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STRENGTHENING THE FOUNDATION FOR CHINESE MILITARY INTELLIGENT TRANSFORMATION

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加強中國軍事情報轉型的基礎

現代英語：

The nature of warfare is rapidly evolving towards intelligence. The intelligent transformation of the military is not merely a simple accumulation of technologies, but a systemic change supported by data, algorithms, and computing power. These three elements mutually empower and organically integrate, forming the technological foundation for generating new combat capabilities. To accelerate the intelligent development of the military, we must deeply grasp the technological logic of intelligent transformation, solidify the data foundation, activate the algorithm engine, and strengthen computing power support to provide a solid guarantee for winning future intelligent wars.

Operational data: the “digital cornerstone” of intelligent transformation

Data is the “lifeblood” of intelligence. Without the accumulation of high-quality, large-scale, and multi-dimensional operational data, the transformation of military intelligence will be like water without a source or a tree without roots. In intelligent warfare, all activities across the entire chain, including battlefield perception, command and decision-making, and combat operations, are essentially processes of data generation, flow, processing, and application. The completeness, accuracy, and timeliness of operational data directly determine the perception precision, decision-making speed, and strike accuracy of intelligent systems, and are an indispensable cornerstone for the intelligent transformation of the military field.

The core value of operational data lies in breaking through the “fog of war” and enabling a shift from experience-driven to data-driven approaches. In traditional warfare, commanders primarily rely on battlefield reconnaissance, intelligence analysis, and combat experience to make decisions. Limited by the breadth and depth of information acquisition, these decisions often carry a degree of subjectivity and limitation. However, in the era of intelligent warfare, a single reconnaissance drone can transmit 5GB of image data per second, and satellite networks constantly track tens of thousands of ground targets, resulting in a geometrical increase in the rate of battlefield data generation. This operational data, originating from multiple domains including land, sea, air, space, cyber, electronic, and psychological domains, can, after standardized processing and in-depth analysis, construct a transparent battlefield situation across all domains, providing commanders with precise decision-making support.

Building a comprehensive operational data resource system requires focusing on key aspects of the entire lifecycle governance. In the data acquisition phase, it’s essential to base data acquisition on the needs of all-domain operations, broaden data source channels, and achieve full coverage of data in both traditional and new domains. Traditional domains should focus on land, sea, and air battlefields, accurately collecting data on troop deployments, equipment performance, and terrain. New domains should extend to outer space, deep sea, polar regions, and cyberspace, prioritizing the collection of data on space target trajectories, deep-sea environmental parameters, and cyberspace situational awareness. In the data fusion and processing phase, a unified data standard system must be established to address prominent issues such as multiple values ​​for a single data point and inconsistent formats, achieving interconnectivity between data from different sources and of different types. In the data sharing phase, a sound cross-domain sharing mechanism must be established, along with tiered and categorized sharing rules, breaking down service-specific barriers, departmental boundaries, and network isolation to build a ubiquitous, all-encompassing, and interconnected data sharing environment, maximizing the utilization of data resources.

To fully leverage the multiplier effect of combat data, the key lies in cultivating data-driven thinking and building a strong professional team. Data-driven thinking is the prerequisite for activating data value. It is essential to guide officers and soldiers to develop the habit of “thinking with data, speaking with data, managing with data, and making decisions with data,” abandoning traditional thinking patterns based on experience and intuition. In operational planning, quantitative analysis should be based on data; in training evaluation, precise measurement should be based on data standards; and in equipment development, iterative optimization should be supported by data. Simultaneously, efforts should be focused on building a professional data talent team, clarifying the responsibilities of each position, and connecting the entire process from data generation to data application. Through various means such as academic training, on-the-job experience, and specialized training, the professional skills of officers and soldiers in data collection, processing, analysis, and application should be improved, creating a composite talent team that understands both military operations and data technology, providing talent support for releasing the value of data.

Specialized Algorithms: The “Digital Engine” of Intelligent Transformation

If data is the “fuel” of intelligence, then algorithms are the “engine” that transforms fuel into power. Specialized algorithms, as the core driving force of military intelligence, are the key link in realizing the transformation of data into knowledge, knowledge into decision-making, and decision-making into combat effectiveness. In intelligent warfare, the quality of algorithms directly determines the reaction speed, decision-making accuracy, and combat effectiveness of the combat system, becoming the engine of intelligent transformation in the military field.

The core advantage of algorithms lies in reconstructing the operational chain and achieving rapid iteration of the OODA loop. In traditional warfare, the chain of observation, judgment, decision-making, and action is lengthy and often struggles to adapt to rapidly changing battlefield situations due to limitations in human processing capabilities. Intelligent algorithms, however, can leverage machine learning, deep learning, and other technologies to process massive amounts of operational data in seconds, perform real-time analysis, and uncover patterns, significantly shortening the decision-making cycle. In simulation tests, foreign military AI command systems generated multiple complete operational plans in a very short time, demonstrating response speed and decision-making efficiency far exceeding that of human command teams, fully showcasing the enormous advantages of algorithms in accelerating the decision-making process. In combat operations, algorithms can span the entire chain, from reconnaissance and perception, command and decision-making, fire strikes, and effect assessment, constructing an autonomous, closed-loop “kill chain.” From target identification to threat ranking, from plan generation to fire allocation, from strike implementation to damage assessment, algorithms can autonomously complete a series of complex tasks, achieving a “detect and destroy” operational effect.

Enhancing the practical application effectiveness of algorithms requires strengthening technological innovation and scenario empowerment. In terms of technological innovation, it is essential to keep pace with the development trends of artificial intelligence and accelerate the military application transformation of cutting-edge algorithms. Focusing on emerging technologies such as generative AI, neuromorphic computing, and brain-computer interfaces, we should explore pathways for the deep integration of algorithms with military needs. Regarding scenario empowerment, we must build diverse typical scenarios for algorithms based on actual combat requirements, develop specialized algorithms for target recognition, situational assessment, and virtual training, overcome bottlenecks in information processing in complex electromagnetic environments, promote the modularization and lightweight transformation of algorithms, and rapidly integrate them with command and control systems and unmanned equipment systems. This will allow algorithms to continuously iterate and optimize in specific tasks within typical scenarios, transforming algorithmic advantages into practical combat capabilities.

Strengthening algorithm security is crucial for ensuring the steady and sustainable development of intelligent transformation. While algorithms enhance combat effectiveness, they also face security risks such as tampering, deception, and misuse, potentially leading to serious consequences like “algorithmic runaway.” It is essential to establish an algorithm security review mechanism to conduct full-process security assessments of algorithm models in military intelligent systems, focusing on their reliability, transparency, and controllability to prevent algorithmic bias and logical vulnerabilities. Strengthening the research and development of algorithmic countermeasures technologies is also vital. This involves improving the anti-interference and anti-attack capabilities of our own algorithms while mastering techniques to interfere with and deceive enemy algorithms, thus gaining the initiative in algorithmic confrontation. Simultaneously, it is crucial to emphasize algorithmic ethics, clearly defining the boundaries and rules of algorithm application to ensure that algorithm development and use comply with international laws and ethical standards, avoiding any violations of war ethics.

Supercomputing Power: The “Digital Energy” for Intelligent Transformation

Computing power is the fundamental capability supporting data processing and algorithm execution, much like the “energy support” for intelligent systems. In the transformation towards military intelligence, the explosive growth of data and the increasing complexity of algorithms have placed unprecedented demands on computing power. The scale, speed, and reliability of supercomputing power directly determine the operational efficiency and combat effectiveness of military intelligent systems, becoming the driving force behind the intelligent transformation of the military field.

The core role of computing power lies in overcoming performance bottlenecks and supporting the efficient operation of complex intelligent tasks. The demand for computing power in intelligent warfare exhibits an “exponential growth” characteristic: an advanced AI command system needs to run thousands of algorithm models simultaneously when processing battlefield data across the entire domain; a swarm of drones performing collaborative combat missions requires real-time interaction and decision-making calculations involving massive amounts of data; a large-scale virtual combat training exercise needs to simulate the interactive behaviors of tens or even hundreds of thousands of combat units. The completion of these complex tasks is inseparable from powerful computing power. Without sufficient computing power, even the highest quality data cannot be processed quickly, and even the most advanced algorithms cannot operate effectively. Currently, computing power has become a crucial indicator for measuring the level of military intelligence; whoever possesses stronger computing power holds the initiative in intelligent warfare.

Building a computing power system adapted to the needs of intelligent transformation requires creating a collaborative computing power layout across the cloud, edge, and terminal. In the cloud, distributed cloud computing centers need to be constructed to build a computing power foundation that covers the entire domain and is elastically scalable. Relying on infrastructure such as big data centers and supercomputing centers, various computing resources should be integrated to form a large-scale, intensive computing power supply capability. At the edge, computing power should be deployed more readily, enhancing the autonomous computing capabilities of the battlefield. For special scenarios such as forward positions, naval vessels, and air platforms, miniaturized, low-power, and highly reliable edge computing nodes should be developed to transfer some computing tasks from the cloud to the edge. This reduces reliance on communication links and data transmission latency, and ensures that combat units can autonomously complete basic tasks such as target identification, path planning, and coordination even in extreme environments such as communication interruptions or signal blackouts, thus improving the system’s survivability. At the terminal, the built-in computing power of equipment should be strengthened to improve the intelligence level of individual combat platforms. By embedding high-performance AI chips into platforms such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and missile weapons, equipment is endowed with the ability to autonomously perceive, make decisions, and act, making it an intelligent unit with independent combat capabilities and laying the foundation for cluster collaboration and system-on-system confrontation.

Enhancing the combat readiness of computing power support requires strengthening technological innovation and security protection. In terms of technological innovation, it is crucial to keep pace with the development trends of computing power technology and accelerate the military application of new computing technologies. Focusing on cutting-edge areas such as quantum computing, photonic computing, and neuromorphic computing, we must break through the performance bottlenecks of traditional computing architectures and develop disruptive new computing power equipment. Simultaneously, we must strengthen the construction of computing power networks, building high-bandwidth, low-latency, and interference-resistant computing power transmission networks. By integrating technologies such as 5G, 6G, and satellite communication, we can ensure computing power collaboration and data interaction between the cloud, edge, and terminals, achieving seamless connection and efficient scheduling of computing power resources. In terms of security protection, we must establish a computing power security system to prevent the risks of attacks, hijacking, and misuse of computing power resources. By adopting technologies such as encrypted computing and trusted computing, we can ensure the security and privacy of data during the computing process; strengthen the physical and network protection of computing power facilities, and build a multi-layered, all-round protective barrier to ensure that the computing power system can operate stably in wartime and is not subject to enemy interference or damage.

現代國語：

戰爭形態正加速向智慧化演進，軍事領域的智慧轉型絕非單純的技術疊加，而是以數據、演算法、算力為核心支撐的體系性變革，三者相互賦能、有機融合，構成了新型戰鬥力生成的技術基礎。加速軍事領域智慧化發展進程，應深刻掌握智慧轉型的技術邏輯，夯實數據基石、啟動演算法引擎、做強力支撐，為打贏未來智慧化戰爭提供堅實保障。

作戰數據：智慧轉型的“數位基石”

數據是智慧化的“血液”，沒有高品質、大規模、多維度的作戰數據積累，軍事智慧轉型就會成為無源之水、無本之木。在智慧化戰爭中，戰場感知、指揮決策、作戰行動等全連結活動，本質上都是資料的產生、流轉、處理與應用過程。作戰數據的完備性、準確性和時效性，直接決定了智慧系統的感知精度、決策速度和打擊準度，是軍事領域智慧轉型不可或缺的基石。

作戰資料的核心價值在於打破“戰爭迷霧”，實現從經驗驅動到數據驅動的轉變。在傳統戰爭中，指揮官主要依賴戰場偵察、情報研判和實戰經驗來做出決策，受限於資訊獲取的廣度和深度，決策往往帶有一定的主觀性和限制。而在智慧化戰爭時代，一架偵察無人機每秒可傳回5GB影像數據，衛星網路時刻追蹤成千上萬個地面目標，戰場數據生成速率呈幾何級數增長。這些來自陸、海、空、天、網、電、心理等多域的作戰數據，經過規範化處理和深度挖掘後，能夠建構起全局透明的戰場態勢，為指揮官提供精準決策支撐。

建構全域覆蓋的作戰資料資源體系，需要抓好全生命週期治理的關鍵環節。在資料擷取環節，要立足全域作戰需求，拓寬資料來源管道，實現傳統空間與新域空間的資料全覆蓋。傳統空間要聚焦陸戰場、海戰場、空戰場等傳統領域，精準採集兵力部署、裝備性能、地形地形等資料；新域空間要向太空、深海、極地、網路空間等領域延伸，重點收集太空目標軌跡、深海環境參數、網路空間態勢等資料。在資料融合處理環節，要建立統一的資料標準體系，解決「一數多值」「格式不一」等突出問題，實現不同來源、不同類型資料的互聯互通。在資料共享環節，要健全跨域共享機制，建立分級分類共享規則，打破軍種壁壘、部門界限和網路隔離，建構「無所不在、無所不含、無所不聯」的數據共享環境，實現數據資源的最大化利用。

發揮作戰數據的戰鬥力倍增效應，關鍵在於培育數據思維與建強專業隊伍。數據思維是啟動數據價值的前提，要引導官兵養成「用數據思考、用數據說話、用數據管理、用數據決策」的行為習慣，摒棄憑經驗、靠直覺的傳統思維模式。在作戰籌劃中，要以數據為依據進行量化分析；在訓練評估中，要以數據為標準進行精準衡量；在裝備研發中，要以數據為支撐進行迭代優化。同時，要著力建構專業化的資料人才隊伍，明確各環節職務職責，貫通從資料產生到資料運用的全流程連結。透過院校培養、職缺歷練、專案訓練等多種方式，提升官兵資料收集、處理、分析、運用的專業技能，打造一支既懂軍事業務又通資料技術的複合型人才隊伍，為資料價值釋放提供人才支撐。

專業演算法：智慧轉型的“數位引擎”

如果說數據是智慧化的“燃料”，那麼演算法就是將燃料轉化為動力的“引擎”。專業演算法作為軍事智慧的核心驅動力，是實現數據向知識、知識向決策、決策轉化為戰鬥力的關鍵環節。在智慧化戰爭中，演算法的優劣直接決定了作戰體系的反應速度、決策精準度和對抗效能，成為軍事領域智慧轉型的引擎。

演算法的核心優勢在於重構作戰鏈路，實現OODA循環的極速迭代。傳統作戰中，觀察、判斷、決策、行動的連結較長，受限於人工處理能力，往往難以適應瞬息萬變的戰場態勢。而智慧演算法能夠依賴機器學習、深度學習等技術，對海量作戰資料進行秒級處理、即時分析與規律挖掘，大幅縮短決策週期。外軍AI軍事指揮系統在模擬測試中，僅用很短時間就生成多套完整作戰方案，響應速度和決策效率遠超人類指揮團隊，充分展現了演算法在加速決策流程中的巨大優勢。在作戰行動中，演算法能夠貫穿偵察感知、指揮決策、火力打擊、效果評估等全鏈路，建構自主閉環的「殺傷鏈」。從目標識別到威脅排序，從方案生成到火力分配，從打擊實施到毀傷評估，演算法能夠自主完成一系列複雜任務，實現「發現即摧毀」的作戰效果。

提升演算法的實戰應用效能，需要強化技術創新與場景賦能。在技​​術創新方面，要緊跟人工智慧發展趨勢，加速前沿演算法的軍事應用轉換。聚焦生成式AI、神經形態運算、腦機介面等新技術方向，探索演算法與軍事需求的深度融合路徑。在場景賦能方面，要立足實戰需求建構多元演算法典型場景，研發目標辨識、態勢研判、虛擬訓練等專用演算法，突破複雜電磁環境資訊處理瓶頸，推動演算法模組化、輕量化改造，與指揮控制系統、無人裝備系統快速整合，讓演算法在典型場景具體任務中不斷迭代優化，讓優勢轉化為最佳化演算法。

築牢演算法安全防線，是確保智慧轉型行穩致遠的重要保障。演算法在帶來作戰效能提升的同時，也面臨被竄改、被欺騙、被濫用等安全風險，甚至可能出現「演算法失控」的嚴重後果。要建立演算法安全審查機制，對軍事智慧系統中的演算法模型進行全流程安全評估，重點在於審查演算法的可靠性、透明度和可控性，防止演算法偏見、邏輯漏洞等問題。加強演算法對抗技術研發，既要提升己方演算法的抗干擾、抗攻擊能力，也要掌握幹擾、欺騙敵方演算法的技術手段，在演算法對抗中佔據主動。同時，要注重演算法倫理建設，明確演算法應用的邊界和規則，確保演算法的研發和使用符合國際法律和倫理標準，避免違反戰爭倫理的情況。

超智算力：智慧轉型的“數位能量”

算力是支撐資料處理和演算法運作的基礎能力，如同智慧化體系的「能量支撐」。在軍事智慧轉型中，數據的爆炸性成長和演算法的複雜化發展，對算力提出了前所未有的高要求。超智算力的規模、速度和可靠性，直接決定了軍事智慧系統的運作效率和實戰效能，成為軍事領域智慧轉型的動力系統。

算力的核心作用在於突破性能瓶頸，支撐複雜智慧任務的高效運作。智慧化戰爭對算力的需求呈現出「指數級增長」特徵：一套先進的AI指揮系統，在處理全局戰場數據時，需要同時運行數千個演算法模型；一支無人機蜂群在執行協同作戰任務時，需要實時進行海量數據交互和決策計算；一次大規模的虛擬對抗訓練，需要模擬數萬甚至數十萬作戰單元的互動行為。這些複雜任務的完成，離不開強大的算力支撐。沒有足夠的算力，再優質的數據也無法快速處理，再先進的演算法也無法有效運作。目前，算力已成為衡量軍事智慧化程度的重要指標，誰掌握了更強的算力，誰就掌握了智慧對抗的主動權。

建構適應智慧轉型需求的算力體系，需要打造「雲端端」協同的算力佈局。在雲端，要建置分散式雲算力中心，建構覆蓋全域、彈性伸縮的算力基座。依託大資料中心、超級運算中心等基礎設施，整合各類運算資源，形成規模化、集約化的算力供給能力。在邊端，要推進算力下沉部署，提升戰場末端的自主運算能力。針對前線陣地、海上艦艇、空中平台等特殊場景，研發小型化、低功耗、高可靠的邊緣運算節點，將部分運算任務從雲端轉移至邊緣端。這樣既可以降低對通訊鏈路的依賴，減少資料傳輸延遲，又能在通訊中斷或訊號黑障等極端環境下，保障作戰單元自主完成目標辨識、路徑規劃、協同配合等基本任務，提升體系生存能力。在終端，要強化裝備內置算力，提升單一作戰平台的智慧等級。透過在無人機、無人車、飛彈武器等平台中嵌入高性能AI晶片，賦予裝備自主感知、自主決策、自主行動的能力，使其成為具備獨立作戰能力的智慧單元，為集群協同和體系對抗奠定基礎。

提升算力保障的實戰化水平，需要強化技術創新與安全防護。在技​​術創新方面，要緊跟算力技術發展趨勢，加速新型計算技術的軍事應用。聚焦量子運算、光子運算、神經形態運算等前沿方向，突破傳統運算架構的效能瓶頸，研發具有顛覆性的新型算力裝備。同時，要加強算力網路建設，建構高頻寬、低時延、抗干擾的算力傳輸網路。透過融合5G、6G、衛星通訊等技術，確保雲端、邊端、終端之間的算力協同與資料交互，實現算力資源的無縫銜接與高效調度。在安全防護方面，要建立算力安全保障體系，防範算力資源被攻擊、被劫持、被濫用的風險。透過採用加密運算、可信任運算等技術，確保資料在運算過程中的安全性和隱私性；加強算力設施的實體防護和網路防護，建構多層次、全方位的防護屏障，確保算力系統在戰時能夠穩定運行，不受敵方幹擾破壞。 （李建平、紀鳳珠、趙輓）

2025年12月30日09 | 資料來源：解放軍報

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2025/1230/c1011-40688835461.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare

A Look at Chinese Intelligent Warfare | “Order Dispatch”: A New Style of Precision Strike

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中國情報戰概覽 | 「命令派遣」：一種新型的精確打擊方式

現代英語：

“Order Dispatch”: Precise Targeting of New Patterns

  introduction

  As Lenin said, “Without understanding the times, one cannot understand war.” In recent years, the widespread application of information and intelligent technologies in the military field has promoted the deep integration of technology and tactics. Relying on intelligent network information systems, it has given rise to “order-based” precision strikes. Commanders and command organs can generate strike requirements in a formatted manner according to combat missions. The decision-making system intelligently matches strike platforms, autonomously plans action paths, and scientifically selects strike methods based on personalized requirements such as strike time, operational space, and damage indicators, thereby rapidly and accurately releasing strike effectiveness.

  The operational characteristics of “order dispatch” type precision strike

  As the informatization and intelligence of weapons and ammunition continue to improve, the cost of modern warfare is also constantly increasing. How to achieve the highest cost-effectiveness ratio with limited strike resources and maximize combat effectiveness has become a central issue for commanders and command organs in operational planning. “Order-based” precision strikes can provide a “feasible solution” for this.

  Real-time, precise, and targeted strikes. Modern warfare places greater emphasis on structurally disrupting enemy operational systems, achieving operational objectives through the rapid and precise release of combat effectiveness. This requires commanders and command organs to seize fleeting “windows of opportunity” to strike high-value, nodal, and critical targets within an enemy’s operational system before the enemy can react. The traditional “detection-guided-strike-assessment” operational loop is time-consuming and ineffective. Therefore, “order-based” precision strikes rely on advanced intelligent network information systems, without pre-determining strike platforms. Target lists are released in real-time, and auxiliary decision-making systems rapidly assess the strike performance of various weapon platforms and the expected damage to targets. Tasks are autonomously allocated to strike platforms, rapidly linking and controlling multi-domain firepower, autonomously closing the kill chain, and conducting rapid strikes against key targets.

  Multi-domain coordinated strike. The advantage of modern precision strike over traditional firepower lies in its information-based and intelligent combat system. It requires no human intervention and autonomously completes tasks such as reconnaissance, control, strike, and assessment based on a closed strike chain. This not only saves strike costs and reduces resource waste but also enables adaptive coordination based on unified operational standards. Therefore, “order-based” precision strikes require firepower forces distributed across various operational domains to establish a unified standard grid. Once a demand is issued from one point, multiple points can respond and coordinate globally, flexibly concentrating forces and firepower, using multiple means to rapidly and multi-domain convergence, and determining the strike direction, sequence, and method for each strike platform while on the move. Through system integration, time is effectively saved, enabling multi-domain precision strikes against key enemy nodes and critical parts of core targets, fully leveraging the combined power of the integrated combat effectiveness of various operational units.

  The key to victory lies in swift and decisive action. Modern warfare is a “hybrid war” conducted simultaneously across multiple domains, where the interplay and confrontation of new domains and new types of forces, such as information, aerospace, and artificial intelligence, are becoming increasingly pronounced. This necessitates that both sides be able to detect and act faster than the enemy, crippling their operational systems and reducing their operational efficiency. On the one hand, it is crucial to pinpoint key nodes in the enemy’s system and launch timely and precise strikes; on the other hand, it is essential to conceal one’s own intentions and strike forces, striking swiftly and unexpectedly. “Order-based” precision strikes perfectly meet these two requirements. Supported by network information systems, they intelligently integrate firepower from various domains, achieving multi-source information perception, data interconnection, and multi-domain coordinated strikes. This enables seamless and high-speed operation of “target perception—decision and command—firepower strike—damage assessment,” resulting in a high degree of information and firepower integration and the rapid achievement of operational objectives.

  The system of “order dispatch” type precision strike

  ”Order dispatch” precision strikes compress action time and improve strike effectiveness by building an efficient closed strike chain, enabling various fire strike platforms to better integrate into the joint fire strike system and provide rapid and accurate battlefield fire support. Its key lies in the “network” and its focus is on the “four” systems.

  Multi-domain platform access network. Supported by information and intelligent technologies, an integrated information network system with satellite communication as the backbone is established. Firepower strike platforms distributed across multiple domain battlefields are integrated into the combat network to create a battlefield “cloud.” Different combat modules are distinguished, and “sub-network clouds” such as “reconnaissance, control, strike, and assessment” are established. Relying on an integrated communication network, the “sub-network clouds” are linked to the “cloud.” This can enhance the firepower strike platform’s capabilities in all domains, all times, on the move, autonomous networking, and spectrum planning, and realize network interconnection between firepower platforms, domain combat systems, and joint combat systems, as well as the interconnection and interoperability of internal strike forces.

  Joint reconnaissance and sensing system. This system leverages various reconnaissance and surveillance forces within the joint operations system to achieve all-weather, multi-directional, and high-precision battlefield awareness of the operational area. This requires constructing a ubiquitous, multi-dimensional reconnaissance and sensing force system encompassing physical and logical spaces, tangible and intangible spaces. It involves widely deploying intelligent sensing devices to form an intelligence data “cloud.” Through this intelligence data “cloud,” the system analyzes the enemy situation, identifies key points in the enemy’s operational system and time-sensitive targets, updates reconnaissance information in real time, and displays target dynamics.

  Intelligent Command and Decision-Making System. Relying on a new command and control system with certain intelligent control capabilities, this system constructs various planning and analysis models, expands functions such as intelligent intelligence processing, intelligent mission planning, automatic command generation, and precise action control, and expands and improves databases such as target feature database, decision-making knowledge base, and action plan database. It strengthens the system support capabilities for mission planning, action decision-making, and control during combat organization and implementation, enhances planning and decision-making and combat action control capabilities, clarifies “how to fight, where to fight, and who will fight,” and achieves precise “order dispatch.”

  Distributed fire strike system. Relying on intelligent network information systems, on the one hand, it integrates multi-dimensional fire strike platforms across land, sea, air, and space, enhancing functions such as intelligent target identification and remote-controlled strike, enabling various combat modes such as remote-controlled operations, manned-unmanned collaborative operations, and flexible mobile operations; on the other hand, it can construct a low-cost fire strike platform mainly composed of low-altitude and ultra-low-altitude unmanned strike platforms such as racing drones and loitering munitions. By adding different functional combat payloads, it can closely coordinate with high-end fire strike platforms to carry out tasks such as battlefield guidance, precision strikes, and fire assessment, efficiently completing “orders”.

  Autonomous Damage Assessment System. This system, built upon reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities within the joint operations system, autonomously assesses the effectiveness of attacks on targets after the firepower platform has completed its strike. It conducts real-time, dynamic, objective, and systematic analysis and evaluation of the target’s external condition and degree of functional loss, and promptly transmits relevant information back to decision-making and command centers at all levels via video images. The assessment centers then determine “how well it went” and whether the expected damage requirements were met. If not, operational actions can be adjusted in a timely manner for supplementary strikes, providing strong support for maximizing operational effectiveness.

  The planning and implementation of “order dispatch” style precision strikes

  The “order dispatch” style of precision strike is similar to the operation of ride-hailing services. Through a series of processes such as formatted “order” generation, intelligent target matching, and autonomous route planning, it autonomously completes the “OODA” combat cycle, making its actions more efficient, its strikes more precise, and its collaboration closer.

  Real-time reporting of firepower requirements allows combat units to submit orders on demand. Reconnaissance elements distributed across different operational areas and multi-dimensional battlefield spaces are acquired through radar, optical, infrared, and technical reconnaissance methods, forming battlefield target intelligence information across a wide area and multiple sources. This information is transmitted to the battlefield information network via intelligence links, and is constantly relayed to combat units. Combat units then perform correlation processing, multi-source comparison and verification, and comprehensively compile battlefield target information to generate precise mission orders. Combat units analyze target value and connect to the decision-making platform as needed, constructing a closed-loop strike chain based on these orders, and submitting mission orders in real time, achieving dynamic optimization and precise adaptation.

  The decision-making center intelligently “dispatches” fire support missions, differentiating them from actual fire strike missions. Through the battlefield information network and relying on an intelligent mission planning system, the center can automatically analyze the mission “order” information data submitted by combat units. Based on the nature, coordinates, movement status, and threat level of battlefield targets, it automatically generates mission requirements such as the type and quantity of ammunition needed for fire strike operations, the strike method, and damage indicators, forming a fire support mission “order.” By intelligently matching the optimal fire support platform and connecting link nodes as needed, the center conducts intelligent command-based “order dispatch,” delivering the orders instantly to the standby fire support platforms.

  Optimal target matching is performed continuously, and firepower platforms swiftly “accept orders.” Multiple firepower platforms distributed across the battlefield respond rapidly to these orders via the battlefield information network. The platforms autonomously establish links with combat units, mutually verifying their identities before directly establishing a guided strike chain. They coordinate firepower strikes, adjusting strike methods and firing parameters in a timely manner based on target damage and battlefield target dynamics before conducting further strikes until the assigned mission is completed. Firepower platforms consistently adhere to the principle of “strike-relocate-strike-relocate,” completing strike missions and rapidly relocating to new positions, maintaining a state of constant readiness and receiving orders online in real time. After the mission concludes, the guided strike chain between the firepower platform and the combat unit is automatically terminated.

  Multi-source damage information acquisition and real-time assessment by the evaluation center. Utilizing a comprehensive range of long-range, intelligent, and information-based reconnaissance methods, including satellite, radar, and drone reconnaissance, multi-domain, three-dimensional reconnaissance is conducted to acquire real-time target fire damage information, providing accurate assessments for precision fire strikes. A comprehensive assessment of damage effects is performed, quantitatively and qualitatively evaluating the strike results, distinguishing between physical, functional, and systemic damage states, and promptly feeding back to the decision-making center. Based on the damage assessment results, timely adjustment suggestions are made to modify fire strike plans, optimize operational actions, and achieve precise control of fire strikes. This facilitates commanders’ accurate control of the operational process and efficient command and control of fire strike effectiveness.

現代國語：

「訂單派單」：精確打擊新樣式

引言

列寧說過，「不理解時代，就不能理解戰爭」。近年來，資訊化智慧化技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，促進了技術與戰術深度融合，依托智能化網路資訊體系，催生出「訂單派單」式精確打擊。指揮及指揮機關可依據作戰任務格式化產生打擊清單需求，決策系統依據打擊時間、作戰空間、毀傷指標等個人化需求智慧匹配打擊平台、自主規劃行動路徑、科學選擇打擊方式，進而快速精準釋放打擊效能。

「訂單派單」式精準打擊的作戰特點

隨著武器彈藥資訊化智慧化程度不斷提升，現代作戰成本也不斷提高。如何運用有限打擊資源打出最高效費比，實現作戰效能最大化，已成為指揮員及指揮機關作戰籌劃的中心問題，「訂單派單」式精準打擊可為此提供「可行解」。

即時聚優精確釋能。現代作戰更強調對敵作戰體系進行結構性打擊破壞，透過快速且精準地釋放作戰效能來實現作戰目的。這就要求指揮官及指揮機關能夠抓住稍縱即逝時機的“窗口”，在敵未做出反應之時對其作戰體系內高價值、節點性、關鍵性目標實施打擊。傳統的「發現—引導—打擊—評估」的作戰環路耗時長，作戰效果不佳。因此，「訂單派單」式精確打擊，需要依托先進的智慧化網路資訊體系，不預先確定打擊平台，即時發布打擊目標清單，由輔助決策系統對各種武器平台的打擊性能與目標打擊毀傷預期等進行快速評估，自主分配打擊平台任務，快速連結調控多領域火力打擊力量，自主閉合殺傷鏈，對關鍵目標實施快速打擊。

多域聚能協同打擊。現代作戰精準打擊較以往火力打擊的優勢在於資訊化智能化的作戰體系，不需人工介入，依托閉合打擊鏈自主完成「偵、控、打、評」等任務，不僅能夠節省打擊成本，減少資源浪費，還能夠實現基於統一作戰標準的自適應協同。因此，「訂單派單」式精確打擊，需要分佈在各作戰領域的火力打擊力量能夠建立統一標準網格，只要一點發出需求，就能夠多點響應、全局聯動，靈活集中兵力、火力，多手段、快速多域聚能，動中確定各打擊平台打擊方向、打擊次序以及打擊方式。透過體系整合有效節約時間，對敵關鍵節點目標以及核心目標的關鍵部位實施多域精確打擊，充分發揮各作戰單元作戰效能疊加融合的整體威力。

擊要破體速戰速決。現代作戰是在多領域同步實施的“混合戰爭”，資訊、空天、智慧等新域新質力量交織影響、對抗更加明顯。這就需要作戰雙方能夠快敵一秒發現、快敵一步行動，毀癱敵作戰體系、降低敵體系運作效率。一方面，要透過找準敵體系節點，即時聚優精準打擊；另一方面，要隱藏己方企圖及打擊力量，乘敵不備快速打擊。 「訂單派單」式精確打擊能夠很好地契合這兩點需求，在網路資訊系統的支撐下，智慧融合各領域火力打擊力量，實現資訊多源感知、數據交鍊、多域協同打擊，實現「目標感知—決策指揮—火力打擊—毀傷評估」無縫高速運轉，資訊火力高度融合，快速達成作戰目的。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的體系構成

“訂單派單”式精確打擊通過構建高效閉合打擊鏈，壓縮行動時間，提高打擊效果，使各火力打擊平台能夠更好地融入聯合火力打擊體系，並提供快速精準的戰場火力支援，其關鍵在“網”，重點在“四個”系統。

多領域平台接入網。在資訊化智慧化技術支撐下，建立以衛星通訊為骨幹的一體化資訊網系，將分佈在多維域戰場的火力打擊平台融入作戰網路建立戰場“雲”，區分不同作戰模組，建立“偵、控、打、評”等“子網雲”，並依託一體化的通訊網鏈將“子網雲”鏈入“雲端”，能夠提升火力打擊平台全局全時、動中接入、自主組網、頻譜規劃的能力，實現火力平台、分域作戰體系與聯合作戰體系的網絡互聯，以及內部打擊力量的互聯互通。

聯合偵察感知系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的各種偵察監視力量對作戰地域進行全天候、多方位、高精度戰場感知。這就要建構物理空間和邏輯空間、有形空間和無形空間泛在存在的全維域偵察感知力量系統，廣域佈設智能感知設備，形成情報數據“雲”，通過情報數據“雲”分析敵情態勢，找出敵作戰體系關鍵點以及時敏性目標，實時更新偵察信息，展現目標動態。

智能指揮決策系統。依托具備一定智能控制能力的新型指控系統，建構各類規劃分析模型，擴展情報智能處理、任務智能規劃、指令自動生成、行動精確控制等功能，擴充完善目標特徵庫、決策知識庫、行動預案庫等資料庫，強化戰鬥組織與實施過程中的任務規劃、行動決策和控制的系統支撐能力，提昇決定決策和戰鬥能力，明確怎麼打」。

分佈火力打擊系統。依托智慧網路資訊系統，一方面，融入陸、海、空、天等多維域火力打擊平台，強化目標智慧識別、遠程遙控打擊等功能，實現作戰單元遠程遙控作戰、有人無人協同作戰、靈活機動作戰等多種作戰方式；另一方面，可建構以穿越機、巡飛彈等低空超低空無人打擊平台為主的低成本火力打擊平台，透過加掛不同功能作戰載重，與高端火力打擊平台密切協同來實施戰場引導、精確打擊、火力評估等任務，高效完成「訂單」。

自主毀傷評估系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的偵察監視力量建構毀傷評估系統，在火力平台打擊完畢後，自主對目標實施打擊效果查核。主要就目標的外觀狀態、功能喪失程度等進行實時、動態、客觀、系統的分析和評估，並及時通過視頻圖像的方式將相關信息回傳至各級決策指揮中心，由評估中心判斷“打得怎麼樣”，是否達到預期毀傷要求。如不符合，可適時調控作戰行動，進行補充打擊，為最大限度釋放作戰效能提供強力支撐。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的規劃實施

「訂單派單」式精準打擊就如同叫車的運作方式一樣，透過格式化「訂單」產生、智慧化物件配對、自主化路徑規劃等一系列流程，自主完成「OODA」作戰循環，其行動更為高效、打擊更為精準、協同更為密切。

即時提報火力需求，作戰單元按需「提單」。分佈在不同作戰地域、多維戰場空間的偵察要素，透過雷達、光學、紅外線和技術偵察等方式，廣域多源偵獲形成戰場目標情報資訊。這些資訊依托情報鏈路接入戰場資訊網，隨時隨地被傳至作戰單元，由作戰單元進行關聯處理、多方對比印證，綜合整編戰場目標訊息，產生精確的任務「訂單」。作戰單元分析目標價值按需連通決策平台，建構“訂單”式閉合打擊鏈，實時提報任務“訂單”，實現動中集優、精準適配。

區分火力打擊任務，決策中心智能「派單」。決策中心透過戰場資訊網，依托智能任務規劃系統，能夠自動解析作戰單元提報的任務「訂單」資訊數據，根據戰場目標性質、座標方位、移動狀態、威脅程度等，自動產生火力打擊行動所需彈種彈量、打擊方式和毀傷指標等任務要求，形成火力支援任務「訂單」，透過智慧服務火力平台，按需使用火力平台節點，按需通路，支援任務「訂單」。

全時匹配最優目標，火力平台迅即「接單」。多點分佈在戰場區域內的火力平台，透過戰場資訊網迅即響應“接單”，火力平台與作戰單元之間自主建鏈，相互核驗“身份”後直接建立引導打擊鏈，協同配合火力打擊行動，並根據打擊後目標毀傷情況以及戰場目標動態，及時調整打擊方式、射擊參數等，而後再次實施火力打擊，直至完成“派單”任務。火力平台始終遵循「打擊—轉移—打擊—轉移」的原則，完成打擊任務，迅即轉移陣地，全時保持待戰狀態，即時在線接收「訂單」。任務結束後，火力平台與作戰單元之間的引導打擊鏈會自動取消。

多源獲取毀傷訊息，評估中心即時「評單」。綜合運用衛星偵察、雷達偵察、無人機偵察等遠距離資訊化智慧化偵察手段，實施多域立體偵察，即時取得目標的火力毀傷訊息，為進行精確火力打擊提供準確評估。綜合判定毀傷效果，對打擊效果進行定量和定性評估，區分目標物理、功能和系統三種毀傷狀態，及時回饋至決策中心。根據打擊目標的毀傷評估結果，適時提出調控建議，調整火力打擊計劃，優化作戰行動，實現對火力打擊的精確控制，便於指揮員精準把控作戰進程，達成對火力打擊效能的高效指揮控制。 （高凱 陳良）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.news.cn/milpro/20250123/8f71783cff6a4284a43871e996bc31888a7/c.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #quantum computing warfare, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare, quantum computing warfare, 量子計算戰爭

Chinese Military Analysis of Developing Intelligent Command and Information Systems

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中國軍方對發展智慧指揮資訊系統的分析

現代英語：

The era of intelligent warfare has begun. Intelligent command and information systems will become the “central nervous system” of future intelligent combat command and control, serving as a supporting means for intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command and information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the essence of intelligent command and information system development, grasping the key points of intelligent command and information system research and development, and exploring the essentials of intelligent command and information system development can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command and information systems and gain a competitive advantage in future intelligent warfare.

Clarify the key points of the development of intelligent command and information systems

Intelligent command and information systems are an inevitable choice in the development of warfare towards informationized and intelligent warfare, a natural outcome of the technological revolution, and a contemporary demand for the intelligent development of the military. Clarifying the key points of intelligent command and information system development helps to grasp the direction of its construction and establish long-term goals.

Promoting the intelligent evolution of warfare. In future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation will change rapidly and the battlefield environment will be complex and harsh. In order to gain the initiative on the battlefield, “intellectual superiority” will become the new commanding height. Intelligent command and information systems are undoubtedly an important support for future combat command and operations. Their intelligent development can help promote the intelligent evolution of warfare and is an important foundation for gaining the initiative and seeking victory in intelligent warfare.

Supporting Intelligent Innovation in Combat Concepts. Future intelligent warfare requires corresponding combat command concepts, and intelligent command information systems are a crucial foundation for the practical application of these concepts, serving as the fertile ground for their innovation and development. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formations, data-driven command activities, open development command models, and intelligent convergence command processes all rely on the support of intelligent command information systems. These systems will act as an extension of the human brain, breaking through the physiological limits of the human body and achieving the organic integration of the art of combat command and intelligent technology.

Promoting the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about significant changes in the mechanisms of combat victory. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power to become the primary factor determining the outcome of war. The development and construction of intelligent command and control information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods towards intelligence, shifting combat methods from the “combat network + precision-guided weapons” of the information age to the “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” of the intelligent age. Correspondingly, the basic combat style is evolving from “network-centric warfare” to “cognition-centric warfare”.

Focus on the key points of intelligent command and information system research and development

Command and information systems are a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent warfare mechanisms, the intelligent upgrading and construction of command and information systems is urgently needed. Emphasis should be placed on key functional development aspects to create a completely new intelligent command and information system.

“Super-brain-based” decision-making. In future intelligent warfare, the battlefield information data is massive and complex, and commanders are easily overwhelmed by the “sea of ​​information,” leading to confusion and affecting command and decision-making. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making technology and “cloud brains” and “digital advisors,” a new decision-making model based on the collaboration of “human brain + artificial intelligence” is quietly taking shape. Intelligent command information systems will break through the limits of human intelligence, acting as an extension of the human brain to assist commanders in their work, transforming war decision-making from purely human brain-based decision-making to super-brain-based command and decision-making combining “human brain + artificial intelligence.”

“All-dimensional” situational awareness. Future intelligent warfare will be characterized by multi-dimensional space, diverse forces, varied tactics, and accelerated pace. A comprehensive and flexible grasp of the battlefield situation will be fundamental to commanders’ decision-making. The integrated, intelligent, and dynamic presentation of the all-dimensional battlefield situation across multiple domains is an inevitable requirement for the development of command information systems. Command information systems are expanding their perception, understanding, integration, and prediction of battlefield situations, such as target identification, threat level assessment, operational action prediction, and future battle trajectory forecasting, from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and cyberspace to the cognitive and social domains, achieving “all-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent connectivity” is crucial for future intelligent warfare. This will involve numerous intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, connected by intelligent information and communication systems. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, intelligent information and communication systems act as a link and lubricant in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is essential to establish a comprehensive, uninterrupted intelligent information network to support the connectivity and control of intelligent equipment, enabling intelligent optimization of the network structure, intelligent reorganization to withstand network damage, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities. This will ensure intelligent collaborative operations between platforms and maximize overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” Autonomous Collaboration. The extensive use of drones in recent local conflicts worldwide, playing a crucial role in determining the course of war, has attracted widespread attention. Unmanned weaponry is the material foundation of intelligent warfare, leading to disruptive combat styles such as intrusive lone-wolf operations, manned/unmanned collaborative system sabotage operations, independent operations by unmanned system formations, and drone swarm operations. While unmanned warfare is human-led, with machines granted a degree of autonomy from the backend, enabling unmanned operations on the front lines, the unmanned battlefield is constantly evolving. Disruptions to human-machine collaboration will become commonplace. Therefore, the command and control systems of unmanned intelligent equipment platforms must be more intelligent, capable of autonomous collaborative operations based on operational objectives.

“Proactive” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face diverse and multi-dimensional information attacks from powerful adversaries. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the battle for “intellectual dominance” on the battlefield and is a key aspect of the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, proactive measures should be taken to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of advanced information security technologies, enhance the anti-interference and anti-interference capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and build strong intelligent traceability and countermeasure capabilities to effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key points of intelligent command and information system development

The development of intelligent command and information systems is not merely a matter of technological innovation; it also requires further liberating our thinking and updating our concepts. To advance the development of intelligent command and information systems, we must change the traditional approach of simply adding hardware, building large networks, and collecting and storing various types of data. We must break through existing hierarchical structures, create open and service-oriented systems, and target the needs of intelligent combat command and action, exploring and researching the key aspects of intelligent command and information system development.

Innovation Concept. Guided by innovative thinking, and drawing on the development strategies of intelligent command and information systems for building a strong military, we will explore a development path with our own characteristics, tailored to actual needs. We must break away from traditional “chimney” approaches, adhere to top-level design and overall planning of the command and information system, unify interfaces, protocols, and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture. We must adhere to a system development approach that combines research, development, and application, formulating short-term, medium-term, and long-term development strategies to standardize the direction of system construction and development. We must adhere to iterative upgrades and optimization strategies to continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems, including command and control, intelligence reconnaissance, communication, information warfare, and comprehensive support, ensuring the continuous and healthy development of the intelligent command and information system.

Focusing on Key Capabilities. Concentrating on building key capabilities of intelligent command and information systems is crucial for intelligent warfare to leverage intelligence to achieve victory, and is key to gaining the “right to win” in intelligent warfare. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the intrinsic driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command and information systems. The development of intelligent command and information systems must adhere to algorithmic innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive, speed, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of next-generation computers, such as quantum computers, to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command and information systems; and deeply mine the deeper and broader information value from massive combat data resources to seek the initiative in victory.

Collective Efforts to Overcome Challenges. The construction and development of intelligent command and information systems is one of the major projects in military intelligence. It is a complex and collaborative project involving multiple fields, disciplines, departments, and units. The construction and development of intelligent command and information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collaborative problem-solving, and pioneering innovation. It should target strategic and forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communication, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain. It should be driven by high-tech advancements and the demands of intelligent warfare, conducting in-depth research and exchanges across multiple fields, levels, and forms to continuously break through, innovate, and upgrade, making the functions of intelligent command and information systems more complete and intelligent.

Collaborative Development. To deeply promote the construction and development of intelligent command and information systems, it is essential to fully absorb advanced local technological achievements and integrate into the global trend of artificial intelligence innovation. Currently, artificial intelligence technology is booming worldwide, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application, and its technological achievements have broad prospects for transformation and application, making it an important pathway to the construction and development of intelligent command and information systems. It is necessary to research and formulate general technical standards, break down barriers, overcome obstacles, and facilitate military-civilian cooperation to achieve the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. Through collaboration, it is also crucial to cultivate and shape new types of military personnel, enabling them to continuously adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and fully leverage the effectiveness of intelligent command and information systems.

現代國語：

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開，具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”，是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建設是軍事智慧化發展的內在要求，只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點，探索智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津，才能更好地推動智能化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程，贏得未來智能化作戰制勝先機。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇，是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建設方向，確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰，戰場形勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境復雜嚴酷，要想在戰場上取得主動，「制智權」成為新的製高點，而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智能化發展可助推戰爭形態向智能化演變，是智能化作戰贏得先機、謀求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智能化創新。未來智慧化作戰，需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托，是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐，智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延，突破人體生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術和智能技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化，智慧超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網絡＋精確制導武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網＋有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網絡中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物，隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用，指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發點，打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

“超腦化”輔助決策。未來智能化作戰，戰場資訊數據量龐大且複雜多變，指揮員在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫，影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數字參謀」的出現，以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限，作為人腦的外延，輔助指揮員工作，使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智能化作戰，空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出，全面靈動地掌握戰場態勢成為指揮員決策的基礎，多域一體、智能動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對諸如目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測，正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域，實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網絡通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台，而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管，智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑作用。因此，要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡，支撐智慧化裝備的連結和控制，形成網絡結構智能優化、網絡抗毀智能重組以及智能抗干擾能力，以確保平台間智能化的協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。近期世界局部沖突中，無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用，引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎，並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式，如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導，並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協同被破壞將成為常態，無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧，要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊，資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此，應主動作為，積極制定及完善網絡防護策略，豐富入侵檢測能力及認證識別手段，加強資訊安全高新技術運用，強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力，建強智能化溯源反制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展，要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集存儲各類數據的思路，突破固有層級設定，打造開放式、服務型系統，瞄準智能化作戰指揮與行動需要，探索研究智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引，借用軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路，結合實際需求，探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法，堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃，統一介面、協議和標準，形成開放式、可持續發展的系統架構佈局；堅持研建用相結合的系統研發策略，制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化持續策略，不斷提升指揮、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化持續性策略，不斷提升指揮控制、長期不同階段發展策略、各分列系統建設發展方向；堅持版本

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設，是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托，是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐，也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力要求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢；加快量子計算機等為代表的下一代計算機研發，為智能化指揮信息系統提供更強的算力支持；深度挖掘海量作戰數據資源中更深層次、更廣維度信息價值，謀求制勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一，是一個多領域、多學科交叉，多部門、多單位參與的大融合大聯動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神，瞄準傳感器、量子信息、網絡通信、集成電路、關鍵軟件、大數據、人工智能、區塊鍊等戰略性前瞻領域，堅持高新技術推動、智能化作戰需求拉動，開展多領域、多層次、多形式深度研究交流，更加創新、進一步迭代創新

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展，必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果，融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。當前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢，人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準，拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作，實現技術成果共享連結。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求，充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李建平 紀鳳珠 李琳 責任編輯：王鳳 2022-08-0x

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/8884917735.html

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare

Analysis of Chinese Military Development Trend of Collaborative Combat in the Era of Intelligentization

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智能化時代中國協同作戰軍事發展趨勢分析

現代英語：

Operational coordination is a key element in modern warfare for achieving system-of-systems operations, unleashing overall effectiveness, and achieving operational objectives. In recent years, with breakthroughs in military science and technology, particularly artificial intelligence, the empowering and efficiency-enhancing role of technology has become increasingly prominent. While profoundly changing the nature of warfare and operational styles, it has also given rise to a new operational coordination model—autonomous coordination. Currently, we should scientifically grasp the opportunities and challenges of the new military revolution, dynamically coordinate the development of autonomous coordination, and thus accelerate the transformation and upgrading of operational methods.

Transforming towards intelligent empowerment and autonomous collaboration

Future warfare will be a comprehensive confrontation between opposing sides employing “human + intelligent equipment.” Limited by military technology, system platforms, and combat capabilities, traditional combat coordination, with its fixed cycles and low fault tolerance, is no longer suitable for the rapidly changing modern battlefield. With the powerful support of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data, the autonomy and automation of combat coordination will be greatly enhanced, and intelligently empowered autonomous coordination will become key to victory.

Wide-area ubiquitous collaboration. In recent years, the profound development of communication and intelligent technologies, along with the accumulation and superposition of data, algorithms, and computing power, has promoted the interconnection and aggregation of people, machines, things, and energy. This has extended the military Internet of Things (IoT) to many fields such as situational awareness, command and control, information and fire strikes, and logistical support. While promoting the iterative upgrading of combat capabilities, it has also provided more options for modern combat collaboration. It is foreseeable that the military IoT will shine on the future battlefield, serving not only as a key infrastructure supporting combat operations but also as a crucial hub for maintaining combat collaboration. Based on this, ubiquitous warfare characterized by wide-area dispersion of forces, modular organizational structures, and highly coordinated actions will emerge, characterized by being omnipresent, ubiquitous, and autonomous without control.

Deep human-machine collaboration. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Azerbaijani army leveraged its drone advantage to build a strong battlefield advantage, marking the beginning of “robot warfare.” In future warfare, unmanned combat forces such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned ships are rapidly moving from back-end support to the front lines, becoming the “protagonists” of the battlefield. Compared to traditional combat collaboration, manned-unmanned intelligent collaboration exhibits characteristics such as decentralized command, de-division of labor in combat processes, advanced skill operation, and blurred lines between the front and rear, placing greater emphasis on human-machine collaboration and algorithmic victory. Especially in recent years, intelligent unmanned swarms have emerged as a powerful force, strongly impacting the modern battlefield. Faced with these new situations and changes, we should comprehensively utilize swarm formation algorithms, formation control algorithms, and complex scenario optimization algorithms to promote networked communication and intelligent collaboration between unmanned and manned systems, facilitating the integrated operation of the intelligence chain, command chain, mobility chain, strike chain, and support chain, and accelerating the generation of comprehensive precision-based combat capabilities.

Data-driven collaboration. The traditional operational collaboration model under hierarchical command is no longer suitable for the multi-dimensional and fast-paced nature of modern warfare. In future warfare, intelligence is key, and data is king. The deep integration of big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence enables the storage, analysis, fusion, and application of massive amounts of battlefield data, making command and control more scientific and operational collaboration more efficient. Leveraging powerful resource integration, computing power, and data analysis capabilities, battlefield intelligence can be rapidly integrated, battlefield situation awareness can be achieved in real time, collaborative plans can be efficiently formulated, and threat levels can be assessed instantly. This allows for the integrated planning of predicting combat actions, analyzing typical scenarios, deploying combat forces, and allocating combat resources, thereby comprehensively improving the overall effectiveness of command and control, firepower strikes, and integrated support, and driving a revolutionary change in operational collaboration.

Towards Multi-Domain Collaborative Autonomous Evolution

Future warfare will feature complex and diverse participating forces, a mix of advanced and less sophisticated weaponry, and a hybrid application of combat methods. It will exhibit distinct characteristics such as intelligent, dynamically decentralized command and control, intelligent and wide-area deployment of combat forces, and intelligent allocation and dynamic differentiation of combat missions. It is foreseeable that multi-domain联动 (interconnected and autonomous) collaboration will become a crucial component of operational coordination.

System self-restructuring and collaboration. Future warfare will involve a multi-domain battlefield space that combines virtual and real elements, with diverse military operations interacting and constraints and collaboration shifting randomly. Only an engineered and systematic organizational model can adapt to the complex needs of multi-domain collaboration. The essence of this collaboration model is to form a wide-area holographic support architecture for system self-restructuring and collaboration. Specifically, this means emphasizing the concept of system-of-systems warfare, comprehensively resolving practical contradictions in organizational system construction, institutional mechanism establishment, and collaborative rule formulation; focusing more on the system integration effect, achieving beyond-visual-range and cross-domain collaborative operations for combat units across a wide area; emphasizing efficient and flexible command, refining command relationships and clarifying command responsibilities from multiple dimensions; and paying more attention to data-driven precision, integrating network system platforms at all levels to establish a dynamic optimization network for reconnaissance, control, strike, assessment, and support missions. Once this collaboration model is formed, it will undoubtedly be able to analyze and predict typical confrontation scenarios based on the operational environment, adversaries, and missions, dynamically select action collaboration links, and plan operational actions across various domains in an integrated manner.

Tactical Adaptive Collaboration. Recent local wars have repeatedly demonstrated that the complexity and systemic nature of operational collaboration have increased exponentially due to the extension of operational data and information sharing to the tactical level. Only by achieving efficient processing, integration, and sharing of operational data and information can adaptive and autonomous collaboration among operational users be guaranteed. This collaborative model places greater emphasis on scientific planning and innovative methods to form a universal battlefield situation map with full-dimensional coverage. It supports hierarchical, cross-level, and cross-domain sharing and collaboration among users deployed across a wide area, enabling command elements and operational units to jointly perceive the battlefield situation and ensuring self-synchronous operations within a unified strategic intent, operational guidance, and collaborative planning framework. This collaborative model further emphasizes vertical integration of strategy, operations, and tactics, and horizontal integration of land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace. It provides powerful information sharing services in detection, early warning, and surveillance, and promotes the extension of operational-level joint operations to tactical-level joint operations through information media. This collaborative model further highlights the standardized operation of command and control, and the use of cutting-edge technologies such as big data and cloud computing to promote the connection of operational command levels, cross-domain linkage, element interaction, and situational awareness sharing. It achieves intelligent collaboration among command systems, weapon platforms, and sensors, and implements the key to victory through speed.

Complementary and Synergistic Advantages. In future warfare, operations in space, cyberspace, and other domains will be deeply integrated into the traditional battlefield, requiring higher standards and more stringent planning and design for the overall operation. Only by clarifying the complementary relationships and proportions of input and output across different operational domains, and then outlining the operational relationships for cross-domain collaboration, can we bridge the gaps in domain operations and achieve multi-dimensional battlefield complementarity. Essentially, this is also a concentrated reflection of the concept of war effectiveness. From another perspective, in a war, when local battlefield advantages are not obvious or harbor hidden dangers, overall victory can still be achieved by gaining local advantages in other domains to compensate and achieve comprehensive superiority. In future informationized and intelligent warfare, this will be even more prominent and complex, requiring comprehensive strategies targeting military, political, public opinion, legal, psychological, and diplomatic fields, leveraging each other to fully unleash maximum operational effectiveness; requiring close cooperation between traditional and new-type forces, building an integrated operational system based on network information systems, and maximizing overall effectiveness through synergistic advantages.

Towards Dynamic Coupling and Autonomous Collaborative Transition

In the era of artificial intelligence, with the profound changes in information technology and weaponry, combat operations place greater emphasis on breaking down traditional force formations, integrating the functions of traditional platforms, and dismantling traditional offensive and defensive boundaries, so as to achieve all-weather dynamic control of combat operations through dynamic coupling and autonomous collaboration.

Dynamic convergence and coordination. Future warfare will see more intense adversarial confrontations and more volatile battlefield situations, rendering the static, extensive, and methodical coordination methods of the past inadequate. It is imperative to pay close attention to key operational nodes, closely monitoring the overall situation, anchoring operational tasks, and focusing on operational objectives. This requires assessing the situation, seizing opportunities, and swiftly changing coordination partners, flexibly adjusting coordination strategies, and autonomously negotiating coordinated actions based on predetermined coordination rules. It is important to note that this coordination method based on key operational nodes particularly emphasizes the ability of combat forces to overcome structural barriers and organically aggregate operational effectiveness. Through the flexible structure of the coordination organization, conflicts can be self-coupled and autonomously resolved, gaps in cooperation can be bridged, and the precise release of the combined forces of the operational system can be promoted.

Dynamic control and coordination. The battlefield situation in future warfare is constantly changing, and the course of operations often deviates from the predetermined plan, resulting in significant uncertainty. This implicitly requires us to break through traditional operational thinking and closely monitor changes in the battlefield situation to implement real-time, flexible, and autonomous coordination of the operational process. This coordination method, through real-time assessment of changes in the battlefield situation, the extent of damage to enemy targets, and the scale and effectiveness of operational operations, enables rapid command and control and precise coordination in areas such as force projection, fire support, and comprehensive support, ensuring that we always maintain the initiative on the battlefield. This coordination method requires relying on advanced intelligent auxiliary means to quickly divide the operational phases, predict the duration of operational operations, analyze the overall deployment of operational forces, calculate the allocation of operational resources, and accordingly precisely control the decision-making cycle and operational rhythm, accurately coordinating troop actions and the operational process to ensure effective response to various randomness and uncertainties in combat.

Dynamic Response and Coordination. The unpredictable nature of future warfare, coupled with the profound effects of asymmetric warfare, hybrid games, and system emergence, means that planned operations will inevitably encounter various unforeseen circumstances during execution. Therefore, dynamic coordination in response to unforeseen situations is an effective strategy for resolving these contradictions. This coordination method emphasizes dynamically adjusting actions based on different situations. When unforeseen circumstances arise in a local battlefield or operation, with minimal impact on the overall operation and sufficient time, the operational system automatically responds, partially adjusting operational deployments and actions to ensure the achievement of expected operational objectives. When multiple urgent and non-urgent situations coexist on the battlefield and partially affect the overall situation, operations are dynamically and instantly coordinated according to the principle of prioritizing urgent matters, pushing the battle situation in our favor. When multiple major unexpected situations or unforeseen changes occur in the overall battle situation, coordination is carried out according to the principle of prioritizing primary directions and then secondary directions, rapidly generating new coordinated response measures to effectively address various unforeseen battlefield situations. (Wu Siliang, Jia Chunjie, Hou Yonghong)

Source: PLA Daily

(Editors: Wang Xiaoxiao, Ren Yilin)

現代國語：

2025年04月01日08:59 |

小字号

引言

作战协同是现代战争中实现体系作战、释放整体效能、达成作战目标的关键要素。近年来，随着以人工智能为代表的军事科学技术取得突破性进展，科技的赋能增效作用进一步凸显，在深刻改变战争形态、作战样式的同时，也催生出一种新的作战协同模式——自主协同。当前，应科学把握新军事革命的机遇挑战，动态统筹好自主协同发展走向，从而推动作战方式加速转型升级。

向智能赋能自主协同蜕变

未来战争将是对抗双方采用“人+智能装备”展开的全方位对抗。受军事技术、系统平台、作战能力等限制，传统作战协同因为存在周期固化、容错率低等局限，已难以适应战机转瞬即逝的现代战场。在人工智能、大数据等先进技术手段的强力支撑下，作战协同的自主性、自动化水平将极大提升，智能赋能下的自主协同亦将成为克敌制胜的关键。

广域泛在协同。近年来，通信技术、智能技术的深度发展，数据、算法、算力的积累叠加，促进了人、机、物、能的互联聚合，将军事物联网延伸扩展至态势感知、指挥控制、信火打击、后装保障等诸多领域，在促进作战能力迭代升级的同时，也为现代作战协同提供了更多选项。可以预见，军事物联网将在未来战场大放异彩，不仅是支撑作战行动的关键性基础设施，也是维系作战协同的关节枢纽。以此为依托，将催生出力量广域分散、组织模块构成、行动高度协同的泛在式作战，无时不在、无处不在、无控自主。

人机深度协同。纳卡冲突中，阿塞拜疆军队凭借无人机优势构建起强大战场优势，某种程度也宣告“机器人战争”登场。未来战争，无人机、无人车、无人舰等无人作战力量，正加速从后台支援保障走向一线作战前台，开始担当战场“主角”。较之传统作战协同，有人无人智能协同呈现出作战指挥“去中心化”、作战过程“去分工化”、技能操作高端化、前沿与后方模糊化等特点，更加强调人机协同、算法取胜。尤其是近年来，智能无人集群异军突起，开始强烈冲击现代战场。面对这些新情况新变化，应统筹运用集群编队算法、队形控制算法以及复杂场景优化算法等，推动无人与有人组网通信、智能协同，促进情报链、指挥链、机动链、打击链和保障链一体运转，加快生成精确制敌综合作战能力。

数智驱动协同。逐层递进指挥下的传统作战协同模式，已难以适应现代战争的多维度快节奏。未来战争，智能为要，数据为王。大数据、云计算、人工智能等深度融合，实现了对海量战场数据的存储、分析、融合和运用，从而使得指挥控制更加科学、作战协同更加高效。借助强大的资源整合、计算处理和数据分析能力，可以快速融合战场情报、实时感知战场态势、高效制订协同计划、瞬时评估威胁等级，将预测作战行动、解剖典型场景、布势作战力量和配置作战资源一体统筹，从而全面提升指挥控制、火力打击、综合保障等方面的综合质效，推动作战协同革命性变革。

向多域联动自主协同演进

未来战争，参战力量复杂多元、武器装备高低搭配、作战方法混合运用，呈现作战指挥智能动态分散、作战力量智联广域部署、作战任务智配动态区分等鲜明特征。可以预见，多域联动自主协同将成为作战协同的重要构成。

体系自重塑协同。未来战争多域战场空间虚实结合、多样军事行动交互作用，约束与协作随机转化，只有采取工程化、系统化的组织模式，才能适应庞杂的多域协同需要。这种协同模式，其实质是要形成体系自重塑协同的广域全息支撑架构。具体来看，就是更加突出体系作战理念，从整体上破解组织体系构建、制度机制设立、协同规则制订等现实矛盾；更加注重体系融合效应，从广域上实现作战单元超视距作战、跨域协同作战；更加强调高效灵活指挥，从诸维度细化指挥关系、厘清指挥权责；更加关注数据精准驱动，从各层级整合网络系统平台，建立侦控打评保任务动态优化网。这种协同模式一旦形成，无疑能够针对作战环境、作战对手和作战任务等，研判预测典型对抗态势场景，动态选择行动协同链路，一体规划各领域作战行动。

战术自适应协同。近年来的局部战争冲突一再表明，由于作战数据信息向战术层共享应用延伸，作战协同的复杂性系统性呈指数级跃升。只有实现作战数据信息的高效处理、融合共享，才能保证作战用户间自适应、自主化协同。这种协同模式，更加注重科学规划、创新手段，形成全维覆盖的通用战场态势图，支持广域分散部署的各级各类用户间按级、越级、跨域共享协作，实现指挥要素、作战单元共同感知战场态势，确保在统一的战略意图、战役指导、协同计划框架内自同步作战。这种协同模式，更加强调纵向贯通战略、战役、战术，横向融汇陆海空天电，在探测、预警、监视等方面提供强力信息共享服务，依托信息介质推动战役级联合向战术级联合延伸。这种协同模式，更加突出指挥运行、力量运用等的标准化运行，借助大数据、云计算等前沿技术推动作战指挥层级衔接、跨域联动、要素交互、态势共享，实现指挥系统、武器平台、传感器间的智能化协同，落地落实以快制慢制胜关键。

优势智互补协同。未来战争，太空、网络等领域作战行动深度融入传统战场空间，要求对作战全局实施更高标准更高要求的规划设计。只有搞清各作战域优势互补关联、投入成效比重，进而梳理出跨领域协同的运行关系，才能弥合领域作战缝隙，实现多维战场优势互补。从本质上看，这也是战争效益观的集中反映。从另一视角来看，一场战争，当战场局部优势不明显或暗藏危机时，通过在其他领域取得局部优势予以弥补并达成综合优势，同样可以实现整体制胜目的。未来信息化智能化战争，这一点将体现得更为突出也更为复杂，要求针对军事、政治、舆论、法理、心理、外交等领域综合施策，相互借力充分释放最大作战效能；要求传统力量、新质力量密切配合，依托网络信息体系打造一体化作战体系，通过优势协同实现整体效能最大化。

向动态耦合自主协同变迁

人工智能时代，伴随信息技术和武器装备的深度变革，作战行动更加强调打散传统力量编组、打通传统平台功能、打破传统攻防界限，通过动态耦合自主协同实现对作战行动的全时动态可控。

动态聚点协同。未来战争敌我对抗更加激烈、战场态势更为多变，以往那种静态粗放、按部就班的协同方式将难以适应。必须对作战的关键节点给予高度关注，在紧盯整体态势、锚定作战任务、聚焦作战目标的基础上，审时度势把握战机，依据预定的协同规则，敏捷变换协同对象、灵活调整协同策略、自主协商协同行动。需要注意的是，这种基于关键作战节点的协同方式，尤为强调作战力量跨越结构壁垒、有机聚合作战效能，通过协同组织的弹性结构，自耦合自主化消解矛盾冲突、弥合作战缝隙，促进作战体系合力精准释放。

动态调控协同。未来战争战场态势瞬息万变，作战进程往往难以按照预定作战计划推进，作战行动有着极大的不确定性。在无形中，这也要求我们突破传统作战思维，紧盯战场态势变化对作战进程实施即时灵活自主协同。这种协同方式，通过实时评估战场态势变化、敌方目标毁伤程度、作战行动规模效益等，从而在力量投送、火力支援、综合保障等方面实现快速指控、精准协同，始终把握战场主动权。这种协同方式，要求依托智能辅助先进手段，快速切分作战阶段，预测作战行动持续时间，研判作战力量整体布势，计算作战行动资源分配，据此精准控制决策周期和作战节奏，精准协调部队行动和作战进程，确保能够有效应对作战中的各种随机性、不确定性。

动态响应协同。未来战争作战机理变化莫测，非对称作战、混合博弈、体系涌现等的深层作用，使得预定作战方案计划在执行中必然遇到各类突发情况。为此，针对突发情况动态协同是解决上述矛盾问题的有效策略。这种协同方式，更加强调依据不同情况动态调整协同行动。当局部战场或局部行动出现突发情况，对作战全局影响不大且时间充裕时，作战体系自动响应，部分调整作战部署和作战行动，确保实现预期作战目标。当战场出现多个急缓并存情况且部分影响战场态势时，根据具体情况按照先急后缓原则动态即时协调作战行动，推动战局向着有利于我的方向发展。当战局整体发展出现多个重大意外情况或出现未曾预想的变化时，按先主要方向、后次要方向的原则展开协同，快速生成新的协同处置措施，有效应对战场各类突发情况。（吴思亮、贾春杰、侯永红）

来源：解放军报

(责编：王潇潇、任一林)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2025/0401/c1011-40451255888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Chinese Military’s Exploration Regarding Evolution of Intelligent Warfare Practices

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中國軍隊對智慧化戰爭實踐演進的探索

現代英語：

Recent global regional wars and military conflicts demonstrate that modern warfare practice is gradually evolving toward an information-based, intelligent form. Facing a new wave of military revolution, to fully explore the evolutionary laws of intelligent warfare practice, we need to further clarify the fundamental underpinnings of this evolution, fully assess the technological advantages of warfare practice, and identify the key challenges driving the current evolution of warfare practice.

  The evolution of intelligent warfare practice requires the support of social practice foundation

  As an important part of social activities, military activities have a very close relationship with social activities. Similarly, as a specific form of military activities, war practice cannot be examined in isolation from the larger system of social practice.

  The level of development of productive forces determines the height of practical evolution. Warfare is part of human social practice and always aligns with the level of social production. How humans conduct material production often determines how they organize war; the way humans conduct warfare reflects their mode of production. Engels argued that victory through violence is based on the production of weapons, which in turn is based on the entire production system. Therefore, with the development of productive forces, the means of warfare are also constantly evolving. Just as it was impossible to find a weapon from the information age in the cold weapon age, it is difficult to use typical cold weaponry on the battlefields of the information age. Even daggers produced in the information age differ from those of the cold weapon age. From the alloy composition to the forging and molding technology, they embody the technological advancements of the information age and are weapons of the information age.

  Changes in the production relations system influence the outcomes of practical evolution. As a special form of social practice, the development and changes in war practice closely revolve around the direction and speed of social practice evolution. In other words, behind every transformation in war practice, a similar social transformation is also taking place simultaneously, and success requires the completion of a systemic transformation of production relations as a whole. Marx insightfully pointed out that in all social forms, a certain type of production determines the status and influence of all other types of production, and thus its relations also determine the status and influence of all other relations. This is a pervasive light that obscures all other colors and alters their characteristics. Concepts of war practice that are too far ahead of their time often struggle to succeed due to a lack of hardware and software support that aligns with the development of contemporary social practice. For example, the concept of joint operations was unlikely to emerge in the era of cold weapons. Even if military theorists had anticipated this concept a priori, they would have been unable to apply it in practice. Modern joint operations, however, are in fact a microcosm of large-scale socialized joint production in military practice. Therefore, the design of war should return to social practice itself, seeking inspiration and reflection from it. Ignoring the overall level of development in production relations and prematurely designing war scenarios for the intelligent era can lead to scenarios and objectives that become sci-fi, game-like, and fictional.

  The winning effect of intelligent warfare practice requires further testing in war

  The goal of the evolution of warfare practice is always to enhance operational superiority and achieve victory. However, this does not mean that the evolutionary process will naturally lead to this goal. Sometimes, in the early stages of a change in warfare practice, the effectiveness of victory is not obvious, and the effectiveness of various combat methods must be continuously evaluated during the development process.

  A first-mover advantage does not guarantee victory on the battlefield. While it’s undeniable that whoever first masters the latest winning strategies will be able to seize the initiative on the battlefield through technical and tactical advantages, this first-mover advantage does not necessarily lead to ultimate victory. While a first-mover advantage does have a significant impact on winning wars, the history of warfare demonstrates that technical and tactical advantages can be offset by mistakes or disadvantages in other areas. In World War II, the German army, which was the first to master the winning strategies of mechanized warfare, gained an advantage in the initial battles on the Western Front in Europe and the Eastern Front between the Soviet Union and Germany. However, this initial advantage was quickly eroded by strategic errors and overall disadvantages.

  First-mover advantage rarely creates an absolutely overwhelming advantage. In the era of globalization, human social practices are closely interconnected, and technological innovations from one country or region quickly spread abroad. Therefore, technological and tactical advantages in the intelligent era are often short-term and localized, making it difficult for a single country or region to establish a long-term, global, monopolistic lead. Currently, the rapid development of network communications technology is bringing humans closer than ever before. Similarly, in the practice of intelligent warfare, various advanced reconnaissance methods will continue to penetrate the secrecy of both sides. Sometimes, after the emergence of a new weapon, countervailing weapons or methods will quickly be invented.

  The advantages of intelligence don’t necessarily create optimal combat situations. Currently, the intelligence content of war practice has yet to become a decisive factor in determining victory or defeat. Currently, the practice of intelligent warfare is still in its infancy. The mechanisms of victory in war require in-depth research, many equipment require further development and verification, and various experimental pre-war practices require further testing and improvement. In comparison, the practice of informationized warfare is relatively mature, with various types of weapons and equipment, as well as supporting operational and tactical means, becoming more stable. This leaves much room for the application of informationized warfare methods. Therefore, as war practice evolves, we must continuously innovate the means of intelligent warfare practice while fully tapping the operational potential of informationized warfare practice.

  The development and transformation of intelligent warfare practice requires the integrated promotion of people and technology

  There are many factors that drive the evolution of intelligent practice. On the premise of clarifying development support and evaluating the effectiveness of combat methods, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze various contradictions, grasp the key points, distinguish the main points, and highlight the leading role of people.

  Technological change is the most dynamic factor. Science and technology are core combat capabilities. As the most revolutionary factor in the development of war practice, every major scientific and technological innovation has a profound impact on the nature of warfare. Engels once pointed out that once technological advances can be applied to military purposes and have already been applied to military purposes, they immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, lead to changes or even revolutions in combat methods. However, equating the intelligent military revolution with the high-tech revolution, leading to an overemphasis on intelligent technology and an excessive pursuit of the development of various intelligent weapons, undoubtedly fails to correctly grasp the essence of the evolution of intelligent warfare practice. While technology plays an important role, it is not the only decisive factor; culture, politics, and individuals themselves also play a role. In his book A History of World Wars, British historian Jeremy Black repeatedly reminds readers not to fall into the trap of technological determinism and simply attribute all major changes in military history to technological innovation.

  Institutional innovation is a challenge. To fully leverage the combat effectiveness of equipment in the evolution of intelligent warfare, all operational elements must be integrated into a unified system, integrating ideology, combat methods, organizational structures, education and training, and military technology. Renowned military theorist Dupuy argued in his book The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare that no matter how much a weapon’s lethality improves, its compatibility with military tactics and organizational structure is far more important than its invention and adoption. Only when the advantages of equipment are integrated into scientific organizational structures can optimal combat effectiveness be achieved. Historically, Britain was the first country to possess aircraft carriers and tanks, but it was not the country that successfully led the mechanized warfare revolution. While the most easily achieved transformation in warfare practice is the upgrading of weaponry and equipment, comprehensive innovation in warfare practice requires holistic innovation at the institutional level to achieve a comprehensive effect. A military that only upgrades equipment without institutional reform will struggle to develop sustained and effective combat effectiveness and cannot truly lead a revolution in warfare practice.

  The integration of people and weapons is crucial. People are the primary actors in the practice of warfare. In the era of intelligent warfare, the decisive role of people in warfare remains unchanged and remains the driving force behind its evolution. From the perspective of the two major categories of people and weapons, military technology falls more heavily on the “weapons” side, while other elements of warfare, such as military strategy, organizational structure, strategic tactics, and combat methods, fall more heavily on the “people” side. The more advanced high-tech equipment becomes, the more it requires human expertise to master and utilize it. In the era of intelligent warfare, greater emphasis must be placed on the importance of wisdom and strategy, relying more heavily on individuals equipped with the concepts and thinking of the intelligent era to direct and design operations. Therefore, promoting the evolution of warfare requires focusing on people as the decisive factor, fully integrating “people” and “weapons,” vigorously developing joint education within the context of intelligent warfare, and focusing on cultivating scientific and technical personnel and command personnel who meet the requirements of intelligent warfare.

現代國語：

近年來的世界局部戰爭和軍事衝突表明，現代戰爭實踐正逐步朝向資訊化智慧化形態演變。面對新一波軍事革命浪潮，為充分探究智慧化戰爭實踐演進規律，需要進一步釐清戰爭實踐演進的基礎支撐，充分評估戰爭實踐的技術優勢，找準推動當前戰爭實踐演進的重難。

智能化戰爭實踐的演進需要社會實踐基礎作為支撐

作為社會活動的重要組成部分，軍事活動與社會活動有著十分密切的關係。同樣，作為軍事活動的一種具體形式，戰爭實踐也不能離開社會實踐的大系統去孤立地考察。

生產力發展水準決定實踐演進的高度。戰爭實踐是人類社會實踐的一部分，始終與社會生產水準相適應。人類怎樣進行物質生產活動，往往就怎樣組織戰爭，人類從事戰爭的方式，反映了它們的生產方式。恩格斯提出，暴力的勝利是以武器生產為基礎的，而武器的生產又是以整個生產為基礎的。因此，伴隨生產力的發展，戰爭實踐手段也不斷發展。正如在冷兵器時代無法尋覓到一件資訊化時代武器一樣，在資訊化時代的戰場上也難以運用典型的冷兵器時代的武器。即使是資訊化時代生產的匕首，也已然不同於冷兵器時代的匕首，從合金成分比例到鍛造造成型技術，它本身蘊含了資訊化時代的工藝水平，屬於資訊化時代的武器。

生產關係系統變化影響實踐演進的結果。作為一種特殊形式的社會實踐，戰爭實踐發展變化緊緊圍繞著社會實踐演進方向和速度。也就是說，一場戰爭實踐變革背後，也同步進行著相似的社會變革實踐，需要伴隨整個生產關係的系統變革完成才能成功。馬克思精闢地指出，在一切社會形式中都有一種一定的生產決定其他一切生產的地位和影響，因而它的關係也決定其他一切關係的地位和影響，這是一種普照的光，它掩蓋了一切其他色彩，改變著它們的特點。過於超越時代的戰爭實踐設想，往往會因缺乏符合同時代社會實踐發展所匹配的軟硬體支撐而難以成功。例如聯合作戰概念很難在冷兵器時代出現，即使有軍事理論家先驗地預想到這種理念，也無法在實踐中運用。而現代聯合作戰實踐其實正是社會化聯合大生產在軍事上的縮影。因此，設計戰爭應回歸社會實踐本身，從中尋找靈感與鏡像。若忽略生產關係的整體發展水平，超前設計智慧化時代戰爭場景，將可能使場景目標變得科幻化、遊戲化和虛構化。

智能化戰爭實踐的勝利效果需要戰爭的進一步檢驗

戰爭實踐演進的目標總是瞄準提高作戰優勢和勝利效果展開，然而這並不意味著演進過程會自然指向這一目標。有時候在戰爭實踐變革初期，其致勝效果並不明顯，需要在發展的過程中持續評估各種作戰手段的效果。

先發優勢不等於戰場上的必勝之勢。毫無疑問，誰先掌握了最新戰爭制勝機理，誰就能夠憑藉技戰術優勢掌握戰場主動權，但這種先發優勢並不會必然導致戰爭最終勝利。先發優勢的確對贏得戰爭有巨大影響，但戰爭實踐發展史表明，技戰術先發優勢會被其他方面的失誤或劣勢抵消。在第二次世界大戰中，率先掌握了機械化戰爭制勝機理的德軍，儘管在西線歐洲戰場以及東線蘇德戰場的最初較量中獲得了優勢，然而這種初始優勢很快因其戰略上的失誤以及總體實力上的劣勢而被消耗殆盡。

先發優勢難以構成絕對的壓倒性態勢。在全球化時代，人類社會實踐緊密相連，一個國家或地區的技術創新很快就會被外溢傳播，所以智慧化時代的技戰術優勢往往是短期局域性的，一個國家或一個地區很難形成長期全局性的壟斷式領先。目前，網路通訊技術迅速發展，讓人類空前地彼此接近。同樣，在智慧化戰爭實踐中，各類先進偵察手段將不斷洞穿作戰雙方的保密堡壘，有時一種新型武器出現以後，其製衡性武器或手段很快會被發明創造出來。

智能化優勢未必造成最佳作戰局勢。從目前來看，戰爭實踐的智慧化含量尚未成為影響戰爭勝負的決定因素。目前，智慧化戰爭實踐尚處於不成熟的萌芽期，戰爭制勝機理有待深入研究，許多裝備有待進一步開發驗證，各類試驗性的戰爭預實踐有待進一步檢驗和完善。相較而言，資訊化戰爭實踐已相對成熟，各類武器裝備以及配套的戰役戰術手段已趨於穩定，資訊化作戰方式仍有很大應用空間。因此在戰爭實踐演進中，要在不斷創新智慧化戰爭實踐手段的同時，充分發展資訊化戰爭實踐的作戰潛能。

智能化戰爭實踐的發展變革需要人與技術綜合推動

推動智慧化實踐演進的因素很多，需要在釐清發展支撐、評估作戰方式成效的前提下，綜合分析各類矛盾，抓住關鍵、區分要點，突顯人的主導作用。

技術變革是最活躍因素。科技是核心戰鬥力。作為戰爭實踐發展中最具革命性的因素，每一次重大科技創新都會對戰爭形態產生深遠影響。恩格斯曾指出，一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。但是，將智能化軍事革命等同於高新技術革命，以至於過於注重對智能化技術的強調，過於追求各類智能化武器的研發，無疑是沒能正確掌握智能化戰爭實踐的演進本質。科技雖然發揮重要作用，但並非起決定性的唯一因素，文化、政治以及人本身都在發揮作用。英國歷史學家傑瑞米·布萊克在《世界戰爭史》一書中不斷提醒讀者，不要掉進技術決定論的陷阱，不能簡單地把軍事史上所有重大變革都歸因於科技革新。

制度化創新是難點。為充分發揮好智慧化戰爭演進中的裝備作戰效能，需要將所有作戰要素凝聚為一個體系，將思想理論、作戰方式、編制體制、教育訓練等與軍事技術融為一體。著名軍事理論家杜普伊在《武器與戰爭的演變》一書中提出，無論兵器的殺傷力有多大提高，新兵器跟軍事戰術和編制的兼容統一，要比新兵器的發明和採用重要得多。裝備的優勢只有融入科學的組織形態，才能創造出最佳戰鬥力。從歷史實踐來看，英國是第一個擁有航空母艦和坦克的國家，但並不是成功引領機械化戰爭革命的國家。戰爭實踐變革中，最容易實現的是武器裝備的更新換代，但戰爭實踐全面創新需要在製度層面進行整體創新，形成整體效應。只有裝備更新而無制度變革的軍隊，是難以形成持久有效戰鬥力的，也無法真正引領戰爭實踐革命。

人與武器結合是關鍵。人是戰爭實踐的主體。在智慧化戰爭時代，人對戰爭實踐的決定性作用絲毫沒有改變，仍是推動戰爭實踐演進的主導。從人與武器這兩大範疇看，軍事技術比較屬於「武器」這一方面，而戰爭實踐中的其他要素，如軍事謀略、編制體制、組織結構、戰略戰術、作戰方式等則更屬於「人」這一方面。高新技術裝備越先進，越需要有人去掌握運用，智能化戰爭時代需要更多關注智慧和謀略的重要性，需要更多依靠具備智能化時代觀念和思維的人去指揮和設計。因此，推動戰爭實踐演進要聚焦人這一決定性要素，把「人」和「武器」充分結合起來，大力發展智能化戰爭背景下的聯合教育，聚力培養符合智能化戰爭要求的科技人才、指揮人才。 （沈文科 宋騰淵 岳明峰）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.xinhuanet.com/milpro/20250313/e495926c8f4d41f8bf0350a4c5b93f8e/c888.html

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Chinese Military Exclusive Requirements for Strategies & Tactics of People’s War in The New Era

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新時代中國軍隊對人民戰爭戰略戰術的獨特要求

現代英語：

Looking back on its glorious combat history, the People’s Army has consistently adhered to the absolute leadership of the Party, proposing and implementing a comprehensive set of strategies and tactics for people’s war. These strategies and tactics are a crucial weapon for the People’s Army to defeat the strong with the weak and to conquer the enemy. Over the past 98 years, with the changing times and evolving forms of warfare, the specific content and manifestations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war have continuously evolved. To confront the challenges of information-based and intelligent warfare, we must firmly grasp the essential requirements and value orientations of the strategies and tactics for people’s war amidst the rapidly evolving global trends and practices, unifying the inherently unchanging laws of conduct with the external realities of change, and continuously innovating and developing the strategies and tactics for people’s war in the new era.

President Xi Jinping emphasized that no matter how the situation develops, the magic weapon of people’s war must never be lost. However, we must grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of people’s war in the new era, innovate its content, methods and approaches, and unleash its overall power. Currently, facing profound challenges brought about by changes in science and technology, warfare, and our adversaries, we must not only inherit and carry forward the fine traditions of people’s war, but also be sensitive to changes, actively respond to them, and proactively seek change. We must accurately grasp the inherent requirements of the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, consciously update our thinking and concepts, and innovate strategic guidance, so that this magic weapon of defeating the enemy can be demonstrated on future battlefields.

Adhere to relying on the people and deeply rooted

In the long practice of revolutionary war, the people are the most profound force for victory. The people are the primary force behind the strategies and tactics of people’s war, a magic weapon for victory. People’s war has its roots deeply rooted in the people, and its confidence comes from the people. Regardless of how the times change or how the war evolves, relying closely on the people and fully mobilizing them will always be the fundamental condition and the only way to carry out people’s war. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires adhering to the mass perspective of history and the fundamental requirement that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory. We must integrate the traditional strategic advantages of people’s war with the mass line, broaden the sources of vitality for the strategies and tactics of people’s war, draw strategic wisdom and tactical methods from the people, and develop an intellectual advantage for people’s war in the new era. We must solidly carry out national defense education throughout the nation, continuously foster a strong sense of patriotism, inspire patriotism, strengthen awareness of potential dangers, and enhance national defense awareness. We must guide the masses to actively care about and support national defense, thereby infusing powerful spiritual strength into people’s war in the new era. We must focus on promoting high-quality population development, comprehensively improve the cultural, scientific, and innovative qualities of the entire population, accelerate the development of a modern human resource base of high quality, sufficient in volume, optimized in structure, and rationally distributed, and promote the shift of the dominant force in people’s war from quantitative to qualitative. Further improve the national defense mobilization system and mechanism, promote the establishment of a rapid response system that is connected with the national emergency response mechanism and integrated with the joint combat system, fully tap and gather the unlimited war potential contained in the people, and give full play to the resource aggregation and value-added effect.

Focus on overall planning and full-area offense and defense

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of people’s war require the comprehensive mobilization of diverse forces and resources in the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic, and military sectors, and the integrated use of various forms of struggle and methods of operation. This holistic approach compensates for local deficiencies and disadvantages, ultimately defeating powerful adversaries. Modern warfare is not only a fierce confrontation in the military sphere, but also a comprehensive struggle in the political, economic, and diplomatic spheres, exhibiting the distinct characteristics of hybrid warfare. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era, we must establish a broad systemic mindset, relying on the national strategic system and supported by the joint operations system, explore the implementation methods of people’s war strategies and tactics, and win the total war of people’s war in the new era. We should fully leverage the advantages of the new national system, relying on the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, efficiently aggregate superior resources across the board, fully activate the country’s national defense potential, and weave various forces and resources into a network. We should integrate and plan the subsystems of people’s war, including leadership, organization, personnel, command, technology, equipment, and support, to maximize the effectiveness of holistic linkage and systemic operation, and achieve the maximum benefits of all-round effort and multiplied energy. We must strengthen comprehensive coordination across the physical, information, and social domains, focusing on seeking breakthroughs in new domains and new qualities, and making achievements in new dimensions such as unmanned warfare, human-machine collaborative warfare, network and electronic warfare, space and deep-sea warfare, and intelligent and autonomous warfare. Military and non-military means must be coordinated, integrating various forms of struggle, including political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and military. Comprehensive measures must be implemented to effectively wage diplomatic offensive and defensive battles, financial and trade battles, psychological defense battles, and public opinion and legal battles. We must leverage the combined effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes to effectively fight the political and military battles.

Strengthen active defense and take the initiative

Through the long practice of revolutionary warfare, the People’s Army has developed a comprehensive strategic philosophy of active defense, emphasizing, for example, the unity of strategic defense and offensive action in campaigns and battles, the principles of defense, self-defense, and preemptive strike, and the principle of “if no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will certainly offend.” Active defense is fundamentally defensive, its essence lies in activeness, and its inherent characteristic is proactiveness. Currently, profound changes have taken place in the international, national, and Party, military, and political landscapes. The strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era generally adhere to the fundamental principle of defense and are not aimed at hegemony, aggression, or oppression of other countries. Consequently, they will win the support and endorsement of the vast majority of the Chinese people, as well as the understanding and assistance of peace-loving and justice-loving countries and peoples around the world. Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era must adapt to the times and circumstances. We must adhere to a defensive national defense policy, implement the military strategic guidelines of the new era, excel at observing and analyzing issues from a political perspective, and be adept at considering and applying strategies from regional and global perspectives to consolidate the political foundation for victory in people’s war. We must persist in neither provoking trouble nor fearing it, strengthen the regular and diversified use of military force, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, and while adhering to the strategic preemptive strike, we must not give up campaign and combat offensives under favorable conditions and when necessary. We must advance steadily, make progress within stability, and be proactive within stability, effectively shape the security situation, contain crises and conflicts, and firmly grasp the initiative in the struggle.

Highlight new quality dominance and technological empowerment

In the long practice of revolutionary warfare, while emphasizing that victory in war is primarily determined by people, not objects, the People’s Army has also placed great emphasis on the research and development of advanced military technology, particularly weaponry. Comrade Mao Zedong once emphasized that without modern equipment, it would be impossible to defeat the armies of imperialism. The technological content of modern warfare has undergone a qualitative leap, with advanced technologies and new weaponry such as artificial intelligence, big data, quantum computing, unmanned aerial vehicles, and brain control being widely applied in the military. While the people remain the decisive force in determining victory in war, the manifestation of this power has undergone significant changes. Science and technology are core combat power, and People’s War will place greater emphasis on the application of scientific and technological means and rely even more heavily on the wisdom and creativity of the people. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era should prioritize winning information-based and intelligent warfare. We should deeply study the essential characteristics, winning mechanisms, and strategies and tactics of high-end warfare, accelerate the shift from “winning by numbers” to “winning by talent,” and from “winning by manpower” to “winning by intelligence,” effectively enhance our ability to win through scientific and technological empowerment and digital intelligence, and truly unleash the crucial role of science and technology and talent in People’s War in the new era. We will accelerate the development of high-tech industries, vigorously strengthen the construction of new forces in new domains such as ocean, space, cyberspace, artificial intelligence, and quantum technology, increase military-civilian collaboration in high-tech fields, accelerate the transformation and application of new productive forces into new combat capabilities, and promote the expansion of war potential reserves into emerging fields and the focus on new forces. We will integrate and coordinate military and civilian scientific and technological advantages, shifting the focus from traditional support and guarantee elements such as human and material resources to new support and guarantee elements such as information, technology, and intelligence. We will build information, resource, and technology pools with profound foundations and rich reserves, actively cultivate capable, strong, and professional professional support units, and continuously expand the breadth and depth of people’s participation in the war and scientific and technological support.

Emphasis on flexibility, maneuverability, innovation and checks and balances

In the long-term practice of revolutionary warfare, the strategies and tactics of People’s War are highly flexible and maneuverable. Their most essential requirement is to prioritize self-reliance, attacking the enemy without being attacked by them. Based on the actual situation of both sides, we fight the battles based on our weapons, against the enemy, and at the right time and place. We identify the enemy’s weaknesses and vulnerabilities, leverage our strengths and advantages, and defeat the enemy with our own strengths, always seizing the initiative on the battlefield. Flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for defeating an enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment. “You fight yours, I fight mine” is a summary and generalization of the long-term experience of China’s revolutionary war and the soul and essence of the strategies and tactics of People’s War. Developing the strategies and tactics of People’s War in the new era must grasp the methodological requirements of asymmetric checks and balances, leverage innovative operational concepts, adhere to the mechanisms of victory in modern warfare, and continuously develop practical and effective tactics to defeat the enemy. We must proceed from the actual circumstances of both sides, gaining a deep understanding of operational missions, adversaries, and the evolving operational environment. We must thoroughly grasp the concepts, elements, and methods of victory, objectively analyze and study the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of both sides, know the enemy and ourselves, adapt to the situation, and flexibly utilize various combat forces and methods, striving to achieve maximum results at the lowest cost. We must adhere to the principle of “attacking the enemy without being attacked by them,” capitalize on strengths and avoid weaknesses, avoid the real and attack the weak, attack where the enemy is least prepared, and attack where they must be defended. We must proactively create opportunities, flexibly maneuver the enemy, and fight wherever we are most advantageous and wherever we are most skilled. We must adhere to the principle of “using what we can to defeat what we cannot,” advancing the research and application of military theory, operational guidance, tactics, and training methods in a timely manner, innovating core operational concepts, and developing new types of combat methods. We must fight against the enemy’s tactics, targeting their weaknesses, and leveraging our military’s strengths, thus creating new winning advantages in people’s war through asymmetric checks and balances.

Emphasis on accumulating small things into big things and focusing on unity of purpose

Throughout the long practice of revolutionary warfare, our army has been at an overall disadvantage for considerable periods. Therefore, the strategies and tactics of people’s war emphasize leveraging strength against weakness locally, persisting in accumulating small victories into larger ones, and concentrating forces to wage annihilation campaigns. This has become a key strategy for the people’s army to defeat powerful foes. Compared to previous eras, modern warfare often unfolds across multiple dimensions and domains, providing greater scope for implementing this strategy of “accumulating small victories into larger ones.” Developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war in the new era requires strengthening the concept of “dispersed in appearance, yet focused in spirit; dispersed in form, yet united in strength.” This involves dynamically consolidating and uniting the numerous combat forces distributed across the multidimensional battlefield. Through the fusion of capabilities and immediate optimization, we can launch rapid localized focused-energy attacks, wide-area guerrilla harassment, and deliver annihilating and destructive strikes against key enemy locations. This not only creates a hammering effect, but also continuously wears down the enemy, gradually depriving them of the initiative on the battlefield. This highly integrated distributed warfare emphasizes the wide-area dispersion of troop deployment and the discrete distribution of capabilities. Based on the needs of achieving operational intent, objectives, and missions, it prioritizes the best operational elements, units, and forces. Through the integration of operational capabilities and the accumulation of operational impacts, it aggregates optimal operational effects, unleashes maximum operational potential, maximizes operational effectiveness, and achieves optimal operational results. This distributed warfare has evolved from “geographical dispersion” to “dynamic coupling across all domains and dimensions”: no longer limited to the physical dispersion of personnel and equipment, it extends to multi-dimensional battlefields such as cyber, electromagnetic, and cognitive. Relying on data links, artificial intelligence, and distributed command systems to achieve cross-domain collaboration, it significantly enhances battlefield survivability and multiplies strike effectiveness.

現代國語：

編者按

回望輝煌戰鬥歷程，人民軍隊始終堅持在黨的絕對領導下，提出並實施了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊以弱勝強、克敵制勝的重要法寶。 98年來，隨著時代變遷和戰爭形態演變，人民戰爭戰略戰術的具體內容和表現形式不斷發展變化。直面資訊化智慧化戰爭挑戰，我們要在快速變化發展的世界大勢和實踐樣態中，牢牢把握人民戰爭戰略戰術的本質要求和價值取向，把內在不變的規律性特徵與外在變化的現實性特徵統一起來，不斷創新發展新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

習主席強調指出，無論形勢如何發展，人民戰爭這個法寶永遠不能丟，但要把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求，創新內容和方式方法，充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。當前，面對科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變帶來的深刻挑戰，我們既要繼承發揚人民戰爭優良傳統，也要敏銳識變、積極應變、主動求變，準確把握新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術內在要求，自覺更新思維理念，創新戰略指導，讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威未來戰場。

堅持依靠人民、深根基

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民群眾是戰爭勝利最深厚的偉力。人民戰爭戰略戰術，人民是構成這一制勝法寶的主體，人民戰爭的根基深植於人民、底氣來自於人民，無論時代如何發展、戰爭如何演進，緊緊依靠人民、充分動員群眾，永遠是開展人民戰爭的基礎條件和不二法門。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須堅持群眾史觀和兵民是勝利之本的根本要求，把人民戰爭的傳統謀略優勢和群眾路線結合起來，拓展人民戰爭戰略戰術的源頭活水，從人民群眾中汲取戰略智慧和策略方法，形成新時代人民戰爭的智力優勢。札實開展全民防衛教育，不斷厚植家國情懷，激發愛國動力，強化憂患意識，增強國防觀念，引導廣大群眾主動關心國防事業、支持國防建設，為新時代人民戰爭注入強大精神力量。聚力推進人口高品質發展，全面提升全民文化素質、科技素質和創新能力，加速塑造素質優良、總量充裕、結構優化、分佈合理的現代化人力資源，推動人民戰爭主體由數量優勢向質量優勢轉變。進一步完善國防動員體制機制，推動建立與國家應急響應機制相銜接、與聯合作戰體系相融合的快速響應制度，把內含於人民群眾中的無限戰爭潛力充分挖掘出來、聚攏起來，充分發揮資源集聚增值效應。

注重整體運籌、全域攻防

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民戰爭戰略戰術要求整體動員政治、經濟、文化、外交、軍事等多方面的力量資源，綜合運用多種鬥爭形式和作戰方式，以整體合力彌補局部的不足和劣勢，從而戰勝強大對手。現代戰爭既是軍事領域的激烈對抗，也是政治、經濟、外交等領域的全面角力，整體呈現混合戰爭的鮮明特徵。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須確立大體系思維模式，以國家戰略體係為依托，以聯合作戰體係為支撐，探索人民戰爭戰略戰術的實現形式，打贏新時代人民戰爭總體戰。應充分發揮新型舉國體制優勢，依託一體化國家戰略體系與能力，高效能聚合全域優勢資源，全方位激活國家國防潛力，將各種力量資源擰線成繩、結繩成網，把人民戰爭的領導要素、組織要素、人員要素、指揮要素、技術要素、裝備要素、保障要素等分系統結合起來，統合、統合方式要加強物理域、資訊域、社會域等領域全面統籌，重點在新域新質上尋求突破，在無人作戰、人機協同作戰、網電作戰、太空深海作戰、智慧自主作戰等新維度有所作為。軍事與非軍事手段相互配合，把政治、經濟、外交、輿論和軍事鬥爭等多種形式結合起來，綜合施策著力打好外交攻防戰、金融貿易戰、心理防護戰、輿論法理戰等，發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能，統籌打好政治軍事仗。

強化積極防禦、主動進取

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想，如堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰斗上進攻的統一，堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則，堅持“人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人”，等等。積極防禦，根本在防禦、要義在積極，主動進取是其內在特質。當前，世情國情黨情軍情發生深刻變化，新時代人民戰爭的戰略戰術在總體上堅持防禦性的根本原則，不以霸道霸權和侵略欺壓他國為目的，因此也會贏得國內最廣大人民群眾擁護和支持以及世界上愛好和平與正義的國家和人民的理解和幫助。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，須應時而變、應勢而動。堅持奉行防禦性國防政策，貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針，善於從政治高度出發觀察和分析問題，善於從地區和全球視角來思考和運用策略，夯實人民戰爭制勝的政治基礎。堅持不惹事也不怕事，加強軍事力量常態化多樣化運用，堅定靈活開展軍事鬥爭，在堅持戰略上後發製人的同時，不放棄有利條件下和必要時的戰役戰鬥進攻，穩紮穩打、穩中有進、穩中有為，有效塑造安全態勢，遏止危機沖突，牢牢把握爭鬥主動權。

突顯新質主導、科技賦能

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民軍隊在強調決定戰爭勝負的主要因素是人而不是物的同時，同樣高度重視對先進軍事技術特別是武器裝備的研發。毛澤東同志就曾強調，沒有現代的裝備，要戰勝帝國主義的軍隊是不可能的。現代戰爭的科技含量發生了質的飛躍，人工智慧、大數據、量子計算、無人自主、腦控等高新技術與新型武器裝備廣泛應用於軍事領域。雖然人民群眾依然是戰爭勝負的決定性力量，但是這種力量的表現形式發生了重要變化。科技是核心戰鬥力，人民戰爭將更重視科技手段的運用，更依賴人民群眾的智慧和創造力。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，應把打贏資訊化智能化戰爭作為戰爭準備的著眼點，深研高端戰爭的本質特徵、制勝機理、戰略戰法，加速推動從「人多製勝」向「人才制勝」、從「人力製勝」向「智力製勝」轉變，切實提高新科技賦能、數智者發揮勝利能力、數智性的科技人才、新人民主義中的關鍵人民發揮作用。加速推進高新產業發展，大力加強海洋、太空、網路空間、人工智慧、量子科技等新域新質力量建設，加大高新技術領域軍地協作力度，加速新質生產力向新質戰鬥力轉化運用，推動戰爭潛力儲備向新興領域拓展、向新質力量聚焦。聚合協同軍地科技優勢，由聚焦人力物力等傳統支撐保障要素向聚焦資訊、技術、智慧等新質支撐保障要素轉變，建設底蘊深厚、儲備豐富的資訊池、資源池、技術池，積極打造精幹強能、專業性強的專業支前分隊，不斷拓展人民參戰與科技支前的廣度與深度。

講究靈活機動、創新制衡

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民戰爭戰略戰術是高度靈活機動的戰略戰術，最本質的要求是堅持以我為主，致人而不致於人，根據敵我雙方的實際情況，有什麼武器打什麼仗，對什麼敵人打什麼仗，在什麼時間地點打什麼時間地點的仗，找準敵之弱點和軟肋，發揚我之長主動和優勢，能永遠不能掌握戰場。靈活機動的戰略戰術是以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的致勝法寶。 “你打你的、我打我的”，是中國革命戰爭長期經驗的總結和概括，是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須掌握非對稱制衡的方法論要求，以作戰概念創新為抓手，遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，不斷推出實用管用的克敵制勝招法。堅持一切從敵我雙方的實際情況出發，深刻洞悉作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境變化，深刻把握制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發展，客觀分析研究敵我雙方的強弱、優劣，知彼知己、因勢而變，靈活運用各種作戰力量和作戰方法，努力以最小代價取得最大戰果。堅持“致人而不致於人”，揚長避短、避實就虛，出其不趨、攻其必救，主動創造戰機，靈活調動敵人，怎麼有利就怎麼打，怎麼擅長就怎麼打。堅持“以能擊不能”，與時俱進推進軍事理論、作戰指導、戰法訓法研究運用，創新核心作戰概念，發展新質作戰手段，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在非對稱制衡中創造人民戰爭新的製勝優勢。

重視積小為大、神聚力合

在長期革命戰爭實踐中，我軍在相當長的時間內都是處於全局上的劣勢地位，所以人民戰爭戰略戰術重視局部上以強對弱，堅持積小勝為大勝，集中力量打殲滅戰，這成為人民軍隊戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開，為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。新時代條件下發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要強化「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的理念，將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，通過效能融合、即時聚優，實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾，對敵分佈的要點實施殲這種神聚力合的分散式作戰更強調兵力部署廣域分散、能力狀態離散分佈，根據實現作戰企圖、達成作戰目的、遂行作戰任務需要，優選最佳作戰要素、單元、力量，通過作戰能力融合、行動作用累積，聚合最優作戰效應，激發最大作戰潛能，實現作戰效益最大化，達成最佳作戰效果。這種分散式作戰已經從「地理空間的分散」上升為「全局全維的動態耦合」：不再局限於人員裝備在物理空間的分散，而是拓展到網絡、電磁、認知等多維戰場；依託數據鏈、人工智能和分佈式指揮系統實現跨域協同，既極大提升了戰場生存力，又倍增了打擊效能。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2025-08-01&paperNumber=07&articleid=960384888

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Information Support Force, Strategic Support Forces

Space and the Internet China’s Battlegrounds for Military Strategists: Discussion of Mysterious Strategic Support Force Capabilities of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army

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太空與互聯網 中國軍事戰略家的戰場：探討中國人民解放軍神秘的戰略支援部隊能力

現代英語：

With the continuous advancement of space technology and the rapid spread of the Internet world, space and the Internet have almost become a battleground for military strategists. America Establish a space force Japan A Space Operations Team was established, the Russian Air Force was renamed the Aerospace Forces, and the French Air Force followed suit and incorporated into the mission establishment of space operations. And China Then established Strategic Support Force , and after the Rocket Force, it became the fifth largest service branch of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army.

Simply put, the Strategic Support Force has jurisdiction over new areas such as space, electromagnetism, and the Internet that are not part of the traditional land, sea, and air battlefields. In addition to focusing on the development of space combat capabilities, it also brings together electronic combat units, cyber offensive and defensive units and intelligence reconnaissance systems scattered across various services in the past to establish a unified command system and integrate these different fields. Its most important purpose is to use this new non-traditional combat method to support front-line troops and gain future battlefield advantages.

Since China is an opaque country and the People’s Liberation Army has always been mysterious, the outside world’s understanding of strategic support forces is still very limited. However, judging from the publicly available information, the Strategic Support Force has several main components, including the “Space Systems Department”, “Cyber Systems Department”, “Political Work Department” and related administrative units, which are responsible for “space development”, “electronic confrontation”, “cyber offensive and defensive”, “cognitive operations”, and “intelligence reconnaissance” respectively.

The PLA’s Strategic Support Force: Space Development Contending with the United States

The “Aerospace Systems Department” responsible for “space development” has jurisdiction over the past satellite research, production, launch, and ground control centers, and is currently the backbone of China’s development of space combat capabilities. It is mainly divided into three major directions, covering space image reconnaissance, anti-satellite operations, and the construction and maintenance of navigation and communication satellite systems. It also uses a large number of “military-civilian integration” strategies, uses civilian use as cover, and introduces, steals or imitates space technology from European and American countries. For military purposes. For example, general civilian communication satellites are also of great help to the People’s Liberation Army’s drone development or combat communications.

The best examples are Beidou satellite This space navigation system independently developed by China has now developed into the third generation, and its signal service scope covers the world. Although the Beidou satellite has high commercial value, it is widely used in automobile navigation, maritime shipping, land surveying, etc. But more importantly, in the military field, it can significantly increase the PLA’s missile accuracy, assist troops and military unmanned vehicles in positioning and navigation, and become the basis for information-based joint operations together with communication satellites. Leaving the strategic support force responsible for maintaining and operating these satellite systems will undoubtedly further coordinate with the People’s Liberation Army’s combat tasks and development direction, and can also ensure the safety of these satellites.

In addition, China has frequently launched various resource detection and scientific research satellites in recent years, many of which are suspected to be related to military purposes. Like Ocean Satellite Series , ostensibly used for ocean research, but because this series of satellites has the ability to monitor, identify and track maritime targets, it is also a powerful weapon for the People’s Liberation Army to carry out anti-access operations at sea in the future, and will have a great impact on China’s control of disputed waters such as the South China Sea and the East China Sea. Great help. Another series High-score satellite It has reconnaissance capabilities. Although it is euphemistically used for resource protection and improving land planning efficiency, it is actually an out-and-out spy satellite. More than 20 have been launched into space.

China’s strategic support forces not only operate and protect their own satellites, but are also actively studying how to attack other countries’ satellites. For example, China’s long-term development of kinetic energy series anti-satellite weapons has successfully shot down abandoned Chinese satellites. In recent years, China has continuously tested new anti-ballistic missile systems and is also considered to have the ability to attack space satellites. The recently launched Shijian-21 satellite was also found in space orbit, directly grabbing a retired Beidou navigation satellite with a robotic arm, towing it to a higher orbit and discarding it, which attracted the attention of foreign media. Beautiful National Army General Fang has long stated in his testimony before Congress that China has the ability to use these technologies to destroy American satellites during wartime and compete with the United States on the space battlefield.

PLA’s Strategic Support Force: Capturing the Advantage of the Cyber Area

The “Network Systems Department” responsible for “electronic operations” and “cyber offensive and defensive” was restructured from the electronic listening and electronic warfare units of the past, and integrated the network forces established in recent years to specialize in electromagnetic space and virtual space. offensive and defensive. In terms of electronic warfare, it is divided into two parts: passive electronic signal interception and analysis, and active interference destruction. The two are actually two sides of the same coin. For example, the J-16D and J-15D electric fighters of the Chinese Air Force are equipped with electronic warfare systems that rely on electronic reconnaissance aircraft and electronic signal intelligence collected by spy ships on weekdays. Because this information will be analyzed by the “Network Systems Department” to develop countermeasures and interference methods, it has become a key basis for electronic warfare systems to launch attacks.

Cyber warfare is the latest and hottest field, and China is also developing very vigorously in this regard. On more than one occasion, the United States has directly accused hackers related to the People’s Liberation Army of hacking into sensitive units to steal data. In this information age, it has long been common to use the far-reaching characteristics of the Internet to carry out theft, destruction and psychological warfare. The theft of data online is not limited to military secrets, but is more about business technology and even personal privacy. It is not news that China systematically steals foreign information on a large scale to assist domestic technological development. It is a common method to use stealing the privacy of overseas dissidents or officials to achieve the purpose of threatening and inducing.

In addition to stealing information in peacetime, in wartime, you can directly attack the enemy’s infrastructure through the Internet. Such as electricity, communications, water supply and transportation networks, etc., to create chaos, slow down the enemy’s response speed and counterattack ability, and even supplement it with psychological warfare to disintegrate the enemy’s will to resist. Take the recent conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan as an example. After the war broke out, the two countries continued to publish videos of destroying each other’s fighter planes or armored vehicles on the Internet, supplemented by news that it was difficult to distinguish between true and false, in order to boost each other’s morale. This new model of “cognitive warfare” has received more and more attention as the Internet spreads pervasively.

The use of psychological warfare to achieve military or political goals has been a common tactic since ancient times, and China is particularly good at using united front methods. It can even be said to be one of the keys to the People’s Liberation Army’s victory in the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. In recent years, the tactic of integrating public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, and legal warfare has been developed, referred to as the “Three Wars”, and is also written into the political and labor regulations of the People’s Liberation Army. Its highest command unit is the “Political Work Department” of the Central Military Commission. The “Political Work Department” of the Strategic Support Force accepts orders from superiors to monitor the troops internally and ensure the loyalty of personnel. To the outside world, it uses its own satellite communication channels and electronic warfare. Interference and destruction technology, online public opinion guidance skills, etc. to support the “Three Wars”. Various infiltrations were carried out at the same time to carry out “intelligence reconnaissance” work.

Increase alertness to new combat modes

This new war, which combines information gathering, destruction and theft, public opinion infiltration, and cognitive warfare, is something we have never seen before. From state-of-the-art space and electronics to the oldest gossip, everything is used to help frontline combat forces gain an advantage. At the same time, the Strategic Support Force also has jurisdiction over the “Strategic Support Force Aerospace Engineering University” and the “Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University”, merging many colleges and universities in the past to cultivate talents for the “Aerospace Systems Department” and “Network Systems Department”. And use these academic units to develop the latest tactics and tactics. The threat to Taiwan cannot be underestimated.

Such as a few that have been exposed Strategic Support Force Base 311 Fuzhou City, located in Fujian Province, is responsible for conducting the People’s Liberation Army’s “Three Wars”. It is only separated from Taiwan by one water, and the targets it targets are self-evident. In addition to preventing regular military attacks, Taiwan must also be more vigilant against this new form of aggression. In recent years, the National Army has also actively developed this invisible combat power and established the “Information and Telecommunications Army”, which is responsible for operations in the fields of network, communications, electronic warfare and other fields, and is positioned as the fourth service. However, due to national strength, it has not been able to invest significantly in the space field. In addition, Taiwan is a democratic country, and the military is unable to use the Internet to develop public opinion warfare and psychological warfare, which puts Taiwan at a great disadvantage in this competition.

China’s strategic support forces support front-line combat forces from various fields. This concept is worth learning from Taiwan, because although the government’s slogan of “National Defense for All” is often shouted at sky-high prices, ministries other than the Ministry of National Defense often lack the concept of enemy situation and fail to think about whether it will have an impact on national security when formulating policies.

Hybrid warfare in the new era is a battlefield everywhere and is no longer something that the Ministry of National Defense can deal with or deal with alone. Taiwanese society faces a huge threat from the enemy, but its failure to establish a universal national defense concept is really frustrating, let alone integrate resources and provide strategic support to the national army.

現代國語：

隨著太空技術的不斷進步、網路世界的快速普及，太空與網路幾乎已成為兵家必爭之地。美國設立太空軍，日本設立宇宙作戰隊，俄羅斯空軍更名為航空太空軍，法國空軍也隨之跟進，納入太空作戰的任務編制。而中國則成立戰略支援部隊，並在火箭軍之後，成為中國人民解放軍的第五大軍種。

簡單來說，戰略支援部隊管轄太空、電磁、網路等不屬於傳統陸、海、空戰場的全新領域。除了重點發展的太空戰力，還匯集過去散布於各軍種的電子作戰部隊、網路攻防單位與情報偵察系統，以建立統一的指揮體系，整合這些不同領域。其最重要的目的，是利用這種新型態的非傳統作戰方式，來支援第一線部隊，取得未來戰場上的優勢。

由於中國是個不透明的國家，解放軍也一向神秘，因此外界對於戰略支援部隊的瞭解仍非常有限。但從可以公開取得的資料來看，戰略支援部隊擁有幾個主要組成部分，包括「航天系統部」、「網路系統部」、「政治工作部」與相關行政單位，分別負責「太空發展」、「電子對抗」、「網路攻防」、「認知作戰」、「情報偵察」五大方面。

解放軍的戰略支援部隊：與美國抗衡的太空發展

負責「太空發展」的「航天系統部」，下轄過去的衛星研究、生產、發射、地面控制中心，是目前中國發展太空戰力的骨幹。主要分為三大方向，涵蓋太空影像偵察、反衛星作戰、導航與通信衛星系統的建置與維護，並大量運用「軍民融合」策略，以民用為掩護，引進、竊取或仿製歐美等國的太空技術，用於軍事用途。例如一般的民用通訊衛星，對於解放軍的無人機發展或作戰通訊也有極大的助益。

最好的例子是北斗衛星，這套中國自行研發的太空導航系統，目前已經發展到第三代，訊號服務範圍涵蓋全球。雖然北斗衛星擁有很高的商業價值，在汽車導航、海上航運、土地測量等方面用途廣泛。但更重要的是在軍用領域，能大幅增加解放軍的飛彈精確度，協助部隊與軍用無人載具進行定位與導航，並與通訊衛星一起成為資訊化聯合作戰的基礎。交由戰略支援部隊來負責維護與操作這些衛星系統，無疑能進一步配合解放軍的作戰任務與發展方向，也可確保這些衛星的安全。

此外，中國近年來頻繁發射各種資源探測與科學研究衛星，許多都被懷疑與軍事用途有關。如海洋衛星系列，表面上用於海洋研究，但由於這一系列衛星具備監視、識別與追蹤海上目標的能力，也是解放軍未來在海上執行反介入作戰的利器，對中國控制南海、東海等爭議海域，有極大的助益。另一系列的高分衛星，具備偵照能力，雖然美其名是用於資源保護，提升國土規劃效率，但其實是不折不扣的間諜衛星，已發射二十餘枚進入太空之中。

中國的戰略支援部隊不止操作與保護自己的衛星，也正在積極研究如何攻擊別國的衛星。如中國長期發展的動能系列反衛星武器，已成功擊落過廢棄的中國衛星，而中國近年來不斷測試新型的反彈道飛彈系統，也被認為有攻擊太空衛星的能力。最近剛發射的實踐21號衛星，還被發現在太空軌道中，直接以機械手臂抓取一顆退役的北斗導航衛星，拖往更高的軌道上丟棄，引起國外媒體的關注。美國軍方將領在國會作證時早已表示，中國有能力運用這些技術，於戰時破壞美國的衛星，在太空戰場上與美國分庭抗禮。

解放軍的戰略支援部隊：奪得網路區域的優勢

負責「電子作戰」與「網路攻防」的「網路系統部」，是由過去的電子監聽與電戰單位改制而來，並整合近年來設立的網路部隊，專精電磁空間與虛擬空間的攻防。在電子作戰方面，分為被動的電子訊號截收與分析，與主動的干擾破壞兩大部分，兩者其實是一體兩面。如中國空軍的殲-16D、殲-15D電戰機，配備的電戰系統，就仰賴電子偵察機與間諜船平日所蒐集的電子訊號情報。因為這些資料會交由「網路系統部」進行分析，以研發出反制與干擾的辦法，成為電戰系統發動攻擊時的關鍵依據。

網路戰則是最新、最熱門的領域，中國在這方面也有非常蓬勃的發展。美國已經不只一次，直接指控與解放軍有關的駭客，入侵敏感單位竊取資料。在這個資訊時代，利用網路無遠弗屆的特性，來進行竊取、破壞與心理戰，早已屢見不鮮。網路竊取資料並不侷限於軍事機密，更多的是商業技術，甚至是個人的隱私。中國有計畫地大規模竊取國外資訊，以協助國內的科技發展，並不是什麼新聞。利用竊取海外異議分子或官員的隱私，來達成威脅利誘的目的，更是常見的手法。

除了在承平時期竊取資訊外，在戰時則可直接透過網路，攻擊敵方的各項基礎設施。如電力、通訊、供水與交通網等，以製造混亂，拖慢敵方的應變速度與反擊能力，甚至輔以心理戰，瓦解敵方的抵抗意志。以近期亞美尼亞與亞塞拜然的衝突為例，兩國在戰事爆發後，不斷把擊毀對方戰機或裝甲車的影片公布在網路上，輔以真假難辨的消息，以打擊對方的士氣。這種「認知作戰」的新模式，已隨著網路傳播的無孔不入，越來越受到重視。

利用心理戰來達成軍事或政治目的，是自古以來很常見的戰術，而中國又特別擅長運用統戰手段，甚至可以說是國共內戰中，解放軍致勝的關鍵之一。在近年來更發展出整合輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰的戰術，簡稱為「三戰」，還寫入解放軍的政工條例中。其最高指揮單位是中央軍委會的「政治工作部」，戰略支援部隊的「政治工作部」接受上級命令，對內監控部隊，確保人員的忠誠，對外則利用本身所掌握的衛星通訊傳播管道、電戰干擾破壞技術、網路輿論引導技巧等，來支援「三戰」。同時進行各種滲透，執行「情報偵察」工作。

提高對全新作戰模式的警覺

這種結合資訊情蒐、破壞竊取、輿論滲透、認知作戰的全新戰爭，是我們過去所未曾見過的。從最先進的太空與電子技術，到最古老的流言蜚語，無所不用其極地協助第一線作戰部隊取得優勢。同時，戰略支援部隊還下轄「戰略支援部隊航天工程大學」與「戰略支援部隊信息工程大學」，合併過去多所院校，專為「航天系統部」與「網路系統部」培養人材。並利用這些學術單位，發展最新的戰術戰法，對台灣的威脅不容小覷。

如少數已曝光的戰略支援部隊311基地，位於福建省的福州市，負責進行解放軍的「三戰」，與台灣只有一水之隔，所針對的目標已不言可喻。台灣除了要防範正規的軍事攻擊，對於這種新形態的侵略，更要提高警覺。國軍近年來也積極發展這種看不見的戰力，成立「資通電軍」，負責網路、通訊、電戰等領域的作戰，並定位為第四軍種。但受限於國力，未能大幅投資太空領域，再加上台灣是個民主國家，軍方無法利用網路來發展輿論戰、心理戰，都讓台灣在這場競爭中處於極不利的處境。

中國的戰略支援部隊，從各個領域來支援第一線的作戰部隊，這樣的概念值得台灣學習，因為政府「全民國防」的口號雖然常喊得震天價響，但國防部以外的部會，卻往往缺少敵情觀念，在擬定政策時未能思考是否會對國家安全造成衝擊。

新時代的混合式戰爭，無處不是戰場，早已經不是國防部可以獨自應付或處理的。台灣社會面臨巨大的敵情威脅，卻未能建立普遍的國防觀念，實在令人扼腕，更遑論整合資源，給予國軍戰略支援了。

中國原創軍事資源：https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/120873/6088490

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #耗散戰爭, Chinese Military Informatization, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 耗散戰爭

Dissipation Conflict: The Typical Methodology of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

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耗散衝突：中國軍事智慧化戰爭的典型方法論

現代英語：

Wang Ronghui

Introduction

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread military application, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, while dissipative warfare has become a typical way of intelligent warfare. The so-called “dissipative warfare” refers to the combat method in which an intelligent warfare system achieves a comprehensive combat capability that integrates material consumption, energy release and information diffusion by enriching and integrating internally and suddenly emerging externally. Strengthening research on dissipative warfare will help us deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipation warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain in the intelligent era. It is reflected in the high degree of unity in the form of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the intelligent warfare system. The openness, complexity and emergence of.

Adapting to the requirements of the security situation in the intelligent era. Entering the era of intelligence, technologies such as wide networks, big data, large models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and ethnic groups are even broader. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and become intertwined with traditional threats. Intelligent war subjects and categories have continued to expand, war time and space have continued to extend, and war and peace have followed each other like a shadow. And intertwined, the war system will further transcend local geographical restrictions, move from relatively closed to more open, and form a higher-level and larger-scale confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of intelligent warfare systems in the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, and highly unifies and incorporates political competitions, economic competitions, military offensive and defensive, cultural conflicts and diplomatic checks and balances into the category of confrontation between ourselves and the enemy, adapting to the world. The requirements of the times as the security situation develops.

In line with the objective laws of the evolution of the war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it was always in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only manifest itself in material consumption and energy. A certain form of dispersion and information diffusion. During the agricultural era, the forms of warfare were mainly represented by cold weapon warfare dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. During the industrialization era, the forms of warfare were mainly represented by thermonuclear weapons and mechanized warfare dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the age of informatization, the forms of warfare are mainly characterized by information warfare dominated by information elements and centered on the network information system. Entering the era of intelligence, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy. In essence, it highly unifies matter, energy and information. Through intelligent empowerment, intelligent energy gathering, and Intelligent energy release has formed an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms The main form of expression is dissipative warfare that reflects the confrontation of complex systems of intelligent warfare.

With solid support of philosophical theoretical foundation. Social form is the matrix of war form. To explore and understand intelligent war, we must comprehensively examine the evolution of war form and the social form in which intelligent war is located based on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, and build a new concept of war. and contextual system. From a philosophical point of view, matter, energy and information are the three elements that make up the world. Matter embodies the existence of origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The progressive alternation of the three dominates the evolution and operation of social forms and war forms. According to the negative principle of the negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent era after the information age, the elements that dominate society will take the turn of matter again after matter, energy, and information. However, this matter is formed after a highly informatized spiral. The main feature of new substances is that they have intelligent technical attributes. Thus, in essence, dissipative warfare is the highly unified nature of the intelligent element in terms of the characteristic advantages of matter, energy, and information in previous low-order war forms, and the highly unified nature of forms such as material consumption, energy release, and information diffusion prevalent in warfare, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inner essence of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the main body and scope of warfare, and presents many new features.

Antisynthetic game. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, and the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields become more interconnected and influence more widely, the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system, and the war stakeholders Confrontation will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offensive and defensive, cultural conflicts, and diplomatic checks and balances The war superiority pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the requirements of openness, complexity and emergence of the war system, and shift from the extensive consumption and use of a single substance, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, striving to win initiative and advantage in a multi-field comprehensive game.

Subjects cross-domain multivariate. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming increasingly general, and the potential forces of war that traditional warfare needs to mobilize will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, institutions and personnel of all kinds, together with troops and servicemen fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the main body of the war. Diversified war subjects will span the real and virtual domains and appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, sky, electricity, and psychology, covering physical domains, information domains, cognitive domains, etc., and covering political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other social domains. For example, “civilians in society can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and transmit it to war stakeholders, causing the proliferation of key information about war, thereby affecting war decisions or the victory or defeat of a battle and battle”.

Enrichment. The virtual and real forces are one. Around the purpose of war, all possible real and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, performing duties and acting according to regulations on parallel battlefields; with or without force. Unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy after going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and human supervision, and can be deployed and combined with various types of manned forces on demand, effectively synergizing and coexisting in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multi-party forces are integrated. Based on the broad contacts in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, all parties, including the party, government, military, police and civilians, closely cooperate and act in a unified manner between military operations and political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion and legal struggles to form a comprehensive combat force. In short, under the integrated planning of countries or political groups, the diverse participating forces in intelligent warfare, although physically dispersed, can focus on common war purposes to achieve logical concentration, instant enrichment, complementary advantages, and integration.

Efficacy cumulative emergence. The high-order war forms, while having new qualitative technical characteristics, still include the characteristic advantages of the low-order war forms. Dissipation warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes both the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy levels, including through data, knowledge, algorithms at the information level. The diffusion and fusion of etc. have an unlimited impact on people’s thinking and cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, behavior patterns, etc. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare has shown a downward trend of bleeding, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflicts, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the role of various systems such as military, political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic systems continues to play, and the accumulation of effectiveness reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving sudden changes in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining war advantages.

Fight a good dissipative war in the “select the right combat focus”

By enriching and integrating internally, the intelligent warfare system suddenly emerges externally, increasing efficiency across domains, and dissipating intelligence to maximize the combat effectiveness of the system. This is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win the victory in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the combat focus of dissipative warfare, identify the focus of war preparations based on the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the openness of the system, closing off and isolating the opponent’s war system. To cut off the exchange of material, energy and information between the adversary’s war system and the outside battlefield environment, so that it lacks channels for the source of material, energy and information, and gradually moves towards isolation, closure and weakness. For example, “At the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system entropy to increase”. At the “campaign level”, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to comprehensively use soft and hard means to force the war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, it breaks down the adversary’s war system in different domains. The more and more closely connected the elements of an intelligent warfare system are, the less reliable the architecture will be. Using the principle that each layer in a complex system is relatively independent, strategic overall, campaign local and tactical action strategies can be formulated to achieve hierarchical and domain-based attack on the enemy’s war system. For example, “At the strategic level, the use of economic blockade greatly weakens the opponent’s war strength and development potential”. At the “campaign level”, we take advantage of the vulnerability of the combat system communication network, use network-to-electric composite attacks as the basic path and means, and use methods such as “destroying terminals, attacking elements, isolated groups, disconnecting networks, and breaking clouds” to break through the opponent’s combat system structure and promote The opponent’s war system “collapse”.

Focus on “system emergence and dismantle the system of evacuation of opponents”. Only when there are sudden changes and emergent effects in the intelligent warfare system can the system’s effectiveness be quickly formed and exerted, and the advantage of dissipative warfare be gained. It is not possible to form an emergence of advantages if only individual components or elements come into play. It is foreseeable that the current emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide new ways of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex systems of war, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society, the superior party in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a parallel confrontation method that combines virtuality and reality Achieving the purpose of dismantling the system of evacuation of enemy warfare.

現代國語：

王榮輝

引 言

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰，是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究，有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理，贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。

耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果

耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智能化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。

適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交織、社會開放、技術革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智能化戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更加開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了世界安全形勢發展的時代要求。

符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和信息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智能化時代，智能化技術將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能，形成了以智能要素為主導的、以智能算法為中心的智能化戰爭形態，主要表現為反映智能化戰爭體系即為反映智能化複雜體系的耗散戰。

具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度來看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現連結的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運作。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來，反映了智能化戰爭的典型特徵。

深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義

耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。

對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的軍事優勢不再僅限於戰爭優勢。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智能優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。

主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。

力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生；多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。

效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合，對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限量的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。

在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰

智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。

著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。

著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。

著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智能化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解敵方戰爭體系的目的。

中國原創軍事資源：

#Chinese Military Joint Oprations, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #cyber #warfare, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #中國 #太空 #戰爭, #中國太空軍, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare, Joint Domain, Single Domain

Understand Chinese Military Single-Domain & Multi-Domain Joint Operations

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了解中國軍事單域和多域聯合作戰

現代英語：

Joint operations are the basic form of combat in modern warfare. They emphasize the strength of more than two services and arms and other participating forces, and jointly implement operations in multi-domain space under unified command. “Single domain” and “multidomain” interdependence and interaction in joint operations are a pair of important military categories. Grasping the relationship between single domain and multi-domain is the core content and key to solving the “internal interface” problem in the construction and application of joint combat forces. The relationship between the two should be viewed dialectically and correctly handled, and the winning mechanism of joint operations should be continuously enriched to promote joint operations. Really achieve cross-domain integration, energy gathering and efficiency improvement.

“Single domain” is the constituent element and development basis of “multi-domain”

Joint operations emphasize the formation of advantageous multi-domains based on advantageous single domains, and place higher demands on the coupling relationship between each single domain that makes up the multi-domain. The development of a single domain can provide a solid foundation for the development of multiple domains and create prerequisites for achieving cross-domain integration.

In terms of historical process, single domain to multi-domain is the process of domain expansion. Throughout human history, the wars of each era have applied the techniques of their own era, imprinted the imprint of their own era, and developed with the time and space of the war. War in the agricultural era, with cold weapons as the main military equipment, battlefield fighting is mainly limited to land and offshore waters. It is a lower-level “full contact” war, and the combat domain is relatively single, making early operations “loose” Joint characteristics.

Entering the industrial era, with the invention and use of steam engines and internal combustion engines, air combat weapons represented by combat aircraft appeared on the battlefield. The combat space broke through the limitations of land and sea areas, forming a three-dimensional battlefield between land, sea and air. The war turned “semi-contact”, making joint operations take on “cooperative” joint characteristics. Entering the information age, the combat space breaks through the three-dimensional geographical space and forms a multi-domain integration of land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, and cognitive fields, making joint operations present multi-domain “integrated” characteristics. With the development of single domain to multi-domain, single-domain control rights such as land control, sea control, air control, heaven control, and information control have continued to appear, and the subsequent importance of single-domain control has continued to increase, promoting the connotation of multi-domain control. Expanding and changing, the competition for comprehensive control has become the first priority in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy.

In terms of development form, single domain to multi-domain is a process of clustering into a network. Restricted by technical conditions and other constraints, combat activities before the information age, whether in terms of battlefield time, battlefield space, or the deployment and use of combat forces, have clear sections between single domains and clear levels of action at all levels, showing a strong Sequential and progressive, showing a single-domain chain development form.

Entering the information age, under the full “adhesion” of the network system, the multi-domain force formation develops from “combination” to “convergence”, forming an elastic structure with spatial dispersion and deployment, time coordination, and multi-dimensional energy release. According to the battlefield situation and changes in the situation, combat activities use the network information system as a “link” to connect the “links” of the combat single domain into a “network” shape, forming the focus of similar strong points and complementary advantages, and realizing each single domain “shape and spirit gathering” and “gathering fingers into fists”, The transition from single-domain chain to multi-domain network was achieved.

In terms of performance index, single domain to multi-domain is a process of energy aggregation and efficiency. Both opposing sides in the war tried to exert their overall combat power in order to achieve combat victory. However, due to the clear boundaries and loose connections of each single domain in the past, improving the overall combat power can only be achieved through the linearity “superposition” of each combat domain. With the development of information technology and intelligent technology, especially the widespread application of information systems in the military, the network information system realizes the command and control of each single domain force and can seamlessly link each combat domain. Each combat force maximizes The advantages of spatial multidimensionality and power diversity have been realized, and the strength and strength of each single domain and each level have been realized The high degree of integration, multi-dimensional cohesion, overall linkage and integrated energy release in terms of means and actions has achieved the effect of complementary advantages, synergy and cohesion, which is conducive to achieving a comprehensive advantage or local overwhelming advantage over the enemy.

“Multi-domain” is the direction-dominant and powerful dominance of “single-domain”

The essence of the winning mechanism of joint operations lies in cross-domain integration to achieve excellence and efficiency, which requires that single domain and multi-domain must be functionally “unified in the same direction”. “Multi-domain” stipulates the status and role of each single domain in combat. Each single domain must start from the overall functional needs of joint operations, focus on providing the ultimate contribution rate to the combat system, and achieve synchronous cross-domain maneuvering, cross-domain coordination, and cross-domain strike, to achieve system advantages in overall confrontation. Currently, the multi-domain dominates and dominates the single-domain in the direction of forming a resultant force with the system mainly from the following aspects.

Transition of multidomain operational requirements to hybrid war threats. At present, conventional threats are expanding and unconventional threats are becoming new and present threats, with the boundaries between regular and irregular battlefields tending to be blurred, between combatants and non-combatants and between physical and virtual dimensions. Joint operations are still the basic form of operations, but specific combat styles show a trend towards combining multiple styles. Various threats from traditional or non-traditional, formal or informal, high-intensity or low-intensity exist on land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognition and other multi-domains. These threats add a new dimension to the concept of war. Therefore, it is necessary not only to do a good job in the fight against a single threat, but also to develop the ability to integrate into multi-domain operations to deal with hybrid warfare.

The focus of multi-domain operations shifts to the network information system. Several informatization local wars that have broken out in recent years have shown that no war, no alliance, no alliance, no victory, the network information system that condenses various single-domain combat elements has become the focus of operations, and the combat command information system that gathers the combat power of the network information system has become the main basis for military operations “nerve center” and has become the key point for opponents to attack. The degree of integration of command and information systems is getting higher and higher, and the command systems of each single domain must converge and move closer to the overall command system, so as to achieve system integration of various services and combat units and deep coupling of various combat elements. In line with this, the information domain, the cognitive domain, and the electromagnetic domain, as emerging fields of warfare, have increased in their core status and importance, and have increasingly become the core operational domains for opposing sides to compete for control, becoming capable of causing enemy “blind, incapacitated, and mentally retarded” key operational domains. Therefore, each single domain must strengthen its ability to organically integrate into the network information system within the framework of a unified standard system and achieve interconnection and interoperability between each single domain, so as to ensure that it provides basic support in multi-domain precision warfare and thus wins overall advantages.

Transformation of multi-domain combat forces into joint combat units. Integrated joint operations have the characteristics of platform operations, system support and tactical operations, and strategic support. Strategic-level planning, campaign-level command, and tactical-level operations will become the norm in future wars. Large-scale corps operations may become increasingly rare and will be replaced by joint battles more often on multi-domain battlefields. The joint combat unit will bring together various single-domain combat forces and cover various combat elements. The level of the joint is reflected in the tactical level, presenting an independent combat capability that includes early warning and reconnaissance, information support, combat command, multi-domain attack and defense, combat support and other elements. Joint tactical unit form. Each “single-domain combat force” has a closer coupling relationship, and its own characteristics and advantages will become more prominent.

Accelerate the expansion of “single-domain advantages” to “multi-domain advantages”

For the dialectical unity of a single domain and a multi-domain, we must not only see the unity of a multi-domain, but also respect the independence of a single domain; we must neither completely oppose the two, nor erase the connection between them. In view of the actual situation of combat opponents, combat environment, own strength, etc., and taking into account various political, economic, technological, cultural and other factors, we should accelerate the expansion of “single-domain advantage” to “multi-domain advantage”, so as to form an information advantage, decision-making advantage and operational advantage against the enemy.

First, we must consolidate and expand the advantages of single domain.“ Metcalfe’s law ” tells us that increasing a network entity is capable of producing nonlinear exponential convergence of the combat power of the system. Multi-domain operations are deeply integrated system operations. As the basic element of multi-domain existence, the strength of each single domain’s construction will definitely affect the effectiveness of multi-domain integration. The essence of forming a multi-domain advantage is to deeply aggregate the advantages of each single domain. It is necessary to continuously strengthen the construction of single domain capabilities to form a single domain advantage and limit the opponent’s strength advantage to the limit. In fact, consolidating and expanding the advantages of single domains is not only to enhance single domain performance, but also to serve the purpose of multi-domain convergence. Single-domain construction requires strengthening top-level design, formulating standards and specifications, and striving to overcome conflicts caused by different combat construction concepts formed by the unique combat styles and combat culture of different services. At the same time, it is necessary to coordinate all military construction resources and focus on the development of multi-domain combat weapon platforms to meet the overall needs of joint operations, rather than just the needs of each single domain itself.

Second, we must promote the achievement of cross-domain synergy. Cross-domain synergy emphasizes breaking the boundaries between services and arms and integrating combat forces across services, arms and institutions. Based on the network information system, the combat forces in each domain are distributed in a wide area, and the multiple domains are linked as a whole to complement each other’s advantages and increase efficiency, and quickly gather energy step by step, promoting the expansion of single-domain advantages into multi-domain integration advantages and system advantages, and forming a concentrated energy strike against important enemy targets. In “joint operations”, combat forces in various fields must not only have the ability to independently perform a variety of combat missions, but also need to use their own cross-domain perception, target recognition and strike capabilities to support or even directly participate in other combat domain operations.

3. “Flexible mobile combat application is required!”. The winning mechanism of joint operations lies in the rapid and continuous integration of multi-domain combat forces to form multiple advantages and immediate advantages in specific time windows, forcing the enemy into passivity, disadvantage and dilemma. For the use of single-domain and multi-domain forces, such as the use of fingers and fists, whether it is “pointing points with hands” or “clenching fingers into fists”, or even the mutual transformation and use in combat, we must adhere to seeking truth from facts and comprehensively consider the efficiency of combat effects. Scientifically make decisions based on factors such as efficiency and contribution to the victory of war, and effectively use troops according to circumstances, location, and situation. If the single-domain combat force can solve the problem well, it is no longer necessary to use multi-domain combat forces, thereby improving operational effectiveness.

現代國語：

聯合作戰是現代戰爭的基本作戰形式，強調兩個以上軍兵種力量及其他參戰力量，在統一指揮下於多域空間共同實施作戰。聯合作戰中的「單域」與「多域」相互依存、相互作用，是一對重要的軍事範疇。掌握單域與多域的關係，是解決聯合作戰力量建設與運用之「內接口」問題的核心內容與關鍵所在，應辯證看待並正確處理二者關係，不斷豐富聯合作戰制勝機理，推動聯合作戰真正實現跨域融合、聚能增效。

「單域」是「多域」的構成要素與發展基礎

聯合作戰強調以優勢單域為基礎構成優勢多域，對組成多域的各單域之間的耦合關係提出了更高要求。單域的發展才能為多域的發展提供堅實的基礎，為實現跨域融合創造前提條件。

從歷史進程來看，單域到多域是領域拓展的過程。縱觀人類歷史，每個時代的戰爭都運用所在時代的技術，印刻著所在時代的烙印，並隨著戰爭時間和空間的發展而發展。農業時代的戰爭，以冷兵器為主要軍事裝備，戰場廝殺主要局限在陸域及近海海域，屬於較低級的「全接觸式」戰爭，作戰域較為單一，使得早期的作戰呈現出「鬆散性」聯合特徵。

進入工業時代，隨著蒸汽機和內燃機的發明與使用，以作戰飛機為代表的空戰武器出現在戰場，作戰空間突破陸域和海域的局限，形成陸海空三維立體戰場，戰爭轉向“半接觸式”，使得聯合作戰呈現出“協同性”聯合特徵。進入資訊時代，作戰空間突破三維地理空間，形成陸、海、空、天、電、網、認知領域等多域一體，使得聯合作戰呈現多域「一體化」聯合特徵。伴隨著單域向多域發展，制陸權、制海權、制空權、製天權、制資訊權等單域制權不斷出現，且後續單域制權的重要性不斷提升，推動著多域制權內涵的拓展變化，對綜合製權的爭奪成為敵我對抗的首要。

從發展形態來看，單域到多域是聚鏈成網的過程。受技術條件等製約，資訊時代之前的作戰活動，不論是在戰場時間、戰場空間，還是在作戰力量布勢運用等方面，各單域間條塊分明，各級行動層次分明，表現出強烈的順序性和漸進性，呈現出單域鏈條式發展形態。

進入資訊時代，在網路系統的充分“粘合”下，多域力量編成由“組合”發展為“融合”，形成空間分散部署、時間協調一致、能量釋放多維一體的彈性結構。根據戰場態勢和情況變化，作戰活動以網路資訊體系為“紐帶”，將作戰單域的“形散神聚”聯結成“網絡”狀，形成同類強點聚焦、優勢互補，實現了各單域“形散神聚”和“聚指成拳”，實現了由單域鏈條式向多域網絡式的轉變。

從效能指數來看，單域到多域是聚能增效的過程。戰爭敵對雙方都力圖發揮整體作戰威力以求得作戰勝利，但由於以往各單域邊界清晰、聯繫較為鬆散，提高整體戰力只能透過各作戰域的線性「疊加」來實現。隨著資訊化技術和智慧化技術的發展，特別是資訊系統在軍事上的廣泛應用，網路資訊體系實現了對各單域力量的指揮調控，並能無縫連結各作戰域，各作戰力量最大限度地發揮空間多維性和力量多元性優勢，實現了各單域各層級在力量、手段和行動等方面的高度融合、多維聚力、整體聯動和集成釋能，達成了優勢互補、協同一致、內聚融合的效果，有利於實現對敵全面優勢或局部壓倒性優勢。

「多域」是「單域」的方向主導與強力支配

聯合作戰制勝機理本質在於跨域融合實現聚優增效，要求單域與多域在功能上必須「同向統一」。多域規定了各單域在作戰中的地位與作用，各單域必須從聯合作戰整體功能需要出發，著眼為作戰體系提供極限貢獻率，實現同步跨域機動、跨域協同、跨域打擊，達成整體對抗中的體系優勢。目前，多域主要從以下方面主導並支配單域朝向與體系形成合力的方向發展。

多域作戰需求轉變為混合戰爭威脅。目前，常規性威脅不斷拓展，非常規威脅成為新的現實威脅，正規戰場與非正規戰場之間的界線趨於模糊，戰鬥人員與非戰鬥人員之間的界線趨於模糊，物理維度與虛擬維度之間的界線趨於模糊。聯合作戰仍是基本作戰形式，但具體的作戰樣式呈現出向多種樣式結合方向發展的趨勢，來自於傳統或非傳統、正規或非正規、高強度或低強度的各種威脅存在於陸、海、空、天、電、網、認知等多域中。這些威脅為戰爭概念增添了新的內涵。因此，既要做好針對某單一威脅的鬥爭，更要發展出具有融入多域作戰應對混合戰爭的能力。

多域作戰重心轉移到網路資訊體系。近年來爆發的幾場資訊化局部戰爭表明，無戰不聯、無聯不勝，凝聚各單域作戰要素的網路資訊體系成為作戰重心，匯聚網路資訊體系戰力的作戰指揮資訊系統，成為軍隊作戰主要依託的“神經中樞”，成為對手打擊的要害。指揮資訊系統的一體化程度越來越高，各單域的指揮系統必然要向整體指揮體系匯聚和靠攏，從而實現各軍種、各作戰單位的系統集成以及各作戰要素的深度耦合。與之相適應，資訊域、認知域、電磁域作為戰爭的新興領域，其核心地位和重要性不斷增強，日益成為敵對雙方爭奪制權的核心作戰域，成為能夠致敵「眼盲、失能、智障」的關鍵作戰域。所以，各單域必須在統一的標準體系框架內，加強自身有機融入網路資訊體系的能力，達成各單域間的互聯互通互通，才能確保在多域精確戰中提供基礎支撐，進而贏得整體優勢。

多域作戰力量轉型為聯合作戰單元。一體化聯合作戰具有平台作戰、體系支撐與戰術行動、戰略保障的特點，戰略級規劃、戰役級指揮、戰術級行動將成為未來戰爭的常態。大規模兵團作戰可能愈發少見，代之的將是聯合戰鬥更多地出現在多域戰場。聯合戰鬥單元將匯集各單域作戰力量，涵蓋各作戰要素，聯合的層級體現在戰術級，呈現出一個包括預警偵察、資訊保障、作戰指揮、多域攻防、作戰保障等多要素的可獨立作戰的聯合戰術單元形態。各單域作戰力量耦合關係更加緊密，自身特色優勢將更加突出。

加速推動「單域優勢」向「多域優勢」拓展

單域與多域辯證統一，我們既要看到多域的統一性，又要尊重單域的獨立性；既不能把二者完全地對立起來，又不可抹殺它們之間的聯繫。應針對作戰對手、作戰環境、自身實力等實際情況，綜合考慮政治、經濟、技術、文化等各種因素，加速推動「單域優勢」向「多域優勢」拓展，形成對敵的資訊優勢、決策優勢與行動優勢。

一要鞏固拓展單域優勢。 「梅特卡夫定律」告訴我們，增加網路實體能夠產生對體系戰鬥力的非線性指數聚能。多域作戰是深度融合的體係作戰，各單域作為多域存在的基礎要素，其建設的強度必將影響多域融合的效能。形成多域優勢實質是深度聚合各單域優勢，必須不斷加強單域能力建構形成單域優勢，限制對手力量優勢極限發揮。事實上，鞏固和拓展單域優勢不僅是為了增強單域效能，更是為了實現多域融合而服務。單域建設要加強頂層設計，制定標準規範，努力克服因不同軍種特有作戰樣式與戰鬥文化形成的不同作戰建設理念而帶來的矛盾衝突。同時，要統籌好各項軍隊建設資源，注重研發多域作戰武器平台，滿足聯合作戰整體需求，而非僅是各單域自身需要。

二要促進實現跨域協同。跨域協同強調打破軍兵種間界限，進行跨軍種、跨兵種、跨建制的作戰力量融合。基於網路資訊體系，各域作戰力量廣域分佈，多域整體連動，優勢互補增效，快速逐級聚能，推動將單域優勢擴展為多域融合優勢和體系優勢，形成對敵重要目標的聚能打擊。在聯合作戰中各域作戰力量不僅要具備獨立遂行多種作戰任務的能力，更需要利用自身的跨域感知、目標識別和打擊能力，能夠支援甚至直接參與其他作戰域行動。

三要靈活機動作戰運用。聯合作戰的致勝機制在於透過多域作戰力量快速且持續地整合，在特定時間窗口形成多重優勢和即時優勢，迫敵陷入被動、劣勢和困境。對於單域和多域力量的運用，猶如指頭與拳頭的使用，究竟是“指針點穴”還是“攥指成拳”，甚至是作戰中相互轉化運用，都需堅持實事求是，綜合考慮作戰效果效率效益，以及對戰爭制勝的貢獻率等因素科學決斷，切實做到因情用兵、因地用兵。如果單域作戰力量能很好解決問題，就不必再使用多域作戰力量，進而提升作戰效益。

王榮輝　 鄧仕峰

中國軍網 國防部網 2022年1月20日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-01/20/content_307852888.htm

#Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Research on Chinese Military Affairs, Studying War丨Brief Analysis of China’s Winning Mechanisms of Intelligent Warfare

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研究中國軍事，研究戰爭丨中國智慧化戰爭制勝機制淺析

現代英語：

President Xi pointed out that the core of studying combat issues is to clarify the characteristic rules and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. In today’s world, major changes unseen in a century are accelerating. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are developing rapidly and widely used in the military field, accelerating the evolution of war forms towards intelligence. The corresponding war winning mechanism is also changing. “ Victory tends to smile at those who can foresee changes in the characteristics of war, rather than at those who wait for changes to occur before adapting”. Only by discovering changes in a timely manner, proactively responding to changes, and actively adapting to changes can we better grasp the initiative in future wars and remain invincible in future wars.

Outwitted

In the “intelligent warfare confrontation”, human intelligence has widely penetrated into the combat field and been transplanted into weapon systems. Global multi-dimensional and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces, build combat systems according to mission requirements, and independently implement coordinated operations, the mission ends and quickly returns to a state of readiness for war, showing a trend of intelligent autonomy. Whoever possesses the empowerment and gain advantage of intelligent technology in the combat system can design wars, lead the development of the battlefield, master battlefield initiative, and achieve “using wisdom to defeat clumsiness”. First, algorithms, computing power, and data determine system operational capabilities. Relying on intelligent algorithms and powerful computing power, it can quickly and efficiently analyze targets and match resource means, solve high-frequency cross-domain collaboration problems, achieve coordinated planning, parallel actions, and real-time evaluation, and greatly improve system operating speed and strike efficiency. Second, intelligent networks support cross-domain all-in-one action. The intelligent network information system provides basic support and link links for the combat system. Combat units and combat elements in different combat domains can be integrated into the entire combat system at any time “plug and play” to achieve rapid information transmission and sharing. Again, an intelligent weapon platform enables autonomous and flexible strikes. Intelligent technology achieves the organic combination of human strategy and machine’s autonomous perception, autonomous decision-making, and autonomous action by empowering weapon platforms, elements, and forces. Through “software defines the combat system structure and functions, and uses software to empower weapon platforms and ammunition, the platform can independently select and attack targets, and flexibly build a kill chain”.

Gathering is better than scattering

With the support of the “intelligent network information system”, the combat system has become an organic whole with a high degree of autonomous coordination, allowing the overall linkage of combat operations and the operational effectiveness index to be magnified, relying on the overall power of the system to win. First, the multiple elements of information, firepower, military power and cognition are linked together to release energy. With the injection of intelligent factors into the combat system, information, firepower, force and cognition will be given new quality capabilities, and based on the support of intelligent network information systems, software and hardware capabilities will be organically combined and physical and intangible means will be closely integrated to achieve combat effectiveness. maximize. Secondly, the multi-spatial multi-directional linkage of land, sea, air, space, network, electricity and other forces gathers forces to release energy. The seizure and control of battlefield control will rely more on the integrated linkage and cross-domain coordination of multi-domain space operations. By dispersing various combat forces deployed in a vast space, they will immediately gather advantages, forming a multi-domain, multi-directional energy release advantage for dimensionality reduction attacks in one domain, thereby taking control of battlefield initiative. Again, the multi-link linkage of detection, control, and evaluation gathers strength to release energy. Through the “ubiquitous Internet network”, cross-domain response to combat operations, cross-domain sharing of combat information, and cross-domain complementation of combat functions can be realized, and anti-virus networks can be dynamically adjusted or constructed according to the enemy’s circumstances and circumstances to achieve rapid system operation and concentrated energy release.

“Exquisite” is better than coarse

Intelligent warfare must be reasonably invested, effectively regulate combat forces, and be used as a means of warfare to achieve the goal of “refining the rough” and winning at the lowest cost. First, a precise target-information-driven system operates efficiently. Relying on various intelligent sensing platforms covering multi-dimensional and wide-area deployment, it detects and locates obstacles or targets in the battlefield environment. Precisely control the flow, flow, and velocity of information to achieve rational allocation of combat resources, coordinated and orderly combat operations, and precise release of combat energy. Second, precise breaching operations achieve a rapid transition between good and bad. The application of big data, big model analysis algorithms and other technologies can accurately analyze and judge combat systems “weak spots ”“ Achilles’ heel”, accurately guide the use of weapons and high-energy weapons such as lasers and hypersonic speeds, make the choice of precise strike methods more diverse, and can make the enemy Combat systems are instantly disabled. Again, precise strike evaluation supports the optimal superposition of combat effects. The target damage effect is accurately obtained through intelligent channels and means, and the conclusion is revised based on the human-computer interaction evaluation system. The commander can compare, interact, feedback, and correct the damage effect assessment conclusions with the information stored in the system knowledge base and his or her own professional knowledge to achieve the purpose of accurately assessing the impact effect of the target.

Faster than Slow

“The main speed of military intelligence”, the rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and the accuracy of weapon strikes, greatly reduced the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command and decision-making, fire strike, and damage assessment, and accelerated “OODA” kill chain Cycle, new rapid-fire weapons such as hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, and electromagnetic pulse weapons further push the rhythm of war to “instant kill”. Hybrid human-machine decision-making becomes the key to enemy action first. On the one hand, the new model of human-machine hybrid cloud-brain decision-making is based on the intelligent “network, cloud, terminal” system and integrates intelligent battlefield perception, decision-making and weapon control systems to quickly select combat plans and achieve instant decision-making advantages. On the other hand, the speed at which the kill chain is constructed becomes the basic yardstick for system confrontation. Under the empowerment of “intelligent technology”, the acquisition, processing and transmission time of battlefield information is greatly shortened. The intelligent platform uses algorithms to analyze battlefield spatial situations and target information in real time, and the time of the kill chain is shortened to seconds, thus achieving “destroy upon discovery”.

Toughness is better than crispness

War is not only a military contest, but also a competition between the country’s human, material and financial resources. Maintaining the lasting resilience of the combat system has become a key factor affecting the outcome of the operation. First, the large-scale use of low-cost unmanned intelligence platforms has become a completely new way of fighting. Unmanned intelligence platforms, micro-intelligent robot autonomous combat clusters, etc., dispersed to more small and low-cost combat platforms, can enhance the recovery speed and overall penetration of the combat system after damage, and achieve maximum combat benefits at a smaller cost. Secondly, the continued guarantee of intelligent resources becomes the key to the operation of the combat system. Various new weapons and new means such as unmanned combat platforms, intelligent algorithms, and cyber attacks are constantly emerging. Powerful computing power, advanced algorithms, and accurate data support have become the guarantee for the continued and stable operation of the system, and intelligent resources “timely, appropriately, applicable, and appropriately” continue to be effective. Guarantee has become an important influencing factor in the victory of intelligent warfare. Again, the operational system’s requirements for balance of offensive and defensive capabilities are getting higher and higher. The local area network, wide area network and even brain network behind the network and digitalization of the combat system leave room for opponents to launch attacks; the “cloud— network —end” structure of the combat system intelligent network information system, its data center, supercomputing center and other network infrastructure It will also be an important hub for opponents to focus on attacking and destroying.

Heart is better than things

Intelligent warfare is different from traditional warfare in which the main purpose is to eliminate the enemy’s effective power. It will pay more attention to weakening the enemy’s morale, disintegrating the enemy’s will, and destroying the enemy’s psychology. Smart technology has become a new way to influence the minds of all employees at all times. First of all, intelligent new media, new technologies and new means have created new ways for the psychological influence of public opinion. Enhanced consciousness and the development of information editing and other technologies have made the methods of conscious attack and defense more diverse, the methods of confrontation more varied, and the technological content higher. Use “intelligent weapons, intelligent technology and intelligent information struggle methods to carry out information attacks on the enemy, thereby forming psychological deterrence”. Secondly, intelligent and deep interaction makes obtaining data richer and more complete. Technologies such as AI face-changing, holographic projection, and audio-visual synthesis provide new means to implement intelligent manufacturing and confuse facts. Again, smart models, massive amounts of data, and high-performance servers provide new tools for quickly concocting information ammunition. Mental guidance and control can be closely coordinated with military, economic, and diplomatic forces to amplify the deterrent effect, constantly create pressure from public opinion to force the enemy to compromise, form psychological deterrence and make them hesitate to give in, change the enemy’s cognition through differentiation of value identity, and achieve subjugation without fighting.

More than single

The rapid development of science and technology has opened up new space for activities and interests for human society, but new security threats and challenges have followed suit, promoting the corresponding expansion of battlefield space and confrontation fields. Currently, wars are constrained and influenced by many factors such as politics, economy, diplomacy, military, technology, geography, and psychology. Unconventional mixed wars supported by military capabilities have become more intense. The competition space for hybrid warfare has extended to various fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy, culture, and military. It emphasizes the comprehensive use of national strategic resources and strategic tools to achieve traditional war goals and transcend traditional war methods. It has a special status and role. As intelligent technology matures, the threshold for intelligent warfare will show a downward trend. Participating parties may adopt an undeclared war approach to launch a variety of integrated economic warfare, diplomatic warfare, cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, etc. Mixed warfare, mixed victory means giving priority to politics, economy, diplomacy, etc. on the basis of comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the opponent and one’s own side in all aspects Public opinion and other non-military tools and means that can use strengths and avoid weaknesses, use four taels to move a thousand pounds, pursue “no war” or “less war ”“small war” and subjugate others. As long as we deeply understand and accurately grasp the characteristic rules and operating mechanisms of future hybrid warfare, and creatively use clever and efficient strategic techniques, we can fully achieve the expected strategic results.

現代國語：

羅振華 鑫 言

引 言

習主席指出，研究作戰問題，核心是要把現代戰爭的特點規律和制勝機理搞清楚。當今世界，百年未有之大變局加速演進，以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術迅猛發展，並廣泛應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態向智能化加速演變，與之相應的戰爭制勝機理也正在發生嬗變。“勝利往往向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生後才去適應的人微笑”。及時發現變化，主動應對變化，積極適應變化，才能夠更好地把握未來戰爭主動權，在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

智勝於拙

在智能化戰爭對抗中，人的智能廣泛滲透到作戰領域、移植到武器系統，全域多維、各種類型的智能化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量，根據任務需求構建作戰體系，自主實施協同作戰，任務結束迅速回歸待戰狀態，呈現智能自主趨勢。誰佔有智能技術對作戰體系的賦能增益優勢，誰就能據此設計戰爭、主導戰局發展，掌握戰場主動，實現“以智制拙”。首先，算法、算力和數據決定體系作戰能力。依托智能算法和強大算力，可以快速高效地分析目標、匹配資源手段，解決高頻次跨域協同難題，實現協調規劃、並行行動、即時評估，大幅提高體系運行速度和打擊效能。其次，智能網絡支撐跨域一體行動。智能網絡信息系統為作戰體系提供基礎支撐和鏈接紐帶，不同作戰域的作戰單元、作戰要素，隨時可“即插即用”融入整個作戰體系，實現信息快速傳遞共享。再次，智能化武器平台實現自主靈活打擊。智能技術通過賦能武器平台、要素和力量，達到人的謀略與機器的自主感知、自主決策、自主行動有機結合。通過軟件定義作戰體系結構和功能，用軟件賦能武器平台和彈藥，可實現平台自主選擇和打擊目標，靈活構建殺傷鏈。

聚勝於散

在智能化網絡信息系統支撐下，作戰體系成為具有高度自主協調力的有機整體，使得作戰行動整體聯動、作戰效能指數級放大，靠系統湧現的整體威力制勝。首先，信息、火力、兵力和認知等多要素聯動聚力釋能。隨著作戰體系注入智能因素，信息、火力、兵力和認知都將賦予新質能力，並基於智能化網絡信息系統的支撐，實現軟硬能力有機復合、有形無形手段緊密融合，達成作戰效能最大化。其次，陸海空天網電等多空間多方向聯動聚力釋能。戰場制權的奪控，將更加依賴多域空間行動的一體聯動和跨域協同，通過分散部署在廣闊空間的各種作戰力量即時聚優，形成多域多向對一域降維打擊的釋能優勢，從而掌握戰場主動。再次，偵控打評等多環節聯動聚力釋能。通過泛在互聯網絡，實現作戰行動跨域響應、作戰信息跨域共享、作戰功能跨域互補，因敵因情因勢動態調整或構建殺傷網，實現體系快速運轉和聚力釋能。

精勝於粗

智能化戰爭必須合理投入、有效調控作戰力量，恰當選用作戰手段，達成“以精制粗”，以最小代價取勝的目的。首先，精准的目標信息驅動體系高效運行。依托覆蓋全域多維、廣域部署的各種智能感知平台，探測、定位戰場環境中的障礙或目標。精確控制信息的流向、流量、流速，實現作戰資源的合理分配、作戰行動的協調有序和作戰能量的精確釋放。其次，精准的破擊行動實現快速優劣轉化。大數據、大模型分析算法等技術的運用，可精確分析判斷作戰體系“軟肋”“死穴”，精確制導武器和激光、高超聲速等高能武器的使用，讓精確打擊的手段選擇更加多樣，可使敵作戰體系瞬時失能。再次，精准的打擊評估支撐作戰效果最優疊加。通過智能化途徑和手段准確獲取目標毀傷效果，依托人機交互評估系統對結論進行修正。指揮員可將毀傷效果評估結論與系統知識庫儲存的信息以及自身專業知識進行比對、交互、反饋、修正，達到精准評估目標打擊效果的目的。

快勝於慢

“兵之情主速”，軍事智能化的飛速發展大大提升了信息傳遞速度和武器打擊精度，大幅縮減了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速“OODA”殺傷鏈循環，高超聲速導彈、激光武器、微波武器、電磁脈沖武器等新型快速殺傷武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向“秒殺”。人機混合決策成為先敵行動的關鍵。一方面，人機混合的雲腦決策的全新模式，以智能“網、雲、端”體系為依托，集智能化戰場感知、決策和武器控制系統於一體，可快速優選作戰方案，實現即時決策優勢。另一方面，殺傷鏈構建速度成為體系對抗的基本衡量標准。在智能技術賦能作用下，戰場信息的獲取、處理和傳輸時間極大縮短，智能平台利用算法可對戰場空間態勢和目標信息實時分析，殺傷鏈的時間縮短至秒級，從而實現“發現即摧毀”。

韌勝於脆

戰爭不但是軍事的較量，更是國家人力物力財力的比拼。保持作戰體系持久韌性，成為影響作戰勝負的關鍵因素。首先，低成本無人智能平台的規模化運用成為全新作戰方式。無人智能平台、微型智能機器人自主作戰集群等，分散到更多小型廉價作戰平台的做法，可增強作戰體系受損後的恢復速度和整體突防力，以較小代價取得最大作戰效益。其次，智能資源的持續保障成為作戰體系運行的關鍵。無人作戰平台、智能算法、網絡攻擊等各種新武器、新手段不斷湧現，強大算力、先進算法和精准數據支撐成為體系持續穩定運行的保證，“適時、適地、適用、適量”的智能資源持續有效保障，成為智能化戰爭制勝的重要影響因素。再次，作戰體系的攻防一體能力平衡性要求越來越高。作戰體系網絡化、數字化背後的局域網、廣域網甚至腦聯網，給對手發起攻擊留下空間；作戰體系的“雲—網—端”結構智能網信系統，其數據中心、超算中心等網絡基礎設施也將是對手重點攻擊破壞的重要樞紐。

心勝於物

智能化戰爭與傳統戰爭中以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，將更加注重削弱敵方的士氣，瓦解敵方的意志，摧毀敵方的心理。智能科技已成為全時全域影響全員心智的全新方式。首先，智能化的新媒體、新技術和新手段，為輿論心理影響開創了新方式。意識增強、信息編輯等技術的發展，使得意識攻防手段更加多樣、對抗方式更加多變、科技含量更高。運用智能武器、智能技術和智能信息斗爭的方法，對敵實施信息打擊，從而形成心理威懾。其次，智能化的深度互動，使得獲取數據更為豐富，要素更加齊全。AI換臉、全息投影、影音合成等技術，為實施智能制造、混淆事實真相提供了新手段。再次，智能模型、海量數據和高性能服務器，為快速炮制信息彈藥提供了新工具。心智導控可與軍事、經濟、外交密切配合，放大震懾效應，不斷制造輿論壓力迫敵妥協，形成心理震懾使其遲疑退讓，通過價值認同分化改變敵認知，實現不戰而屈人之兵。

多勝於單

科學技術的迅猛發展，為人類社會打開了新的活動空間和利益空間，但新的安全威脅和挑戰也隨之而來，推動了戰場空間和對抗場域的相應拓展。當前，戰爭受到政治、經濟、外交、軍事、技術、地理、心理等諸多因素的制約和影響，以軍事能力為支撐的非常規的混合戰爭反而更加激烈。混合戰爭的角逐空間已經延伸至政治、經濟、外交、文化、軍事等各領域，強調綜合運用國家戰略資源和戰略工具聚合發力，既能夠實現傳統戰爭目標，又能夠超越傳統戰爭手段，地位作用特殊。隨著智能技術的發展成熟，智能化戰爭的門檻將呈現下降趨勢，參戰方可能采取不宣而戰的方式發起融合經濟戰、外交戰、網絡戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等多種樣式的混合戰爭，混合制勝就是要在對比敵手和己方各方面優勢劣勢的基礎之上，優先選擇政治、經濟、外交、輿論等能揚長避短的非軍事類工具和手段，以四兩撥千斤，追求“不戰”或“少戰”“小戰”而屈人之兵。只要深刻認識和准確把握未來混合戰爭的特點規律、運行機理，創造性地運用巧妙、高效的策略手法，完全能夠達到預期戰略效果。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16393427.html