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Chinese Military’s Cognitive Warfare: The Race to Dominate the Intelligent Age

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中國軍隊的認知戰：主宰智慧時代的競賽

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2020年3月19日 星期四

現代英語：

The widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has given rise to a new form of intelligent warfare, cognitive warfare. When the winning mechanism is integrated with the characteristics of the intelligent era, a new way to win cognitive warfare is formed. Optimal decision-making, vision-driven, clustered energy release, and unmanned autonomy based on cognition are typical characteristics of winning wars in the intelligent era, and have become the key to taking the initiative and winning in wars. The fundamental way to win in the intelligent era lies in cognition, and cognitive advantage is the basis for winning. Moreover, when the strength of the two opposing sides is equal, the advantage difference formed by the cognitive gap becomes the main factor for winning.

Winning through optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition

Decision-making is the key to victory in modern warfare, not only because of its important role, but also because in the OODA (observation, judgment, decision-making, action) loop, decision-making is the bottleneck that restricts the speed of the cycle. Intelligent cognition that integrates knowledge and action is a powerful means to break this bottleneck.

Optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition means forming a cognitive advantage over the enemy through artificial intelligence algorithms, and then transforming the cognitive advantage into a decision-making advantage, thereby gaining the initiative and winning. In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent means provide the intelligent cognitive capabilities required for war to the greatest extent possible, comprehensively perceive, reason, and judge the strength, time and space position of the physical domain of the two opposing sides on the battlefield, the power system and command system of the information domain, and the plan and possible actions of the cognitive domain, which continuously provide “input” data for the algorithm; the superior algorithm quickly analyzes, judges and compares the results of intelligent cognition, finds out the weak links or fatal points of the enemy, gives full play to our advantages and characteristics, and forms a scientific, reasonable and executable decision-making plan. At the same time, it also combines the combat capabilities and combat characteristics of the two opposing sides to further amplify the cognitive advantage, so as to achieve “second-level advantage becomes a winning advantage” and “a little advantage becomes a winning advantage”.

In this process, intelligent cognition is the foundation. It is the “data” of the superior algorithm, providing the correct source for correct decision-making and guiding the direction of operational decision-making advantage. Without intelligent cognition, algorithms and decisions will face the dilemma of “cooking without rice”, not to mention algorithm advantages and decision-making advantages. Intelligent algorithms are the key. Its input is cognitive thinking and its output is decision-making plans. It is the specific method and intermediate bridge for cognitive advantages to transform into operational decision-making advantages, and plays an increasingly important role in modern warfare. To this end, driven by intelligent technology, all countries have elevated the “algorithm warfare” that supports decision-making effectiveness to the level of “war”. In 2017, the US Department of Defense announced the establishment of a special “algorithm warfare” cross-functional team to unify the leadership of the US military in conducting “algorithm warfare” research and application. Decision-making advantage is the core, the true embodiment of cognitive advantage in the command field, the touchstone for testing the effectiveness of algorithms, and the ultimate display platform for intelligent cognition and intelligent algorithms. The wisdom of a commander is incomparable to that of a machine. It is integrated with profound decision-making experience and matched with unique personal command art. The decision-making strategies formed are ever-changing and difficult to capture. Only when the superb decision-making art is amplified and enhanced by intelligent algorithms can a truly winning decision-making advantage be formed.

Vision-driven success based on goal recognition

The war stage is never a performance of a single force, but a joint effort of multiple forces. How to make the various forces involved in the war work together and the various actions converge into one force is a necessary condition for winning the war. Therefore, before the war, it is necessary to formulate a detailed combat plan, anticipate various possible situations, and repeatedly organize combat coordination and targeted training for various actions. However, during the implementation of the operation, changes in the battlefield situation, changes in the intentions of superiors, changes in core tasks, changes in friendly forces, etc., make it difficult for this traditional coordination method to achieve the expected results, and often become a restrictive factor affecting the progress and outcome of the war.

In fact, every commander and every participating force has a beautiful vision for the combat mission in their hearts, and they may have an action plan to realize the beautiful vision. If these visions can be unified and spontaneously integrated into the overall action, then coordination will no longer be a bottleneck, and the concept of vision-driven will come into being. Vision is the prospect that people yearn for, the picture that people actively strive for and hope to achieve, and a strong expression of will, including future goals, missions and core values. Behavior driven by vision is no longer a compliance behavior constrained by rules and regulations, nor is it an investment behavior agreed upon by obligations and rights. It is more of a spontaneous and conscious dedication behavior. This is a state of mind, not just investment, but a feeling that one must take full responsibility for the realization of the vision. The role of this subjective initiative is unimaginable. The latest research results show that the reason why mental work causes fatigue is because people are subjectively bored with the mental work they are engaged in. Once the subjective initiative is restored and maintained, mental work will remain efficient for a long time. This is not only a source of power for innovation, but also a source of power for vision-driven.

The generation of vision-driven is based on cognitive ability and is determined by the level of intelligent technology. For war, a complex giant system with obvious social characteristics, common cognition supported by intelligent technology makes vision-driven possible. Each participating force, based on the core tasks and basic requirements clearly defined by the commander, develops its own combat operations, clarifies the relationship with other forces, and clarifies the specific list of support or support, thereby forming an individual action plan. The commander collects the individual action plans of each participating force, conducts comprehensive analysis and comparison, examines whether the core tasks can be completed, retains the reasonable content of the individual vision as much as possible, forms a flexible group vision implementation plan, and leaves each participating force with a large space to complete the combat mission independently. Driven by individual visions, all commanders and combat forces in combat give full play to their individual enthusiasm and initiative, and creatively play their personalized characteristics and roles; driven by common visions, they actively coordinate and cooperate with other forces to jointly complete combat missions.

Winning through cluster release based on group cognition

Intelligent swarm warfare is a popular topic at present. In fact, swarm is not a new concept. The inspiration comes from nature. Swarm behavior is a kind of collective behavior of organisms. Insects, birds, fish, etc. in the biological world all show swarm behavior. In particular, this swarm behavior can resist enemies that are several times larger than themselves and obtain more food sources, which is even more amazing. It is difficult for people to explore the activity patterns of the brains and nerves of these organisms, and it is difficult to directly grasp the root cause of swarm behavior. However, we can continuously dig out the organizational principles and operation methods of swarm actions from their performance patterns, and use artificial intelligence technology and modern network technology to apply them to human social life and the military field, and become the way to win the war in the intelligent era.

Cluster energy release based on group cognition means integrating a certain number of low-cost, miniaturized, unmanned combat platforms into a unified combat cluster, and achieving common combat goals through targeted and precise energy release. It is a comprehensive embodiment of the philosophical principle that quantitative change leads to qualitative change, and group cognition is the fundamental motivation for qualitative change. Without group cognition, the cluster can only be a quantitative change, and it is difficult to produce substantial changes in combat effectiveness. The reason why cluster energy release can win is that it has a multi-dimensional saturation attack capability that wins by quantity, distributed detection and attack capabilities, high anti-destruction and continuous strike capabilities, and system precision and intensive energy release capabilities, thus forming a subversive winning advantage.

Swarm combat is based on group cognition, which requires that in rapid action, each individual should accurately and comprehensively recognize his or her position and status in the group, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group or subgroup to which he or she belongs; the group or subgroup should accurately and comprehensively recognize the status of its internal members, accurately and comprehensively recognize its own status, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group to which it belongs. Group cognition in the intelligent era allows combat to simulate the collaborative behavior and information interaction methods of swarming organisms, showing the cluster characteristics of decentralization, autonomy, cluster recovery, and function amplification, and releasing combat effectiveness and completing combat tasks in an autonomous and intelligent overall collaborative manner.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition

In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent unmanned systems will fill the entire intelligent battlefield, and people will be less and less on the battlefield. Intelligent unmanned combat systems will become the new force of the intelligent battlefield. They have capabilities that humans cannot achieve, such as stronger battlefield adaptability, stronger weapon control ability, stronger reaction speed, stronger continuous combat capability, stronger self-protection ability, and stronger self-regeneration ability. In addition, they do not have the psychological pressure, physiological reaction to bloody scenes, sentimental human emotions, and fear of war-weariness and cowardice formed by humans in the face of fierce battlefield confrontations. All these indicate that the future battlefield of confrontation will be the stage for intelligent unmanned combat systems. Therefore, under the overall leadership of humans, actively and creatively understanding the battlefield, allowing intelligent unmanned combat systems to freely and fully exert their advantages and effectiveness, has become an important method to win the war.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition is to give full play to the active role of intelligent unmanned combat systems in the cognitive field. Machines and humans have different ways of thinking and different behavioral characteristics. Just like Alpha Zero can open up a new era of Go, machines can often create new spaces that are difficult for humans to explore. Therefore, wars in the intelligent era, under the overall leadership of humans, must fully provide a broad space for intelligent unmanned combat systems to display their talents, give full play to their active and creative abilities, and quickly absorb and focus on the huge energy brought by active cognition.

Intelligent unmanned combat systems show themselves. Human domination and machine passivity will make it difficult to bring into play the comprehensive advantages of intelligent unmanned combat systems. It is necessary to break the shackles of intelligent unmanned combat systems driven by the concept of autonomy. Only by keeping the basic bottom line and allowing machines to fight freely on the battlefield can the precise and rapid combat effectiveness of intelligent unmanned combat systems be demonstrated, and only then can they be fully and autonomously exerted in war, truly releasing the huge energy of intelligent unmanned combat systems in all aspects.

國語中文：

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人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，催生出認知戰這種全新的智慧化戰爭形態。當制勝機制融入了智慧時代的特點，就形成了全新的認知戰制勝之道。建立在認知基礎上的優算決策、願景驅動、集群釋能、無人自主就是具有智慧時代戰爭制勝的典型特徵，成為戰爭中贏得主動、爭取勝利的關鍵。智慧時代製勝之道的根本在於認知，認知優勢是製勝的根本，而且當對抗雙方實力相當時，認知差距形成的優勢差就成為獲勝的主要因素。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝

決策成為現代戰爭制勝的關鍵，不僅是因為決策的重要作用，更是因為在OODA（觀察、判斷、決策、行動）環路中，決策是限制循環速度的瓶頸。知行合一的智能認知正是破解這個瓶頸的強大手段。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝，是指透過人工智慧演算法形成對敵的認知優勢，進而將認知優勢轉化為決策優勢，進而贏得先機、贏得主動、贏得勝勢。智慧時代的戰爭，智慧手段最大可能提供戰爭所需的智慧認知能力，全面感知、推理、判斷戰場對抗雙方物理域的力量大小、時空位置，資訊域的力量體系、指揮體系，認知域的方案計畫、可能行動，源源不斷地為演算法提供「輸入」資料；優勢演算法迅速對智慧認知結果分析判斷比較，找出敵方薄弱環節或致命點，充分發揮我方優勢特點，形成科學合理、可執行的決策方案，同時也結合對抗雙方的作戰能力、作戰特點等因素，將認知優勢進一步放大，從而達成「秒級優勢成為制勝優勢」「一點優勢成為製勝優勢」。

在這個過程中，智慧認知是基礎，它是優勢演算法的“數據”，為正確決策提供正確的來源，指導作戰決策優勢的方向，沒有智慧認知，演算法和決策將面臨“無米之炊”的困境，更不要談演算法優勢和決策優勢。智慧演算法是關鍵，它的輸入是認知思維，輸出是決策方案，是認知優勢轉化生成作戰決策優勢的具體方法和中間橋樑，在現代戰爭中扮演著愈來愈重要的角色。為此，在智慧科技推動下，各國都將支撐決策效能的「演算法戰」提升到「戰」的高度。 2017年美國國防部就宣布成立專門的「演算法戰」跨職能小組，統一領導美軍展開「演算法戰」研究運用。決策優勢是核心，是認知優勢在指揮領域的真實體現，是檢驗演算法效能優劣的試金石，是智慧認知和智慧演算法的最終展示平台。指揮的智慧是機器無法比擬的，它與深厚的決策經驗相融合、與獨特的個性指揮藝術相匹配，形成的決策謀略千變萬化、難以捕捉，高超的決策藝術通過智能算法的放大與增強，才能形成真正能夠制勝的決策優勢。

基於目標認知的願景驅動制勝

戰爭舞台上從來都不是一支力量單打獨鬥的表演，而是多種力量的共同努力。如何使參與戰爭的各種力量能夠扭成一股繩，各種行動能夠匯成一股勁，是戰爭獲勝的必要條件。因此，戰前需制定詳細的作戰計畫、預想各種可能情況，不斷反覆組織各種行動的作戰協同和針對性訓練。但在作戰實施中，戰場態勢的變化、上級意圖的變化、核心任務的變化、友鄰部隊的變化等，使得這種傳統的協同方式難以達到預期效果，往往成為影響戰爭進程和勝負的限制因素。

其實，每個指揮人員、每支參戰力量，內心中對作戰任務都有一個美好願景，都可能構想有實現美好願景的行動方案，如果能將這些願景統一起來，自發地融入到整體行動中，那麼協同將不再是限制的瓶頸，願景驅動的理念應運而生。願景，是所嚮往的前景，是人們主動為之奮鬥希望達到的圖景，是一種意願的強烈表達，包括了未來目標、使命及核心價值。願景驅動下的行為，不再是規則、規定來約束的遵從行為，不再是以義務、權利來約定的投入行為，更多的是自發與自覺的奉獻行為，這是一種境界，不僅只是投入，而是心中覺得必須為願景的實現負完全責任。這種主觀能動的作用是難以想像的，最新研究成果表明，腦力勞動之所以會有疲勞感，是因為主觀上對所從事的腦力工作產生了厭煩，一旦恢復和保持主觀能動，腦力勞動將會長期保持高效狀態，這不僅是創新的動力來源，更是願景驅動的動力來源。

願景驅動的產生是以認知能力為基礎的，是受智慧技術水準決定的。針對戰爭這個社會特性明顯的複雜巨系統而言，智慧科技支撐下的共同認知使願景驅動成為可能。每支參戰力量圍繞著指揮明確的核心任務與基本要求，展開各自作戰行動的構設，釐清與其他力量的相互關係，明確能夠支援配合或需要支援配合的具體清單，從而形成個體行動方案。指揮者匯集各參戰力量的個體行動方案，綜合分析比較，審查能否完成核心任務，盡可能地保留個體願景中合理的內容，形成彈性的群體願景實施方案，給各參戰力量留有較大的自主完成作戰任務的空間。作戰中所有的指揮人員、作戰力量在個體願景的驅動下，充分發揮個體的積極性、主動性，創造性地發揮個性化特點和作用；在共同願景的驅動下，主動積極地協調配合其他力量行動，從而共同完成作戰任務。

基於群體認知的群聚釋能製勝

智慧集群作戰是目前比較熱門的一個方向，其實集群不是一個新的概念，這個靈感源自於自然界，集群行為是一種生物的集體行為，生物界中的昆蟲、鳥類、魚類等都會出現集群行為，特別是這種集群行為能夠抵禦體形數倍於己的敵人，獲得更加多源的食物，更是讓人們瞠目。人們難以探究這些生物頭腦與神經的活動規律，難以直接掌握集群行為的根本原因，但從其表現規律不斷挖掘出集群行動的組織原則和運作方式，借助人工智能技術與現代網絡技術，使之能夠運用到人類社會生活中，運用到軍事領域中，並成為智慧時代戰爭的勝利之道。

基於群體認知的集群釋能製勝，是指將一定數量的低成本、小型化、無人化作戰平台集成為一個統一的作戰集群，透過定向精準釋能，以達成共同的作戰目標。它是量變引起質變的哲學道理的全面體現，而群體認知是產生質變的根本動因。失去群體認知，集群只能是數量上的變化，難以產生作戰效果的實質變化。集群釋能之所以能夠制勝，在於它具有以量取勝的多維飽和攻擊能力、分佈式的探測與攻擊能力、高抗毀性和連續打擊能力，以及體系精準集約釋能能力，從而形成了顛覆性的致勝優勢。

集群作戰是以群體認知為基礎的，要求在快速的行動中，每一個個體應準確全面地認知自己在群體中的地位作用、位置狀態，並為所在群體或子群體提供認知能力；群體或次群體應準確且全面地認知自己內部成員的狀態，準確且全面地認知自身的狀態，並為所在群體提供認知能力。智慧時代的群體認知，讓作戰能夠模擬群聚生物的協作行為與資訊互動方式，展現出去中心化、自主化、集群復原、功能放大的集群特徵，以自主化和智能化的整體協同方式釋放作戰效能、完成作戰任務。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝

智慧時代的戰爭，智慧無人系統將充斥著整個智慧化作戰戰場，人在戰場上的身影將越來越少，智慧無人作戰系統成為智慧化戰場的生力軍，它有著人類無法企及的能力，更強的戰場適應力、更強的武器操控能力、更強的反應速度、更強的持續作戰能力、更強的自我保護能力、更強的自我再生能力，而且沒有人類面對戰場激烈對抗所形成的心理承受壓力、血腥場景的生理反應、多愁善感的人類情感、厭戰怯戰的恐懼心理，這些都預示著未來的對抗戰場將是智慧無人作戰系統的舞台。從而，在人類整體主導下，能動地、創造性地認知戰場，使智慧無人作戰系統自由充分發揮優長與效能，成為獲取戰爭勝利的重要方法。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝，就是要充分發揮智慧無人作戰系統在認知領域的能動作用。機器與人有著不同的思考方式、不同的行為特點，就像阿爾法零能夠開闢圍棋新紀元一樣，機器往往能夠開創人類難以探及的新空間。因此智慧時代的戰爭，在人類整體主導下，必須充分地為智慧無人作戰系統提供施展才能的廣闊天地，充分發揮其能動能力、創造能力，快速地吸取、聚焦能動認知帶來的巨大能量。

智慧無人作戰系統展現的是自我。人類的支配、機器的被動，將難以發揮智慧無人作戰系統的綜合優勢，必須在自主理念的驅動下打破智慧無人作戰系統的束縛。只要守住基本底線，讓機器在戰場上自由地搏殺，才能展現出智慧無人作戰系統精準、快速的作戰效能，才能使其在戰爭中充分發揮、自主發揮，真正全方面地釋放出智能無人作戰系統的巨大能量。

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-03/19/content_256988.htm

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Chinese Military Strategy Unleash Cognitive Power to Gain Victory

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中國軍事戰略釋放認知力贏得勝利

現代英語：

In intelligent warfare, cognitive space is the key combat space, cognitive advantage is an important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation is the main form of confrontation. It can be said that “there is no war without cognition”. Cognition contains huge combat effectiveness, among which the perception system is the portal, the thinking mode is the core, and the psychological factor is the cornerstone. Improving perception efficiency, building intelligent thinking, stimulating psychological advantages, and maximizing the cognitive combat effectiveness of officers and soldiers will greatly help win intelligent warfare.

Perception effectiveness is linked to combat effectiveness

Information processing theory holds that cognition is not spontaneously generated by the brain, but requires external information input. The complex battlefield information is screened by the perception system and then processed by the brain to generate intelligence for recognizing the opponent and judging the situation. In this process, perception effectiveness is the key, which directly affects the battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness. Samsonov, an expert on the history of World War II, said: “When the battle of Stalingrad was the most intense, a soldier could not survive on the battlefield for more than 9 minutes, and an officer could survive for 3 days.” Even though they are both soldiers, there is a big gap between the battlefield survival time of recruits and veterans. The difference in battlefield survival rate reflects the gap in perception effectiveness.

The battlefield situation is a ruthless examiner, the deadly artillery fire is a life-and-death test, and the perception efficiency is a sharp weapon for taking the test. The same test question is input into the sensory system of new recruits and veterans, and the output responses are very different: new recruits hear rumbling noises and panic, and self-rescue is still a problem, not to mention the ability to fight; veterans can hear the distance of the shells from the sound of the artillery, and can quickly hide and act decisively in the time difference between the sound of the artillery and the falling of the shells. On the battlefield where life and death are at the forefront, the perception system of combatants can only maximize their combat effectiveness if it responds “well” on the basis of “fast” and “accurate”. When war moves from the mechanization of “truth is only within the range of artillery” to the informatization and intelligence of “discovery is destruction”, facing the massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing ability appear “dull and slow”. Intelligent “sensing nodes”, “perception systems” and “perception nerves” with sensors as the core have begun to appear, which will help combatants get out of the perception dilemma and achieve fast and effective perception and decision-making.

Intelligent perception of human-machine fusion provides powerful assistance to combat personnel, but also puts forward higher requirements. It is necessary to open up the “Ren Du Meridians” of empowerment and empowerment to improve the quality and efficiency of perception. Empowerment means to train officers and soldiers’ perception systems in all aspects, reduce the “unfamiliarity coefficient” of complex battlefield information, improve the “adaptability base”, and effectively promote the transformation of perception resources into perception capabilities in the game between perception stock and battlefield variables. Empowerment means to extend, expand and make up for human perception efficiency with the help of artificial intelligence technology. People are responsible for non-logical, fuzzy and irregular perception parts, such as prediction of unknown trends, feeling of incomplete information, and messy and irrelevant perception, so as to obtain “data beyond data, information behind information”; machines process logical, clear and regular perception parts, and use expert systems, knowledge graphs, brain-like computing and other intelligent perceptions to quickly extract high-value information from massive data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and achieve deep perception of battlefield situation.

Thinking is the underlying code for success

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation of hard power between the two sides, but at a deeper level, it is a contest of thinking power. In war, even the most advanced equipment is subject to a strong mind. Thinking, as the rational stage of the cognitive process, is the underlying code that determines victory in war.

The thinking of an army is the fuse that ignites its combat capability. Closed and backward thinking is like a fuse that gets damp and moldy. Even if there is a strong foundation of strength, it may not be able to fully burst out and release on the battlefield. In the late Qing Dynasty, China had the largest number of soldiers in the world and the strongest Beiyang Navy in Asia. The material strength to resist invasion was still vulnerable. “Backward thinking” led to the painful lesson of “backwardness will be beaten”. After World War I, Britain, France and Germany developed mechanized weapons and equipment almost simultaneously. When the German army was determined to use the “blitzkrieg” theory to guide mechanized warfare, the British and French armies adhered to the concept of positional warfare, so there was the tragedy of the German army sweeping across the battlefields of Western Europe in the early days of World War II. One in China and one outside, one far and one near, all reveal a truth: every era has its own war form and a matching thinking mode. Whoever occupies the commanding heights of thinking can seize the opportunity to win. In order to take the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we must boldly change our thinking and always focus on the horizon where the mast has just emerged.

Good thinking: Look up at the stars and build a military technology thinking system. Engels said that when the wave of technological revolution is surging around, we need to update and braver minds. In the face of the increasingly approaching intelligent war, if we cannot get rid of the path dependence and cognitive inertia of mechanized thinking in time, we will be like Poland during World War II. Facing the “armored torrent” of the German army, we were reluctant to give up the “world’s largest” cavalry. Not only were we defeated on the battlefield, but we will also be eliminated by the times. To adapt to intelligent warfare, we should keep a close eye on the leading and cutting-edge directions of military science and technology development, break the barriers of thinking, step out of the cognitive “comfort zone”, focus on building a military technology thinking system, and enhance the sensitivity, cognition, and understanding of forward-looking, strategic, and disruptive technologies and new tactics that may be hatched from them.

Good use: Be down-to-earth and promote the implementation of military technology thinking. Advanced technology should be in the hands of good users. On the basis of renewing the old and embracing the new in thinking mode, we should accelerate the innovation of scientific and technological knowledge and the improvement of scientific and technological literacy, continue to promote the application of main combat equipment technology, improve the coupling and control degree between people and intelligent weapons, explore the potential of equipment and the “optimal solution” of technology, and “secondary empowerment” for the release of weapon technology value.

Changeability: Seek change and innovation, and foresee the future in the activation of thinking. Douhet, the father of “air supremacy”, said that victory only smiles on those who can foresee the changes in the characteristics of war, not on those who wait for changes to happen before adapting. Military revolution is like a 100-meter hurdle race. When the starting gun sounds, whoever stops before the solidified thinking will lose the race. War will not remain unchanged, and thinking cannot be done once and for all. Only by taking the future as the orientation, accelerating the activation of thinking with a spirit of daily innovation and a diligent attitude, can the road to future victory be illuminated by the light of foresight.

The focus of the competition is psychological balance

Intelligent warfare is not only a “core war” but also a “psychological war”. During the Iraq War, the US military deployed more than 200 psychologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to participate in psychological warfare. They targeted the psychological weaknesses, blind spots and sensitive points of the Iraqi army, and used the pervasive information “ammunition” and ubiquitous network “transmitters” to complete the “bloodless” psychological manipulation in silence. To adapt to the “heart” characteristics of intelligent warfare, there must be an overall design of “strong equipment” and “strong heart” to build together, and the construction of steel platforms and psychological platforms to support each other, as well as local efforts to break through single points, increase the use of “smart +” technology in the cultivation of fighting spirit, psychological assessment, and psychological training, improve the contribution rate of information and intelligent technology, and constantly sharpen the psychological advantages of participants.

“Use soft to overcome hard” and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit. Engels said that guns will not move by themselves, and they need brave hearts and strong hands to use them. Psychological checks and balances are wars without gunpowder smoke, and the essence is still the contest of material forces supported by spiritual power. To win this war, more steel and more spirit are needed. We should actively try to use intelligent technology to strengthen psychological advantages, use technology to boost morale, and use morale to multiply capabilities. Improve cognitive emotions, enhance will quality, and comprehensively improve soft killing capabilities.

“Test people” and strengthen psychological assessment. The practice of assessing and selecting soldiers has existed since ancient times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the athletic ability of young recruits was tested to see whether they could wear armor and carry out military activities. Those who could were called “victorious clothes” and those who could not were called “unvictorious clothes”. In modern wars, psychological confrontation is surging. We should actively play the role of psychological assessment, scientifically carry out stress psychological adjustment, and reduce the occurrence of combat stress reactions. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, such as face recognition and emotional analysis big data, facial expressions, sight directions, and eye contact times are captured and recorded to identify the internal psychological state and behavioral characteristics of officers and soldiers. Based on the assessment results, psychological adjustment should be made throughout the whole process, at all times, and in all dimensions. Psychological prevention should be done before the war, and officers and soldiers with substandard mental health should be found early, and “emotional impurities” and “psychological blockages” should be eliminated in time; psychological regulation should be done well during the war to ensure that the psychological state of the participants is maintained at the best level of combat, reduce wartime stress reactions, and improve battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness; psychological recovery should be done well after the war to assist officers and soldiers in achieving a smooth transition between wartime and peacetime psychological states.

“Training to strengthen the heart” means strengthening psychological training. Clausewitz pointed out that the bravery of soldiers is different from the bravery of ordinary people. The bravery of ordinary people is a natural quality, while the bravery of soldiers can be cultivated through exercise and training. Winning intelligent wars urgently requires the empowerment of psychological training. We should establish the concept of psychological training to produce combat effectiveness, make full use of artificial intelligence means such as computer vision, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality technology to build a high-stress environment for the virtual battlefield, carry out immersive relaxation training, battlefield psychological adaptability, psychological endurance, and psychological stability training. Through these trainings, we help the combatants to effectively enhance their psychological resilience and stimulate their psychological potential by experiencing the battlefield environment in advance again and again, and prevent the occurrence of psychological damage in war.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

國語中文：

在智慧化戰爭中，認知空間是重點作戰空間，認知優勢是重要戰略優勢，認知對抗是主要對抗形式，可謂「無認知不戰爭」。認知中蘊含著巨大戰鬥力，其中感知系統是門戶，思考模式是核心，心理因素是基石。提升感知效能、建構智慧思維、激發心理優勢，最大限度釋放官兵認知戰力，對打贏智能化戰爭大有裨益。

感知效能連著作戰效能

資訊加工理論認為，認知不是大腦自發性產生的，需要外在資訊輸入。紛雜的戰場資訊經感知系統篩選，再由大腦加工產生用於認知對手、判斷情勢的情報。在這個過程中，感知效能是關鍵，它直接影響戰場存活率和作戰效能的發揮。二戰史專家薩姆索諾夫說：「史達林格勒戰役戰鬥最激烈的時候，一名士兵在戰場上存活時間不超過9分鐘，軍官是3天。」同樣是士兵，新兵與老兵的戰場存活時間也有較大距離。戰場存活率的差異，折射出感知效能的差距。

戰場態勢是無情考官，致命砲火是生死考題，感知效能是應考利器。同一道測驗輸入新兵和老兵的感覺系統，輸出的反應雲泥之別：新兵聽到的是隆隆巨響和驚慌恐懼，自救尚成問題，更別提作戰之力；老兵則能從砲聲中聽出砲彈落點的遠近，能在砲聲和砲彈落下的時間差裡迅速隱蔽，果斷行動。生死一線的戰場，作戰人員的感知系統只有在「快」「準」的基礎上做出「好」的反應，才能最大限度地發揮作戰效能。當戰爭從「真理只在大砲射程之內」的機械化步入「發現即摧毀」的資訊化智能化，面對海量、多源、複雜、異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據，人類的感知速度和處理能力顯得「愚鈍遲緩」。以感測器為核心的智慧「感觸節點」「感知系統」「感知神經」開始出現，有助於作戰人員走出感知困境，實現快速有效地感知、決策。

人機融合智能感知為作戰人員提供了強大輔助，同時也提出了更高要求，需要打通增能與賦能的“任督二脈”，為感知效能增質提效。增能，就是要全方位訓練官兵的感知系統，降低對戰場複雜信息的“陌生係數”，提升“適應底數”，在感知存量與戰場變量博弈中，有效促進感知資源向感知能力轉化。賦能，就是藉力人工智慧技術延伸、拓展、彌補人的感知效能。人負責非邏輯、模糊、無規可循的感知部分，例如不明趨勢的預測、殘缺訊息的感覺、雜亂無關的知覺，以便獲得「數據之外的數據，訊息背後的訊息」；機器處理有邏輯、清晰、有規可循的感知部分，利用專家系統、知識圖譜、類腦運算等智慧感知，從大量資料中快速擷取高價值訊息，減輕作戰人員認知負荷，實現戰場態勢深度感知。

思考是製勝底層密碼

軍事對抗表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗，深層看則是思維力的較量。戰爭中，再先進的裝備也要受制於強大的頭腦，思維作為認識過程的理性階段，是決定戰爭制勝的底層密碼。

一支軍隊的思維是點燃作戰能力的引線。思維封閉落後，如同引線受潮發黴，就算有強大的實力基礎，也未必能在戰場上充分迸發釋放。晚清中國，兵員數量世界之最，北洋水師亞洲最強，空有抵禦入侵的物質力量仍不堪一擊，「思維落後」引發「落後就要挨打」的慘痛教訓。一戰後，英、法、德三國幾乎同步發展機械化武器裝備。當德軍決心以「閃電戰」理論指導機械化戰爭時，英法兩軍卻固守陣地戰理念，於是就有了二戰初期德軍橫掃西歐戰場的悲劇。一中一外，一遠一近，無不揭示一個道理：每個時代都有自己的戰爭形態和與之相匹配的思維模式，誰佔據思維制高點，誰就能搶佔制勝先機。要想在未來智慧化戰爭中佔據主動，必須大膽變革思維，始終把目光聚焦在桅杆剛冒出的地平線。

善思：仰望星空，建構軍事技術思維體系。恩格斯說，當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候，我們需要更新更勇敢的頭腦。面對日益走近的智能化戰爭，如果不能及時擺脫機械化思維的路徑依賴和認知慣性，就會像二戰時期的波蘭一樣，面對德軍的「裝甲洪流」捨不得放棄「世界上規模最大」的騎兵，不僅敗在戰場，也終將被時代淘汰。適應智慧化戰爭，就應緊盯軍事科技發展的主導和前沿方向，打破思維藩籬，走出認知“舒適區”，聚向發力構建軍事技術思維體系，增強對前瞻性、戰略性、顛覆性技術以及由此可能孵化出的新戰法的敏銳度、認知力、理解力。

善用：腳踏實地，推動軍事技術思維落地。要讓先進技術掌握在善用者手上，在思維模式吐故納新的基礎上，加快科技知識推陳出新和科技素養破舊立新，持續推進主戰裝備技術應用，提高人與智能化武器的耦合度、駕馭度，探索裝備潛能和技術“最優解”，為武器技術價值的釋放“二次賦能”。

善變：求變求新，在思考活化中預見未來。 「制空權」之父杜黑說，勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生才去適應的人微笑。軍事革命就像百公尺跨欄，發令槍一響，誰在固化的思維前停留，誰就會輸掉比賽。戰爭不會一成不變，思維不能一勞永逸，只有以未來為導向，以日新精神、精進態度加速思維活化，未來制勝之路才能被前瞻之光照亮。

較量重點在於心理制衡

智能化戰爭是「芯戰」更是「心戰」。伊拉克戰爭中，美軍抽調200多位心理學家、心理醫師和精神科專家參加心理戰。他們錨定伊軍心理弱點、心理盲點、心理敏感點，利用無孔不入的信息“彈藥”以及無處不在的網絡“發射器”，在無聲無息中完成“兵不血刃”的心理操控。適應智慧化戰爭「心」特點，既要有「強力」和「強心」齊抓共建、鋼鐵平台和心理平台建設互為支撐的全局設計，也要有單點突破的局部發力，加大「智慧+」技術在戰鬥精神培養、心理評測、心理訓練中的運用，提升資訊、智慧科技的貢獻率，不斷砥礪參戰人員的心理優勢。

“以軟硬”，加強戰鬥精神培育。恩格斯說，槍自己是不會動的，需要有勇敢的心和強而有力的手來使用它們。心理制衡是沒有硝煙的戰爭，本質仍是精神力量支撐下的物質力量的較量。打贏這場戰爭，鋼多氣更要多。應積極嘗試借助智慧化技術強化心理優勢，用技術提振士氣，用士氣倍增能力。改善認知情緒、增強意志特質，全面提升軟殺傷能力。

“以測識人”，加強心理測評。測評選拔士兵的做法古已有之。春秋時期測查前來徵兵青年的運動能力，就是看能否穿著甲胄進行軍事活動，能者稱“勝衣”，不能者稱“不勝衣”。現代戰爭心理對抗闇潮湧動，應積極發揮心理測評作用，科學進行壓力心理調適，減少戰鬥壓力反應的發生。借助人工智慧技術，諸如人臉辨識、情緒分析大數據等，捕捉記錄臉部表情、視線方向、眼神對視訊次，鑑別官兵內在心理狀態和行為特徵。依據評估結果，做好全程全時全維度的心理調適。戰前做好心理預防，早發現心理健康不達標的官兵，及時排除「情緒雜質」和「心理淤堵」；戰中做好心理調控，確保參戰人員的心理狀態維持在最佳應戰水平，降低戰時壓力反應，提高戰場生存率與戰鬥力的發揮；戰後做好心理恢復，協助官兵實現戰時與平時心理狀態的平穩轉換。

“以訓強心”，加強心理訓練。克勞塞維茨指出，軍人的勇敢不同於一般人的勇敢，一般人的勇敢是一種天賦的特質，而軍人的勇敢可以透過運動和訓練培養出來。打贏智能化戰爭迫切需要心理訓練的賦能，應建立心理訓練出戰鬥力的理念，充分運用電腦視覺、人機互動、虛擬實境技術等人工智慧手段建構虛擬戰場高壓力環境，開展沉浸式放鬆訓練，戰場心理適應性、心理承受力、心理穩定訓練等。透過這些訓練，幫助參戰人員在一次次提前感受戰場環境中有效增強心理彈性、激發心理潛能，並預防戰爭心理損傷的發生。

（作者單位：空軍工程大學）

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/31/content_297988.htm

#中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Understanding Chinese Military Information Support Force

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了解中國軍事資訊保障部隊

現代英語翻譯：

On April 19, 2024, the founding ceremony of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Information Support Force was grandly held in the Beijing Bayi Building. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. What kind of force is the information support force? What is the structure and layout of the new military service? What tasks does it perform? In response to these issues, the editor has compiled some official information, let’s study together.

What kind of force is the Information Support Force? The adjustment and establishment of the information support force is a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall cause of strengthening the military . It is a strategic measure to build a new type of military structure and layout and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It has important and far-reaching significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and effectively fulfilling the mission and tasks of the people’s army in the new era.The information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is the key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems . It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars.

What is the structural layout of the new military services?After this reform, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has generally formed a new military structure layout, including the army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services under the leadership and command of the Central Military Commission , as well as military aerospace forces, cyberspace forces, information support forces, and joint logistics support forces .

The main responsibilities of the four independent arms

Military aerospace forces: responsible for space strategic support missions, improving our military’s space situational awareness, space target monitoring and space information transmission capabilities.

Cyberspace Forces: Responsible for cyberspace strategic support tasks, improving our military’s cyberspace situational awareness, cyber attack defense and cyberspace combat capabilities.

Information support forces: Coordinate the construction and use of network information systems to improve our military’s ability to obtain, transmit, process and utilize information. Enhance situational awareness, command and control, and coordinated combat capabilities, so that our military has informationized combat advantages. Strengthen information protection, ensure information security, and improve our military’s ability to resist network attacks.

Joint Logistics Support Force: Responsible for logistics support tasks, improving our military’s logistics support capabilities and wartime logistics support capabilities. Strengthen capabilities in material supply, medical rescue, engineering support, etc. to ensure that our military can win the battle.

What are the significance and requirements of building a modern information support force?In his speech, Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is a key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems. It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. The following picture will help you understand the role and requirements of modern information support forces.

現代國語：

中國軍事資源：https//www.81it.com/2024/0520/14988.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Information Support Force, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army – Cognitive and Cyber Warfare Capabilities

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中國人民解放軍資訊保障部隊認知與網路戰能力

現代英語：

On April 19, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the information support force and delivered a speech. This is Xi Jinping’s speech.

On April 19, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the information support force and delivered a speech. This is the flag awarded by General Xi Jinping to Bi Yi, commander of the Information Support Force, and Li Wei, political commissar.

It is necessary to implement the thought of strengthening the army in the new era and the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the principle of building the army through politics, strengthening the army through reform, strengthening the army through science and technology, strengthening the army through talents, and running the army in accordance with the law. We must focus on preparing for war and follow the strategic requirements of system integration and global support. , forge ahead with determination, work hard, and strive to build a powerful modern information support force

　　■The adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic move to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and Effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance

　　■The information support force is a newly created strategic force and a key support for coordinating the construction and application of network information systems. It plays an important role and has great responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. We must resolutely obey the party’s command, fully implement the fundamental principles and systems of the party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively strengthen party building in the military, strengthen ideals and beliefs, strictly enforce discipline and rules, promote good styles, and ensure the absolute loyalty, purity, and reliability of the military. It is necessary to effectively support operations, adhere to information-led and joint victory, smooth information links, integrate information resources, strengthen information protection, deeply integrate into the military’s joint operations system, accurately and efficiently implement information support, and serve to support military struggles in all directions and fields. It is necessary to accelerate innovation and development, adhere to the fundamental traction of combat needs, strengthen system planning, promote joint construction and sharing, strengthen scientific and technological innovation, build a network information system that meets the requirements of modern warfare and has the characteristics of our military, and promote the accelerated improvement of the system’s combat capabilities with high quality. It is necessary to consolidate the foundation of the army, implement the requirements for comprehensive and strict military management, strictly manage education, maintain formal order, stimulate motivation and vitality, comprehensively forge excellent grassroots, ensure a high degree of unity, security and stability of the army, strive to create a new situation in army building, and resolutely complete the tasks assigned by the party and the people. various tasks

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, April 19 (Reporter Mei Changwei) The founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing on the 19th. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. On behalf of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, he extended warm congratulations to all officers and soldiers of the Information Support Force. He emphasized that it is necessary to implement the thought of strengthening the military in the new era, implement the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the principle of building the army through politics, strengthening the army through reform, strengthening the army through science and technology, strengthening the army through talents, and running the army in accordance with the law. Strategic requirements, forge ahead, work hard, and strive to build a powerful modern information support force.

　　At 4 o’clock in the afternoon, the inaugural meeting began, and the entire audience sang the national anthem. The guard of honor guarded the military flag and walked forward to the rostrum. Xi Jinping awarded the general flag to Bi Yi, commander of the Information Support Force, and Li Wei, political commissar. The main leaders of the information support force saluted Xi Jinping, took the military flag from Xi Jinping, and stood in awe with the flag. All officers and soldiers solemnly saluted the military flag.

　　After the flag-presenting ceremony, Xi Jinping delivered a speech. He pointed out that the adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic measure to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating national defense and military affairs. Modernizing and effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance.

　　Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic force and a key support for coordinating the construction and application of network information systems. It plays an important role and has great responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our army and winning modern wars. We must resolutely obey the party’s command, fully implement the fundamental principles and systems of the party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively strengthen party building in the military, strengthen ideals and beliefs, strictly enforce discipline and rules, promote good styles, and ensure the absolute loyalty, purity, and reliability of the military. It is necessary to effectively support operations, adhere to information-led and joint victory, smooth information links, integrate information resources, strengthen information protection, deeply integrate into the military’s joint operations system, accurately and efficiently implement information support, and serve to support military struggles in all directions and fields. It is necessary to accelerate innovation and development, adhere to the fundamental traction of combat needs, strengthen system planning, promote joint construction and sharing, strengthen scientific and technological innovation, build a network information system that meets the requirements of modern warfare and has the characteristics of our military, and promote the accelerated improvement of the system’s combat capabilities with high quality. It is necessary to consolidate the foundation of the army, implement the requirements for comprehensive and strict military management, strictly educate and manage, maintain formal order, stimulate motivation and vitality, comprehensively forge excellent grassroots, ensure a high degree of unity, security and stability of the army, strive to create a new situation in army building, and resolutely complete the tasks assigned by the party and the people. various tasks.

　　Li Wei spoke on behalf of the Information Support Force, saying that we must resolutely implement Chairman Xi’s important instructions, resolutely obey the commands of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, focus on preparing for war, faithfully perform our duties, and never let down the trust of the Party and the people.

　　The conference ended with majestic military songs. Afterwards, Xi Jinping met with members of the leadership team of the Information Support Force and took photos with them.

　　At the founding meeting, Zhang Youxia, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, read out the Central Military Commission’s order on the establishment of the information support force, the order on the appointment of members of the leadership team of the information support force, and the composition notice of the Party Committee Standing Committee issued by Xi Jinping. Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee , Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission He Weidong presided over the meeting.

　　Central Military Commission members Liu Zhenli, Miao Hua and Zhang Shengmin attended the conference. Relevant responsible comrades from all ministries and commissions of the Central Military Commission, all agencies directly under the Central Military Commission, all war zones, all services and arms, all units directly under the Central Military Commission, and the Armed Police Force, as well as representatives of officers and soldiers of all services and arms and the Armed Police Force, as well as representatives of civilian personnel, attended the conference.

　　According to the decision of the Central Military Commission, the newly formed information support force will be directly commanded by the Central Military Commission. At the same time, the designation of the strategic support force will be revoked, and the leadership and management relationships of the military aerospace force and cyberspace force will be adjusted accordingly.

國語中文：

4月19日，中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平授予資訊支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。這是習近平致訓詞。
新華社記者 李 剛攝
4月19日，中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平授予資訊支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。這是習近平將軍旗授予資訊支援部隊司令員畢毅、政治委員李偉。
新華社記者 李 剛攝

■要貫徹新時代強軍思想，貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針，堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍，聚焦備戰打仗，依照體系融合、全域支撐的戰略要求，銳意進取，札實工作，努力建立一支強大的現代化資訊支援部隊

■調整組建資訊支援部隊，是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策，是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措，對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義

■資訊支援部隊是全新打造的戰略性兵種，是統籌網絡資訊體系建設運用的關鍵支撐，在推動我軍高質量發展和打贏現代戰爭中地位重要、責任重大。要堅決聽黨指揮，全面貫徹黨對軍隊絕對領導的根本原則和製度，全面加強部隊黨的建設，堅定理想信念，嚴肅紀律規矩，弘揚優良作風，確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠。要強力支撐作戰，堅持資訊主導、聯合製勝，暢通資訊鏈路，融合資訊資源，加強資訊防護，深度融入全軍聯合作戰體系，精準高效實施資訊支援，服務保障各方向各領域軍事鬥爭。要加速創新發展，堅持作戰需求根本牽引，加強體系統籌，推進共建共享，強化科技創新，建設符合現代戰爭要求、具有我軍特色的網絡信息體系，高質量推動體係作戰能力加速提升。要夯實部隊基礎，落實全面從嚴治軍要求，嚴格教育管理，保持正規秩序，激發動力活力，全面鍛造過硬基層，確保部隊高度集中統一和安全穩定，奮力開創部隊建設新局面，堅決完成黨和人民賦予的各項任務

新華社北京4月19日電 （記者梅常偉）中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會19日在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平向資訊支援部隊授予軍旗並致訓詞，代表黨中央和中央軍委向資訊支援部隊全體官兵致以熱烈祝賀。他強調，要貫徹新時代強軍思想，貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針，堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍，聚焦備戰打仗，依照體系融合、全域支撐的戰略要求，銳意進取，札實工作，努力建立一支強大的現代化資訊支援部隊。

下午4時，成立大會開始，全場高唱國歌。儀仗禮兵護衛著軍旗，正步行進到主席台前。習近平將軍旗授予資訊支援部隊司令員畢毅、政治委員李偉。資訊支援部隊主要領導向習近平敬禮，從習近平手中接過軍旗，持旗肅立。全體官兵向軍旗莊嚴敬禮。

授旗儀式後，習近平致訓詞。他指出，調整組建資訊支援部隊，是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策，是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措，對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義。

習近平強調，資訊支援部隊是全新打造的戰略性兵種，是統籌網絡資訊體系建設運用的關鍵支撐，在推動我軍高質量發展和打贏現代戰爭中地位重要、責任重大。要堅決聽黨指揮，全面貫徹黨對軍隊絕對領導的根本原則和製度，全面加強部隊黨的建設，堅定理想信念，嚴肅紀律規矩，弘揚優良作風，確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠。要強力支撐作戰，堅持資訊主導、聯合製勝，暢通資訊鏈路，融合資訊資源，加強資訊防護，深度融入全軍聯合作戰體系，精準高效實施資訊支援，服務保障各方向各領域軍事鬥爭。要加速創新發展，堅持作戰需求根本牽引，加強體系統籌，推進共建共享，強化科技創新，建設符合現代戰爭要求、具有我軍特色的網絡信息體系，高質量推動體係作戰能力加速提升。要夯實部隊基礎，落實全面從嚴治軍要求，嚴格教育管理，保持正規秩序，激發動力活力，全面鍛造過硬基層，確保部隊高度集中統一和安全穩定，奮力開創部隊建設新局面，堅決完成黨和人民賦予的各項任務。

李偉代表資訊支援部隊發言，表示要堅決貫徹習主席重要指示，堅決聽從黨中央、中央軍委和習主席指揮，聚力備戰打仗，忠誠履職盡責，決不辜負黨和人民重托。

大會在雄壯的軍歌聲中結束。之後，習近平接見了資訊支援部隊領導班子成員，並與大家合照。

成立大會上，中共中央政治局委員、中央軍委副主席張又俠宣讀了習近平簽發的中央軍委關於組建信息支援部隊的命令、信息支援部隊領導班子成員任職命令和黨委常委會組成通知，中共中央政治局委員、中央軍委副主席何衛東主持大會。

中央軍委會委員劉振立、苗華、張升民出席大會。軍委機關各部會、軍委各直屬機構、各戰區、各軍兵種、軍委各直屬單位、武警部隊有關負責同志，各軍兵種及武警部隊官兵代表、文職人員代表等參加大會。

根據中央軍委決定，新組建的資訊支援部隊由中央軍委直接領導指揮，同時撤銷戰略支援部隊番號，相應調整軍事航天部隊、網絡空間部隊領導管理關系。

中國共產黨原文來源：http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2024/0420/c64094-40219888.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Controlling Cognitive Power: an Important Support for Winning Wars

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控制認知力：贏得戰爭的重要支撐

英文翻譯：

As the decisive factor in war, people’s thinking and cognitive level determines their role and ultimately determines who controls the war. In other words, mastering the cognitive control means mastering the initiative in war to a large extent. Finding ways to control cognitive control and then seize comprehensive control of the battlefield to achieve the greatest victory at the lowest cost is an important winning mechanism in modern warfare.

The deepest level of war confrontation is the confrontation of thinking and cognition

Thinking and cognition are powerful weapons for humans to understand and transform the world, and are the most fundamental support and deepest force in war confrontation. War confrontation is ultimately a competition and confrontation between people, groups of people, and their materialized weapons and equipment.

Thinking and cognition determine the quality of decision-making. In the “OODA” closed-loop link of war operation, decision-making undoubtedly occupies a central position and plays a key role. The essence of decision-making is thinking and cognition. The advantage of thinking and cognition fundamentally determines the advantage of war decision-making and can even offset the disadvantages in other aspects. When summarizing the combat situation in East China, Chen Yi once said that the higher our army is, the stronger it is. “For example, the battle organization above the brigade is stronger than others, the column is stronger, the field command is stronger, and the strategic guidance of the command is many times better than him.” This kind of “the higher it is, the stronger it is” organizational leadership and strategic guidance demonstrates the advantage of thinking and cognition, which in turn forms the advantage of war decision-making. The so-called “strategy and strategy, winning thousands of miles away” and “one soldier is a tyrant, and the general is a tyrant”. Correct decision-making is the greatest advantage, and wrong decision-making is the most fatal mistake. Seizing the advantage of war decision-making with the advantage of thinking and cognition is the primary factor in winning the war.

Thinking and cognition determine strategy and tactics. Strategy and tactics are the strategic methods needed to achieve the purpose of war. Different thinking and cognition determine different strategies and tactics, and different strategies and tactics lead to different war results. In the early days of the Great Revolution, due to insufficient cognition and lack of experience, our party simply applied the experience of the Soviet revolution and competed with the Kuomintang reactionaries for the central cities with weak forces, resulting in repeated setbacks; Mao Zedong combined the basic principles of Marxism with the specific reality of the Chinese revolution, proposed the correct revolutionary path of “surrounding the cities from the countryside and seizing power by force”, and pioneered the summary and implementation of guerrilla warfare strategies and tactics, bringing hope to the Chinese revolution. The strategic policy of “protracted war” is a scientific conclusion based on the correct understanding of the nature of the War of Resistance Against Japan and the national conditions of China and Japan, and the criticism of erroneous ideas such as “national destruction theory” and “quick victory theory”. Facts show that correct strategies and tactics are inseparable from correct thinking and cognition, the quality of thinking and cognition determines the quality of strategies and tactics, and thinking and cognition are important components of combat effectiveness.

Thinking and cognition affect the morale of the army. “Revolutionary ideals are higher than the sky.” The reason why our army was able to defeat the majority with the minority and the strong with the weak, and continued to move from victory to victory in the long-term revolutionary war, is very important because of the firm belief in the future of the revolution and the correct understanding of objective laws. The so-called defeat is like a mountain collapsing. In the North African battlefield of World War II, the Italian fascist army full of anti-war sentiment often surrendered without a fight and took the initiative to surrender to the US and British troops. They simply didn’t know why they were fighting and for whom they were fighting. An army that is full of doubts and even despair about its future and destiny will never have high morale and strong combat effectiveness, let alone win in the confrontation with a strong enemy. Only an army that bases its thinking and cognition on a firm and persistent revolutionary ideal and a clear understanding of the future and destiny can have the courage and strength to overcome all difficulties and hardships.

Control of cognitive power is the cornerstone of comprehensive battlefield control

Battlefield control refers to the control of the battlefield situation and its outcome by the two opposing sides in a war, including the main factors such as control of cognition, control of information, control of firepower, and control of action. As the core of war games, thinking cognition is the key to other control and the cornerstone of comprehensive control. Mastering the control of cognition means mastering the joints of battlefield control, and grasping the control of cognition means grasping the “lifeline” to victory.

Controlling cognitive power is an important destination of controlling information power. As a basic resource for the operation of information-based and intelligent warfare, an important purpose of controlling and utilizing information is to provide basic support for thinking and cognition. Only when thinking and cognition are based on sufficient information acquisition and possession can they form in-depth analysis, accurate judgment, and scientific decision-making, and promote commanders to make up their minds and organize troops to carry out operations. The reason why the popular stories such as borrowing arrows from a straw boat and the empty city plan were successful was that they took advantage of the opacity and asymmetry of battlefield information mastered by the enemy parties. In the Iraq War, the US military took advantage of its advantages in information technology to carry out a one-way transparent dimensionality reduction attack on the Iraqi army, which was still at the level of mechanized development. The Iraqi army’s command and decision-making were restricted by others due to its information disadvantages, and it soon lost the war. In a sense, modern warfare is a game of controlling cognitive power based on controlling information power. The basic logic of controlling comprehensive battlefield power and winning the war is to compete for information control power and then control cognitive control power.

The right to control cognition is the forerunner of the right to control action. Thought is the forerunner of action. Without correct thinking and cognition, there will be no correct decision-making and action. The so-called “decision before action”, this “decision” mainly refers to the fact that thinking and cognition decisions should be ahead of action and faster than the enemy. After the Zunyi Conference, Mao Zedong, with his keen perception of the enemy and our situation and scientific decision-making, commanded the Red Army to cross the Chishui River four times, cross the Jinsha River skillfully, seize the Luding Bridge, cross the snow-capped mountains, meet at Maogong, cross the grassland with difficulty, meet at Jiangtaibao… escaped the encirclement and blockade of the Kuomintang army and won the great victory of the Long March. The goal was to know the enemy first and move faster than the enemy. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the Volunteer Army’s highly concealed actions of marching, fighting, eating, living and hiding made the “United Nations Army” with modern reconnaissance equipment almost “blind” and “deaf”, greatly limiting its mobility and firepower advantages. The goal was to play to its strengths and avoid its weaknesses, hide the truth and show the false. Facts show that mastering the right to control cognition means mastering the initiative in action, which can fully contain the enemy, seek benefits and avoid harm, and defeat the enemy first.

The right to control cognition is a strong support for the right to control firepower. The so-called “speed is the essence of war” and “use speed to defeat the slow”, this “speed” not only refers to the rapid action of the troops, but also refers to the rapid firepower attack, and the latter is even more important than the former. In order to achieve fast action, fast response, and fast attack, we must take the initiative to detect the enemy, know the enemy, and predict the enemy. This requires thinking and cognition to be better than the enemy and faster than the enemy. During the Second World War, radar was widely used and became a weapon to expand human cognition. The Battle of Britain was the first large-scale air battle in the UK to deal with the bombing of the German Air Force. On September 15, 1940, the British Air Force intercepted more than 800 German aircraft with more than 300 fighters. With the help of radar, they took the initiative to detect enemy aircraft and occupy a favorable firing position. In the end, at the cost of losing more than 20 fighters, more than 180 German aircraft were shot down, which greatly dampened the morale of the German army and forced Nazi Germany to postpone the “Sea Lion Plan” to invade Britain indefinitely. Modern warfare has entered the “instant kill” era of discovery and destruction. Being one step faster in thinking and cognition means discovering and attacking the enemy one step faster, and the chances of defeating the enemy are greatly improved.

Strive to seize new advantages in cognitive power

Controlling cognition is an important magic weapon for winning modern wars. Adhering to the dual efforts of wisdom and technology, taking multiple measures, seizing the commanding heights of thinking and cognition, and seizing the control of combat cognition are becoming important aspects for the military of various countries to seize the initiative in war and gain combat advantages.

Deeply promote the innovation of the theory of control and cognitive power. As a new operational concept, control and cognitive power is in the initial exploration stage and has huge room for innovation and development. The army that can take the lead in the innovation of the concept of control and cognitive power, the exploration of mechanisms, the revelation of laws, the transformation and application of combat effectiveness, etc., will be able to seize the initiative in the competition for control and cognitive power. Therefore, we must truly take the innovation of the theory of control and cognitive power operations as an important support for seizing comprehensive battlefield control, seeking new advantages in our army’s cognitive operations, and thus winning modern wars, as an important part of the party’s military guidance theory innovation and the construction and application of new forces, and as an important part of building a world-class army in an all-round way. We must integrate high-quality resources and forces, increase investment, and produce more high-quality research results. Timely follow up and study typical cases of cognitive operations at home and abroad, conscientiously summarize practical experience from all aspects, combine the specific reality of our army, increase theoretical innovation, and form a theoretical system that is contemporary, leading, and unique as soon as possible.

Focus on the research and development of cognitive power technology. Science and technology are core combat power, core cognitive power, and core elements of cognitive power. The advantage of cognitive power is also mainly reflected in cognitive technology. In today’s world, military powers such as the United States and Russia attach great importance to cognitive warfare-related technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain control technology, brain control technology, situational awareness technology, and high-performance communication technology. They have increased their investment and made great efforts to seek innovative breakthroughs and seize the initiative. This requires us to effectively strengthen our initiative, consciously put cognitive technology innovation in an important position in the strategy of strengthening the country and the army through science and technology, actively carry out basic theoretical innovation and independent innovation of core technologies, and achieve what you don’t have, what you have, I am better, and what you are better, and firmly grasp our destiny in our own hands. At the same time, we should adapt to my country’s national conditions, military conditions and technical realities, explore innovative ways that suit us, form characteristic technical routes, strive to master asymmetric technologies, and form “killer skills” that can defeat the enemy at critical moments.

Solidly carry out the drills of tactics and methods of controlling cognitive power. Hard training produces elite soldiers. The formation of cognitive power depends not only on theoretical innovation and technological research and development, but also on the specialization and refinement of technical tactics and tactics. We must insist on incorporating cognitive operations into daily combat readiness drills, into specific combat action plans, simulate important combat operations, preset actual combat scenarios, and practice hard and intensively in an environment close to actual combat, so as to form the actual combat capability of real combat and real preparation, good attack and defense, and control and clever control. Timely summarize the successful experiences and beneficial practices formed in actual combat training and actual combat, reveal the internal mechanisms and characteristics and laws that run through them, form operational normative measures, and incorporate them into combat regulations. Strengthen the construction of basic elements such as training facilities, equipment, and venues, build a number of characteristic training venues based on the existing comprehensive training grounds, and carry out base-based specialized training. Strengthen training evaluation, formulate a capability indicator system, build an evaluation process system, and adopt scientific evaluation methods to improve the quality of training.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語：

人作為戰爭的決定性因素，其思維認知層次決定人的作用發揮並最終決定戰爭制權歸屬，也就是說，掌握了製認知權很大程度上也就掌握了戰爭主動。想方設法掌控制認知權，進而奪取戰場綜合控制權，實現以最小的代價獲取最大的勝利，是現代戰爭的重要製勝機理。

戰爭對抗深層是思維認知的對抗

思維認知作為人類認識世界、改造世界的強大武器，是戰爭對抗的最根本依賴、最深層力量。戰爭對抗歸根結底是人與人、人群與人群及其物化形態武器裝備思維認知力的競爭與對抗。

思維認知決定決策品質。在戰爭運行「OODA」閉環鏈路中，決策無疑居於中心位置，扮演關鍵角色。而決策的本質是思維認知，思維認知的優勢根本上決定戰爭決策的優勢甚至可以抵銷其他方面的劣勢。陳毅在總結華東作戰情況時曾說，我軍愈往上比愈強，「如旅以上戰役組織比人家強，縱隊更強，野戰司令部又更強，到統帥部的戰略指導更不知比他高明多少倍」。這種「愈往上比愈強」的組織領導與戰略指導，彰顯的就是思維認知上的優勢，進而形成戰爭決策的優勢。所謂“運籌帷幄，決勝千裡”“兵熊熊一個，將熊熊一窩”，決策正確是最大的優勢，決策失誤是最致命的失誤。以思維認知優勢奪取戰爭決策優勢，是製勝戰爭的首要因素。

思維認知左右戰略戰術。戰略戰術是達到戰爭目的所需採取的策略方法。不同的思維認知決定不同的戰略戰術，不同的戰略戰術導致不同的戰爭結果。大革命初期，由於認知不足和經驗缺乏，我們黨簡單套用蘇聯革命經驗，以薄弱的力量同國民黨反動派爭奪中心城市，結果一再受挫；毛澤東將馬克思主義基本原理與中國革命具體實際相結合，提出「農村包圍城市，武裝奪取政權」正確革命道路，並開創性總結實施遊擊戰爭戰略戰術，讓中國革命迎來曙光。 「持久戰」的策略方針，就是基於對抗日戰爭性質和中日兩國國情正確認知及對「亡國論」「速勝論」等錯誤思想的批判後得出的科學結論。事實表明，正確的戰略戰術離不開正確的思維認知，思維認知質量決定戰略戰術質量，而思維認知力是戰鬥力重要構成要素。

思維認知影響軍心士氣。 “革命理想高於天”，我軍在長期的革命戰爭中之所以能以少勝多、以弱勝強，不斷從勝利走向勝利，很重要的在於對革命前途的堅定信念和對客觀規律的正確認知。所謂兵敗如山倒，第二次世界大戰北非戰場，充滿反戰情緒的義大利法西斯軍隊經常不戰而降，主動向美英軍隊繳械投誠，根本是不知為何而戰為誰而戰。一支對前途命運和未來充滿疑惑甚至絕望的軍隊，斷不會產生高昂的士氣和強大的戰鬥力，更不可能在與強敵對抗中勝出。只有將思維認知建立在對革命理想堅定執著和對前途命運清醒認知基礎上的軍隊，才能產生戰勝一切艱難困苦的勇氣和力量。

制認知權是戰場綜合製權的基石

戰場制權是戰爭中敵對雙方對戰場態勢及其走向結果的控制權，包括制認知權、制資訊權、制火力權、制行動權等主要因素。思維認知作為戰爭賽局的內核，是其他制權的要樞、綜合製權的基石。掌握了製認知權就掌握了戰場制權的關節，抓住了製認知權就抓住了走向勝利的「命門」。

制認知權是製資訊權的重要歸宿。資訊作為資訊化智慧化戰爭運作的基本資源，其控制利用的一個重要目的在於為思維認知提供基礎支撐。思維認知只有建立在充分的資訊取得和佔有基礎之上，才能形成深入的分析、準確的研判、科學的決策，推動指揮員定下決心，組織部隊開展行動。膾炙人口的草船借箭、空城計等之所以成功，利用的就是敵對雙方對戰場資訊掌握的不透明、不對稱。伊拉克戰爭中美軍利用在資訊技術上的優勢，對還處於機械化發展水平的伊拉克軍隊實施資訊單向透明的降維打擊，伊軍指揮決策因資訊劣勢處處受制於人，很快就輸掉了戰爭。現代戰爭在某種意義上是基於制資訊權的製認知權博弈，透過爭奪資訊制權進而掌控認知制權，是掌控戰場綜合製權進而贏得戰爭的基本邏輯。

制認知權是製行動權的先導引領。思想是行動的先導。沒有正確的思維認知就沒有正確的決策行動。所謂“謀定而後動”，這個“謀”，主要是指思維認知決策要先於行動、快於敵人。遵義會議後，毛澤東以對敵我形勢的敏銳感知和科學決策，指揮紅軍四渡赤水、巧渡金沙江、飛奪瀘定橋、翻越雪山、會師懋功，艱難過草地、會師將台堡… ……跳出國民黨軍的圍追堵截，贏得長徵的偉大勝利，打的就是先敵而知、快敵而動。在抗美援朝戰爭中，志願軍走打吃住藏行動高度隱蔽，令擁有現代化偵察裝備的“聯合國軍”幾乎成了“瞎子”“聾子”，極大限制了其機動和火力優勢發揮，打的就是揚長避短、隱真示假。事實顯示，掌握了認知制權就掌握了行動主動，就能充分牽制敵軍，趨利避害、先機制敵。

制認知權是製火力權的強力支撐。所謂“兵貴神速”“以快打慢”，這個“速”不僅僅指部隊行動迅速，更指火力打擊快速，甚至後者比前者更重要。而要做到快動、快反、快打，就要先機偵敵、知敵、料敵。這就要求思維認知優於敵人、快於敵人。第二次世界大戰期間，雷達廣泛應用成為拓展人類認知的利器。英國首次成規模用於應對德國空軍轟炸的不列顛空戰。 1940年9月15日，英國空軍以300餘架戰機攔截來犯的800餘架德軍飛機，在雷達幫助下先機發現敵機，先機佔據有利開火位置，最終以損失20多架戰機的代價擊落180多架德軍飛機，極大挫傷了德軍士氣，迫使納粹德國無限期推遲入侵英國的「海獅計畫」。現代戰爭已進入發現即摧毀的「秒殺」時代，在思維認知上快人一步，就意味著發現敵人、攻擊敵人快其一步，制敵勝算就極大提升。

努力奪取制認知權新優勢

制認知權是製勝現代戰爭的重要法寶。堅持智謀和技術雙向發力、多措並舉，搶佔思維認知制高點，奪取作戰認知控制權，正成為各國軍隊搶佔戰爭主動權、贏取作戰優勢的重要面向。

深入推進制認知權理論創新。制認知權作為新作戰概念，正處於起步探索階段，具有巨大創新發展空間。哪支軍隊能夠在製認知權概念創新、機理探索、規律揭示、戰鬥力轉化運用等方面走在前面，哪支軍隊就能在製認知權爭奪上搶佔先機。所以，要切實將製認知權作戰理論創新作為奪取戰場綜合製權、謀求我軍認知作戰新優勢進而製勝現代戰爭的重要支撐，作為黨的軍事指導理論創新和新質力量建設與運用的重要內容，作為全面建成世界一流軍隊的重要組成部分，整合優質資源力量，加大投入力度，多出高質量研究成果。及時跟進研究國內外認知作戰典型戰例，認真總結各方面實踐經驗，結合我軍具體實際，加大理論創新力度，儘早形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的理論體系。

突顯抓好制認知權技術研發。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，也是核心認知力，更是製認知權的核心要素。制認知權的優勢也主要體現在認知技術上。當今世界，美俄等軍事強國對諸如人工智慧、腦控技術、控腦技術、態勢感知技術、高性能通聯技術等與認知戰相關的技術都高度重視，紛紛加大投入力度，下大力謀求創新突破，努力搶佔先機。這就要求我們切實強化主動意識，自覺把認知技術創新放在科技強國強軍戰略的重要位置，積極搞好基礎理論創新和核心技術自主創新，做到你無我有、你有我優、你優我精，把命運牢牢掌握在自己手中。同時，適應我國國情和技術實際，探索適合自己的創新路子，形成特色技術路線，努力掌握非對稱技術，形成關鍵時刻能夠克敵制勝的「必殺技」。

札實開展制認知權戰法演練。苦練出精兵。制認知權的形成，既靠理論創新和技術研發，也靠技戰術和戰法的專攻精練。要堅持將認知作戰納入日常戰備演練，納入具體作戰行動計劃，模擬重要作戰行動，預設實戰場景，在近似實戰的環境中苦練精訓，形成真打實備、能攻善守、能控巧製的實戰能力。及時總結實戰化演訓和實戰中形成的成功經驗和有益做法，揭示貫穿其中的內在機理和特點規律，形成操作性規範措施，納入作戰條令條例。加強訓練設施、器材、場地等基本要素建設，依托現有綜合訓練場打造若干特色訓練場所，開展基地化專業化訓練。加強訓練評估，制定能力指標體系，建構評估流程體系，採用科學評估方法，提升訓練品質水準。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍隊政治工作研究院）

延伸閱讀：

《元宇宙：未來認知戰的新高地》

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4909888.html

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Analysis of Winning Mechanisms of Modern Warfare and Emerging Combat Concepts

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中國軍事對現代戰爭制勝機制與新興作戰概念的分析

現代英語翻譯：

he winning mechanism of war refers to the winning rules, paths, methods and means of war. Driven by scientific and technological progress, changes in weapons and equipment, changes in the purpose of war and other factors, the winning mechanism of modern war has also changed accordingly. President Xi Jinping pointed out profoundly: “Modern warfare has indeed undergone profound changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are rules behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed.” Today, the world’s military powers, led by the United States, are stepping up research on operational concept design. In-depth analysis of the connotation and characteristics of emerging operational concepts, excavation of their internal logic, and identification of the winning mechanism of modern warfare are of great significance for seizing the opportunities of new military changes in the world and winning future wars.

Using cognitive warfare to create cognitive leadership advantages

Cognitive warfare focuses on confrontation at the level of consciousness and thinking. By transmitting selectively processed information, it influences decision-making, changes values, and competes for people’s support, thereby guiding the war situation to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself and not to the enemy. Cognitive warfare is an offensive and defensive operation launched by both sides in the cognitive field. The core of the confrontation is the struggle for dominance in the ideological field. The focus is on strengthening cognitive attacks while taking into account cognitive defense.

Dominance in the ideological field is the core of cognitive warfare. First, it is to guide political cognition. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition. The struggle for dominance in the ideological field has become the core of the cognitive confrontation between the enemy and us, with the focus on shaping political beliefs, war attitudes and values ​​that are beneficial to oneself. Political cognitive guidance aims to portray the legitimacy of political parties, the rationality of governing ideas, and the health of the political ecology, to consolidate or destroy political consensus, to strengthen or shake political beliefs, to expand or disintegrate political camps, to cultivate recognition or negation of political positions, beliefs, and ideas, and to lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and unfavorable to the enemy.

The second is to guide value cognition. The guidance of war cognition aims to shape the nature, character, and legal basis of war, guide all parties to make value judgments on the justice and legitimacy of war, influence the direction of public opinion on supporting or opposing war, and regulate the strength of people’s willingness to assume war obligations. The guidance of value cognition aims to launch a fierce competition around the judgment and orientation of value concepts, and seek general emotional recognition in society by spreading ethics, morality, right and wrong, good and evil, and the beauty and ugliness of human nature.

War cognitive guidance aims to shape

The nature, character, and legal basis of war

The focus of cognitive warfare is to force cognition and win the hearts and minds of the people. Cognitive attack is the focus of cognitive warfare. Focusing on the content and methods of the attack, taking targeted attacks is of great significance for shaping the enemy’s wrong cognition and forming a situation that is beneficial to us. From the perspective of content, coercive cognition should focus on the psychological activities of social groups. By shaping cognitive differences, we seek to create antagonistic psychology between different nationalities, races, regions, classes, and groups, accumulate dissatisfaction with the regime from all walks of life, undermine the unity and stability within the country, and induce social unrest and division. From the perspective of methods, we should focus on “wartime” psychological attacks on the basis of “peacetime” cognitive coercion.

The targets of cognitive attacks during wartime include not only the forces participating in the war, but also the forces supporting the war. For the forces participating in the war, we should target the commanders at all levels of the enemy, and weaken their will to resist and interfere with their command decisions through cognitive manipulation, information deception, inducements and persuasion to surrender, so as to achieve the goal of disintegrating the enemy army; for the forces supporting the war, we should widely use radio, broadcasting, new media and other media to publicize major battle results, the enemy’s defeat and escape, tragic battlefield scenes and other content, so as to induce panic and war-weariness among the people and weaken the enemy’s war potential.

Building a strong defense line, gathering hearts and controlling the situation are the foundations of cognitive warfare. The focus of cognitive warfare is attack, while the foundation is defense. While strengthening cognitive attacks on the enemy, we should also focus on cognitive defense. The focus of cognitive defense is to build a strong defense line and stabilize the overall situation. For the participating forces, we should focus on giving full play to the advantages of political work, carry out extensive political mobilization, inspire the spirit of bravery and fearlessness, bravely killing the enemy, and the will to defend the country and sacrifice their lives, actively carry out meritorious service and set up typical examples to boost military morale; for social support forces, we should widely publicize the justice and legitimacy of the war, continuously strengthen patriotism education, inspire the sense of responsibility and sense of crisis of the whole people, and gather hearts and souls.

In addition, we should take positive and effective actions to maximize the support of the international community. Although the support of the international community is mainly obtained through political and diplomatic activities, actively carrying out humanitarian assistance and widely disseminating our own positions, attitudes and values ​​can often promote the change of the attitude of the international community and create favorable conditions for winning the broadest support from the international community.

Establishing strategic initiative advantage through hybrid warfare

Hybrid warfare is a war that uses a variety of means such as politics, economy, diplomacy, science and technology, culture, and military, and combines cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, economic warfare, scientific and technological warfare, and covert conventional military operations to disrupt the situation, destroy the opponent’s war potential, and ultimately achieve strategic goals. In the competition between the strong and the weak, the effective use of hybrid warfare can not only shape a favorable strategic situation and hedge against the strategic competition of major powers, but also achieve the excellent effect of defeating the enemy without fighting and establish a strategic initiative advantage.

Hybrid warfare is the comprehensive use of diverse means

Defeat the weak with the strong, and win without fighting . War is a large-scale and fierce military struggle between countries or political groups using armed forces to achieve certain political goals. This traditional war style uses military hard power competition as the main means of struggle. Although it can quickly and intuitively achieve strategic goals, it is very likely to lead to a passive situation of “hurting the enemy by 1,000 and losing 800 of our own”, and it is easy to attract international condemnation and comprehensive sanctions. Especially in the competition between the strong and the weak, the strong side has an absolute advantage, which is not only reflected in the military field, but also in many fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy, science and technology, and culture. Therefore, unconventional hybrid warfare supported by military strength shows more and more flexible and diverse possibilities of use. Making good use of hybrid warfare means that on the basis of mastering our own advantages and the enemy’s disadvantages, we give priority to non-military means such as politics, diplomacy, economy, and public opinion that can play to our strengths and avoid weaknesses, and use our own strengths to attack the enemy’s weaknesses, pursuing “less fighting” or “no fighting” to win.

Use the strong to counter the strong, and hedge against the competition among major powers. The world today is in a period of great development and great change, and the relations between major powers have entered a new stage of all-round struggle. In order to maintain its unilateral hegemonic status, some military powers have stepped up efforts to win over and divide, deliberately provoked disputes, and continuously used hybrid warfare to contain and suppress competitors, exacerbating the tension of competition among major powers. In the confrontation between the strong and the strong, if you want to avoid being at a disadvantage, you must pick up the weapon of hybrid warfare and give the enemy a taste of its own medicine. We must actively establish the concept of hybrid warfare thinking, understand the characteristics and laws of the enemy’s hybrid warfare, and flexibly use hybrid warfare strategies on the basis of comparing and mastering the advantages and disadvantages of the enemy and ourselves, and properly strengthen strategic prevention and response on the basis of ensuring equal countermeasures, so as to change the passive and unfavorable situation, seek strategic balance, and strive for strategic victory.

Use the weak to defeat the strong and create a favorable situation. The strong wins and the weak loses is a basic rule. If the weak side wants to take the initiative or reverse the decline, it must not fight the strong with the weak or fight against the stone with the egg. Actively adopting a hybrid warfare strategy is an excellent choice. Especially in the context of the accelerated evolution of the global integration process, the links between countries are closer, involving political, economic, social, cultural, military and many other fields. The exchanges are becoming closer, which also provides important practical support for the use of hybrid warfare. Although the weak side is in a disadvantaged position in overall strength, it can rely on its strengths in certain areas and insist on “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and plan and layout with flexible and proactive struggle strategies to trap and disturb the enemy, so that the enemy cannot play all its advantages, so as to change the situation of the comparison of strong and weak forces, strive for strategic balance, or strive for a strategic opportunity window for national security development and create favorable conditions.

Gaining system advantage through joint all-domain warfare

Since the US Army proposed multi-domain warfare (MDB) in 2016, the US military has successively proposed a number of joint combat concepts, from multi-domain operations (MDO), to all-domain operations (ADO), and then to joint all-domain operations (JADO). The essence of the concept of joint all-domain operations is the deep joint operations of multiple services, with the aim of achieving multi-domain coordination and cross-domain integration in all fields such as land, sea, air, space, network, and electricity, and winning modern wars with system advantages.

Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) is

An important supporting concept of the Joint Global Domain Operations concept

Cross-domain coordination is the cornerstone of victory in joint all-domain warfare. Unlike traditional joint operations that pursue the coordination between various services, joint all-domain operations pursue the coordination between various combat domains. Through multi-domain coordination and cross-domain coordination, we seek overall advantages over the enemy and achieve system victory. It is mainly manifested in the following two points: On the one hand, it is asymmetric checks and balances. Emphasis on asymmetric operations, avoid “tit-for-tat” head-on confrontation with opponents of equal strength in traditional combat fields, emphasize strengths and avoid weaknesses, give play to advantages in key fields such as network, electromagnetic and space, make good use of advantages in new fields such as artificial intelligence and biosecurity, and use advantages in key and critical fields to support joint operations to win. On the other hand, it is system checks and balances. The key to achieving cross-domain coordinated operations is to deeply integrate the space, network, and electromagnetic fields with traditional land, sea and air battlefields through joint all-domain command and control, ensure that joint task forces can efficiently use various combat capabilities in the six major combat domains of land, sea, air, space, network and electricity, replace “capability superposition” with “capability integration”, target the enemy’s shortcomings, and integrate the system to produce an overall effect that is better than the sum of its parts.

Prioritized decision-making is the magic weapon for defeating the enemy in joint all-domain warfare. The key to defeating the enemy in joint all-domain warfare is to ensure the advantage of one’s own decision-making and prioritize decision-making. The first is to gain information advantage. Joint all-domain command and control can integrate intelligence information from various domains, form a comprehensive and detailed battlefield situation map through correlation analysis and fusion integration, support commanders’ comprehensive situation awareness, and achieve information advantage.

The second is to establish decision-making advantages. Based on comprehensive and detailed battlefield situation information, with the support of intelligent decision-making assistance, commanders can make scientific and rapid decisions, form plans, and give priority to implementing efficient actions. Different from the traditional OODA theory of “achieving combat advantages by accelerating the OODA cycle”, the joint global command and control is committed to establishing a more efficient “DA cycle”, that is, by establishing an adaptive feedback process between decision-making (D link) and action (A link), determining actions based on decisions, and in turn adjusting decisions in a timely manner based on feedback from action results, and constantly accelerating this cycle, ensuring that while improving their own decision-making efficiency, the enemy is put into a “decision-making dilemma” to achieve the purpose of disturbing and defeating the enemy, thereby establishing decision-making advantages.

Finally, the use of advanced intelligent algorithms strengthens this advantage. Data processing algorithms make situational awareness and intelligence analysis more insightful, intelligent game algorithms make combat planning and auxiliary decision-making more creative, and autonomous control algorithms make force organization and task implementation more executable. It can be said that advanced intelligent algorithms are deeply integrated into all links of the kill chain of observation, judgment, decision-making, attack and evaluation, making the decision-making advantage of joint global operations further highlighted.

Agile command and control is an important support for joint global warfare. Joint global command and control is an important support for joint global operations to achieve agile and efficient command and control. Traditional command and control methods are difficult to achieve cross-domain integration of battlefield perception data, difficult to meet the requirements of cross-service integrated command and control, and difficult to cope with the complexity and timeliness of future operations. Joint global command and control aims to connect all sensors and shooters in real time, ensure seamless communication within the land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network combat domains, within each service, between services, and between allies, coordinate military operations, and strive to build a “network of networks” that supports unmanned intelligent operations.

On the one hand, cross-domain integrated command and control is realized. Joint global command and control focuses on realizing end-to-end information conversion and communication across services, evolving from a linear, static, chimney-style kill chain to a global interconnected kill network. Each service can flexibly call on sensors and strike platforms that are not built by itself, greatly enriching the reconnaissance means and strike options of a single service, while reducing target selection errors and significantly accelerating the OODA loop.

On the other hand, it can make decisions and take actions faster than the opponent. Joint global command and control greatly improves the perception and judgment capabilities in the OODA link through global multi-dimensional intelligence collection and efficient autonomous situation fusion. At the same time, it adopts a mesh communication structure with multi-path synchronous transmission to replace the traditional highly centralized communication nodes, optimize information distribution and sharing, speed up the effective information flow rate, make decisions and take actions before the enemy, and achieve the goal of defeating the enemy with speed.

原創現代國語：

战争制胜机理，是指战争的制胜规律、路径以及方式方法。受到科技进步的推动、武器装备的变革、战争目的的变化等因素的制约，现代战争制胜机理也随之发生变化。习主席深刻指出：“现代战争确实发生了深刻变化。这些变化看上去眼花缭乱，但背后是有规律可循的，根本的是战争的制胜机理变了。”今天，以美国为首的世界军事强国都在加紧作战概念设计研究。深入分析新兴作战概念内涵特点，挖掘其内在逻辑，找准现代战争制胜机理，对于把握世界新军事变革机遇，打赢未来战争，意义重大。

以认知战塑造认知先导优势

认知战聚焦意识思维层面的对抗，通过传递选择性加工后的信息，影响决策判断、改变价值观念、争夺人心向背，进而引导战争态势向利于己而不利于敌的方向发展。认知战是敌我双方在认知领域展开的攻防作战，对抗的核心是意识形态领域主导权的争夺，重点是加强认知攻击，同时兼顾认知防御。

主导意识形态领域是认知战的核心。一是引导政治认知。意识形态决定了认知的理性根基。围绕意识形态领域主导权的争夺成为敌我认知对抗的核心，重点是塑造有利于已的政治信念、战争态度和价值观念。政治认知引导旨在对政党合法性、执政理念合理性、政治生态健康性等内容的刻画，凝聚或破坏政治共识、坚定或动摇政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治阵营，培植对政治立场、信仰、理念等的认同或否定情感，铺设利己、不利于敌的政治认知布局。

二是引导价值认知。战争认知引导旨在塑造战争本质、性质、法理依据等内容，引导各方对战争正义性、合法性的价值评判，影响助战或反战舆论走向，调控民众承担战争义务意愿的强弱。价值认知引导旨在围绕价值观念评判与取向展开激烈争夺，通过传播伦理道德、是非善恶、人性美丑等内容，谋求社会普遍情感认同。

战争认知引导旨在塑造

战争本质、性质、法理依据等

迫诱认知攻心夺志是认知战的重点。认知攻击是认知战的重点，围绕攻击内容和方法，采取有重点的进攻，对于塑造敌方错误认知，形成有利于我之态势，意义重大。从内容上看，迫诱认知应重点围绕社会群类心理开展造势活动。通过塑造认知差异谋求不同民族、不同种族、不同地域、不同阶层、不同群体之间的对立心理，积累社会各界对政权当局的不满情绪，破坏国家内部的团结稳定，诱发社会动荡分裂。从方法上看，应在“平时”认知迫诱的基础上，聚焦“战时”攻心夺志。

战时认知攻击的对象不仅包括参战力量，还包括战争支持力量。针对参战力量，应靶向瞄准敌各级指挥员，通过认知操控、信息欺骗、利诱劝降等方式，削弱其抵抗意志，干扰其指挥决策，达成瓦解敌军目的；针对战争支持力量，应广泛运用电台、广播、新媒体等媒介，宣传重大战果、敌方溃败逃散、惨烈战场画面等内容，诱发民众恐慌厌战情绪，削弱敌战争潜力。

筑牢防线凝心控局是认知战的根基。认知战的重点是攻，而基础是守。在加强对敌方认知攻击的同时，还应重点做好认知防御。认知防御的重点是筑牢防线、稳控大局。针对参战力量，应注重发挥政治工作优势，广泛开展政治动员，激发官兵英勇无畏、奋勇杀敌的精神传承和保家卫国、舍身忘死的意志品质，积极开展立功受奖树立典型榜样，鼓舞军心士气；针对社会支撑力量，应广泛宣传战争正义性、合法性，不断强化爱国主义教育，激发全民责任意识和忧患意识，凝心聚魂。

此外，还应采取积极有效的行动，最大限度争取国际社会的支持。国际社会的支持，虽然主要依靠政治、外交活动争取，但积极开展人道主义救援，广泛传播己方立场态度与价值理念，往往能够推动国际社会态度的转变，为争取最广泛的国际社会支持创造有利条件。

以混合战确立战略主动优势

混合战争是综合运用政治、经济、外交、科技、文化、军事等多样化手段，将网络战、舆论战、经济战、科技战以及隐蔽的常规军事行动结合起来，搅局乱局，破坏对手战争潜力，以最终达成战略目的的战争。在强弱对抗竞争中，有效运用混合战争，不仅可以塑造有利战略态势，对冲大国战略竞争，而且能够达成不战而屈人之兵的绝佳效果，确立战略主动优势。

混合战争是多样化手段的综合运用

以强胜弱，不战屈人之兵。战争，是国家或者政治集团之间为了达成一定的政治目的，使用武装力量进行的大规模激烈交战的军事斗争。这种传统战争样式以军事硬实力比拼作为主要斗争手段，虽然能够快捷直观地达成战略目的，但极有可能出现“伤敌一千自损八百”的被动局面，且容易招致国际舆论谴责和全面制裁。特别是在强弱对抗竞争中，强者一方本就占据绝对优势，这不仅体现在军事领域，而且体现在政治、经济、外交、科技、文化等诸多领域。因此，以军事实力为支撑的非常规混合战争展现出愈发灵活多样的运用可能性。善用混合战争，就是在掌握我之优势、敌之劣势的基础上，优先选用政治、外交、经济、舆论等能够扬长避短的非军事手段，以已之长攻敌之短，追求“少战”或“不战”而屈人之兵。

以强对强，对冲大国竞争。当今世界正处于大发展大变革时期，大国关系进入全方位角力新阶段，有的军事强国为维护其单级霸权地位，加紧拉拢分化，蓄意挑起争端，并不断运用混合战争手段遏制打压竞争对手，加剧大国竞争紧张局势。在强与强的力量对抗中，要想不落下风，就必须拿起混合战争这个利器，以彼之道还施彼身。要积极确立混合战争思维理念，摸清搞透敌混合战争特点规律，在对比掌握敌我底数优长的基础上，灵活运用混合战争策略，以我之优势对敌之劣势，在确保对等反制的基础上，妥善加强战略防范与应对，以此改变被动不利局面，谋求战略均势，争取战略胜势。

以弱胜强，塑造有利态势。强胜弱败是基本法则。弱势一方要想占据主动或是扭转颓势，断然不能以弱碰硬、以卵击石，积极采取混合战争策略不失为一种绝佳选择。尤其是在全球一体化进程加速演进背景下，各国之间的联系更加紧密，涉及政治、经济、社会、文化、军事等诸多领域间的往来愈发密切，这也为混合战争运用提供了重要现实支撑。弱势一方虽然总体实力处于劣势地位，但可凭借某些领域的优长，坚持“你打你的，我打我的”，以灵活主动的斗争策略谋篇布局，困敌、扰敌，使敌无法发挥全部优势，以此改变强弱力量对比态势，努力争取战略均势，或是为国家安全发展争取战略机遇窗口期，创造有利条件。

以联合全域战赢得体系优势

自2016年美陆军提出多域战（MDB）以来，美军先后提出多个联合作战概念，从多域作战（MDO），到全域作战（ADO），再到联合全域作战（JADO），美军作战概念如雨后春笋般相继涌现。联合全域作战概念的本质是多军种深度联合作战，目的是实现陆、海、空、天、网、电等全领域的多域协同与跨域融合，以体系优势制胜现代战争。

联合全域指挥控制（JADC2）是

联合全域作战概念的重要支撑概念

跨域协同是联合全域战的制胜基石。与传统联合作战追求各军种之间的联合不同，联合全域作战追求的是各作战域之间的联合，通过多域联合、跨域协同，谋求整体对敌优势，实现体系制胜。主要表现为以下两点：一方面是非对称制衡。强调非对称作战，避免与实力相当的对手在传统作战领域展开“针尖对麦芒”的以硬碰硬，强调扬长避短，发挥网络、电磁和太空等关键领域优势，善用人工智能、生物安全等新型领域优势，以关键要害领域优势，支撑联合作战获得胜利。另一方面是体系制衡。实现跨域协同作战的关键是通过联合全域指挥控制将太空、网络、电磁领域与传统陆海空战场进行深度融合，确保联合任务部队在陆、海、空、天、网、电六大作战域内高效运用各种作战能力，以“能力集成”取代“能力叠加”，瞄准敌方短板弱项，体系融合发力，产生优于各部分总和的整体效果。

优先决策是联合全域战的克敌法宝。联合全域作战克敌的关键是确保己方决策优势，优先决策。首先是赢得信息优势。联合全域指挥控制能够融合来自各域的情报信息，通过关联分析、融合集成形成全面详实的战场态势图，支撑指挥员全面态势感知，实现信息优势。

其次是确立决策优势。指挥员基于全面详实的战场态势信息，在智能化辅助决策支持下，科学快速定下决心，形成方案计划，并优先落实高效行动。不同于“通过加快OODA循环以达成作战优势”的传统OODA理论，联合全域指挥控制致力于建立更为高效的“DA循环”，即通过在决策（D环节）和行动（A环节）之间建立自适应的反馈过程，依据决策确定行动，反过来根据行动结果反馈及时调整决策，并不断加速这一循环，确保在提高自身决策效率的同时，使敌陷入“决策困境”，达到扰敌、制敌目的，以此确立决策优势。

最后，先进智能算法的运用强化了这一优势。数据处理算法让态势感知和情报分析更有洞察力，智能博弈算法让作战筹划和辅助决策更有创造力，自主控制算法让兵力编组和任务实施更有执行力。可以说，先进智能算法深度融入观察、判断、决策、打击和评估杀伤链的各个环节，使得联合全域作战决策优势进一步凸显。

敏捷指控是联合全域战的重要支撑。联合全域指挥控制是联合全域作战实现敏捷高效指挥控制的重要支撑。传统的指控手段难以实现战场感知数据的跨域集成，难以满足跨军种一体化指挥控制要求，也难以应对未来作战的复杂性和时效性。而联合全域指挥控制旨在将所有传感器与射手实时地连接起来，确保在陆、海、空、天、电、网各作战域内，各军种内部、各军种间以及盟友之间，实现无缝通信，协调一致开展军事行动，努力构建支撑无人化智能化作战的“网络之网络”。

一方面，实现跨域一体化指挥控制。联合全域指挥控制聚焦实现跨军种的端到端信息转换与通信，从线性、静态、烟囱式的杀伤链向全域互联的杀伤网演进，各军种能够灵活调用非自身建制的传感器和打击平台，极大丰富了单一军种的侦察手段和打击选项，在降低目标选取失误的同时，显著加快OODA环。

另一方面，比对手更快完成决策和行动。联合全域指挥控制通过全域多维情报收集、高效自主态势融合，极大提升OODA链路中的感知和判断能力。同时，采用多路径同步传输的网状通信结构取代传统高度集中的通信节点，优化信息分发共享，加快有效信息流转速率，先敌决策，先敌行动，实现以快制敌。

版权声明：本文刊于2024年 4 期《军事文摘》杂志，作者：陈志华，如需转载请务必注明“转自《军事文摘》”。 

中國軍事資料來源：https//www.81it.com/2024/0710/15888.html

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Chinese Intelligent Warfare is Accelerating and Advancing

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中國智能化戰爭正在加速推進

中國軍網 國防部網. 2022年3月17日 星期四

現代英語：

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually become a hot topic. History has repeatedly proved that the evolution of war forms will lead to profound changes in the winning mechanism. In today’s era when information warfare is developing in depth and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge, the armies of major countries in the world have made great efforts to promote military intelligence, and many of these trends are worthy of attention.

Strengthen top-level design

Outlining a “roadmap” for intelligent warfare

Driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, intelligent military transformation is developing in depth. The United States, Russia, Japan and other countries have regarded artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and have made early arrangements, strengthened top-level design and planning guidance, and explored the direction of military application of artificial intelligence.

The U.S. military has detailed the current status and development plan of artificial intelligence in documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, “Integrated Roadmap for Unmanned Systems, Fiscal Year 2017-2042”, and “American Artificial Intelligence Initiative: First Annual Report”, and has elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In 2021, the U.S. military pointed out in its “U.S. Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Posture: Assessment and Improvement Recommendations” that the U.S. military should consider three guiding questions in developing artificial intelligence: what is the current state of artificial intelligence related to the U.S. military; what is the current situation of the U.S. military in artificial intelligence; and what internal actions and potential legislative or regulatory actions may enhance the U.S. military’s artificial intelligence advantage.

Russia has invested a lot of resources to maintain a balance with the United States in the competition for the application of artificial intelligence in the military field. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the first Defense Ministry meeting of the year that artificial intelligence will greatly promote changes in the military field, and the Russian Federation Armed Forces must accelerate the research and development of artificial intelligence application technologies such as robots, intelligent individual systems, and intelligent weapon modules, so as to form core technical capabilities and battlefield competitive advantages as soon as possible. Documents such as “Special Outline for the Research and Development of Future Military Robot Technology and Equipment before 2025”, “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, and “The Development Status and Application Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field” have established a series of mechanisms at the national level for the Russian military to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.

The Japanese government has also issued an “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” to lead the research and development of artificial intelligence technology and industrial development. In the “Robotics and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan formulated by the United Kingdom, the application of artificial intelligence in battlefield construction is emphasized. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense released “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”, which explores how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

Innovative combat concepts

Promoting the “Thinking First” Approach to Intelligent Warfare

The innovation of operational concepts has an ideological driving effect on the development of military science and technology and the evolution of war forms. In the past, people’s understanding and grasp of war mainly came from the summary of practical experience, and operational concepts were empirical concepts. In the future era of intelligent warfare, operational concepts are not only empirical concepts, but also the conception, design and foresight of operations.

The U.S. Army has proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”, which requires deep integration and close coordination of combat capabilities in various domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and network. To this end, the U.S. Army has successively issued white papers such as “Multi-Domain Warfare: The Development of Synthetic Arms in the 21st Century (2025-2040)”, “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Warfare (2028)”, and “Using Robotics and Autonomous Technologies to Support Multi-Domain Warfare”. In March 2021, the U.S. Department of the Army issued the document “Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Preparing to Win in Competition and Conflict”, indicating that “multi-domain warfare” has become a “flag” leading the transformation and development of the U.S. Army. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, which aims to create a highly decentralized and highly adaptable “kill net” composed of different combat functional units, based on advanced computer technology and network technology. The U.S. Department of Defense strongly supports the concept of “joint all-domain operations”. In March 2020, the U.S. Air Force took the lead in writing “joint all-domain operations” into the doctrine to explore how the Air Force can play a role in “joint all-domain operations”.

The Russian military proposed the concept of “charge disintegration”. “Disintegration” is one of the most important operational concepts in Russia at present. The Russian electronic warfare forces set the goal of making the enemy’s information, charge, electronic warfare and robot systems ineffective, and believe that this goal will “determine the fate of all military operations”. Disrupting the command and control of enemy forces and weapon systems and reducing the efficiency of enemy reconnaissance and use of weapons are the primary tasks of electronic warfare. At present, the Russian military is considering forming 12 types of electronic warfare forces. The Russian military also proposed the concept of “non-nuclear containment system”, the core of which is to use non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons to contain opponents. The non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons it defines include all ballistic missiles equipped with non-nuclear warheads, as well as strategic bombers and long-range air-based and sea-based cruise missiles. In addition, the Russian military also proposed the concept of “hybrid warfare”, hoping to use artificial intelligence systems to seek battlefield information advantages.

The British Ministry of Defense has proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration” and will develop a new command and control system with intelligent capabilities to achieve comprehensive, persistent, accurate and rapid battlefield perception and force coordination.

Focus on technology research and development

Shaping the Intelligent Warfare Operational Model

The key to the effectiveness of artificial intelligence is the combination with other technologies, which is also described as the “AI stack”. Various technologies interact to produce a combined effect, thereby enhancing the capabilities and effects of each technology. In the intelligent warfare supported by artificial intelligence technology, the collaborative combat mode of “man-machine integration, cloud brain control”, the cluster combat mode of “mixed formation, group intelligence”, and the cognitive combat mode of “intelligence-led, attacking with intelligence first” will constantly update people’s understanding of war.

Focus on the research and development of innovative projects. The US military is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence chips in existing weapons and equipment systems, adding “intelligent brains” to weapons to enable them to have human-like thinking and autonomous interaction capabilities. In October 2021, the US Navy launched the “Beyond Plan”, which is regarded as the “current highest priority”. It aims to accelerate the delivery of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools by building a military Internet of Things for maritime operations, integrating manned and unmanned joint formations, supporting a new intelligent naval architecture, enhancing large-scale firepower killing, and realizing intelligent distributed operations of the navy. In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also carried out cognitive electronic warfare projects such as “Adaptive Electronic Warfare Behavior Learning”, “Adaptive Radar Countermeasures”, and “Communications under Extreme Radio Frequency Spectrum Conditions”, and developed a prototype of a cognitive radar electronic warfare system. The Russian Ministry of Defense’s Intelligent Technology and Equipment Research and Experimental Center cooperated with the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences to develop and test autonomous intelligent algorithms including drone swarm command and control, and also jointly developed an object automatic recognition software system based on neural network principles with the National Aviation System Research Institute.

Establish innovative R&D institutions. The continuous emergence of new technologies is an inexhaustible driving force for the vigorous development of military intelligence. High-level military intelligence construction cannot be separated from the technical research and development of professional institutions. Some countries and militaries have established R&D centers, focusing on innovative development from a technical level. The U.S. Department of Defense has established a joint artificial intelligence center, which is planned to be built into a national key laboratory to lead the promotion of hundreds of artificial intelligence-related projects and ensure the efficient use of artificial intelligence-related data and information to maintain the United States’ technological advantage in this field. Russia has established an artificial intelligence and big data alliance, a national artificial intelligence center, and a robotics technology research and experimental center under the Ministry of Defense, mainly conducting theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology. France has established an innovative defense laboratory, the United Kingdom has set up an artificial intelligence laboratory, and India has established an artificial intelligence task force to explore related technologies.

Strengthen equipment research and development and deployment. In recent years, many countries have attached great importance to the research and development of intelligent weapons and equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have continued to emerge. At present, the US Air Force has begun to practice the combat concept of “man-machine collaboration, man in the loop” on the F-35 fighter. The US XQ-58A “Valkyrie” stealth drone previously mainly carried out man-machine collaborative operations with F-35 and F-22 fighters. In April 2021, the stealth drone successfully launched the ALTIUS-600 small drone system, further enhancing its manned and unmanned collaborative combat capabilities. Russia is focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, command and decision-making, firepower strikes, combat support and other fields, and is developing and deploying intelligent equipment. It plans to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems in weapons and equipment to more than 30% by 2025. Russia’s ground unmanned combat weapons, represented by the “Uranus” series and “Platform-M” and “Argo” models, are developing rapidly. Among them, the Nerekhta unmanned combat vehicle can be equipped with remote-controlled machine guns and rocket launchers. In addition to the combat capabilities of ordinary armored vehicles, it also has transportation and reconnaissance functions. In addition, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces plan to officially deploy an unmanned aerial formation with strong combat capabilities in 2035.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文：

■賈珍珍 丁 寧 陳方舟

隨著人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭逐漸成為備受矚目的焦點話題。歷史多次證明，戰爭形態的演進將引發致勝機理的深刻改變。在資訊化戰爭向縱深發展、智慧化戰爭初露端倪的當今時代，世界主要國家軍隊紛紛下大力推動軍事智慧化，其中的諸多動向值得關注。

加強頂層設計

勾勒智能化戰爭“路線圖”

在新一輪科技革命與產業革命推動下，智慧化軍事變革正向縱深發展。美國、俄羅斯、日本等國紛紛把人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術，並事先佈局，加強頂層設計和規劃引領，探索人工智慧的軍事應用方向。

美軍在《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》《人工智慧與國家安全》《2017至2042財年無人係統綜合路線圖》《美國人工智慧計畫》：在首個年度報告》等文件中，詳述了人工智慧的發展現狀和發展規劃，並將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。 2021年，美軍在發布的《美國防部人工智慧態勢：評估與改進建議》中指出，美軍發展人工智慧應考慮三個指導性問題：與美軍相關的人工智慧現處於何種狀態；美軍目前在人工智慧方面的態勢如何；哪些內部行動以及潛在的立法或監管行動可能會增強美軍的人工智慧優勢。

俄羅斯投入大量資源，以維持與美國在人工智慧軍事領域應用競爭的平衡。 2021年，俄總統普丁在年度首場國防部會議上表示，人工智慧將大幅推動軍事領域變革，俄國聯邦武裝力量要加速機器人、智慧單兵系統和武器智慧化模組等人工智慧應用技術的研發工作，早日形成核心技術能力和戰場競爭優勢。 《2025年前未來軍用機器人技術裝備研發專題綱要》《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《人工智慧在軍事領域的發展現狀以及應用前景》等文件，從國家層面為俄軍推動人工智慧軍事應用確立了一系列機制。

日本政府也推出了《人工智慧戰略》，旨在引領人工智慧技術研發和產業發展。在英國制定的《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃中，強調了人工智慧在戰場建設中的應用。 2021年1月，澳洲國防部發布《打好人工智慧戰爭：未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》，這份文件探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

創新作戰概念

推動智慧化戰爭“思想先行”

作戰概念創新對軍事科技發展、戰爭形態演變具有思想牽引作用。過去人們對戰爭的認識與掌握，主要源自於對實踐經驗的歸納總結，作戰概念即經驗概念。未來智慧化戰爭時代，作戰概念不僅是經驗概念，更是對作戰的構想、設計與前瞻。

美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念，要求陸、海、空、天、電磁、網路等各域作戰能力深度整合與密切協同。為此，美陸軍先後發布《多域戰：21世紀合成兵種的發展（2025至2040）》《美國陸軍多域戰（2028）》《運用機器人與自主技術支援多域戰》等白皮書。 2021年3月，美陸軍部發布文件《陸軍多域轉型：準備在競爭和衝突中取勝》，顯示「多域戰」已成為引領美陸軍轉型發展的一面「旗幟」。美國防高級研究計畫局提出「馬賽克戰」概念，旨在打造一種由不同作戰功能單元構成的、以先進電腦技術與網路技術為基礎的、高度分散、具有高度適應性的「殺傷網」。美國防部大力支持「聯合全域作戰」概念。 2020年3月，美空軍率先將「聯合全域作戰」寫入條令，探討空軍如何在「聯合全域作戰」中發揮作用。

俄軍提出「指控瓦解」概念。 「瓦解」是當前俄羅斯最重要的作戰概念之一，俄軍電子戰部隊把使敵人的訊息、指控、電子戰和機器人系統失效作為目標，認為這一目標將「決定所有軍事行動的命運」。擾亂敵方部隊和武器系統的指揮和控制，降低敵方偵察和使用武器的效率，是進行電子戰的首要任務。目前，俄軍正在考慮組建12種類型的電子戰部隊。俄軍也提出「非核武遏制體系」概念，核心是使用非核武進攻性戰略武器來遏制對手。其所定義的非核武攻擊性戰略武器既包括所有裝備非核彈頭的彈道飛彈，也包括戰略轟炸機和遠程空基、海基巡航飛彈。此外，俄軍也提出「混合戰爭」概念，希望利用人工智慧系統謀求戰場資訊優勢。

英國防部提出「多域融合」概念，將發展具備智慧化能力的新型指控系統，以實現全面、持久、準確、快速的戰場感知與力量協同。

注重技術研發

塑造智慧化戰爭作戰模式

人工智慧發揮效用的關鍵是與其他多種技術的組合，這種組合也被描述為「人工智慧堆疊」。各種技術透過互動的方式產生組合效應，進而提升每項技術所產生的能力與效果。在人工智慧技術支援的智慧化戰爭中，「人機一體、雲腦控制」的協同作戰模式，「混搭編組、群體智慧」的集群作戰模式，「智慧主導、攻智為上」的認知作戰模式等，將不斷更新人們對戰爭的認知。

聚焦創新專案研發。美軍正在大力推廣人工智慧晶片在現有武器裝備系統中的應用，為武器加上“智慧大腦”，使之具備類人思考和自主互動能力。 2021年10月，美海軍推出被視為“當前最高優先事項”的“超越計劃”，旨在通過構建海上作戰軍事物聯網，整合有人無人聯合編隊，加速交付人工智能和機器學習工具，支撐全新的智慧化海軍架構，提升大規模火力殺傷、實現海軍智慧化分散式作戰。此外，美國防高級研究計畫局也進行了「自適應電子戰行為學習」「自適應雷達對抗」「極端射頻頻譜條件下的通訊」等認知電子戰項目，研發出認知雷達電子戰系統原型機。俄國防部智慧技術裝備科研試驗中心與俄聯邦科學院控制問題研究所合作，開發測試了包括無人機群指揮控制在內的自主智慧演算法，也與國家航空系統科研所共同開發基於神經網路原理的物體自動辨識軟體系統。

組成創新研發機構。新技術的不斷湧現是軍事智慧化蓬勃發展的不竭動力，高水準的軍事智慧化建設離不開專職機構的技術研發。一些國家和軍隊組成研發中心，注重從技術層面創新發展。美國國防部建立了聯合人工智慧中心，計劃將該中心打造成國家級重點實驗室，用於領導數百個與人工智慧相關的項目，確保對人工智慧相關數據資訊的高效利用，以保持美國在該領域的技術優勢。俄羅斯組成了人工智慧和大數據聯盟、國家人工智慧中心和隸屬國防部的機器人技術科研試驗中心，主要進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論和應用研究。法國成立了創新國防實驗室，英國設立了人工智慧實驗室，印度組成了人工智慧特別工作小組，進行相關技術探索。

加強裝備研發列裝。近年來，多國重視研發智慧武器裝備，無人飛行器、無人戰車、無人艦艇、無人潛航器等不斷湧現。目前，美空軍已開始在F-35戰機上實踐「人機協同，人在迴路」的作戰理念。美XQ-58A「女武神」隱身無人機先前主要與F-35和F-22戰機進行人機協同作戰，2021年4月該隱身無人機成功投放ALTIUS-600小型無人機系統，進一步提升了其有人無人協同作戰能力。俄羅斯正聚焦偵察監視、指揮決策、火力打擊、作戰支援等多個領域，展開智慧裝備研發和列裝工作，計畫到2025年將無人作戰系統在武器裝備中的比例提高到30%以上。以“天王星”系列和“平台-M”“阿爾戈”等型號為代表的俄地面無人作戰武器發展迅速。其中，Nerekhta無人戰車可搭載遙控機槍和火箭發射器，除擁有一般裝甲車的戰鬥力外，還兼具運輸和偵察功能。此外，日本自衛隊計劃在2035年正式部署具有較強作戰能力的無人空中編隊。

（作者單位：國防科技大學）

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/17/content_311555.htm

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰

How Chinese Military Will Achieve Precise Strikes in Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊如何在認知域作戰中實現精準打擊

現代英語：

How to achieve precise strikes in cognitive domain operations

■Bu Jiang Jiang Rilie

introduction

Currently, driven by intelligent technology, cognitive domain operations are showing new characteristics such as precise perception, precise prediction and precise calculation. Studying and grasping the connotation mechanism of precision strikes in cognitive domain operations to ensure clear operational targets, personalized information generation, and precise information delivery will be more conducive to seizing the commanding heights and initiative in future cognitive domain operations.

Accurately establish combat goals

The establishment of operational goals is often the primary issue of concern in cognitive domain operations. With the continuous application of artificial intelligence, big data and other technologies, the party with a technological advantage is often able to quickly and efficiently collect cognitive data of different dimensions, levels and modalities, thereby discovering the weaknesses and sensitivities of the opponent’s cognitive system. point and detonation point.

Massive “data sources” refine target clarity. Today, as the Internet becomes more popular, cognitive data is growing exponentially. With the support of big data, psychometric and other technologies, target portraits are gradually evolving rapidly towards accurate portraits and intelligent portraits. According to foreign statistics, as of July 2022, the global Internet penetration rate reached 69%, and the Internet has become an essential platform for users’ daily lives. With the help of the Internet, both combatants can widely and quickly realize target object cognitive data collection and cognitive situation awareness, providing support for analyzing the target object’s political beliefs, values, national sentiments, public opinion positions, etc. It is reported that in foreign elections in recent years, foreign data analysis companies have captured social media user data, established character analysis models, accurately portrayed voters’ personalities and cognitive characteristics, and on this basis pushed suggestive campaigns to swing voters. advertising, thereby influencing their electoral decisions.

Dynamic “tag pool” improves target recognition rate. Labeling usually refers to the abstract classification and generalization of certain characteristics of a specific group or object. In cognitive domain operations, labeling is an important process to achieve classification and visualization of cognitive data. In the face of massive user data, establishing a mature and reliable label system is a prerequisite for sorting out, analyzing, and making good use of cognitive data. Using the label system to filter useless data and mine potential value information can provide information for presetting combat scenarios in the cognitive domain. Direct frame of reference. The development of the labeling system should be based on the logical starting point of cognitive domain operations, and ultimately comes down to the application of cognitive domain operations. For the target object, the transfer of interests, changes in personality, and changes in emotion are real-time and dynamic. The establishment of a “tag pool” can sense the cognitive dynamics of the target object in real time and accurately improve the target recognition rate.

Intelligent “algorithm library” shows target relevance. If data is compared to the “fuel” of cognitive domain operations, algorithms are the “engine” and an important source of power for cognitive precision strikes. In a certain sense, cognitive domain operations are “confrontation of data or algorithms.” Through intelligent algorithms, we can deeply mine the multi-dimensional correlation data of the target object’s behavior, build an accurate target portrait, and then combine it with machine learning algorithms to build a prediction model to automatically match and associate cognitive information with the target object, at the right time and at the right place. Deliver cognitive information in an appropriate manner to change the target object’s cognition. As analyzed by some foreign research institutions, with 10 likes, the algorithm can know you better than your colleagues; with 150 likes, the algorithm will know you better than your parents; with 300 likes, the algorithm will know you better than your closest partner you.

Accurately generate information “ammunition”

Designing information “ammunition” that conforms to the target’s thinking habits and perception style is the key to improving the cognitive domain killing effect. The development and application of intelligent science and technology provides a convenient means to achieve “private customization” of cognitive information themes, content and forms, making it possible to instantly and forcibly change the decisions and actions of target objects.

Information theme planning based on target value orientation. Cognitive information theme is the central idea represented by the information and the core of the information content. From legal advice, military deterrence, conflict and separation, and emotional summons, to moral guidance, war mobilization, behavioral instructions, and motivational incentives, different information themes exert different influences. Practice shows that the theme of cognitive information must be planned closely around the target object. According to the different value orientations shown by different combat stages and different target objects, the information theme must be optimized in a timely manner so that the information “ammunition” can satisfy the target object to the maximum extent. needs. According to the analysis of foreign research institutions, foreign election campaign advertisements in recent years are often inseparable from the support of big data. Accurately designing different advertising themes for voters with different values ​​​​can resonate with voters’ values.

Information content design based on target mindset. In the Internet era, the life trajectory, geographical location, hobbies, social relationships, etc. of the target object are all recorded on the Internet, making it possible to accurately create an “information cocoon” that caters to the target object’s way of thinking. Driven by big data technology, the interaction trajectories of target objects in the virtual world can also be easily captured, perceived and calculated. With the assistance of multimedia content intelligent generation systems, information similar to the target’s thinking habits can be generated in batches, causing the target to be trapped in an “information cocoon”. The scope of information acceptance narrows, and the perception of the outside world gradually decreases, and then falls into cognitive confusion. Know the trap. In recent years, many “color revolutions” that have occurred around the world are inseparable from the support of cognitive control. Some Western countries use “deep forgery” technology to instill false information in target objects that conforms to their way of thinking, creating anti-intellectual, The information environment stupefies the people, forming cognitive biases and inducing them to deny their own national and cultural values, thereby creating anti-government sentiments.

Information form selection based on target perceptual characteristics. Psychology believes that the formation and change of the cognitive subject’s attitude needs to go through three processes of “attention-understanding-acceptance”. Whether the target object can be affected by the dissemination of information, attracting attention is the first step. Information form is an important carrier to attract the attention of the target audience, and its form design is crucial to improving the acceptance, dissemination and infectivity of information “ammunition”. Through big data technology, we can mine the national emotions, customs and habits, religious beliefs, personal preferences and other characteristics of the target object, and scientifically judge the perceptual characteristics such as information receiving habits. On this basis, we can comprehensively use text, language, video, image and other information carriers to integrate Color, layout and other elements can cause strong stimulation to the target object’s senses. Since 2011, some Syrian anti-war activists have produced a number of anti-war propaganda short films from the perspectives of children and women and spread them on the international Internet, arousing strong responses from international public opinion. This internationally accepted information carrier meets the aesthetic needs of the public, avoids differential interpretation by the audience, and can often achieve unexpected results.

Accurately deliver information

Cognitive information delivery follows the laws of information dissemination. In order to achieve the effect of precise cognitive attack, it is necessary to deal with issues such as delivery objects, delivery channels, and delivery timing.

Extract cognitive features and filter information delivery objects. The profiling technology supported by big data makes it possible to extract the cognitive characteristics of target objects. Through the cognitive characteristic library, objects with similar characteristics can be screened out from groups of different races, different parties, different occupations, etc., thereby upgrading the traditional extensive screening method. , so that the information “ammunition” is more closely matched with the target object, thereby improving the pertinence and accuracy of cognitive attacks. In recent years, Cambridge Analytica has used machine learning methods to classify Facebook users according to five personality types: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and emotional instability, and established a linear regression of the five personality traits. model to establish a “target” for precise delivery of campaign advertisements. This move has many implications for the world. In the future, cognitive domain operations, based on the extensive collection of users’ cognitive characteristics, will place more emphasis on accurately dividing groups, and carry out targeted campaigns based on the differences in values ​​and behavioral habits of different groups. information delivery and behavior prediction.

Follow social habits and match information delivery channels. The deep popularization of the Internet has brought about tremendous changes in the way information is disseminated, and the ways in which people receive information are becoming more diversified and diversified. According to data from foreign research institutions, there are currently more than 4.62 billion social media users worldwide, and social media platforms have become the main battlefield in the cognitive domain. In the many “color revolutions” that have occurred in recent years, social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, controlled by Western countries, have played an important role in spreading public opinion, organizing protests, and mobilizing the public. It is reported that in similar operations, Facebook is often used to determine the schedule, Twitter is used to coordinate actions, and YouTube is used to spread the word widely. Future operations in the cognitive domain will place great emphasis on focusing on the target’s social habits and characteristics, fully understanding the target’s social circle and life circle, and selecting information delivery methods from multiple channels, including online and offline, military and civilian, to ensure the effectiveness of cognitive information. Delivery rate.

Track cognitive dynamics and accurately deliver information at the right time. Changes in cognition do not happen overnight. Blindly pursuing high rhythm and achieving goals in an instant will have the opposite effect. Therefore, cognitive domain operations must grasp the rhythm and intensity of “time immersion”, select the correct delivery time based on the cognitive dynamics of the target object, and gradually seek to expand the effect advantage. Before the target object has formed a preliminary understanding of a certain event, it is necessary to actively seize the priority of information release, carry out information “bombing” as soon as possible, and strive to “preemptively strike first.” In addition, during the public opinion fermentation stage of the incident, the subject’s cognition has not yet been completely solidified. At this time, by repeatedly disseminating a specific information, the purpose of subtly reconstructing the subject’s cognition can also be achieved.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文：

如何實現認知域作戰精準打擊

■卜江　蔣日烈

引言

目前，在智慧化技術的推動下，認知域作戰正呈現出精確感知、精確預測和精確計算等全新特徵。研究掌握好認知域作戰精準打擊的內涵機理，從而確保作戰目標清晰化、資訊生成個性化、資訊投射精準化，將更有利於奪取未來認知域作戰制高點和主動權。

精準確立戰目標

作戰目標的確立往往是認知域作戰關注的首要問題。隨著人工智慧、大數據等技術的不斷應用，佔據技術優勢的一方往往能夠快速、有效率地採集不同維度、不同層級、不同模態的認知數據，進而發現對手認知體系的薄弱點、敏感點和爆燃點。

海量「資料來源」細化目標清晰度。在網路深入普及的今天，認知數據正呈指數級增長，目標畫像在大數據、心理測量等技術的支撐下，正逐漸朝著精準畫像、智慧畫像的方向快速演進。根據國外統計數據顯示，截至2022年7月，全球互聯網滲透率達69%，互聯網已成為用戶日常生活的必備平台。借助互聯網，作戰雙方能夠廣泛快速地實現目標對象認知數據收集和認知態勢感知，為分析目標對象的政治信念、價值觀念、民族情感、輿論立場等提供支撐。據悉，在近年的國外大選中，國外數據分析公司就曾透過抓取社群媒體用戶數據，建立人物分析模型，精準刻畫選民性格、認知特徵，在此基礎上對搖擺選民推送暗示性競選廣告，從而影響其選舉決策。

動態「標簽池」提升目標辨識率。貼標簽通常是指對某一類特定群體或物件的某項特徵進行的抽象分類和概括。在認知域作戰中，貼標簽是實現認知資料分類與可視化的重要過程。面對海量的用戶數據，建立一套成熟可靠的標簽體係是梳理分析、用活用好認知數據的前提，利用標簽體系過濾無用數據，挖掘潛在價值信息，能夠為認知域作戰場景預設提供直接參考框架。標簽體系的開發要基於認知域作戰這個邏輯起點，最終歸結於認知域作戰應用。對於目標對象來講，興趣的遷移、性格的改變、情感的變化是即時動態的，建立「標簽池」能夠即時感知目標對象的認知動態，精準提升目標辨識率。

智慧“演算法庫”顯現目標關聯性。如果將數據比作認知域作戰的“燃料”，演算法則是“引擎”，是認知精準打擊的重要動力源。從一定意義上講，認知域作戰是「數據或演算法的對抗」。透過智慧演算法，可以深度挖掘目標對象行為的多維關聯數據，構建精準目標畫像，再結合機器學習演算法構建預測模型，將認知資訊與目標對象進行自動匹配關聯，在合適的時間、合適的地點，以合適的方式投送認知訊息，從而改變目標對象認知。正如國外一些研究機構分析發現，透過10個點贊，演算法可以比同事更了解你；150個點贊，演算法將比你父母更了解你；300個點贊，演算法將比最親密的伴侶更了解你。

精準生成資訊“彈藥”

設計符合目標對象思維習慣和感知風格的訊息“彈藥”，是提升認知域殺傷效果的關鍵所在。智慧科學技術的發展運用，為實現認知資訊主題、內容和形式的「私人客製化」提供了便捷手段，即時、強制地改變目標對象決策和行動成為可能。

基於目標價值取向的資訊主題策劃。認知資訊主題是資訊所表現的中心思想，是資訊內容的核心。從法理勸告、軍事威懾、矛盾離間、情感召喚，到義理引導、戰爭動員、行為指示、動機激勵，不同的訊息主題發揮不同的影響作用。實踐表明，認知訊息的主題必須緊緊圍繞目標對像做策劃，針對不同作戰階段、不同目標對象所表現出來的不同價值取向，及時優化信息主題，才能使信息“彈藥”最大限度地滿足目標對象的需求。根據國外研究機構分析，近年來的國外大選競選廣告背後往往離不開大數據的支撐，針對不同價值觀的選民精準設計不同廣告主題，可以引起選民價值共鳴。

基於目標思維方式的資訊內容設計。在互聯網時代，目標對象的生活軌跡、地理位置、興趣愛好、社交關係等都被網絡所記錄，精準打造迎合目標對象思維方式的「資訊繭房」成為可能。在大數據技術驅動下，目標對像在虛擬世界中的互動軌跡也很容易被捕捉、被感知和被計算。在多媒體內容智慧生成系統等輔助下，可大量產生與目標對象思維習慣類似的訊息，致使其陷於「訊息繭房」之中，訊息接受範圍變窄，對外界的感知度逐漸降低，進而陷入認知陷阱。近年來，全球發生的多起「顏色革命」背後都離不開認知控制的支撐，一些西方國家利用「深度偽造」技術，向目標對象灌輸符合其思維方式的虛假信息，製造反智化、愚民化資訊環境，形成認知偏差，誘導其否定自身民族文化價值理念，進而產生反政府情緒。

基於目標感知特性的資訊形式選擇。心理學認為，認知主體的態度的形成與改變需經過「注意力-了解-接受」三個過程，目標對象能否受到訊息傳播的影響，吸引註意是第一步。資訊形式作為引起目標對象注意的重要載體，其形式設計對提高訊息「彈藥」的接受度、傳播力、感染性至關重要。透過大數據技術可以挖掘目標對象民族情感、風俗習慣、宗教信仰、個人喜好等特徵，科學判斷訊息接受習慣等感知特性，在此基礎上綜合運用文本、語言、視頻、圖像等資訊載體，加以融入色彩、佈局等元素，可以給目標感官造成強烈刺激。自2011年以來，一些敘利亞反戰人士以兒童、婦女等視角，製作出多部反戰宣傳短片在國際互聯網上傳播，引起國際社會輿論強烈反響。這種國際通用的資訊載體，符合大眾審美需求，避免了受眾差異性解讀，往往能達到意想不到的效果。

精準實現資訊投送

認知訊息投送遵循資訊傳播規律，要達到認知精準打擊效果，需要處理好投送對象、投送管道、投送時機等問題。

提取認知特徵，篩選訊息傳遞對象。大數據支撐的畫像技術使提取目標對象認知特徵成為可能，透過認知特徵庫，可以從不同種族、不同黨派、不同職業等群體中篩選出具有相似特徵的對象，從而升級傳統的粗放篩選方式，讓資訊「彈藥」與目標對象更加匹配，從而提高認知攻擊的針對性和精準性。近年來，劍橋分析公司曾使用機器學習方法，依照經驗開放型、盡責型、外向型、親和型、情緒不穩定型五類人格對臉書用戶進行分類，建立了五種人格特質的線性回歸模型，為精準投送競選廣告立起「標靶」。此舉對世人的啟示是多方面的，未來認知域作戰，在廣泛蒐集用戶認知特徵的基礎上，將更加強調精準劃分群體，依據不同群體的價值觀念和行動習慣的差異，進行有目的地信息投送和行為預測。

遵循社交習慣，匹配資訊投送管道。互聯網的深度普及使資訊的傳播方式正發生巨大變革，人們接受資訊的方式更加多樣化、多元化。根據國外調研機構數據顯示，目前全球社群媒體用戶超過46.2億，社群媒體平台成為認知域作戰主戰場。在近年來發生的多起「顏色革命」中，臉書、推特、優兔等社群媒體在西方國家操縱下，在輿論傳播、組織抗議、動員民眾等方面發揮了重要作用。據悉，在類似行動中臉書往往用來確定日程，推特用來協調行動，優兔用來廣泛傳播。未來的認知域作戰，十分強調著眼目標對象社交習慣和特點，充分掌握目標對象的社交圈、生活圈，從線上線下、軍用民用等多渠道選擇信息投送方式，從而確保認知信息的送達率。

追蹤認知動態，把準資訊投送時機。認知的改變，並非一蹴而就，一味地追求高節奏、瞬間達成目的反而會起到反面效果。因此，認知域作戰要掌握好「時間沉浸」的節奏與力度，根據目標對象認知動態選準投送時間，逐步漸進地謀求擴大效果優勢。在目標對像對某一事件還未形成初步認知前，要積極搶佔信息的發布優先權，第一時間進行信息“轟炸”，力求“先發製人、先入為主”。此外，在事件的輿論發酵階段，主體的認知還未徹底固化，此時透過不斷重復傳播某個特定訊息，也可以達到潛移默化地重構主體認知的目的。

（作者單位：國防科技大學）

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16209631.html

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How the Chinese Military Identify Key Targets for Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊如何辨識認知域作戰的關鍵目標

現代英語：

Cognitive domain combat targets refer to the specific role of cognitive domain combat. In cognitive domain combat, compared with combat targets, combat targets solve the problem of precise aiming, that is, to let commanders understand and grasp the precise coordinates of what to hit, where to hit, and to what extent. Only by deeply understanding the connotation and characteristics of cognitive domain combat targets can we accurately find key targets through appearances and thus seize the initiative in future combat.

Cognitive focus that influences behavioral choices

The cognitive focus is the “convergence point” of the cognitive subject’s multi-dimensional thinking cognition in war activities. As a dynamic factor, it affects the cognitive process and behavioral results. Generally speaking, the cognitive factors that affect individual behavioral choices in war activities mainly include political attribute cognition, interest-related cognition, group belonging cognition, risk loss cognition, emotional orientation cognition, war morality cognition, etc. For war activities and groups or individuals who pay attention to war activities, the cognitive focus that affects their attitudes, tendencies and behaviors is not the same. Judging from the local wars and regional conflicts in the world in recent years, there are obvious differences in the cognitive focus of different groups or individuals. Politicians pay more attention to political attribute cognition and interest-related cognition, those who may intervene in the war pay more attention to risk loss cognition and interest-related cognition, ordinary people pay more attention to interest-related cognition and emotional orientation cognition, and people in other countries outside the region generally pay more attention to war morality cognition and group belonging cognition because their own interests will not be directly lost. In combat practice, foreign militaries are good at targeting the cognitive focus of different objects, accurately planning topics, and pushing related information to induce specific behavioral choices. For example, before the Gulf War, the Hill Norton public relations company fabricated the non-existent “incubator incident” by using Naira, the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, as a “witness” to show the “inhumanity” of the Iraqi army, induce the American people’s ethical and moral cognition, and then support the US government to send troops to participate in the Gulf War.

Style preferences that constrain command decisions

Cognitive style directly affects decision-making behavior preferences. Cognitive style refers to the typical way of individual cognition, memory, thinking, and problem solving. According to the preference of command decision-making style, commanders can be divided into calm cognitive style and impulsive cognitive style. Commanders with calm cognitive style pay attention to accuracy but not speed in the decision-making process. The quality of the decisions they make is high, but they are prone to fall into the comparison and analysis of various intelligence information sources and overemphasize the accuracy and objectivity of information analysis. Commanders with calm cognitive style are often easily disturbed by the diverse and diverse information stimulation in battlefield cognitive offensive and defensive operations, and their mental energy is easily disturbed and dissipated, which may lead to missed opportunities. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style pay attention to speed but not accuracy. The decision-making reaction speed is fast, but the quality is not high. They are easily emotional and prone to conflict with team members. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style are also prone to over-interpret the ambiguous external security environment, and constantly look for “evidence” to strengthen and verify individual erroneous thinking, narrowing individual attention and leading to command decision-making deviations. In combat practice, foreign armies pay more attention to analyzing the decision-making style of commanders of combat opponents, and then select specific information to influence them psychologically. For example, during the U.S. invasion of Panama, when besieging the hiding place of Panamanian President Noriega, the U.S. military repeatedly played rock and heavy metal music, and used language that stimulated and humiliated Noriega to carry out cognitive and psychological attacks on him, causing Noriega to gradually collapse physically and mentally.

Backdoor channel to control thinking and cognition

Once a computer is infected with a “Trojan” virus, it will send a connection request to the hacker control terminal at a specific time. Once the connection is successful, a backdoor channel will be formed, allowing the hacker to control the computer at will. Similarly, the human brain also has a cognitive “backdoor” and may be controlled by others. Cognitive psychologists have found that by sending information to the target object’s audio-visual perception channel, carefully pushing information content that the target object recognizes and accepts, catering to the target object’s existing experience memory, conforming to the target object’s thinking habits, and stimulating the target object’s emotional pain points, it is possible to control and interfere with the target object’s cognition and promote its instinctive emotional and behavioral reactions. With the support of cutting-edge cognitive science and technology, using the two modes of automatic start and control processing of brain information processing, the target object can easily fall into a “cognitive cocoon”. In cognitive domain operations, by immersing individuals in massive amounts of artificially constructed information, and continuously providing them with “evidence” to prove that their judgments and cognitions are “correct”. Over time, the individual’s cognitive vision becomes smaller and smaller, and the ability to perceive the external environment gradually decreases. Eventually, they will not be able to see the truth of the matter and will be immersed in the “cognitive cocoon” and unable to extricate themselves. When foreign militaries conduct operations in the cognitive domain, they often target their opponents’ cognitive biases on a certain issue and continuously push situational information and intelligence information through various channels to support their opponents’ so-called “correct cognition,” causing errors and deviations in their opponents’ command decisions.

Sensory stimuli that induce attention

Effective perceptual stimulation is the first prerequisite for attracting the attention of the target object. The human brain will perceive and react to stimuli within the perceptual range. Cognitive psychology experimental research has found that information such as dynamic, dangerous, relevant, survival safety, and contrast between before and after is more likely to attract the attention of the human brain. In the era of intelligence, the psychological cognitive process of the target object often follows the law of “attracting attention, cultivating interest, actively searching, strengthening memory, actively sharing, and influencing others”. In combat, foreign troops often use exclusive revelations, intelligence leaks, authoritative disclosures, on-site connections, and other methods, and cleverly use exaggeration, contrast, association, metaphor, suspense, and contrast to push information that subverts common sense, cognitive conflicts, and strong contrasts to attract the attention of the target object. For example, the “Lin Qi rescue incident” created by the US military in the Iraq War and the “Gaddafi Golden Toilet” in the Libyan War mostly choose stories familiar to the audience as the blueprint, hiding the purpose and embedding the viewpoint in the story plot, which attracted the attention of the general public. In addition, the human brain will also process stimuli outside the perceptual range. In recent years, the military of Western countries has attached great importance to the research of subthreshold information stimulation technology, and has developed subthreshold visual information implantation technology, subthreshold auditory information implantation technology, subthreshold information activation technology, subconscious sound manipulation technology of the nervous system, etc., continuously expanding the application scope of neurocognitive science and technology in the military field.

Meta-value concepts that give rise to cognitive resonance

In cognitive theory, cognitive resonance refers to information that can cross the cognitive gap between the two parties and trigger the ideological and psychological resonance and cognitive empathy of both parties, thereby achieving the deconstruction and reconstruction of the other party’s cognitive system. In cognitive domain warfare, this cognitive energy-gathering effect is not a simple concentration of power, but an internal accumulation of system synergy. Under the diffusion and dissemination of modern information media, this cognitive resonance effect can spread rapidly to all parts of the world in a short period of time, and produce secondary indirect psychological effects or more levels of derivative psychological effects, presenting a state of cumulative iteration. Once it exceeds the psychological critical point, it will present a state of psychological energy explosion, thereby changing the direction or outcome of the event. The targets that can induce this cognitive resonance are mainly value beliefs, moral ethics, common interests, etc. In war, if one party touches or violates human meta-values, common emotional orientation, etc., it is very easy to induce collective condemnation, bear the accusation of violating human morality, and fall into a moral trough. For example, a photo during the Vietnam War shows a group of Vietnamese children, especially a 9-year-old girl, running naked on the road because of burns after being attacked by US napalm bombs. In 1972, this photo caused a huge sensation after it was published, setting off an anti-war wave in the United States and even the world, and accelerating the end of the Vietnam War.

Cognitive gaps in a split cognitive system

In daily life, seemingly hard steel is very easy to break due to the brittleness of the material due to factors such as low temperature environment, material defects, and stress concentration. The same is true for the cognitive system. Cognitive gaps refer to the cracks, pain points, weaknesses, and sensitive points in the cognitive thinking of the target object, which are mainly manifested as the individual’s worry that he is unable to cope with or adapt to the environment, and under the influence of anxiety, cognitive vulnerability is formed. The experience of security threats, the looseness of group structure, the confusion of beliefs and ideals, and the loss of voice of authoritative media will all cause cognitive conflicts and tearing of the target object. In cognitive domain operations, sometimes seemingly powerful combat opponents hide a large number of thinking cracks and psychological weaknesses behind them. Often a news event can shake the cognitive framework of the combat opponent and puncture the cognitive bubble. In addition, this cognitive psychological conflict will also cause moral damage and psychological trauma to individuals. In recent years, the U.S. and Western countries’ troops carrying out overseas missions have faced “enemies disguised as civilians” that appear anytime and anywhere, and their uncertainty about the battlefield environment has continued to increase. They generally lack the perception of the significance of combat, and are filled with guilt and sin. A large number of soldiers developed post-traumatic stress disorder, the number of self-harm on the battlefield, post-war suicides and crimes increased sharply, and the number of suicides among veterans of the war even exceeded the number of deaths on the battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Political Science Academy of National Defense University)

國語中文：

引言

認知域作戰標靶是指認知域作戰的具體作用指向。在認知域作戰中，相較於作戰對象，作戰標靶解決的問題是精確瞄準，也就是讓指揮官了解掌握具體打什麼、往哪裡打、打到什麼程度的精準座標問題。只有深刻理解認知域作戰標靶的內涵特點，才能透過表象準確找到關鍵標靶，以便在未來作戰中掌握先機。

影響行為選擇的認知重心

認知重心是戰爭活動中認知主體多元思維認知的“匯聚點”，作為一種能動因素影響認知進程和行為結果。一般而言，影響戰爭活動中個人行為選擇的認知因素，主要包含政治屬性認知、利益關聯認知、群體歸屬認知、風險損失認知、情緒定向認知、戰爭道德認知等。對於戰爭活動以及關注戰爭活動的群體或個體而言，影響其態度、傾向和行為的認知重心並不相同。從近年來的世界局部戰爭和地區衝突來看，不同群體或個體關注的認知重心有著明顯差異，政治人物更加關注政治屬性認知和利益關聯認知，戰爭可能介入者更關注風險損耗認知和利益關聯認知，一般民眾更關注利益關聯認知和情感定向認知，而域外他國民眾由於自身利益不會受到直接損失，普遍更關注戰爭道德認知和群體歸屬認知。外軍在作戰實踐中，善於針對不同對象的認知重心，精準策劃主題，推送關聯訊息，誘發特定的行為選擇。如同在海灣戰爭前，希爾·諾頓公關公司炮製了根本不存在的“育嬰箱事件”，就是利用科威特駐美大使的女兒娜伊拉“做證”，展現伊拉克軍隊的“慘無人道”，誘發美國民眾的倫理道德認知，進而支持美國政府派兵參加海灣戰爭。

制約指揮決策的風格偏好

認知風格直接影響決策行為偏好。認知風格是指個體認知、記憶、思考、解決問題的典型方式。根據指揮決策風格偏好，指揮家可以分為冷靜型認知風格和衝動型認知風格。冷靜型認知風格的指揮者在決策過程中重視準確但不重視速度，作出的決策品質較高，但容易陷入對各類情報資訊來源的比對分析，過度強調資訊分析的準確客觀。冷靜型認知風格的指揮在戰場認知攻防行動中，常常容易受到紛繁多元的信息刺激幹擾，心智精力容易被擾亂和耗散，進而可能貽誤戰機。衝動型認知風格的指揮者重視速度但不重視準確度，作出的決策反應速度較快，但品質不高，且容易情緒激動，易與團隊成員發生衝突。衝動型認知風格的指揮者也容易將模稜兩可的外在安全環境進行過度曲解，並不斷尋找「證據」強化和驗證個體錯誤思維，使個體注意力變窄，導致出現指揮決策偏差。外軍在作戰實務中，比較著重分析作戰對手指揮官決策風格，進而選擇特定資訊對其進行心理影響。如美軍入侵巴拿馬戰爭中，在圍攻巴拿馬總統諾列加躲藏處時，美軍反複播放搖滾和重金屬音樂，運用刺激和羞辱諾列加的語言對其進行認知打擊和心理進攻，使諾列加身心逐漸崩潰。

控制思維認知的後門通道

電腦一旦中了「木馬」病毒，會在特定時間向駭客控制端發送連線請求，一旦連線成功就會形成後門通道，使得駭客可以隨心所欲地控制電腦。與之相似，人類大腦也存在認知“後門”，也可能被他人控制。認知心理學家研究發現，透過給目標對象視聽感知通道發送訊息，精心推送目標對象認可的、接受的信息內容，迎合目標對像已有的經驗記憶，順應目標對象思維習慣，刺激目標對象的情感痛點，就可以控制干擾目標物認知，促進其產生本能情緒行為反應。在尖端認知科學技術的支撐下，運用大腦資訊加工的自動啟動和控制加工兩種模式，目標物很容易陷入「認知繭房」之中。認知域作戰中，透過讓個體沉浸在人為構設的海量資訊之中，並源源不斷地為其提供「證據」用來佐證其判斷和認知是「正確」的。長此以往，個體的認知視野就變得越來越小，對外在環境的感知能力逐漸降低，最終會看不到事情的真相，沉湎於「認知繭房」中無法自拔。外軍在認知域作戰中，常常針對作戰對手對某一問題的認知偏差，持續透過多種管道推送佐證作戰對手自以為「正確認知」的態勢訊息和情報訊息，使作戰對手指揮決策出現失誤和偏差。

誘發關注的感知覺刺激

有效的知覺刺激是引發目標對象關注的首要前提。人類大腦對感知覺範圍內的刺激會有所察覺，並做出各種反應。認知心理學實驗研究發現，動態、危險、利害關係人、生存安全、前後反差等類別資訊更容易引起人類大腦的注意。在智慧化時代，目標對象的心理認知過程往往遵循「引起注意、培養興趣、主動搜尋、強化記憶、主動分享、影響他人」的規律。外軍在作戰中，常運用獨家爆料、情報外洩、權威揭露、現場連線等方式，巧用誇張、對比、聯想、比喻、懸念、襯託等手法，推播顛覆常識、認知衝突、對比強烈等訊息，來引發目標對象注意。例如伊拉克戰爭中美軍塑造的“營救女兵林奇事件”，利比亞戰爭中的“卡扎菲黃金馬桶”，大多選擇受眾對象熟知的故事為藍本，藏目的、寓觀點於故事情節，吸引了廣大民眾的注意力。此外，人類大腦也會對感知覺範圍外的刺激進行加工。近年來，西方國家軍隊非常重視知覺閾下資訊刺激技術的研究，開發發展了閾下視覺訊息植入技術、閾下聽覺訊息植入技術、閾下訊息啟動技術、神經系統潛意識聲音操控技術等，不斷擴大神經認知科學技術在軍事領域的應用範圍。

催生認知共振的後設價值概念

認知理論中，認知共振是指跨越雙方認知鴻溝，能夠引發雙方思想心理與認知共鳴共感的訊息，進而實現對對方認知體系的解構與重建。在認知域作戰中，這種認知聚能效應不是簡單意義上的力量集中，而是體系合力的內在累積。在現代資訊傳媒的擴散傳播作用下，這種認知共振效應能在短時間內迅速擴散到全球各地，並產生二次間接心理效應或更多層次的衍生心理效應，呈現出一種累積迭代的狀態，一旦超過心理臨界點，即呈現出心理能量爆發狀態，從而改變事件走向或結果。能夠誘發這種認知共振的靶標，主要有價值信念、道德倫理、共通利益等。戰爭中，若某一方觸及或違反人類元價值觀、共同情感指向等，則極易誘發集體聲討，承擔違背人類道德的指責，陷於道義低谷。如越戰期間的一張照片，畫面呈現的是遭遇美軍凝固汽油彈襲擊後，一群越南孩子特別是一名9歲女孩在公路上因為燒傷而裸體奔跑。 1972年，這張照片刊登後引發巨大轟動，掀起美國乃至全球的反戰浪潮，加速了越戰的結束。

分裂認知體系的認知縫隙

日常生活中，看似堅硬的鋼鐵，受低溫環境、材質缺陷、應力集中等因素影響，非常容易因材料脆性而斷裂，認知體係也是如此。認知縫隙是指目標對象認知思考中的裂縫、痛點、弱點與敏感點，主要表現為個體擔心自己沒有能力應對或無法適應環境的想法，並在焦慮情緒的作用下，構成認知脆弱性。安全威脅的經驗、團體結構的鬆散、信念理想的迷惘、權威媒介的失聲等，都會使得目標物出現認知上的衝突與撕裂。認知域作戰中，有時看似強大的作戰對手，背後卻潛藏著大量的思維裂隙與心理弱點，往往一個新聞事件就能動搖作戰對手的認知框架，刺破認知泡沫。此外，這種認知心理衝突也會使個體產生道德損傷和心理創傷。近年來，執行海外任務的美西方國家軍隊面對隨時隨地出現的“偽裝成平民的敵人”，對戰場環境的不確定感不斷提升，普遍缺乏作戰意義感知，進而內心充滿內疚與罪惡。大量士兵產生戰爭創傷後壓力障礙，戰場自殘自傷、戰後自殺與犯罪人數激增，參戰老兵自殺人數甚至超過戰場死亡人數。

（作者單位：國防大學政治學院）唐國東

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年3月23日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/23/content_336888.htm

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare

People’s Liberation Army Looking ahead to the “Battlefield Metaverse”

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解放軍展望“戰場元宇宙”

現代英語：

Recently, the “metaverse” has become a hot topic of concern. On November 26 last year, this edition published an article titled “Unveiling the Veil of the Metaverse”, which mentioned the concept of the “battlefield metaverse”.

Simply put, the “metaverse” will be the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet. It is a virtual world that is parallel and isomorphic to the real world, with main features such as multi-dimensionality, full sensory perception, virtual-real integration, and seamless interaction. The “battlefield metaverse” is the manifestation of the “metaverse” in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, more powerful simulation computing capabilities, more real-time and sophisticated interaction requirements, and more prominent battlefield time consistency, virtual-real integration, boundary security, decision-making intelligence, and performance fidelity.

Imagine a typical application scenario

We can preliminarily outline the outline of the “battlefield metaverse” by imagining a typical military training application scenario in the future:

An aircraft carrier fleet was cruising in a certain sea area. Suddenly, in the fleet command room, a virtual AI staff officer projected a virtual figure through the “Battlefield Metaverse” terminal, making a clear voice to convey the upper level’s combat readiness inspection instructions.

The fleet commander immediately issued an “exercise combat alert” command to the fleet according to the plan. The fleet’s combat command and control system began to automatically receive combat missions and battlefield situations sent by the “Battlefield Metaverse” terminal. Except for the personnel on duty at the bridge of each ship in the fleet who continued to cruise and guard according to the scheduled route, all other personnel were transferred to the combat scene set by the “Battlefield Metaverse”.

On the flight deck of an aircraft carrier, all deck workers immediately put on enhanced terminals of the “Battlefield Metaverse” after hearing the “combat alert”. Depending on the login user ID, the corresponding virtual information in the “Battlefield Metaverse” is seamlessly superimposed on the workers’ field of vision, supporting the deck workers to complete relevant practical operations in the real world.

Under the unified command of the flight deck commander, all deck operators perform virtual and real integrated deck operations for various types of carrier-based aircraft in accordance with combat mission requirements and carrier-based aircraft take-off procedures, including refueling, bomb loading, towing, safety inspection, ejection, recovery, and ammunition emergency disposal.

In the flight briefing room, all pilots of various types of carrier-based aircraft participating in this mission have put on the immersive terminals of the “Battlefield Metaverse” and entered the cockpit of the virtual world, waiting for their carrier-based aircraft to complete take-off preparations.

In the cockpit of the virtual carrier-based fighter, an AI assistant with the same configuration as the actual carrier-based aircraft is confirming the status of the aircraft with the pilot and planning the upcoming combat operations according to the combat mission received. During the combat mission, the virtual carrier-based fighter can equivalently feedback the situation information of the enemy and our own reconnaissance, electronic interference, combat damage, etc., providing real-time information for the pilot to make decisions and take actions…

It can be seen from the above typical application scenarios that the “battlefield metaverse” requires a large number of revolutionary breakthroughs in key technologies as its basic support, including VR/AR/MR technology, digital twin technology, cloud computing technology, blockchain technology, high-speed network technology, AI technology, etc.

Construction requires many basic conditions

Compared with the “metaverse” that is open to the public and reconstructs the network ecology, the “battlefield metaverse” needs to be developed based on the actual topological structure of the military network and the construction results of various military information systems, and has higher requirements on key technical indicators. Specifically, the construction of the “battlefield metaverse” should have at least the following basic conditions:

– Independent network communication links. The “Battlefield Metaverse” is an independent form built on the military high-speed network architecture and infrastructure, which is significantly different from the design concept of the “Metaverse” global access. Users of the “Battlefield Metaverse” need to verify and log in through a secure military network node in a relatively fixed place or area. The remote wireless network link is not open to the outside world and has the ability to resist communication interference and network attacks.

——Strict identity authentication mechanism. All individual users accessing the “Battlefield Metaverse” are required to be military personnel who have passed confidentiality review and military scientific research personnel with confidentiality qualifications. The authentication information of all types of users cannot be tampered with, fabricated, or misused in the “Battlefield Metaverse”. All user operations will be recorded in detail in the “Battlefield Metaverse” to facilitate tracking and analysis by the operation and maintenance security department, and any illegal users and operations will have no chance to take advantage.

——Diverse user access capabilities. Users who access the “Battlefield Metaverse” can be divided into individual users, equipment users, and system users according to their types. Among them, individual users are organic individuals who directly enter the “Battlefield Metaverse” activities; equipment users and system users are key digital equipment and information systems that need to access the “Battlefield Metaverse”, and their operators or maintenance personnel participate in the activities in the “Battlefield Metaverse” in an indirect way through operational control behaviors in the real world.

——Clear command, coordination and interaction relationship. Different from the high degree of freedom of ordinary users in the “metaverse”, all types of users in different locations in the “battlefield metaverse” participate in specific activities, play designated roles or undertake major tasks, which are uniformly planned, deployed and coordinated by the only event organizer. Before each activity is launched, the event organizer determines the user identification, command relationship, coordination relationship, information interaction permissions, etc. of the participants based on the elements required to achieve the goal.

——Immersive real-time interaction capabilities. Individual users who access the “Battlefield Metaverse” need to log in through a human-computer interaction terminal and achieve real-time interaction with the “Battlefield Metaverse” and other users in the real world. In addition to having basic immersive interaction and time-based functions, terminal devices also need to enhance the user’s operational freedom and sensitivity, so that users can operate and use a variety of weapons, equipment and information systems in the “Battlefield Metaverse”.

——Powerful AI individuals. Similar to the “metaverse”, AI individuals with intelligence and autonomous behavior capabilities will act as permanent residents in the “battlefield metaverse”. They can play the role of virtual red team, blue team, and third-party entities to participate in combat, training and test tasks, and can also play the role of instructors, examiners, staff, system operation and maintenance personnel, etc., to assist individual users in making decisions and taking actions.

——Realistic performance simulation capability. All weapons, equipment and information systems mapped into the “Battlefield Metaverse” need to have functional performance and consistent operation methods equivalent to those in the real world. Through signal-level simulation models and performance algorithms, simulation of reconnaissance detection effectiveness, electronic countermeasure effectiveness, firepower strike effectiveness and comprehensive protection effectiveness can be achieved, ensuring that the experience accumulated by individual users in the “Battlefield Metaverse” can guide actual combat operations.

——Flexible scenario generation capability. The “Battlefield Metaverse” needs to set a battlefield area for each activity, including the geographical environment, electromagnetic environment, meteorological environment, and hydrological environment of the area. Its scenario data is required to be more real and accurate, and requires institutions with relevant qualifications to build and maintain it step by step.

Application, bringing significant benefits in multiple fields

In the future, the “metaverse” may first be applied to areas such as online social networking, online games, and online economy, becoming the starting point for the virtualization of human society.

After the “Battlefield Metaverse” is built, it will have a huge impact on the application fields of education, training, testing, research, etc. of the troops, greatly change the original methods of organizing and implementing activities, significantly improve the comprehensive benefits of various military activities, and effectively stimulate the innovation capabilities of military personnel and scientific researchers.

In the field of education, the “Battlefield Metaverse” can play an important role in centralized education in colleges and universities, in-service distance education, etc. The teachers and students can interact and communicate with each other freely in different locations, which is conducive to creating a harmonious and relaxed teaching atmosphere. On the one hand, the teachers can use more powerful teaching content to demonstrate their teaching ability and achieve more vivid teaching effects; on the other hand, the students can recognize and understand the problems more intuitively, effectively improving their personal interest in self-study and subjective initiative.

In the field of training, the “Battlefield Metaverse” can fully meet the requirements of actual combat training in the context of large-scale combat. Participants at all levels can play the roles of their current positions or proposed positions, and repeatedly receive training and assessments in a larger, more confrontational, and longer-lasting environment. While honing combat skills, honing tactical coordination, and forging combat will, they can apply the accumulated simulated combat experience to actual combat operations. The evaluation of training effects will also be more quantitative and intuitive, which is more conducive to selecting talents.

In the field of testing, the “Battlefield Metaverse” can provide a practical background and large-scale test scenarios with equivalent simulation capabilities for the design and demonstration of new weapons and equipment, weapons and equipment performance testing, weapons and equipment compatibility testing, and weapon system combat effectiveness testing. It can bring virtual and real equipment into a peer environment to operate together, and fully grasp the various states and parameter changes of the equipment, thereby effectively solving practical problems such as limited test times, simple test links, low complexity of the test background, and difficulty in building a combat system.

In the field of research, the “Battlefield Metaverse” can provide a public platform for remote simulation and verification for the use of new equipment and innovation of tactics. On the basis of coordinating expert resources from various regions and centrally calling simulation computing power, virtual AI is used to play the combat forces of all parties, conduct uninterrupted simulation calculations, obtain massive data samples, and mine and analyze knowledge and conclusions that meet the research objectives. During the research process, researchers can also communicate and collaborate with relevant experts, intervene in real time and improve the simulation elements to ensure that the research results can stand the test of actual troops.

From the perspective of system architecture and functional characteristics, although the “Battlefield Metaverse” cannot directly affect actual combat operations, it can serve as a backup for wartime command and communication networks. When the command and communication network is paralyzed by enemy network attacks or key nodes are damaged by attacks, combat troops can try to access the communication link of the “Battlefield Metaverse” to ensure the most basic combat command and information exchange.

The above picture is a schematic diagram of the “Battlefield Metaverse”.

Gaosong System

國語中文：

近期，「元宇宙」成為人們關注的熱點。本版去年11月26日曾刊登《揭開「元宇宙」面紗》一文，並提到了「戰場元宇宙」概念。

簡單地說，「元宇宙」將是下一代網路的終極形態，是與現實世界平行同構的一個虛擬世界，具備多維度、全感官、虛實融合、無縫互動等主要特徵。 “戰場元宇宙”，則是“元宇宙”在軍事領域的表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求，更突出的戰場時統一致性、虛實一體性、邊界安全性、決策智能性、效能逼真性。

設想，一個典型應用場景呈現

我們可透過假想未來一個典型軍事訓練應用場景，初步描繪出「戰場元宇宙」的輪廓——

一支航母編隊正在某海域巡航。突然，編隊指揮室內，虛擬的AI參謀透過「戰場元宇宙」終端，投射生成一個虛擬人影，發出清脆聲音，傳達上一級戰備檢查指令。

編隊指揮官立即依照預案，向編隊下達「演習戰鬥警報」命令。編隊作戰指控系統開始自動接收「戰場元宇宙」終端發送的作戰任務和戰場態勢，除編隊各艦艦橋部位的值更人員按照預定航線繼續進行巡航和警戒外，其餘人員全部轉入「戰場元宇宙」設定的作戰場景之中。

在航空母艦飛行甲板上，所有甲板作業人員在聽到「戰鬥警報」後，立即穿戴好「戰場元宇宙」的增強型終端，根據登入使用者ID的不同，「戰場元宇宙」中對應的虛擬資訊無縫疊加至作業人員視野，支撐甲板作業人員在真實世界完成相關實作動作。

在飛行甲板指揮官統一指揮下，所有甲板作業人員依照作戰任務要求和艦載機起飛流程，對各型艦載機進行虛實融合的甲板作業，包括加油、掛彈、牽引、安全檢查、彈射、回收、彈藥緊急處置等內容。

飛行簡報室內，所有參與本次任務的各型艦載機飛行員已穿戴好「戰場元宇宙」的沉浸型終端，進入虛擬世界的駕駛座艙中，等待自己的艦載機完成起飛準備。

虛擬的艦載戰鬥機座艙內，一位與艦載機實裝配置相同的AI助理正在向飛行員確認飛機的各項狀態，並根據受領的作戰任務，籌劃即將開始的作戰行動。在執行作戰任務期間，虛擬艦載戰鬥機能等效反饋敵我雙方的偵察探測、電子乾擾、交戰毀傷等態勢信息，實時供飛行員決策判斷和採取行動…

透過上述典型應用場景可以看出，「戰場元宇宙」需要大量關鍵技術的革命性突破作為基礎支撐，包括VR/AR/MR技術、數位孿生技術、雲端運算技術、區塊鏈技術、高速網路技術、AI技術等。

構建，需要具備許多基本條件

相較於面向大眾、重構網路生態的“元宇宙”，“戰場元宇宙”需要在軍用網路實際拓撲結構和各類軍用資訊系統的建設成果上展開，對關鍵技術指標上的要求更高。具體來說，建構「戰場元宇宙」應至少具備以下基本條件：

——獨立的網路通訊鏈路。 「戰場元宇宙」是建立在軍用高速網路架構和基礎設施上的獨立形態，與「元宇宙」全球隨遇接入的設計理念有明顯差異。 「戰場元宇宙」的使用者需要在相對固定的場所或區域，透過安全的軍用網路節點進行驗證登入。遠端無線網路連結不對外開放，並具備抵禦通訊幹擾和網路攻擊能力。

——嚴格的身份認證機制。所有接取「戰場元宇宙」的個人用戶，均要求是透過保密審查的軍方人員和具備保密資質的軍工科研人員。所有類型用戶的認證資訊在「戰場元宇宙」中不可篡改、虛構、冒用，所有用戶的操作行為在「戰場元宇宙」中將被詳細記錄，以利於運維安全部門追蹤分析，任何非法用戶及操作均無機可乘。

——多樣化的用戶接入能力。接取「戰場元宇宙」的用戶，依類型可分為個人用戶、裝備用戶及系統用戶等。其中，個人使用者是直接進入「戰場元宇宙」活動的有機個體；裝備使用者和系統使用者則是需要連接「戰場元宇宙」的關鍵數位化裝備和資訊化系統，其操作或維運人員透過在現實世界中的操作控制行為，以間接方式參與「戰場元宇宙」內的活動。

——明確的指揮協同互動關係。與「元宇宙」中普通用戶高自由度不同，異地分佈的所有類型用戶在「戰場元宇宙」中參與的特定活動、扮演的指定角色或擔負的主要任務，均由唯一的活動組織者進行統一籌劃、部署和協調。在每項活動展開前，由活動組織者圍繞達成目標所需的要素，確定參與活動的使用者標識、指揮關係、協同關係、資訊互動權限等。

——沉浸式的即時互動能力。接取「戰場元宇宙」的個人用戶，需透過人機互動終端進行登錄，並與「戰場元宇宙」及現實世界中其他用戶達成即時互動。終端設備在具備基本的沉浸式互動功能和時統功能基礎上，也需要強化使用者的操作自由度和靈敏度，以便於使用者在「戰場元宇宙」中操作使用各式各樣武器裝備和資訊系統。

——強大的AI個體。與「元宇宙」類似，具備智慧和自主行為能力的AI個體，將作為「戰場元宇宙」中永久居民進行活動，既可扮演虛擬的紅方、藍方、第三方實體，參與到作戰、訓練和試驗任務中，也可扮演教官、考官、參謀、系統維運人員等角色，輔助個人使用者進行決策與行動。

——逼真的效能模擬能力。所有映射到「戰場元宇宙」中的武器裝備和資訊系統，均需要具有與真實世界等效的功能性能和一致的操作方法。透過訊號級的模擬模型和效能演算法，實現對偵察探測效能、電子對抗效能、火力打擊效能和綜合防護效能的仿真，確保個人用戶在「戰場元宇宙」中累積的經驗能指導實際作戰行動。

——靈活的場景生成能力。 「戰場元宇宙」需要針對每次活動，設定戰場區域，包括該區域地理環境、電磁環境、氣象環境和水文環境等。其情境資料需求更真實且準確，需要具備相關資格的機構進行逐步建置與持續維護。

應用，多個領域帶來顯著效益

未來，「元宇宙」可能首先應用於網路社交、網路遊戲、網路經濟等領域，成為人類社會虛擬化起點。

「戰場元宇宙」建成後，則會對部隊的教育、訓練、試驗、研究等應用領域帶來巨大影響，極大改變原有的活動組織實施方式，顯著提升各類軍事活動的綜合效益，有效激發軍事人員和科學研究人員的創新能力。

在教育領域，「戰場元宇宙」能在院校集中教育、在職遠距教育等方面發揮重要作用，施教方與受教方在不同地點就能進行自由度極高的互動交流，有利於營造和諧輕鬆的授課氛圍。一方面，施教方能利用更強大的教學內容來展現宣講能力，達成更生動的宣教效果；另一方面，受教方能更直觀地認識和理解問題，有效提升個人自學興趣和主觀能動性。

在訓練領域，「戰場元宇宙」能充分滿足大規模作戰背景下的實戰化訓練要求，各級參訓對象可透過扮演現任職位或擬任崗位的角色，在更大規模、更具對抗性、在更長持續時間的環境中，反覆接受訓練與考核，在錘鍊戰鬥技巧、磨合戰術配合、鍛造戰鬥意志的同時，將累積的模擬作戰經驗應用到實際作戰行動中。訓練效果的評鑑也將更量化直觀，更有利於選賢任能。

在試驗領域，「戰場元宇宙」能為新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等，提供具備等效模擬能力的實戰化背景及大規模試驗場景，將虛實裝備納入對等的環境中共同運行，並全面掌握裝備的各種狀態和參數的變化情況，從而有效解決試驗次數受限、試驗環節簡單、試驗背景複雜度低、作戰體系構建困難等現實問題。

在研究領域，「戰場元宇宙」能為新型裝備運用和戰法創新提供遠端推演驗證的公共平台。在協調各地專家資源與集中調用模擬算力的基礎上，利用虛擬AI扮演各方作戰力量，進行不間斷推演計算，得出海量資料樣本，並從中挖掘分析出符合研究目標的知識和結論。在研究過程中，研究人員還可與相關專家共同交流協作，即時介入並完善推演要素，以確保研究成果經得起實兵檢驗。

從體系架構和功能特性來看，「戰場元宇宙」雖然無法直接影響實際作戰行動，但可作為戰時指揮通訊網路的備份手段。當指揮通訊網路遭受敵方網路攻擊而癱瘓或關鍵節點遭受打擊被損毀時，作戰部隊可嘗試接取「戰場元宇宙」的通訊鏈路，確保最基本的作戰指揮和資訊互動。

上圖為「戰場元宇宙」示意圖。

高 嵩制

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-01/21/content_307950.htm