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Quantum Technology Has Great Potential For Future Chinese Warfare Success

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量子科技對中國未來戰爭的成功有巨大潛力

現代英語：

On October 16, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a collective study on the research and application prospects of quantum technology. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that we must fully recognize the importance and urgency of promoting the development of quantum technology, strengthen the strategic planning and systematic layout of quantum technology development, grasp the general trend, and take the initiative.

As the mystery of quantum is unveiled, people are increasingly aware that quantum technology represents the future of human society, is a strategic field that concerns national security and high-quality social and economic development, is a major disruptive technological innovation that impacts and reconstructs the traditional technological system, and will lead a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. It has a bright future.

The United States, the European Union, Australia, Russia and other world powers and regional organizations have been conducting research on quantum technology for many years and have done a lot of preliminary work in the field of quantum information. my country has also pressed the “accelerator” in the development of quantum technology.

Quantum thinking opens up your mind

Do you think quantum technology is very high-end, sounds vague, and even a bit illusory? Not only do you think so, but even Niels Bohr, the founder of quantum physics, once said: “If someone is not confused by quantum mechanics, he does not understand it.”

In fact, we live in the quantum world every day. Quantum is the basic unit of matter: if you divide the physical quantity piece by piece until it is small enough that it cannot be divided any further, it is a quantum. For example, a photon is the basic unit of light energy and it is impossible to divide it into half a photon.

So why can’t we feel its existence at all, and even find it difficult to understand the phenomena of the quantum world? This is because the scale we are familiar with is too different from the quantum scale. For example, a table is on the meter scale, a hair is on the millimeter scale, and the object of quantum physics is tens of millions or even hundreds of millions times smaller than the scale of a hair. If a person is reduced to a size of tens of millions of times the diameter of a hair, then the world in which humans live will follow a completely different set of rules.

In the Newtonian classical thinking model that we are familiar with, “the world is accurately measurable”, everything is an objective, precise, mechanically connected, describable and quantifiable mathematical model, just like you can calculate and analyze the whole process of a wooden block sliding down a slope with a pen. However, several key words of quantum thinking may subvert all this:

Keyword 1: “Probability”. The world is jumpy, unpredictable, and uncertain, or in other words, it is extremely complex and interconnected like the butterfly effect.

Keyword 2: “Overlap”. The world is “plural”. Before we make a choice, the choices are infinite and changing. Only when we finally make a choice, other possibilities “collapse”. At the same time, this choice provides us with infinite options for the next choice.

Keyword three: “Observer”. This is even weirder – if you observe a quantum system, it changes immediately! In other words, the state of the quantum depends on the observer.

Einstein described the quantum world as “ghost-like”. There, many natural laws that people firmly believe in will become invalid, and the perspective of understanding the universe will be completely changed. Before opening the door to the quantum world, you need to abandon all the common sense you have acquired in the macroscopic world, replace it with quantum thinking, keep your mind open, and be ready to exclaim: “How is this possible?!”

A tiny quantum has brought about two revolutions

With quantum thinking, you may understand the two “unique skills” of quantum: one is “clone” – quantum superposition, a quantum can exist in several states at the same time; the other is “remote telepathy” – quantum entanglement, a pair of entangled quantum is like a pair of twins with telepathy. At the same time, quantum is also very “weird” – indivisible and non-cloneable.

It is precisely these magical properties that enable such tiny quantum to burst out with huge energy, setting off two technological waves in human history.

As early as 1900, German physicist Planck proposed the concept of quantum, which split the “hard core” of the real world and ushered in the quantum era. A group of talented scientists such as Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and Bohr basically completed the theoretical framework of quantum mechanics.

Quantum mechanics is one of the greatest scientific discoveries of the last century. Based on quantum mechanics, modern technologies such as transistors, lasers, nuclear fusion, mobile communications, and global positioning systems have emerged, allowing humans to enter the information age, and then developed into the ubiquitous computers and the Internet, creating further prosperity for society. This is the first quantum revolution.

In the 1980s, quantum information technology was born in the information field based on quantum mechanics. For example, quantum computers, quantum cryptography, quantum sensors, etc., not only are based on quantum mechanics, but the devices themselves also have quantum world characteristics such as superposition, entanglement, non-locality, and non-cloning, breaking through the physical limits of classical technology and finding new research directions. The birth of quantum information technology is called the second quantum revolution.

Quantum technology is one of the most cutting-edge technologies at present. It is moving out of the laboratory and achieving unprecedented leapfrog development in various fields. Some even predict that, like steam engines, electricity and computers, quantum technology will become the symbol of the fourth technological revolution.

“A pair of twin stars rises”

Academician Guo Guangcan of the University of Science and Technology of China once said vividly: “The computing power of quantum computers compared with electronic computers is equivalent to the computing power of electronic computers compared with abacus.” The computers we use use the two states of bits 0 and 1 as information processing units, and can only process a single state bit that is either 0 or 1 at a time; while the quantum computing processing unit is a quantum bit, which can process 0 and 1 at the same time due to the superposition effect, just like Sun Wukong can split into dozens of bodies to fight monsters. If a light quantum computer is made using quantum technology, the computing time of a classical computer that takes hundreds of thousands of years will be shortened to a few seconds.

Therefore, as the number of quantum bits continues to increase, the more “clones” there are, the faster the calculation will be. When the number of quantum bits reaches 50, that is, 250 states exist simultaneously, how huge is this number? Converted into the thickness of a 0.1 mm A4 paper folded in half 50 times, this number is 100 million kilometers, which is close to 3/4 of the distance from the earth to the sun. When a quantum computer can reach 100 bits, it may be 100 billion times faster than a supercomputer in some directions.

How should we use such powerful computing power?

First, large-scale, high-dimensional computing problems that were difficult or impossible to solve in the past can now be quickly solved, such as typical search problems and combinatorial optimization problems, such as optimal route selection, code cracking, network threat prediction, urban traffic planning, and so on.

Secondly, artificial quantum systems can be used to simulate natural quantum systems to explore the dynamic properties of molecules. For example, once we simulate and analyze the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity, we can design some new superconducting materials. This will open a new door for drug design, new material exploration, weather forecasting, space exploration, chemical engineering and other fields, and has great economic and social value.

What is particularly worth looking forward to is that artificial intelligence and quantum technology will coexist and evolve at the same time, “rising like a pair of twin stars.”

Gordon Moore, the founder of Intel, proposed the famous Moore’s Law: Computer computing speed doubles every 18 months or so. Without the exponential growth of silicon transistors in chips and the increasing computing power, artificial intelligence would not have achieved such remarkable results in recent years. However, today, the size of a transistor is much smaller than a flu virus, approaching the physical limit, and computer computing speed is about to reach a “bottleneck”, and artificial intelligence may face a “cold winter”.

Scientists are convinced that only quantum computing, which goes beyond classical computing, can be a strong backing for artificial intelligence to break through its limits. In particular, machine learning technology, which relies on large-scale data processing, will benefit greatly from quantum computing and generate unlimited possibilities; at the same time, artificial intelligence technology can realize self-calibration and evaluation of quantum computing, and evolve with it.

In a foreseeable period, quantum computing will gradually transition from solving optimization problems, quantum encryption communications, and molecular structure research to integrating artificial intelligence, and infiltrating various industries such as smart manufacturing, smart logistics and smart retail, and smart finance. Cloud services will be a new form of service that quantum computing can provide.

Quantum communication “weaves” quantum internet

This is the most amazing phenomenon in the quantum world: independent particles can be completely “entangled” together. Even if the two particles are at the two ends of the universe, both sides can “sense” each other’s state; as long as the state of one of the particles changes, the state of the other particle will also change instantly.

At the same time, quantum is in multiple possible superposition states, and its true state cannot be determined before it is observed. We can achieve absolutely secure communication with subversive significance by constructing particles with quantum entanglement.

With the help of the magical properties of quantum, scientists have found an unbreakable code, the only unconditionally secure encryption method currently available to humans, and the most critical link in quantum communication – quantum key distribution.

Quantum keys use single photons as carriers. Once an eavesdropper takes action, the first layer of “firewall” will be triggered – the quantum state of particles will change. The eavesdropping behavior will be immediately discovered by the user transmitting the information, and the sender and receiver will immediately stop using the key to encrypt the information content. As a “spy”, since quantum state particles cannot be copied, can’t you just intercept and measure them directly? Sorry, doing so will trigger the second layer of “firewall” – the uncertainty principle. Even if you are intercepted by an eavesdropper, there is no way to get the correct information. Quantum satellites are the most promising way to achieve ultra-long-distance quantum communication. In August 2016, the world’s first quantum science experimental satellite “Mozi” was successfully launched in China.

Quantum communication technology and quantum resources have given rise to a new functional network – quantum Internet. It will bring about a leap forward in network security, computing and science, and has broad application prospects: in addition to achieving unconditional secure communication, it can also connect multiple quantum computers to build a distributed quantum computing system, forming a large-scale computing capability that a single quantum computer cannot achieve; forming a sensor network to increase the accuracy of navigation networks such as the global positioning system from the meter level to the millimeter level; connecting optical telescopes thousands of kilometers apart to obtain a resolution equivalent to that of a monocular telescope of the same diameter, and so on.

In May 2020, the European Union stated that it would promote the integration of quantum communications with traditional network infrastructure and applications, develop satellite-based quantum cryptography that can be used for global secure key distribution, and lay the foundation for the future “quantum internet” vision.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network
Friday , November 13, 2020

現代國語：

10月16日，中共中央政治局就量子科技研究和應用前景舉行集體學習。習近平總書記強調，要充分認識推動量子科技發展的重要性和迫切性，加強量子科技發展戰略規劃和系統佈局，把握大趨勢，下好先手棋。

揭開量子的神秘面紗，人們愈來愈認識到，量子科技代表著人類社會未來，是事關國家安全和社會經濟高品質發展的戰略領域，是對傳統技術體系產生衝擊、進行重構的重大顛覆性技術創新，將引領新一輪科技革命和產業變革，可謂「前途」無量。

對於量子科技的研究，美國、歐盟、澳洲、俄羅斯等世界大國和區域組織已持續多年，在量子資訊領域都做了大量前期部署工作。我國在發展量子科技上，也按下了「加速鍵」。

量子思維讓腦洞大開

您是不是覺得量子科技非常高冷，聽起來似懂非懂，甚至有點亦真亦幻？不光您這麼想，連量子物理奠基人尼爾斯·玻爾都曾說過：“如果誰不對量子力學感到困惑，他就沒有理解它。”

其實，我們每天都生活在量子世界裡。量子是物質的基本單元：如果把物理量一份一份往下分，分到無法再分的小塊，就是量子。例如，光量子就是光能量的基本單元，不可能再分成半個光量子。

那麼，我們為何完全感覺不到它的存在，甚至很難理解量子世界的現象？這是因為我們熟悉的尺度和量子尺度相差太大。例如，一張桌子是米尺度，一根頭髮絲是毫米尺度，而量子物理學的研究對像比頭髮絲的尺度還小幾千萬倍甚至幾億倍。如果人類縮小成頭髮直徑的幾千萬分之一大小，那麼人類生活的世界將完全遵循另一套規則。

在我們熟知的牛頓經典思維模式下，“世界是測得準的”，一切都是客觀的、精準的、機械聯繫的、可描述可量化的數學模型，好比您提起筆就能計算分析出一個木塊從斜坡滑落的全過程。但量子思維的幾大關鍵字，可能顛覆這一切——

關鍵字一：「機率」。世界是跳躍的、不可預測的、測不準的，或者說是像蝴蝶效應那樣異常複雜關聯的。

關鍵字二：「重疊」。世界是「複數」的，在我們選定之前，選擇是無限的和變化的。直到最終選定了，其他可能性才「崩塌」。同時，這個選擇為我們下一次選擇又提供了無限的選項。

關鍵字三：「觀測者」。這個就更加詭異了——如果您去觀測測量子系統，它立刻就變了！換句話說，量子的狀態取決於觀測者。

愛因斯坦形容量子世界「如幽靈一般」。在那裡，人們堅信不疑的許多自然法則都會失效，理解宇宙的角度會徹底改變。在推開量子世界大門前，您需要拋棄在宏觀世界所獲得的一切常識，換上量子思維，保持腦洞大開狀態，並隨時準備驚呼：“這怎麼可能？！”

小小量子掀起兩次革命

有了量子思維，也許您就好理解量子所擁有的兩個「絕技」了：一是「分身術」——量子疊加，一個量子可同時存在好幾種狀態；另一個是「遠程心靈感應」——量子糾纏，一對糾纏的量子就好像一對有心靈感應的雙胞胎一樣。同時，量子還很「古怪」——不可分割和不可複製。

正是具備這些神奇特性，使如此微小的量子爆發出巨大能量，在人類歷史上掀起兩波科技浪潮。

早在1900年，德國物理學家普朗克提出量子概念，現實世界的「硬核」就此被劈開，隨之開啟量子時代。海森堡、薛丁格、玻爾等一群天才科學家基本上完成了量子力學的理論架構。

量子力學是上世紀最偉大的科學發現之一。基於量子力學，才有了晶體管、雷射、核融合、行動通訊、全球定位系統等現代技術，使人類進入資訊時代，繼而發展產生了當下無處不在的電腦和互聯網, 造就了社會進一步繁榮。這便是第一次量子革命。

在1980年代，基於量子力學，在資訊領域誕生了量子資訊技術。例如量子電腦、量子密碼、量子感測等，不僅其原理是量子力學，裝置本身也具備了疊加、糾纏、非局域性、不可複製性等量子世界特性，突破了經典技術的物理極限，找到了新的研究方向。量子資訊科技的誕生稱為第二次量子革命。

量子科技是目前最前沿的科技之一，它正走出實驗室，在各個領域實現前所未有的跨越式發展。甚至有人預言，就像蒸汽機、電力和電腦一樣，量子科技將成為第四次科技革命的象徵。

“升起一對雙子星”

中國科技大學郭光燦院士曾經形像地說：「量子電腦的運算能力同電子計算機相比，等同於電子計算機的運算能力同算盤相比。」我們所使用的計算機，是以比特0和1兩個狀態作為資訊處理單元，一次只能處理一個非0即1的單一狀態比特；而量子計算處理單元是量子比特，由於疊加效應，一次只能處理一個非0即1的單一狀態比特；而一個量子計算如果利用量子技術製造一台光量子計算機，那麼經典計算機幾十萬年的運算時間將縮短為幾秒鐘。

所以，當量子位元數不斷增加，「分身」就越多，運算速度就會呈指數級成長。當量子位元達到50個，也就是250種狀態同時存在時，這個數字究竟巨大到什麼程度？換算成一張0.1毫米的A4紙對折50次的厚度，這個數字是1億公里，接近從地球到太陽距離的3/4。當量子電腦能達到100個位元時，在某些方向就可能比超級電腦快百億億倍了。

這麼強大的算力我們該怎麼使用？

首先，過去很難或無法解決的大規模、高維度計算難題，這下可以快速解決了。例如典型的搜尋問題、組合最佳化問題，諸如最優路線選擇、密碼破解、網路威脅預測、城市交通規劃，等等。

其次，可利用人造量子系統模擬自然量子系統，進而探索分子的動力學性質。例如高溫超導現象，一旦我們把高溫超導的機制模擬分析出來，就能設計出一些超導新材料。這將為藥物設計、新材料探索、天氣預測、太空探索、化學等領域打開一扇新的大門，具有重大經濟和社會價值。

特別值得期待的是，人工智慧與量子科技將相生相伴、同時進化，「升起一對雙子星」。

英特爾的創辦人戈登·摩爾提出了著名的摩爾定律：每18個月左右，電腦的運算速度就會增加一倍。如果沒有晶片中矽電晶體的指數級成長、實現算力越來越強，近年來人工智慧不可能成績斐然。然而今天，一枚晶體管的尺寸已遠小於一個流感病毒，逼近物理極限，計算機計算速度即將陷入“瓶頸”，人工智能或將面臨“寒冬”。

科學家確信，只有超越經典計算的量子運算，才能成為人工智慧突破極限的強大後盾。特別是依賴大規模資料處理的機器學習技術，將大大受益於量子運算，產生無限可能；同時人工智慧技術可實現對量子計算的自校準評估，相伴進化發展。

在一個可預測的期間，量子運算將逐步從解決最佳化問題、量子加密通訊、分子結構研究，過渡到融入人工智慧，滲透進智慧製造、智慧物流與智慧零售、智慧金融等各產業。而雲端服務將是量子運算可提供的服務新形態。

量子通訊「編織」量子互聯網

這是量子世界最奇妙的現象：相互獨立的粒子可以完全「糾纏」在一起，就算這兩個粒子分別處於宇宙的兩端，雙方都能「感應」到對方的狀態；只要其中一個粒子的狀態發生變化，另一個粒子也會瞬間發生狀態改變。

同時，量子處於多種可能的疊加狀態，在對其觀測前，無法確定其真實狀態。我們可透過建構有著量子糾纏態的粒子，實現具有顛覆意義的絕對安全通訊。

借助量子的神奇特性，科學家們已尋找到無法被破解的密碼、人類目前唯一無條件安全的加密方式、量子通訊中最關鍵的一環——量子金鑰分發。

量子金鑰採用單光子作為載體，竊密者一旦行動，就會觸發第一層「防火牆」——量子態的粒子改變。竊聽行為馬上會被傳遞訊息的用戶發覺，收發雙方立即不再使用該金鑰來加密訊息內容。作為“竊取者”，既然量子態的粒子不能被複製，截取後直接測量不就可以了嗎？對不起，這麼做會觸發第二層「防火牆」——測不準原理。就算是被竊聽者截住，也沒有辦法得到正確資訊。量子衛星是實現超遠距離量子通訊最有希望的途徑。 2016年8月，世界首顆量子科學實驗衛星「墨子號」在中國發射成功。

量子通訊技術和量子資源，催生了新型功能網路—量子網路。它將帶來網路安全、計算以及科學上的飛躍，應用前景廣闊：除了可實現無條件安全通信外，還可連接多個量子計算機，構建分佈式量子計算系統，形成單個量子計算機無法實現的規模計算能力；形成傳感器網絡，將全球定位系統等導航網絡的精度從米級提高到毫米級；連接相距數千公里的光學望遠鏡，將全球定位系統等導航網絡的精度從米級提高到毫米級；連接相距數千公里的光學遠鏡，可獲得遠分辨率距，可獲得一個同等的望遠鏡等；連接相距數千公里的光學遠鏡，可獲得遠分辨率，可獲得遠1分辨率。

2020年5月，歐盟表示，將推動量子通訊與傳統網路基礎設施和應用結合，開發可用於全球安全金鑰分發、基於衛星的量子密碼，為未來「量子網路」遠景奠定基礎。

中國軍網 國防部網
2020年11月13日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-11/13/content_275729888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Chinese Military Commentary : What Key Capabilities Does the US Air Force Need in the Future? China Must be Vigilant

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中國軍事評論：美國空軍未來需要哪些關鍵能力？中國必須警惕

現代英語：

The U.S. Air Force Research Institute recently published a research report, “Air Force Strategic Research from 2020 to 2030”, which is to answer this question: What key capabilities does the U.S. Air Force need to have by 2030? According to current trends, in the next decade or so, the U.S. Air Force should focus its energy and resources on developing five key capabilities: force projection capability; the ability to act freely in air, space and cyberspace; global situational awareness; air force diplomacy; and the ability to provide military support to local governments. The research report also revolves around a basic theme, that is, the success of the U.S. Air Force in these areas will depend on whether it can comprehensively apply the various strengths of the United States in air, space and cyberspace.

Power Projection

In a worldwide security environment characterized by the proliferation of advanced anti-access and area-denial systems, it will become increasingly difficult for U.S. forces to establish secure bases within striking distance of their adversaries, increasing the need for long-range power projection—primarily long-range attack.

The main challenge for potential U.S. adversaries is to deny the United States access to bases and targets. In the short term, most adversaries cannot compete with the United States’ technological advantage; however, this advantage is declining. Future battlefields may look more like the network-centric war between Russia and Georgia in 2008 than like the wars in Iraq or Afghanistan.

The U.S. Department of Defense’s Quadrennial Defense Review states that “the future combat environment indicates that the U.S. military may have to conduct prolonged air and sea operations.” To meet these challenges, the U.S. Air Force must be able to defeat its opponents, even if these opponents have unprecedented military capabilities that can confront the U.S. Army and Navy. The following four suggestions may help meet the requirements of future air force power projection.

1. The U.S. Air Force must integrate air, space and cyber capabilities into current and future platforms and systems. For example, aircraft rely on GPS (Global Positioning System) and a range of network systems.

2. The Air Force must increase its flexibility in power projection. The available aircraft must include a variety of models from high-end (such as F-35 fighters) to low-end (light attack aircraft). Therefore, the Air Force should establish a “universal” force to undertake responsibilities other than traditional power projection with its allies; at the same time, it must also retain the necessary combat power to respond to major emergencies. Some examples show that in unconventional conflicts, it is not always necessary to use the best-performing aircraft.

3. Develop unmanned platforms with greater artificial intelligence that will support traditional force projection missions. Such systems could become a vital psychological warfare tool in peer competition, and adversaries could choose to cooperate with the United States because of its use of such systems.

4. Offensive and defensive cyber capabilities must be integrated into air and space platforms. As a force multiplier, cyber capabilities may soon become the best force projection tool in the Air Force’s arsenal. It is clear that several countries have cyber offensive capabilities that have caught up with or even surpassed the United States. Although the U.S. Air Force has worked hard to organize, train, and equip itself to meet the requirements of cyber warfare, it remains uncertain whether the Air Force’s cyber warfare capabilities can achieve victory.

Freedom of movement

To project power, the Air Force needs freedom of action in all domains: air, space, and cyber. Now, when discussing the importance of persistent air superiority, it is worth noting.

With the F-22 and F-35 likely to remain the Air Force’s primary air superiority platforms through at least 2030, relatively inexpensive force multipliers such as autonomous unmanned platforms, human-machine interaction technologies, and cyberattack capabilities will be key to improving the Air Force’s capabilities. Self-guided systems, cyberattack technologies, and human enhancement technologies are all likely to make progress, and here are three related suggestions:

1. Stealth, high-performance, autonomous aircraft can increase the number of fifth-generation fighters and enhance their capabilities. The old fighters will gradually be retired from service, and their role has been reduced to only supporting missions. The resulting combat power gap will be filled by advanced aircraft.

2. Human enhancement can “improve capabilities and save costs by improving manpower efficiency and reducing manpower requirements.” This is the view in the “Technology Outlook Report” released by the Office of the Chief Scientist of the US Air Force. As weapon systems become more complex and increasingly rely on advanced human-machine interfaces, human enhancement will be very useful.

3. Airborne cyber attack systems that can penetrate and disrupt the software, radars, and other systems of enemy aircraft will become a significant force multiplier for smaller fleets of air superiority aircraft. While exploiting the network is not a magic weapon to win, investments in this area will certainly pay off handsomely.

America’s adversaries are continually developing new ways to challenge U.S. air superiority. Preventing their success requires the United States to continually update systems and change tactics, techniques, and procedures.

Space advantage

The U.S. Air Force must achieve space superiority. The Air Force’s main goal for the next decade or so is to control space and make the concept of space superiority a reality. In the short term, kinetic attacks in the space domain are unlikely, however, if the U.S. advantage is challenged, space weapons may eventually be deployed. Damage to space systems will greatly weaken the United States’ civil and military capabilities in all domains. If other countries attack the United States’ space communications, navigation, or detection systems, it may prompt the American public to support space weapons. To successfully delay such attacks and maintain the United States’ freedom of action in space, the United States needs to use its diplomatic, information, military, and economic power to develop a multi-layered space operations system. The following four suggestions will help the Air Force gain sustainable space superiority.

1. The U.S. Air Force must continue to strengthen space surveillance. The Air Force has taken the first step in this direction: On September 25, 2010, the Air Force launched the Pathfinder satellite, the first satellite of the planned space-based space surveillance system. The role of this system is to improve the Department of Defense’s ability to detect and track objects in orbit. In order to maximize the use of this capability, the Air Force must accelerate the deployment of the space-based space surveillance system or a satellite system similar to it.

2. The U.S. Air Force must ensure its ability to enter space while reducing production and operating costs. The space launch tools currently used mainly include improved launch vehicles such as the Delta 4 rocket developed by Boeing and the Atlas 5 rocket developed by Lockheed Martin. The purpose of using such launch vehicles is to standardize and improve the operability of space launches, reduce government involvement in the launch process, and plan to reduce the cost of the new system by 25% compared to the previous launch system. However, further cost reduction is needed.

3. Strengthening cooperation with private enterprises will help the Air Force achieve its goal of gaining space superiority. The former Obama administration once made some decisions on space activities, shifting investment from government departments to private enterprises, which means that the US space policy may change significantly.

4. To prevent adversaries from exploiting vulnerabilities in U.S. space systems, the United States must make its satellite systems more resilient. As space competition evolves, space systems must become more responsive and less vulnerable to meet the needs of combat forces.

Network Challenges

The establishment of the Cyber ​​Command and the 24th Air Force, whose mission is to operate, expand and protect the Air Force information network and protect mission-critical systems, clearly demonstrates the importance of cyberspace. The Air Force has transformed communications and information majors into cyberspace operations and support majors and established undergraduate courses in cyberspace, which shows the importance the Air Force attaches to cyberspace. The challenge facing the US Air Force is to always be at the forefront of cyber technology.

If cyber remains a tool that can reduce the gap between countries, groups and individuals, cyber superiority will be difficult to achieve and maintain. Therefore, the U.S. Air Force must be at the forefront. Unfortunately, the number of American computer science and engineering graduates is decreasing, while the number of foreign graduates of the same major is increasing. The U.S. Air Force’s cyber education cannot provide enough cyber experts and trained and motivated attackers, which is a very unfavorable situation. The success or failure of the U.S. military depends on an area where it does not dominate. But in the cyber field, this is the case.

Cyber ​​will continue to evolve as a weapon of choice, replacing many of the current kinetic weapons. The U.S. Air Force will have fewer aircraft and operate over larger areas, especially in the Pacific. This makes cyberspace a critical domain of Air Force operations. Adversaries will have the ability to disrupt the software of U.S. aircraft and suppress U.S. air defenses, which will become reality, not science fiction.

To prepare for this future, the Air Force needs to radically change the way it approaches the network. It is not enough to put a firewall on the network. The Air Force should take a more proactive approach to developing the network into a key operational capability. This requires the Air Force to work hard to do the following two things:

1. The U.S. Air Force must assume responsibility for cyber activities in accordance with relevant provisions of the United States Code. As the service most dependent on cyber, the Air Force must develop cyber capabilities independently. To achieve this goal, the Air Force must establish a cyberspace department that can conduct both offensive and defensive cyber activities, have sound laws and regulations to regulate it, and its activities should be interoperable and joint.

2. The Air Force must train a large number of experts in computer science and computer engineering. Without the right talent, it will be difficult for the Air Force to maintain a network-savvy workforce, and every mission of the Air Force may be threatened.

Situational Awareness

The United States’ situational awareness agencies are basically located domestically, and surveillance and reconnaissance missions will become remote activities. In longer-distance surveillance and reconnaissance, space and network resources are more valuable and can play an increasingly important role in obtaining situational awareness in distant areas. The U.S. Air Force Intelligence Department must become a well-organized and dynamic force that can make timely adjustments to achieve global and local coverage. To this end, the following three suggestions are put forward:

1. The Air Force must work more closely with the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) when planning and building space capabilities. Space-based reconnaissance is becoming increasingly important, so the Air Force must exert greater influence on the NRO’s resource request process. Currently, Air Force positions in the NRO are sometimes vacant, which leaves the Air Force, as an end user, without a full say in satellite design and development.

2. We should plan the surveillance and reconnaissance system after the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, so that the Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS) is ready to take on global tasks. In future wars, the role of the Distributed Common Ground System will shift from taking on tactical tasks to processing and disseminating national intelligence products and intelligence products of allies, so we must seriously think about the corresponding theories, tactics, technologies and procedures.

3. The Air Force must improve data analysis using new automation technologies so that analysts can take on the most advanced tasks. Accelerating the development of translation software, artificial intelligence, and electronic processing of raw data (signals and electronic intelligence) is the most practical way to manage large amounts of data and should be a priority for funding.

The strategic challenges facing the United States are increasingly global in nature. Without major reforms to address these characteristics, the U.S. Air Force’s global situational awareness department will not be able to fully realize its potential. At present, the United States’ opponents are gradually undermining the United States’ strategic advantages, so it is necessary to understand the situation of the opponents.

Air Force Diplomacy

Air diplomacy is the non-combat missions that the Air Force performs to defend national interests. It is a supporting function. Defined in this way, air diplomacy provides many soft power resources to national diplomacy. The Air Force carries out a range of diplomatic missions as set out in the Security Cooperation Strategy. The Air Force currently uses air power to achieve soft power goals, but air diplomacy activities have not yet reached their full potential. If the Air Force integrates its various soft power missions into a unified air diplomacy strategy, the Air Force will be able to use these capabilities more effectively to defend national interests. Air diplomacy is likely to become increasingly important over the next decade. When decision makers face a tough fiscal environment, they may place more emphasis on air power because of its long range, high speed and strong flexibility. If air diplomacy is used before combat operations are necessary, it will help the United States prevent more costly conflicts. Permanent overseas bases or large-scale military deployments may cause anti-American sentiment, and air diplomacy can help to eliminate anti-American sentiment. Of course, air diplomacy will not always succeed.

Although the U.S. Air Force Security Cooperation Strategy has laid a useful foundation for the Air Force’s diplomatic strategy, there is still much work to be done. A complete Air Force diplomatic strategy should focus on three core goals: 1. Coordinate and strengthen different diplomatic missions; 2. Actively engage with allies, neutral parties and adversaries; 3. Use existing means to achieve strategic goals.

The Air Force should also streamline processes based on existing strategic guidance and programs. Any strategy must develop a set of criteria to measure its success or failure. An effective Air Force diplomacy strategy backed by a reliable power projection capability helps protect national interests.

Military support for local governments

With the proliferation of nuclear weapons technology, advanced missile technology, and cyber attack technology, military support for local governments has become increasingly important. Air Force Instruction 10-802: Military Support to Local Governments states that “the Air National Guard has the primary responsibility for providing military assistance to state and local governments in the event of a civil emergency.” In short, the Air National Guard can not only respond long before the federal military takes any action, but should do so according to the instructions. Except for man-made disasters involving chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear materials, active duty troops are generally not required. However, if a disaster causes a major disaster, the state or local government department may be unable to cope with it, and the governor will need to apply for federal support.

If technological innovations allow adversaries to attack closer to the U.S. homeland, the American public will want the military to focus on homeland defense and disaster relief. For the Air Force and the Air National Guard, this means providing civil support capabilities such as airlift, medical care, and situational awareness.

The Air Force has a guiding role in the development of the Air National Guard, so Air Force leadership should take effective measures to promote civil support capabilities as a key capability. Developing a dual-design combat capability statement, especially for the Air National Guard, will help clarify the mission of each unit in civil support and wartime.

Based on the interconnected missions of the Air Force and the Air National Guard in the military support of local governments, the following three recommendations can enable the Air Force and the Air National Guard to resolve complex legal, political, and command and control issues and improve emergency response and disaster relief capabilities.

1. The Air National Guard’s primary equipment should be transport aircraft. Emergency air transport is a critical capability that should be provided by the Air National Guard. Each Air National Guard air transport unit must have an air port function to ensure that the unit can be assembled and transported for subsequent operations. The transportation of medical support units is also an important part of air transport because no matter what disaster occurs, medical assistance is the first thing needed, and medical assistance will be needed for a long time after the disaster.

2. Air National Guard airlift units should be deployed to 10 federal emergency management regions. This will help airlift units work with state and local emergency responders in disaster relief exercises and establish close ties before disasters occur.

3. State and local government officials will rely primarily on Air National Guard imagery analysts for support, advice, and imagery interpretation. Understanding the scope and extent of a disaster is a critical step in disaster response. To provide emergency responders with better situational awareness, Air National Guard analysts working in the Distributed Common Ground System should provide real-time imagery support during a disaster.

The future is full of uncertainty, the increase in defense budgets will stagnate, and threats will come not only from high-intensity conflicts, but also from low-intensity conflicts. Therefore, the U.S. Air Force must be prepared to deal with increasingly complex situations and should not take it for granted that it will be able to win in the future environment. In short, the U.S. Air Force’s time, resources, and strategic thinking should focus on the five key capabilities described above. (Translated from the U.S. “Armed Forces Magazine” 10641 (US) Adam Lowther (Professor of the U.S. Air Force Research Institute) Translated by Li Youguan)

(Editors: Wang Lu (intern), Yan Jiaqi)

現代國語：

美國空軍研究所不久前發表一份研究報告－《2020年至2030年空軍戰略研究》，其內容是回答這個問題：到2030年，美國空軍需要哪些關鍵能力？根據目前的趨勢，在未來十多年內，美國空軍應該集中精力和資源發展五種關鍵能力：力量投送能力﹔空中、太空和網絡空間自由行動的能力﹔全球態勢感知能力﹔空軍外交能力﹔對地方政府提供軍事支援的能力。研究報告也圍繞著一個基本主題，即美國空軍在這些領域的成功將取決於能否綜合應用美國的空中、太空以及網路空間的各種實力。

力量投送

全世界安全環境的明顯特徵是，先進的反介入和區域封鎖系統不斷擴散。在這種環境下，美國軍隊將越來越難以在敵人的攻擊距離之內建立安全的基地，這增加了對遠距離力量投送——主要是遠距離攻擊的需要。

美國潛在對手的主要挑戰是，如何使美國無法獲取基地和接觸目標。在短期內，大多數對手都無法與美國的技術優勢競爭﹔然而，美國的這種優勢正在下降。未來的戰場可能更像2008年發生的俄羅斯與格魯吉亞的網絡中心化戰爭，而不是像伊拉克戰爭或阿富汗戰爭。

美國國防部的《四年防務評估報告》指出，「未來的作戰環境預示，美國軍隊可能要進行長時間的空中作戰和海上作戰。」為了應對這些挑戰，美國空軍必須能夠戰勝對手，即使這些對手具有前所未有的軍事能力，能夠對抗美國的陸軍和海軍。以下4項建議，可能有助於滿足未來空軍力量投送的要求。

1、美國空軍必須將空中、太空與網路能力整合到當前以及未來的平台和系統中。例如，飛機依賴GPS（全球衛星定位系統）和一系列網路系統。

2、空軍必須提高其力量投射的靈活性。可供選擇的飛機必須包括從高端（例如F-35型戰鬥機）到低端（輕型攻擊機）的各種機型。因此，空軍應建立「通用型」部隊，以便和盟友一起承擔除了傳統力量投送以外的職責﹔同時也要保留必要的作戰力量，來應對重大的突發事件。一些實例表明，在非常規的沖突中，並不總是必要使用性能最好的飛機。

3.發展具有更強人工智慧的無人平台，這將支援傳統力量投送任務。這樣的系統可能會成為同儕競爭中至關重要的心理戰工具，對手可能會因為美國使用這類系統而選擇與美國合作。

4.必須將進攻性與防禦性網絡能力融入空中平台和太空平台。作為一種力量倍增器，網絡能力可能很快就會成為空軍武器庫中最佳的力量投射工具。顯然有好幾個國家的網絡攻擊能力趕上甚至超過了美國。盡管美國空軍努力在組織、訓練和裝備方面滿足網絡戰的要求，但空軍的網絡作戰能力是否能夠取得勝利仍然不確定。

行動自由

為了力量投送，空軍需要在空中、太空和網路等所有領域都具有行動自由。現在討論空中優勢持久的重要性，那麼這一點是值得注意的。

至少到2030年，F-22型戰鬥機和F-35型戰鬥機可能一直都是美國空軍主要的空中優勢平台，這樣一來，相對低的力量倍增器，例如自主無人駕駛平台、人機互動技術和網絡攻擊能力等將是提高空軍能力的關鍵。自導系統、網路攻擊技術和增強人體機能技術都有可能取得進展，以下提出3個相關的建議：

1.隱形、高性能、自主型飛機能夠增加第五代戰鬥機的數量和增強其能力。以前的舊式戰鬥機將要逐步退出現役，其作用已下降為隻承擔支援任務，隨之產生的戰鬥力缺口，將由先進的飛機加以彌補。

2、增強人體機能可以「透過提高人力效率、減少人力需求來實現能力提高並節省成本。」這是美國空軍首席科學家辦公室發布的《科技展望報告》中的觀點。隨著武器系統越來越複雜，越來越依靠先進的人機接口，增強人體機能將非常有用。

3.能夠滲透和破壞敵方飛機的軟件系統、雷達和其它系統的機載網絡攻擊系統，將成為規模較小的空中優勢飛機機隊的重要力量倍增器。雖然利用網路並不是取勝的法寶，但在這方面的投資肯定會獲得豐厚的回報。

美國的對手在不斷地開發挑戰美國空中優勢的新方法。要防止他們成功，美國需要不斷更新系統，改變戰術、技術和程序。

太空優勢

美國空軍必須取得太空優勢。未來10多年空軍的主要目標是必須對太空加以控制，使太空優勢的概念成為現實。在短期內，太空領域不大可能發生動能攻擊，雖然如此，如果美國的優勢受到了挑戰，可能最終會部署太空武器。對太空系統的破壞將極大地削弱美國在所有領域的民事和軍事行動能力。如果其它國家對美國的太空通訊、導航或探測系統進行了攻擊，可能會促使美國公眾支持太空武器。要成功地延緩此類攻擊的發生，並保持美國在太空的行動自由，美國需要利用其外交、資訊、軍事和經濟力量，發展多層次太空行動體系。以下4項建議有助於空軍獲得可持續的太空優勢。

1.美國空軍必須繼續加強太空監視。空軍已經朝著這個方向邁出了第一步：2010年9月25日，空軍發射了「探路者」衛星，它是計畫中的天基太空監視系統的第一顆衛星。這種系統的作用是提高國防部探測和追蹤在軌物體的能力。為了最大限度地使用這種能力，空軍必須加快部署天基太空監視系統或與其類似的衛星系統。

2.美國空軍在降低生產和營運成本的同時，必須保証其具有進入太空的能力。目前使用的航太發射工具主要包括波音公司開發的德爾塔4型火箭和洛克希德•馬丁公司研製的阿特拉斯5型火箭等改進型運載火箭，使用這類運載火箭的目的是規範和改善太空發射的可操作性，減少政府參與發射過程的活動，併計劃使新系統的成本比過去的發射系統減少25%。然而，還需要進一步降低成本。

3.加強與私營企業的合作，這將有助於空軍實現獲得太空優勢的目標。前任奧巴馬政府曾經就太空活動做出了一些決策，將投資從政府部門轉移到私營企業，這意味著美國的太空政策可能會發生很大變化。

4.為了防止對手利用美國太空系統的漏洞，美國必須使其衛星系統具有更強的復原能力。隨著太空競爭的發展，太空系統必須變得反應更靈敏，漏洞更少，以滿足作戰部隊的需要。

網絡的挑戰

美國空軍成立了網絡司令部和第24航空隊，其使命是運行、擴展和保護空軍資訊網絡，保護關鍵任務系統，這清楚地表明了網絡空間的重要性。空軍將通訊和資訊專業轉變為網絡空間作戰與支援專業，並設立了網絡空間的大學本科課程，這些措施表明了空軍對網絡空間的重視。美國空軍所面臨的挑戰就是要始終處於網路技術的最前線。

如果網絡一直是一種能夠減少國家、團體和個人之間差距的工具，那麼網絡優勢將很難實現並維持。因此美國空軍必須佔領最前沿。遺憾的是，美國計算機科學與工程學畢業生的數量正在減少，而外國同樣專業的畢業生數量正在增加。美國空軍的網絡教育無法提供數量足夠的網絡專家和訓練有素且動力十足的攻擊者，這是一種非常不利的情況。美國軍隊的成敗取決於一個其不佔主導地位的領域，美國很少遇到這種情況。但在網絡領域，就出現了這種情況。

網絡將繼續演變成為一種偏愛的武器，取代目前的許多動能武器。美國空軍的飛機數量將變得更少，而作戰範圍變得更大，特別是在太平洋地區。這使網絡空間成為空軍行動的重要領域。對手將有能力破壞美國飛機的軟件和壓制美國的防空系統，這將成為現實，而不是科幻小說，。

要準備應對這種未來形勢，美國空軍需要徹底改變其對待網絡的方式。在網路上建立防火牆是不夠的，空軍應該採取更積極的方式將網絡發展成為一種重要的作戰能力。這要求空軍努力做到下面兩點：

1.美國空軍必鬚根據《美國法典》中的有關條文，承擔起網絡活動方面的責任。空軍作為最依賴網絡的軍種，必須自力更生發展網絡能力。空軍要實現這一目標，就要建立一個網絡空間部門，可以同時進行網絡進攻和防禦活動，有健全的法律法規對其進行規範，其活動應當具有互操作性和聯合性。

2、空軍必須培養一大批計算機科學和計算機工程學的專家。沒有合適的人才，空軍就難以維持一支精通網路的人員隊伍，而空軍的每一項任務都可能面臨威脅。

態勢感知

美國的態勢感知機構基本上都設在國內，監視和偵察任務將成為遠程活動。在更遠距離的監視和偵察中，太空和網絡資源更具有價值，在獲得遙遠地區態勢感知時，太空和網絡資源能夠發揮越來越重要的作用。美國空軍情報部門必須成為一支組織嚴密和充滿活力的力量，能夠及時進行調整，以實現對全球和局部地區的覆蓋。為此提出以下3個建議：

1.美國空軍在規劃與建立太空能力時，必須與國家偵察局(簡稱NRO)進行更密切的配合。基於太空的偵察變得越來越重要，因此空軍必須對國家偵察局的資源要求過程施加更大的影響。目前，空軍在國家偵察局的職位有時是空缺的，這使得作為終端用戶的空軍在衛星設計和開發方面沒有充分的發言權。

2.現在應該規劃好阿富汗戰爭和伊拉克戰爭以後的監視與偵察體系，使分散式通用地面系統(簡稱DCGS)準備好承擔全球性任務。在未來戰爭中，分散式通用地面系統的角色將由承擔戰術任務轉為處理和傳播國家情報產品與盟國的情報產品，因此必須對相應的理論、戰術、技術和程序進行認真的思考。

3.空軍必須利用新型的自動化技術來改進數據分析工作，以便分析人員能夠承擔最高級別的任務。加速開發翻譯軟件、人工智慧以及原始數據（訊號和電子情報）的電子化處理，這是管理大量數據的最實用的方法，並且應該成為優先撥款的項目。

美國面臨的戰略挑戰越來越呈現全球化的特點，如果不針對這種特點進行重大改革，美國空軍的全球態勢感知部門將無法充分發揮其潛能。目前美國的對手正逐漸削弱美國的戰略優勢，為此必須了解對手的情況。

空軍外交

空軍外交是為了捍衛國家利益而由空軍執行非作戰任務的活動，這是一種輔助性職能。依照這種界定，空軍外交為國家外交提供了許多軟實力資源。空軍執行《安全合作戰略》中規定的一系列外交使命。空軍現在使用空中力量來實現軟實力目標，但空軍外交活動還沒有發揮出全部潛能。如果空軍將其各項軟實力使命融合到一個統一的空軍外交戰略中，空軍將能夠更有效地使用這些能力來保衛國家利益。在未來十多年，空軍外交有可能變得越來越重要。當決策者面臨嚴峻的財政環境時，可能會更加重視空中力量，因為其航程遠、速度快、靈活性強。如果在有必要進行作戰行動之前就使用空軍外交，將有助於美國防止成本更高昂的沖突。永久性海外基地或大規模軍事部署都可能引起反美情緒，而空軍外交有助於消除反美情緒。當然空軍外交並不總是能成功。

雖然美國空軍《安全合作戰略》為空軍外交戰略奠定了有益的基礎，仍需要做許多工作。一個完善的空軍外交戰略應著眼於三個核心目標：1、協調與加強不同的外交使命﹔2、積極接觸盟友、中立方和對手﹔3、利用現有手段實現戰略目標。

空軍還應在現有戰略指導和方案的基礎上簡化流程。任何戰略都必須制定一套準則來衡量其成功或失敗。一項有效的以可靠的力量投送能力為後盾的空軍外交戰略有助於保護國家利益。

對地方政府的軍事支援

隨著核武技術、先進的飛彈技術和網路攻擊技術的擴散，​​對地方政府的軍事支援顯得越來越重要。 《10-802號空軍指令：軍事支援地方政府》中規定，「在發生民事緊急情況時，空軍國民警衛隊擔負為州政府和地方政府提供軍事援助的主要責任。」簡而言之，空軍國民警衛隊不僅可以在聯邦軍隊採取任何行動之前很早就做出響應，而且按照指令應當做到這一點。除了涉及化學、生物、放射性或核子物質的人為大災難，一般不需要動用現役部隊。不過，如果一場災害引發了大災難，州政府或地方政府部門可能無力應對，就需要州長申請聯邦支援。

如果隨著科技的創新，對手的攻擊範圍更接近美國的本土，美國公眾會希望軍方重視國土的防禦和救災。對於空軍和空軍國民警衛隊來說，這意味著要提供空運、醫療和態勢感知等民事支援能力。

空軍在空軍國民警衛隊的建設中負有指導的職責，因此空軍的領導層應採取有效措施，把民事支援能力提升為一項關鍵能力。制定雙重設計作戰能力說明，特別是關於空軍國民警衛隊的，將有助於明確每支部隊在民事支援中和戰時的任務。

在軍事支援地方政府的任務中，空軍和空軍國民警衛隊的使命是相互聯繫的，根據這一點，有以下三項建議可以使空軍和空軍國民警衛隊解決復雜的法律、政治和指揮與控制的問題，提高應急救災能力。

1.空軍國民警衛隊的主要裝備應為運輸機。應急空運是一項關鍵能力，應該由空軍國民警衛隊提供。空軍國民警衛隊每支空運部隊都必須具備航空港的功能，以保障部隊集結待運，進行後續行動。醫療支援部隊的運輸也是空運的重要組成部分，因為無論發生任何災難，首先需要的就是醫療救助，而且災難發生後很長時間內都需要醫療救助。

2.空軍國民警衛隊空運部隊應該分別部署到10個聯邦應急管理區。這將有助於空運部隊在救災演練中與州政府和地方政府的應急救援人員合作，在災難發生之前就建立起緊密的聯繫。

3.州政府和地方政府官員將主要依靠空軍國民警衛隊的圖像分析人員獲得支援、建議和圖像解讀。了解一場災難的範圍和程度，是應對災難的關鍵一步。為了給應急救援人員更好的態勢感知，在發生災難時，應當由在分佈式通用地面系統中工作的空軍國民警衛隊分析人員來提供實時圖像支援。

未來形勢充滿了不確定性，國防預算的增加也將陷入停滯，威脅將不僅來自高強度沖突，也將來自低強度沖突。因此美國空軍必須準備好應對日益複雜的各種局面，不應該想當然地認為在未來環境中一定能夠取得勝利。總而言之，美國空軍的時間、資源和戰略思想都應該以上述所闡述的5個關鍵能力為重點。 （編譯自美國《武裝力量雜志》 10641 （美）亞當•勞瑟（美國空軍研究所教授） 李有觀編譯）

(責編：王璐（實習生）、閻嘉琪)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2017/0401/c1011-29185809888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare

China’s New Trends in the Transformation of Military Organization in the Era of Intelligence

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情報時代中國軍隊組織變革新趨勢

現代英語：

In the era of intelligence, new scenarios and new forms such as digital twins and “human-machine intelligence” have emerged in large numbers and have been deeply applied in the military field, giving rise to a comprehensive upgrade of the war form. This upgrade is mainly manifested in the integration of combat forces, the operation mode of battlefield energy, and the dominant factors in the generation and release of combat power. Facing intelligent warfare, the organizational form of the military has accelerated its transformation and presented a new development trend.

Generate new system emergence

System science believes that when several interacting parts form a system in a certain way, they can produce new overall characteristics such as properties, characteristics, behaviors, functions, etc. that only the system as a whole has, but not the parts or the sum of the parts; and once the system is reduced to unrelated parts, these new overall characteristics will no longer exist. This characteristic that only the whole has, but the isolated parts and their sum do not have, is the overall emergence. In the confrontation of military systems in the intelligent era, emergence is mainly presented in two ways: one is the formation of swarm intelligence. That is, a single low-intelligence, relying on the group to form a high-intelligence collective behavior. This phenomenon is produced in a self-organized way after each individual in the system obeys local rules and continuously interacts. In recent years, supported by artificial intelligence technology, swarm intelligence has developed rapidly. In the military field, drone “swarm” tactics and unmanned boat “school of fish” tactics are typical applications in this regard. Another way is to form “human-machine” advanced intelligence. That is, through the effective combination and reliable operation of man and machine, a higher level of intelligence based on the “man-machine” combination is formed. This is a new intelligence that is higher than human intelligence, robots, and artificial intelligence.

In fact, the emergence phenomenon is not uncommon in human military activities, especially in military organizations with clear and stable operating rules and a strong sense of common goals and beliefs. An army with a highly consistent collective identity can play a reliable role in mutual support and self-organization and self-coordination in combat operations, and then burst out with new capabilities that far exceed the sum of the individual capabilities within the organization. Entering the era of intelligence, the system’s emergence has taken on new forms and connotations. An important trend in the transformation of the military’s organizational form is to promote the realization of highly autonomous “man-machine” collaboration by improving functional elements and setting up scientific structures, so that the entire system can burst out with new functions that are not possessed by the accumulation of elements.

Forming new intelligent bonding force

The prominent feature of information warfare is the formation of “information structural power”. That is, due to the embedding of information platforms, the information chain movement based on information systems, data chains, and sensors has broken the originally closed and separated state between combat elements, allowing the military system to form a new structure and trigger a nonlinear leap in combat power. On the information battlefield, people and weapons, weapons and weapons, people and platforms, etc., all rely on information systems to establish effective connections to achieve efficient flow of data and information. The effectiveness of commanders in investigating the situation and judging the enemy has been greatly improved, and the realization method and iteration rhythm of command intentions have undergone a qualitative leap. This revolution in the interactive method from sensors to shooters is ultimately reflected in the overall upgrade of the combat power of the military system and combat system.

Entering the era of intelligence, the connotation of “information structural power” has undergone a fundamental change. Based on the widespread use of artificial intelligence technologies such as big data and big models, problems such as “information redundancy” and “decision-making delays” that have troubled commanders in the information age have been alleviated. The “cloud brain” decision-making and planning, the “human-machine” coordination of command and control, and the automation of action coordination have made the overall intelligence of the entire combat system higher. The reason why new models and methods such as “autonomous decision-making”, “order-based coordination” and “unmanned strikes” can be realized is the result of “wisdom” empowerment on the intelligent battlefield. The effective “glue” from the integration of several unit intelligent agents into a consensus-based, large-scale comprehensive intelligent agent is a higher level of intelligent bonding. To accelerate the transformation of the military’s organizational structure, we must establish scientific working and driving mechanisms on the basis of improving its structure and functions, build an autonomous, intelligent and efficient system link, allow the vitality of all combat power elements to compete and burst forth, and allow all sources of the military’s modernization to flow fully.

Reflecting the overall new quality of combat capability

New-quality combat power is a brand-new combat capability that is fundamentally supported by new-quality combat forces and is different from traditional combat capabilities in terms of mechanism, logic, and generation method. Therefore, simply designating a certain type of force as a new-quality force does not necessarily lead to the formation of new-quality combat capabilities. Just like using rifles as cold weapons, large combat platforms as vehicles, and network forces for attacking and defending cities, although from the external appearance, the elements of combat force composition and personnel ratios have changed greatly, the way people interact with weapons, the way weapons are used, and the way unit combat power is generated and released have not changed in essence, and they are far from being called new-quality combat power.

New quality combat power comes from the new combat capability of new combat forces, from the effective integration of a series of new combat capabilities, and from the new capabilities generated by the integration and innovation of new capabilities. Whether comprehensive and systematic new quality combat power can be generated is an important criterion for judging whether the modernization of organizational form for intelligent warfare is effective. To accelerate the transformation of the organizational form of the military, it is necessary to generate new “information structure power” within the military system through the optimization of system structure, operation mechanism, and energy form, and then use it to emerge a new and revolutionary system combat power.

Give full play to the structural frame support

Structure determines function. In engineering structures, the structural framework mainly refers to the key support for the balance of the beam-column system and the stability of the structure. This concept is transferred to organizational form management, and is mainly used to describe the link relationship and the action space for the effective interaction of various elements in the military organization. To give full play to the structural framework support of the organizational form involves two aspects: static support and dynamic support. The so-called static support is to focus on forming a scientific military organization force structure and to set up a scientific military organization structural framework as much as possible. It involves the scientific configuration of various elements in the combat power system, which is specifically manifested in three aspects. The first is the ratio of combat elements and force units. For example, the composition ratio of the military services in the combat system, or the ratio of military services, the ratio of offense and defense, the ratio of personnel and equipment, etc. The second is the distribution of combat elements and force units. It mainly refers to the scientific deployment of combat forces on the battlefield, the distribution and configuration of various combat elements within the troops, and the evolution and development of the battlefield situation. The third is the hierarchical setting and morphological design of the system. Including the hierarchy of the army, the level of integration, the command system, the command method, etc. Dynamic support emphasizes that the structural support of an organization is also a specific organizational operational capability, including the ability of the military organization to operate efficiently and exert its effectiveness under the established configuration framework, and also the ability of the organization to quickly adapt and respond to changes in the external environment and adjustments in internal needs. This capability is more reflected in the macro governance structure, business process system, talent team and resources of the military organization. To accelerate the transformation of the military organization’s form, it is necessary to lay the foundation for the effective interaction of various elements in the organization and the realization of organizational functions by building a scientific and reasonable framework structure.

Improve autonomous iterative growth

Autonomous iterative growth capability refers to the ability of military organizations to achieve orderly development and active growth through active and continuous self-adjustment and optimization in the face of ever-changing war situations, external environments, and competitive pressures. The diversity and integration of combat power, the sequentiality and integration of combat power generation, and the jointness and nonlinearity of combat power release all put forward new and higher requirements for the autonomous iterative growth capability of military organizations. First, we must have a keen ability to perceive the environment. We must be able to detect defects or shortcomings in a timely manner, accurately judge the problems and risks that may result, and scientifically determine the timing and methods of intervention; second, we must have reliable innovation and correction capabilities. The ability to face problems with an open mind, analyze problems with effective mechanisms, and study problems with innovative ideas, and then propose feasible, reliable and highly consensus-based correction plans; third, the ability to execute efficiently. The ability to achieve the specific goals of evolutionary correction with full enthusiasm and high consensus, and to promote growth and optimization with a proactive attitude, so that each individual can implement with full trust when facing innovative and revolutionary adjustments. Facing the future intelligent warfare, promoting the transformation of the military organization is to focus on improving the iterative growth capability of the military organization. In the whole process of promoting the construction of institutional mechanisms, force structures and legal systems, we should simultaneously think about building a scientific consultation and evaluation mechanism for major decisions, building a sound supervision, feedback and correction mechanism, forming a benign innovation incentive mechanism, and promptly dealing with key and difficult issues with a dynamic perspective and a development vision.

In short, the transformation of the military organization is a process of adapting to the development of technology, following the development of the war form, actively optimizing and innovating the combat power form, and constantly liberating and developing combat power. The advanced military organization form should include static contents such as “appearance” and “structure”, and on this basis, it should effectively streamline business processes, improve operating mechanisms, and stimulate organizational dynamics, so that the military organization can achieve comprehensive transformation and transformation in terms of structure, mechanism, function, etc., and fully adapt to the requirements of the era of future intelligent warfare.

(Author’s unit: College of Military Management, National Defense University)

Source: China Military Network – People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Zhou Hui Editor: Sun Zhiying Release: 2024-06-18 07:xx:xx

現代國語：

智能化時代，數字孿生、“人-機智能”等新場景新樣態大量出現並在軍事領域深度應用，催生戰爭形態全面升級。這一升級，集中表現為作戰力量整合方式、戰場能量運行模式，以及戰斗力生成和釋放的主導要素都在發生全新變化。面向智能化戰爭，軍隊組織形態加快變革轉型，呈現出全新的發展態勢。

生成新的體系湧現力

系統科學認為，相互作用的若干部分按照某種方式組成系統，能夠產生出只有系統整體才具有而部分或部分總和所不具有的屬性、特征、行為、功能等新的整體特性；而一旦把系統還原為互不相干的各個部分，這些新的整體特性就不復存在。這種整體才具有、孤立的部分及其總和不具有的特征，就是整體湧現性。智能化時代的軍事體系對抗，湧現性主要通過兩種方式呈現：一種方式是形成集群智能。即單個低智能，依托群體形成高智能的集體行為。這一現象通過系統中每個個體都遵從局部規則並不斷進行交互之後，以自組織的方式產生出來。近年來，在人工智能技術的支撐下，集群智能迅速發展。在軍事領域，無人機“蜂群”戰術、無人艇“魚群”戰術等，便是這方面的典型應用。另一種方式是形成“人-機”高級智能。也就是通過人與機器的有效結合、可靠運行，形成基於“人-機”組合的更高級智能。這是一種既高於人類智能，也超過機器人、人工智能的全新智能。

其實，湧現現象在人類軍事活動中並不鮮見，特別是在運行規則明確且穩定，共同目標感、信念感非常強烈的軍事組織之中，體現得更加明顯。集體認同高度一致的軍隊，能在作戰行動中發揮出可靠的互補支撐和自組織自協同作用，進而爆發出遠超過組織內個體能力之和的全新能力。進入智能化時代，體系湧現力有了新的形式和內涵，軍隊組織形態變革的重要趨勢，就是要通過完善功能要素、設置科學結構，促進實現“人-機”高度自主協同，使整個體系爆發出要素累加所不具備的全新功能。

形成新的智能黏合力

信息化戰爭的顯著特征，是形成了“信息結構力”。即由於信息平台的嵌入，基於信息系統、數據鏈、傳感器的信息鏈式運動，打破了作戰要素之間原本封閉、割裂的狀態，使軍事系統形成新的結構，引發戰斗力的非線性躍升。信息化戰場上，人與武器、武器與武器、人與平台等，都依托信息系統建立有效連接，實現數據信息的高效流轉。指揮人員查情判敵的有效性大大提升，指揮意圖的實現方式和迭代節奏發生了質的飛躍，這種從傳感器到射手的交互方式革命，最終體現為軍事體系和作戰系統的戰斗力整體升級。

進入智能化時代，“信息結構力”的內涵發生了本質變化。基於大數據、大模型等人工智能技術的廣泛運用，信息化時代困擾指揮員的“信息冗余”“決策延遲”等問題得以緩解。決策籌劃“雲腦”化、指揮控制“人-機”協同化、行動協調自動化，使得整個作戰體系的綜合智能化程度更高。“自主化決策”“接單式協同”“無人化打擊”等新模式新方式之所以能夠實現，正是智能化戰場上“智慧”賦能的結果。而從若干個單元智能體融合集成為一個有共識的、龐大的綜合智能體，其有效“黏合劑”就是更高級的智能黏合力。加快推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要在完善結構和功能的基礎上，設置科學的工作機制和動力機制，構建自主智能高效的系統鏈接，讓一切戰斗力要素的活力競相迸發，讓一切軍隊現代化建設的源泉充分湧流。

體現整體新質戰斗力

新質戰斗力是以新質作戰力量為基本支撐，從機理上、邏輯上、生成方式上都不同於傳統作戰能力的全新作戰能力。因此，僅憑人為指定某類型部隊為新質力量，並不會必然形成新質作戰能力。如同將線膛槍僅當作冷兵器、將大型作戰平台僅當作運載工具、將網絡部隊用於攻城守地，雖然從外在表象上看，作戰力量組成要素、人員比例都有了大的變化，但人與武器的交互方式、武器運用方式、單元戰斗力生成和釋放方式都沒有發生本質改變，都遠不能稱之為新質戰斗力。

新質戰斗力來源於新型作戰力量的新型作戰能力，來源於一系列新型作戰能力的有效集成，來源於新能力融合創新之上生成的全新能力。能否生成綜合性的、體系化的新質戰斗力，是面向智能化戰爭進行組織形態現代化建設是否有效的重要判斷標准。加快推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要通過體系結構優化、運行機制優化、能量形式優化，在軍事系統內生成新的“信息結構力”，進而借助它湧現出全新的、具有革命性的體系戰斗力。

發揮構型框架支撐力

結構決定功能。構型框架，在工程結構學中主要指建築物梁柱系統平衡和結構穩定的關鍵支撐；將這一概念遷移至組織形態管理中，主要用以描述軍隊組織中各要素賴以有效互動的鏈接關系和鏈接關系賴以存在的作用空間。發揮組織形態的構型框架支撐力，涉及靜態支撐力和動態支撐力兩個方面。所謂靜態支撐力，就是著眼形成科學的軍隊組織力量結構，盡可能設置科學的軍隊組織構型框架，涉及戰斗力體系中各要素的科學配置問題，具體表現在三個方面。一是作戰要素和力量單元的比例。比如，軍兵種在作戰體系中的構成比例，或者軍種內部的兵種比例、攻防比例、人裝比例等。二是作戰要素和力量單元的分布。主要是作戰力量在戰場的科學部署，部隊內部各種作戰要素的分布配置情況，以及戰場態勢的演進發展等。三是系統的層次設置與形態設計。包括軍隊的層級、一體化水平、指揮體制、指揮方式等。而動態支撐力，則強調組織的結構支撐力也是一種具體的組織運行能力，包括軍隊組織在既定的構型框架之下能夠高效運行、發揮效能的能力，也包括組織在面對外部環境變化和內部需求調整時能夠快速適應和應對的能力。這種能力更多體現在軍隊組織的宏觀治理結構、業務流程制度、人才隊伍和資源等方面。加快推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要通過構建科學合理的框架結構，為組織中各個要素有效互動進而實現組織功能奠定基礎。

提升自主迭代生長力

自主迭代生長能力，是軍隊組織在面對不斷變化的戰爭形態、外部環境和競爭壓力時，能夠通過主動的、持續的自我調整和優化，實現有序發展和主動成長的能力。戰斗力構成的多樣化、集成性，戰斗力生成的時序性、融合性，戰斗力釋放的聯合性、非線性，都對軍隊組織的自主迭代生長能力提出了新的更高要求。一是要有敏銳的環境感知能力。能夠及時察覺缺陷或弊端，准確研判可能導致的問題和風險，科學確定介入的時機和方式；二是要有可靠的創新糾偏能力。能夠以開放的心態正視問題，有效的機制解析問題，創新的思路研透問題，進而提出可行可靠且有高度共識的糾偏方案；三是要有高效的執行力。能夠以飽滿的熱情和高度的共識達成進化糾偏的具體目標，以積極主動的心態促進生長和優化，使得每個個體在面對革新性、革命性調整時，能夠飽含信任地貫徹執行。面向未來智能化戰爭，推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要著眼提升軍隊組織的迭代生長能力，在推進體制機制、力量結構和法規制度建設的全過程中，同步思考構建科學的重大決策咨詢評估機制，構建完善的監督反饋糾偏機制，形成良性的創新激勵機制，以動態的視角、發展的眼光及時處理重難點問題。

總之，軍隊組織形態變革是適應技術發展變化、順應戰爭形態發展，主動優化革新戰斗力形態，不斷解放和發展戰斗力的過程。先進的軍隊組織形態既要包括“外形”“結構”等靜態內容，還應在此基礎之上，切實理順業務流程、完善運行機制、激發組織動力，進而使軍隊組織從結構、機制、機能等各方面全面實現變革轉型，全面適應未來智能化戰爭的時代要求。

（作者單位：國防大學軍事管理學院）

資料來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：週暉 編輯：孫志英 發布：2024-06-18 07:xx:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16316517888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Analyzing Chinese Military’s New Trend of Intelligent Warfare

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解析中國軍隊智能化戰爭新趨勢

現代英語：

Modern warfare practice has proved that high-tech has become the core combat power and has promoted the rapid advancement of warfare towards intelligence. Especially under the guidance of new technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence, and supported by algorithms and computing power technologies, the degree of military intelligence is gradually deepening, and the characteristics of intelligent battlefield warfare are becoming more and more apparent.

The combat space is developing towards full-domain multi-dimensional integration

The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field will integrate combat units distributed in different battlefield spaces, accelerate the expansion of combat space, cross-domain linkage, and simultaneously exert efforts in multi-dimensional battlefield space and focus on multiple combat capabilities at the same time, so as to achieve precise energy concentration and release in the entire domain.

The pan-connection of data cloud networks has expanded the combat space in the information domain. With the development of new-generation information technologies such as big data and cloud computing, information domain operations will penetrate various combat spaces, and modular combat units dispersed in space will be connected into a decentralized distributed combat system. When combat missions change or certain nodes are damaged, by adding new nodes or upgrading other nodes, the original combat functions can be maintained or new combat functions can be formed. Relying on information infrastructure, the combat system presents the characteristics of distribution, self-organization, and self-synchronization, which greatly improves the reliability, anti-destruction, and flexibility of the combat system. The combat system has developed from a task-based, static-oriented direction to a capability-based, dynamic-oriented direction.

Intelligent weapons and equipment expand the physical domain combat space. With the development and application of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, autonomous control, and the Internet of Things, weapons and equipment are becoming more and more intelligent, more powerful, and more widely used. The battlefield of intelligent combat has expanded from traditional land, sea, and air to near-space, polar regions, deep space, deep sea, and underground.

The human brain and computer complement each other to expand the cognitive domain space. With the integrated development of artificial intelligence and cognitive science, human brain intelligence and artificial intelligence promote each other, which can realize the complementary advantages of human brain logical thinking and computer high-speed computing. In intelligent warfare, the cognitive domain combat space will become the main battlefield, and “brain control” and “brain control” will become the focus of future wars.

Combat forces are developing towards mixed human-machine formations

In intelligent warfare, new types of unmanned combat forces will become the main combat force and a new growth point for the military’s combat effectiveness. New types of unmanned combat forces such as space, network, electromagnetic and intelligent ammunition will directly participate in combat, achieving a seamless link from strategy to tactics, and forming a multi-dimensional, all-domain attack and defense, and rapid assault overall force.

Combat force formations are organized in a variety of styles. Human-machine mixed formations. According to different tasks, combined with unmanned combat forces with different functions, reasonable human-machine formations are carried out to give full play to human subjective initiative on the one hand, and the special functions of unmanned combat forces on the other hand, so as to achieve the best combination to achieve combat objectives. Autonomous formation of unmanned forces. In intelligent warfare, unmanned tactical units, as the smallest combat units, can autonomously form combat groups or teams according to combat mission requirements to attack or defend targets. They can also automatically coordinate and cooperate according to changes in battlefield environment and tasks to ensure the achievement of unified combat objectives.

Combat command develops towards autonomous intelligence

In intelligent warfare, the application of high-tech in the military field with artificial intelligence as the core has had a profound impact on combat command and even triggered disruptive changes.

Command information acquisition is more autonomous. The sensor platform of the intelligent battlefield can implement intelligent fusion processing of multi-source intelligence with “large volume, multiple types, fast transmission speed and low value density”, obtain valuable data from massive data, and automatically transmit it to the command and control center to provide information support for commanders’ decision-making.

Human-machine collaboration in command and decision-making. In intelligent warfare, the use of intelligent robot systems to assist in decision-making has greatly reduced the burden on commanders, freeing them from heavy tasks and allowing them to concentrate on studying operations and command. They can hand over some tedious intelligence information judgment, identification and disposal work to artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making systems, giving full play to the role of human-machine integration, reasonable division of labor and mutual complementation, greatly improving the commanders’ command efficiency.

Dynamic planning. An intelligent system based on artificial intelligence technology and intelligent human-machine interface technology can speed up the pace of updating battlefield dynamic information and quickly propose suggestions for adjusting and improving plans, which will help commanders update mission plans in a timely manner and improve the troops’ ability to act quickly.

Agile control response. With the support of artificial intelligence technology and sensor technology, the ability of intelligent control of troops will be further improved in the future. Specifically, intelligent weapons and equipment can use sensors similar to human vision and hearing to track and detect targets, and process the information obtained and provided by the command information system through computers similar to the human brain, so as to achieve autonomous analysis, identification, judgment, and make corresponding decisions, thereby regulating the attack on the target.

Combat equipment is becoming more intelligent

With the widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the field of military equipment, intelligent combat platforms and systems, intelligent ammunition and intelligent weapons and equipment have been successively equipped in the army. Combat equipment will develop from manned equipment as the main and unmanned equipment as the auxiliary to manned/unmanned equipment coordination and unmanned equipment as the main direction. UAVs, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned spacecraft, military robots and intelligent individual systems will become the main force of intelligent combat. They have good combat performance, fast response speed, strong mobility and high combat accuracy, which plays a key role in seizing the initiative in war and even affects the entire war process.

The entire process of technological infiltration war

Intelligent warfare in modern warfare is supported by Internet technology, unmanned technology, data processing and prediction technology, target recognition and search technology, and artificial intelligence technology. Various high-tech platforms and systems are increasingly likely to replace human actions in various combat links such as intelligence reconnaissance, efficient command, precise action, and comprehensive support in war. These intelligent combat platforms or systems also have super computing, recognition, and autonomous control capabilities, especially the ability to complete urgent, difficult, and dangerous tasks under harsh conditions that are difficult for humans to complete. This trend is attracting more and more interest and investment from military powers.

Yue Guiyun Cheng Cimin Li Qinan

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月7日 星期二

現代戰爭實踐證明，高新科技已成為核心戰鬥力，並推動戰爭形態向智慧化快速邁進。尤其在大數據、物聯網、人工智慧等新技術的牽引下，在演算法和算力技術的支撐下，軍事智慧化程度正逐漸加深，戰場智慧化作戰特徵越發顯現。

作戰空間朝向全局多維融合發展

人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，將分佈在不同戰場空間的作戰單元融為一體，促使作戰空間加速拓展、跨域聯動，多維戰場空間同時發力，多種作戰能力同時聚焦，可達成全局精確聚能釋能。

資料雲網路泛聯拓展了資訊域作戰空間。隨著大數據、雲端運算等新一代資訊技術的發展，資訊域作戰將滲透各個作戰空間，空間上分散的模組化作戰單元將連結為無中心的分散式作戰體系，在作戰任務變化或某些節點受損的情況下，透過加入新節點或升級其他節點，可實現維持原作戰功能或形成新的作戰功能。依托資訊基礎設施，作戰體系呈現分散式、自組織、自同步的特徵，大大提高了作戰體系的可靠性、抗毀性、靈活性，作戰體系從基於任務、面向靜態向基於能力、面向動態的方向發展。

智慧化武器裝備拓展物理域作戰空間。隨著人工智慧、大數據、自主控制、物聯網等先進技術的發展及轉換應用，武器裝備的智慧化程度越來越高，功能越來越強，應用範圍越來越廣，智慧化作戰戰場由傳統的陸、海、空等向臨近空間、極地、深空、深海、地下等領域拓展。

人腦與電腦互補拓展認知域空間。隨著人工智慧與認知科學的融合發展，人腦智慧與人工智慧相互促進，可實現人腦邏輯思維與電腦高速運算的優勢互補，在智慧化戰爭中，認知域作戰空間將成為主戰場，「腦控」與「控腦」將成為未來戰爭爭奪焦點。

作戰力量向人機混合編組方向發展

在智慧化戰爭中，新質無人作戰力量將成為主戰力量，是軍隊戰鬥力新的成長點。太空、網路、電磁和智慧彈藥等新質無人作戰力量直接參與作戰，將實現從戰略到戰術的無縫鏈接，形成多維一體、全局攻防、快速突擊的整體合力。

作戰力量編成呈多種樣式。人機混合編組。根據不同的任務，結合不同功能的無人作戰力量，合理進行人機編組，一方面充分發揮人的主觀能動性，另一方面發揮無人作戰力量的特殊功能，以實現最佳組合達成作戰目的。無人力量自主編組。在智慧化戰爭中，無人戰術單元作為最小作戰單元，能夠根據作戰任務需求自主編成作戰群或隊，對目標進行攻擊或防禦，也可根據戰場環境和任務的變化，自動協同配合，確保達成統一的作戰目的。

作戰指揮向自主智能發展

在智慧化戰爭中，以人工智慧為核心的高新技術在軍事領域的應用，對作戰指揮造成了深刻影響，甚至引發顛覆性變化。

指揮資訊獲取更加自主。智慧化戰場的感測器平台可以對「體量大、類型多、傳輸速度快、價值密度低」的多源情報實施智慧化融合處理，從海量數據中獲取有價值數據，並自動傳輸到指揮控制中心，為指揮官決策提供資訊支援。

指揮決策人機協同。在智能化戰爭中，智能機器人系統輔助決策功能的運用，大大減輕了指揮員的負擔，使指揮員從繁重的事務中解脫出來，集中精力研究作戰、研究指揮，把一些繁瑣的情報信息判斷、甄別與處置工作，交給人工智能輔助決策系統來處理，充分發揮人機結合、合理分工、相互補充的作用，大大提高了指揮員的指揮效率。

規劃動態生成。基於人工智慧技術、智慧人機介面技術的智慧化系統，能加速戰場動態資訊更新節奏，快速提出對計畫進行調整完善的建議，有助於指揮官及時更新任務規劃，提升部隊快速行動能力。

控制響應敏捷。在人工智慧技術、感測器技術支援下，未來智慧化調控部隊的能力將進一步提升。具體體現在：智慧化武器裝備能夠利用類似人的視覺、聽覺等的感測器，對目標進行追蹤探測，將獲取資訊與指揮資訊系統提供的資訊透過類似人腦的電腦進行處理，實現自主分析、辨識、判斷，並做出相應的決策，進而調控對目標的攻擊行動。

作戰裝備智能化程度加深

隨著人工智慧技術在軍事裝備領域廣泛運用，智慧化作戰平台和系統、智慧彈藥和智慧化武器裝備等陸續列裝部隊，作戰裝備將由有人裝備為主、無人裝備為輔，向有人/無人裝備協同和以無人裝備為主方向發展，無人機、無人戰車、無人客艦力量、無人太空船、軍用機器人和機器系統將成為主要力量的主要力量。它們具有良好的作戰性能，反應速度快、機動能力強、作戰精度高，對奪取戰爭主動權起著關鍵作用，甚至影響整個戰爭進程。

科技滲透戰爭全過程

現代戰爭智能化作戰在互聯網技術、無人技術、資料處理與預測技術、目標識別與搜索技術以及人工智能技術支撐下，各類高科技平台和系統越來越可能代替人在戰爭中情報偵察、高效指揮、精確行動和綜合保障等各個作戰環節中的行動。這些智慧化作戰平台或系統同時具有超強的運算、辨識與自主控制能力，特別是能完成人難以完成的惡劣條件下的急難險重任務，這一趨勢正引起各軍事強國越來越多的興趣與投入。

岳贵云 成次敏 李奇男

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-06/07/content_317172888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰

China’s “Deep technology” Brings New Forms of Warfare

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中國的「深度技術」帶來新的戰爭形式

現代英語：

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Friday , August 13, 2021

Since the 21st century, global scientific and technological innovation has entered an unprecedented period of intensive activity. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is reshaping the global innovation landscape and reshaping the global economic structure. Some people therefore call the current era the era of “deep technology”.

The military field is the most sensitive to technological change. At present, some major disruptive technologies are constantly emerging, showing a trend of cross-integration and group leaps. Their military applications will bring about sudden and revolutionary consequences, and even bring about a new form of war.

Artificial Intelligence: Opening the Door to Intelligent Warfare

Artificial intelligence was born in 1956. Its essence is to simulate the human thinking process, that is, to make machines understand, think and learn like humans, form experience, and generate a series of corresponding judgments and processing methods. In the past 10 years, with the continuous development of new theories and technologies such as big data, neural networks, and deep learning, artificial intelligence has pressed the fast-forward button and started to develop rapidly, bringing fundamental changes to all areas of human society.

In 2016, the artificial intelligence program AlphaGo defeated the world Go champion Lee Sedol. By 2020, the latest algorithmic programs can teach themselves to play Go, chess and other games without even being told the rules of the game.

As a strategic technology leading a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the application of artificial intelligence in the military field has accelerated the transformation of warfare from informationization to intelligence. This transformation will be full-dimensional and full-spectrum, involving almost all links in the military chain. The most prominent impacts basically include the following aspects:

——Assisting unmanned combat. The rapid development of artificial intelligence will greatly enhance the collaborative and autonomous combat capabilities of various unmanned combat systems. This will undoubtedly promote structural changes in the composition of combat forces, and unmanned combat mode will gradually become the “main theme” of war. In a simulated confrontation in August 2020, an intelligent system funded by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency controlled a fighter jet and defeated experienced air force pilots. The trend of unmanned combat seems to be increasingly unstoppable.

——Reshape command and control. Complex adaptive systems supported by artificial intelligence, such as swarm systems, will have increasingly strong self-organizing capabilities, thereby breaking the traditional strict hierarchical command system and incubating a new command and control model. The action control of a swarm composed of thousands of unmanned systems will be completed by an intelligent and efficient algorithm system, which can achieve a high degree of decentralization and dynamic aggregation, demonstrating a new concept of group intelligent combat.

——Achieve intelligent decision-making. That is, generate intelligent evaluation and auxiliary decision-making capabilities, realize automatic generation, dynamic optimization, and real-time adjustment of combat plans, and enable combat planning to flexibly adapt to changes in the mission environment and battlefield uncertainties. At present, the new generation of artificial intelligence technology is in a stage of vigorous development, and new technologies will continue to emerge.

Quantum technology: writing the winning code in “entanglement”

Quantum is the smallest, indivisible unit of energy. The biggest feature of quantum technology is that it can break through the physical limits of existing information technology, play a huge role in information processing speed, information capacity, information security, information detection accuracy, etc., and thus significantly improve human ability to obtain, transmit and process information, providing strong impetus for the evolution and development of the future information society.

Quantum theory has gone through more than a hundred years of development since its birth. The development of quantum technology has directly given rise to modern information technology. Nuclear energy, semiconductor transistors, lasers, nuclear magnetic resonance, high-temperature superconducting materials, etc. have come into being, changing human production and life. In recent years, the continuous combination of quantum mechanics and information technology will usher in a new quantum technology revolution, impacting the traditional technology system and even causing the reconstruction of the traditional technology system.

Compared with the macroscopic physical world, quantum has many wonderful properties, the most representative of which are quantum superposition and quantum entanglement. Quantum superposition means that a quantum can be in different states at the same time, and can be in a superposition of these states. A vivid metaphor is the cat in a state of “both dead and alive” imagined by physicist Schrödinger. Quantum entanglement means that independent particles can be completely “entangled” together. No matter how far apart they are, when the state of one quantum changes, the other will change accordingly like “telepathy”.

These special properties of quantum contain great military potential. In quantum detection, quantum communication, quantum imaging, quantum computing, etc., they are gradually showing great military application value. For example, by taking advantage of the characteristics of quantum state superposition and the inability to accurately copy unknown quantum states, quantum codes that cannot be deciphered can be developed.

In addition, based on the characteristics of quantum entanglement, the high correlation between two microscopic particles with a common source can be utilized, and entangled photons can be used as light sources to achieve quantum imaging, which can greatly improve the resolution and anti-interference ability of imaging.

Gene technology: a new weapon that can be “edited”

Genes are the genetic information that controls various characteristics of organisms and are known as the “master switch” of various life activities of organisms. Gene editing is equivalent to a pair of “gene scissors”, which can accurately achieve gene “modification” such as insertion, removal, and replacement of specific target genes of organisms, thereby achieving control over the genetic information of organisms.

In 2012, researchers from the United States and Sweden found a very effective pair of “gene scissors”, namely the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which can cut any genome at any desired location. Since then, the development of gene editing technology has achieved unprecedented “acceleration”, realizing gene editing of fruit flies, mice, pigs, sheep, rice, wheat and other organisms, and also providing new medical means for treating diseases such as tumors, AIDS, and thalassemia.

While genetic technology is gradually unlocking the mysteries of life, it will also cause unpredictable military security issues. If gene editing is used in the development of biological weapons, it means that developers can modify genes to obtain new pathogenic microorganisms according to their own needs, or implant biological gene fragments with different characteristics and transform existing biological warfare agents, or even artificially design and synthesize new viruses that do not exist in nature. These may produce new biological weapons that humans cannot prevent and control, and even use the precision of genetic technology to make attacks more targeted. This new coronavirus epidemic has made the world suspicious of Fort Detrick and more than 200 American overseas biological experimental bases. The United States should disclose more facts and give an explanation to the international community.

Brain science: heading towards the battlefield of “brain control”

The human brain is a highly complex information processing system that consists of billions of neurons that communicate with each other and complete a variety of cognitive tasks in an overall coordinated manner.

The brain’s complex neural information processing and cognition are so complex that even supercomputers pale in comparison. Therefore, brain science research is regarded as the “ultimate frontier” of natural science research, and the International Brain Research Organization believes that the 21st century is the “era of brain science.”

In recent years, major countries in the world have announced the launch of brain science research programs. With the emergence of new imaging technologies, convergence technologies, and computing and information communication technology platforms, brain science research has made new breakthroughs in the fields of neural circuits, brain-like intelligence, and brain-computer interfaces.

As a branch of cognitive science, the “brain-computer interface” technology was born in the 1970s. It collects the EEG signals generated by the activity of the cerebral cortex nervous system, and converts them into signals that can be recognized by computers through methods such as amplification and filtering, so that external devices can read the brain’s neural signals, identify people’s true intentions, and achieve effective control of external physical devices. In other words, a certain operation is performed by the human brain without the need to complete it through the body.

As a new type of human-computer interaction, brain-computer interface technology provides a new intelligent development direction for the control of weapons and equipment. Realizing the direct control of weapons and equipment by the human brain and giving them the intelligent features of “moving at will” are becoming the goals pursued by Western military powers. In 2013, the US Department of Defense disclosed a research project called “Avatar”, which plans to control remote “machine warriors” through thoughts in the future to replace soldiers in the battlefield and carry out various combat tasks.

If the above research is regarded as “brain control”, then the use of “brain-computer interface” and other technical means to interfere with, destroy or even control people’s neural activities and thinking abilities is the so-called “brain control”. For example, electromagnetic waves and sound waves are used to affect the normal activities of human brain cells, and even suggestions and commands are directly “projected” into the human brain. In March 2018, a Western country proposed the “Next Generation Non-Invasive Neurotechnology (N3)” plan to develop a new generation of non-invasive two-way brain-computer interfaces to further improve the high-level interaction capabilities of soldiers and weapons and equipment.

In the future, the rapid development of brain science will give rise to a new cognitive domain combat model centered on the brain, and “brain control” will also become a new battlefield for the competition in the cognitive domain.

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is in a “qualitative change period”. Science and technology have never had such a profound impact on national security and military strategy as today. In the face of the rapid development of science and technology, we must vigorously enhance our scientific and technological cognition and acumen, strive to seize the commanding heights of science and technology, seek military competitive advantages, and seize the initiative in future wars.

Professor Liu Yangyue from the College of Arts and Sciences at the National University of Defense Technology 

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網
2021年8月13日 星期五

國防科技大學文理學院劉揚月教授

21世紀以來，全球科技創新進入空前密集活躍期，新一輪科技革命與產業變革，重建全球創新版圖、重塑全球經濟結構。有人因而將當今時代稱為「深度科技化」時代。

軍事領域是對科技變革最敏感的領域。目前，一些重大顛覆性技術不斷湧現，呈現交叉融合、群體躍進之勢，其軍事應用將會帶來突變性、革命性後果，甚至帶來戰爭新形態。

人工智慧：叩開智慧化戰爭之門

人工智慧誕生於1956年，它的實質是模擬人的思考過程，即讓機器像人一樣理解、思考和學習，形成經驗，並產生一系列相應的判斷與處理方式。近10年來，隨著大數據、神經網路、深度學習等新理論新技術不斷發展，人工智慧按下了快進鍵，開始飛速發展並為人類社會各領域帶來根本性改變。

2016年，人工智慧程式「阿爾法狗」擊敗了世界圍棋冠軍李世石。到了2020年，最新演算法程式甚至不需要被告知遊戲規則，就能自學成才，掌握下圍棋、西洋棋等技藝。

作為引領新一輪科技革命和產業變革的戰略性技術，人工智慧應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態加速由資訊化轉變為智慧化。這項轉變將是全維度、全圖譜的，幾乎涉及軍事鏈的所有環節。最突出的影響基本上包括以下幾個方面：

——助力無人作戰。人工智慧的快速發展，將極大提升各類無人作戰系統的協同作戰、自主作戰能力。這無疑會推動作戰力量組成發生結構性變化，無人化作戰模式將逐步成為戰爭「主旋律」。在2020年8月的一場模擬對抗中，美國國防高級研究計畫局資助的智慧系統操縱戰機，完勝經驗豐富的空軍飛行員，無人作戰趨勢似乎愈發勢不可擋。

——重塑指揮控制。由人工智慧支撐的複雜自適應系統，如蜂群系統，將具備越來越強的自組織能力，從而打破傳統的嚴格層級的指揮體制，孵化出全新的指揮控制模式。由成千上萬個無人系統組成的蜂群，其行動控制將由智慧高效的演算法系統完成，能實現高度去中心化與動態聚合，展現出群體智慧作戰新概念。

——實現智能決策。即產生智慧化的評估和輔助決策能力，實現作戰方案計畫的自動生成、動態優化、即時調整，使作戰規劃靈活適應任務環境變化和戰場不確定性。目前，新一代人工智慧技術正處於蓬勃興起階段，新技術仍將持續出現。

量子技術：在「糾纏」中書寫制勝密碼

量子是最小的、不可再分割的能量單位。量子科技最大特點在於，它可以突破現有資訊科技的物理極限，在資訊處理速度、資訊容量、資訊安全、資訊偵測精準度等方面發揮極大作用，進而顯著提升人類獲取、傳輸和處理資訊的能力，為未來資訊社會的演進和發展提供強勁動力。

量子理論從誕生至今，已走過數百年發展歷程，量子科技的發展直接催生了現代資訊技術，核能、半導體電晶體、雷射、核磁共振、高溫超導材料等紛紛問世，改變了人類的生產生活。近年來，量子力學與資訊科技不斷結合，將開啟一場新的量子科技革命，衝擊著傳統科技體系，甚至引起傳統科技體系的重建。

相對於宏觀物理世界，量子有許多奇妙特性，最具代表性的莫過於量子疊加與量子糾纏。量子疊加意味著量子可同時處於不同狀態，且可處於這些狀態的疊加態。形象的比喻就是，物理學家薛丁格所設想的處於「既死又活」狀態的貓。量子糾纏則意味著相互獨立的粒子可以完全「糾纏」在一起，無論相隔多麼遙遠，當一個量子的狀態發生變化，另一個就會「心靈感應」般發生相應變化。

量子的這些特殊性，蘊藏著極大的軍事潛能。在量子探測、量子通訊、量子成像、量子計算等方面，正逐漸展現出巨大的軍事應用價值。如利用量子態疊加與未知量子態無法精確複製等特點，可研發出無法破解的量子密碼。

此外，根據量子的糾纏特性，利用兩個有共同來源的微觀粒子高度關聯性，將糾纏的光子作為光源實現量子成像，可大幅提升成像的解析度和抗干擾性。

基因技術：可以「編輯」的新武器

基因是控制生物各種特徵的遺傳訊息，被譽為生物體各種生命活動的「總開關」。基因編輯就相當於一把“基因剪刀”，透過它可精確實現對生物體特定目標基因的插入、移除、替換等基因“修飾”，從而實現對生物遺傳訊息的控制。

2012年，美國和瑞典的研究人員找到一把十分有效的“基因剪刀”，即使用CRISPR/Cas9系統，可在任何想要的地方切割任何基因組。此後，基因編輯技術發展獲得前所未有的“加速”，實現了對果蠅、鼠、豬、羊以及水稻、小麥等各類生物的基因編輯，也為治療腫瘤、愛滋病、地中海貧血等疾病提供了新的醫學手段。

基因技術在逐漸破解生命奧秘的同時，也將引發難以預料的軍事安全問題。如將基因編輯運用於生物武器的開發上，那就意味著開發者可根據自己的需要，修改基因獲得新的致病微生物，或是將具有不同特徵的生物基因片段植入並改造已有的生物戰劑，甚至人工設計與合成自然界本不存在的新型病毒。這些都可能產生人類無法預防和控制的新生物武器，甚至利用基因技術的精準性，使得攻擊更具針對性。這次新冠肺炎疫情，讓世界對美國德特里克堡以及200多個美國海外生物實驗基地疑雲叢生，美國應該公開更多事實，給國際社會一個交代。

腦科學：走向「制腦」戰場

人的大腦是一個高度複雜的訊息處理系統，它由數十億神經元透過相互連結來進行訊息交流，以整體協調的方式完成各種各樣的認知任務。

大腦複雜的神經訊息處理與認知，即便是超級電腦也相形見絀。因此，腦科學研究被視為自然科學研究的“終極疆域”，國際腦研究組織認為21世紀是“腦科學時代”。

近年來，世界主要國家紛紛宣布啟動腦科學研究計畫。隨著新型影像技術、匯聚技術以及基於計算和資訊通信技術平台的出現，腦科學研究在神經環路、類腦智能、腦機介面等領域不斷取得新突破。

作為認知科學的一個分支，「腦機介面」技術誕生於1970年代。它透過擷取大腦皮質神經系統活動產生的腦電訊號，經過放大、濾波等方法，將其轉化為可被電腦辨識的訊號，讓外部設備讀懂大腦的神經訊號，從中辨別出人的真實意圖，實現對外部實體設備的有效控制。也就是由人腦思考執行某項操作，而不需要透過肢體來完成。

腦機介面技術作為一種新型的人機互動方式，為武器裝備操控提供了全新的智慧化發展方向。實現人腦對武器裝備的直接控制，賦予武器裝備「隨心所欲」的智慧化特徵，正成為西方軍事強國追求的目標。 2013年，美國防部披露了一項名為“阿凡達”的研究項目，計劃在未來能通過意念操控遠程的“機器戰士”，以代替士兵在戰場上作戰，遂行各種戰鬥任務。

如果把上述研究視為“腦控”，那麼，利用“腦機介面”等技術手段對人的神經活動、思考能力等進行幹擾、破壞甚至控制，就是所謂的“控腦”。如使用電磁波和聲波等對人類腦細胞正常活動產生影響，甚至把建議和命令直接「投射」到人腦中。 2018年3月，某西方國家提出「下一代非侵入性神經技術（N3）」計劃，開發新一代非侵入式雙向腦機接口，進一步提高士兵與武器裝備的高水平交互能力。

未來，腦科學的快速發展，將催生以大腦為中心的認知域作戰新模式，「控腦」也將成為認知域爭奪的新陣地。

目前，新一輪科技革命、軍事革命正處於“質變期”，科技從未像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局。面對快速發展的科學技術，必須大力增強科技認知力和敏銳性，努力搶佔科技制高點，謀取軍事競爭優勢，掌握未來戰爭的主動權。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/13/content_296410888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

Chinese Military Research on U.S. Air Force Invisible Battlefield Armament Expansion – Cyber Warfare

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中國軍方對美空軍隱形戰場裝備擴充－網路戰的研究

現代英語：

Recently, the U.S. Air Force released a new version of the Cyber ​​Warfare Doctrine (hereinafter referred to as the Doctrine). The U.S. Air Force has thus become the first military service to publish a new version of the Doctrine after the release of a series of strategic documents by the Cyberspace Command. The U.S. military’s arms expansion in the invisible battlefield is being fully rolled out.

Seeking cyber warfare advantage

The new version of the directive is the second time that the US Air Force has issued a programmatic document in the field of cyberspace, following the first version in 2010 and the revised version in 2011. The directive is mainly divided into three parts, including the threats and challenges faced by the US Air Force in cyberspace, the main functions of cyber warfare forces, and the force structure.

The new version of the order points out that the threats currently faced by the US Air Force are divided into “malicious acts that intentionally damage the Air Force’s network information system” and “unintentional but damaging network activities that cause impacts”, and proposes four challenges in the medium and long term, namely, the commercial technology and outsourced products currently in use have security vulnerabilities, attacks launched in cyberspace are difficult to trace, network connections have security risks of being invaded, and network infrastructure has weaknesses. Foreign media said that the US Air Force deliberately exaggerated the inherent security risks of the network in order to provide an excuse for strengthening the construction of cyber warfare forces and conducting military operations in this field.

The new version of the regulations further clarifies the main functions of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces. The new version of the regulations states that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should not only support the US Air Force in conducting cyber warfare offensive and defensive operations in wartime or quasi-wartime states to gain competitive and operational advantages in this field, but also play a role in peacetime non-armed conflict military activities.

The U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare style is mainly cyberspace offensive and defensive operations and the operation and maintenance of the U.S. Department of Defense information network. Its main combat force is the 16th Air Force. The unit is formed by the merger of the 24th Air Force responsible for cyberspace and the 25th Air Force responsible for global intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. It not only undertakes the U.S. Air Force’s cyber warfare and electronic warfare tasks, but also serves as the air force branch of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command.

The new version of the regulations states that according to the U.S. military’s institutional structure of separation of military, political and command, the 16th Air Force is commanded by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command, and the process of carrying out combat operations is formulated by the command. In addition, in order to clarify the relationship between the military forces and functional commands, the Air Force has set up the 616th Operations Command Center, which is responsible for converting the tasks assigned by the U.S. Cyber ​​Command and the needs and cooperation matters of the supported theater into the plans, programs and goals of the Air Force Cyber ​​Warfare Task Force, and connecting with subsequent evaluation work.

Integration into the joint combat system

In addition to the three main parts, the new version of the order also emphasizes that the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces should be integrated into the “integrated deterrence” and joint combat system. Among them, the 16th Air Force will integrate intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance, electronic warfare and information warfare forces to create an “information environment advantage” for US Air Force operations in order to gain the upper hand in armed conflicts.

The new version of the regulations points out that the US Air Force’s military operations and combat plans in cyberspace should be integrated into the joint force’s combat plans, fully considering cross-agency cooperation, the linkage effects of the physical and cyber domains of the battlefield, and information sharing supported by the national intelligence system.

In order to better integrate into joint operations, the new version of the regulations clarifies the military terminology of the US Air Force’s cyber warfare forces and divides the evaluation of cyberspace combat effectiveness into tactics, campaigns and strategies to reflect the target effects of combat operations at different levels. According to the joint operations regulations of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, the “blue”, “red” and “gray” combat opponent marking terms are introduced to represent allies, opponents and neutral parties in cyberspace respectively. “Cyberspace key terrain” is used to refer to cyberspace areas that can provide absolute advantages for cyber warfare mission units.

The concept of “cyberspace control” applies the “command and control” of the US military’s joint operations to new areas, and divides the control level into three levels from low to high: “balance”, “advantage” and “dominance” based on the degree of influence on the opponent’s network information field. This is slightly different from the three combat indicators of the US military’s joint forces: “weak”, “medium” and “strong”.

Foreign media said that under the guidance of the U.S. Cyber ​​Command’s “dominate the cyber domain” principle, the U.S. Air Force cyber warfare forces can “match” the terminology and concepts in the joint combat system, which will enable service commanders and joint force commanders to better use the “hybrid warfare” force of cyber warfare forces.

Strengthen construction in multiple areas

With the release of the new version of the regulations, the U.S. Air Force became the first service branch of the U.S. military to revise its cyber warfare guidelines, which also indicates that the U.S. military has extended its efforts to strengthen cyberspace armaments to combat forces.

The report said that at the same time as the US Air Force issued a new version of the regulations, the US Navy announced the strength of the 10th Fleet under the Cyber ​​Command, which has 14,000 active, civilian and reserve personnel, 28 active commands, 40 cyber mission forces and 27 reserve commands around the world. The US Navy’s cyber warfare force is the largest among all branches of the US military, and the US Air Force may follow the Navy’s system to build the force structure of this branch. A series of actions by the US military in the field of cyberspace will contribute to the expansion of arms in this field.

Since the beginning of this year, the U.S. Cyber ​​Command has successively released a series of documents, including the “Mission Statement of the Department of Defense Information Network Joint Force Command” and the “Mission Statement of the Coast Guard Cyber ​​Command”, to enrich the development plan of cyber warfare forces.

The U.S. Cyber ​​Command plans to invite the U.S. Department of Defense’s Joint Interoperability Test Command to serve as the testing agency for the “Joint Cyberspace Operations Architecture” to improve joint combat capabilities in the cyberspace field, and plans to take the lead in hosting the NATO “Locked Shield” cybersecurity joint military exercise in late April. At the same time, the United States also invites India and South Korea to conduct military research in the cyberspace and digital policy field.

In addition, the U.S. Air Force has also implemented the goal of improving cyber warfare capabilities in military academies. The U.S. Air Force University Cyber ​​Academy requires students to take at least three courses related to information and cyberspace, and the Air Force War College has formally incorporated cyber warfare and other teaching content into its general courses.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network
Friday, February 24, 2023

現代國語：

近日，美國空軍發布新版《網路作戰條令》（以下簡稱條令）。美國空軍也由此成為網路空間司令部系列戰略性文件出台後，首個公佈新版作戰條令的軍種部隊。美軍在無形戰場的軍備擴張正全面鋪面。

謀求網路作戰優勢

新版條令是繼2010年首版、2011年修訂版後，美國空軍再次發布網路空間領域的綱領文件。該條令主要分為3個部分，包括美國空軍在網路空間面臨的威脅與挑戰、網路戰部隊的主要功能、力量架構。

新版條令指出，美國空軍目前面臨的威脅分為“有意破壞空軍網路資訊系統的惡意行為”和“無意但造成破壞和影響的網路活動”，並據此提出中長期存在的4項挑戰，即正在使用的商業技術和外包產品存在安全漏洞、網路空間發起的攻擊難以溯源、網路連接存在被侵入的安全隱患、網路基礎設施存在弱點。外媒稱，美國空軍刻意放大網路固有的安全風險，意在為其強化網路戰部隊建立並在該領域遂行軍事行動提供口實。

關於美國空軍網路戰部隊的主要功能，新版條令予以進一步明確。新版條令提出，美國空軍網路戰部隊既要在戰時或準戰時狀態下支援美國空軍進行網路戰攻防行動，贏得該領域競爭優勢和作戰優勢，也要在平時的非武裝衝突類軍事活動中發揮作用。

美國空軍網路作戰樣式主要為網路空間攻防作戰及美國國防部資訊網路運作維護，其主要作戰力量為第16航空隊。該部隊由負責網路空間的第24航空隊和負責全球情報、監視和偵察的第25航空隊合併組建，其不僅擔負美國空軍的網路戰和電子戰任務，也是美軍網路司令部的空軍分支。

新版條令稱，根據美軍軍政軍令分離的體制結構，第16航空隊由美軍網路司令部指揮，遂行作戰行動的流程由該司令部製定。此外，為明確軍種部隊和職能司令部間的關係，該航空隊下設第616作戰指揮中心，負責將美軍網絡司令部賦予的任務及受支援戰區的需求和協作事項，轉化為空軍網絡戰任務部隊的計劃、方案和目標，並對接後續評估工作。

融入聯合作戰體系

除了3個主要部分外，新版條令也聚焦在美國空軍網路戰部隊應融入「一體化威懾」和聯合作戰體系。其中，第16航空隊將整合情報偵察監視、電子戰和資訊戰力量，為美國空軍行動創造“資訊環境優勢”，以在武裝衝突中取得先機。

新版條令指出，美國空軍在網路空間的軍事行動和作戰計畫應融入聯合部隊的作戰方案，充分考慮跨機構合作、戰場物理域和網路域連動效應，及國家情報體系支撐下的資訊共享。

為了更好地融入聯合作戰，新版條令明確美國空軍網路戰部隊的軍事術語，將網路空間作戰效能評估分為戰術、戰役和戰略，以體現不同層級作戰行動的目標效果。依據美軍參聯會的聯合作戰條令，引入「藍色」「紅色」和「灰色」的作戰對手標註術語，分別表示網路空間的盟友、對手和中立方。以「網路空間關鍵地形」指稱可為網路戰任務分隊提供絕對優勢的網路空間區域。

「網路空間控制」這個概念，則將美軍聯合作戰中「指揮與控制」應用至新領域，並結合對對手網路資訊領域的影響程度，把控制等級由低至高劃分為「均勢」「優勢」「統治」3個等級，這與美軍聯合部隊「弱」「中」指標「強」3個作戰指標略有差別。

外媒稱，在美軍網絡司令部“主宰網絡域”準則引導下，美國空軍網絡戰部隊與聯合作戰體系中的術語概念“對錶”，可以使軍種指揮官及聯合部隊指揮官更好地運用網絡戰部隊這一“混合戰”力量。

多點發力加強建設

隨著新版條令出爐，美國空軍成為美軍首個修訂網路戰綱領的軍種部隊，這也標誌著美軍已將加強網路空間軍備建設的舉措延伸至作戰部隊。

報道稱，就在美國空軍出台新版條令的同時，美國海軍公佈了隸屬於網絡司令部的第10艦隊實力，該部隊下轄1.4萬名現役、文職和預備役人員，在全球有28個現役指揮部、40支網絡任務部隊和27個預備役指揮部。美國海軍網路戰部隊在美軍各軍兵種中規模最大，美國空軍或將效法海軍體制，建構該軍種的力量結構。美軍在網路空間領域的一系列舉動，將助長該領域軍備擴張態勢。

今年以來，美軍網路司令部相繼發布《國防部資訊網路聯合部隊指揮部任務說明》《海岸防衛隊網路司令部任務說明》等系列文件，豐富網路戰部隊發展計畫。

美軍網路司令部計畫邀請美國國防部聯合互通性測試司令部擔任「聯合網路空間作戰架構」的測試機構，以提高網路太空領域的聯合作戰能力，並擬於4月下旬牽頭承辦北約「鎖盾」網路安全聯合軍演。同時，美國也拉印度、韓國進行網路空間和數位政策的軍事領域研究。

此外，美國空軍也將提升網路戰能力的目標落實到軍事院校。美國空軍大學網路學院要求學員至少選修3門資訊與網路空間相關的課程，空軍戰爭學院則在通用課程中正式編入網路戰等教學內容。

中國軍網 國防部網
2023年2月24日 星期五

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2023-02/24/content_334361888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military to Utilize Artificial Intelligence Empowering Cognitive Confrontation Success on the Modern Battlefield

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中國軍隊將利用人工智慧增強現代戰場認知對抗的成功

現代英語：

With the advent of the “smart +” era, artificial intelligence is widely used in the military field, and conventional warfare in physical space and cognitive confrontation in virtual space are accelerating integration. Deeply tapping the potential of artificial intelligence to empower cognitive confrontation is of great significance to improving the efficiency of cross-domain resource matching and controlling the initiative in future operations.

Data mining expands the boundaries of experience and cognition

Data-driven, knowing the enemy and knowing yourself. With the advancement of big data-related technologies, data information has become cognitive offensive and defensive ammunition, and information advantage has become increasingly important on the battlefield. Empowering traditional information processing processes with artificial intelligence technology can enhance the ability to analyze related information, accelerate information integration across domains through cross-domain data collection and false information screening, and enhance dynamic perception capabilities. Artificial intelligence can also help alleviate battlefield data overload, organically integrate enemy information, our own information, and battlefield environment information, and build a holographic intelligent database to provide good support for cognitive confrontation.

Everything is connected intelligently, and humans and machines collaborate. Modern warfare is increasingly integrated between the military and civilians, and the boundaries between peace and war are blurred. Technology has redefined the way people interact with each other, people with equipment, and equipment with equipment, and battlefield data is constantly flowing. Through big data mining and cross-domain comparative analysis, unstructured data such as images, audio, and video can be refined, and the truth can be retained to expand the boundaries of experience cognition and improve the level of human-machine collaboration. The in-depth application of the Internet of Things and big data technologies has promoted the continuous improvement of the intelligent level of data acquisition, screening, circulation, and processing processes, laying a solid foundation for the implementation of cognitive domain precision attacks.

Break through barriers and achieve deep integration. Relying on battlefield big data can effectively break through the barriers of full-domain integration, help connect isolated information islands, promote cross-domain information coupling and aggregation, accelerate barrier-free information flow, and promote the transformation of data fusion and information fusion to perception fusion and cognitive fusion. The comprehensive penetration of intelligent equipment into the command system can accelerate the deep integration of situation awareness, situation prediction and situation shaping, optimize multi-dimensional information screening and cognitive confrontation layout, and promote the continuous iteration and upgrading of cognitive domain combat styles.

Intelligent algorithms enhance decision-making efficiency

Accelerate decision-making and cause confusion to the enemy. The outcome of cognitive confrontation depends to a certain extent on the game of commanders’ wisdom and strategy. Through full-dimensional cross-domain information confrontation and decision-making games, with the help of intelligent technology, we can analyze and intervene in the opponent’s cognition and behavior, and finally gain the initiative on the battlefield. At present, artificial intelligence has become a catalyst for doubling combat effectiveness. In peacetime, it can play the role of an intelligent “blue army” to simulate and deduce combat plans; in wartime, through intelligent decision-making assistance, it can improve the quality and efficiency of the “detection, control, attack, evaluation, and protection” cycle, create chaos for the enemy, and paralyze its system.

Autonomous planning and intelligent formation. In the future intelligent battlefield, “face-to-face” fighting will increasingly give way to “key-to-key” offense and defense. In cognitive domain operations, the use of intelligent algorithms to accurately identify identity information, pre-judge the opponent’s intentions, and control key points in advance can quickly transform information advantages into decision-making advantages and action advantages. Using intelligent algorithms to support cognitive domain operations can also help identify the weaknesses of the enemy’s offense and defense system, autonomously plan combat tasks according to the “enemy”, intelligently design combat formations, and provide real-time feedback on combat effects. Relying on data links and combat clouds to strengthen intelligent background support, we can strengthen combat advantages in dynamic networking and virtual-real interaction.

Make decisions before the enemy and attack with precision. Intelligent algorithms can assist commanders in predicting risks, dynamically optimizing combat plans according to the opponent’s situation, and implementing precise cognitive attacks. In future intelligent command and control, the “cloud brain” can be used to provide algorithm support, combined with intelligent push to predict the situation one step ahead of the enemy, make decisions one step faster than the enemy, and completely disrupt the opponent’s thinking and actions. We should focus on using intelligent technology to collect and organize, deeply analyze the opponent’s decision-making and behavioral preferences, and then customize plans to actively induce them to make decisions that are beneficial to us, aiming at the key points and unexpectedly delivering a fatal blow to them.

Powerful computing power improves the overall operation level

Plan for the situation and create momentum, and suppress with computing power. “He who wins before the battle has more calculations; he who loses before the battle has less calculations.” The situation of cognitive confrontation is complex and changeable, and it is difficult to deal with it only by relying on the experience and temporary judgment of commanders. Intelligent tools can be used to strengthen the penetration of enemy thinking before the battle, actively divide and disintegrate the cognitive ability of the enemy team, and improve our battlefield control ability and combat initiative. At the same time, we should use powerful intelligent computing power to improve flexible command and overall planning capabilities, take advantage of the situation, build momentum, and actively occupy the main position of cognitive confrontation.

Smart soft attack, computing power raid. The rapid development of artificial intelligence has promoted the transformation of war from “hard destruction” to “soft killing”, which is expected to completely subvert the traditional war paradigm. For example, the latest technical concepts can be used to gain in-depth insights into the operating mechanism of the enemy system, actively familiarize oneself with the opponent, and mobilize the opponent. It is also possible to use the psychological anchoring effect and the network superposition amplification effect to interfere with the opponent’s cognitive loop link, disrupt the opponent’s command decision-making, and slow down the opponent’s reaction speed.

Cross-domain coordination and computing power support. To win the proactive battle of cognitive confrontation, we must coordinate across domains, gather forces in multiple dimensions, use intelligent tools to autonomously control the flow of information, realize the integrated linkage of physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, lead forward-looking deployment and distributed coordination, launch a comprehensive parallel offensive, and form cognitive control over the enemy. Effectively carry out joint actions of virtual and real interaction in the entire domain, intervene in the enemy’s cognition, emotions and will, and use powerful computing power to take the initiative and fight proactive battles.

China Military Network Ministry of National Defense Network

Thursday, April 20, 2023

Chen Jialin, Xu Jun, Li Shan

現代國語：

伴隨「智慧+」時代的到來，人工智慧廣泛應用於軍事領域，物理空間的常規戰爭與虛擬空間的認知對抗加速融合。深度挖掘人工智慧潛力為認知對抗賦權，對提升跨域資源匹配效率，掌控未來作戰主動權具有重要意義。

資料挖潛拓展經驗認知邊界

數據驅動，知彼知己。隨著大數據相關技術的進步，數據資訊已成為認知攻防彈藥，資訊優勢在戰場上變得越來越重要。運用人工智慧技術賦能傳統資訊加工流程，可強化關聯資訊分析能力，透過跨領域資料擷取、虛假資訊甄別，加速資訊全局融合，強化動態感知能力。人工智慧還可協助緩解戰場數據過載，有機整合敵情、我情、戰場環境訊息，建立全像智慧資料庫，為認知對抗提供良好支撐。

萬物智聯，人機協同。現代戰爭日漸軍民一體、平戰界線模糊，技術重新定義了人與人、人與裝備、裝備與裝備的互動方式，戰場資料源源不絕。透過大數據探勘與跨域比較分析，可對影像、音訊、視訊等非結構化資料去粗取精、去偽存真，拓展經驗認知邊界，提升人機協同水準。物聯網、大數據技術的深度運用，推動資料取得、篩選、流轉、加工流程的智慧化程度不斷提升，為實施認知域精準攻擊夯實基礎。

打通壁壘，深度融合。依靠戰場大數據可有效突破全域融合的壁壘，有助於聯通條塊分割的資訊孤島，促進跨域資訊耦合聚合，加速資訊無障礙流通，推動資料融合與資訊融合向感知融合與認知融合轉化。智慧裝備全面滲透進入指揮體系，能夠加速態勢感知、態勢預測與態勢塑造的深度融合，優化多維資訊篩選與認知對抗佈局，推動認知域作戰樣式不斷迭代升級。

智慧演算法強化輔助決策效能

加速決策，致敵混亂。認知對抗的勝負，某種程度上取決於指揮家智慧謀略的博弈。可透過全維度跨域資訊對抗與決策博弈，借助智慧技術分析並介入對手認知與行為，最終贏得戰場主動。目前，人工智慧已成為戰鬥力倍增的催化劑，平時可扮演智慧「藍軍」模擬推演作戰方案；戰時透過智慧輔助決策，提升「偵、控、打、評、保」循環品質效率，給敵方製造混亂，促使其體系癱瘓。

自主規劃，智能編組。未來智慧化戰場上，「面對面」的拼殺將越來越多地讓位給「鍵對鍵」的攻防。在認知域作戰中，利用智慧演算法精準甄別身分資訊、預先研判對手企圖、事先扼控關鍵要點，能夠將資訊優勢快速轉化為決策優勢與行動優勢。利用智慧演算法支撐認知域作戰，還可協助摸清敵方攻防體系弱點，因「敵」制宜自主規劃作戰任務，智慧設計作戰編組，即時回饋作戰效果，依托資料鏈、作戰雲強化智慧後台支撐，在動態組網、虛實互動中強化作戰勝勢。

先敵決策，精準攻擊。智慧演算法可輔助指揮者預判風險，根據對手狀況動態優化作戰方案，實施精準認知攻擊。在未來智慧化指揮控制中，可利用「雲端大腦」提供演算法支撐，結合智慧推送先敵一步預判態勢，快敵一招制定決策，徹底打亂對手思路和行動。應著重運用智慧科技收集整理、深度分析對手決策和行為偏好，進而專項客製化計劃，積極誘導其作出有利於我的決策，瞄準要害出其不意地對其進行致命一擊。

強大算力提升全域運籌水平

謀勢造勢，算力壓制。 「夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。」認知對抗態勢複雜多變，僅靠指揮經驗和臨時判斷難以應對，可利用智能工具在戰前即對敵思維認知加強滲透，積極分化瓦解敵方團隊認知力，提升我戰場控局能力和作戰性。同時，應藉助強大智能算力，提升靈活指揮與全局運籌能力，順勢謀勢、借勢造勢，積極佔領認知對抗主陣地。

巧打軟攻，算力突襲。人工智慧的快速發展，推動戰爭進一步從「硬摧毀」轉向「軟殺傷」，可望徹底顛覆傳統戰爭範式。如可運用最新技術理念，深入洞察敵方體系運作機理，積極熟悉對手、調動對手。還可利用心理沉錨效應和網路疊加放大效應，幹擾對手認知循環鏈路，打亂對手指揮決策，遲滯對手反應速度。

跨域統籌，算力支撐。打贏認知對抗主動仗須全域跨域統籌、多維同向聚力，利用智慧工具自主控制資訊的流量流向，實現物理域、資訊域與認知域的一體聯動，引領前瞻性布勢與分散式協同，全面展開並行攻勢，形成對敵認知控制。有效進行全域虛實相生的聯合行動，對敵認知、情緒和意志實施幹預，借助強大算力下好先手棋、打好主動仗。

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年4月20日 星期四

陳佳琳 徐 珺 李 山

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-04/20/content_338002888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #中國 #太空 #戰爭, #中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, #新興戰爭技術, #智慧化戰爭, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Laws Necessary for Winning Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事法規是贏得智慧化戰爭的必要條件

現代英語：

●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.

●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.

President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.

Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.

If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.

Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of ​​intelligent warfare.”

Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.

The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.

Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance

As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.

You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.

Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.

Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.

Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.

In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan FeiyiEditor-in-charge: Wang Feng2021-03-16 10:12

現代國語：

认识智能化战争规律，要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础，抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键，抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。

●战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争，敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素，正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化，不断对智能化战争进行再认识。

习主席指出，要认真研究军事、研究战争、研究打仗，把握现代战争规律和战争指导规律。今天，战争的智能化特征日益凸显，智能化战争已经展现出早期形态的样貌。要想掌握未来智能化战争主动权，就应积极跟踪现代战争发展，紧贴现实军事斗争准备，前瞻认识智能化战争规律，深刻把握其指导规律，着力回答“是什么”、解决 “怎么做”等问题，不断创新战争和战略指导。

回答“是什么”，前瞻认识智能化战争规律

毛泽东同志指出：“战争的规律——这是任何指导战争的人不能不研究和不能不解决的问题。”今天，在智能化战争初显端倪之际，应前瞻认识智能化战争“是什么”，否则就不能解决“怎么做”，更不可能驾驭未来战争。

智能化战争规律是战争知行体系的重建。智能化战争规律，和冷兵器战争、热兵器战争、机械化战争、信息化战争的规律一样，是战争诸要素间内在的、本质的联系，不同之处在于它有新质的要素和新的要素间的构成模式，本质上是基于智能化革命所引发的战争知行体系的重建。今天，认识智能化战争规律，要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础，抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键，抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。掌握这些规律，就能克服未来战争中的纷乱和不确定性，从中找出条理和确定性，这是应对智能化战争的客观要求。

智能化战争规律是战争指导规律的依据。毛泽东在《中国革命战争的战略问题》中，首先分析了中国革命战争的特点，揭示了战争规律，然后“由此产生我们的战略战术”，即战争指导规律；在《论持久战》中，他首先说明了“是什么”，再转到研究“怎么做”的问题上，体现了一种认识过程的逻辑顺序。今天，研究智能化战争仍应遵循这一顺序，既不能本末倒置，颠倒顺序；也不能增加、减少或更换环节。要在掌握智能自主这一根本规律的基础上，揭示自主感知、自主规划、自主实施、自主联动、自主评估等战争指导规律。

不懂得智能化战争规律，就不能指导战争。《孙膑兵法》指出：“知道，胜”“不知道，不胜”。道是战争规律，掌握它、行动符合它，就能取胜；反之，则败。毛泽东也强调：“不知道战争的规律，就不知道如何指导战争，就不能打胜仗。”同样，掌握智能化战争规律，是正确指导智能化战争的前提。否则，就难免要被智能化战争的表面现象所迷惑。今天，要通过分析智能化技术群对战争的基础性、长远性和颠覆性影响，研究智能化战争是个什么样子？有哪些规律？应该怎么打？这些都是智能化战争指导必须回答的重大课题。

解决“怎么做”，揭示掌握智能化战争指导规律

智能化战争指导规律是运用智能化战争规律指导实践的中介，起到“桥”和“船”的作用。应在回答“是什么”的基础上解决“怎么做”的问题，提出智能化战争的“游泳术”。

智能化战争指导规律是运用战争规律的规律。认识战争规律的目的在于应用。马克思指出：“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改变世界。”同样，智能化战争本身迫使指挥员不发现规律则已，一旦发现，就会结合能动性，利用规律为打赢战争服务，这就必然导致智能化战争指导规律的产生。今天，战争是政治的继续仍是智能化战争规律，由此得出智能化战争必须服从服务于政治的指导规律；兵民是胜利之本仍是智能化战争规律，由此得出最广泛地动员民众的指导规律，等等。这些智能化战争指导规律是战争规律派生出来的，是“智能化战争大海中的游泳术”。

充分发挥人在智能化战争中的能动作用。恩格斯说过：“赢得战斗胜利的是人而不是枪。”智能化战争指导规律是实践规律、使用规律。它不是对智能化战争规律的简单“移用”“照搬”，而是加上人的主观能动性，才能转化为战争指导规律。今天，掌握人工智能的军事人才，不仅是智能化武器的操控者，更是人工智能的创造者。人在智能化人机系统中仍处于主体地位，是智能化战争胜负的决定性因素。指挥员应在掌握智能化战争规律的基础上，充分发挥能动性，坚持“技术+谋略”的作战理论生成模式，才能由回答“是什么”向解决“怎么做”转变。

智能化战争指导规律是不断发展的。战争是一条“变色龙”。智能化战争本身也会经历萌芽、发展、成熟等不同阶段，这就必然带来智能化战争指导规律的发展。战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争，敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素，正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化，不断对智能化战争进行再认识。要紧跟战争形态向智能化加速迈进的历史进程，把握智能化战争发展方向和时代脉搏，把对智能化战争指导规律的研究推向新境界，在未来战场占据战略主动和先机。

紧盯“主动权”，不断创新智能化战争和战略指导

兵无常势，水无常形。在智能化战争已然来临之际，要在遵循智能化战争规律和指导规律的基础上，紧贴现实军事斗争准备，加强对手研究、敌情研究，主动设计“在什么时间”“在什么地点”“和谁打仗”，创新战争和战略指导，牢牢掌握未来战争的战略主动权。

你打你的，我打我的。战争指导艺术的最高境界，就是你打你的、我打我的。“各打各的”要求指挥员在未来智能化战争中，无论处于怎样复杂、困难的环境，首先要立足自身实际，独立自主地使用自己的力量。特别是拥有高技术装备之敌，可能造成暂时的局部的敌之主动、我之被动的局面，这时要通过政治、经济、外交等综合手段，以总体有利态势弥补武器上的劣势，迅速扭转这一局面，恢复主动地位。如果被战略对手牵着鼻子走，就可能吃大亏。

把握时机，因时用兵。《六韬》指出：“用之在于机。”若米尼强调：“全部战争艺术就在于善于待机而动。”一方面，时不至，不可强动。要持重时机，时机未到，应有极大耐心，防止战略盲动。另一方面，时不再来，机不可失。要善于把握时机，一旦遇上有利时机，就要坚决利用，防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是，要辩证地看待时机成熟问题。未来智能化战争瞬息万变，要求快速决策，而面对不确定性因素，又必须慎重决策。有时及早定下决心，比明天下达更完善的决心也许更有效。因此，要敢于冒一点风险，不然则会坐视成功机会的丧失。

各域有别，因地运筹。克劳塞维茨指出：“战争不像长满庄稼的田地，而像长满大树的土地。收割庄稼时不需要考虑每棵庄稼的形状，收割得好坏取决于镰刀的好坏；而用斧头砍伐大树时，就必须注意到每棵大树的形状和方向。”战略空间不同，战争就不同，战争指导也不一样。当前，战场空间不断由陆海空等传统空间向太空、网络等新型空间拓展，战争指导者应根据多域性、立体性、网络性等特点，探索新的智能化战争规律和指导规律。

瞄准对手，因敌制胜。《孙子兵法》指出：“践墨随敌，以决战事。”约米尼也说过：“不管是谁，如果不了解敌人，怎能知道自己应该如何行动呢？”着眼未来，聪明的战略家应根据轻重、缓急程度，把作战对象区分为主要作战对象和一般作战对象、现实作战对象和潜在作战对象，全面客观地了解不同作战对象的战略意图、兵力部署、作战构想等，提出能充分发挥己方战力优长的新的智能化战争指导规律，实施正确的战争行动。

总之，智能化战争规律是认识过程中的规律，解决“是什么”；指导规律是实践过程中的规律，解决“怎么做”。二者辩证统一，不可分割，构成了认识和指导智能化战争的完整链条。“战胜不复，而应形于无穷。”今天，战争和战略指导者应基于客观情况，深入探索和灵活运用智能化战争规律和战争指导规律，与时俱进创新战争和战略指导。

（作者单位：军事科学院战争研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2021-03/16/content_4880989.htm?yikikata=7593b488-bf4396b2e061d55553e340f0a68ef7f8888

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Chinese Military Review of the Strategic Game Among Major Powers Within Context of Military Intelligence

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軍事情報視野下的大國戰略博弈－中國軍事評論

現代英語：

In today’s world, the new military revolution has entered a critical qualitative change stage. Intelligent warfare with ubiquitous intelligence, interconnectedness, human-machine integration, and full-domain collaboration is accelerating. In order to consolidate its position as the world’s hegemon, the United States actively promotes the third “offset strategy” to “change the future war situation”, formulates an artificial intelligence development strategy, accelerates the actual combat testing and exercises of artificial intelligence, and regards intelligent technology as the core of a “disruptive technology group” that can change the “rules of the game”. Military powers such as Russia, Britain, and Israel are unwilling to lag behind and are also stepping up to improve their respective strategic layouts in the field of artificial intelligence. As competition among major powers intensifies, military intelligence will become the new commanding heights of the arms race.

    【Key words】military conflict, artificial intelligence strategy, AI war 【Chinese Library Classification Number】D81 【Document Identification Code】A

    In 2017, Master, known as the evolved version of “AlphaGo”, swept the top Go players on the online Go platform and won 60 consecutive games; in 2019, in the StarCraft II man-machine competition, two top human players were defeated with a score of 1:10; in 2020, in the “Alpha” air combat competition held by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense, the F-16 piloted by the US military ace pilot was completely defeated by the artificial intelligence fighter with a score of 0:5. These events show that the era of artificial intelligence that humans both look forward to and fear has quietly arrived.

    Engels said, “Once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause reforms or even changes in the way of warfare.” At present, the militarized application of artificial intelligence has caused “the winning mechanism of war to undergo an unprecedented transformation, and the center of gravity of combat power generation is undergoing a historic shift.” A new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution provides support for the intelligent era of “controlling energy with intelligence.”

    Military artificial intelligence demonstrates its powerful power in modern warfare

    The drive of the arms race among the major powers is triggering a chain of changes in the military field. In recent years, the world situation has been in a turbulent period, which has triggered a series of geopolitical crises. The concept of “hybrid warfare” has entered the war stage, and military artificial intelligence has entered a new stage of development. The rapid development and comprehensive integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and reconnaissance and strike drones have demonstrated their powerful power in modern warfare. Whether it is the physical domain of firepower strikes, the interest domain of economic sanctions, or the cognitive domain of public opinion and psychological control, it makes people deeply feel that military artificial intelligence is becoming popular.

    Assassinating senior Iranian officials, AI becomes a “killing tool” for the US military. On January 3, 2020, then-US President Trump ordered the US military to launch an airstrike on Baghdad International Airport in Iraq without the consent of the US Congress. This airstrike directly killed Iranian senior official Soleimani. Soleimani is the top commander of the “Quds Brigade” of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard. Why was he successfully assassinated by the United States in the capital of Iraq? It is reported that the “Reaper” drone carried out this mission, which “targeted and eliminated” Soleimani by projecting “Hellfire” missiles. The operation was very secretive and could not be detected by radar. Even the US spy satellites did not know the location of the “Reaper” at the time. It should be emphasized that the assassination of Soleimani was an illegal and brutal act of the United States using terrorist means, “one of the war crimes committed by the United States by abusing force”, and its so-called “rules-based international order” is a pure whitewash, and its essence is a true manifestation of hegemony.

    In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Israel launched the “first AI war”. In May 2021, Israel launched “Operation Rampart” against Hamas. During the 11-day battle in the Gaza Strip, Israel relied on advanced information collection technology, analytical algorithms and AI-led decision support systems to quickly and effectively select attack targets and use the most appropriate ammunition as needed. Through hundreds of intensive and precise strikes from multiple combat platforms, it paralyzed Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Organization’s rocket positions, rocket manufacturing plants, ammunition depots, military intelligence agencies, senior commanders’ residences and other key facilities, destroyed several autonomous GPS-guided submarines of the Hamas Maritime Commando, and killed Bassem Issa and other Hamas senior commanders and senior agents.

    It has been disclosed that the artificial intelligence system used in the war is an algorithm system developed by an elite team code-named 8200. The three systems “Alchemist”, “Gospel” and “Deep Wisdom” hatched by the team were all used in this military operation. The “Alchemist” system can analyze the enemy’s attempt to launch an attack and provide real-time warnings through the communication device carried by individual soldiers. The information fed back by the soldiers will also be collected again and evaluated for the next attack; the “Gospel” system can generate target strike suggestions and mark target information in real time. Commanders can flexibly select important targets and implement strikes based on battlefield conditions; the “Deep Wisdom” system can accurately draw a map of the tunnel network of Hamas armed organizations in the Gaza Strip through intelligence collection and big data fusion such as signal intelligence, visual intelligence, personnel intelligence, and geographic intelligence, forming a situation map that fully reflects the conflict area scenario. The use of these technologies has greatly enhanced the Israeli army’s battlefield situation awareness capabilities. A senior intelligence official of the Israel Defense Forces said that this is “the first time that AI has become a key component and combat power amplifier in fighting the enemy.” The Israeli military believes that the use of AI has brought “super cognitive ability” and even directly calls it “the first artificial intelligence war.”

    In order to seize the technological commanding heights, countries are stepping up their strategic layout of military intelligence

    Artificial intelligence is regarded as a key strategic technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In order to gain the upper hand in the new round of disruptive technology competition, the world’s military and technological powers, led by the United States, have stepped up their strategic layout around military intelligence, and are working intensively and spare no effort.

    The United States attempts to rely on artificial intelligence to maintain its military hegemony. Since 2016, the U.S. Department of Defense has successively issued documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, and “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, which have elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In order to establish its own “rules of war”, the Pentagon has successively formulated artificial intelligence technology research and development plans, key project concepts, and technical standards and specifications, and focused on building a research and development production and combat application system. In summary, the U.S. military’s layout for the future development of artificial intelligence can be roughly divided into three stages: near, medium, and long. In the first stage, before 2025, with unmanned, stealth, and remote combat platforms as the development focus, a “global surveillance and strike system” will be built, and unmanned systems will become the main means of military intervention by the U.S. military. In the second stage, before 2035, with intelligent combat platforms, information systems, and command and decision-making systems as the development focus, an intelligent combat system will be initially established, and unmanned systems will surpass manned systems and occupy a dominant position in combat. The third stage, before 2050, will focus on the development of technologies such as strong artificial intelligence, nanorobots, and brain networking, fully realize the intelligence of combat platforms, information systems, and command and control, promote the expansion of combat space to biospace, nanospace, and intelligent space, and strive to seek the intelligent combat system to enter the advanced stage.

    The various branches of the U.S. military have also launched and continuously updated their artificial intelligence development plans. The ground unmanned autonomous system has the “U.S. Ground Unmanned System Roadmap” and the “U.S. Robot Development Roadmap”, etc., and plans to achieve intelligent formations and coordinated actions of manned and unmanned by 2030, and realize the mobility of synthetic forces by 2040. The aerial unmanned autonomous system has a special drone development plan, and the long-term goal is to form a complete aerial unmanned equipment system covering high, medium and low altitudes, large, medium, small and micro, ordinary and long flight time. The maritime unmanned autonomous system is divided into two directions. One is to create a new underwater combat system, using multiple unmanned submarines to form a mobile integrated reconnaissance, detection, and strike network, and form an “advanced underwater unmanned fleet”; the other is to accelerate the development of surface unmanned ships and make breakthroughs in the “human-machine cooperation” of surface unmanned ships. In addition, the U.S. Department of Defense has also established partnerships with industry, academia and allies to ensure access to the most advanced artificial intelligence technology support.

    Russia has also put forward its own strategic plan in the field of artificial intelligence. In recent years, Russian President Vladimir Putin has attached great importance to the development of artificial intelligence. He proposed that artificial intelligence is the future for both Russia and all mankind. Whoever becomes a leader in this field will stand out and gain a huge competitive advantage. Artificial intelligence is related to the future of the country. Russian Chief of General Staff Gerasimov said that the Russian army is “developing non-nuclear strategic deterrence forces” through artificial intelligence equipment. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said that the Russian army is stepping up the research and development and deployment of military robots, and combat robots will be put into mass production.

    As early as November 2014, Russia adopted a plan to develop combat robots by 2025, proposing that robot systems will account for 30% of the entire weapons and military technology system by 2025. In December 2015, Putin signed a presidential decree to “establish a national robotics technology development center”, providing institutional support for the development of artificial intelligence from a strategic level. In recent years, Russia has successively issued strategic plans such as “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, “National Artificial Intelligence Development Strategy by 2030”, and “Russian Federation Defense Plan 2021-2025”, carried out war games in various complex combat environments, studied the impact of artificial intelligence on various levels such as strategy, campaign and tactics, and strived to build a multi-level and multi-dimensional unmanned intelligent combat system that is interconnected.

    From the perspective of medium- and long-term goals, attacking unmanned equipment is the focus of Russia’s development. In 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin proposed at the Russian Federation Security Conference that in the next 10 years, the Russian army will vigorously develop combat robot systems that can perform tasks on the battlefield. The short-term goal is to build a multifunctional combat robot force with certain autonomous control capabilities by 2025. According to information, the force will be composed of 5 types of robots, each of which can be independently divided into combat units and can basically complete battlefield combat tasks without or with very little human intervention. At present, the Russian army has started the experimental design work of the heavy and light robot “assault” and “comrade” systems. Some experts analyzed that the combat robot force may become an independent and brand-new branch of the Russian army.

    The United States is wooing its allies to prepare for AI wars, and the AI ​​arms race is intensifying. In recent years, in order to maintain its absolute leading position in the field of artificial intelligence, the United States has stepped up its own AI militarization construction while trying to win over its allies to jointly develop a joint operation AI system in the name of serving the alliance combat system. According to the U.S. “Defense News” website, in September 2020, the U.S. Joint Artificial Intelligence Center has launched the “Defense Partnership Program”, which covers the United Kingdom, France, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and other countries. It aims to develop an AI system that is interconnected with the above-mentioned allies and lay the foundation for joint operations in intelligent warfare. It is reported that relevant defense representatives of the United States and its allies have held several meetings around this plan. The United States also claimed that this defense cooperation will “open the door” to more interested U.S. allies.

    The United States’s push will undoubtedly intensify the AI ​​arms race among the world’s major military powers. Among the United States’ many allies, Israel’s AI level is the best. Israel is the world’s largest exporter of military drones; it has the world’s first controllable autonomous unmanned vehicle, the Guardian, which has been equipped to the troops; it is the only country in the world, except the United States, equipped with unmanned surface vessels, and has many types of unmanned surface vessels such as the Protector, Stingray, and Seagull.

    Other major countries are also stepping up their layout in the field of artificial intelligence. The United Kingdom has formulated an artificial intelligence development path of “universities as the source, military-civilian integration”, and issued the “National Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “Robots and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan. France has formulated the “French Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “French Artificial Intelligence Plan”. Since 2018, it has increased its defense budget year by year and continuously increased investment in the research and development of artificial intelligence weapons. Germany has the world’s largest artificial intelligence research center. In 2018, it issued the “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and planned to create an “Artificial Intelligence Made in Germany” brand by 2025. Japan has successively issued the “Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, “New Robot Strategy” and “Comprehensive Science and Technology Innovation Strategy”, and established the “Innovative Intelligence Comprehensive Research Center” to focus on the development of artificial intelligence-related technologies. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense issued the “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”. This document focuses on how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

    As some experts have said, “Intelligent technology is a double-edged sword. While it promotes the evolution of warfare to intelligent warfare, it also brings about a series of new war ethics issues and dilemmas in the law of war.” What changes will artificial intelligence bring to human society? This issue deserves in-depth thinking and continued attention.

    (The author is the director of the News Research Department of Guangming Daily)

    【References】

    ①Wu Mingxi: Intelligent Warfare—AI Military Vision, Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, January 2020.

    ②Guo Ming: “Basic Understanding of Intelligent Warfare”, “People’s Forum·Academic Frontier”, Issue 10, 2021.

    ③ Ding Ning and Zhang Bing: “Development of Intelligent Weapons and Equipment of Major Military Powers in the World”, “Military Digest”, Issue 1, 2019.

    ④ Ge Yan and Jia Zhenzhen: “Future Combat Concepts and Combat Styles under Military Transformation”, “Military Digest”, Issue 15, 2020.

    ⑤He Fuchu: “The Future Direction of the New World Military Revolution”, Reference News, August 23, 2017.

    ⑥Ma Junyang: “Russian-made unmanned intelligent weapons debut in Syria”, People’s Liberation Army Daily, December 30, 2019.

Geng HaijunPeople’s Forum (July 1, 2022, Issue 03)

現代國語：

當今世界，新軍事變革進入關鍵性變遷階段，智慧泛在、萬物互聯、人機共融、全局協同的智慧化戰爭正加速演進。為鞏固世界霸主地位，美國積極推行“改變未來戰局”的第三次“抵消戰略”，制定人工智能發展戰略，加速人工智能實戰檢驗和演習，將智能科技視作可改變“遊戲規則”的“顛覆性技術群”的核心。俄羅斯、英國、以色列等軍事強國不甘落後，也加緊完善各自在人工智慧領域的戰略佈局。大國競爭加劇，軍事智慧化將成為新的軍備競賽制高點。

【關鍵字】軍事衝突 人工智慧戰略 AI戰爭 【中圖分類號】D81 【文獻識別碼】A

2017年，被稱為進化版「阿爾法狗」的Master在圍棋網路平台橫掃圍棋界頂尖高手，豪取60連勝；2019年，星際爭霸Ⅱ遊戲人機對抗賽中，兩位人類頂尖選手以1：10的比數慘敗；2020年，在美國國防部高級研究計畫局舉辦的「阿爾法」空中格鬥競賽中，由美軍王牌飛行員駕駛的F-16以0：5完敗於人工智慧戰鬥機。這些事件表明，人類既期待又畏懼的人工智慧時代已經悄悄到來。

恩格斯說，「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改革甚至變革」。當下，人工智慧的軍事化應用使「戰爭的致勝機制正在發生前所未有的嬗變，戰鬥力生成的重心正發生歷史性的位移」。新一輪科技革命、產業革命和軍事革命為「以智地」的智慧化時代提供了支撐。

軍事人工智慧在現代戰爭中展現出強大威力

大國軍備競賽的驅動，正引發軍事領域鍊式變革。近年來，世界局勢處於動盪不安時期，由此引發了一系列地緣政治危機，「混合戰爭」概念登上戰爭舞台，軍事人工智慧進入發展新階段。人工智慧、大數據、雲端運算、察打一體無人機等技術的快速發展、全面融合，在現代戰爭中展現出強大威力。無論是火力打擊的物理域、經濟制裁的利益域，或是輿情心理控制的認知域，無不使人深刻感受到軍事人工智慧正在大行其道。

刺殺伊朗高官，AI成為美軍「殺人工具」。 2020年1月3日，時任美國總統川普未經美國國會同意，下令讓美軍空襲伊拉克巴格達國際機場。這次空襲，直接殺死了伊朗高官蘇萊曼尼。蘇萊曼尼是伊朗革命衛隊「聖城旅」最高指揮官，為何會被美國在伊拉克首都暗殺成功？有消息透露，實施這項任務的是「收割者」無人機，它透過投射「地獄火」飛彈，對蘇萊曼尼進行了「定點清除」。這次行動十分隱秘，雷達無法偵測到，連美軍間諜衛星都不知道這架「收割者」當時的位置。需要強調的是，刺殺蘇萊曼尼，是美國動用恐怖主義手段的非法和殘暴行徑，“是美國濫用武力犯下的戰爭罪行之一”，其所謂的“基於規則的國際秩序”是純粹的粉飾，本質是霸權主義的真實表露。

在巴以衝突中，以色列打響了「第一次AI戰爭」。 2021年5月，以色列對哈馬斯發起「城牆衛兵行動」。在加薩地帶11天的戰鬥中，以色列依靠先進的資訊收集技術、分析演算法和人工智慧主導的決策支援系統，快速有效地選擇攻擊目標並根據需要使用最合適的彈藥，透過數百次多種作戰平台的密集、精確打擊，癱瘓了哈馬斯和巴勒斯坦伊斯蘭聖戰組織的火箭陣地、火箭製造廠、彈藥倉庫、軍事情報機構、高級指揮官住所等關鍵設施，摧毀了哈馬斯海上突擊隊多艘自主GPS制導潛艇，擊殺了巴塞姆·伊薩等多名哈馬斯高級指揮官和高級特工。

有資訊揭露，此次應用於戰爭的人工智慧系統，是由一支代號8200的精英小組所開發的演算法系統。由該小組孵化的「煉金術士」「福音」「深度智慧」三個系統，全部被用於這次軍事行動。 「煉金術士」系統可對敵方發動攻擊的企圖進行分析，並透過單兵攜帶的通訊裝置即時預警，而士兵回饋的訊息也會被重新收集並對下一次攻擊作出評估；「福音」系統可產生目標打擊建議，並即時標記目標訊息，指揮人員結合戰場情況可靈活選擇重要目標並實施打擊；「深度智慧」系統透過訊號情報、視覺情報、人員情報、地理情報等情報收集和大數據融合，可精確繪製哈馬斯武裝組織在加薩地帶的地道網絡圖，形成了全面反映衝突區域情景的態勢圖。這些技術的運用，大大提升了以軍的戰場態勢感知能力。以色列國防軍一名高級情報官員表示，這是「AI第一次成為與敵人作戰的關鍵組成部分和戰力放大器」。以色列軍方認為，使用AI帶來了“超認知能力”，甚至直接稱其為“第一場人工智慧戰爭”。

各國為搶佔技術制高點，加緊軍事智慧化戰略佈局

人工智慧被視為第四次工業革命的關鍵性戰略技術，為謀求在新一輪顛覆性技術爭奪中獨佔鰲頭，以美國為首的世界軍事科技強國圍繞軍事智能化加緊戰略佈局，可謂緊鑼密鼓、不遺餘力。

美國企圖依賴人工智慧維持其軍事霸權。自2016年以來，美國防部連續推出《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略規劃》《國防部人工智慧戰略》等文件，將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。五角大廈為確立由自己主導的“戰爭規則”，相繼制定了人工智慧技術研發規劃、重點專案設想和技術標準規範等，著力建構研發生產和作戰運用體系。概括起來看，美軍對未來人工智慧發展的佈局大致可分為近、中、遠三個階段。第一階段，2025年前，以無人化、隱身化、遠程化作戰平台為發展重點，建構“全球監視打擊體系”，無人系統成為美軍軍事幹預的主要手段。第二階段，2035年前，以智慧化作戰平台、資訊系統、指揮決策系統為發展重點，初步建成智慧化作戰體系，無人系統將超過有人系統，居於作戰的主導地位。第三階段，2050年前，以強人工智慧、奈米機器人、腦聯網等技術為發展重點，全面實現作戰平台、資訊系統、指揮控制智慧化，推動作戰空間向生物空間、奈米空間、智慧空間拓展，努力尋求智慧化作戰體系進入高階階段。

美軍各軍種也相繼推出並不斷更新其人工智慧發展規劃。地面無人自主系統有《美國地面無人系統路線圖》《美國機器人發展路線圖》等，計畫在2030年實現有人與無人的智慧編隊、協同行動，2040年實現合成兵力機動。空中無人自主系統有專項的無人機發展規劃，長遠目標是形成覆蓋高、中、低空，大、中、小微型，普通與長航時完備的空中無人裝備體系。海上無人自主系統分兩個方向，一個是打造新型水下作戰體系，利用多個無人潛航器組成機動式一體化偵察、偵測、打擊網絡，組成「先進水下無人艦隊」；另一個是加速發展水面無人艦艇，在水面無人艇「人機合作」方面取得突破。此外，美國防部也與工業界、學術界和盟國建立夥伴關係，確保獲得最先進的人工智慧技術支援。

俄羅斯在人工智慧領域也提出了自己的戰略計畫。近年來，俄羅斯總統普丁高度重視人工智慧發展，他提出，無論對俄羅斯或全人類，人工智慧都是未來，誰成為這個領域的領導者，誰就會脫穎而出，進而獲得巨大的競爭優勢，人工智慧關係國家未來。俄總參謀長格拉西莫夫稱，俄軍正透過人工智慧裝備「發展非核手段戰略威懾力量」。俄國國防部長紹伊古則表示，俄軍正加緊進行軍用機器人的研發、列裝工作，戰鬥機器人將投入量產。

早在2014年11月，俄羅斯就通過了2025年前發展作戰機器人計劃，提出2025年機器人系統將佔整個武器和軍事技術系統的30%。 2015年12月，普丁簽署「成立國家機器人技術發展中心」總統令，從戰略層面為人工智慧的發展提供了體制支撐。近幾年，俄羅斯先後推出了《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《2030年前人工智慧國家發展戰略》《2021—2025年俄聯邦國防計畫》等戰略規劃，開展了各種複雜作戰環境下的兵棋推演，研究人工智慧對戰略、戰役和戰術等各層面的影響，努力建構多層次相互智能化、相互智能化體系的無個人化作戰。

從中長目標來看，攻擊無人裝備是俄羅斯發展的重點。 2019年，俄羅斯總統普丁在俄聯邦安全會議上提出，未來10年俄軍將大力發展能在戰場上執行任務的戰鬥機器人系統。近期目標，是2025年建造具有一定自主控制能力的多功能戰鬥機器人部隊。根據資料介紹，該部隊將由5種機器人組成，每種機器人都可以獨立劃分為作戰單元，可在無需人工或僅需很少人工幹預下，基本完成戰場作戰任務。目前，俄軍已啟動重型和輕型機器人「突擊」及「戰友」系統的試驗設計工作。有專家分析，戰鬥機器人部隊或將成為俄獨立的、具有全新意義的兵種。

美國拉攏盟友備戰AI戰爭，人工智慧軍備競賽加劇。近年來，美國為維持在人工智慧領域的絕對領先地位，在加緊推進自身人工智慧軍事化建設的同時，也以服務聯盟作戰體系為名，試圖拉攏盟友共同開發聯合操作人工智慧系統。根據美國「防務新聞」網站報道，2020年9月，美聯合人工智慧中心已啟動“防務夥伴關係計畫”，該計畫涵蓋英國、法國、以色列、日本、韓國、澳洲、加拿大、芬蘭、挪威、瑞典等國，旨在開發與上述盟國互聯互通的人工智慧系統，為智能化戰爭聯合作戰奠定基礎。有報導稱，圍繞這個計劃，美國及其盟友的相關國防代表已多次召開會議。美國還聲稱，這個國防合作將向更多感興趣的美國盟友「敞開大門」。

美國的助推，無疑將使全球主要軍事大國間的人工智慧軍備競賽愈演愈烈。在美國眾多盟友中，以色列的人工智慧水準獨領風騷。以色列是世界最大的軍用無人機出口國；擁有世界上第一種可控的自主式無人車——“守護者”，並已裝備部隊；是世界上除美國之外僅有的裝備了無人水面艇的國家，擁有“保護者”“黃貂魚”“海鷗”等多型無人水面艇。

其他大國也加緊佈局人工智慧領域。英國制定了「高校為源、軍民融合」的人工智慧發展路徑，推出了《國家人工智慧戰略》《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃。法國制定有《法國人工智慧戰略》《法國人工智慧計畫》，從2018年起逐年增加國防預算，不斷增加人工智慧武器研發投資力道。德國擁有世界上最大的人工智慧研究中心，2018年發布了《人工智慧戰略》，計畫2025年前打造「人工智慧德國製造」品牌。日本先後推出《人工智慧戰略》《新機器人戰略》《科技創新綜合戰略》，成立“革新智慧綜合研究中心”，集中開發人工智慧相關技術。 2021年1月，澳洲國防部發表《打好人工智慧戰爭：未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》。這份文件著重探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

正如一些專家所言：「智慧科技是一把雙面刃，在推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變的同時，也帶來一系列全新的戰爭倫理問題和戰爭法困境。」人工智慧將為人類社會帶來哪些變革？這一問題值得深入思考並持續關注。

（作者為光明日報社新聞研究部主任）

【參考文獻】

①吳明曦：《智能化戰爭－AI軍事暢想》，北京：國防工業出版社，2020年1月。

②郭明：《關於智慧化戰爭的基本認知》，《人民論壇‧學術前線》，2021年第10期。

③丁寧、張兵：《世界主要軍事強國的智慧化武器裝備發展》，《軍事文摘》，2019年第1期。

④葛妍、賈珍珍：《軍事變遷下的未來作戰概念與作戰樣式》，《軍事文摘》，2020年第15期。

⑤賀福初：《世界新軍事革命未來走向》，《參考消息》，2017年8月23日。

⑥馬浚洋：《俄製無人智慧武器亮相敘利亞》，《解放軍報》，2019年12月30日。

中國原創軍事資源：https://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/html/2022-07/01/content_2593935188.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Space #Warfare, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 新軍事變革, 認知戰

Concept of future human-machine integrated forces

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中國未來人機一體化軍事構想

現代英語：

At present, judging from the reform and development of the establishment system in major countries in the world, the military is developing towards a lean, small, efficient, intelligent, and integrated “man-machine (robot-drone)” direction, seeking to coordinate and fight together with robot soldiers, drones and human soldiers. According to statistics, the armies of more than 60 countries in the world are currently equipped with military robots, with more than 150 types. It is estimated that by 2040, half of the members of the world’s military powers may be robots. In addition to the United States, Russia, Britain, France, Japan, Israel, Turkey, Iran and other countries that have successively launched their own robot warriors, other countries have also invested in the research and development of unmanned weapons.

The world’s military powers will set off a wave of forming unmanned combat forces to compete. The so-called unmanned combat forces are a general term for combat robots or battlefield killing robot systems. With the development of various types of information-based, precise, and data-based weapons and equipment, intelligent platforms have become the driving force for pre-designed battlefields, combat robots have become the main force on the battlefield, and the combination of man and machine has become the key to defeating the enemy. In the future, battlefield space forces will highlight the three-dimensional unmanned development trend of land, sea, and air.

USA Today once published an article titled “New Robots Take War to the Next Level: Unmanned Warfare,” which described unmanned warfare like this: drone fleets swarm in, using sophisticated instruments for detection, reconnaissance, and counter-reconnaissance; after locking onto a target, they calmly launch missiles; automatically programmed unmanned submarines perform a variety of tasks including underwater search, reconnaissance, and mine clearance; on the ground battlefield, robots are responsible for the delivery of ammunition, medical supplies, and food… In future wars, these may become a reality.

On land, various robots that can perform specific tasks are highly integrated mobile strike platforms with mechanization, informatization, and intelligence. For example, unmanned tanks are unmanned tracked armored platforms that are mainly controlled by their own programs. They can be remotely controlled by soldiers, and are dominated by long-range attack intelligent weapons and informationized weapons. They can automatically load ammunition and launch autonomously, and carry out long-range indirect precision strikes, effectively reducing the casualties of soldiers. In the ocean, various unmanned submarines, unmanned warships, etc. can sail thousands of miles and perform various maritime combat missions without the need for onboard personnel to operate. In the air, the human-controlled drone system deployed in actual combat is a drone system platform with its own reconnaissance and judgment, human control, integrated reconnaissance and attack, autonomous attack, and human-machine collaboration.

The use of drone weapons in wars highlights their combat capabilities, which will inevitably lead the armies of countries around the world to form unmanned combat units in full swing. In the Iraq War, the United States began to test the actual combat capabilities of unmanned combat vehicles. In March 2013, the United States released a new version of the “Robotics Technology Roadmap: From the Internet to Robots”, which elaborated on the development roadmap of robots, including military robots, and decided to invest huge military research funds in the development of military robots, so that the proportion of unmanned combat equipment of the US military will increase to 30% of the total number of weapons. It is planned that one-third of ground combat operations in the future will be undertaken by military robots. It is reported that the US military deployed the first future robot combat brigade (including at least 151 robot warriors) before 2015. In 2016, the US military conducted another experimental simulation test of the “modular unmanned combat vehicle” in a multinational joint military exercise. In 2020, the US Pentagon issued a contract with a price tag of 11 million US dollars to form a “combined arms squad” with the ability to cooperate with humans and robots, and plans to complete the construction of 15 future combat brigades by 2030. All squad members have human-like vision, hearing, touch and smell, can send information and attack targets in a timely manner, and can even undertake tasks such as self-repair and vehicle maintenance, transportation, mine clearance, reconnaissance, and patrol. The US Daily Science website reported that the US Army has developed a new technology that can quickly teach robots to complete new crossing actions with minimal human intervention. The report said that the technology can enable mobile robot platforms to navigate autonomously in combat environments, while allowing robots to complete combat operations that humans expect them to perform under certain circumstances. Currently, US Army scientists hope to cultivate muscle cells and tissues for robots for biological hybridization rather than directly extracting them from living organisms. Therefore, this combination of muscle and robot reminds the author of the half-cyborg Grace in the movie “Terminator: Dark Fate”.

On April 21, 2018, the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) special forces launched a raid against extremist terrorists in Derbent, Dagestan, and for the first time publicly dispatched armed unmanned combat vehicles equipped with machine guns as pioneers. During the 2018 Russian Red Square military parade, the United States discovered a large number of Russian “Uranus-9” robots and other combat systems that had exchanged fire with Syrian anti-government forces in southern Syria, and showed their appearance characteristics to the audience. In August 2015, the Russian army used combat robot combat companies to carry out position assaults on the Syrian battlefield. The tracked robots charged, attacked, attracted the militants to open fire, and guided the self-propelled artillery group to destroy the exposed fire points one by one. In the end, the robot combat company took down the high ground that is now difficult for Russian soldiers to capture in one fell swoop in just 20 minutes, achieving a record of zero casualties and killing 77 enemies.

According to the British Daily Star website, after the British Army conducted a large-scale combat robot test at an event called “Autonomous Warrior 2018”, it unified drones, unmanned vehicles and combat personnel into a world-class army for decades to come. Future British Army autonomous military equipment, whether tanks, robots or drones, may have legs instead of tracks or wheels. In early 2021, after the UK held the “Future Maritime Air Force Acceleration Day” event, it continued to develop a “plug-and-play” maritime autonomous platform development system, which, after being connected to the Royal Navy’s ships, can simplify the acquisition and use of automation and unmanned operation technologies.

In addition to the development of robots by Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom, other powerful countries have also successively launched their own robot warriors. It is expected that in the next 20 years, the world will usher in robots on land, sea, and air to replace soldiers to perform high-risk tasks. The future battlefield will inevitably be unmanned or man-machine integrated joint combat operations. The world’s military powers will launch a human-machine (drone) integrated combat experiment

The style of air combat is always evolving with the advancement of aviation technology. Since 1917, with the successful development of the world’s first unmanned remote-controlled aircraft by the United Kingdom, the family of unmanned equipment has continued to grow and develop, and various drones are increasingly active in the arena of modern warfare.

Since the 21st century, with the large number of drones being used on the battlefield, the combat style has been constantly updated. In the Gulf War, drones were limited to reconnaissance, surveillance and target guidance, but in the Afghanistan War, Iraq War and the War on Terrorism, the combat capabilities of drones have become increasingly prominent, and the combat style and methods have shown new characteristics, allowing countries around the world to see drones as a sharp sword in the air, thus opening the prelude to the integrated combat test of man-machine (drone).

It is reported that the total number of drones in NATO countries increased by 1.7 times between 1993 and 2005, reaching 110,000 by 2006. The United States, other NATO countries, Israel, and South Africa all attach great importance to the development and production of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and multi-purpose drones.

In 2019, more than 30 countries in the world have developed more than 50 types of drones, and more than 50 countries are equipped with drones. The main types are: “password” drones, multi-function drones, artificial intelligence drones, long-term airborne drones, anti-missile drones, early warning drones, stealth drones, micro drones, air combat drones, mapping drones, and aerial photography drones. The main recovery methods: automatic landing, parachute recovery, aerial recovery, and arresting recovery.

On September 14, 2019, after Saudi Aramco’s “world’s largest oil processing facility” and oil field were attacked, the Yemeni Houthi armed forces claimed “responsibility for the incident” and claimed that they used 10 drones to attack the above facilities. On January 3, 2020, Qassem Soleimani, commander of the “Quds Force” under the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was “targeted and eliminated” in a drone raid launched by the United States at Baghdad International Airport in the early morning of the Iraqi capital. At the end of 2020, in the battle between Armenia and Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh (Nagorno-Karabakh region), it was obvious that drones played an important role in the conflict between the two sides. In particular, many military experts were shocked by the videos that the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense kept releasing of the TB-2 “Flagship” and Israeli “Harop” suicide drones just purchased from Turkey attacking Armenian armored vehicles, artillery, cars and even infantry positions and S-300 air defense missiles. In December 2020, local conflicts in the Middle East and Transcaucasus showed that drones are playing an increasingly important role. Based on this, some military experts even predicted that the 21st century will be the “golden age” for the development of drones. Drones are bound to completely replace manned aircraft and become the “battlefield protagonist” of the 21st century.

Currently, the US Air Force plans to expand the teaming of manned and unmanned platforms between drones and manned aircraft, and by 2025, 90% of fighters will be drones. In other words, larger aircraft (F-35 fighters or F-22 fighters) can control a nearby drone fleet. For example, the F-35 fighter is like a flying sensor computer, which can obtain a large amount of data, and communicate, analyze and judge on its own, and finally upload the conclusion to the pilot’s helmet display. The pilot analyzes and processes the information obtained, formulates a combat plan based on the combat plan, battlefield situation, and weapons equipped by the formation, and then issues it to the drone… to achieve the purpose of manned aircraft commanding drones to cooperate in combat. In other words, the mixed formation of manned and unmanned aircraft will change the previous ground control to air control of drones, and the pilot will directly command the combat operations of drones. The US military envisions a modular design so that soldiers can assemble drones after taking out the parts of drones from their backpacks when needed in future battlefield operations, and can also use 3D printing drones. In August 2020, the U.S. Air Force defeated top F-16 fighter pilots in a simulated air battle with AI, which also proved that AI pilots can “think” creatively and quickly, and it may not be long before they surpass the skills of human pilots. The U.S. Navy’s new MQ-25 “Stingray” carrier-based unmanned tanker will be tested in 2021 and have initial operational capability in 2024, which will help expand the combat radius of aircraft carriers.

Since 2013, Russia has been equipped with a large number of drones, of which unmanned reconnaissance aircraft alone exceeded 2,000 by the end of 2019, most of which are light drones, such as the Kalashnikov drones that participated in the military operations in Syria. In the next step, each brigade or division-level unit of the Russian Army will have a drone company, and the airborne troops will also be equipped with a large number of drones. The Russian Northern Fleet will have a drone regiment, and some modern Russian warships will also be equipped with drones. In addition, from 2021, the “Orion” reconnaissance and strike drone developed by the Kronstadt Group will be equipped with the Russian army. This heavy drone can carry a variety of guided ammunition to perform combat missions. In addition, the Russian army is also testing two heavy drones, the “Altair” and the C-70 “Hunter”. These are enough to show that Russia has made significant progress in the field of drone research and development.

Israel is a true pioneer in the field of drones. The drones it develops are not only advanced, but also exported to other countries. It has equipped its troops with hundreds of drones, including the “Bird’s Eye” series of single-soldier drones, the “Firefly” drone, the light “Skylark-I” drone, the light “Hero” drone, the medium “Skylark-II/III” drone, the “Heron” drone, etc. In the mid-1980s, Israel had developed a land-based launch and patrol drone named “Harpy” or “Harpy”. The Harpy is a “suicide drone” capable of autonomous anti-radar attacks. It weighs 135 kg, can carry 32 kg of high explosives, and has a range of 500 km. Due to confidentiality reasons, the specific number and type of drones equipped by the Israel Defense Forces are not yet known. In order to deal with threatening targets such as enemy ground-to-ground missiles, Israel Aircraft Industries is developing a high-altitude, long-flight stealth unmanned fighter. The aircraft combines stealth technology with long-range air-to-air missiles, can carry Moab missiles, penetrate into the rear of the enemy’s battle zone, and intercept and attack ground-to-ground missiles in the boost phase.

On February 5, 2013, the British army stationed in Afghanistan used a micro unmanned helicopter for the first time to carry out front-line work of spying on military intelligence. This unmanned helicopter is equipped with a micro camera, which can transmit the captured images to a handheld control terminal in real time; it can fly around corners and avoid obstacles to identify potential dangers. Next, the UK plans to enable one manned aircraft to command five unmanned aircraft at the same time. According to a report on the website of the British “Times” on January 26, 2021, the British Ministry of Defense invested 30 million pounds to develop the first unmanned aerial vehicle force in Northern Ireland. According to reports, the contract for the design and manufacture of the prototype has been given to the American “Spirit” Aerospace Systems. The company has a branch in Belfast, and the contract is expected to provide 100 jobs. The British Ministry of Defense plans to start manufacturing the first prototype of this new type of unmanned aerial vehicle by 2025. It will be equipped with missiles, reconnaissance and electronic warfare technology equipment, becoming the British Army’s first unmanned aerial vehicle capable of targeting and shooting down enemy aircraft and avoiding surface-to-air missile attacks. Its partner manned fighters will be able to focus on missions such as electronic warfare, reconnaissance and bombing, thereby reducing costs and the high risks faced by British aircrews.

The French Navy will form its first carrier-based drone squadron at a base near Toulon, the 36F carrier-based aircraft squadron of the French Naval Aviation. The squadron will be equipped with S-100 drones and carried on the Navy’s Mistral-class amphibious landing ship. The formation of this carrier-based drone squadron reflects the French Navy’s desire to integrate drone expertise into a single professional team. Previously, the French Navy discussed the establishment of a dedicated drone squadron and the option of equipping the 31F, 35F or 36F squadrons with drones.

At the Paris Air Show in June 2004, the full-scale model of the NX70 Neuron unmanned combat aircraft displayed by the French Dassault Aviation Company rekindled people’s interest in the development of European drones. Iran, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates…some new countries have disrupted the geopolitical landscape of drones and are writing a new page.

It can be predicted that drones will become the biggest highlight in the development of weapons and equipment in various countries around the world, and become the “trump card” of land warfare, naval warfare, air warfare, and space warfare in the 21st century. It will become a new combat force in offensive and defensive operations. It can not only use the various ground attack weapons it carries to strike enemy ground military targets in frontline and deep areas, but also use air-to-ground missiles or bombs to suppress enemy air defense weapons; it can not only use weapons such as anti-tank missiles to attack enemy tanks or tank groups, but also use weapons such as cluster bombs to bomb enemy ground forces; it can not only detect targets and judge the value of targets and then launch missiles autonomously, but also deceive and interfere with enemy command and control systems, etc. The world’s military powers will set off a battle to form a “man-machine (robot drone)” integrated force

With the deepening of military-civilian integration, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, and the rapid development of big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, not only will the development of unmanned weapons and equipment bring about tremendous changes, but it will also subvert the existing military force formation form. The “human-machine (robot-drone)” integrated intelligent army is bound to come.

In December 2015, in addition to sending traditional combat forces to the Syrian battlefield, the Russian army also sent a robot combat company mainly composed of unmanned combat platforms to participate in the battle for the first time. The company adopted a new combat mode of mixed manned and unmanned formations, built an intelligent combat system with the “Andromeda-D” automated command system as the core, and launched an attack on Hill 754.5 using a combination of full-dimensional reconnaissance and saturation attack, successfully seizing the hill. A few years ago, U.S. Navy officials in charge of expeditionary operations mentioned the vision of building a thousand man-machine combined warships, that is, a larger fleet of unmanned ships controlled by humans and coordinated with each other. The U.S. Navy announced that it plans to build an unmanned fleet of 10 large unmanned surface ships in the next five years for independent operations or joint operations with surface forces. According to the conceptual plan currently disclosed by the U.S. Navy, the unmanned fleet composed of large unmanned surface ships will mainly assist the Navy in completing highly dangerous combat missions. By combining with the Aegis combat system and other sensors, the coordinated combat capabilities of manned and unmanned systems will be enhanced. Its deployment will help reduce the demand for the number of large manned warships and reduce casualties in combat. According to the National Interest Network on January 20, 2021, the U.S. Navy Chief of Operations Michael Gilday released the “Navigation Plan of the Chief of Naval Operations” document on January 11, calling for the establishment of a mixed fleet of man-machine ships including large warships, various types of unmanned ships, submersibles and air strike equipment to prepare for all-domain operations in the new threat environment in the next few decades. The document states: “It is necessary to establish a larger fleet of underwater, surface and water platforms that meet the strategic and campaign needs of the troops, and a mixture of manned and unmanned platforms.”

In the “man-machine (robot-drone)” integrated forces, artificial intelligence technology is used to achieve an organic combination of “man-machine”, and cloud computing, new algorithms, and big data are used to formulate “man-machine” collaborative combat plans. Artificial intelligence is like an engine, big data + cloud computing is like a spaceship, and intelligent robots are astronauts. The organic combination of the three will surely add wings to the tiger and integrate man and machine. The future army is a human-machine integrated army. The squad and platoon commanders are gradually replaced by robots. Robots are gradually transformed from human control to autonomous decision-making or mind control through human brain cells. There may also be canteen-free barracks in the military camps. The military management may also be led by one or several military personnel to lead multiple or even dozens of intelligent robot teams with different division of labor tasks to complete the combat training management tasks that were previously completed by squads, platoons, and companies. Or there may be only one military commander in the command and control center for military training, and all intelligent robots in the training grounds may be controlled through video command and control for confrontation training, or remote control robot commanders may issue new training instructions, adjust task deployment, and change training grounds in real time.

The urgent need for the intelligent quality of military talents will also force the readjustment of the setting of the first-level military disciplines in the field of artificial intelligence. In the future, military academies will also open intelligent robot control disciplines, establish relevant human-machine integration laboratories and training bases, and focus on training intelligent professional military talents who understand computer control programs, intelligent design and management, image cognition, data mining, knowledge graphs, and can systematically master intelligent science and technology and have innovative consciousness. Future military talents must be proficient in intelligent technology, big data applications, and cloud computing, especially in the use of 3D or 4D printing technology to make various military equipment at any time, proficient in the control procedures, command methods, command issuance, and adjustment of tasks of intelligent robots, and proficient in the essentials of human-machine integrated autonomous combat coordination, so as to achieve the best combination of human information technology quality and efficient operation of intelligent robots. In addition, it is not ruled out that human-machine integration squads, combat simulation centers, imaginary enemy forces, combat units, intelligent headquarters, unmanned brigades, divisions, etc. will be established. By then, the military chief may also have one human and one machine, or the robot may serve as a hand or deputy.

Source: China Aviation News Author: Wei Yuejiang Editor-in-charge: Wu Xingjian 2021-03-26 08:0x

現代國語：

目前，從世界上主要國家編制體制改革發展情況看，軍隊正向精干、小型、高效、智能、“人機（機器人無人機）”一體方向發展，謀求機器人士兵、無人機與人類戰士一起並肩協同、聯合作戰。據統計，目前全球超過60個國家的軍隊已裝備了軍用機器人，種類超過150種。預計到2040年，世界軍事強國可能會有一半的成員是機器人。除美、俄、英、法、日、以色列、土耳其、伊朗等國家已相繼推出各自的機器人戰士外，其他國家也投入到這場無人化武器的研制與開發中去。

世界軍事強國將掀起組建無人作戰部隊爭鋒熱潮所謂無人作戰部隊，就是作戰機器人或者戰場殺人機器人系統的統稱。隨著各類信息化、精確化、數據化武器裝備的發展，智能化平台成為預先設計戰場的推手，作戰機器人成為戰場的主力軍，人機結合對抗成為克敵制勝的關鍵，未來戰場空間力量將凸顯陸海空三維無人化發展趨勢。

《今日美國報》曾發表的《新型機器人把戰爭帶入下一個層次：無人戰爭》一文中，這樣描述無人化戰爭：無人機編隊蜂擁而來，用精密的儀器探測、偵察與反偵察，它們鎖定目標後，從容地發射導彈；自動編程的無人潛艇，執行水下搜索、偵察、排除水雷等多種任務；地面戰場上，機器人負責彈藥、醫療補給和食物的配送……未來戰爭中，這些或許將成為現實。

在陸地，能執行特定任務的各種機器人，就是機械化、信息化、智能化高度融合的機動打擊平台。如：無人坦克，就是以自身程序控制為主的無人化履帶式裝甲平台，可讓士兵們遠程控制，以遠距離攻擊型智能化武器、信息化武器為主導，能自動裝載彈藥和自主發射，實施遠程間接精確打擊，有效降低士兵傷亡率。在海洋，各種無人潛艇、無人戰艦等，可航行數千英裡，無需船上人員操控就能執行各種海上作戰任務。在空中，實戰部署的人為控制操作的無人機系統，就是一種具有自己偵察判斷、人為控制、察打一體、自主攻擊、人機協同的無人機系統平台。

無人機武器在戰爭中的運用凸顯其作戰能力，必然牽引世界各國軍隊緊鑼密鼓組建無人作戰部隊。在伊拉克戰爭中，美國就開始對無人戰車的實戰能力進行測試。2013年3月，美國發布新版《機器人技術路線圖：從互聯網到機器人》，闡述了包括軍用機器人在內的機器人發展路線圖，決定將巨額軍備研究費投向軍用機器人研制，使美軍無人作戰裝備的比例增加至武器總數的30%，計劃未來三分之一的地面作戰行動將由軍用機器人承擔。據悉，美軍在2015年前就部署第一支未來機器人作戰旅（至少包括151個機器人戰士）。2016年，美軍在一次多國聯合軍事演習中，對“模塊化無人戰車”再次進行了試驗模擬測試。2020年，美國五角大樓發出一項標價1100萬美元的合同，以組建具有人類和機器人協同作戰能力的“聯合兵種班”，計劃2030年前完成15個未來作戰旅的全部建設工作。所有班成員，具有類似人一樣的視、聽、觸和嗅覺，能適時發出信息並對目標發起攻擊，甚至可以擔負自我維修與車輛維修及運輸、掃雷、偵察、巡邏等任務。美國每日科學網站報道稱，美陸軍研發了一種新技術，可迅速教會機器人在最低限度人為干預情況下完成新的穿越動作。報道稱，該技術可使移動機器人平台在作戰環境中自主導航，同時在特定情況下讓機器人完成人類期望其執行的作戰行動。目前，美陸軍科學家希望為機器人培育肌肉細胞和組織，進行生物雜交，而不是直接從活的有機體中提取，由此這種采取肌肉與機器人的組合，讓筆者聯想到電影《終結者:黑暗命運》中的半生化人葛蕾絲。

2018年4月21日，俄聯邦安全局（FSB）特戰隊在達吉斯坦傑爾賓特市，發動了一次針對極端組織恐怖分子的突襲行動，首次公開出動了配備機槍的武裝無人戰車打先鋒。美國在2018年俄羅斯紅場閱兵中發現了大批俄軍曾經在敘利亞南部與敘利亞反政府武裝交火的“天王星-9”機器人等作戰系統，向觀眾展示其外形特征。俄軍在2015年8月敘利亞戰場上使用戰斗機器人作戰連實施陣地攻堅戰，履帶式機器人沖鋒、打擊、吸引武裝分子開火，並引導自行火炮群將暴露火力點逐個摧毀，最後機器人作戰連僅用20分鐘就一舉攻下如今俄軍士兵難以攻下的高地，取得零傷亡斃敵77人戰績。

據英國《明星日報》網站報道稱，英國陸軍在一場名為“自主戰士2018”的活動中進行了大規模作戰機器人測試後，把無人機、無人駕駛汽車和戰斗人員統一到未來數十年穩居世界一流的軍隊中。未來的英軍自主軍用裝備，無論是坦克、機器人還是無人機，都可能會有腿而不是履帶或輪子。2021年年初，英國舉辦“未來海上航空力量加速日”活動後，繼續開發“即插即用”的海上自主平台開發系統，該系統接入皇家海軍的艦船後，可以簡化自動化和無人操作技術的獲取和使用過程。

除了俄羅斯、美國、英國研發裝備機器人外，其他有實力的國家也相續推出各自研制的機器人戰士，預計在未來20年內世界必將迎來陸海空機器人代替士兵執行高風險任務，未來戰場必將是無人化或人機結合一體化聯合作戰行動。世界軍事強國將掀起人機（無人機）一體化作戰試驗

空戰的樣式總是隨著航空科技的進步而在不斷發展變化。自1917年至今，隨著英國成功研制出世界第一架無人駕駛遙控飛機，無人裝備大家庭也不斷發展壯大，各種無人機日益活躍在現代戰爭的舞台上。

21世紀以來，隨著大量無人機被應用於戰場，作戰樣式不斷翻新。海灣戰爭中，無人機還僅僅限定於偵察監視、目標引導，可是到了阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭和反恐戰爭，無人機作戰能力日益凸顯，作戰樣式和方法呈現出新特點，讓世界各國看到無人機這把空中利劍，從此拉開人機（無人機）一體化作戰試驗序幕。

據報道，1993～2005年間，北約國家無人機總數增加了1.7倍，2006年前，這一數量達到11萬架。美國、北約其他國家、以色列、南非都非常重視無人偵察機和多用途無人機的研制和生產。

2019年，世界上大約有30多個國家已研制出了50多種類型無人機，有50多個國家裝備了無人機。主要種類：“密碼”無人機、多功能無人機、人工智能無人機、長時留空無人機、反導無人機、預警無人機、隱身無人機、微型無人機、空戰無人機、測繪無人機、航拍無人機。主要回收方式：自動著陸、降落傘回收、空中回收、攔阻回收。

2019年9月14日，沙特阿美石油公司的一處“世界最大石油加工設施”和油田遭襲擊後，也門胡塞武裝宣布“對此事負責”，並宣稱其使用了10架無人機對上述設施進行了攻擊。2020年1月3日，伊朗伊斯蘭革命衛隊下屬“聖城旅”指揮官卡西姆·蘇萊馬尼在美國對伊拉克首都巴格達國際機場凌晨發起的一場無人機突襲中被“定點清除”。2020年底，亞美尼亞和阿塞拜疆在納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫（納卡地區）的戰斗中，無人機在雙方沖突中扮演重要角色顯而易見。尤其是許多軍事專家對阿塞拜疆國防部不斷發布剛從土耳其購買的TB-2“旗手”和以色列“哈羅普”自殺式無人機打擊亞方裝甲車輛、火炮、汽車甚至步兵陣地、S-300防空導彈畫面的視頻感到十分震撼。2020年12月，中東和外高加索地區所發生的局部沖突表明，無人機的作用正日益增大。基於此，有軍事家甚至預言，21世紀將是無人機發展的“黃金時期”，無人機勢必全面取代有人戰機，並成為21世紀的“戰場主角”。

目前，美國空軍計劃擴大無人機與有人機之間的有人與無人平台組隊，到2025年90％戰機將是無人機。也就是說，較大型飛機（F-35戰機或F-22戰機）能夠控制一支附近的無人機隊。如F-35戰斗機像一種飛行傳感計算機，能夠獲得大量數據，並自行聯系、分析和判斷，最後向飛行員的頭盔顯示屏上傳結論後，由飛行員對獲取的信息進行分析和處理，根據作戰計劃、戰場態勢、編隊配備的武器等制訂作戰方案後，再下達給無人機……實現有人機指揮無人機協同作戰的目的。也就是說，有人機與無人機混合編隊，把以往由地面控制改為空中控制無人機，由飛行員直接指揮無人機作戰行動。美軍設想采用模塊化設計，以便在未來戰場作戰需要時士兵從背包中取出無人機的零部件後組裝無人機，還可利用3D打印無人機。2020年8月，美國空軍在模擬空戰中AI擊敗了頂尖的F-16戰斗機飛行員，也有力證明AI飛行員能創造性地快速“思考”，將來可能超過人類飛行員技能為時不遠。美海軍新型MQ-25“黃貂魚”艦載無人加油機將於2021年試飛，2024年具備初始作戰能力，有利於航母艦載機擴大作戰半徑。

俄羅斯從2013年起，配備了大量無人機，其中僅無人偵察機到2019年年底已超過2000架，其中大多數是輕型無人機，如參與敘利亞的軍事行動的卡拉什尼科夫無人機。下一步，俄陸軍部隊每個旅或師級單位將分別編有無人機連，空降兵部隊也將裝備大量無人機。俄北方艦隊將編有無人機團，在俄軍一些現代化軍艦上也將配備了無人機。另外，從2021年起，由喀琅施塔得集團研發的“獵戶座”察打一體無人機裝備俄軍。這種重型無人機可搭載多種制導彈藥，執行作戰任務。此外，俄軍還在試驗“牽牛星”和C-70“獵人”兩款重型無人機。這些足以表明俄羅斯在無人機研發領域已經取得重大進展。

以色列是無人機領域真正的先驅，研制的無人機不僅先進，而且還出口其他國家，已經裝備部隊包括“鳥眼”系列單兵無人機、“螢火蟲”無人機、輕型“雲雀-I”無人機、輕型“英雄”無人機、中型“雲雀-II/III”無人機、“蒼鷺”無人機等型號數百架無人機。20世紀80年代中期，以色列已研發出名為“哈比”又稱“鷹身女妖”的陸基發射巡飛無人機。“哈比”是一種能夠自主進行反雷達攻擊的“自殺式無人機，重量為135千克，可攜帶32千克的高爆炸藥，航程為500千米。由於保密原因，目前尚不知以色列國防軍裝備無人機的具體數量和型號。為了對付敵方的地地導彈等威脅性目標，以色列飛機工業公司正在研制一種高空長航時隱身無人駕駛戰斗機。該機采用隱身技術與遠距空空導彈相結合，可攜帶莫阿布導彈，突入敵方戰區後方，攔截和攻擊處於助推階段的地地導彈。

2013年2月5日，駐扎在阿富汗的英國軍隊首次采用微型無人直升機執行刺探軍情的前線工作。這種無人直升機安裝了微型攝像機，可以將拍攝到的畫面即時傳送到手持式控制終端機；可以繞角落飛行，會規避障礙物，以辨別潛在危險。下一步，英國計劃實現一架有人機能夠同時指揮5架無人機。據英國《泰晤士報》網站2021年1月26日報道，英國國防部投資3000萬英鎊，將在北愛爾蘭研發首支無人機部隊。報道稱，設計和制造原型機的合同已交給美國“勢必銳”航空系統公司。該公司在貝爾法斯特設有分部，合同預計將提供100個工作崗位。英國國防部計劃到2025年開始制造首架這種新型無人機原型機。它將配備導彈、偵察和電子戰技術裝備，成為英軍首款能夠瞄准並擊落敵方戰機、並能規避地空導彈攻擊的無人機。與其搭檔的有人戰機將能夠專注於電子戰、偵察及轟炸等任務，從而以較低的成本和降低英軍機組人員面臨的高風險。

法國海軍將在土倫附近的某基地組建首個艦載無人機中隊，為法國海軍航空兵第36F艦載機中隊。該中隊將裝備S-100無人機，搭載於海軍西北風級兩棲登陸艦上。此次艦載無人機中隊的組建，反映了法國海軍希望將無人機專業知識融入到一個單一專業團隊的願望。此前，法國海軍內部討論了建立專屬無人機中隊，以及在31F、35F或36F中隊中配備無人機的方案。

在2004年6月舉行的巴黎航展上，法國達索飛機制造公司展示的NX70神經元無人作戰飛機的全尺寸模型，使人們對歐洲無人機的發展重新產生了興趣。伊朗、土耳其、阿聯酋……一些新的國家打亂了無人機地緣政治格局，正在書寫新的一頁。

可以預測，無人機必將成為世界各國武器裝備發展中的最大亮點，成為21世紀陸戰、海戰、空戰、天戰的“撒手鐧”，成為攻防作戰中一種新生作戰力量，既能使用自身攜帶的多種對地攻擊武器對敵前沿和縱深地區地面軍事目標進行打擊，也能使用空對地導彈或炸彈對敵防空武器實施壓制；既能使用反坦克導彈等武器對敵坦克或坦克群進行攻擊，也能使用集束炸彈等武器對敵地面部隊進行轟炸；既能發現目標、判斷目標價值後就可自主發射導彈，也能對敵方指揮控制系統進行欺騙干擾，等等。世界軍事強國將掀起組建“人機（機器人無人機）”一體部隊爭鋒

隨著軍民融合的深度推進，人工智能技術的突飛猛進，大數據、雲計算、物聯網的日新月異，不僅給無人化武器裝備發展帶來巨大變革，而且還將顛覆現有軍隊力量組建形態，“人機（機器人無人機）”一體化智能型軍隊必將到來。

2015年12月，俄軍在敘利亞戰場上除派出傳統作戰力量外，還首次成建制派出一個以無人作戰平台為主的機器人作戰連參加戰斗。該連采取有人無人混合編組的新型作戰模式，構建起以“仙女座-D”自動化指揮系統為核心的智能化作戰體系，采用全維偵察和飽和攻擊相結合的作戰方式對754.5高地發起進攻，順利奪佔高地。幾年前，負責遠征作戰的美國海軍官員就提到過打造千只人機結合戰艦的願景，即由人類控制的，由相互協同的無人艦組成的更大艦隊。美國海軍宣布，計劃未來5年打造一支由10艘大型無人水面艦艇組成的無人艦隊，用於獨立作戰或與水面部隊聯合作戰。根據美國海軍當前披露的構想方案，大型無人水面艦艇組成的無人艦隊將主要協助海軍完成高度危險的作戰任務，通過與“宙斯盾”作戰系統以及其他傳感器相結合，提升有人及無人系統的協同作戰能力，其部署將有助於減少大型有人戰艦的數量需求，減少作戰中的人員傷亡。國家利益網2021年1月20日消息，美國海軍作戰部長邁克爾·吉爾戴在1月11日發布《海軍作戰部長導航計劃》文件，呼籲建立包括大型戰艦、各型無人艦、潛航器和空襲裝備的人機混合艦隊，為未來幾十年的新威脅環境做好全域作戰准備。文件中寫道：“要建立滿足部隊戰略和戰役需求的，水下、水面和水上平台，有人與無人平台混合的更大艦隊。”

在“人機（機器人無人機）”一體部隊中，靠人工智能技術達到“人機”有機結合，靠雲計算、新算法、大數據擬制“人機”協同作戰計劃。人工智能就像一台發動機，大數據+雲計算就如宇宙飛船，智能機器人就是宇航員，三者有機結合定能如虎添翼、人機一體。未來軍隊就是人機結合軍隊，班排連長由人擔任逐步被機器人所取代，機器人由人為控制逐步轉變為機器人自主決策或者機器人通過人的腦細泡進行意念控制，軍營也可能出現無食堂軍營，部隊管理也可能出現由一名或幾名軍事人員率領多台甚至幾十台具有不同分工任務的智能機器人團隊，去完成以往班排連共同完成的戰訓管理任務，亦或是軍事訓練只有一名軍事指揮人員在指揮控制中心，通過視頻指揮控制訓練場所有智能機器人進行對抗訓練，或者遠程遙控機器人指揮員實時下達新的訓練指令、調整任務部署、變換訓練場。

對軍事人才智能素質的迫切需求，也會倒逼人工智能領域一級軍事學科的設置重新調整，未來軍隊院校也將開設智能機器人控制學科，建立有關人機結合實驗室和培訓基地，重點培訓既懂計算機控制程序、智能設計與管理、圖像認知、數據挖掘、知識圖譜，又能系統掌握智能科學與技術、具有創新意識的智能型職業化軍事人才。未來軍事人才必須熟練掌握智能技術、大數據應用、雲計算，尤其是能隨時利用3D或4D打印技術制作各種軍事裝備，精通智能機器人的控制程序、指揮方式、指令下達、調整任務，熟練掌握人機一體化自主作戰協同的要領，達到人的信息化科技素質與智能機器人的高效運作的最佳結合。此外，也不排除成立人機結合班排連、作戰模擬中心、假想敵部隊、作戰分隊、智能司令部、無人化旅、師等。屆時，軍事主官也可能人機各一或者機器人給人當下手或者副手。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/bq_208581/jdt_208582/9991323888.html