路戰部隊的主要功能、力量架構。

新版條令指出，美國空軍目前面臨的威脅分為“有意破壞空軍網路資訊系統的惡意行為”和“無意但造成破壞和影響的網路活動”，並據此提出中長期存在的4項挑戰，即正在使用的商業技術和外包產品存在安全漏洞、網路空間發起的攻擊難以溯源、網路連接存在被侵入的安全隱患、網路基礎設施存在弱點。外媒稱，美國空軍刻意放大網路固有的安全風險，意在為其強化網路戰部隊建立並在該領域遂行軍事行動提供口實。

關於美國空軍網路戰部隊的主要功能，新版條令予以進一步明確。新版條令提出，美國空軍網路戰部隊既要在戰時或準戰時狀態下支援美國空軍進行網路戰攻防行動，贏得該領域競爭優勢和作戰優勢，也要在平時的非武裝衝突類軍事活動中發揮作用。

美國空軍網路作戰樣式主要為網路空間攻防作戰及美國國防部資訊網路運作維護，其主要作戰力量為第16航空隊。該部隊由負責網路空間的第24航空隊和負責全球情報、監視和偵察的第25航空隊合併組建，其不僅擔負美國空軍的網路戰和電子戰任務，也是美軍網路司令部的空軍分支。

新版條令稱，根據美軍軍政軍令分離的體制結構，第16航空隊由美軍網路司令部指揮，遂行作戰行動的流程由該司令部製定。此外，為明確軍種部隊和職能司令部間的關係，該航空隊下設第616作戰指揮中心，負責將美軍網絡司令部賦予的任務及受支援戰區的需求和協作事項，轉化為空軍網絡戰任務部隊的計劃、方案和目標，並對接後續評估工作。

融入聯合作戰體系

除了3個主要部分外，新版條令也聚焦在美國空軍網路戰部隊應融入「一體化威懾」和聯合作戰體系。其中，第16航空隊將整合情報偵察監視、電子戰和資訊戰力量，為美國空軍行動創造“資訊環境優勢”，以在武裝衝突中取得先機。

新版條令指出，美國空軍在網路空間的軍事行動和作戰計畫應融入聯合部隊的作戰方案，充分考慮跨機構合作、戰場物理域和網路域連動效應，及國家情報體系支撐下的資訊共享。

為了更好地融入聯合作戰，新版條令明確美國空軍網路戰部隊的軍事術語，將網路空間作戰效能評估分為戰術、戰役和戰略，以體現不同層級作戰行動的目標效果。依據美軍參聯會的聯合作戰條令，引入「藍色」「紅色」和「灰色」的作戰對手標註術語，分別表示網路空間的盟友、對手和中立方。以「網路空間關鍵地形」指稱可為網路戰任務分隊提供絕對優勢的網路空間區域。

「網路空間控制」這個概念，則將美軍聯合作戰中「指揮與控制」應用至新領域，並結合對對手網路資訊領域的影響程度，把控制等級由低至高劃分為「均勢」「優勢」「統治」3個等級，這與美軍聯合部隊「弱」「中」指標「強」3個作戰指標略有差別。

外媒稱，在美軍網絡司令部“主宰網絡域”準則引導下，美國空軍網絡戰部隊與聯合作戰體系中的術語概念“對錶”，可以使軍種指揮官及聯合部隊指揮官更好地運用網絡戰部隊這一“混合戰”力量。

多點發力加強建設

隨著新版條令出爐，美國空軍成為美軍首個修訂網路戰綱領的軍種部隊，這也標誌著美軍已將加強網路空間軍備建設的舉措延伸至作戰部隊。

報道稱，就在美國空軍出台新版條令的同時，美國海軍公佈了隸屬於網絡司令部的第10艦隊實力，該部隊下轄1.4萬名現役、文職和預備役人員，在全球有28個現役指揮部、40支網絡任務部隊和27個預備役指揮部。美國海軍網路戰部隊在美軍各軍兵種中規模最大，美國空軍或將效法海軍體制，建構該軍種的力量結構。美軍在網路空間領域的一系列舉動，將助長該領域軍備擴張態勢。

今年以來，美軍網路司令部相繼發布《國防部資訊網路聯合部隊指揮部任務說明》《海岸防衛隊網路司令部任務說明》等系列文件，豐富網路戰部隊發展計畫。

美軍網路司令部計畫邀請美國國防部聯合互通性測試司令部擔任「聯合網路空間作戰架構」的測試機構，以提高網路太空領域的聯合作戰能力，並擬於4月下旬牽頭承辦北約「鎖盾」網路安全聯合軍演。同時，美國也拉印度、韓國進行網路空間和數位政策的軍事領域研究。

此外，美國空軍也將提升網路戰能力的目標落實到軍事院校。美國空軍大學網路學院要求學員至少選修3門資訊與網路空間相關的課程，空軍戰爭學院則在通用課程中正式編入網路戰等教學內容。

中國軍網 國防部網
2023年2月24日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2023-02/24/content_334361888.htm

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Concept of future human-machine integrated forces

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中國未來人機一體化軍事構想

現代英語：

At present, judging from the reform and development of the establishment system in major countries in the world, the military is developing towards a lean, small, efficient, intelligent, and integrated “man-machine (robot-drone)” direction, seeking to coordinate and fight together with robot soldiers, drones and human soldiers. According to statistics, the armies of more than 60 countries in the world are currently equipped with military robots, with more than 150 types. It is estimated that by 2040, half of the members of the world’s military powers may be robots. In addition to the United States, Russia, Britain, France, Japan, Israel, Turkey, Iran and other countries that have successively launched their own robot warriors, other countries have also invested in the research and development of unmanned weapons.

The world’s military powers will set off a wave of forming unmanned combat forces to compete. The so-called unmanned combat forces are a general term for combat robots or battlefield killing robot systems. With the development of various types of information-based, precise, and data-based weapons and equipment, intelligent platforms have become the driving force for pre-designed battlefields, combat robots have become the main force on the battlefield, and the combination of man and machine has become the key to defeating the enemy. In the future, battlefield space forces will highlight the three-dimensional unmanned development trend of land, sea, and air.

USA Today once published an article titled “New Robots Take War to the Next Level: Unmanned Warfare,” which described unmanned warfare like this: drone fleets swarm in, using sophisticated instruments for detection, reconnaissance, and counter-reconnaissance; after locking onto a target, they calmly launch missiles; automatically programmed unmanned submarines perform a variety of tasks including underwater search, reconnaissance, and mine clearance; on the ground battlefield, robots are responsible for the delivery of ammunition, medical supplies, and food… In future wars, these may become a reality.

On land, various robots that can perform specific tasks are highly integrated mobile strike platforms with mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. For example, unmanned tanks are unmanned tracked armored platforms that are mainly controlled by their own programs. They can be remotely controlled by soldiers, and are dominated by long-range attack intelligent weapons and informationized weapons. They can automatically load ammunition and launch autonomously, and carry out long-range indirect precision strikes, effectively reducing the casualties of soldiers. In the ocean, various unmanned submarines, unmanned warships, etc. can sail thousands of miles and perform various maritime combat missions without the need for onboard personnel to operate. In the air, the human-controlled drone system deployed in actual combat is a drone system platform with its own reconnaissance and judgment, human control, integrated reconnaissance and attack, autonomous attack, and human-machine collaboration.

The use of drone weapons in wars highlights their combat capabilities, which will inevitably lead the armies of countries around the world to form unmanned combat units in full swing. In the Iraq War, the United States began to test the actual combat capabilities of unmanned combat vehicles. In March 2013, the United States released a new version of the “Robotics Technology Roadmap: From the Internet to Robots”, which elaborated on the development roadmap of robots, including military robots, and decided to invest huge military research funds in the development of military robots, so that the proportion of unmanned combat equipment of the US military will increase to 30% of the total number of weapons. It is planned that one-third of ground combat operations in the future will be undertaken by military robots. It is reported that the US military deployed the first future robot combat brigade (including at least 151 robot warriors) before 2015. In 2016, the US military conducted another experimental simulation test of the “modular unmanned combat vehicle” in a multinational joint military exercise. In 2020, the US Pentagon issued a contract with a price tag of 11 million US dollars to form a “combined arms squad” with the ability to cooperate with humans and robots, and plans to complete the construction of 15 future combat brigades by 2030. All squad members have human-like vision, hearing, touch and smell, can send information and attack targets in a timely manner, and can even undertake tasks such as self-repair and vehicle maintenance, transportation, mine clearance, reconnaissance, and patrol. The US Daily Science website reported that the US Army has developed a new technology that can quickly teach robots to complete new crossing actions with minimal human intervention. The report said that the technology can enable mobile robot platforms to navigate autonomously in combat environments, while allowing robots to complete combat operations that humans expect them to perform under certain circumstances. Currently, US Army scientists hope to cultivate muscle cells and tissues for robots for biological hybridization rather than directly extracting them from living organisms. Therefore, this combination of muscle and robot reminds the author of the half-cyborg Grace in the movie “Terminator: Dark Fate”.

On April 21, 2018, the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) special forces launched a raid against extremist terrorists in Derbent, Dagestan, and for the first time publicly dispatched armed unmanned combat vehicles equipped with machine guns as pioneers. During the 2018 Russian Red Square military parade, the United States discovered a large number of Russian “Uranus-9” robots and other combat systems that had exchanged fire with Syrian anti-government forces in southern Syria, and showed their appearance characteristics to the audience. In August 2015, the Russian army used combat robot combat companies to carry out position assaults on the Syrian battlefield. The tracked robots charged, attacked, attracted the militants to open fire, and guided the self-propelled artillery group to destroy the exposed fire points one by one. In the end, the robot combat company took down the high ground that is now difficult for Russian soldiers to capture in one fell swoop in just 20 minutes, achieving a record of zero casualties and killing 77 enemies.

According to the British Daily Star website, after the British Army conducted a large-scale combat robot test at an event called “Autonomous Warrior 2018”, it unified drones, unmanned vehicles and combat personnel into a world-class army for decades to come. Future British Army autonomous military equipment, whether tanks, robots or drones, may have legs instead of tracks or wheels. In early 2021, after the UK held the “Future Maritime Air Force Acceleration Day” event, it continued to develop a “plug-and-play” maritime autonomous platform development system, which, after being connected to the Royal Navy’s ships, can simplify the acquisition and use of automation and unmanned operation technologies.

In addition to the development of robots by Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom, other powerful countries have also successively launched their own robot warriors. It is expected that in the next 20 years, the world will usher in robots on land, sea, and air to replace soldiers to perform high-risk tasks. The future battlefield will inevitably be unmanned or man-machine integrated joint combat operations. The world’s military powers will launch a human-machine (drone) integrated combat experiment

The style of air combat is always evolving with the advancement of aviation technology. Since 1917, with the successful development of the world’s first unmanned remote-controlled aircraft by the United Kingdom, the family of unmanned equipment has continued to grow and develop, and various drones are increasingly active in the arena of modern warfare.

Since the 21st century, with the large number of drones being used on the battlefield, the combat style has been constantly updated. In the Gulf War, drones were limited to reconnaissance, surveillance and target guidance, but in the Afghanistan War, Iraq War and the War on Terrorism, the combat capabilities of drones have become increasingly prominent, and the combat style and methods have shown new characteristics, allowing countries around the world to see drones as a sharp sword in the air, thus opening the prelude to the integrated combat test of man-machine (drone).

It is reported that the total number of drones in NATO countries increased by 1.7 times between 1993 and 2005, reaching 110,000 by 2006. The United States, other NATO countries, Israel, and South Africa all attach great importance to the development and production of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and multi-purpose drones.

In 2019, more than 30 countries in the world have developed more than 50 types of drones, and more than 50 countries are equipped with drones. The main types are: “password” drones, multi-function drones, artificial intelligence drones, long-term airborne drones, anti-missile drones, early warning drones, stealth drones, micro drones, air combat drones, mapping drones, and aerial photography drones. The main recovery methods: automatic landing, parachute recovery, aerial recovery, and arresting recovery.

On September 14, 2019, after Saudi Aramco’s “world’s largest oil processing facility” and oil field were attacked, the Yemeni Houthi armed forces claimed “responsibility for the incident” and claimed that they used 10 drones to attack the above facilities. On January 3, 2020, Qassem Soleimani, commander of the “Quds Force” under the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was “targeted and eliminated” in a drone raid launched by the United States at Baghdad International Airport in the early morning of the Iraqi capital. At the end of 2020, in the battle between Armenia and Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh (Nagorno-Karabakh region), it was obvious that drones played an important role in the conflict between the two sides. In particular, many military experts were shocked by the videos that the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense kept releasing of the TB-2 “Flagship” and Israeli “Harop” suicide drones just purchased from Turkey attacking Armenian armored vehicles, artillery, cars and even infantry positions and S-300 air defense missiles. In December 2020, local conflicts in the Middle East and Transcaucasus showed that drones are playing an increasingly important role. Based on this, some military experts even predicted that the 21st century will be the “golden age” for the development of drones. Drones are bound to completely replace manned aircraft and become the “battlefield protagonist” of the 21st century.

Currently, the US Air Force plans to expand the teaming of manned and unmanned platforms between drones and manned aircraft, and by 2025, 90% of fighters will be drones. In other words, larger aircraft (F-35 fighters or F-22 fighters) can control a nearby drone fleet. For example, the F-35 fighter is like a flying sensor computer, which can obtain a large amount of data, and communicate, analyze and judge on its own, and finally upload the conclusion to the pilot’s helmet display. The pilot analyzes and processes the information obtained, formulates a combat plan based on the combat plan, battlefield situation, and weapons equipped by the formation, and then issues it to the drone… to achieve the purpose of manned aircraft commanding drones to cooperate in combat. In other words, the mixed formation of manned and unmanned aircraft will change the previous ground control to air control of drones, and the pilot will directly command the combat operations of drones. The US military envisions a modular design so that soldiers can assemble drones after taking out the parts of drones from their backpacks when needed in future battlefield operations, and can also use 3D printing drones. In August 2020, the U.S. Air Force defeated top F-16 fighter pilots in a simulated air battle with AI, which also proved that AI pilots can “think” creatively and quickly, and it may not be long before they surpass the skills of human pilots. The U.S. Navy’s new MQ-25 “Stingray” carrier-based unmanned tanker will be tested in 2021 and have initial operational capability in 2024, which will help expand the combat radius of aircraft carriers.

Since 2013, Russia has been equipped with a large number of drones, of which unmanned reconnaissance aircraft alone exceeded 2,000 by the end of 2019, most of which are light drones, such as the Kalashnikov drones that participated in the military operations in Syria. In the next step, each brigade or division-level unit of the Russian Army will have a drone company, and the airborne troops will also be equipped with a large number of drones. The Russian Northern Fleet will have a drone regiment, and some modern Russian warships will also be equipped with drones. In addition, from 2021, the “Orion” reconnaissance and strike drone developed by the Kronstadt Group will be equipped with the Russian army. This heavy drone can carry a variety of guided ammunition to perform combat missions. In addition, the Russian army is also testing two heavy drones, the “Altair” and the C-70 “Hunter”. These are enough to show that Russia has made significant progress in the field of drone research and development.

Israel is a true pioneer in the field of drones. The drones it develops are not only advanced, but also exported to other countries. It has equipped its troops with hundreds of drones, including the “Bird’s Eye” series of single-soldier drones, the “Firefly” drone, the light “Skylark-I” drone, the light “Hero” drone, the medium “Skylark-II/III” drone, the “Heron” drone, etc. In the mid-1980s, Israel had developed a land-based launch and patrol drone named “Harpy” or “Harpy”. The Harpy is a “suicide drone” capable of autonomous anti-radar attacks. It weighs 135 kg, can carry 32 kg of high explosives, and has a range of 500 km. Due to confidentiality reasons, the specific number and type of drones equipped by the Israel Defense Forces are not yet known. In order to deal with threatening targets such as enemy ground-to-ground missiles, Israel Aircraft Industries is developing a high-altitude, long-flight stealth unmanned fighter. The aircraft combines stealth technology with long-range air-to-air missiles, can carry Moab missiles, penetrate into the rear of the enemy’s battle zone, and intercept and attack ground-to-ground missiles in the boost phase.

On February 5, 2013, the British army stationed in Afghanistan used a micro unmanned helicopter for the first time to carry out front-line work of spying on military intelligence. This unmanned helicopter is equipped with a micro camera, which can transmit the captured images to a handheld control terminal in real time; it can fly around corners and avoid obstacles to identify potential dangers. Next, the UK plans to enable one manned aircraft to command five unmanned aircraft at the same time. According to a report on the website of the British “Times” on January 26, 2021, the British Ministry of Defense invested 30 million pounds to develop the first unmanned aerial vehicle force in Northern Ireland. According to reports, the contract for the design and manufacture of the prototype has been given to the American “Spirit” Aerospace Systems. The company has a branch in Belfast, and the contract is expected to provide 100 jobs. The British Ministry of Defense plans to start manufacturing the first prototype of this new type of unmanned aerial vehicle by 2025. It will be equipped with missiles, reconnaissance and electronic warfare technology equipment, becoming the British Army’s first unmanned aerial vehicle capable of targeting and shooting down enemy aircraft and avoiding surface-to-air missile attacks. Its partner manned fighters will be able to focus on missions such as electronic warfare, reconnaissance and bombing, thereby reducing costs and the high risks faced by British aircrews.

The French Navy will form its first carrier-based drone squadron at a base near Toulon, the 36F carrier-based aircraft squadron of the French Naval Aviation. The squadron will be equipped with S-100 drones and carried on the Navy’s Mistral-class amphibious landing ship. The formation of this carrier-based drone squadron reflects the French Navy’s desire to integrate drone expertise into a single professional team. Previously, the French Navy discussed the establishment of a dedicated drone squadron and the option of equipping the 31F, 35F or 36F squadrons with drones.

At the Paris Air Show in June 2004, the full-scale model of the NX70 Neuron unmanned combat aircraft displayed by the French Dassault Aviation Company rekindled people’s interest in the development of European drones. Iran, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates…some new countries have disrupted the geopolitical landscape of drones and are writing a new page.

It can be predicted that drones will become the biggest highlight in the development of weapons and equipment in various countries around the world, and become the “trump card” of land warfare, naval warfare, air warfare, and space warfare in the 21st century. It will become a new combat force in offensive and defensive operations. It can not only use the various ground attack weapons it carries to strike enemy ground military targets in frontline and deep areas, but also use air-to-ground missiles or bombs to suppress enemy air defense weapons; it can not only use weapons such as anti-tank missiles to attack enemy tanks or tank groups, but also use weapons such as cluster bombs to bomb enemy ground forces; it can not only detect targets and judge the value of targets and then launch missiles autonomously, but also deceive and interfere with enemy command and control systems, etc. The world’s military powers will set off a battle to form a “man-machine (robot drone)” integrated force

With the deepening of military-civilian integration, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, and the rapid development of big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, not only will the development of unmanned weapons and equipment bring about tremendous changes, but it will also subvert the existing military force formation form. The “human-machine (robot-drone)” integrated intelligent army is bound to come.

In December 2015, in addition to sending traditional combat forces to the Syrian battlefield, the Russian army also sent a robot combat company mainly composed of unmanned combat platforms to participate in the battle for the first time. The company adopted a new combat mode of mixed manned and unmanned formations, built an intelligent combat system with the “Andromeda-D” automated command system as the core, and launched an attack on Hill 754.5 using a combination of full-dimensional reconnaissance and saturation attack, successfully seizing the hill. A few years ago, U.S. Navy officials in charge of expeditionary operations mentioned the vision of building a thousand man-machine combined warships, that is, a larger fleet of unmanned ships controlled by humans and coordinated with each other. The U.S. Navy announced that it plans to build an unmanned fleet of 10 large unmanned surface ships in the next five years for independent operations or joint operations with surface forces. According to the conceptual plan currently disclosed by the U.S. Navy, the unmanned fleet composed of large unmanned surface ships will mainly assist the Navy in completing highly dangerous combat missions. By combining with the Aegis combat system and other sensors, the coordinated combat capabilities of manned and unmanned systems will be enhanced. Its deployment will help reduce the demand for the number of large manned warships and reduce casualties in combat. According to the National Interest Network on January 20, 2021, the U.S. Navy Chief of Operations Michael Gilday released the “Navigation Plan of the Chief of Naval Operations” document on January 11, calling for the establishment of a mixed fleet of man-machine ships including large warships, various types of unmanned ships, submersibles and air strike equipment to prepare for all-domain operations in the new threat environment in the next few decades. The document states: “It is necessary to establish a larger fleet of underwater, surface and water platforms that meet the strategic and campaign needs of the troops, and a mixture of manned and unmanned platforms.”

In the “man-machine (robot-drone)” integrated forces, artificial intelligence technology is used to achieve an organic combination of “man-machine”, and cloud computing, new algorithms, and big data are used to formulate “man-machine” collaborative combat plans. Artificial intelligence is like an engine, big data + cloud computing is like a spaceship, and intelligent robots are astronauts. The organic combination of the three will surely add wings to the tiger and integrate man and machine. The future army is a human-machine integrated army. The squad and platoon commanders are gradually replaced by robots. Robots are gradually transformed from human control to autonomous decision-making or mind control through human brain cells. There may also be canteen-free barracks in the military camps. The military management may also be led by one or several military personnel to lead multiple or even dozens of intelligent robot teams with different division of labor tasks to complete the combat training management tasks that were previously completed by squads, platoons, and companies. Or there may be only one military commander in the command and control center for military training, and all intelligent robots in the training grounds may be controlled through video command and control for confrontation training, or remote control robot commanders may issue new training instructions, adjust task deployment, and change training grounds in real time.

The urgent need for the intelligent quality of military talents will also force the readjustment of the setting of the first-level military disciplines in the field of artificial intelligence. In the future, military academies will also open intelligent robot control disciplines, establish relevant human-machine integration laboratories and training bases, and focus on training intelligent professional military talents who understand computer control programs, intelligent design and management, image cognition, data mining, knowledge graphs, and can systematically master intelligent science and technology and have innovative consciousness. Future military talents must be proficient in intelligent technology, big data applications, and cloud computing, especially in the use of 3D or 4D printing technology to make various military equipment at any time, proficient in the control procedures, command methods, command issuance, and adjustment of tasks of intelligent robots, and proficient in the essentials of human-machine integrated autonomous combat coordination, so as to achieve the best combination of human information technology quality and efficient operation of intelligent robots. In addition, it is not ruled out that human-machine integration squads, combat simulation centers, imaginary enemy forces, combat units, intelligent headquarters, unmanned brigades, divisions, etc. will be established. By then, the military chief may also have one human and one machine, or the robot may serve as a hand or deputy.

Source: China Aviation News Author: Wei Yuejiang Editor-in-charge: Wu Xingjian 2021-03-26 08:0x

現代國語：

目前，從世界上主要國家編制體制改革發展情況看，軍隊正向精干、小型、高效、智能、“人機（機器人無人機）”一體方向發展，謀求機器人士兵、無人機與人類戰士一起並肩協同、聯合作戰。據統計，目前全球超過60個國家的軍隊已裝備了軍用機器人，種類超過150種。預計到2040年，世界軍事強國可能會有一半的成員是機器人。除美、俄、英、法、日、以色列、土耳其、伊朗等國家已相繼推出各自的機器人戰士外，其他國家也投入到這場無人化武器的研制與開發中去。

世界軍事強國將掀起組建無人作戰部隊爭鋒熱潮所謂無人作戰部隊，就是作戰機器人或者戰場殺人機器人系統的統稱。隨著各類信息化、精確化、數據化武器裝備的發展，智能化平台成為預先設計戰場的推手，作戰機器人成為戰場的主力軍，人機結合對抗成為克敵制勝的關鍵，未來戰場空間力量將凸顯陸海空三維無人化發展趨勢。

《今日美國報》曾發表的《新型機器人把戰爭帶入下一個層次：無人戰爭》一文中，這樣描述無人化戰爭：無人機編隊蜂擁而來，用精密的儀器探測、偵察與反偵察，它們鎖定目標後，從容地發射導彈；自動編程的無人潛艇，執行水下搜索、偵察、排除水雷等多種任務；地面戰場上，機器人負責彈藥、醫療補給和食物的配送……未來戰爭中，這些或許將成為現實。

在陸地，能執行特定任務的各種機器人，就是機械化、信息化、智能化高度融合的機動打擊平台。如：無人坦克，就是以自身程序控制為主的無人化履帶式裝甲平台，可讓士兵們遠程控制，以遠距離攻擊型智能化武器、信息化武器為主導，能自動裝載彈藥和自主發射，實施遠程間接精確打擊，有效降低士兵傷亡率。在海洋，各種無人潛艇、無人戰艦等，可航行數千英裡，無需船上人員操控就能執行各種海上作戰任務。在空中，實戰部署的人為控制操作的無人機系統，就是一種具有自己偵察判斷、人為控制、察打一體、自主攻擊、人機協同的無人機系統平台。

無人機武器在戰爭中的運用凸顯其作戰能力，必然牽引世界各國軍隊緊鑼密鼓組建無人作戰部隊。在伊拉克戰爭中，美國就開始對無人戰車的實戰能力進行測試。2013年3月，美國發布新版《機器人技術路線圖：從互聯網到機器人》，闡述了包括軍用機器人在內的機器人發展路線圖，決定將巨額軍備研究費投向軍用機器人研制，使美軍無人作戰裝備的比例增加至武器總數的30%，計劃未來三分之一的地面作戰行動將由軍用機器人承擔。據悉，美軍在2015年前就部署第一支未來機器人作戰旅（至少包括151個機器人戰士）。2016年，美軍在一次多國聯合軍事演習中，對“模塊化無人戰車”再次進行了試驗模擬測試。2020年，美國五角大樓發出一項標價1100萬美元的合同，以組建具有人類和機器人協同作戰能力的“聯合兵種班”，計劃2030年前完成15個未來作戰旅的全部建設工作。所有班成員，具有類似人一樣的視、聽、觸和嗅覺，能適時發出信息並對目標發起攻擊，甚至可以擔負自我維修與車輛維修及運輸、掃雷、偵察、巡邏等任務。美國每日科學網站報道稱，美陸軍研發了一種新技術，可迅速教會機器人在最低限度人為干預情況下完成新的穿越動作。報道稱，該技術可使移動機器人平台在作戰環境中自主導航，同時在特定情況下讓機器人完成人類期望其執行的作戰行動。目前，美陸軍科學家希望為機器人培育肌肉細胞和組織，進行生物雜交，而不是直接從活的有機體中提取，由此這種采取肌肉與機器人的組合，讓筆者聯想到電影《終結者:黑暗命運》中的半生化人葛蕾絲。

2018年4月21日，俄聯邦安全局（FSB）特戰隊在達吉斯坦傑爾賓特市，發動了一次針對極端組織恐怖分子的突襲行動，首次公開出動了配備機槍的武裝無人戰車打先鋒。美國在2018年俄羅斯紅場閱兵中發現了大批俄軍曾經在敘利亞南部與敘利亞反政府武裝交火的“天王星-9”機器人等作戰系統，向觀眾展示其外形特征。俄軍在2015年8月敘利亞戰場上使用戰斗機器人作戰連實施陣地攻堅戰，履帶式機器人沖鋒、打擊、吸引武裝分子開火，並引導自行火炮群將暴露火力點逐個摧毀，最後機器人作戰連僅用20分鐘就一舉攻下如今俄軍士兵難以攻下的高地，取得零傷亡斃敵77人戰績。

據英國《明星日報》網站報道稱，英國陸軍在一場名為“自主戰士2018”的活動中進行了大規模作戰機器人測試後，把無人機、無人駕駛汽車和戰斗人員統一到未來數十年穩居世界一流的軍隊中。未來的英軍自主軍用裝備，無論是坦克、機器人還是無人機，都可能會有腿而不是履帶或輪子。2021年年初，英國舉辦“未來海上航空力量加速日”活動後，繼續開發“即插即用”的海上自主平台開發系統，該系統接入皇家海軍的艦船後，可以簡化自動化和無人操作技術的獲取和使用過程。

除了俄羅斯、美國、英國研發裝備機器人外，其他有實力的國家也相續推出各自研制的機器人戰士，預計在未來20年內世界必將迎來陸海空機器人代替士兵執行高風險任務，未來戰場必將是無人化或人機結合一體化聯合作戰行動。世界軍事強國將掀起人機（無人機）一體化作戰試驗

空戰的樣式總是隨著航空科技的進步而在不斷發展變化。自1917年至今，隨著英國成功研制出世界第一架無人駕駛遙控飛機，無人裝備大家庭也不斷發展壯大，各種無人機日益活躍在現代戰爭的舞台上。

21世紀以來，隨著大量無人機被應用於戰場，作戰樣式不斷翻新。海灣戰爭中，無人機還僅僅限定於偵察監視、目標引導，可是到了阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭和反恐戰爭，無人機作戰能力日益凸顯，作戰樣式和方法呈現出新特點，讓世界各國看到無人機這把空中利劍，從此拉開人機（無人機）一體化作戰試驗序幕。

據報道，1993～2005年間，北約國家無人機總數增加了1.7倍，2006年前，這一數量達到11萬架。美國、北約其他國家、以色列、南非都非常重視無人偵察機和多用途無人機的研制和生產。

2019年，世界上大約有30多個國家已研制出了50多種類型無人機，有50多個國家裝備了無人機。主要種類：“密碼”無人機、多功能無人機、人工智能無人機、長時留空無人機、反導無人機、預警無人機、隱身無人機、微型無人機、空戰無人機、測繪無人機、航拍無人機。主要回收方式：自動著陸、降落傘回收、空中回收、攔阻回收。

2019年9月14日，沙特阿美石油公司的一處“世界最大石油加工設施”和油田遭襲擊後，也門胡塞武裝宣布“對此事負責”，並宣稱其使用了10架無人機對上述設施進行了攻擊。2020年1月3日，伊朗伊斯蘭革命衛隊下屬“聖城旅”指揮官卡西姆·蘇萊馬尼在美國對伊拉克首都巴格達國際機場凌晨發起的一場無人機突襲中被“定點清除”。2020年底，亞美尼亞和阿塞拜疆在納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫（納卡地區）的戰斗中，無人機在雙方沖突中扮演重要角色顯而易見。尤其是許多軍事專家對阿塞拜疆國防部不斷發布剛從土耳其購買的TB-2“旗手”和以色列“哈羅普”自殺式無人機打擊亞方裝甲車輛、火炮、汽車甚至步兵陣地、S-300防空導彈畫面的視頻感到十分震撼。2020年12月，中東和外高加索地區所發生的局部沖突表明，無人機的作用正日益增大。基於此，有軍事家甚至預言，21世紀將是無人機發展的“黃金時期”，無人機勢必全面取代有人戰機，並成為21世紀的“戰場主角”。

目前，美國空軍計劃擴大無人機與有人機之間的有人與無人平台組隊，到2025年90％戰機將是無人機。也就是說，較大型飛機（F-35戰機或F-22戰機）能夠控制一支附近的無人機隊。如F-35戰斗機像一種飛行傳感計算機，能夠獲得大量數據，並自行聯系、分析和判斷，最後向飛行員的頭盔顯示屏上傳結論後，由飛行員對獲取的信息進行分析和處理，根據作戰計劃、戰場態勢、編隊配備的武器等制訂作戰方案後，再下達給無人機……實現有人機指揮無人機協同作戰的目的。也就是說，有人機與無人機混合編隊，把以往由地面控制改為空中控制無人機，由飛行員直接指揮無人機作戰行動。美軍設想采用模塊化設計，以便在未來戰場作戰需要時士兵從背包中取出無人機的零部件後組裝無人機，還可利用3D打印無人機。2020年8月，美國空軍在模擬空戰中AI擊敗了頂尖的F-16戰斗機飛行員，也有力證明AI飛行員能創造性地快速“思考”，將來可能超過人類飛行員技能為時不遠。美海軍新型MQ-25“黃貂魚”艦載無人加油機將於2021年試飛，2024年具備初始作戰能力，有利於航母艦載機擴大作戰半徑。

俄羅斯從2013年起，配備了大量無人機，其中僅無人偵察機到2019年年底已超過2000架，其中大多數是輕型無人機，如參與敘利亞的軍事行動的卡拉什尼科夫無人機。下一步，俄陸軍部隊每個旅或師級單位將分別編有無人機連，空降兵部隊也將裝備大量無人機。俄北方艦隊將編有無人機團，在俄軍一些現代化軍艦上也將配備了無人機。另外，從2021年起，由喀琅施塔得集團研發的“獵戶座”察打一體無人機裝備俄軍。這種重型無人機可搭載多種制導彈藥，執行作戰任務。此外，俄軍還在試驗“牽牛星”和C-70“獵人”兩款重型無人機。這些足以表明俄羅斯在無人機研發領域已經取得重大進展。

以色列是無人機領域真正的先驅，研制的無人機不僅先進，而且還出口其他國家，已經裝備部隊包括“鳥眼”系列單兵無人機、“螢火蟲”無人機、輕型“雲雀-I”無人機、輕型“英雄”無人機、中型“雲雀-II/III”無人機、“蒼鷺”無人機等型號數百架無人機。20世紀80年代中期，以色列已研發出名為“哈比”又稱“鷹身女妖”的陸基發射巡飛無人機。“哈比”是一種能夠自主進行反雷達攻擊的“自殺式無人機，重量為135千克，可攜帶32千克的高爆炸藥，航程為500千米。由於保密原因，目前尚不知以色列國防軍裝備無人機的具體數量和型號。為了對付敵方的地地導彈等威脅性目標，以色列飛機工業公司正在研制一種高空長航時隱身無人駕駛戰斗機。該機采用隱身技術與遠距空空導彈相結合，可攜帶莫阿布導彈，突入敵方戰區後方，攔截和攻擊處於助推階段的地地導彈。

2013年2月5日，駐扎在阿富汗的英國軍隊首次采用微型無人直升機執行刺探軍情的前線工作。這種無人直升機安裝了微型攝像機，可以將拍攝到的畫面即時傳送到手持式控制終端機；可以繞角落飛行，會規避障礙物，以辨別潛在危險。下一步，英國計劃實現一架有人機能夠同時指揮5架無人機。據英國《泰晤士報》網站2021年1月26日報道，英國國防部投資3000萬英鎊，將在北愛爾蘭研發首支無人機部隊。報道稱，設計和制造原型機的合同已交給美國“勢必銳”航空系統公司。該公司在貝爾法斯特設有分部，合同預計將提供100個工作崗位。英國國防部計劃到2025年開始制造首架這種新型無人機原型機。它將配備導彈、偵察和電子戰技術裝備，成為英軍首款能夠瞄准並擊落敵方戰機、並能規避地空導彈攻擊的無人機。與其搭檔的有人戰機將能夠專注於電子戰、偵察及轟炸等任務，從而以較低的成本和降低英軍機組人員面臨的高風險。

法國海軍將在土倫附近的某基地組建首個艦載無人機中隊，為法國海軍航空兵第36F艦載機中隊。該中隊將裝備S-100無人機，搭載於海軍西北風級兩棲登陸艦上。此次艦載無人機中隊的組建，反映了法國海軍希望將無人機專業知識融入到一個單一專業團隊的願望。此前，法國海軍內部討論了建立專屬無人機中隊，以及在31F、35F或36F中隊中配備無人機的方案。

在2004年6月舉行的巴黎航展上，法國達索飛機制造公司展示的NX70神經元無人作戰飛機的全尺寸模型，使人們對歐洲無人機的發展重新產生了興趣。伊朗、土耳其、阿聯酋……一些新的國家打亂了無人機地緣政治格局，正在書寫新的一頁。

可以預測，無人機必將成為世界各國武器裝備發展中的最大亮點，成為21世紀陸戰、海戰、空戰、天戰的“撒手鐧”，成為攻防作戰中一種新生作戰力量，既能使用自身攜帶的多種對地攻擊武器對敵前沿和縱深地區地面軍事目標進行打擊，也能使用空對地導彈或炸彈對敵防空武器實施壓制；既能使用反坦克導彈等武器對敵坦克或坦克群進行攻擊，也能使用集束炸彈等武器對敵地面部隊進行轟炸；既能發現目標、判斷目標價值後就可自主發射導彈，也能對敵方指揮控制系統進行欺騙干擾，等等。世界軍事強國將掀起組建“人機（機器人無人機）”一體部隊爭鋒

隨著軍民融合的深度推進，人工智能技術的突飛猛進，大數據、雲計算、物聯網的日新月異，不僅給無人化武器裝備發展帶來巨大變革，而且還將顛覆現有軍隊力量組建形態，“人機（機器人無人機）”一體化智能型軍隊必將到來。

2015年12月，俄軍在敘利亞戰場上除派出傳統作戰力量外，還首次成建制派出一個以無人作戰平台為主的機器人作戰連參加戰斗。該連采取有人無人混合編組的新型作戰模式，構建起以“仙女座-D”自動化指揮系統為核心的智能化作戰體系，采用全維偵察和飽和攻擊相結合的作戰方式對754.5高地發起進攻，順利奪佔高地。幾年前，負責遠征作戰的美國海軍官員就提到過打造千只人機結合戰艦的願景，即由人類控制的，由相互協同的無人艦組成的更大艦隊。美國海軍宣布，計劃未來5年打造一支由10艘大型無人水面艦艇組成的無人艦隊，用於獨立作戰或與水面部隊聯合作戰。根據美國海軍當前披露的構想方案，大型無人水面艦艇組成的無人艦隊將主要協助海軍完成高度危險的作戰任務，通過與“宙斯盾”作戰系統以及其他傳感器相結合，提升有人及無人系統的協同作戰能力，其部署將有助於減少大型有人戰艦的數量需求，減少作戰中的人員傷亡。國家利益網2021年1月20日消息，美國海軍作戰部長邁克爾·吉爾戴在1月11日發布《海軍作戰部長導航計劃》文件，呼籲建立包括大型戰艦、各型無人艦、潛航器和空襲裝備的人機混合艦隊，為未來幾十年的新威脅環境做好全域作戰准備。文件中寫道：“要建立滿足部隊戰略和戰役需求的，水下、水面和水上平台，有人與無人平台混合的更大艦隊。”

在“人機（機器人無人機）”一體部隊中，靠人工智能技術達到“人機”有機結合，靠雲計算、新算法、大數據擬制“人機”協同作戰計劃。人工智能就像一台發動機，大數據+雲計算就如宇宙飛船，智能機器人就是宇航員，三者有機結合定能如虎添翼、人機一體。未來軍隊就是人機結合軍隊，班排連長由人擔任逐步被機器人所取代，機器人由人為控制逐步轉變為機器人自主決策或者機器人通過人的腦細泡進行意念控制，軍營也可能出現無食堂軍營，部隊管理也可能出現由一名或幾名軍事人員率領多台甚至幾十台具有不同分工任務的智能機器人團隊，去完成以往班排連共同完成的戰訓管理任務，亦或是軍事訓練只有一名軍事指揮人員在指揮控制中心，通過視頻指揮控制訓練場所有智能機器人進行對抗訓練，或者遠程遙控機器人指揮員實時下達新的訓練指令、調整任務部署、變換訓練場。

對軍事人才智能素質的迫切需求，也會倒逼人工智能領域一級軍事學科的設置重新調整，未來軍隊院校也將開設智能機器人控制學科，建立有關人機結合實驗室和培訓基地，重點培訓既懂計算機控制程序、智能設計與管理、圖像認知、數據挖掘、知識圖譜，又能系統掌握智能科學與技術、具有創新意識的智能型職業化軍事人才。未來軍事人才必須熟練掌握智能技術、大數據應用、雲計算，尤其是能隨時利用3D或4D打印技術制作各種軍事裝備，精通智能機器人的控制程序、指揮方式、指令下達、調整任務，熟練掌握人機一體化自主作戰協同的要領，達到人的信息化科技素質與智能機器人的高效運作的最佳結合。此外，也不排除成立人機結合班排連、作戰模擬中心、假想敵部隊、作戰分隊、智能司令部、無人化旅、師等。屆時，軍事主官也可能人機各一或者機器人給人當下手或者副手。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/bq_208581/jdt_208582/9991323888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Advanced Military Satellite Navigation for China’s Intelligent Battlefield

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先進軍用衛星導航協助中國智慧戰場

現代英語：

The satellite navigation system, also known as the global satellite navigation system, is an air-based radio navigation and positioning system that can provide users with all-weather three-dimensional coordinates, speed and time information at any location on the earth’s surface or in near-Earth space.

The satellite navigation system is an important space infrastructure for mankind. It is an indispensable tool for a country’s national security and economic and social development. It has a profound impact on the form of war, combat style, and people’s production and lifestyle.

At present, there are four major global satellite navigation systems in the world, namely, the United States’ GPS, Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo and China’s Beidou. Global competition in satellite navigation technology is becoming increasingly fierce.

Standing at a new starting point of profound changes in the world’s military, and looking at the future battlefield with a high degree of integration of informatization and intelligence, intelligent navigation systems will come into being and play an important role.

Satellite navigation becomes a “standard” element of the intelligent battlefield

The future intelligent battlefield will present the characteristics of high-tech warfare, which will comprehensively use intelligent weapons and means under information conditions, realize efficient command and control, and implement precise and flexible strikes. Satellite navigation technology can provide high-precision, all-weather, large-scale and multi-purpose positioning, navigation and timing services for various objects on land, sea, air and space.

Provide a unified time and space benchmark for systematic operations. For the intelligent battlefield, there are many linked elements and the situation changes rapidly, which requires accurate positioning of combat units to achieve intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, battlefield maneuvers, offensive and defensive operations, and support and guarantee under a unified time and space benchmark, ensuring that all elements of the entire battlefield form a coordinated organic whole.

The basic function of satellite navigation is to provide accurate time and space references for various combat elements. Without an accurate and unified time and space reference, the precise command of joint operations may be out of balance, combat operations may be out of control, and intelligence fusion and target identification cannot be achieved. If the time error is one hundredth of a second, a target locked by more than a dozen radars will become more than a dozen targets, and accurate defense and counterattack will not be possible.

Under a unified standard time and geographic coordinate system, satellite navigation provides precision guidance for various weapon platforms, fine frequency calibration for electronic warfare weapons, and all-weather positioning and navigation for individual combatants, significantly improving the coordination and strike effectiveness of joint firepower strikes.

Provide synchronous situation cognition for combat command and control. Accurately grasping the battlefield situation is the premise and basis for commanders to flexibly and accurately implement command and control. The satellite navigation system provides strong support for battlefield situation awareness.

Since the 1990s, the U.S. military has developed a “Blue Force Tracking” system based on GPS and satellite communications to build a precise command and control system. The “Blue Force Tracking” system has effectively supported the U.S. military in forming a networked information advantage on the ground battlefield and effectively solved the problem of “where are we, our friends, and our enemies?”

Relying on the two major services of navigation positioning and position reporting of the global satellite network, the military has realized battlefield situation monitoring and sharing, which has become an important means for the military to “know itself”. At the same time, it has optimized the combat operation process, realized the issuance of combat orders at the minute level, and accelerated the development of the military’s command and control mode towards “integration” and “flattening”.

Providing a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapons and ammunition. In the intelligent battlefield, precision-guided weapons have become the “trump card” that determines victory or defeat. Using the satellite navigation system, the flight process of the missile can be corrected throughout to ensure the accuracy of the hit. It can be said that the satellite navigation system is a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapon platforms.

In recent local wars, the proportion of GPS precision-guided weapons of the US military has continued to rise: 7.6% in the Gulf War in 1991, 35% in the Kosovo War in 1999, 60% in the Afghanistan War in 2001, 68.3% in the Iraq War in 2003, and 100% in the Syrian War in 2018.

Intelligent battlefield requires satellite navigation to have new “responsibilities”

As the core and cornerstone of the precise and unified space-time system, the modern satellite navigation system must take on new responsibilities in response to the development needs of future intelligent battlefields.

In the era of intelligence, new combat elements represented by “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” will reconstruct the battlefield ecology and completely change the winning mechanism of war. Satellite navigation services need to adapt to the characteristics of the intelligent battlefield with wider dimensions, higher precision, and stronger system.

Navigation positioning and timing have a wider range and higher accuracy. The current satellite navigation system has achieved coverage of the earth’s surface. However, on the intelligent battlefield, it needs to extend to deep space and under the sea. The combat time domain and air domain are wider, requiring the construction of a comprehensive service system covering land, sea, air and space, with unified standards, high efficiency and intelligence, to form time and space information coverage at all times and everywhere, and to achieve more powerful, safer and more reliable time and space service capabilities.

For example, in the intelligent battlefield, unmanned combat has become the basic form. Autonomous driving of unmanned vehicles, precision approach of drones, and measurement of intelligent missile positions all urgently need to be improved by an order of magnitude on the basis of existing navigation accuracy to ensure higher navigation integrity, faster first positioning time, and stronger cross-domain capabilities of land, sea, air, and space.

The military navigation confrontation system is more complete and more powerful. The means of navigation confrontation in the information age is a simple confrontation form based on signal energy enhancement and interference attack. Navigation in the intelligent era is intertwined with detection, perception, communication, command, and decision-making. It requires a navigation capability level with higher power and faster effectiveness in any region of the world, the ability to intelligently adjust navigation signals, and the development of multiple navigation means such as quantum navigation, pulsar navigation, and deep-sea navigation. It is necessary to integrate navigation methods with different principles, methods, and carriers to achieve navigation confrontation capabilities at the system level and system level.

The bandwidth of navigation information interaction is larger and the access is wider. In the intelligent era, the role of cyberspace in the combat system is gradually increasing, and it is integrated with the navigation space-time system. The navigation information and cyberspace system that provide space-time position will connect the scattered combat forces and combat elements into a whole, forming a networked and systematic combat capability. This requires support for ubiquitous perception, left-right collaboration, and reliable and reconfigurable navigation capabilities, support for highly reliable, highly anti-interference, and readily accessible signaling channels, and timely acquisition of required navigation auxiliary information such as geography, maps, and images. On this basis, the real integration of communication and navigation is realized, achieving the effect of “one domain combat, multi-domain support”.

Adapting to the needs of military intelligence development and promoting the construction of intelligent navigation system

Judging from the development trend of the world’s military powers, facing the future intelligent battlefield, intelligent navigation systems are gradually building a space-time reference network and navigation information service network that integrates the earth and the sky, with space-based, systematized, on-demand and cloud-based as the main characteristics, forming a comprehensive navigation, positioning and timing system with unified reference, seamless coverage, security and reliability, high efficiency and convenience, and strong practicality.

The core of the transformation from a basic navigation system to an intelligent navigation system is to upgrade from “positioning navigation service” to “intelligent navigation service”, and the focus is on achieving the following four aspects of transformation:

The space-time benchmark is shifting from relying on ground systems to autonomous space-time benchmark maintenance. The space-time benchmark maintenance equipment of the ground system will gradually be transferred to the satellite, and the satellite will be equipped with higher-precision optical clocks and astronomical measurement equipment to form a more stable and reliable space-based space benchmark through high-precision anchoring and laser intersatellite measurement. The use of intelligent navigation systems can make ordinary navigation positioning accuracy reach sub-meter level, the timing accuracy will be increased by about 5 times, and the precision positioning service can achieve fast convergence of centimeter-level accuracy. Intelligent navigation can fully support the cross-domain integration of combat platforms, the doubling of the effectiveness of distributed lethal weapons, and the precise navigation of the entire process of air-space integrated drones from cruising to precision approach.

The satellite power confrontation mode is transformed into a navigation system confrontation. In terms of navigation confrontation services, the traditional satellite power confrontation mode will no longer meet the needs of the intelligent battlefield. Navigation system confrontation is the only way for the development of intelligent equipment in order to enhance the ability of troops to quickly adapt to the battlefield environment. Specifically, it includes precise release of navigation performance, heterogeneous backup of constellations, and global hotspot mobility. The main features are intelligent navigation signals and flexible theater reinforcements. Based on controllable point beam energy enhancement technology, energy delivery in hotspot areas, enhanced area expansion, deception or blocking interference, and digital transmission service guarantee are realized. In a high-interference and blocking environment, ensure service continuity and accuracy, and gradually release strength as the war progresses.

The simple integration of communication and navigation will be transformed into integrated on-demand services. It will provide deeper and broader navigation information services, deeply integrate into the military information network, and provide high, medium and low-speed classified and hierarchical navigation information services to users on land, sea, air and space. Reuse the favorable conditions of global multiple continuous coverage of navigation satellites to meet users’ communication and navigation needs in a global range and in any posture, and realize high reliability and strong interference-resistant search and rescue, position reporting, and signaling transmission. The navigation satellite space-based network interacts with the ground network information to build inter-satellite and satellite-to-ground high-speed backbone networks. Through miniaturized laser terminals and enhanced space routers, a stable and reliable space network is formed, equipped with a complete and standardized protocol system to support the autonomous and intelligent operation of hybrid constellation networks.

The computing resources of payload modules are separated and transformed into cloud computing resources of constellation. It will provide more intelligent space-based cloud computing services and reliable space-based intelligent support for intelligent weapon platforms. The main features are virtualization of onboard hardware resources and balancing of task loads. Through the configuration of public onboard computing modules, large-capacity storage units, and high-speed bus networks on navigation satellites, a ubiquitous space network shared resource pool is formed. The powerful data processing capability can support the autonomous establishment and maintenance of space-based space-time benchmarks, intelligent maintenance of navigation signal quality, and autonomous management of space networks. At the same time, it can provide computing, push, and storage services for complex information such as spatial position for various high-end users in the sky, air, land, and sea.

(The author is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering)

Above: Schematic diagram of satellite navigation system supporting operations.

Friday, November 12, 2021 // China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

現代國語：

衛星導航系統，即全球衛星導航系統，是能在地球表面或近地空間任何地點，為使用者提供全天候三維座標和速度以及時間資訊的空基無線電導航定位系統。

衛星導航系統是人類重要的太空基礎設施，堪稱一個國家安全和經濟社會發展不可或缺的重器，對戰爭形態、作戰樣式和人們生產生活方式有深遠影響。

目前，全球有四大全球衛星導航系統，分別是美國的GPS、俄羅斯的格洛納斯、歐洲的伽利略和中國的北斗，衛星導航技術全球競爭日益激烈。

站在世界軍事深刻變革的新起點，瞭望資訊化智能化高度融合的未來戰場，智慧導航體系將應運而生，並發揮重要作用。

衛星導航成為智慧化戰場的「標配」要素

未來智慧化戰場，將呈現資訊化條件下綜合運用智慧化武器和手段、實現高效指揮控制及實施精確靈巧打擊的高技術作戰特性。衛星導航技術，能高精度、全天候、大範圍、多用途地為陸、海、空、天各種物件提供定位、導航、授時服務。

為體系化作戰提供統一時空基準。對於智慧化戰場來說，連結要素多、情況瞬息萬變，要求對作戰單元進行準確定位，實現統一時空基準下的情報偵察、指揮控制、戰場機動、攻防行動、支援保障，確保整個戰場各類要素形成統籌協調的有機整體。

衛星導航的基本功能是，為各個作戰要素提供精確的時空基準。如果沒有精確統一的時空基準，聯合作戰精準指揮可能失調，作戰行動就可能失控，情報融合、目標辨識就無法實現。時間誤差百分之一秒，十幾部雷達鎖定的一個目標就會變成十幾個目標，精準防禦反擊將無法實現。

在統一標準時間與地理座標系下，衛星導航提供各類武器平台精確導引，給予電子戰武器精細校頻，給予作戰單兵全天候定位導航，顯著提升聯合火力打擊的協同程度、打擊效能。

為作戰指揮控制提供態勢同步認知。準確掌握戰場態勢，是指揮官靈活準確實施指揮控制的前提與基礎。衛星導航系統為戰場態勢感知提供了強大支撐。

美軍從1990年代開始，研發以GPS和衛星通訊為基礎的「藍軍追蹤」系統，用來建構精確化指揮控制系統。 「藍軍追蹤」系統有力支撐著美軍形成地面戰場網路化資訊優勢，有效解決了「我、友、敵在哪裡」的難題。

軍隊依托全球衛星網路的導航定位和位置報告兩大服務，實現了戰場態勢監視共享，成為軍隊「知己」的重要手段。同時，優化了作戰行動流程，實現了作戰指令分秒下達，加速了軍隊指揮控制方式向「一體化」「扁平化」方向發展。

為武器彈藥精準打擊提供增效利器。在智慧化戰場上，精確導引武器已成為關乎勝負的「撒手鐧」。使用衛星導航系統，能對飛彈的飛行過程進行全程修正，確保命中精度。可以說，衛星導航系統是武器平台精準打擊的增效利器。

在近幾場局部戰爭中，美軍GPS精確導引武器比例不斷攀升：1991年海灣戰爭為7.6％，1999年科索沃戰爭為35%，2001年阿富汗戰爭為60％，2003年伊拉克戰爭為68.3％，2018年敘利亞戰爭達100%。

智慧化戰場需要衛星導航有新的“擔當”

現代衛星導航系統作為精確統一時空體系的核心與基石，面向未來智慧化戰場的發展需求，要有新的「擔當」。

智能化時代，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」為代表的全新作戰要素，將重建戰場生態，完全改變戰爭的勝利機制。衛星導航服務，需要適應智慧化戰場維度更廣、精準度更高、系統更強的特性。

導航定位授時範圍更廣精度更高。目前的衛星導航系統，實現了地球表面覆蓋。但在智慧化戰場上，需要向深空、海下延伸。作戰時域空域更廣，要求建構覆蓋陸海空天、基準統一、高效智慧的綜合服務體系，形成無時不有、無所不在的時空資訊覆蓋，實現更強大、更安全、更可靠的時空服務能力。

如智慧化戰場上，無人化作戰成為基本形態。無人車自動駕駛、無人機精密進場、智慧飛彈陣地測量等，都迫切需要在現有導航精度基礎上再提升一個量級，確保導航完好性更高、首次定位時間更快、陸海空天跨域能力更強。

軍事導航對抗體系更全更給力。資訊時代的導航對抗手段，是以訊號能量增強與幹擾攻擊為主的簡單對抗形態。智慧時代的導航與探測、感知、通訊、指揮、決策相互交織影響，需要全球任意區域、功率更高、生效更快的導航能力水平，需要導航訊號智慧調整能力，需要發展量子導航、脈衝星導航、深海導航等多元導航手段，把不同原理、不同方式、不同載體的導航方法融合在一起，實現體系級、系統級的導航對抗能力。

導航資訊互動頻寬更大存取更廣。智慧時代的網路空間，在作戰體系中地位作用逐步上升，並與導航時空體系合為一體。提供時空位置的導航資訊與網路空間系統，將把分散的作戰力量、作戰要素連結為一個整體，形成網路化體系化作戰能力。這就需要支援泛在感知、左右協作、可信賴的導航能力，支援高可靠、強抗干擾、隨遇接取的訊號通道，及時取得所需的地理、地圖和影像等導航輔助資訊。在此基礎上，實現真正意義上的通訊導航一體化，達到「一域作戰、多域支援」效果。

適應軍事智慧化發展需要推動智慧導航體系建設

從世界軍事強國發展趨勢來看，面向未來智慧化戰場，智慧導航系統在逐步建構天地一體化的時空基準網和導航資訊服務網，以天基化、體系化、按需化、雲端化為主要特徵，形成基準統一、覆蓋無縫、安全可信、高效便捷、實戰性強的綜合導航定位授時體系。

從基本導航系統轉變為智慧導航系統，其核心是從“定位導航服務”升級為“智慧導航服務”，並專注於以下4個面向轉變：

時空基準依賴地面系統維持轉變為時空基準天基自主維持。地面系統時空基準維持設備將逐步向星上轉移，衛星將配置更高精度的光鐘、天文測量設備，透過高精度錨固和雷射星間測量，形成更穩定可靠的天基空間基準。智慧導航系統的使用，可使一般導航定位精度達到亞米級，授時精度將提升5倍左右，精密定位服務達到快速收斂的公分精度。智慧導航可完整支撐作戰平台跨域融合、分散式殺傷武器效能倍增、空天一體無人機從巡航到精密進場的全過程精準導航。

衛星功率對抗模式向導航體系化對抗轉變。在導航對抗服務方面，傳統的衛星功率對抗模式將不再滿足智慧化戰場需求，導航體系化對抗是智慧裝備發展的必經之路，以便提升部隊快速適應戰場環境能力。具體包括導航性能精準釋放、星座異構備份、全球熱點機動，主要特徵是導航訊號智能化、戰區增援靈活化。基於可控制點波束能量增強技術，實現熱點區域能量傳遞、增強區域擴展、欺騙或阻塞幹擾、數傳服務保障。在高幹擾阻塞環境下，確保服務連續性和精確度，並隨著戰事進程逐步釋放實力。

通訊導航簡單整合向通導一體按需服務轉變。將提供更深更廣的導航資訊服務，深度融入軍事資訊網絡，向陸、海、空、天用戶的高、中、低速分類分層次導航資訊服務。重複利用導航衛星全球多重連續覆蓋的有利條件，滿足用戶在全球範圍、任意姿態的通導需求，實現高可靠性、抗強幹擾的搜救、位置報告、信令傳輸。導航衛星天基網路與地面網路資訊交互，建構星間、星地高速骨幹網路。透過小型化雷射終端和增強型空間路由器，形成穩定可靠的空間網絡，裝載完備、標準統一的協議體系，支援混合星座網絡自主智慧運作。

載重模組運算資源分離向星座運算資源雲端化轉變。將提供更智慧的天基雲端運算服務，為智慧武器平台提供可信賴的天基智慧支撐。主要特徵是，星載硬體資源虛擬化、任務負載平衡化。透過導航衛星配置公用的星載運算模組、大容量儲存單元、高速匯流排網絡，形成泛在的空間網路共享資源池。強大的資料處理能力，在支撐天基時空基準自主建立與維持、導航訊號品質智慧維持、空間網路自主管理等任務功能的同時，可為天、空、地、海各類高階用戶，提供空間位置等複雜資訊的運算、推播與儲存服務。

（作者係中國工程院院士）

上圖：衛星導航系統支援作戰示意圖。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/12/content_302917888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍事智能化, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military Evaluation of Foreign Armed Forces Perspectives on Multi-domain Operations

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中國軍方對外軍多域作戰觀點的評估

現代英語：

The opening of each combat domain will inevitably lead to a new round of changes in combat methods. Driven by the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution characterized by intelligence, ubiquity and integration, emerging combat domains such as space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, and cognitive space have an increasing impact on future operations. The concept of “multi-domain combat” has emerged through cross-domain collaboration with traditional land, sea, and air combat domains to achieve complementary advantages and system efficiency, and is becoming a new combat theory that adapts to the evolution of war forms.

The concept of “multi-domain combat” was first proposed by the US military. Subsequently, the United Kingdom, France, and other NATO member states have developed the concept of “multi-domain combat” in different forms. Israel was the first to apply the concept of “multi-domain operations” in actual combat. The Russian army innovatively proposed its own “multi-domain operations” theory from the perspective of its opponents. At present, the concept of “multi-domain operations” has become an important concept that triggers a new round of changes and transformations in foreign military operations.

The concept of “multi-domain operations” is a new operational concept first proposed by the US Army and jointly promoted by other services based on the changes in operational methods in the information age.

The US military believes that the winning mechanism of the concept of “multi-domain operations” is to form multiple advantages in a specific time window through the rapid and continuous integration of all war domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace) and force the enemy into a dilemma. The U.S. Army proposed to be guided by the idea of ​​”global integrated operations” and the concept of “cross-domain collaboration”, and strive to form an asymmetric advantage in future wars through “multi-domain operations”. The multi-domain task force (brigade level) will be the core combat force of the U.S. Army to implement multi-domain operations, integrating artillery, land-based tactical missiles, land aviation, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, space and air defense forces, and forming multi-domain combat capabilities through cross-domain mixed formations. The U.S. Air Force actively responded to the concept of “multi-domain operations”, focused on building a joint combat command and control system, proposed the concept of multi-domain command and control, and focused on developing advanced combat management systems, sinking multi-domain operations to the tactical level to improve the agility and cross-domain collaboration capabilities of future operations. The U.S. Navy has absorbed the core idea of ​​the “multi-domain combat” concept, proposed to build an “integrated global maritime military force”, focused on developing the “distributed lethality” combat concept, and proposed to strengthen the design and exercise of global combat.

The U.S. Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff have gathered the ideas and mechanisms of the new combat concept of “multi-domain combat” of the military services, and proposed the top-level concept of “global combat”, aiming to form a new round of asymmetric advantages, lead the transformation of combat methods and military transformation. The global combat concept is centered on joint global command and control, aiming to integrate traditional combat domains with space, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum, air defense and anti-missile and cognitive domain capabilities, and compete with global competitors in a full-spectrum environment. It is reported that the concept is still in its infancy and is undergoing theoretical deepening, experimental verification, exercise evaluation and doctrine transformation, and is constantly enriching its conceptual core through multiple work lines. Among them, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff leads the transformation of concepts into policies, doctrines and requirements; the Air Force promotes the concept to maturity by developing advanced combat management systems, the Army by implementing the “Convergence Project”, and the Navy by launching the “Transcendence Project”. The US theater supports the development of multi-domain combat concepts and multi-domain combat modes through war games, project demonstrations and joint exercises.

Based on the perspective of reference and integration, NATO countries such as the United Kingdom actively participated in the development and testing of the US military’s “multi-domain operations” concept, and revised the operational concept in combination with actual conditions.

The British Ministry of Defense proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration”, which is consistent with the concept mechanism of the US military’s “multi-domain operations”, focusing on integrating operations in different domains and at different levels, preparing for the development of a joint force and maintaining competitive advantages in 2030 and beyond. The British Ministry of Defense pointed out that “integrating capabilities in different domains and at different levels through information systems, creating and utilizing synergies to gain relative advantages is the winning mechanism of the multi-domain integration concept.” The concept emphasizes gaining information advantages, shaping strategic postures, building a multi-domain combat environment, and creating and utilizing synergies. The concept raises four specific issues: how to provide an advantage over rivals by 2030 and beyond through “multi-domain integration”; how to achieve cross-domain integration of the Ministry of Defense in cooperation with allies, governments and civilian departments; how to solve the policy issues involved in the concept of “multi-domain integration”; how to promote research on defense concepts, capabilities and war development. With this as a starting point, the British Army has launched a multi-faceted, step-by-step, and systematic military transformation.

Other NATO countries are also jointly developing and innovatively applying the concept of “multi-domain operations” to varying degrees, and promoting the transformation and implementation of the concept of “multi-domain operations” in the form of joint exercises and allied cooperation. In 2019, the US Army led the “Joint Operational Assessment (2019)” exercise, which aimed to assess the combat capabilities of the Indo-Pacific Command’s multi-domain task force. Forces from France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries formed a multinational task force to participate in the exercise, which assessed the multi-domain combat concepts, formations and capabilities in the combat environment from 2025 to 2028. In October 2019, the NATO Joint Air Power Competition Center held a meeting on “Shaping NATO’s Future Multi-Domain Combat Posture”. In order to shape NATO’s future multi-domain combat posture, it explored and studied military thinking, multi-domain combat forces, multi-domain combat operations and training joint forces. In June 2020, the NATO Command and Control Center of Excellence released a white paper on the Multi-Domain Operations Command and Control Demonstration Platform, which aims to respond to threats and challenges in multiple operational domains with a decentralized, data-driven integrated environment by bridging the command and control gap between technology and operators, tactics and campaign levels, and academia and the military.

Based on the perspective of its opponents, the Russian army seeks a way to crack it on the one hand, and on the other hand, based on the winning mechanism of “cross-domain operations”, it combines its own characteristics to innovate combat theories

After the US military proposed the concept of “multi-domain operations”, the Russian army actively sought a way to crack it based on its own security interests. In December 2020, the Russian magazine “Air and Space Power Theory and Practice” published an article titled “Argument for the Use of Aviation Power to Break the Enemy’s Large-Scale Joint Air Strikes in Multi-Domain Operations”, which stated that large-scale joint air strikes are the initial stage for NATO countries to implement multi-domain operations. Large-scale coordinated operations will be carried out against Russia’s most important key facilities, creating conditions for subsequent decisive actions by NATO joint armed forces. The Russian army must comprehensively use the reconnaissance and strike system composed of the aviation forces of the theater forces to cause unbearable losses to the enemy, break its large-scale joint air strikes, and force NATO’s initial stage goals of multi-domain operations to fail to be achieved, causing NATO’s political and military leadership to abandon the attempt to continue to implement multi-domain operations.

On the other hand, the Russian army proposed the “military unified information space” theory for the new combat method of “cross-domain combat”. Its core idea is: to use modern information technology to establish a networked command and control system to achieve the deep integration of the army’s command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, support and other elements, thereby improving the battlefield situation perception capability and combat command efficiency. The Russian military continues to promote theoretical development around the realization of cross-domain combat capabilities: first, relying on the unified information space of the army to establish a network-centric command model; second, introducing artificial intelligence into the command and control system to achieve the unification of the physical domain and the cognitive domain; third, developing network, space and underwater combat forces to gain advantages in emerging combat fields; fourth, establishing a unified military standard system to enhance the interoperability of forces and weapons. The Russian military has not completely absorbed the Western concept of “multi-domain combat”, nor has it completely denied the beneficial elements of the Western “multi-domain combat”, but has combined its own absorption of some advanced combat ideas of “multi-domain combat” to enrich its own unique combat theory.

Based on the perspective of combat needs, Israel took the lead in applying the concept of “multi-domain combat” on the Gaza battlefield, and used the multi-domain combat force “Ghost” as the main combat force.

The Israeli army believes that multi-domain joint combat is an inevitable trend in the development of future wars. For Israel, which mainly relies on ground combat, by integrating land, air, cyberspace, electromagnetic spectrum and sea elite forces, it can quickly identify, track and destroy enemy targets, and further improve the lethality of the Israeli army. This concept is in line with the concept of “multi-domain combat” proposed by the US Army. Under the guidance of this concept, the Israeli army formed the “Ghost” force and took the lead in actual combat testing on the Gaza battlefield. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in May 2021, Israel used the “Ghost” combat battalion for the first time to implement multi-domain operations in the code-named “Wall Guardian” operation against Hamas, which was called the world’s first “artificial intelligence war”. The Israeli army mainly relied on machine learning and data collection in this war, and artificial intelligence became a key component of combat and a force multiplier for the first time. In the operation to clear the Hamas tunnel network, the Israeli army used big data fusion technology to pre-identify and target, and then dispatched 160 fighter jets to carry out precise strikes, which greatly destroyed the Hamas tunnel network and achieved air control over the ground; in the attack on Hamas rocket launchers, the Israeli fighter pilots, ground intelligence forces and naval forces used command and control systems to quickly find targets and carry out real-time precise strikes, quickly shaping a favorable battle situation.

According to the Israeli army, the “Ghost” force is very different from traditional forces in terms of combat organization, weapon configuration and combat methods. The unit is temporarily organized under the 98th Paratrooper Division of Israel, including the brigade reconnaissance battalion, the ground forces of the Paratrooper Brigade, the armored brigade, the engineering corps, the special forces, the F-16 squadron and the Apache helicopter, as well as the “Heron” drone and other multi-domain combat forces. Through the use of multi-domain sensors and precision strike weapons, cross-domain maneuvers and strikes are achieved, “changing the battlefield situation in a very short time”. The battalion was established in July 2019. Although it is a ground force, it integrates multi-domain combat forces such as air strikes, network reconnaissance, precision firepower, electronic confrontation, intelligence interconnection and maritime assault. It is a battalion-level combat unit with division-level combat capabilities. After its establishment, the unit has continuously improved its multi-domain integration and cross-domain strike capabilities through exercises, and has quickly exerted two major functions with the support of the newly developed artificial intelligence technology platform: one is to serve as an elite weapon on the battlefield and fight in an asymmetric manner; the other is to serve as a test unit to continuously innovate and develop new combat concepts, combat theories and technical equipment, and to promote successful experiences to other units at any time.

現代國語：

褚 睿 劉瑤琦

每一個作戰域的開闢，必將引發新一輪作戰方式的變革。在以智慧、泛在、融合為特點的新一輪科技革命和產業革命的加速推動下，太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、認知空間等新興作戰域對未來作戰影響日益增大，透過與傳統陸、海、空作戰域跨域協同實現優勢互補、體系增效的「多域作戰理論」概念應而生，正成為適應戰爭形態演進的新型作戰理論。

「多域作戰」概念最早由美軍提出。隨後，英國、法國以及其他北約成員國均以不同形式發展「多域作戰」概念。以色列率先將「多域作戰」概念運用於實戰。俄軍從對手視角創新提出了自己的「多域作戰」理論。當前，「多域作戰」概念已成為引發外軍新一輪作戰方式變革轉型的重要概念。

「多域作戰」概念是基於資訊時代作戰方式變革，由美陸軍率先提出、其他軍種協力推進的新型作戰概念

美軍認為，透過所有戰爭領域（陸、海、空、太空、網路空間）快速且持續的整合，在特定時間窗口形成多重優勢，迫使敵人陷入困境是「多域作戰」概念的製勝機理。美陸軍提出以「全球一體化作戰」思想和「跨域協同」理念為指導，力求透過「多域作戰」方式形成未來戰爭非對稱優勢。多域特遣部隊（旅級）將是美陸軍實施多域作戰的核心作戰力量，集砲兵、陸基戰術導彈、陸航、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、太空以及防空力量於一身，通過跨域混合編組形成多域作戰能力。美空軍積極響應「多域作戰」概念，著眼於建構聯合作戰指揮與控制體系，提出多域指揮與控制概念，聚力開發先進作戰管理系統，將多域作戰向戰術級下沉，以提高未來作戰的敏捷性和跨域協同能力。美國海軍吸納“多域作戰”概念的核心思想，提出打造“一體化全局海上軍事力量”，重點開發“分佈式殺傷”作戰概念，提出加強全局作戰設計和演習。

美國國防部和參聯會匯集軍種「多域作戰」新型作戰概念的思想與機理，提出了「全局作戰」頂層概念，旨在瞄準形成新一輪非對稱優勢，牽引作戰方式變革與軍事轉型。全局作戰概念以聯合全局指揮與控制為核心，旨在將傳統作戰域與太空、網絡空間、電磁頻譜、防空反導和認知領域等能力整合在一起，與全球性競爭對手在全頻譜的環境中競爭。據悉，該概念目前尚處於萌芽期，正在進行理論深化、試驗驗證、演習評估和條令轉化，並通過多條工作線，不斷豐富其概念內核。其中美軍參聯會領導概念向政策、條令和需求轉化；空軍通過開發先進作戰管理系統、陸軍通過實施“融合項目”、海軍通過啟動“超越項目”共同推動該概念走向成熟。美戰區透過兵棋推演、項目展示和聯合演習等形式支援多域作戰概念和多域作戰模式開發。

英國等北約國家基於借鑑與融入視角，積極參與美軍「多域作戰」概念的發展與試驗，並結合實際修訂作戰概念

英國國防部提出了「多域融合」概念，與美軍「多域作戰」概念機理相一致，著重於整合不同領域和不同層次的作戰，為2030年及以後發展一支聯合部隊、保持競爭優勢做準備。英國國防部指出，「透過資訊系統整合不同領域和不同層級的能力，創造和利用協同效應，以獲得相對優勢，是多域融合概念的製勝機理。」該概念強調奪取資訊優勢、塑造戰略態勢、構設多域作戰環境、創造和利用協同效應。該概念提出4個具體問題：如何透過「多域融合」為2030年及以後提供超越對手的優勢；如何實現國防部與盟友、政府和民事部門合作的跨域融合；如何解決「多域融合」概念涉及的政策問題；如何促進國防概念、能力和戰爭發展方面的研究。以此為抓手，英軍開啟了多面向、分步驟、體系化的軍事轉型。

其他北約國家也正在不同程度地聯合開發和創新運用「多域作戰」概念，並以聯合演習、盟國協作等形式推動「多域作戰」概念轉化落地。 2019年美陸軍領導開展的、旨在評估印太司令部多域特遣部隊作戰能力的「聯合作戰評估（2019）」演習中，法國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭等國部隊組成多國任務組織參與其中，評估了2025-2028年作戰環境下的多域作戰概念、編組、能力。 2019年10月，北約聯合空中力量競爭中心召開了「塑造北約未來的多域作戰態勢」會議，為塑造北約未來多域作戰態勢，從軍事思想、多域作戰力量、多域作戰行動和訓練聯合部隊等方面進行了探索和研究。 2020年6月，北約指揮控制卓越中心發布了多域作戰指揮控制演示平台白皮書，旨在通過彌合技術和作戰人員、戰術和戰役層面、學術界和軍方之間的指揮控制鴻溝，以分散、數據驅動的綜合環境來應對多個作戰域的威脅與挑戰。

俄軍基於對手視角，一方面尋求破解之道，另一方面基於「跨域作戰」制勝機理，結合自身特點創新作戰理論

美軍提出「多域作戰」概念後，俄軍基於自身安全利益考量，積極尋求破解之道。 2020年12月，俄羅斯《空天力量理論與實踐》雜志刊發《論證運用航空力量打破敵方多域作戰中大規模聯合空襲》的文章，認為大規模聯合空襲是北約國家實施多域作戰的初始階段，將對俄羅斯最為重要的關鍵設施實施大規模協同作戰，為北約聯合武裝力量後續決定性行動創造條件。俄軍必須綜合運用戰區部隊的航空力量組成的偵察打擊系統，給敵造成無法承受的損失，打破其大規模聯合空襲，迫使北約多域作戰初始階段目標無法實現，致使北約政治軍事領導層放棄繼續實施多域作戰的企圖。

另一方面，俄軍針對「跨域作戰」這種新型作戰方式，提出了「軍隊統一資訊空間」理論，其核心思想是：利用現代資訊技術建立網絡化的指揮控制系統，以實現全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等要素的深度融合，進而提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。圍繞實現跨域作戰能力，俄軍持續推進理論開發：一是依托軍隊統一資訊空間，建立網絡中心指揮模式；二是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統，實現物理域與認知域的統一；三是發展網絡、太空和水下作戰力量，爭取新興作戰領域優勢；四是建立統一的軍事標準體系，提升兵力兵器互操作能力。俄軍沒有全盤吸收西方「多域作戰」概念，也沒有全盤否定西方「多域作戰」有益成分，而是結合自身將「多域​​作戰」的一些先進作戰思想吸收，充實自身特色的作戰理論。

以色列基於作戰需求視角，率先運用「多域作戰」概念於加薩戰場，將多域作戰力量「幽靈」部隊作為主要作戰力量

以軍認為，多域聯合作戰是未來戰爭發展的必然趨勢，對於以地面作戰為主的以色列而言，透過整合陸上、空中、網絡空間、電磁頻譜和海上精銳力量，迅速識別、追踪和摧毀敵方目標，能夠進一步提高以軍的殺傷力。這一理念與美陸軍提出的「多域作戰」概念一脈相承。在這一理念的指導下，以軍組建了「幽靈」部隊，並率先在加薩戰場上進行了實戰檢驗。在2021年5月的巴以沖突中，以色列在對哈馬斯的代號為「城牆衛士」行動中首次運用「幽靈」戰鬥營實施了多域作戰，被稱為世界上第一場「人工智慧戰爭」。以軍在這場戰爭中主要依靠機器學習和數據收集，人工智慧首次成為作戰的關鍵組成部分和力量倍增器。在對哈馬斯地道網的清除行動中，以軍通過大數據融合技術進行預先識別和瞄準，而後出動戰機160架次進行精確打擊，極大破壞了哈馬斯的地道網，實現以空制地；在對哈馬斯火箭發射裝置的打擊中，以軍戰鬥機飛行員、地面情報部隊和海軍部隊之間使用和控制系統，快速指揮目標

根據以軍的說法，「幽靈」部隊在作戰編成、武器配置和作戰方式等方面與傳統部隊迥然不同。該部隊編制暫屬以色列第98傘兵師，包括旅偵察營、傘兵旅的地面部隊，裝甲旅、工程兵、特種部隊，F-16中隊和阿帕奇直升機，以及“蒼鷺”無人機等多域作戰力量，通過使用多域傳感器和精確打擊武器，實現跨域機動與打擊，“在極短時間內改變戰場局勢”。該營成立於2019年7月，雖然是一支地面部隊，但它整合了空中打擊、網絡偵防、精確火力、電子對抗、情報互聯以及海上突擊等多域作戰力量，是具備師旅級作戰能力的營級作戰單元。該部隊組建以後，不斷通過演習提升多域融合和跨域打擊能力，並在新開發的人工智能技術平台的支撐下迅速發揮兩大功能：一是在戰場上作為精兵利器，以非對稱方式作戰；二是作為試驗部隊，不斷創新和發展新型作戰概念、作戰理論和技術裝備，隨時將成功經驗推廣到其他部隊。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/xxqj_207719/xxjt/ll/10068139888.html