Category Archives: Asymmetric Warfare

Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Imminent

中國軍事智慧化戰爭迫在眉睫

現代英語:

At present, accelerating the development of military intelligence is becoming a consensus among the world’s superpowers. Artificial intelligence technology is accelerating its penetration into the military field and has become an important driving force for military reform. It will inevitably give rise to new combat styles and change the internal mechanism of war. We should firmly grasp the new quality growth point of military intelligence to enhance the combat effectiveness of the army, organically integrate military theory, science and technology, and military applications, intelligently upgrade traditional combat fields, and innovate combat concepts, so that the “intelligent factor” radiates from weapons and equipment to all aspects of military construction, and focus on breakthroughs in key areas such as military theory systems, command information systems, unmanned combat systems, comprehensive support systems, and new combat forces, and promote the reshaping, reconstruction, transformation and upgrading of combat systems.

Artificial intelligence stimulates new developments in theory

When new military technologies, operational concepts, and organizational structures interact to significantly enhance military operational capabilities, they will promote new military changes. The increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field is becoming an important driver of military change, thereby giving rise to new operational styles and changing the internal mechanism of winning wars.

Innovative combat theory. New disruptive technologies in the field of intelligence have opened up new space for innovation in military theory. Integrating precision strike ammunition and unmanned equipment into the network information system will give rise to new intelligent combat theories such as “distributed killing”, “multi-domain warfare”, “combat cloud”, “swarm tactics”, and “intelligent security warfare”; combining intelligent technology with information dominance theory, relying on one’s own information advantages and decision-making advantages, cutting off and delaying the opponent’s information and decision-making loops in the decentralized battlefield network will become the key to winning intelligent warfare. Enrich combat styles. With the development and maturity of intelligent technology and the large-scale deployment of unmanned autonomous combat platforms, unmanned combat will become a disruptive new combat style that dominates future battlefields. Infiltrate the entire process of warfare with intelligent elements, use intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, and unmanned platforms to innovate the combat process. Use unmanned systems and manned systems in coordination, cluster and plan the use of unmanned combat platforms to enrich combat styles. Expand combat forces. The widespread application of intelligent systems and unmanned combat platforms will further enrich the connotation of new combat forces, and various “mixed” new combat forces will be applied on the battlefield. With the construction and application of the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing technologies in the military field, new combat forces such as space and networks will play an increasingly important role in future wars.

Accelerate the intelligent upgrade of command systems

The intelligence of command information systems is the key to achieving a leap forward in combat command means and forming decision-making advantages. In future wars, the battlefield space will be unprecedentedly expanded, the elements of war will be extremely rich, the tempo of confrontation will be significantly accelerated, and the combat system will change dynamically. There is an urgent need for the in-depth application of intelligent technology in battlefield perception, command decision-making, and human-computer interaction.

In terms of intelligent perception, intelligent sensing and networking technologies are adopted to widely and rapidly deploy various intelligent perception nodes, conduct active collaborative detection for tasks, and build a transparent and visible digital combat environment. Relying on technologies such as data mining and knowledge graphs, intelligent processing in aspects such as multi-source intelligence fusion and battlefield situation analysis is carried out to dispel the fog of war, analyze the enemy’s combat intentions, and predict the development of the battle situation. In terms of intelligent decision-making, by constructing combat model rules, using actuarial, detailed, deep and expert reasoning methods, commanders are assisted in making quick decisions in multi-level planning and ad hoc handling of strategies, campaigns, tactics, etc.; using machine learning, neural network and other technologies to create a “command brain” to learn and apply the laws of war and the art of command in terms of planning, strategy planning, and battle situation control, and expand the wisdom of commanders with machine intelligence. In terms of intelligent interaction, we comprehensively utilize intelligent interaction technologies such as feature recognition, semantic understanding, virtual augmented reality, holographic touch, and brain-computer interface to summarize and analyze the behavioral characteristics of commanders, build new human-computer interaction environments such as holographic projection digital sandbox, immersive battlefield perception command, and wearable smart devices, and provide intelligent means to support commanders in perceiving the battlefield and controlling the battle situation.

Build an intelligent unmanned combat system

Intelligent unmanned combat systems are a new trend in the development of future war equipment. The core is to aim at the requirements of “zero casualties”, “full coverage” and “quick response” in future wars, make full use of the development results of new theories, new materials, new processes, new energy and new technologies, and continuously make breakthroughs in human-machine collaboration and autonomous action, build a new type of intelligent unmanned army on a large scale, and realize the systematic collaborative combat of unmanned combat systems.

In terms of human-machine collaboration, relying on the integrated space-ground information network, self-organizing network and collaborative interaction technology, we will open up the human-machine interaction link and establish a manned-unmanned collaboration system of “human-led, machine-assisted, mixed formation, and joint action”. Facing complex combat missions and the global battlefield environment, we will strengthen the research on mechanisms and technologies such as safe and reliable information transmission, precise and efficient behavior control, and highly coordinated human-machine mixing to achieve highly compatible human-machine collaborative combat. In terms of autonomous action, relying on mission planning, distributed computing and intelligent networking technologies, research and develop unmanned combat systems and cluster formation technologies with fast response speed, strong adaptability, high reliability, flexible organization plan and reasonable action planning. They can fully respond to various changes in terrain, weather, disasters, damage, etc., and intelligently and dynamically adjust movement posture, travel route, firepower use, energy distribution, self-healing and self-destruction strategies to realize the replacement of humans by intelligent machines, expand the combat space, and avoid casualties.

Strengthening intelligent comprehensive security measures

Before troops move, support comes first. On the intelligent battlefield, the realization of comprehensive support for joint operations is an important factor that directly affects the combat effectiveness of troops. The development of intelligent technology will inevitably trigger revolutionary changes in the construction of the joint combat support system and realize intelligent comprehensive support.

In terms of political work, we will make full use of technologies such as social networks, personnel profiling, public opinion monitoring, sentiment analysis, and behavior prediction to build an intelligent political work system covering battlefield control, public opinion and legal struggle, social situation monitoring, personnel relationship analysis, personnel ideological trends, human resource management and other businesses, to provide support for exploring new approaches, new carriers, and new models for ideological and political work. In terms of after-sales support, by using technologies such as the Internet of Things, drones, smart cars, remote surgery, and 3D printing, we have upgraded and built an intelligent after-sales support system covering intelligent warehousing, intelligent delivery, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent medical care, to achieve automatic, rapid, and accurate supply of battlefield after-sales materials, rapid diagnosis and repair of equipment failures, and timely rescue of battlefield personnel, turning passive support into active services, and improving the overall efficiency and effectiveness of after-sales support. In terms of combat training, by comprehensively using technologies such as cloud computing, virtual reality, simulated confrontation, and adjudication and evaluation, we have created an integrated training platform for “guidance, control, adjudication, evaluation, and management”, an intelligent virtual blue army, and an immersive training environment to support tactics and strategy training, equipment skills training, and joint confrontation exercises.

Exploring the intelligent combat force system

The new intelligent combat force system is a comprehensive product of the development of artificial intelligence technology, the formation of new-quality combat power and the evolution of war forms. It is the “killer hand” for seizing the initiative in the future global combat space, the key to forming an integrated joint combat system, and a new growth point for our military’s combat power.

Focus on new battlefields. The combat space of the new era has expanded from the traditional battlefield space to new battlefields such as space, the Internet, and spiritual will, and gradually extended to various fields of human activities and ideology. New combat forces such as rapid response satellites, network autonomous security, brain-controlled weapons, and genetic weapons are being integrated into the combat system. Military intelligence plays an increasingly important role in new combat styles such as space warfare, network warfare, mind warfare, and biological warfare. Pay attention to new technologies. Intelligent space-based weapon systems, with outer space as the battlefield, will help achieve the struggle for control of the sky; based on autonomous network intelligent security technology, it will help achieve a network security confrontation with integrated offense and defense and dynamic defense; brain control technology will help to attack the enemy’s spirit, nerves and mind; intelligent means may also accelerate the development of genetic weapons in some countries. Military intelligence is integrating into all aspects of the military field at an unprecedented speed, breadth and depth, deconstructing and reshaping the traditional appearance of war presented to the world. We must plan ahead to be invincible.

Laying a solid foundation for the development of intelligent military

The construction of military intelligence is a large and complex systematic project. Accelerating the development of military intelligence requires advanced theories as support, institutional mechanism construction as guarantee, technological breakthroughs as the starting point, and talent team building as the source of motivation.

Establish a collaborative innovation mechanism for military-civilian integration. The rapid development of intelligent technology has become an accelerator for military intelligence. In the information age, the boundaries between military and civilian technologies are becoming increasingly blurred, and their convertibility is becoming increasingly stronger. Actively establish a collaborative innovation mechanism for military-civilian integration, continuously strengthen the driving force of military core technologies, build an open industry-university-research collaborative innovation system for the whole society, make forward-looking arrangements for core cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, support investment, give full play to the innovation power of the entire society, and promote the rapid and sustainable development of military intelligence. Accelerate the advancement of technological breakthroughs in key areas. We must focus on relevant key technology areas and break the technical bottlenecks that restrict the development of military intelligence. On the one hand, we should strengthen research in the basic support areas of military intelligence, such as military big data and military Internet of Things; on the other hand, based on battlefield needs, we should strengthen research on intelligent application technologies in various combat elements, especially intelligent command decision-making, intelligent weapon platforms, and intelligent battlefield perception. We should vigorously build a team of high-quality talents. Military intelligence places higher demands on the quality of people. Only the effective combination of high-quality personnel and intelligent weapons can maximize combat effectiveness. To accelerate the development of military intelligence, we should explore the training rules of relevant talents, make full use of military and local education resources, increase the training of relevant talents, and provide solid intellectual support and talent guarantee for promoting the construction of military intelligence.

(Yin Junsong, Cheng Gang)

現代國語:

當前,加速軍事智能化發展正成為世界強國的共識。人工智慧技術加速向軍事領域滲透,已成為軍事變革的重要推手,必將催生新的作戰樣式,改變戰爭的內在機理。應緊緊抓住軍事智能化這個提升軍隊戰鬥力的新質增長點,有機融合軍事理論、科學技術和軍事應用,智能升級傳統作戰領域、創新作戰概念,使「智能因子」由武器裝備輻射至軍隊建設的各個方面,在軍事理論體系、指揮資訊系統、無人作戰系統、綜合保障體系、新型作戰力量等重點領域聚力轉型,在軍事理論體系、指揮資訊系統、無人作戰系統、綜合保障體系、新型作戰力量等重點領域聚力轉型,推動戰力領域的重塑突破與再造和再造一個關鍵領域的重塑。

人工智慧催生理論新發展

當新的軍事技術、作戰理念和組織編成相互作用顯著提升軍事作戰能力時,將促進新的軍事變革。人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用,正成為軍事變革的重要推手,由此催生新的作戰樣式,改變戰爭制勝的內在機理。

創新作戰理論。智慧領域新的顛覆性技術,為軍事理論創新開啟了新的空間。將精確打擊彈藥、無人裝備融入網絡資訊體系,催生「分散式殺傷」「多域戰」「作戰雲」「蜂群戰術」「智慧安全戰」等新的智能化作戰理論;將智能化技術與資訊主導理論相結合,憑借己方的資訊優勢與決策優勢,在去中心化的戰場網絡中切斷關鍵與遲滯對手的資訊與決策迴路,成為智能化的戰場網絡中與決策迴路的資訊與決策迴滯。豐富作戰樣式。伴隨著智慧技術的發展成熟以及無人自主作戰平台的規模列裝,無人作戰將成為一種顛覆性的新型作戰樣式主導未來戰場。將智慧化要素滲透於戰爭的整個流程,運用智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、無人平台,創新作戰流程。協同運用無人系統與有人系統,集群、規劃運用無人作戰平台,豐富作戰樣式。拓展作戰力量。智慧系統與無人作戰平台的廣泛應用,將進一步豐富新型作戰力量的內涵,各類「混搭式」新型作戰力量將邁向戰場應用。隨著物聯網、大數據、雲端運算技術在軍事領域的建設運用,太空、網路等新型作戰力量將在未來戰爭中發揮越來越重要的作用。

加速指揮系統智慧化升級

指揮資訊系統的智慧化是作戰指揮手段實現躍升、形成決策優勢的關鍵。未來戰爭,戰場空間空前擴展、戰爭要素極大豐富、對抗節奏明顯加快、作戰體系動態變化,迫切需要智慧技術在戰場感知、指揮決策和人機互動等方面深度運用。

在智能感知方面,採用智慧傳感與組網技術,廣泛快速部署各類智能感知節點,面向任務主動協同探測,構建透明可見的數字化作戰環境;依托數據挖掘、知識圖譜等技術,開展多源情報融合、戰場情況研判等方面的智能化處理,撥開戰爭迷霧,透析敵作戰意圖,預測戰局發展。在智能決策方面,通過構建作戰模型規則,以精算、細算、深算和專家推理方式,輔助指揮員在戰略、戰役、戰術等多級籌劃規劃和臨機處置中實現快速決策;運用機器學習、神經網絡等技術打造“指揮大腦”,從謀局布勢、方略籌劃、戰局控制等方面學習戰爭規律和拓展藝術員,以掌控機器和拓展藝術員。在智慧互動方面,綜合利用特徵識別、語義理解、虛擬增強現實、全像觸摸、腦機介面等智慧互動技術,歸納分析指揮人員行為特徵,建構全像投影數字沙盤、沉浸式戰場感知指揮、穿戴式智慧型裝置等新型人機互動環境,為指揮者感知戰場、掌控戰局提供智慧化手段支撐。

構建智慧化無人作戰系統

智慧化無人作戰系統是未來戰爭裝備發展新趨勢。其核心在於瞄準未來戰爭「零傷亡」「全覆蓋」「快響應」等要求,充分運用新理論、新材料、新工藝、新能源、新技術發展成果,在人機協同和自主行動兩個方面不斷取得突破,規模化打造新型智能無人之師,實現無人作戰系統的體系化協同作戰。

在人機協同方面,依托天地一體資訊網絡、自組網和協同交互技術,打通人機交互鏈路,建立“人為主導、機器協助、混合編組、聯合行動”的有人-無人協作體系,面向復雜作戰任務、全局戰場環境,加強安全可靠的信息傳輸、精準高效的行為控制、高度協同的人機組合作等機制和技術研究,實現高可靠的信息傳輸。在自主行動方面,依托任務規劃、分佈計算和智能組網技術,研究發展反應速度快、適應能力強、可靠程度高、編組計劃靈活、行動規劃合理的無人作戰系統及集群編隊技術,充分應對地形、天氣、災害、毀傷等各種變化,智能動態調整運動姿態、行動規劃、火力運用、能源分配和自傷自毀自毀等策略,實現智能機器等策略,以避免

建強智慧化綜合保障手段

兵馬未動,保障先行。智慧化戰場,聯合作戰綜合保障實現度是直接影響部隊戰鬥力生成的重要因素。智慧化技術的發展必將觸發聯合作戰保障體系建設的革命性變化,實現智慧化綜合保障。

在政治工作方面,充分運用社會網絡、人員畫像、輿情監控、情感分析、行為預測等技術,建構覆蓋戰場管控、輿論法理鬥爭、社情監控、人員關系分析、人員思想動態、人力資源管理等業務的智能政工體系,為探索思想政治工作的新途徑、新載體、新模式提供支撐。在後裝保障方面,透過運用物聯網、無人機、智慧車、遠端手術、3D列印等技術,升級打造涵蓋智慧倉儲、智慧投送、智慧維修、智慧醫療等智慧後裝保障體系,實現戰場後裝物資自動快速精準補給、裝備故障快速診斷與維修、戰場人員及時救護,變被動保障為整體主動保障。在作戰訓練方面,通過綜合運用雲計算、虛擬現實、模擬對抗、裁決評估等技術,打造「導、控、裁、評、管」一體化演訓平台、智慧化虛擬藍軍、沉浸式訓練環境,支撐戰法謀略研練、裝備技能訓練、聯合對抗演練。

探索智慧化作戰力量體系

智慧化新型作戰力量體係是人工智慧技術發展、新質戰鬥力形成與戰爭形態演變的綜合產物,是奪取未來全局作戰空間主動權的“殺手鐧”,是構成一體化聯合作戰體系的關鍵,是我軍戰鬥力新的增長點。

著眼新戰場。新時代的作戰空間由傳統戰場空間向太空、互聯網、精神意誌等新型戰場拓展,逐漸延伸至人類活動和意識形態各領域,快速響應衛星、網絡自主安防、大腦控制武器、基因武器等新質作戰力量正在融入作戰體系,軍事智能化在太空戰、網絡戰、意念戰、生物戰等新型作戰力量中扮演越來越重要的角色。關注新技術。智能化的天基武器系統,以外層空間為戰場,有助於實現對製天權的爭奪;基於自主網絡智能安全技術,有助於實現攻防一體、動態防禦的網絡安全對抗;控腦技術,有助於實現對敵方人員精神、神經和心靈進行攻擊;智能化手段還可能加速某些國家基因武器研製。軍事智能化正在以前所未有的速度、廣度和深度融入軍事領域的各個層面,解構重塑著戰爭呈現給世人的傳統面貌,我們必須未雨綢繆,方可立於不敗之地。

夯實軍事智能化發展基礎

軍事智能化建設是一個龐大復雜的系統工程,加快推進軍事智能化發展需要以先進的理論作為支撐,以體制機制建設作為保障,以技術突破為抓手,以人才隊伍建設為動力源泉。

建立軍民融合協同創新機制。智慧技術的快速發展,已成為軍事智能化的加速器。資訊時代軍用技術和民用技術的界線越來越模糊,可轉換性越來越強。積極建立軍民融合協同創新機制,不斷強化軍用核心技術原動力,建構全社會開放的產學研協同創新體系,對人工智慧等核心前沿技術前瞻佈局、扶持投資,充分發揮整個社會的創新力量,促進軍事智能化快速可持續發展。加速推進重點領域技術突破。要聚焦相關重點技術領域,打破限制軍事智慧化發展的技術瓶頸。一方面,加強軍事智慧化基礎支撐領域的研究,例如,軍事大數據、軍事物聯網等;另一方面,從戰場需求出發,加強各個作戰要素方面的智慧化應用技術研究,尤其是智慧化指揮決策、智慧化武器平台、智慧化戰場感知等方面的研究。大力建設高素質人才隊伍。軍事智能化對人的素質提出了更高要求,高素質人員和智慧化武器的有效結合,才能最大程度地發揮作戰效能。加速軍事智慧化發展,應抓緊探索相關人才的培養規律,充分利用軍地教育資源,加大相關人才培養力度,為推進軍事智慧化建設提供堅實的智力支持與人才保障。 (

尹峻松、程鋼)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4810306888.html?

Chinese Military Laws to Follow to Win Intelligent Warfare

打贏智慧化戰爭的中國軍事法規

現代英語:

Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan Feiyi

Editor-in-charge: Wang Feng

无命题8

2021-03-16 10:xx

●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.

●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.

President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.

Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.

If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.

Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of ​​intelligent warfare.”

Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.

The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.

Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance

As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.

You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.

Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.

Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.

Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.

In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

現代國語:

无命题8

資料來源:解放軍報作者:郝敬東 牛玉俊 段非易責任編輯:王鳳2021-03-16 10:xx
要點提示

●認識智慧化戰爭規律,要抓住智慧化和自主化這個基礎,抓住建構戰爭知行體系這個關鍵,抓住戰爭力量內涵發生改變這個實質。

●戰爭指導者須動態地檢視智慧化戰爭,敏銳捕捉智慧化戰爭孕育的新質要素,正確分析新質要素之間關係的變化,不斷對智慧化戰爭進行再認識。

習主席指出,要認真研究軍事、研究戰爭、研究打仗,掌握現代戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律。今天,戰爭的智慧化特徵日益凸顯,智慧化戰爭已經展現出早期形態的樣貌。要掌握未來智慧化戰爭主動權,就應積極追蹤現代戰爭發展,緊貼現實軍事鬥爭準備,前瞻認識智能化戰爭規律,深刻把握其指導規律,著力回答「是什麼」、解決 「怎麼做」等問題,不斷創新戰爭和戰略指導。

回答“是什麼”,前瞻認識智慧化戰爭規律

毛澤東同志指出:“戰爭的規律——這是任何指導戰爭的人不能不研究和不能不解決的問題。”今天,在智能化戰爭初顯端倪之際,應前瞻認識智能化戰爭“是什麼”,否則就不能解決“怎麼做”,更不可能駕馭未來戰爭。

智慧化戰爭規律是戰爭知行體系的重建。智慧化戰爭規律,和冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭的規律一樣,是戰爭諸要素間內在的、本質的聯繫,不同之處在於它有新質的要素和新的要素間的構成模式,本質上是基於智能化革命所引發的戰爭知行體系的重建。今天,認識智慧化戰爭規律,要抓住智慧化和自主化這個基礎,抓住建構戰爭知行體系這個關鍵,抓住戰爭力量內涵發生改變這個實質。掌握這些規律,就能克服未來戰爭中的紛亂和不確定性,從中找出條理和確定性,這是應對智慧化戰爭的客觀要求。

智慧化戰爭規律是戰爭指導規律的依據。毛澤東在《中國革命戰爭的戰略問題》中,首先分析了中國革命戰爭的特點,揭示了戰爭規律,然後“由此產生我們的戰略戰術”,即戰爭指導規律;在《論持久戰》中,他首先說明了“是什麼”,再轉到研究“怎麼做”的問題上,體現了一種認識過程的邏輯順序。今天,研究智慧化戰爭仍應遵循此順序,既不能本末倒置,顛倒順序;也不能增加、減少或更換環節。要在掌握智能自主這項根本規律的基礎上,揭示自主感知、自主規劃、自主實施、自主連結、自主評估等戰爭指導規律。

不懂得智慧化戰爭規律,就不能指導戰爭。 《孫臏兵法》指出:「知道,勝」「不知道,不勝」。道是戰爭規律,掌握它、行動符合它,就能取勝;反之,則敗。毛澤東也強調:「不知道戰爭的規律,就不知道如何指導戰爭,就不能打勝仗。」同樣,掌握智慧化戰爭規律,是正確指導智能化戰爭的前提。否則,就難免被智慧化戰爭的表面現象所迷惑。今天,要透過分析智能化技術群對戰爭的基礎性、長遠性和顛覆性影響,研究智能化戰爭是什麼樣子?有哪些規律?該怎麼打?這些都是智慧化戰爭指導必須回答的重大議題。

解決“怎麼做”,揭示掌握智慧化戰爭指導規律

智慧化戰爭指導規律是運用智慧化戰爭規律指導實踐的中介,扮演「橋」和「船」的角色。應在回答「是什麼」的基礎上解決「怎麼做」的問題,提出智能化戰爭的「游泳術」。

智慧化戰爭指導規律是運用戰爭規律的規律。認識戰爭規律的目的在於應用。馬克思指出:「哲學家們只是用不同的方式解釋世界,而問題在於改變世界。」同樣,智慧化戰爭本身迫使指揮者不發現規律則已,一旦發現,就會結合能動性,利用規律為打贏戰爭服務,這就必然導致智能化戰爭指導規律的產生。今天,戰爭是政治的繼續仍是智能化戰爭規律,由此得出智能化戰爭必須服從服務於政治的指導規律;兵民是勝利之本仍是智能化戰爭規律,由此得出最廣泛地動員民眾的指導規律,等等。這些智慧化戰爭指導規律是戰爭規律衍生出來的,是「智慧化戰爭大海中的游泳術」。

充分發揮人在智慧化戰爭中的能動作用。恩格斯說:「贏得戰鬥勝利的是人而不是槍。」智慧化戰爭指導規律是實踐規律、使用規律。它不是對智慧化戰爭規律的簡單“移用”“照搬”,而是加上人的主觀能動性,才能轉化為戰爭指導規律。今天,掌握人工智慧的軍事人才,不僅是智慧化武器的操控者,更是人工智慧的創造者。人在智慧化人機系統中仍處於主體地位,是智慧化戰爭勝負的決定性因素。指揮者應在掌握智慧化戰爭規律的基礎上,充分發揮能動性,堅持「技術+謀略」的作戰理論生成模式,才能由回答「是什麼」轉變為解決「怎麼做」。

智慧化戰爭指導規律是不斷發展的。戰爭是一條「變色龍」。智慧化戰爭本身也會經歷萌芽、發展、成熟等不同階段,必然帶來智慧化戰爭指導規律的發展。戰爭指導者須動態地檢視智能化戰爭,敏銳捕捉智慧化戰爭孕育的新質要素,正確分析新質要素之間關係的變化,不斷對智慧化戰爭進行再認識。要緊跟戰爭形態向智能化加速邁進的歷史進程,把握智能化戰爭發展方向和時代脈搏,把對智能化戰爭指導規律的研究推向新境界,在未來戰場佔據戰略主動和先機。

緊盯“主動權”,不斷創新智慧化戰爭和戰略指導

兵無常勢,水無常形。在智慧化戰爭已然來臨之際,要在遵循智能化戰爭規律和指導規律的基礎上,緊貼現實軍事鬥爭準備,加強對手研究、敵情研究,主動設計“在什麼時間”“在什麼地點”“和誰打仗”,創新戰爭和戰略指導,牢牢掌握未來戰爭的戰略主動權。

你打你的,我打我的。戰爭指導藝術的最高境界,就是你打你的、我打我的。 「各打各的」要求指揮在未來智能化戰爭中,無論處於怎樣複雜、困難的環境,首先要立足自身實際,獨立自主地使用自己的力量。特別是擁有高技術裝備之敵,可能造成暫時的局部的敵之主動、我之被動的局面,這時要透過政治、經濟、外交等綜合手段,以總體有利態勢彌補武器上的劣勢,迅速扭轉這一局面,恢復主動地位。如果被戰略對手牽著鼻子走,就可能吃大虧。

把握時機,因時用兵。 《六韜》指出:「用之在於機。」若米尼強調:「全部戰爭藝術就在於善於待機而動。」一方面,時不至,不可強動。要持重時機,時機未到,應有極大耐心,防止策略盲動。另一方面,時不再來,機不可失。要善於把握時機,一旦遇上有利時機,就要堅決利用,防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是,要辯證地看待時機成熟問題。未來智慧化戰爭瞬息萬變,要求快速決策,而面對不確定性因素,必須謹慎決策。有時及早定下決心,比明天下達更完善的決心也許更有效。因此,要敢於冒一點風險,不然會坐視成功機會的喪失。

各域有別,因地運籌。克勞塞維茨指出:「戰爭不像長滿莊稼的田地,而像長滿大樹的土地。收割莊稼時不需要考慮每棵莊稼的形狀,收割得好壞取決於鐮刀的好壞;而用斧頭砍伐大樹時,就必須注意到每棵大樹的形狀和方向。」戰略空間不同,戰爭就不同,戰爭指導也不一樣。目前,戰場空間不斷由陸海空等傳統空間向太空、網路等新型空間拓展,戰爭指導者應根據​​多域性、立體性、網路性等特點,探索新的智慧化戰爭規律和指導規律。

瞄準對手,因敵制勝。 《孫子兵法》指出:「踐墨隨敵,以決戰事。」約米尼也說:「不管是誰,如果不了解敵人,怎能知道自己應該如何行動呢?」著眼未來,聰明的戰略家應根據輕重、緩急程度,把作戰對象區分為主要作戰對象和一般作戰對象、現實作戰對象和潛在作戰對象,全面客觀地了解不同作戰對象的戰略意圖、兵力部署、作戰構想等,提出能充分發揮己方戰力優長的新的智能化戰爭指導規律,實施正確的戰爭行動。

總之,智慧化戰爭規律是認識過程中的規律,解決「是什麼」;指導規律是實踐過程中的規律,解決「怎麼做」。二者辯證統一,不可分割,構成了認識和指導智能化戰爭的完整鏈。 「戰勝不復,而應形於無窮。」今天,戰爭和戰略指導者應基於客觀情況,深入探索和靈活運用智能化戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律,與時俱進創新戰爭和戰略指導。

(作者單位:軍事科學學院戰爭研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2021-03/16/content_4880989.htm?yikikata=7593b488-bf4396b2e061d55553e340f0a68ef7f888

Promoting Chinese Military Integrated Development of The “Three Transformations” of Combat Training

推動中軍融合發展實戰化訓練“三個轉變”

現代英語:

Zhang Yingjie, Zhao Shihang, and She Hongle

中國軍網 國防部網
2023年2月22日,星期三

Adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is an inherent requirement for national defense and military modernization, and is also an important means to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of military training. Promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training is a systematic project that requires both theoretical guidance and practical exploration; it is necessary to plan and design in line with the development of the times, and to boldly practice, dare to try and create, so as to realize the “three transformations” from sequential development to integrated progress, from point-line breakthroughs to system integration, and continuously improve the level and quality of military training.

Deepen theoretical research, guide practice and drive development by thoroughly understanding the mechanism, clarifying the principle and grasping the law. First, we must deepen the research on combat issues and thoroughly understand the future combat mechanism. In future wars, intelligent technology is an important factor in winning. We should explore the reason for winning and the way to win through the phenomenon. We can empower mechanized weapons, enhance the efficiency of informationized equipment and develop unmanned intelligent combat platforms through the power of intelligent technology, so that mechanization, informationization and intelligence coexist, the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain are mixed, and power, will and land are seized in parallel. Second, we must deepen the research on technology-enhanced training and clarify the principle of technology empowerment and efficiency. Science and technology promote the development of military training, or indirectly affect the development of military training through technological progress to promote the reform of weapons and equipment, combat methods and organizational systems, or directly promote military training innovation through technology directly acting on training methods and management guarantees. In the process of iterative upgrading of mechanization, informationization and intelligence, the mechanized physical entity is the foundation and the “grafting” object of informationization and intelligence. The informationization and intelligence technology acts on mechanization, which is essentially the empowerment and efficiency enhancement of “virtual” control of “real”. Third, we must deepen the research on military training and grasp the law of combat effectiveness generation. The generation of combat effectiveness under mechanized conditions is to achieve a high degree of aggregation of material and energy flows through the superposition of combat platforms. Its generation mechanism is manifested in quantitative accumulation, hierarchical superposition, and linear growth. The generation of combat effectiveness under intelligent information conditions is to carry out a three-dimensional mesh integration of participating forces through the network information system and intelligent support. Its generation mechanism is manifested in information empowerment, network energy gathering, and intelligent energy enhancement. The integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training should shift from the linear step-by-step superposition of mechanized training to the criss-crossing and ascending of intelligent information training, and from simple training of people to training that emphasizes both human and machine learning.

Strengthen strategic management, set up a benchmark to guide development in clarifying the base point, planning and establishing rules and regulations. First, grasp the base point and recognize the coordinates of the times for the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our army has adhered to actual combat training, joint combat training, science and technology training, and training in accordance with the law, and strengthened the training guiding ideology of reform and innovation, laying the foundation for the integrated development of the “three transformations”; the new round of national defense and military reform has established a joint training system, reconstructed the training leadership organs and special training institutions of the military services, and formulated military training laws and regulations, providing organizational and institutional guarantees for the integrated development of the “three transformations”; the exploration and practice of the mechanized and informationized compound development of military training has accumulated fresh experience for the integrated development of the “three transformations”; the construction of actual combat training, informationized training conditions and the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the army with science and technology have opened up new horizons for the integrated development of the “three transformations”. Second, top-level design, constructing a blueprint for the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training. The top-level design of the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training is an integrated plan of an open and complex system. It is constrained by many factors such as operational evolution and technological changes. At the same time, it is different from a single closed system design. It is difficult to achieve it in one go and make a final decision. We should grasp its characteristics of iterative updates and continuous adjustments and improvements. The integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training should formulate a plan that is compatible with the national defense and military construction development strategy, incorporate the integrated development plan of the “three transformations” of military training into the strategic plan for military construction, and focus on clarifying development goals, tasks, measures, etc. The third is to establish rules and regulations to standardize and guide the effective operation of the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training. It is necessary to formulate the implementation measures for the integrated development of the “three transformations” of military training, unify the goals and tasks, division of responsibilities, content focus, methods and steps, and supporting measures, and ensure the implementation of regular order.

Focus on the transformation to intelligence, overcome difficulties and innovate in the optimization of content, innovation of methods and improvement of assessment. First, we must focus on “smart training” and optimize the content of military training. Research and practice machine deep learning, focusing on data screening, information input, confrontation game and iterative improvement training. Research and practice new domain and new quality combat forces, carry out new weapons and equipment training, new quality combat force formation and combat application training, new domain combat forces and traditional combat forces coordination training, and new domain and new quality forces into joint combat system training. Research and practice intelligent combat, carry out intelligent combat tactics research, command confrontation training based on intelligent network system, training to seize intellectual control and intelligent combat live-fire exercises. Second, we must focus on “intelligent training” and innovate military training methods. Develop intelligent simulation training methods, give full play to the virtual-real interaction, closed-loop feedback and parallel execution functions of intelligent simulation, upgrade existing electronic games and war game simulation systems, and support individual officers and soldiers or command organizations to carry out human-machine confrontation training based on intelligent simulation systems. On the basis of the existing real-life combat system, we should strengthen the material application of intelligent technology, and create an intelligent military exercise system that combines virtual and real, complements software and hardware, and is multi-domain linked as soon as possible to effectively support the development of real-life training. Third, we should focus on “intelligent testing” and improve precise assessment methods. Using virtual reality technology, relying on the three-dimensional virtual battlefield environment generated by computers, we can evaluate the operational skills and tactical application level of officers and soldiers immersed in it. Using augmented reality technology, human senses can directly obtain real-life experience in the augmented reality scene, which can be used to test and assess the technical training of officers and soldiers and the tactical training of squads. Using mixed reality technology, virtual digital objects are introduced into the real environment, which can support the construction of the environmental conditions of real-life test exercises and the inspection and evaluation of combat capabilities. Using the Internet of Things technology, sensors, data processing units and communication components are integrated into a sensor network to monitor the exercise situation in real time, and automatically collect, transmit, summarize and display exercise information data. Using big data technology to objectively evaluate combat capabilities and training quality, and realize automatic judgment of engagement results, statistical analysis of massive data, objective evaluation of combat capabilities and automatic evaluation of training results in data analysis and deep mining.

現代國語:

張英傑 趙士夯 佘紅樂

堅持機械化資訊智慧化融合發展,是國防和軍隊現代化的內在要求,也是加速推進軍事訓練轉型升級的重要抓手。推動軍事訓練「三化」融合發展,是一項系統工程,既需理論引領,更需實踐探索;既要順應時代發展搞好規劃設計,又要大膽實踐敢試敢創,實現「三化」由遞次發展向融合併進、由點線突破向體系集成,不斷提升軍事訓練水平和質量。

深化理論研究,在搞透機理弄清原理把握規律中引領實務牽引發展。一要深化作戰問題研究,搞透未來作戰機理。未來戰爭中,智慧科技是贏得勝利的重要因素,應透過現象探尋制勝之理、勝戰之道,可透過智慧科技之力賦能機械化武器、增效資訊化裝備和發展無人化智慧作戰平台,使得機械化、資訊化、智慧化並存,物理域、資訊域、認知域混融,奪權、奪志、奪志、奪權、奪志、奪地並行。二要深化科技強訓研究,釐清技術賦能增效原理。科技推動軍事訓練發展,或透過科技進步推動武器裝備、作戰方式、編制體制變革間接作用於軍事訓練發展,亦或科技直接作用於訓練手段和管理保障直接推動軍事訓練創新。在機械化、資訊化、智慧化迭代升級過程中,機械化的物理實體是基礎,是資訊化、智慧化的「嫁接」對象,資訊化、智慧化技術作用於機械化,實質上是以「虛」控「實」的賦能增效。三要深化軍事訓練研究,掌握戰鬥力生成規律。機械化條件下戰鬥力的生成,是透過作戰平台的疊加實現物質流和能量流的高度聚集,其生成機理表現為量變累積、層級疊加、線性增長。智慧化資訊化條件下戰力的生成,是透過網信系統和智慧支援對參戰力量進行網狀立體融合,其生成機製表現為資訊賦能、網路聚能、智慧增能。軍事訓練「三化」融合發展,應從機械化訓練的線性逐級疊加轉向智慧化資訊化訓練的縱橫交錯遞升,從單純對人的訓練轉向人與機器學習並重的訓練。

加強策略管理,在釐清基點規劃規劃建章立制中立起標桿指導發展。一是掌握基點,認清軍事訓練「三化」融合發展的時代座標。黨的十八大以來,我軍堅持實踐實踐、聯戰聯訓、科技強訓、依法治訓,強化改革創新的訓練指導思想,為「三化」融合發展奠定了基礎;新一輪國防和軍事改革,建立了聯合訓練體制,重構了軍兵種訓練領導機關和專制訓練機構,制定了軍事訓練法規制度,為「三化」融合發展提供了組織和製度保證;軍事訓練機械化資訊化複合發展的探索實踐,為「三化」融合發展累積了鮮活經驗;實戰化訓練、資訊化訓練條件建設和科技強軍戰略等的實施,為「三化」融合發展洞開了新天地。二是頂層設計,建構軍事訓練「三化」融合發展藍圖。軍事訓練「三化」融合發展的頂層設計,是開放的複雜系統的整合規劃,受作戰演化、技術變化等諸多因素的製約,同時區別於單一封閉系統設計,難以一次到位、一錘定音,應把握其迭代更新、不斷調整完善的特徵;軍事訓練「三化」融合行動應制定與國防建設和軍事發展目標三是建章立制,規範指導軍事訓練「三化」融合發展有效運作。要製定軍事訓練「三化」融合發展實施辦法,統一目標任務、職責分工、內容重點、方法步驟和配套措施,確保實施正規秩序。

聚焦向智轉型,在優化內容創新方法改進考評中攻堅克難創新發展。一要聚焦“訓智能化”,優化軍事訓練內容。研練機器深度學習,重點進行資料篩選、資訊輸入、對抗賽局和迭代提升訓練。研練新域新質作戰力量,進行新型武器裝備訓練、新質作戰力量編成與作戰運用訓練、新域作戰力量與傳統作戰力量協同訓練,以及新域新質力量融入聯合作戰體系訓練。研練智慧化作戰,進行智慧化作戰戰法研究、基於智慧網路系統指揮對抗訓練、奪取制智權訓練及智慧化作戰實兵演習等。二要聚焦“智能化訓”,創新軍事訓練方法。發展智慧模擬訓練方法,充分發揮智慧模擬虛實互動、閉環回饋與平行執行功能,升級現有電子遊戲與兵棋推演系統,支援官兵個體或指揮機構依托智慧模擬系統進行人機對抗訓練。在現有實兵交戰系統基礎上,加強智慧技術的物化應用,盡快創造虛實結合、軟硬互補、多域連結的智慧化演兵系統,有效支持實戰化訓練的發展。三要聚焦“智能化考”,改進精準評估手段。運用虛擬實境技術,依靠電腦生成的三維空間虛擬戰場環境,對沉浸其中的官兵操作技能和戰術應用水準實施考評。運用擴增實境技術,人體感官能夠直接在增強的現實場景中獲取實戰體驗,可對官兵技術訓練和分隊戰術訓練檢驗考核。運用混合實境技術,把虛擬數位物件引入現實環境,可支撐實兵檢驗性演習環境條件的架構與作戰能力檢驗評估。運用物聯網技術,將感測器、資料處理單元和通訊組件集成為一個感測器網絡,即時監控演練情況,自動擷取、傳輸、匯總和顯示演練資訊資料。運用大數據技術客觀評估作戰能力和訓練質量,在數據分析和深度挖掘中實現交戰結果自動裁決、海量數據統計分析、作戰能力客觀評估和訓練成績自動評定。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-02/22/content_33422088.htm

Exploring the Laws of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Design

探索中國軍事智慧戰爭設計規律

現代英語:

At present, with the widespread application of disruptive technology groups represented by artificial intelligence technology, the form of warfare is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence. Scientific planning and proactive design of intelligent warfare has become an issue of the times facing war preparation. To truly organize intelligent warfare design well, we must accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare design, clarify its position and role in war planning and preparation, so as to better serve winning the war.

Focus on development and make reasonable foresight

Correct decisions come from correct judgments, and correct judgments come from scientific foresight for the future. Scientific prediction is the prerequisite for operational design, and operational design is the application of prediction results. Tomorrow’s war will not be a replica of today’s war, but its shadow can be found in today’s war. Therefore, the design of intelligent warfare should be based on a full assessment and scientific prediction of future war forms and ways to win, and the forms, styles, methods, and means of intelligent warfare should be predicted through today’s wars.

In a battlefield full of uncertainty and ambiguity, in order to make war design more realistic, we must focus on the development and changes of intelligent weapons and equipment of both sides in the future, the updating of combat theories, the development of combat capabilities, and the innovation of winning methods. We must make scientific and reasonable predictions, estimates, and analyses of the timing of launching intelligent warfare, scale and level, style and intensity, development process, outcome of war, and other various complex situations that may arise, and on this basis, make systematic concepts and advance plans.

Be proactive and prioritize shaping

Sun Tzu said, “Victorious troops first win and then seek battle.” Intelligent warfare design focuses on grasping the characteristics, laws, and development trends of war. Based on possible enemy situations, our own situations, and battlefield environment, it prioritizes creating a favorable situation, and strives to lead and control wars by studying, designing, and planning wars, so as to achieve the goal of deterring war and defeating the enemy without fighting.

The battlefield space of intelligent warfare is a multi-dimensional and multi-domain space that combines reality and virtuality, providing war designers with a stage to give full play to their intelligence, implement autonomy and creativity. As the initiative in initiating wars increases, the initiative and creativity in war design also increase accordingly. War designers can proactively design intelligent warfare based on future war forms. When designing it, we focus on both responding to current urgent threats and targeting future operations. To this end, we should firmly grasp the characteristics of the era of intelligent warfare design, take proactive actions, enhance the ability of active design and dynamic design in various links such as concepts, plans, and construction, take the initiative, fight proactively, ensure that we can always adapt to the rapid changes in the situation, make the war develop in the designed direction as much as possible, and strive for the initiative in war preparation.

Based on the existing situation, innovate and change

Intelligent warfare design is an original combination of the war designer’s cognitive concepts, cognitive levels, guiding ideas, and operational strategies. The courage to innovate is the soul of intelligent warfare design. To this end, the entire process, all fields, and aspects of intelligent warfare design should focus on innovation-led design.

Intelligent warfare design is a research based on the development predictions of intelligent warfare military theories, weapons and equipment, battlefield construction, etc. It is an expansion and innovation based on the existing situation. Due to the development and evolution of war forms, some combat methods that have been successful in history may become ineffective in intelligent warfare; and some unprecedented combat rules that are adapted to the combat theories and weapons and equipment of intelligent warfare need to be created. Intelligent warfare design understands, conceives and describes complex problems through critical and creative thinking, so as to help war designers more deeply understand and grasp the winning rules and guiding rules of intelligent warfare operations, discover the key points and deep-seated reasons that restrict the combat progress, and thus creatively propose solutions to the problems.

Various forms, eclectic

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Protracted War”: “The ancients said that ‘the secret of applying the strategy lies in one’s heart’. We call this ‘secret’ flexibility, which is the product of a smart commander.”

The flexibility of intelligent warfare design is determined by the differences in combat operations and the variability, uncertainty and contingency of situations and tasks. Appropriate reasoning and decisions must be made based on different situations. War design methods are quite diverse and eclectic. Traditional research and prediction methods include Markov method, Delphi method, brainstorming method, scenario analysis method, etc. When designing intelligent warfare, we should combine it with actual combat research and flexibly adopt different methods. At present, with the widespread application of cloud computing, big data and other technologies in the military field, computer simulation, modeling and simulation, war game confrontation and other methods are increasingly becoming important forms of combat exercises and confrontation simulation training, and are also commonly used methods in intelligent warfare design.

Reverse thinking, strategic confrontation

War is a confrontation between the comprehensive strength of two hostile parties, but also a confrontation between the strategies and wisdom of the commanders of both sides. Antagonism is one of the basic characteristics of intelligent warfare design, and it is also the main feature that distinguishes warfare design from design activities in other fields.

The main object of intelligent warfare design is the combat activities carried out by the hostile parties on the battlefield. These activities are “live” confrontation actions between people, supported by information-based intelligent weapons and equipment and technical means. They are inseparable from the battle of wits and courage between the war designers of the hostile parties. Therefore, designers of intelligent warfare must not only be familiar with their own situation, but also stand in the opponent’s position and think from the opponent’s perspective about how the intelligent warfare will start, control, and end, and what specific combat actions will be taken to organize and implement it. Before the war, they must conduct a comprehensive analysis and prediction of various situations that may arise during the implementation of the combat, and then propose effective countermeasures. Only in this way can the designed war be targeted and can they take the initiative in confrontational combat activities.

Multi-domain linkage, comprehensive system

Intelligent warfare design is a complex systematic project involving various fields such as military, politics, diplomacy, and economy. The specific methods involve knowledge from many disciplines such as military science, political science, and operations research. The battlefield involves multi-dimensional spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and power grids.

Intelligent warfare design is neither a simple listing of all war-related content nor specific planning and preparation for an impending war. Rather, it is an all-round, full-system, and full-element conception and design of the content covered by intelligent warfare in a certain period of time in the future. In terms of content, it includes the combat scenarios, combat objectives, combat scale, combat direction, battlefield environment, possible combat styles, combat methods, etc. of intelligent warfare; in terms of time, it is the whole process from the time when the war designers conceive or plan the operation to the planning, preparation, implementation, and end of the operation. To design intelligent warfare, we must not only conduct in-depth research on the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of intelligent warfare, study the situation of combat opponents, the war environment, and weapons and equipment; we must also study many scientific fields such as war science, system science, and modern engineering science, and predict the impact of scientific and technological development on future wars and operations, so that we can scientifically design the combat theories and processes of intelligent warfare.

Overall planning, multiple case selection

Clausewitz said: “War is the kingdom of uncertainty, and three-quarters of the factors on which war depends are more or less surrounded by a fog of uncertainty.”

Intelligent warfare design is a general plan and conception of intelligent warfare operations. It is a creative thinking activity based on the wisdom and strategy of the designer, and is imaginative and challenging. The design of intelligent warfare only knows the approximate area and method of launching an operation, but there is no specific clarification on the scale and action style of the participating forces. The combat objectives and combat indicators are not specific. It is necessary to make rough plans and bold assumptions about the combat objectives, scale, action style, etc. of intelligent warfare based on the tasks undertaken and the threats faced in peacetime, and on the basis of comprehensive analysis and prediction, without sticking to the existing stereotyped thinking. The objectives and scale of intelligent warfare operations can be large or small, and the action composition can be flexible and diverse. The design results of intelligent warfare should include multiple cases coexisting, multiple cases being compared, and multiple methods being demonstrated to enhance the pertinence and reliability of the results.

Iterative development, rolling improvement

Intelligent warfare design is a long-term and complex system engineering project, which cannot be achieved overnight or once and for all. The probability of war itself, the uncertainty of factors affecting victory or defeat, and the complexity of confrontation in intelligent warfare combat systems all determine the complexity and variability of intelligent warfare design. At the same time, when designing the opponent, one is also being designed by the opponent. Any negligence or carelessness may lead to a complete loss in one wrong move. It is not easy to carry out accurate war design.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the continuous evolution of war forms, and the ever-changing strategic threats and security environment faced in the future, intelligent warfare design should also keep pace with the development of the situation and tasks, and pay more attention to iterative development and design. In line with this, various operational concepts, operational plans, operational regulations, etc. should also be revised in a timely manner, continuously updated, and improved to adapt to the ever-changing new situations.

現代國語:

探尋智慧化戰爭設計規律

■陳建社

引言

當前,隨著以人工智慧技術為代表的顛覆性技術群的廣泛運用,戰爭形態加速向智能化演進,科學籌劃並主動設計智能化戰爭成為戰爭準備面臨的時代課題。要真正組織好智慧化戰爭設計,就要準確把握智慧化戰爭設計的特點規律,弄清楚其在戰爭籌劃和準備中的地位作用,從而更好地為打贏戰爭服務。

著眼發展,合理預見

正確的決策來源於正確的判斷,而正確的判斷來源於對未來所做的科學預見。科學預測是作戰設計的前提,作戰設計是預測結果的運用。明天的戰爭,不會是今天戰爭的翻版,卻可以在今天的戰爭中找到影子。因此,進行智慧化戰爭設計,應以對未來戰爭形態和製勝方式的充分研判和科學預測為前提,通過今天的戰爭預測智能化戰爭的形態、樣式、方法、手段等。

在充滿不確定性和模糊性的戰場上,要使戰爭設計更加符合實際,就要著眼未來一個時期敵我雙方智能化武器裝備的發展變化、作戰理論的更新、作戰能力的發展、制勝途徑的創新等因素,對智能化戰爭的發起時機、規模層次、樣式烈度、發展進程、戰爭結局和其他可能出現的各種復雜情況,進行科學合理預測、此構想等,

積極主動,優先塑造

孫子曰:「勝兵先勝而後求戰。」智能化戰爭設計著眼於把握戰爭的特點、規律和發展趨勢,基於可能的敵情、我情和戰場環境,優先塑造有利態勢,力爭通過研究戰爭、設計戰爭、謀劃戰爭,從而主導和控制戰爭,達到以止止戰、不戰而屈懾人之兵的目的。

智慧化戰爭的戰場空間是現實和虛擬結合的多維多域空間,為戰爭設計者提供了一個充分發揮聰明才智、實施自主與創造的舞台。戰爭發起的主動性增強,戰爭設計的主動性、創造性也隨之提升,戰爭設計者可根據未來的戰爭形態,主動對智慧化戰爭進行超前設計。設計時,既注重應對當前緊迫威脅,也著重於瞄準未來作戰。為此,應緊緊把準智慧化戰爭設計的時代特徵,積極主動作為,在概念、預案、建設等各個環節,增強主動設計、動態設計能力,下好先手棋,打好主動仗,確保始終適應情況的快速變化,盡可能使戰爭按照所設計的方向發展,爭取戰爭準備的主動。

立足現有,創新求變

智慧化戰爭設計是對戰爭設計者認識理念、認知層次、指導思想、運籌謀略等的原創性組合,勇於創新是智慧化戰爭設計的靈魂。為此,智慧化戰爭設計全過程、諸領域、各方面都應著重以創新引領設計。

智慧化戰爭設計是建立在對智慧化戰爭軍事理論、武器裝備、戰場建設等發展預測基礎上的研究,是在立足現有情況基礎之上的拓展創新。由於戰爭形態的發展演進,一些歷史上曾經成功的作戰方法,在智能化戰爭中可能會失效;而一些前所未有,適應智能化戰爭作戰理論和武器裝備的戰法則需要被創造出來。智慧化戰爭設計透過批判性和創造性思維,理解、構想和描述復雜問題,以幫助戰爭設計者更深入地理解把握智能化戰爭作戰的製勝規律和指導規律,發現制約作戰進程的關鍵點及深層原因,從而創造性地提出解決問題的辦法。

形式多樣,不拘一格

毛澤東同志在《論持久戰》中指出:“古人所謂‘運用之妙,存乎一心’,這個‘妙’,我們叫做靈活性,這是聰明的指揮員的出產品。”

智慧化戰爭設計的靈活性,是由作戰行動的差異性以及形勢任務的變化性、不確定性和偶然性決定的,要根據不同的情況進行相應的推理和決斷。戰爭設計方法比較多樣,不拘一格,傳統的研究預測方法有馬爾可夫法、德爾菲法、頭腦​​風暴法、情境分析法等。進行智慧化戰爭設計時,應結合作戰研究實際,靈活採用不同的方法。當前,隨著雲計算、大數據等技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用,計算機模擬、建模模擬、兵棋對抗等方法,正日益成為作戰演習及對抗模擬訓練的重要形式,也是智能化戰爭設計普遍採用的方法。

逆向思維,謀略對抗

戰爭是敵對雙方綜合實力的對抗,更是雙方指揮員謀略和智慧的對抗。對抗性是智慧化戰爭設計的基本特點之一,也是戰爭設計區別於其他領域設計活動的主要特徵。

智慧化戰爭設計的主要對象,是敵對雙方在戰場上進行的作戰活動,這些活動是人與人之間,在資訊化智慧化武器裝備及技術手段支撐下「活」的對抗行動,是與敵對雙方戰爭設計者的鬥智鬥勇分不開的。因此,智慧化戰爭設計者不僅要熟悉掌握己方情況,還要站在對手的立場,從對手的角度來思考智能化戰爭會以什麼樣的方式開局、控局、收局,會具體採取什麼樣式的作戰行動來組織實施,要在戰前對作戰實施過程中可能出現的各種情況進行全面分析預測,進而提出有效的對策措施,這樣主動設計的戰爭才有針對性,也能在戰鬥中掌握戰爭的活動中才有針對性。

多域聯動,系統全面

智慧化戰爭設計是一項複雜的系統性工程,涉及軍事、政治、外交、經濟等各個領域,具體方法涉及軍事學、政治學、運籌學等諸多學科領域知識,戰場涉及陸海空天電網等多維空間。

智慧化戰爭設計既不是簡單羅列與戰爭相關的所有內容,也不是對即將發生的戰爭進行具體籌劃和準備,而是對未來一定時期智能化戰爭所涵蓋內容的全方位、全系統、全要素構想和設計。從內容上講,包括智慧化戰爭的作戰場景、作戰目的、作戰規模、作戰方向、戰場環境、可能採取的作戰樣式、作戰方法等;從時間上講,是從戰爭設計者構思或謀劃作戰開始,一直到作戰籌劃、作戰準備、作戰實施、作戰結束的全過程。進行智慧化戰爭設計,不僅要深入研究智能化戰爭的特點、規律和製勝機理,研究作戰對手情況、戰爭環境情況、武器裝備情況;而且要研究戰爭科學、系統科學和現代工程科學等眾多科學領域,並要預測科學技術發展對未來戰爭和作戰的影響,進而對智能化戰爭的作戰理論、作戰進程等進行科學設計。

概略謀劃,多案優選

克勞塞維茨說:“戰爭是不確定性的王國,戰爭所依據的四分之三的因素或多或少地被不確定性的迷霧包圍著。”

智慧化戰爭設計是對智慧化戰爭作戰的概略性籌劃與設想,是建立在設計者智慧與謀略基礎之上的一種創造性思維活動,富有想像力與挑戰力。智慧化戰爭設計只知道作戰發起的概略區域和方式,但對參戰力量的規模、行動樣式等沒有具體明確,作戰目標和作戰指標都不具體,需要根據平時所擔負的任務和麵臨的威脅,在綜合分析預測的基礎上,對智能化戰爭的作戰目的、作戰規模、行動樣式等進行略籌和設想,不拘化和設想,不拘化思維,不拘化思維。智能化戰爭作戰目的和規模可大可小,行動構成靈活多樣,智能化戰爭設計結果應多案並存、多案對比、多法論證,增強結果的針對性和可靠性。

迭代開發,滾動完善

智慧化戰爭設計是一項長期的複雜系統工程,不是一蹴可幾、一勞永逸的事。戰爭本身的蓋然性和勝負影響因素的不確定性以及智能化戰爭作戰體系對抗的複雜性等,都決定了智能化戰爭設計的復雜多變。與此同時,己方在設計對手時,也在被對手設計,任何疏忽或大意都可能導致一著不慎,滿盤皆輸,進行準確的戰爭設計絕非易事。

隨著科學技術的不斷發展、戰爭形態的不斷演變,以及未來面臨的戰略威脅和安全環境的不斷變化,智慧化戰爭設計也應隨著形勢任務的發展而與時俱進,更加註重迭代開發設計。與之相適應,各種作戰構想、作戰概念、作戰預案、作戰條令等也應適時修訂,不斷更新、滾動完善,以適應不斷發展變化的新情況。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/1634673288.html

Chinese Military Era of Intelligent Integration Calls for Smart Transformation Training

中国军事智能化时代呼唤智能转型训练

現代英語:

At present, the new military is exciting the rapid development of scientific and technological revolution and revolution. Revolutionary technologies represented by artificial intelligence promote the transformation of war forms to intelligent warfare with artificial intelligence. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. Military training, as a pre-practice of military warfare, should promptly mark new goals, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, accelerate “intelligence” training, continuously improve the military science and technology level and “intelligence content”, and comprehensively upgrade combat capabilities to accelerate generation.

Keep up with the changes in the form of war and upgrade the concept of transformation

As the scale of the military and the number of equipment are no longer the key to victory in war, upgrading war thinking and training concepts is imperative. We should take a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, keep up with the trend of focus development, and strive to create a new thinking for military victory.

Grasp the inherent cause and effect of intelligent manufacturing victory. The winning chart is a manifestation of the inherent laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and driven by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled are increasingly evident, reflected in various links such as actuarial and joint systems. A certain flow chart, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, further training thinking remains at the mechanization level. We should use the courage of self-revolution to trigger a “headache storm”, upgrade standardized combat, strengthen the theoretical research of standardized training, and use “intelligence” soldiers to deal with mechanized, informationized, and standardized combat issues, organically connect with fighting, design wars with technology, and practice wars with intelligent means, so as to clarify the fog of war.

At present, the military implements training mobilization with a focus on transformation, trying to further widen the generation gap in combat power with other countries’ armies. Once the generation gap in the military is widened, it will be difficult to recover. If you can’t keep up with it, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping an eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must stand out in military training, and improve the level of military transformation and non-target combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the target positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat effectiveness has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and the cutting-edge competition in high-end and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological armament, it will only be at the forefront of low-level intelligence. Therefore, we should firmly establish the goal of winning by science and technology, firmly grasp the “life gate” and “key point” of winning future wars, greatly improve the connotation of military science and technology, increase the practical application of new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, unveil the mysterious veil of focusing on war, and control the initiative of future wars.

Keep up with the changes in scientific and technological development and build strong conditions for automation transformation

Automation training conditions are the basic training support for organizing and implementing automation training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of automation training. To build an automated training environment, we need to focus on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and automated operations, and continue to work hard in building environments, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a battlefield environment. Modified operations, training space is more convenient, the field is wider, and the methods are more diverse. The battlefield environment construction under easy mechanization and information conditions can no longer support the needs of modified training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and linkage confrontation supported by the modification conditions, tap into the existing existing training equipment and field functions, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network. For example, digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies are used to simulate and display visualized three-dimensional landforms, weather and complex combat scenes, and build rich and rich combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods help improve training results. Transformation of military training should transform the key factor of “data-centric” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration to form a “pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and immediately command organizations to end individual soldiers; develop data intelligent analysis tools, use training cloud computing, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies to integrate and mine data operations; develop intelligent training systems, increase the construction of simulation methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent judgment, and overall promote the transformation and upgrading of military methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of the standardization level of military personnel must determine the quality of customized training. To win the information-based local war with standardized characteristics, we should accurately meet the future military needs, strengthen the transformation of traditional combat talents, make good use of the power resources of “technology +”, “maker +” and “think tank +”, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technologists”, form a professional and standardized new military talent group, and realize the intelligent interaction between people and equipment, the deep integration of people and environment, and the extensive adaptation of people and environment.

At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream. On the one hand, they support standardized military training, and on the other hand, they are constantly tested and improved. To this end, we should make full use of the war-building and preparation strengthening mechanism, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligence +” construction of the new generation of equipment, adhere to the research, construction, use and modification, break through the customization level of weapon upgrades and equipment through training practice, and finally make efforts to achieve a multiplier effect. The entire weapon equipment goes from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence” to better support standardized military training.

Keep up with the changes in war practice and innovate customized training models

The military style training model has been developed many times and has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, standardized operations have begun to show their edge, and thus have shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. The combat style has changed, and the training model must also change accordingly and actively change. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of war, innovate military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

We must base ourselves on the basic point of fighting high-end wars with strong enemies, highlight the essence of breaking high-end wars, continue to deepen research on strong enemies, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to clarify the laws of war development and key points for winning. Predict future wars and design combat styles from the perspective of intelligence and innovation to study the unique and wonderful ways to defeat the enemy. Emphasize key actions such as joint anti-missile defense, organize strategic and campaign training tactics to defeat the enemy with disadvantages, organize non-combat training to win, and organize training to fight against new domains such as the far sea and the far domain. Seize the high position of future wars in innovative training and form a combat capability of “superior intelligence” and “superior skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the research and training of new quality forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by intelligence has made new combat forces a new growth pole of combat effectiveness. According to information, the US military plans to standardize 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian army expects that more than 30% of key weapons and equipment will be used in the battlefield by 2025. As the army’s new equipment with intelligent attributes increases, it is necessary to take the path of actual combat training with new combat forces as the leading element, highlight the formation and combat use of new combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and victory, strengthen new styles of training such as unmanned combat, promote the combat system of new combat forces, and make new combat power resources move and come alive.

Highlight intelligent command research and training. How to change the form of war and command, ability is always the key ability to win the battle. As the degree of war continues to increase, planning and commanding based on experience and personal wisdom alone can no longer adapt to any rapidly changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, planning, command and control. Commanders and command organizations are the key to the system of operations. We need to make breakthroughs in the scientificity, accuracy and timeliness of command planning. We rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “artificial intelligence algorithms” and new means such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrade of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We can judge the enemy situation, establish plans and determine actions in the process of actuarial calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and taking the lead.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語:

曾海清

引言

目前,新軍事激動科技革命和革命快速發展,以人工智慧為代表的革命性技術,以人工智慧推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭轉型,打贏智慧化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍事訓練作為軍事戰爭的預實踐,應及時邁開標記新目標,實現向“智”轉型、正加速“智”練兵,不斷提高軍事科技度和“含智量”,全面升級作戰能力加速生成。

緊跟形態戰爭之變,升級改造概念

隨著軍事規模、裝備數量已不再是戰爭決定制勝的關鍵,升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更開放的視野,緊跟著焦點發展趨勢,全力打造軍事制勝新思維。

把握智能製造勝的內在因果關係。制勝圖表是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下,資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢日益顯現,體現在精算、聯合體係等各個環節。一定的流程圖,可以說「智」有多高,戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以,進一步訓練思維停留在機械化層面應該以自我革命的勇氣來引發“頭痛風暴”,升級標準化作戰,加強標準化訓練理論研究,以“智”兵練處理機械化、信息化、標準化作戰問題,把和打仗有機銜接起來,用技術設計戰爭,用智能手段演練戰爭,從而輪廓清晰化戰爭的迷霧。

目前,軍事實施以轉型為重點的訓練動員,試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回,一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人,只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要向強在軍事訓練中突出出來,在練兵中提高軍事轉型水準和非目標作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下,戰鬥力形態已從機械能型、資訊能型向型躍升,傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台,高端、新興領域的尖端量日益激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技武裝,將只能在低層次智能外圍前沿,很為此,應樹牢科技制勝目標,緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”,大幅提高軍事科技內涵,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新手段的實踐運用,揭開聚焦戰爭的神秘面紗,加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新手段的實踐運用,揭開聚焦戰爭的神秘面紗,掌控未來行動權。

緊跟科技發展之變,建強自動化改造條件

自動化訓練條件是組織實施自動化訓練的基礎訓練支撐,直接關係自動化訓練品質。建構自動化訓練條件環境,需要我們緊緊圍繞智慧理念、智慧科技和自動化作戰的發展,在建構環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續發力。

構設戰場環境。 改裝作戰,訓練空間更加便利、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元,易機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐改裝訓練需求。應突顯改裝條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、連動對抗,挖掘充分現有的訓練裝置和現場功能,加強大數據分析、智慧穿戴裝置、機器「深度學習」等技術應用,把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各領域有效融合起來,例如利用數位地圖、虛擬實境等技術模擬顯示可視化的內涵地貌、天誌場景,建構內

開發先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段,有助於提升訓練成果。轉型軍事訓練應轉變「以數據為中心」這一關鍵因素,將最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應著重加強資料連動融合,形成覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術,立即指揮機構走向終結單兵的「池」;開發資料智慧分析工具,藉助訓練雲運算、人工智慧等先進技術,整合挖掘資料作戰;開發智慧演訓系統,加大模擬模擬、兵棋對抗、網路對抗、智慧判決等模擬手段,整體軍事模擬向「科技+升級」「智慧手段」。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變,人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員標準化水準的優劣,一定編程了客製化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有標準化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭,應精準對接未來軍事需求,加強傳統作戰力人才轉型,用好「科技+」「創客+」「智庫+」力量資源,推動「指揮官」「戰鬥員」與「科學家」「技術家」融合發展,形成專業化、標準化的新型軍事人才群體,實現人與裝備智能、人與深度融合。

目前,世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展,無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮,一方面支撐標準化軍事訓練,一方面又在不斷檢驗完善。為此,應充分用好戰建備強化機制,大力推進現有裝備“+智能”和新一代裝備“智能+”建設,堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改,以訓練實踐突破武器升級裝備定制水平,最終發力實現倍增效應,整個武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸,更好地支撐標準化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變,創新客製化訓練模式

軍事樣式訓練模式經過多次發展,從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中,標準化作戰已初露鋒芒,並由此顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」決定的潛力。作戰樣式變了,訓練模式也要隨之變、主動變。要盯緊戰爭特點,創新軍事訓練模式,在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

要立強敵打高端戰爭這個基點,突顯破解高端戰爭本質,持續深化強敵研究,以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手,搞清戰爭發展規律和製勝要點。從的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰風格,智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招要突出聯合反導等關鍵行動,瞄準強敵組織以劣勢勝優的戰略戰役訓練戰術,瞄準勝勝組織非謀求制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全域組織對抗遠海域等新域延伸訓練,在創新運動中搶奪制衡實戰訓練,瞄準全球組織對抗遠海域等新域延伸訓練,在創新訓練中佔高優勢訓練中佔未來的高超能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變,使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。根據資料介紹,美軍計畫在2030年達到60%地面作戰平台標準化,俄軍預計2025年重點武器裝備戰場將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智慧屬性的新裝備增多,要走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子,突顯新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用,開展與新域作戰理念、制勝相適應的訓法戰法,加強無人作戰等新樣式訓練,推動新質作戰力量作戰體系,讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突顯智能指揮研練。戰爭形態如何轉變指揮,能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭程度不斷提高,僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行規劃和指揮已不能適應任何瞬息萬變的戰場局勢,人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、規劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。指揮員和指揮機構這一體係作戰關鍵,在指揮謀劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破,依托「大數據」「人工智慧演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段,推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級,在精算學、先定階段中求敵情、先定階段。

(作者單位:中部戰區)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/xxqj_207719/xxjt/ll/1017241088.html?

China’s Military Meeting Challenges of Intelligent Warfare with New Concepts

中國軍隊以新概念應對智慧化戰爭挑戰

現代英語:

Preface

The breakthrough achievements of artificial intelligence technology marked by deep learning and its application in various fields have pushed intelligence to a new high in the global wave and become the focus of attention from all parties. In the military field, which has never been willing to lag behind in technological innovation and application, a new revolution is also being actively nurtured. We must accurately grasp the evolution of intelligent warfare and analyze the inner essence of intelligent warfare in order to welcome and control intelligent warfare with a brand new look.

How far are we from intelligent warfare?

Intelligent warfare is a war that is mainly supported by artificial intelligence technology. It has been the dream of people for thousands of years to endow weapon platforms with human intelligence and replace humans in the battlefield. With the powerful impact brought to the world by artificial intelligence systems represented by AlphaGo and Atlas, and the emergence of new combat concepts and new platforms such as swarm warfare and flying aircraft carriers, the door to intelligent warfare seems to be quietly opening.

The law of historical development indicates that intelligent warfare will inevitably enter the battlefield. The progress of science and technology promotes the evolution of weapons and equipment, triggers fundamental changes in military organization, combat methods and military theories, and ultimately forcibly promotes historical changes in the form of war. The arrival of intelligent warfare also conforms to this inevitable law of historical development. Looking back at the evolution of human warfare, every major progress in science and technology has promoted major changes in the military. The invention of black powder has made human warfare evolve to the era of hot weapons. Infantry and cavalry formations were completely wiped out under the line-of-gun warfare. The use of steam engines in the military has made human warfare evolve to the mechanized era, and has further given rise to large-scale mechanized warfare led by armored ships, tanks, and airplanes. The emergence and application of intelligent technology will profoundly change human cognition, war thinking, and combat methods, and once again set off major changes in the military. Intelligent warfare will inevitably enter the war stage.

The development of artificial intelligence technology determines the pace of intelligent warfare. The continuous development and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology have pushed intelligent warfare from chaos to reality. It has begun to sprout, grow gradually, and come to us step by step. To truly enter intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology needs to reach four levels. The first level is computational intelligence, which means breaking through the limitations of computing power and storage space to achieve near-real-time computing power and storage capacity, which is far beyond the reach of large computers and huge servers. The widespread application of cloud computing has steadily brought humans to the first level. The second level is perceptual intelligence, which means that the machine can understand what it hears, see what it sees, distinguish what is true, and recognize what it knows clearly, and can communicate directly with people. Natural language understanding, image and graphic recognition, and biometric recognition technologies based on big data have allowed humans to reach the second level. The third level is cognitive intelligence, which means that the machine can understand human thinking, think and reason like humans, and make judgments and decisions like humans. Knowledge mining, knowledge graphs, artificial neural networks, and decision tree technologies driven by deep learning algorithms have allowed humans to strive to move towards the third level. The fourth stage is human-machine fusion enhanced intelligence, which is to combine the perception, reasoning, induction, and learning that humans are good at with the search, calculation, storage, and optimization that machines are good at, to complement each other’s advantages and interact in a two-way closed loop. Virtual reality enhancement technology, brain-like cognitive technology, and brain-like neural network technology are exploring how humans can move towards the fourth stage. When humans stepped onto the second stage, intelligent warfare began to approach us; when we step onto the fourth stage, the era of intelligent warfare will be fully opened.

Self-learning growth accelerates the sudden arrival of intelligent warfare changes. The ability to “learn” is the core ability of artificial intelligence. Once a machine can learn by itself, its learning speed is amazing. Once a machine has the ability to self-learn, it will enter a rapid growth track of “improving intelligence and accelerating evolution” repeatedly. All technical difficulties in the direction of intelligent warfare will be solved as “learning” deepens. The era of intelligent warfare is likely to arrive suddenly in a way that people can’t imagine!

What will intelligent warfare change?

Intelligent warfare will break through the limits of traditional time and space cognition. In intelligent warfare, artificial intelligence technology can collect, calculate, and push all kinds of action information of all forces in combat in real time and in all domains, enabling humans to break through the logical limits of thinking, the physiological limits of senses, and the physical limits of existence, greatly improving the scope of cognition of time and space, and being able to accurately control all actions of all forces in real time, and to achieve rapid jump, gathering, and attack of superior combat resources in multi-dimensional space and multi-dimensional domains. Any space at any time may become a time and space point for winning the war.

Intelligent warfare will reconstruct the relationship between humans and weapons and equipment. With the rapid advancement of intelligent technology and the continuous improvement of the level of intelligence, weapon platforms and combat systems can not only passively and mechanically execute human instructions, but also can, based on deep understanding and deep prediction, super-amplify through the calculation, storage, and query that machines are good at, so as to autonomously and actively perform specific tasks in a certain sense. It can be said that weapon platforms and combat systems can also actively exert human consciousness to a certain extent, even beyond the scope of human cognition, and complete combat tasks autonomously and even creatively according to specific procedures. The distinction between humans and weapons and equipment in the traditional sense has become blurred, and it is even difficult to distinguish whether it is humans or machines that are playing a role. People exclaimed that “humans and weapons and equipment will become a partnership.” Therefore, in intelligent warfare, although humans are still the most important factor in combat effectiveness, the change in the way humans and weapons and equipment are combined has enriched the connotation of combat effectiveness, and the traditional relationship between humans and weapons and equipment will also be reconstructed on this basis.

Intelligent warfare will give rise to the emergence of new combat methods. The epoch-making progress of science and technology will inevitably bring about revolutionary changes in combat methods; major progress in intelligent technology will inevitably bring about an active period of change in combat methods. On the one hand, the continuous emergence of new technologies in the fields of deep cognition, deep learning, deep neural network, etc. driven by computing, data, algorithms, and biology, as well as the cross-integration of achievements in the fields of information, biology, medicine, engineering, manufacturing, etc., will inevitably promote the emergence of new combat methods. On the other hand, the fierce confrontation between intelligent weapon platforms and combat systems will inevitably become the goal and driving force of innovative combat methods. In war, the more intelligent the parts are, the more they become the focus of confrontation. The differences in advantages in terms of space-time cognitive limits, massive information storage and computing capabilities, and neural network organization generation capabilities will bring about new areas of “blinding”, “deafening”, and “paralyzing” combat methods.

Intelligent warfare will incubate a completely new command and control method. The advantages of command and control are the focus of attention in the field of warfare, and intelligent warfare calls for a completely new command and control method. First, human-machine collaborative decision-making has become the main command and decision-making method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, command and decision-making were all led by commanders, with technical means as auxiliary decision-making. In intelligent warfare, intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems will actively urge or urge commanders to make decisions based on new battlefield situation changes. This is because in the face of massive and rapidly changing battlefield situation information data, the human brain can no longer quickly accommodate and efficiently process it, and human senses can no longer withstand the extraordinary speed of change. In this case, decisions made solely by commanders are likely to be late and useless. Only human-machine collaborative decision-making driven by intelligent decision-making assistance systems can make up for the time and space differences and the machine-computer differences and ensure the command decision-making advantage. Second, brain neural control has become the main command control method in intelligent warfare. In previous wars, commanders issued commands to command and control troops step by step through documents, radios, and telephones in the form of documents or voice. In intelligent warfare, commanders use intelligent brain-like neurons to issue commands to troops through the neural network combat system platform, which reduces the conversion process of command expression forms, shortens the conversion time of commands across media, and is faster and more efficient. When the combat system platform is partially damaged by an attack, this command and control method can autonomously repair or reconstruct the neural network, quickly restore the main function or even all functions, and have stronger anti-attack capabilities.

How should we prepare for intelligent warfare?

In the research and exploration of intelligent warfare, we must not be content to lag behind, but must aim to win future wars and meet the challenges of intelligent warfare with a more proactive attitude, advanced concepts, and positive actions.

Use breakthroughs in intelligent technology to promote the leap in the effectiveness of intelligent combat systems. Although the development of intelligent technology has made great progress in neural network algorithms, intelligent sensing and networking technology, data mining technology, knowledge graph technology, etc., it is still in the weak intelligence stage overall and is far from reaching the advanced stage of strong intelligence. There is still broad room for development in the future. We must strengthen basic research on artificial intelligence, follow the laws of scientific and technological development, scientifically plan the direction of intelligent technology development, select technical breakthroughs, and strengthen key core technologies of artificial intelligence, especially basic research that plays a supporting role. Highlight research on key military technologies. Guided by military needs, we will develop intelligent reconnaissance and perception systems, command and control systems, weapon equipment systems, combat support systems and other weapons and equipment around key military technologies such as intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, intelligent strike, and intelligent support. We will focus on military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation, give full play to the advantages of civilian intelligent technology development, rely on the superior resources of the military and the local area, strengthen military-civilian strategic cooperation, build a service platform for the joint research and sharing of artificial intelligence scientific and technological achievements, the joint construction and sharing of conditions and facilities, and the joint connection of general standards between the military and the local area, and form a new situation of open, integrated, innovative and development of intelligent combat technology.

Leading innovation in combat methods with the concept of intelligent warfare. To meet the arrival of intelligent warfare, changing concepts is a prerequisite. Concepts are the forerunner of action. If our concepts remain at the traditional level, it will be difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Intelligent warfare has undergone profound changes in technical support, combat power, and winning mechanisms. We must first establish the concept of intelligent warfare and use it to lead the innovation of our army’s future combat methods. First, we must strengthen the competition for “intellectual property rights.” Artificial intelligence is the foundation of intelligent warfare. Depriving and weakening the opponent’s ability to use intelligence in combat and maintaining the freedom of one’s own intelligence use are the basis for ensuring the smooth implementation of intelligent warfare. The armies of developed Western countries are exploring various means such as electromagnetic interference, electronic suppression, high-power microwave penetration and takeover control to block the opponent’s intelligent application capabilities, seize “intelligence control”, and thus seize battlefield advantages. Second, innovate intelligent combat methods. We must focus on giving full play to the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthen the research on new intelligent combat methods such as human-machine collaborative intelligent combat, intelligent robot combat, and intelligent unmanned swarm combat, as well as the processes and methods of intelligent combat command and intelligent combat support. Focus on effectively responding to the enemy’s intelligent combat threats and study strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent blocking warfare and intelligent disruption warfare.

Use intelligent training innovation to promote the transformation of combat power generation mode. Intelligent warfare will be a war jointly implemented by humans and machines, and combat forces with intelligent unmanned combat systems as the main body will play an increasingly important role. It is necessary to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, innovate and develop intelligent training concepts, and explore new models for the generation of intelligent warfare combat power. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the training of “people” driving intelligent systems. Relying on big data, cloud computing, VR technology, etc., create a new training environment, continuously improve people’s intelligent literacy, improve the quality of human-machine cognition, understanding, and interaction, and enhance the ability of people to drive intelligent combat systems. On the other hand, it is necessary to explore a new training model with “machines” as the main object. In the past, training was basically human-centered, focusing on people’s proficiency in mastering and using weapons and equipment in a specific environment to improve combat effectiveness. In order to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, the training object should change the traditional human-centered training organization concept and model, focus on improving the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of the intelligent combat system, make full use of the characteristics of the intelligent system’s ability to self-game and self-grow, and form a training system, training environment, and training mechanism specifically for the intelligent combat system, so that the intelligent combat system can obtain a geometric leap in combat capability after a short period of autonomous reinforcement training.

現代國語:

來源:解放軍報 作者:李始江 楊子明 陳分友 責任編輯:喬楠楠 2018-07-26 08:23:16
前言

以深度學習為標志的人工智慧技術突破性成果及其在各領域的應用,將智慧化推上了全球浪潮的新高,也成為各方關注的焦點。在科技創新與應用從未甘落後的軍事領域,也正在積極孕育一場新的變革。我們必須準確把握智能化戰爭的演進脈搏,透析智能化戰爭的內在本質,才能以嶄新的面貌迎接和駕馭智能化戰爭。

智慧化戰爭究竟離我們有多遠?

智能化戰爭,是以人工智慧技術為主要支撐的戰爭。賦予武器平台以人的智慧並取代人在戰場上廝殺,是千百年來人們夢寐以求的願望。隨著AlphaGo和Atlas為代表的人工智慧系統帶給世人的強大沖擊,蜂群作戰、飛行航空母艦等作戰新概念、新平台的初露端倪,智慧化戰爭大門彷彿正在悄然打開。

歷史發展規律預示著智慧化戰爭必將走上戰爭舞台。科學技術的進步推動武器裝備的演進,引發軍隊編成、作戰方式和軍事理論的根本性變化,並最終強制推動戰爭形態的歷史性變革。智能化戰爭的到來也符合這個歷史發展的必然規律。回顧人類戰爭的演變歷程,每一次科學技術的重大進步,都推動著軍事上的重大變革。黑火藥的發明使人類戰爭進化到熱兵器時代,步兵方陣、騎兵方陣在火槍線式作戰方式下被消滅的蕩然無存;蒸汽機在軍事上的運用使人類戰爭進化到機械化時代,並進而催生了以裝甲艦、坦克、飛機引領的大規模機械化戰爭。智慧化技術的出現與應用,必將深刻改變人類認知、戰爭思維與作戰方式,再一次掀起軍事上的重大變革,智慧化戰爭必將走上戰爭舞台。

人工智慧技術的發展進程決定著智慧化戰爭邁進的腳步。人工智慧技術的不斷發展與廣泛應用,推動智慧化戰爭從混沌走向現實,開始萌芽、逐漸成長,一步一步向我們走來。真正進入到智慧化戰爭,人工智慧技術需要邁上四階。第一級台階是計算智能,即突破計算能力的限制、突破存儲空間的限制,實現近乎實時的計算能力和存儲能力,這種能力是大型計算機和龐大服務器遠遠不可比擬的。雲計算的廣泛應用已經將人類穩穩地送上了第一級台階。第二級台階是感知智能,即機器能夠聽得懂、看得懂、辨得真、識得清,能夠與人進行直接交流對話。以大數據為基礎的自然語言理解、圖像圖形認知、生物特徵識別技術,讓人類走上了第二級台階。第三級台階是認知智能,即機器能夠理解人類的思維,能夠像人類一樣進行思考與推理,像人類一樣進行判斷和決策。以深度學習演算法為驅動的知識挖掘、知識圖譜、人工神經網絡、決策樹技術,讓人類努力邁向第三級台階。第四級台階是人機融合式增強型智能,即將人類擅長的感知、推理、歸納、學習,與機器擅長的搜尋、計算、儲存、優化,進行優勢互補、雙向閉環互動。虛擬現實增強技術、類腦認知技術、類腦神經網絡技術,正在探索人類如何邁向第四級。當人類走上第二級台階,智慧化戰爭開始向我們走來;當我們踏上第四級台階時,智慧化戰爭的時代就將全面開啟。

自我學習成長加速著智慧化戰爭變革的突然降臨。 「學習」能力是人工智慧最核心的能力,一旦機器能夠自我學習,其學習速度是驚人的。機器一旦具備自我學習的能力,就會進入一個不斷反復的「提升智慧、加快進化」的快速成長軌道,邁向智慧化戰爭的所有技術困難將隨著「學習」的深入迎刃而解,智能化戰爭時代很可能會以人們意想不到的方式突然降臨!

智能化戰爭究竟會改變什麼?

智能化戰爭將突破傳統時空認知的極限。在智慧化戰爭中,人工智慧技術能夠全時、全局對作戰中全部力量的各種行動信息,進行實時收集、實時計算、實時推送,使人類能夠突破思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限,大大提高對時間空間的認知範疇,能夠實時精準地掌控所有力量的所有行動,能夠在多維空間、多維空間、多維領域的優勢

智慧化戰爭將重構人與武器裝備的關系。隨著智慧化技術的快速進步,智慧化程度的不斷提升,武器平台和作戰體係不僅能夠被動、機械地執行人的指令,而且能夠在深度理解和深度預測的基礎上,通過機器擅長的算、存、查進行超級放大,從而在一定意義上自主、能動地執行特定任務。可以說,武器平台和作戰體係也可以在某種程度上主動地發揮出人的意識,甚至是超出人類的認識範疇,根據特定程序自主地、甚至是創造性地完成作戰任務,傳統意義上人與武器裝備的區別變得模糊,甚至難以區分是人在發揮作用還是機器在發揮作用,人們驚呼“人與武器裝備將成為夥伴關系”。因此,在智慧化戰爭中,人雖然仍是戰鬥力中最主要的因素,但人與武器裝備結合方式的改變豐富了戰鬥力的內涵,人與武器裝備的傳統關係也將在此基礎上進行重構。

智慧化戰爭將催生新型作戰方式的湧現。科學技術劃時代的進步,必然使作戰方式發生革命性的變化;智慧化技術的重大進步,必然帶來作戰方式變革的活躍期。一方面,以計算、數據、演算法、生物為驅動力的深度認知、深度學習、深度神經等領域不斷湧現的新技術,以及與資訊、生物、醫學、工程、製造等領域成果的交叉融合,必然推動新型作戰方式井噴式的湧現。另一方面,智慧化武器平台與作戰體系的激烈對抗,必然成為創新作戰方式的目標與動力。戰爭中智慧化技術程度越高的部位,越成為對抗中的焦點,時空認知極限、海量資訊存儲計算能力、神經網絡組織生成能力等方面的優勢差,將會帶來新領域的「致盲」「致聾」「致癱」作戰方式。

智慧化戰爭將孵化全新的指揮控制方式。指揮控制的優勢是戰爭領域的關注焦點,智慧化戰爭呼喚全新的指揮控制方式。一是人機協同決策成為智慧化戰爭中主要的指揮決策方式。以往戰爭中的指揮決策,都是以指揮為主導,牽引技術手段的輔助決策。在智慧化戰爭中,智慧輔助決策系統將根據新的戰場態勢變化,主動督促或催促指揮員做出決策。這是因為面對海量的、瞬息萬變的戰場態勢資訊數據,人的大腦已經無法快速容納和高效處理、人的感官已經無法承受超常規的變化速度。在這種情況下,單純依靠指揮員形成的決策很可能是遲到的、無用的決策。只有在智慧化輔助決策系統推動下的人機協同決策,才能夠彌補時空差和機腦差,確保指揮決策優勢。二是腦神經控製成為智慧化戰爭中主要的指令控制方式。以往戰爭中,指揮員透過文件、電台、電話,以文書或語音的形式,逐級下達指令指揮控制部隊。在智慧化戰爭中,指揮員用智慧化類腦神經元,透過神經網絡作戰體系平台向部隊下達指令,減少了指令表現形式的轉換過程,縮短了指令跨媒體的轉換時間,節奏更快、效率更高。當作戰體系平台遭到攻擊部分破壞時,這種指揮控制方式能夠自主修復或自主重構神經網絡,迅速恢復主體功能甚至全部功能,抗打擊能力更強。

我們應該如何迎接智能化戰爭?

在智慧化作戰的研究與探索中,絕不能甘於落後追隨,必須瞄準打贏未來戰爭,要以更主動的姿態、先進的理念、積極的行動,迎接智慧化戰爭的挑戰。

以智慧化技術突破推動智慧化作戰體系效能躍升。智慧化技術的發展目前雖然在神經網絡演算法、智慧傳感與組網技術、數據挖掘技術、知識圖譜技術等方面有了較大進展,但總體而言仍處於弱智能階段,遠未達到強智能高級階段,未來仍有廣闊的發展空間。要強化人工智慧基礎研究,遵循科學技術發展的規律,科學規劃智慧化技術發展方向,選好技術突破口,加強人工智慧關鍵核心技術,特別是起支撐作用的基礎性研究。突出軍用關鍵技術研究。以軍事需求為牽引,圍繞智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、智慧打擊、智慧保障等軍用關鍵技術,發展智慧化偵察感知系統、指揮控制系統、武器裝備系統、作戰保障系統等武器裝備。抓好軍民科技協同創新,充分發揮民用智慧技術發展優勢,依托軍地優勢資源,強化軍地戰略協作,搭建人工智慧科技成果共研共享、條件設施共建共用、通用標準軍地銜接的服務平台,形成智慧化作戰科技開放融合創新發展新局面。

以智能化作戰理念引領作戰方式創新。迎接智能化戰爭的到來,轉變觀念才是前提。觀念是行動的先導,如果我們的觀念還停留在傳統層面,就難以適應智慧化戰爭的需要。智慧化戰爭在技術支撐、作戰力量、制勝機理等方面都發生了深刻變化,要求我們必須先確立智慧化戰爭理念,並以此引領我軍未來作戰方式創新。一是要強化「制智權」爭奪。人工智慧是智慧化戰爭的基礎,作戰中剝奪和削弱對手智慧運用能力,保持己方智慧運用的自由,是確保智慧化作戰順利實施的基礎。西方發達國家軍隊正探索通過電磁幹擾、電子壓制、高功率微波穿透和接管控制等多種手段,阻斷對手的智能運用能力,奪取“制智權”,從而奪取戰場優勢。二是創新智能化作戰方式方法。要著眼於充分發揮智慧化作戰體系整體效能,加強人機協同智慧作戰、智慧化機器人作戰、智慧無人群聚作戰等的新的智慧化作戰方式方法研究,以及智慧化作戰指揮、智慧化作戰保障的流程與方式方法等。著眼有效應對敵智能化作戰威脅,研究克敵制勝之策,如智慧阻斷戰、智慧擾亂戰等。

以智慧化訓練創新催生戰鬥力生成模式轉變。智慧化戰爭將是人機結合共同實施的戰爭,以智慧化無人作戰系統為主體的作戰力量將發揮越來越重要的作用。必須適應智慧化戰爭力量體系新特點,創新發展智慧化訓練概念,探索智慧化戰爭戰鬥力生成新模式。一方面,要強化「人」駕馭智慧系統訓練。依託大數據、雲計算、VR技術等創設新型訓練環境,不斷提升人的智慧化素養,改善人機認知、理解、互動品質,提升人駕馭智慧化作戰系統的能力。另一方面,要探索以「機」為主體對象的新型訓練模式。過去的訓練基本是以人為主體對象的訓練,聚焦於人在特定環境下熟練掌握和使用武器裝備提高作戰效能。適應智慧化戰爭力量體系構成新特點,在訓練的對像上改變傳統訓練中以人為中心的訓練組織理念和模式,聚焦於智能化作戰系統自我指揮、自我控制、自我作戰能力的提升,充分利用智能化系統能夠自我博弈、自我成長的特點,形成專門針對智能化作戰系統訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制,從而使智能化作戰系統獲得短期的自主訓練即可升躍獲得短期能力強化的倍數。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/482056188.html?

Chinese Military Actively Responds to Challenges of Intelligent Warfare

中國軍隊積極應對智慧化戰爭挑戰

現代英語:

Actively respond to the challenges of intelligent warfare

■Yin Junsong, Li Minghai, Li Shijiang, Gao Kai

introduction

In recent years, the wave of intelligence has surged and has been widely used in the military field. Major countries in the world attach great importance to the construction and application of military intelligence. Various unmanned combat platforms and intelligent weapons and equipment continue to appear and are equipped in the army for actual combat. In the face of the accelerated evolution of the intelligent form of war, only by seizing development opportunities, actively responding to challenges, accelerating the development of military intelligence, and accelerating the forging of intelligent combat capabilities can we seize the strategic initiative of intelligent warfare and win the future intelligent war.

Focusing on the creation of intelligent theory of war design

Military theory originates from combat practice and is used to guide combat practice. In the past, due to various restrictions, military theory research was mostly “looking back”, that is, summarizing combat cases to form combat guidance. With the rapid development of modern technology, especially disruptive technologies such as big data and cloud computing, combat theory research has broken away from the traditional follow-up and inductive reasoning mode and entered a new era of experimental warfare and designed warfare. New disruptive technologies in the field of intelligence have opened up new space for innovation in military theory. To this end, we should follow the idea of ​​”proposing concepts-demand analysis-innovative theories” to create the basic theory of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the conceptual connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat style, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanism, characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare; innovate intelligent warfare methods and methods, give full play to the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthen the research on new intelligent combat methods and methods such as human-machine collaborative intelligent warfare, intelligent robot warfare, and intelligent unmanned cluster warfare, as well as the processes and methods of intelligent combat command and intelligent combat support; focus on effectively responding to intelligent combat threats and study strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent blocking warfare and intelligent disruption warfare. These theories are the cornerstone of the intelligent warfare theory system. In the future, the war theory centered on strengthening “intellectual power” and competing for “algorithm-centric warfare” is very likely to replace the war theory centered on “network-centric warfare”.

Focusing on cross-domain interconnection and exploring intelligent forms

Military organization is the link between military technology and combat theory, and is the lever for exerting the overall combat effectiveness of the army. Modern combat emphasizes “elite combat under the support of a large system”, that is, with the support of the joint combat system, “elite front and strong back”, and organizes precise and multi-functional combat modules according to the idea of ​​”integrated design, modular organization, and combined use” to maximize the release of combat energy. The system organization of future intelligent warfare will form small, multi-functional, intelligent new joint combat forces of different types and purposes according to different levels of strategy, campaign, and tactics and different military arms, and emphasize the organization of “global” forces that can perform diversified combat tasks. Through intelligent combat networks, according to the requirements of reconfigurability, scalability and adaptability, single weapon platforms can be seamlessly linked and flexibly organized according to changes in the enemy situation, battlefield environment, etc., and then aggregate to form system advantages and form an integrated offensive and defensive combat module. The new intelligent combat force system is the comprehensive product of the development of artificial intelligence technology, the formation of new quality combat power and the evolution of war forms. It is the “trump card” to seize the initiative in the future all-domain combat space, the key to the construction of an integrated joint combat system, and a new growth point for the army’s combat effectiveness.

Focusing on the integration of man and machine to develop intelligent weapons

With the development of information technology and intelligent technology, whoever can win in the field of artificial intelligence will have the opportunity to take the initiative in future military confrontation. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent war system operations and intelligent weapons and equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall coordination, compile a roadmap for the development of intelligent weapons and equipment systems, and develop intelligent unmanned combat equipment systems that match operations and support in a planned, focused, and step-by-step manner, covering land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network space fields, and establish a “human-led, machine-assisted, mixed formation, and joint action” manned-unmanned collaborative system to enhance the system integration of various military services and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. Intelligent unmanned combat systems are a new trend in the development of future war equipment. Its core lies in aiming at the requirements of “zero casualties”, “full coverage”, and “fast response” in future wars, making full use of the development results of new theories, new materials, new processes, new energy, and new technologies, and continuously making breakthroughs in human-machine collaboration and autonomous action. We will build a three-level unmanned equipment system of strategy, campaign, and tactics, build a new type of intelligent unmanned division on a large scale, and realize the systematic collaborative operations of unmanned combat systems. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent combat, and pay attention to the research and development of weapons and equipment systems for anti-enemy intelligent unmanned combat, to ensure that we can effectively engage in intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontation with the enemy.

Focus on the ability to combine innovation and intelligent training

The professional division of modern warfare is becoming more and more detailed, and the entire combat system is becoming more and more complex, which promotes the transformation of combat from labor-intensive to technology-intensive. It requires that combatants must not only have good physical fitness, but also have good technical literacy and intellectual advantages to cope with the needs of different combat tasks, combat environments, and combat opponents. Military intelligence has put forward higher requirements on the quality of people. Correspondingly, intelligent military talents should have the characteristics of talent group, advanced skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Intelligent warfare will be a war jointly implemented by man and machine, and combat forces with intelligent unmanned combat systems as the main body will play an increasingly important role. Only the effective combination of high-quality personnel and intelligent weapons can maximize the combat effectiveness. It is necessary to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, innovate and develop intelligent training concepts, and explore new models for the generation of intelligent warfare combat effectiveness. At present, artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, and can realistically interpret the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. To this end, we should adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent war force system, focus on improving the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of the intelligent combat system, make full use of the characteristics of the intelligent system that can self-game and self-grow, form a training system, training environment, and training mechanism specifically for the intelligent combat system, strengthen the training of “people” to control the intelligent system, and explore a new training model with “machines” as the main object. In this way, the intelligent combat system can obtain a leap in combat capability through short-term autonomous intensive training to cope with the test of disorder, complexity, and uncertainty in the future combat environment.

Focus on improving the guarantee model with precision and efficiency

In the intelligent battlefield, the realization degree of comprehensive support for joint operations is an important factor that directly affects the generation of combat effectiveness of troops. The development of intelligent technology will inevitably trigger revolutionary changes in the construction of the joint combat support system and realize intelligent comprehensive support. Comprehensive support is the foundation of combat effectiveness and a bridge for transforming the country’s economic strength into the combat capability of troops. With the continuous maturity of Internet of Things technology, intelligent warfare places more emphasis on integrated support, precise support, and distribution support, that is, delivering to the required location at the required time according to the required quantity. Relying on the integrated support system, the dispersed support forces and resources will be organized according to functional modules such as supply, materials, maintenance, ammunition and management, so that they cover all areas of combat service support work. Relying on visualization technology, the current status of combat supply will be tracked and mastered throughout the process, and information control, reception and distribution of personnel and material flows will be carried out according to the real-time development of the battle situation, so as to achieve point-to-point direct support. By using technologies such as the Internet of Things, drones, smart cars, remote surgery, and 3D printing, we will upgrade and create an intelligent after-sales support system covering smart warehousing, smart delivery, smart maintenance, and smart medical care. This will enable automatic, rapid, and accurate replenishment of battlefield after-sales materials, rapid diagnosis and repair of equipment failures, and timely rescue of battlefield personnel. We will transform passive support into active service, and improve the overall efficiency and benefits of after-sales support.

Focusing on military and civilian dual-use to deepen intelligent integration

Breakthroughs in the core key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “national heavy weapons” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. The rapid development of intelligent technology has become an accelerator of military intelligence. In the information age, the boundaries between military and civilian technologies are becoming increasingly blurred, and their convertibility is becoming stronger and stronger. Actively establish a military-civilian collaborative innovation mechanism, continuously strengthen the driving force for the innovation and development of intelligent core technologies, build an open industry-university-research collaborative innovation system for the whole society, make forward-looking arrangements and support investments in core cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, give full play to the innovative power of the entire society, and promote the rapid and sustainable development of military intelligence. Accelerate the advancement of technological breakthroughs in key areas. We must focus on relevant key technology areas and break the technical bottlenecks that restrict the development of military intelligence. Strengthen research in the basic support areas of military intelligence, such as military big data and military Internet of Things; based on combat needs, strengthen research on intelligent application technologies in various combat elements, especially research on intelligent command decision-making, intelligent weapon platforms, intelligent battlefield perception, and intelligent confrontation technologies. The research and development of core key technologies of military intelligence should not only carry out cross-disciplinary and cross-domain collaborative innovation, but also make social intelligence and military intelligence development dock and track, learn from mature technologies and successful experiences in the development of social intelligence, and promote the rapid embedding of various artificial intelligence technologies into combat elements and combat processes. To accelerate the development of military intelligence, we should speed up the exploration of the training rules of relevant talents, make full use of military and local educational resources, increase the training of relevant talents, and provide solid intellectual support and talent guarantee for promoting the construction of military intelligence.

現代國語:

積極因應戰爭形態智慧化挑戰

■尹峻松 李明海 李始江 高凱

引言

近年來,智慧化浪潮洶湧而來,並在軍事領域廣泛應用。世界主要國家高度重視軍事智慧化建設和應用,各種無人作戰平台和智慧化武器裝備不斷出現,並列裝部隊投入實戰。面對戰爭形態智能化加速演變,只有把握發展機遇,積極應對挑戰,加速軍事智能化發展,加速鍛造智能化作戰能力,才能奪取智能化戰爭戰略主動,從而打贏未來智能化戰爭。

著眼設計戰爭創建智慧化理論

軍事理論源自於作戰實踐,並用於指導作戰實踐。過去受各種條件的限制,軍事理論研究多是“向後看”,即總結戰例形成作戰指導。隨著現代技術,尤其是大數據、雲端運算等顛覆性技術的快速發展,使作戰理論研究擺脫了傳統的跟進式、歸納推理式的模式,走入了實驗戰爭、設計戰爭的新時代。智慧領域新的顛覆性技術,為軍事理論創新開啟了新的空間。為此,我們應依照「提出概念—需求分析—創新理論」的思路,創造智慧化戰爭基礎理論,深入研究智慧化戰爭的概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰樣式、攻防行動、制勝機理、特徵規律等內容;創新智慧化作戰方式,充分發揮智慧化作戰方式體系整體效能,加強人機協同智慧作戰、智慧化機器人作戰、智慧無人集群作戰等新的智慧化作戰方式方法研究,以及智慧化作戰指揮、智慧化作戰保障的流程和方式方法等;著眼有效應對智慧化作戰威脅,研究克敵制勝之策,如智慧阻斷戰、智慧擾亂戰等。這些理論是智慧化戰爭理論體系的基石。未來以強化「制智權」爭奪「演算法中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論,極有可能取代以「網路中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論。

著眼於跨域互聯探索智慧化形態

軍隊組織是連結軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶,是發揮軍隊整體作戰效能的槓桿。現代作戰更強調“大體系支撐下的精兵作戰”,即以聯合作戰體系為支撐,“精前台、強後台”,按照“一體化設計、模組化編組、組合式運用”的思路,編組精確多能的作戰模組,使得作戰能量得到最大限度釋放。未來智慧化戰爭的體制編制將按戰略、戰役、戰術不同層次和不同軍兵種,組成不同類型、不同用途的小型多能智能化新型聯合作戰部隊,更加強調編組能夠執行多樣化作戰任務的「全局化」部隊,透過智慧化的作戰網絡,依照可重構性、可擴充性和自適應要求,能夠依據敵情、戰場環境等態勢變化,將單一武器平台進行無縫連結、靈活編組,進而聚合形成體系優勢,形成攻防一體的作戰模組。智慧化新型作戰力量體係是人工智慧技術發展、新質戰鬥力形成與戰爭形態演變的綜合產物,是奪取未來全局作戰空間主動權的“殺手鐧”,是構成一體化聯合作戰體系的關鍵,是軍隊戰鬥力新的增長點。

著眼於人機融合發展智慧化武器

隨著資訊科技、智慧科技的發展,誰能在人工智慧領域中取勝,誰就有望擁有未來軍事對抗的主動權。應著眼於智慧化戰爭體係作戰和智慧化武器裝備體系建設的雙重需要,搞好頂層設計和整體統籌,編制智能化武器裝備體系發展路線圖,按計劃、有重點、分步驟地研製高中低端、大中小型、遠中近程,覆蓋陸、海、空、天、電和網路等太空領域,作戰與保障相配套的智慧化無人作戰裝備體系,建立「人為主導、機器協助、混合編組、聯合行動」的有人-無人協作體系,增強各軍兵種和作戰、保障等各種智能化武器裝備的體系融合度。智慧化無人作戰系統是未來戰爭裝備發展新趨勢。其核心在於瞄準未來戰爭「零傷亡」「全覆蓋」「快響應」等要求,充分運用新理論、新材料、新工藝、新能源、新技術發展成果,在人機協同和自主行動兩個方面不斷取得突破,構建戰略、戰役、戰術三級無人裝備體系,規模化打造新型智能無人之師,實現無人作戰系統的體系化協同作戰。同時,應著眼無人與反無人、智能與反智能作戰需要,注重研發反敵智能化無人作戰的武器裝備系統,確保能夠有效地與敵進行智能化無人攻防對抗。

著眼能力複合創新智能化訓練

現代戰爭專業分工越來越細、整個作戰體系越來越複雜,推動作戰由人力密集型向技術密集型轉變,要求參戰人員不僅要具備良好的身體素質,更要具備良好的技術素養和智力優勢,以應對不同作戰任務、作戰環境、作戰對手的需要。軍事智慧化對人的素質提出了更高要求,相應地智能化軍事人才應具有人才群體性、技能精尖性、知識複合性、思維創新性、決策智能性等特徵。智慧化戰爭將是人機結合共同實施的戰爭,以智慧化無人作戰系統為主體的作戰力量將發揮越來越重要的作用。高素質人員和智慧化武器的有效結合,才能最大程度地發揮作戰效能。必須適應智慧化戰爭力量體系新特點,創新發展智慧化訓練概念,探索智慧化戰爭戰鬥力生成新模式。目前,人工智慧技術能夠創造出更「真實」的武器操作體驗與戰場環境,能夠逼真演繹作戰進程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰構想。為此,適應智慧化戰爭力量體系構成新特點,聚焦於智慧化作戰系統自我指揮、自我控制、自我作戰能力的提升,充分利用智慧化系統能夠自我博弈、自我成長的特點,形成專門針對智慧化作戰系統訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制,強化「人」駕馭智慧系統訓練,探索以「機」為主體對象的新型訓練模式。從而使智慧化作戰系統經過短期的自主強化訓練即可獲得作戰能力的躍升,以應對未來作戰環境無序性、複雜性、不確定性的考驗。

著眼精準高效能改善保障模式

智慧化戰場,聯合作戰綜合保障實現度是直接影響部隊戰鬥力生成的重要因素。智慧化技術的發展必將觸發聯合作戰保障體系建設的革命性變化,實現智慧化綜合保障。綜合保障是戰鬥力的基礎,是把國家經濟實力轉化為部隊作戰能力的橋樑。隨著物聯網技術的不斷成熟,智慧化戰爭更強調一體保障、精確保障、配送保障,也就是依照所需的量在需要的時間投放到需要的地點。依託一體化保障體系,將分散部署的保障力量和資源,按照補給、物資、維修、彈藥和管理等職能模組編組,使其涵蓋戰鬥勤務保障工作的各個領域,依托可視化技術,全程跟踪作戰供應現狀,根據戰況實時發展對人員流、物資流進行信息控制、接收和分發,實現點對點的直達保障。透過運用物聯網、無人機、智慧車、遠距手術、3D列印等技術,升級打造涵蓋智慧倉儲、智慧投送、智慧維修、智慧醫療等智慧後裝保障體系,實現戰場後裝物資自動快速精準補給、設備故障快速診斷與維修、戰場人員及時救護,變被動式為主動服務,提升後負配備保障整體效率和效益。

著眼軍民兼用深化智能化融合

人工智慧核心關鍵技術的突破,是應對智慧化戰爭威脅和挑戰的「國之重器」。智慧科技的快速發展,已成為軍事智慧化的加速器。資訊時代軍用技術和民用技術的界線越來越模糊,可轉換性越來越強。積極建立軍民協同創新機制,不斷強化智慧化核心技術創新發展原動力,建構全社會開放的產學研協同創新體系,對人工智慧等核心前沿技術前瞻佈局、扶持投資,充分發揮整個社會的創新力量,促進軍事智慧化快速永續發展。加快推進重點領域技術突破。要聚焦相關重點技術領域,打破限制軍事智慧化發展的技術瓶頸。加強軍事智慧化基礎支撐領域的研究,例如,軍用大數據、軍用物聯網等;從作戰需求出發,加強各個作戰要素方面的智慧化應用技術研究,尤其是智慧化指揮決策、智慧化武器平台、智慧化戰場感知、智慧化對抗技術等方面的研究。軍事智慧化核心關鍵技術的研發,不僅要進行跨領域、跨領域協作創新,還要使社會智慧化與軍事智慧化發展對接並軌,借鏡社會智慧發展的成熟技術與成功經驗,推動各類人工智慧技術快速嵌入作戰要素、作戰流程。加速軍事智慧化發展,應抓緊探索相關人才的培養規律,充分利用軍地教育資源,加大相關人才培養力度,為推進軍事智慧化建設提供堅實的智力支持與人才保障。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/education/2020-02/06/content_485978488.htm

Satellite Navigation for the Chinese Military’s Intelligent Battlefield

中國軍隊智慧戰場的衛星導航

現代英語:

The satellite navigation system, also known as the global satellite navigation system, is an air-based radio navigation and positioning system that can provide users with all-weather three-dimensional coordinates, speed and time information at any location on the earth’s surface or in near-Earth space.

The satellite navigation system is an important space infrastructure for mankind. It is an indispensable tool for a country’s national security and economic and social development. It has a profound impact on the form of war, combat style, and people’s production and lifestyle.

At present, there are four major global satellite navigation systems in the world, namely, the United States’ GPS, Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo and China’s Beidou. Global competition in satellite navigation technology is becoming increasingly fierce.

Standing at a new starting point of profound changes in the world’s military, and looking at the future battlefield with a high degree of integration of informatization and intelligence, intelligent navigation systems will come into being and play an important role.

Satellite navigation becomes a “standard” element of the intelligent battlefield

The future intelligent battlefield will present the characteristics of high-tech warfare, which will comprehensively use intelligent weapons and means under information conditions, realize efficient command and control, and implement precise and flexible strikes. Satellite navigation technology can provide high-precision, all-weather, large-scale and multi-purpose positioning, navigation and timing services for various objects on land, sea, air and space.

Provide a unified time and space benchmark for systematic operations. For the intelligent battlefield, there are many linked elements and the situation changes rapidly, which requires accurate positioning of combat units to achieve intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, battlefield maneuvers, offensive and defensive operations, and support and guarantee under a unified time and space benchmark, ensuring that all elements of the entire battlefield form a coordinated organic whole.

The basic function of satellite navigation is to provide accurate time and space references for various combat elements. Without an accurate and unified time and space reference, the precise command of joint operations may be out of balance, combat operations may be out of control, and intelligence fusion and target identification cannot be achieved. If the time error is one hundredth of a second, a target locked by more than a dozen radars will become more than a dozen targets, and accurate defense and counterattack will not be possible.

Under a unified standard time and geographic coordinate system, satellite navigation provides precision guidance for various weapon platforms, fine frequency calibration for electronic warfare weapons, and all-weather positioning and navigation for individual combatants, significantly improving the coordination and strike effectiveness of joint firepower strikes.

Provide synchronous situation cognition for combat command and control. Accurately grasping the battlefield situation is the premise and basis for commanders to flexibly and accurately implement command and control. The satellite navigation system provides strong support for battlefield situation awareness.

Since the 1990s, the U.S. military has developed a “Blue Force Tracking” system based on GPS and satellite communications to build a precise command and control system. The “Blue Force Tracking” system has effectively supported the U.S. military in forming a networked information advantage on the ground battlefield and effectively solved the problem of “where are we, our friends, and our enemies?”

Relying on the two major services of navigation positioning and position reporting of the global satellite network, the military has realized battlefield situation monitoring and sharing, which has become an important means for the military to “know itself”. At the same time, it has optimized the combat operation process, realized the issuance of combat orders at the minute level, and accelerated the development of the military’s command and control mode towards “integration” and “flattening”.

Providing a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapons and ammunition. In the intelligent battlefield, precision-guided weapons have become the “trump card” that determines victory or defeat. Using the satellite navigation system, the flight process of the missile can be corrected throughout to ensure the accuracy of the hit. It can be said that the satellite navigation system is a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapon platforms.

In recent local wars, the proportion of GPS precision-guided weapons of the US military has continued to rise: 7.6% in the Gulf War in 1991, 35% in the Kosovo War in 1999, 60% in the Afghanistan War in 2001, 68.3% in the Iraq War in 2003, and 100% in the Syrian War in 2018.

Intelligent battlefield requires satellite navigation to have new “responsibilities”

As the core and cornerstone of the precise and unified space-time system, the modern satellite navigation system must take on new responsibilities in response to the development needs of future intelligent battlefields.

In the era of intelligence, new combat elements represented by “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” will reconstruct the battlefield ecology and completely change the winning mechanism of war. Satellite navigation services need to adapt to the characteristics of the intelligent battlefield with wider dimensions, higher precision, and stronger system.

Navigation positioning and timing have a wider range and higher accuracy. The current satellite navigation system has achieved coverage of the earth’s surface. However, on the intelligent battlefield, it needs to extend to deep space and under the sea. The combat time domain and air domain are wider, requiring the construction of a comprehensive service system covering land, sea, air and space, with unified standards, high efficiency and intelligence, to form time and space information coverage at all times and everywhere, and to achieve more powerful, safer and more reliable time and space service capabilities.

For example, in the intelligent battlefield, unmanned combat has become the basic form. Autonomous driving of unmanned vehicles, precision approach of drones, and measurement of intelligent missile positions all urgently need to be improved by an order of magnitude on the basis of existing navigation accuracy to ensure higher navigation integrity, faster first positioning time, and stronger cross-domain capabilities of land, sea, air, and space.

The military navigation confrontation system is more complete and more powerful. The means of navigation confrontation in the information age is a simple confrontation form based on signal energy enhancement and interference attack. Navigation in the intelligent era is intertwined with detection, perception, communication, command, and decision-making. It requires a navigation capability level with higher power and faster effectiveness in any region of the world, the ability to intelligently adjust navigation signals, and the development of multiple navigation means such as quantum navigation, pulsar navigation, and deep-sea navigation. It is necessary to integrate navigation methods with different principles, methods, and carriers to achieve navigation confrontation capabilities at the system level and system level.

The bandwidth of navigation information interaction is larger and the access is wider. In the intelligent era, the role of cyberspace in the combat system is gradually increasing, and it is integrated with the navigation space-time system. The navigation information and cyberspace system that provide space-time position will connect the scattered combat forces and combat elements into a whole, forming a networked and systematic combat capability. This requires support for ubiquitous perception, left-right collaboration, and reliable and reconfigurable navigation capabilities, support for highly reliable, highly anti-interference, and readily accessible signaling channels, and timely acquisition of required navigation auxiliary information such as geography, maps, and images. On this basis, the real integration of communication and navigation is realized, achieving the effect of “one domain combat, multi-domain support”.

Adapting to the needs of military intelligence development and promoting the construction of intelligent navigation system

Judging from the development trend of the world’s military powers, facing the future intelligent battlefield, intelligent navigation systems are gradually building a space-time reference network and navigation information service network that integrates the earth and the sky, with space-based, systematized, on-demand and cloud-based as the main characteristics, forming a comprehensive navigation, positioning and timing system with unified reference, seamless coverage, security and reliability, high efficiency and convenience, and strong practicality.

The core of the transformation from a basic navigation system to an intelligent navigation system is to upgrade from “positioning navigation service” to “intelligent navigation service”, and the focus is on achieving the following four aspects of transformation:

The space-time benchmark is shifting from relying on ground systems to autonomous space-time benchmark maintenance. The space-time benchmark maintenance equipment of the ground system will gradually be transferred to the satellite, and the satellite will be equipped with higher-precision optical clocks and astronomical measurement equipment to form a more stable and reliable space-based space benchmark through high-precision anchoring and laser intersatellite measurement. The use of intelligent navigation systems can make ordinary navigation positioning accuracy reach sub-meter level, the timing accuracy will be increased by about 5 times, and the precision positioning service can achieve fast convergence of centimeter-level accuracy. Intelligent navigation can fully support the cross-domain integration of combat platforms, the doubling of the effectiveness of distributed lethal weapons, and the precise navigation of the entire process of air-space integrated drones from cruising to precision approach.

The satellite power confrontation mode is transformed into a navigation system confrontation. In terms of navigation confrontation services, the traditional satellite power confrontation mode will no longer meet the needs of the intelligent battlefield. Navigation system confrontation is the only way for the development of intelligent equipment in order to enhance the ability of troops to quickly adapt to the battlefield environment. Specifically, it includes precise release of navigation performance, heterogeneous backup of constellations, and global hotspot mobility. The main features are intelligent navigation signals and flexible theater reinforcements. Based on controllable point beam energy enhancement technology, energy delivery in hotspot areas, enhanced area expansion, deception or blocking interference, and digital transmission service guarantee are realized. In a high-interference and blocking environment, ensure service continuity and accuracy, and gradually release strength as the war progresses.

The simple integration of communication and navigation will be transformed into integrated on-demand services. It will provide deeper and broader navigation information services, deeply integrate into the military information network, and provide high, medium and low-speed classified and hierarchical navigation information services to users on land, sea, air and space. Reuse the favorable conditions of global multiple continuous coverage of navigation satellites to meet users’ communication and navigation needs in a global range and in any posture, and realize high reliability and strong interference-resistant search and rescue, position reporting, and signaling transmission. The navigation satellite space-based network interacts with the ground network information to build inter-satellite and satellite-to-ground high-speed backbone networks. Through miniaturized laser terminals and enhanced space routers, a stable and reliable space network is formed, equipped with a complete and standardized protocol system to support the autonomous and intelligent operation of hybrid constellation networks.

The computing resources of payload modules are separated and transformed into cloud computing resources of constellation. It will provide more intelligent space-based cloud computing services and reliable space-based intelligent support for intelligent weapon platforms. The main features are virtualization of onboard hardware resources and balancing of task loads. Through the configuration of public onboard computing modules, large-capacity storage units, and high-speed bus networks on navigation satellites, a ubiquitous space network shared resource pool is formed. The powerful data processing capability can support the autonomous establishment and maintenance of space-based space-time benchmarks, intelligent maintenance of navigation signal quality, and autonomous management of space networks. At the same time, it can provide computing, push, and storage services for complex information such as spatial position for various high-end users in the sky, air, land, and sea.

(The author is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering)

Above: Schematic diagram of satellite navigation system supporting operations.

現代國語:谭述森

中國軍網 國防部網

2021年11月12日 星期五

衛星導航系統,即全球衛星導航系統,是能在地球表面或近地空間任何地點,為使用者提供全天候三維座標和速度以及時間資訊的空基無線電導航定位系統。

衛星導航系統是人類重要的太空基礎設施,堪稱一個國家安全和經濟社會發展不可或缺的重器,對戰爭形態、作戰樣式和人們生產生活方式有深遠影響。

目前,全球有四大全球衛星導航系統,分別是美國的GPS、俄羅斯的格洛納斯、歐洲的伽利略和中國的北斗,衛星導航技術全球競爭日益激烈。

站在世界軍事深刻變革的新起點,瞭望資訊化智能化高度融合的未來戰場,智慧導航體系將應運而生,並發揮重要作用。

衛星導航成為智慧化戰場的「標配」要素

未來智慧化戰場,將呈現資訊化條件下綜合運用智慧化武器和手段、實現高效指揮控制及實施精確靈巧打擊的高技術作戰特性。衛星導航技術,能高精度、全天候、大範圍、多用途地為陸、海、空、天各種物件提供定位、導航、授時服務。

為體系化作戰提供統一時空基準。對於智慧化戰場來說,連結要素多、情況瞬息萬變,要求對作戰單元進行準確定位,實現統一時空基準下的情報偵察、指揮控制、戰場機動、攻防行動、支援保障,確保整個戰場各類要素形成統籌協調的有機整體。

衛星導航的基本功能是,為各個作戰要素提供精確的時空基準。如果沒有精確統一的時空基準,聯合作戰精準指揮可能失調,作戰行動就可能失控,情報融合、目標辨識就無法實現。時間誤差百分之一秒,十幾部雷達鎖定的一個目標就會變成十幾個目標,精準防禦反擊將無法實現。

在統一標準時間與地理座標系下,衛星導航提供各類武器平台精確導引,給予電子戰武器精細校頻,給予作戰單兵全天候定位導航,顯著提升聯合火力打擊的協同程度、打擊效能。

為作戰指揮控制提供態勢同步認知。準確掌握戰場態勢,是指揮官靈活準確實施指揮控制的前提與基礎。衛星導航系統為戰場態勢感知提供了強大支撐。

美軍從1990年代開始,研發以GPS和衛星通訊為基礎的「藍軍追蹤」系統,用來建構精確化指揮控制系統。 「藍軍追蹤」系統有力支撐著美軍形成地面戰場網路化資訊優勢,有效解決了「我、友、敵在哪裡」的難題。

軍隊依托全球衛星網路的導航定位和位置報告兩大服務,實現了戰場態勢監視共享,成為軍隊「知己」的重要手段。同時,優化了作戰行動流程,實現了作戰指令分秒下達,加速了軍隊指揮控制方式向「一體化」「扁平化」方向發展。

為武器彈藥精確打擊提供增效利器。在智慧化戰場上,精確導引武器已成為關乎勝負的「撒手鐧」。使用衛星導航系統,能對飛彈的飛行過程進行全程修正,確保命中精度。可以說,衛星導航系統是武器平台精準打擊的增效利器。

在近幾場局部戰爭中,美軍GPS精確導引武器比例不斷攀升:1991年海灣戰爭為7.6%,1999年科索沃戰爭為35%,2001年阿富汗戰爭為60%,2003年伊拉克戰爭為68.3%,2018年敘利亞戰爭達100%。

智慧化戰場需要衛星導航有新的“擔當”

現代衛星導航系統作為精確統一時空體系的核心與基石,面向未來智慧化戰場的發展需求,要有新的「擔當」。

智能化時代,以「AI、雲、網、群、端」為代表的全新作戰要素,將重建戰場生態,完全改變戰爭的勝利機制。衛星導航服務,需要適應智慧化戰場維度更廣、精準度更高、系統更強的特性。

導航定位授時範圍更廣精度更高。目前的衛星導航系統,實現了地球表面覆蓋。但在智慧化戰場上,需要向深空、海下延伸。作戰時域空域更廣,要求建構覆蓋陸海空天、基準統一、高效智慧的綜合服務體系,形成無時不有、無所不在的時空資訊覆蓋,實現更強大、更安全、更可靠的時空服務能力。

如智慧化戰場上,無人化作戰成為基本形態。無人車自動駕駛、無人機精密進場、智慧飛彈陣地測量等,都迫切需要在現有導航精度基礎上再提升一個量級,確保導航完好性更高、首次定位時間更快、陸海空天跨域能力更強。

軍事導航對抗體系更全更給力。資訊時代的導航對抗手段,是以訊號能量增強與幹擾攻擊為主的簡單對抗形態。智慧時代的導航與探測、感知、通訊、指揮、決策相互交織影響,需要全球任意區域、功率更高、生效更快的導航能力水平,需要導航訊號智慧調整能力,需要發展量子導航、脈衝星導航、深海導航等多元導航手段,把不同原理、不同方式、不同載體的導航方法融合在一起,實現體系級、系統級的導航對抗能力。

導航資訊互動頻寬更大存取更廣。智慧時代的網路空間,在作戰體系中地位作用逐步上升,並與導航時空體系合為一體。提供時空位置的導航資訊與網路空間系統,將把分散的作戰力量、作戰要素連結為一個整體,形成網路化體系化作戰能力。這就需要支援泛在感知、左右協作、可信賴的導航能力,支援高可靠、強抗干擾、隨遇接取的訊號通道,及時取得所需的地理、地圖和影像等導航輔助資訊。在此基礎上,實現真正意義上的通訊導航一體化,達到「一域作戰、多域支援」效果。

適應軍事智慧化發展需要推動智慧導航體系建設

從世界軍事強國發展趨勢來看,面向未來智慧化戰場,智慧導航系統在逐步建構天地一體化的時空基準網和導航資訊服務網,以天基化、體系化、按需化、雲端化為主要特徵,形成基準統一、覆蓋無縫、安全可信、高效便捷、實戰性強的綜合導航定位授時體系。

從基本導航系統轉變為智慧導航系統,其核心是從“定位導航服務”升級為“智慧導航服務”,並專注於以下4個面向轉變:

時空基準依賴地面系統維持轉變為時空基準天基自主維持。地面系統時空基準維持設備將逐步向星上轉移,衛星將配置更高精度的光鐘、天文測量設備,透過高精度錨固和雷射星間測量,形成更穩定可靠的天基空間基準。智慧導航系統的使用,可使一般導航定位精度達到亞米級,授時精度將提升5倍左右,精密定位服務達到快速收斂的公分精度。智慧導航可完整支撐作戰平台跨域融合、分散式殺傷武器效能倍增、空天一體無人機從巡航到精密進場的全過程精準導航。

衛星功率對抗模式向導航體系化對抗轉變。在導航對抗服務方面,傳統的衛星功率對抗模式將不再滿足智慧化戰場需求,導航體系化對抗是智慧裝備發展的必經之路,以便提升部隊快速適應戰場環境能力。具體包括導航性能精準釋放、星座異構備份、全球熱點機動,主要特徵是導航訊號智能化、戰區增援靈活化。基於可控制點波束能量增強技術,實現熱點區域能量傳遞、增強區域擴展、欺騙或阻塞幹擾、數傳服務保障。在高幹擾阻塞環境下,確保服務連續性和精確度,並隨著戰事進程逐步釋放實力。

通訊導航簡單整合向通導一體按需服務轉變。將提供更深更廣的導航資訊服務,深度融入軍事資訊網絡,向陸、海、空、天用戶的高、中、低速分類分層次導航資訊服務。重複利用導航衛星全球多重連續覆蓋的有利條件,滿足用戶在全球範圍、任意姿態的通導需求,實現高可靠性、抗強幹擾的搜救、位置報告、信令傳輸。導航衛星天基網路與地面網路資訊交互,建構星間、星地高速骨幹網路。透過小型化雷射終端和增強型空間路由器,形成穩定可靠的空間網絡,裝載完備、標準統一的協議體系,支援混合星座網絡自主智慧運作。

載重模組運算資源分離向星座運算資源雲端化轉變。將提供更智慧的天基雲端運算服務,為智慧武器平台提供可信賴的天基智慧支撐。主要特徵是,星載硬體資源虛擬化、任務負載平衡化。透過導航衛星配置公用的星載運算模組、大容量儲存單元、高速匯流排網絡,形成泛在的空間網路共享資源池。強大的資料處理能力,在支撐天基時空基準自主建立與維持、導航訊號品質智慧維持、空間網路自主管理等任務功能的同時,可為天、空、地、海各類高階用戶,提供空間位置等複雜資訊的運算、推播與儲存服務。

(作者係中國工程院院士)

上圖:衛星導航系統支援作戰示意圖。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/12/content_30291788.htm

China’s Military Ponders Integration Concept That Will be Adopted During Information Warfare

中國軍方思考資訊戰中將採用的一體化概念

現代英語:

The basic form of information warfare is system confrontation. Different from any form of warfare in history, information warfare is not a discrete confrontation or local decentralized warfare with the simple superposition of various combat units and elements, but a holistic confrontation between systems. The system integration capability of war determines the effectiveness of combat and the achievement of war objectives; achieving effective integration of various systems is the fundamental way to win information warfare.

Multi-space fusion

The battlefield space is the stage for the war hostile parties to compete. Due to the widespread use of high-tech weapons, the battlefield space of informationized warfare has been greatly expanded, forming a multi-dimensional battlefield space of land, sea, air, space, and information. Under the strong “bonding” of information technology, each battlefield space is integrated around a unified combat purpose. First, the three-dimensional, all-round reconnaissance and surveillance network covers the battlefield. Under the conditions of informatization, the military reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities have been unprecedentedly improved. The large-scale, three-dimensional, multi-means, and automated intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance network connects outer space, high altitude, medium altitude, low altitude, ground (sea), and underground (underwater) into one, thereby obtaining battlefield intelligence information in multiple fields. Second, long-range, high-precision informationized weapons are densely distributed and threaten the battlefield. The extraordinary combat capability of the informationized weapon system to cover and strike targets in the entire battlefield space has realized that discovery means destruction, and promoted the high integration of various battlefield spaces. In addition, the development of space and air power has made strikes more precise, means more flexible, and combat efficiency higher, and the battlefield space has become an integrated battlefield of sea, land, air, and space. This integrated battlefield structure has a high degree of integration of multiple spaces, and multiple spaces and multiple fields restrict each other. Third, the battlefield is restricted by electromagnetic and information competition in all time and space and throughout the entire process. The development of military information technology not only realizes the integration of tangible battlefields on land, sea, air and space through reconnaissance and strikes, but also opens up the competition for invisible battlefields in the electromagnetic and information fields. Electromagnetic and information are the soul of informationized warfare and the link between the battlefields on land, sea, air and space. They exist in the entire time and space of combat, act on all elements of war, run through the entire process of combat, and deeply affect the tangible battlefields on land, sea, air and space.

It can be seen that the informationized battlefield is precisely through the increasingly mature information technology, centering on the purpose of war and combat needs, closely integrating the multi-dimensional space of land, sea, air, space, information, etc., forming an inseparable and interdependent organic unity. Leaving any dimension of the battlefield space, or losing control of any dimension, will directly affect the overall combat effectiveness, thus leading to the failure of the war.

Fusion of multiple forces

War power is the protagonist of the battle between the two opposing sides of a war. The “integrated joint combat force” of system integration is a prominent feature of information warfare. Various participating forces in information warfare are highly integrated. Regardless of their affiliation and combat mission, they will be equal users and resources of the entire combat system and integrated into a unified large system. First, the participating forces are united. Information warfare is a joint operation in which the army, navy, air force, aerospace, special operations, information operations and other forces participate. Each participating force has advantages that other participating forces do not have or cannot replace. They communicate and connect through information technology to achieve “seamless connection” and form a force system that can play to its strengths and avoid its weaknesses and complement each other’s advantages, becoming an organic whole that combines “soft” strike and “hard” destruction capabilities, combat and support capabilities, mobility and assault capabilities, and attack and defense capabilities. Second, the participants are diversified. With the development of information networks, wars in the information age no longer have a distinction between the front and the rear, and the networking of combat systems can also make home a “battlefield”. In the industrial age, wars were “over, go home”; in the information age, wars can also be “go home and fight”. Participants in war are not limited to the military forces of countries and political groups. Non-governmental and group-based people can join the “battlefield” as long as they have high-tech knowledge and are proficient in computer applications. Third, the support force is socialized. With the development of science and technology, the mutual tolerance, intercommunication and compatibility of military and civilian technologies have been greatly enhanced. A large number of combat facilities and platforms will rely more on local basic resources. Not only does the material support in combat need to be socialized, but also the technical support and information support need to be socialized.

It can be seen that the victory or defeat of the informationized battlefield depends on the overall strength of the warring parties. Various combat forces are both interrelated and mutually influential, but any single force is difficult to determine the outcome of the war. Only when multiple forces work closely together and learn from each other’s strengths and weaknesses can the overall combat system benefits be brought into play and victory be ultimately achieved.

Multi-level integration

The war level is the pattern of the war between the two hostile parties. In information warfare, the distinction between strategy, campaign and battle is no longer as clear as in traditional warfare. Instead, there is a mutual integration of you and me, and the distinction between levels has become relatively vague. First, the war path is simplified. With the centralized use of a large number of informationized weapons and equipment and their information systems, the precision strike capability of the troops has been unprecedentedly improved. A small-scale combat operation and a high-efficiency information offensive operation can effectively achieve certain strategic goals. A battle, a campaign or a carefully planned information operation may be a war. The path to achieve the purpose of war is becoming simpler and the convergence of war, campaign and even battle in purpose and time and space is prominent. Second, command and control is real-time. The widespread use of automated command and control systems on the battlefield has greatly enhanced the command and control function. Campaign commanders and even the highest political and military leadership of the country can plan and command and control all participating forces and specific combat operations in a unified manner, and directly intervene in campaigns, battles and even the actions of individual soldiers or combat platforms in near real time. Combat and campaign operations are similar to strategic engagements. Third, the combat process is fast-tracked. Quick victory and quick decision are important features of information warfare. The combat time is showing a trend of shortening. There is no concept of time for all combat operations. More often, the participating forces at all levels are carried out simultaneously in different fields. The beginning and the end are closely linked. The combat operations in various battlefield spaces penetrate each other, are closely linked, and gradually merge into an integrated and coordinated system, which is difficult to distinguish at the level.

It can be seen that information warfare has a strong overall nature. Campaigns, as a bridge for achieving strategic and even war objectives, are gradually integrated into battles. Combat, as the most basic combat activity in war, is also gradually sublimated into strategies and campaigns. All levels are intertwined and serve to achieve the purpose of war. Only by comprehensively exerting the combat capabilities of all levels and achieving overall effects can we seize the initiative in the war.

Fusion of various styles

The combat style is the carrier for the war hostile parties to compete. Informationized warfare is a process of confrontation between multiple forces and multiple fields, and is manifested in multiple combat actions and confrontation styles. Various combat actions are inseparable from the overall combat situation, and various actions are closely linked, mutually conditional, coordinated, and integrated to form an overall combat power. The first is the unity of combat actions. The victory or defeat of informationized warfare is the result of the system confrontation between the two warring parties. Isolated and single combat actions are often difficult to work. This requires multiple military services to adopt a variety of combat styles in different combat spaces and combat fields, while the combat style dominated by a single military service can only “live” in the overall joint action as a sub-combat action, and all combat actions are unified in the system confrontation. The second is the integration of combat actions. Informationized warfare is a form of war that pursues high efficiency. Objectively, it requires that multiple combat styles and actions must be highly “integrated” from the perspective of system effectiveness. Comprehensively use a variety of combat styles and tactics, combine tangible combat actions with intangible combat actions, combine non-linear combat with non-contact combat and asymmetric combat, combine psychological warfare with public opinion warfare and legal warfare, combine regular combat with irregular combat, and combine soft strikes with hard destruction to form an overall advantage. The third is the mutation of combat actions. In information warfare, while integrating various combat resources and exerting overall power, both hostile parties strive to find the “center of gravity” and “joint points” of the other side. Once the enemy’s weak points are found, all combat forces and actions are linked as a whole and autonomously coordinated, and various styles and means of destruction are adopted to cause a sudden change in the enemy’s combat capability and a comprehensive “collapse” of the combat system, so as to achieve combat initiative and advantage.

It can be seen that information warfare is a practical activity in which various forces use a variety of combat styles and means to compete in multiple battlefield spaces and combat fields. Only when multiple combat styles and means cooperate, support and complement each other can a multiplier effect be produced, thereby exerting the maximum combat effectiveness of the entire system.

Multi-method integration

The means of war are methods used to achieve the purpose of war. In addition to powerful military means, information warfare must also use all available ways and means to cooperate with each other, organically integrate, and form a whole to achieve a favorable situation. First, the use of war means is comprehensive. All wars have a distinct political nature and serve certain political purposes. With the influence of factors such as the globalization of the world economy and the multipolarization of international politics, information warfare is more based on military means, and military means are used in combination with various means such as economy, diplomacy, culture, and technology. Second, the use of war means is gradient. With the development of the times, war as a means of maintaining and seeking power and interests has been increasingly restricted by international law and international public opinion. In addition, resorting to war requires a high price. Therefore, in the information age, the use of war means presents a gradual development gradient, usually starting from retaliation, display of force, and violent retaliation (strike) in the sense of international law, and finally developing into local or even large-scale wars. Third, the use of war means is systematic. Information warfare is a contest of the comprehensive national strength of the hostile parties. The victory of the war depends on the comprehensive and systematic use of various war means. In specific combat operations, various means of warfare have different functions and natures, occupying different positions and playing different roles in the war. Only by closely combining various effective means of warfare into an organic whole can we form a combat system that fully utilizes our strengths and avoids our weaknesses, and maximize the overall combat effectiveness.

It can be seen that information warfare is subject to more restrictive factors, simpler war objectives, and newer combat styles. In the process of decision-making and action, only by coordinating and integrating with struggle actions in other fields such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy can the overall goal of the war be achieved efficiently.

現代國語:

中國軍網 國防部網

2019年12月10日 星期二

張自廉 馬代武

資訊化戰爭的基本形式是體系對抗。與歷史上任何一種戰爭形態都不同,資訊化戰爭不是各作戰單元、要素簡單疊加的離散式對抗或局部分散式作戰,而是體系對體系的整體對抗。戰爭的體系融合能力,決定作戰效能的發揮和戰爭目的達成;實現各系統的有效融合,是打贏資訊化戰爭的根本途徑。

多空間融合

戰場空間是戰爭敵對雙方較量的舞台。由於高技術兵器的廣泛運用,資訊化戰爭戰場空間大為拓展,形成了陸、海、空、天、資訊等多維戰場空間。各戰場空間在資訊科技的強力「黏合」下,圍繞著統一的作戰目的融為一體。一是立體化、全方位的偵察與監視網覆蓋透視戰場。在資訊化條件下,軍事偵察與監視能力空前提高,大範圍、立體化、多手段、自動化的情報偵察與監視網,將外層空間、高空、中空、低空、地面(海上)、地下(水下)連為一體,進而獲取多領域的戰場情報資訊。二是遠射程、高精準度的資訊化武器密布威脅戰場。資訊化武器系統所具有的覆蓋和打擊戰場全空間目標的超常作戰能力,實現了發現即意味著摧毀,促進了各戰場空間的高度融合。加之太空和空中力量的發展,使打擊更精確,手段更靈活,作戰效益更高,戰場空間成為海陸空天一體化戰場。這種一體化的戰場結構,多空間高度融合,多空間、多領域相互制約。第三是全時空、全過程的電磁和資訊爭奪滲透制約戰場。軍事資訊科技的發展,不僅透過偵察、打擊等手段實現有形的陸海空天戰場一體化,也開闢了電磁和資訊領域無形戰場的爭奪。電磁和訊息是資訊化戰爭之魂,是連結陸海空天戰場的紐帶,存在於作戰的全時空,作用於戰爭的全要素,貫穿作戰的整個過程,深度影響著陸海空天各維有形的戰場。

可見,資訊化戰場正是透過日益成熟的資訊技術,圍繞著戰爭目的和作戰需要,把陸、海、空、天、資訊等多維空間緊密地融合在一起,形成不可分割、唇齒相依的有機統一體。離開了哪一維戰場空間,或是失去哪一維的控制權,都會直接影響全域作戰效能,進而導致戰爭失敗。

多力量融合

戰爭力量是戰爭敵對雙方較量的主角。體系融合的「一體化聯合作戰力量」是資訊化戰爭的突出特徵。資訊化戰爭各種參戰力量高度一體化,無論其隸屬關係如何、作戰任務如何,都將作為整個作戰系統的平等用戶和資源,融合成為一個統一的大系統。一是參戰部隊聯合化。資訊化戰爭是陸、海、空軍以及航太、特種作戰、資訊作戰等部隊參與的聯合作戰。各參戰部隊都具有其他參戰部隊所不具備或無法替代的優勢,它們通過信息技術溝通和聯繫,實現“無縫鏈接”,形成可以揚長避短、優勢互補的力量體系,成為具備“軟”打擊與“硬”摧毀能力、作戰與保障能力、機動與突擊能力、攻擊與防護能力相結合的有機整體。二是參加人員多元化。隨著資訊網路的發展,資訊時代的戰爭,不再有前方後方之分,作戰系統的網路化使家中也可能成為「戰場」。工業時代的戰爭,「結束了,回家去」;資訊時代的戰爭,也可以「回家,打仗去」。戰爭的參與者不僅只局限於國家和政治集團的軍事力量,非政府和團體性質的民眾,只要具有高技術知識就能投身“戰場”,只要熟練計算機應用都可能成為參與戰鬥的一員。三是保障力量社會化。科學技術的發展,軍用、民用技術的互容、互通和相容性大大增強,大量作戰設施和平台將更加依靠地方基礎資源,不僅作戰中的物資保障需要社會化,而且技術保障與資訊支援也需要社會化。

可見,資訊化戰場的勝負取決於交戰雙方整體力量的強弱,多種作戰力量既相互關聯,又相互影響,但其中任何單一的力量都難以決定戰爭的勝負。只有多種力量密切配合、取長補短,才能發揮整體作戰的系統效益,最終贏得勝利。

多層級融合

戰爭層級是戰爭敵對雙方較量的格局。在資訊化戰爭中,戰略、戰役、戰鬥之間已不再像傳統戰爭那樣涇渭分明,更多的是,你中有我,我中有你,層級區分變得相對模糊。一是戰爭途徑簡約化。大量資訊化武器裝備及其資訊系統的集中運用,部隊的精確打擊能力空前提高,一次小規模的作戰行動和高效益的資訊進攻行動,就能有效達成一定的戰略目的。一場戰鬥、一場戰役或一次周密計畫的資訊行動可能就是一場戰爭。達成戰爭目的的途徑不斷走向簡約,戰爭與戰役甚至戰鬥在目的和時空上的趨同性突出。二是指揮控制即時化。自動化指揮控制系統在戰場上的廣泛運用,指揮控制功能大大增強,戰役指揮員甚至國家最高政治、軍事領導層能夠對所有參戰力量和具體的作戰行動進行統一籌劃和指揮控制,近乎實時地直接幹預戰役、戰鬥甚至單兵或作戰平台的行動,戰鬥和戰役行動趨同於戰略交戰。三是作戰進程速決化。速戰速決是信息化戰爭的一個重要特徵,作戰時間呈現出縮短的趨勢,所有作戰行動已無時間上的概念,更多的是各層次的參戰力量在不同領域同時進行,開始與結束緊密相連,各戰場空間的作戰行動互相滲透、緊密聯繫、逐漸融合成一個整體聯動的綜合體系,難以作層級上的區分。

可見,資訊化戰爭整體性強,戰役作為戰鬥達成戰略乃至戰爭目的的橋樑,逐漸融合在戰鬥中;戰鬥作為戰爭中最基本的作戰活動,也逐漸昇華到戰略、戰役裡面,各層次之間,相互交融,共同為達成戰爭目的服務。只有綜合發揮各層級的作戰能力,達到整體效應,才能奪取戰爭的主動權。

多樣式融合

作戰樣式是戰爭敵對雙方較量的承載。資訊化戰爭是多力量、多領域實施對抗的過程,並表現為多種作戰行動和對抗樣式。各種作戰行動對於作戰全局來說都是不可分割的,各種行動之間也是緊密聯繫,互為條件,相互協調,融為一體,從而形成整體作戰威力。一是作戰行動的統一性。資訊化戰爭的勝負是交戰雙方體系對抗的結果,孤立、單一的作戰行動往往是難以發揮的。這就要求多個軍兵種在不同的作戰空間、作戰領域綜合採取多種作戰樣式,而單一軍兵種為主的作戰樣式將只能作為子作戰行動「棲身」於整體的聯合行動之中,所有的作戰行動統一於體系對抗之中。二是作戰行動的整合性。資訊化戰爭是追求高效益的戰爭形態,客觀上要求必須從系統效能出發,將多種作戰樣式和行動高度「整合」。綜合運用多種作戰樣式和戰法,把有形的作戰行動與無形的作戰行動結合起來,把非線式作戰與非接觸作戰、非對稱作戰結合起來,把心理戰與輿論戰、法律戰結合起來,把正規作戰與非正規作戰結合起來,把軟打擊與硬摧毀結合起來,形成整體優勢。三是作戰行動的突變性。在資訊戰爭中,敵對雙方在整合己方各種作戰資源、發揮整體威力的同時,都著力尋找對方“體系重心”“關節點”,一旦發現敵薄弱部位,所有作戰力量和行動通過整體聯動和自主協同,採取多樣式、多手段的破擊行動,造成敵作戰能力的突變和主動作戰體系的全面作戰,以實現“崩塌與優勢”,以崩潰與作戰能力的全面作戰。

可見,資訊化戰爭是各種力量在多個戰場空間、作戰領域中綜合運用多種戰鬥樣式和作戰手段同場競技的實踐活動。只有多種戰鬥樣式、作戰手段相互配合、相互支援、互補,才能產生倍增效應,進而發揮整個系統的最大作戰效能。

多手融合

戰爭手段是為達成戰爭目的而運用的方法。資訊化戰爭除了強大的軍事手段外,還必須動用一切可以動用的方式和手段,相互配合,有機融合,形成整體,以取得有利的態勢。一是戰爭手段運用綜合化。凡戰爭都有鮮明的政治性,都是為一定的政治目的服務的。隨著世界經濟全球化、國際政治多極化等因素的影響,資訊化戰爭更多的是以軍事手段為主,軍事手段與經濟、外交、文化、科技等多種手段的綜合運用。二是戰爭手段運用梯度化。隨著時代的發展,戰爭作為維護、謀求權力與利益的手段受到了國際法和國際輿論越來越多的限制,加上諸戰爭需付出高昂代價,所以信息化時代在戰爭手段運用上,呈現出逐步發展的梯度性,通常先由國際法意義上的報復、顯示武力、暴力性報復(打擊),最後發展至局部戰爭。三是戰爭手段運用的系統化。資訊化戰爭是敵對雙方綜合國力的較量,戰爭的取勝,有賴於各種戰爭手段綜合、系統運用。在具體的作戰行動中,各種戰爭手段因其功能、性質的不同,在戰爭中居於不同的地位,扮演不同的角色。只有把各種有效的戰爭手段緊密地結合成一個有機連結的整體,才能形成充分揚己之長、避己之短的作戰體系,最大限度地發揮整體作戰效能。

可見,資訊化戰爭受制因素增多、戰爭目的簡約、作戰樣式翻新,在決策與行動過程中,只有與政治、經濟、文化、外交等其他領域鬥爭行動互相配合,融為一體,才能高效地達成戰爭總體目標。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-12/10/content_24955988.htm

People’s Republic of China’s Development Trend & Governance Strategy for Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence

中華人民共和國人工智慧武器化發展趨勢與治理策略

現代英語:

The weaponization of artificial intelligence is an inevitable trend in the new round of military transformation. Local wars and conflicts in recent years have further stimulated relevant countries to promote the strategic deployment of artificial intelligence weaponization and seize the commanding heights of future wars. The potential risks of artificial intelligence weaponization cannot be ignored. It may intensify the arms race and break the strategic balance; empower the combat process and increase the risk of conflict; increase the difficulty of accountability and increase collateral casualties; lower the threshold of proliferation and lead to misuse and abuse. In this regard, we should strengthen international strategic communication to ensure consensus and cooperation among countries on the military application of artificial intelligence; promote dialogue and coordination on the construction of laws and regulations to form a unified and standardized legal framework; strengthen the ethical constraints of artificial intelligence to ensure that technological development meets ethical standards; actively participate in global security governance cooperation and jointly maintain peace and stability in the international community.

    The weaponization of artificial intelligence is to apply artificial intelligence-related technologies, platforms and services to the military field, making it an important driving force for enabling military operations, thereby improving the efficiency, accuracy and autonomy of military operations. With the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, major powers and military powers have increased their strategic and resource investment and accelerated the pace of research and development and application. The frequent regional wars and conflicts in recent years have further stimulated the battlefield application of artificial intelligence, and profoundly shaped the form of war and the future direction of military transformation.

    It cannot be ignored that, as a rapidly developing technology, AI itself may have potential risks due to the immaturity of its inherent technology, inaccurate scene matching, and incomplete supporting conditions. It is also easy to bring various risks and challenges to the military field and even the international security field due to human misuse, abuse, or even malicious use. To conscientiously implement the global security initiative proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping, we must face the development trend of weaponization of AI worldwide, conduct in-depth analysis of the security risks that may be brought about by the weaponization of AI, and think about scientific and feasible governance ideas and measures.

    Current trends in the weaponization of artificial intelligence

    In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence in the military field is fundamentally reshaping the future form of war, changing the future combat system, and affecting the future direction of military reform. Major military powers have regarded artificial intelligence as a subversive key technology that will change the rules of future wars, and have invested a lot of resources to promote the research and development and application of artificial intelligence weapons.

    The weaponization of artificial intelligence is an inevitable trend in military transformation.

    With the rapid development of science and technology, the necessity and urgency of military reform have become increasingly prominent. Artificial intelligence can simulate human thinking processes, extend human brainpower and physical strength, realize rapid information processing, analysis and decision-making, and develop increasingly complex unmanned weapon system platforms, thus providing unprecedented intelligent support for military operations.

    First, it provides intelligent support for military intelligence reconnaissance and analysis. Traditional intelligence reconnaissance methods are constrained by multiple factors such as manpower and time, and it is difficult to effectively respond to large-scale, high-speed and high-complexity intelligence processing needs. The introduction of artificial intelligence technology has brought innovation and breakthroughs to the field of intelligence reconnaissance. In military infrastructure, the application of artificial intelligence technology can build an intelligent monitoring system to provide high-precision and real-time intelligence perception services. In the field of intelligence reconnaissance, artificial intelligence technology has the ability to process multiple “information flows” in real time, thereby greatly improving analysis efficiency. ① By using technical tools such as deep learning, it is also possible to “see the essence through the phenomenon”, dig out the deep context and causal relationship in various types of fragmented intelligence information, and quickly transform massive fragmented data into usable intelligence, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of intelligence analysis.

    Second, provide data support for combat command and decision-making. Artificial intelligence provides strong support for combat command and military decision-making in terms of battlefield situation awareness. ② Its advantage lies in the ability to perform key tasks such as data mining, data fusion, and predictive analysis. In information-based and intelligent warfare, the battlefield environment changes rapidly, and the amount of intelligence information is huge, requiring rapid and accurate decision-making responses. Therefore, advanced computer systems have become an important tool to assist commanders in managing intelligence data, making enemy situation judgments, proposing combat plan suggestions, and formulating plans and orders. Taking the US military as an example, the ISTAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Identification and Tracking) system developed by Raytheon Technologies Corporation of the United States covers intelligence collection, surveillance, target identification and tracking functions, and can gather data from multiple information sources such as satellites, ships, aircraft and ground stations, and conduct in-depth analysis and processing. This not only significantly improves the speed at which commanders obtain information, but also can provide data support with the help of intelligent analysis systems, making decisions faster, more efficient and more accurate.

    Third, it provides important support for unmanned combat systems. Unmanned combat systems are a new type of weapon and equipment system that can independently complete military tasks without direct human manipulation. They mainly include intelligent unmanned combat platforms, intelligent ammunition, and intelligent combat command and control systems, and have significant autonomy and intelligent features. As a technical equipment that leads the transformation of future war forms, unmanned combat systems have become an important bargaining chip in military competition between countries. The system has achieved adaptability to different battlefield environments and combat spaces by using key technologies such as autonomous navigation, target recognition, and path planning. With the help of advanced algorithms such as deep learning and reinforcement learning, unmanned combat systems can independently complete navigation tasks and achieve precise strikes on targets. The design concept of this system is “unmanned platform, manned system”, and its essence is an intelligent extension of manned combat systems. For example, the “MQM-57 Falconer” drone developed by the US Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) uses advanced artificial intelligence technology and has highly autonomous target recognition and tracking functions.

    Fourth, provide technical support for military logistics and equipment support. In the context of information warfare, the war process has accelerated, mobility has improved, and combat consumption has increased significantly. The traditional “excessive pre-storage” support model can no longer adapt to the rapidly changing needs of the modern battlefield. Therefore, higher requirements are placed on combat troops to provide timely, appropriate, appropriate, appropriate, and appropriate rapid and accurate after-sales support. As a technology with spillover and cross-integration characteristics, artificial intelligence is integrated with cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing, allowing artificial intelligence knowledge groups, technology groups, and industrial groups to fully penetrate the military after-sales field, significantly improving the logistics equipment support capabilities.

    Major countries are planning to develop military applications of artificial intelligence.

    In order to enhance their global competitiveness in the field of artificial intelligence, major powers such as the United States, Russia, and Japan have stepped up their strategic layout for the military application of artificial intelligence. First, by updating and adjusting the top-level strategic planning in the field of artificial intelligence, they provide clear guidance for future development; second, in response to future war needs, they accelerate the deep integration of artificial intelligence technology and the military field, and promote the intelligent, autonomous, and unmanned development of equipment systems; in addition, they actively innovate combat concepts to drive combat force innovation, thereby improving combat effectiveness and competitive advantages.

    The first is to formulate a strategic plan. Based on the strategic paranoia of pursuing military hegemony, political hegemony, and economic hegemony with technological hegemony, the United States is accelerating its military intelligence process. In November 2023, the U.S. Department of Defense issued the “Data, Analysis and Artificial Intelligence Adoption Strategy”, which aims to expand the advanced capabilities of the entire Department of Defense system to gain lasting military decision-making advantages. The Russian military promulgated the “Russian Weapons and Equipment Development Outline from 2024 to 2033”, known as the “3.0 version”, which aims to provide guidance for the development of weapons and equipment in the next 10 years. The outline emphasizes the continued advancement of nuclear and conventional weapons construction, and focuses on the research of artificial intelligence and robotics technology, hypersonic weapons and other strike weapons based on new physical principles.

    The second is to develop advanced equipment systems. Since 2005, the U.S. military has released a version of the “Unmanned System Roadmap” every few years to look forward to and design unmanned system platforms in various fields such as air, ground, surface/underwater, and connect the development chain of unmanned weapons and equipment such as research and development-production-testing-training-combat-support. At present, more than 70 countries in the world can develop unmanned system platforms, and various types of drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned ships (boats), and unmanned submarines are springing up like mushrooms after rain. On July 15, 2024, Mark Milley, former chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in an interview with U.S. Defense News that by 2039, one-third of the U.S. military will be composed of robots. The Platform-M combat robot, the “Lancet” suicide drone, and the S70 “Hunter” heavy drone developed by the Russian army have been put into actual combat testing.

    The third is to innovate future combat concepts. The combat concept is a forward-looking study of future war styles and combat methods, which can often lead to the leapfrog development of new combat force formations and weapons and equipment. In recent years, the US military has successively proposed combat concepts such as “distributed lethality”, “multi-domain warfare” and “mosaic warfare” in an attempt to lead the development direction of military transformation. Taking “mosaic warfare” as an example, this combat concept regards various sensors, communication networks, command and control systems, weapon platforms, etc. as “mosaic fragments”. These “fragment” units, with the support of artificial intelligence technology, can be dynamically linked, autonomously planned, and collaboratively combined through network information systems to form an on-demand integrated, highly flexible, and flexible killing network. In March 2022, the US Department of Defense released the “Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) Strategic Implementation Plan”, which aims to expand multi-domain operations to all-domain operations concepts, connect sensors of various services to a unified “Internet of Things”, and use artificial intelligence algorithms to help improve combat command decisions. ③

    War conflicts stimulate the weaponization of artificial intelligence.

    In recent years, local conflicts such as the Libyan conflict, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Ukrainian crisis, and the Israeli-Kazakh conflict have continued, further stimulating the development of the weaponization of artificial intelligence.

    In the Libyan conflict, the warring parties used various types of drones to perform reconnaissance and combat missions. According to a report released by the United Nations Panel of Experts on Libya, the Turkish-made Kargu-2 drone carried out a “hunt and engage remotely” operation in Libya in 2020, and could autonomously attack retreating enemy soldiers. This incident marked the first use of lethal autonomous weapon systems in actual combat. As American scholar Zachary Cullenborn said, if someone unfortunately died in such an autonomous attack, this would most likely be the first known example in history of artificial intelligence autonomous weapons being used for killing. In the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Azerbaijan used a formation of Turkish-made “Flagship” TB2 drones and Israeli-made “Harop” drones to successfully break through the Armenian air defense system and gain air superiority and initiative on the battlefield. ④ The remarkable results of the Azerbaijani army’s drone operations are largely due to the Armenian army’s “underestimation of the enemy” mentality and insufficient understanding of the importance and threat of drones in modern warfare. Secondly, from the perspective of offensive strategy, the Azerbaijani army has made bold innovations in drone warfare. They flexibly use advanced equipment such as reconnaissance and strike drones and cruise missiles, which not only improves combat efficiency, but also greatly enhances the suddenness and lethality of combat. ⑤

    During the Ukrainian crisis that broke out in 2022, both Russia and Ukraine widely used military-grade and commercial drones to perform reconnaissance, surveillance, artillery targeting and strike missions. The Ukrainian army used the “Flagship” TB2 drone and the “Switchblade” series of suicide drones assisted by the United States to carry out precision strikes and efficient killings, becoming a “battlefield killer” that attracted worldwide attention. In the Israeli-Kazakhstan conflict, the Israeli military was accused of using an artificial intelligence system called “Lavender” to identify and lock bombing targets in Gaza. It once marked as many as 37,000 Palestinians in Gaza as suspected “militants” and identified them as targets that could be directly “assassinated”. The Israeli military’s actions have attracted widespread attention and condemnation from the international community. ⑥

    Security risks posed by weaponization of artificial intelligence

    From automated command systems to intelligent unmanned combat platforms, to intelligent decision-making systems in network defense, the application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field is becoming more and more common and has become an indispensable part of modern warfare. However, with the trend of weaponization of artificial intelligence, its misuse, abuse and even malicious use will also bring risks and challenges to international security that cannot be ignored.

    Intensify the arms race and disrupt the strategic balance.

    In the information and intelligent era, the disruptive potential of artificial intelligence is hard for major military powers to resist. They are all focusing on the development and application of artificial intelligence military capabilities, fearing that they will fall behind in this field and lose strategic opportunities. Deepening the military application of artificial intelligence can gain “asymmetric advantages” at a lower cost and with higher efficiency.

    First, countries are scrambling to seize the “first mover advantage”. When a country achieves technological leadership in the development of intelligent weapon systems, it means that the country has more advanced artificial intelligence and related application capabilities, giving it a first-mover advantage in weapon system development, control, and emergency response. This advantage includes higher autonomy, intelligence, and adaptability, which increases the country’s military strength and strategic competitive advantage. At the same time, the military advantage of the first mover may become a security threat to competitors, leading to a scramble among countries in the military application of advanced technologies. ⑦ In August 2023, US Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathryn Hicks announced the “Replicator initiative”, which seeks to deploy thousands of “autonomous weapon systems” in the Indo-Pacific region in less than two years. ⑧

    Second, the opacity of AI armament construction in various countries may intensify the arms race. There are two main reasons for this: First, AI technology is an “enabling technology” that can be used to design a variety of applications, which means that it is difficult to verify the specific situation of AI military applications. It is difficult to determine whether a country is developing or deploying nuclear weapons by monitoring uranium, centrifuges, weapons and delivery systems, as is the case with nuclear weapons. The difference between semi-autonomous and fully autonomous weapon systems is mainly due to different computer software algorithms, and it is difficult to verify the implementation of treaties by various countries through physical verification. Second, in order to maintain their strategic advantages, countries often take confidentiality measures for the details of the military application of advanced technologies, so that opponents cannot detect their strategic intentions. In the current international environment, this opacity not only intensifies the arms race, but also lays the groundwork for future escalation of conflicts.

    Third, the uncertainty of the strategic intentions of various countries will also intensify the arms race. The impact of artificial intelligence on strategic stability, nuclear deterrence and war escalation depends largely on other countries’ perception of its capabilities rather than its actual capabilities. As American scholar Thomas Schelling pointed out, international relations often have the characteristics of risk competition, which is more of a test of courage than force. The relationship between major opponents is determined by which side is ultimately willing to invest more power, or make it look like it is about to invest more power. ⑨ An actor’s perception of the capabilities of others, whether true or false, will greatly affect the progress of the arms race. If a country vigorously develops intelligent weapon systems, competitors will become suspicious of their competitors’ armament capabilities and intentions to develop armaments without being sure of the other party’s intentions, and often take reciprocal measures, that is, to meet their own security needs by developing armaments. It is this ambiguity of intention that stimulates technological accumulation, exacerbates the instability of weapons deployment, and ultimately leads to a vicious cycle.

    Empowering operational processes increases the risk of conflict.

    Empowered by big data and artificial intelligence technologies, traditional combat processes will be rebuilt intelligently, that is, from “situational awareness – command decision-making – attack and defense coordination – comprehensive support” to “intelligent cognition of global situation – human-machine integrated hybrid decision-making – manned/unmanned autonomous coordination – proactive on-demand precise support”. However, although the intelligent reconstruction of combat processes has improved the efficiency and accuracy of operations, it has also increased the risk of conflict and misjudgment.

    First, wars that break out at “machine speed” will increase the risk of hasty actions. Artificial intelligence weapon systems have demonstrated strong capabilities in accuracy and response speed, making future wars break out at “machine speed”. ⑩ However, too fast a war will also increase the risk of conflict. In areas such as missile defense, autonomous weapon systems, and cyberspace that value autonomy and response speed, faster response speeds will bring huge strategic advantages, but will also greatly compress the time window for the defender to respond to military actions, causing combat commanders and decision makers to be under tremendous “time pressure”, exacerbating the risk of “hasty action” and increasing the possibility of accidental escalation of crises.

    Second, reliance on system autonomy may increase the chance of misjudgment under pressure. The U.S. Department of Defense believes that “highly autonomous artificial intelligence systems can autonomously select and execute corresponding operations based on the dynamic changes in mission parameters, and efficiently achieve human preset goals. The increase in autonomy not only greatly reduces dependence on manpower and improves overall operational efficiency, but is also regarded by defense planners as a key factor in maintaining tactical leadership and ensuring battlefield advantage.” ⑪ However, since human commanders cannot respond quickly enough, they may gradually delegate control to autonomous systems, increasing the chance of misjudgment. In March 2003, the U.S. Patriot missile system mistakenly marked a friendly Tornado fighter as an anti-radiation missile. The commander chose to launch the missile under the pressure of only a few seconds to react, resulting in the death of two pilots. ⑫

    Third, it weakens the effectiveness of the crisis termination mechanism. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union led the construction of a series of restrictive measures to curb the escalation of crises and prevent them from evolving into large-scale nuclear wars. In these measures, humans play a vital role as “supervisors”. When risks may get out of control, they can initiate termination measures in sufficient time to avoid large-scale humanitarian disasters. However, with the improvement of the computing power of artificial intelligence systems and their deep integration with machine learning, combat responses have become faster, more precise and destructive, and humans’ termination intervention mechanism for crises may be weakened.

    War accountability is difficult and collateral casualties increase.

    Artificial intelligence weapon systems make it more difficult to define responsibility for war. In traditional combat modes, weapons systems are controlled by humans. Once errors or crises occur, human operators or developers of operating systems will bear corresponding responsibilities. Artificial intelligence technology itself weakens human initiative and control capabilities, making the attribution of responsibility for technical behavior unclear.

    The first is the problem of the “black box” of artificial intelligence. Although artificial intelligence has significant advantages in processing and analyzing data, its internal operating rules and causal logic are often difficult for humans to understand and explain, which makes it difficult for programmers to correct errors in the algorithm. This problem is often referred to as the “black box” of the algorithm model. Once the artificial intelligence weapon system poses a safety hazard, the “algorithm black box” may become a rational excuse for the relevant responsible parties to shirk responsibility. Those who pursue responsibility can only face generalized shirking and shirking of responsibility, and point the finger of responsibility at the artificial intelligence weapon system. In practice, if the decision-making process of artificial intelligence cannot be understood and explained, it may cause a series of problems, such as decision-making errors, trust crises, and information abuse.

    The second is the division of responsibilities between humans and machines in military operations. When an AI system fails or makes a wrong decision, should it be considered an independent entity to bear responsibility? Or should it be considered a tool, with human operators bearing all or part of the responsibility? The complexity of this division of responsibilities lies not only in the technical level, but also in the ethical and legal levels. On the one hand, although AI systems can make autonomous decisions, their decision-making process is still limited by human preset procedures and algorithms, so their responsibilities cannot be completely independent of humans. On the other hand, AI systems may go beyond the preset scope of humans and make independent decisions in some cases. How to define their responsibilities at this time has also become a difficult problem in the field of arms control.

    The third is the issue of the allocation of decision-making power between humans and artificial intelligence weapon systems. According to the different autonomous powers of the machine, the artificial intelligence system can perform tasks in three decision-making and control modes: semi-autonomous, supervised autonomous, and fully autonomous. In a semi-autonomous system, the decision-making power of the action is controlled by humans; in supervised autonomous actions, humans supervise and intervene when necessary; in fully autonomous actions, humans do not participate in the action process. With the gradual deepening of the military application of artificial intelligence, the role of humans in the combat system is undergoing a gradual transformation from the traditional “man in the loop” mode to the “man on the loop”, and humans have evolved from direct operators inside the system to supervisors outside the system. However, this transformation has also raised new problems. How to ensure that artificial intelligence weapon systems can still follow human ethics and values ​​when operating independently is a major challenge facing the current field of artificial intelligence weapon research and development.

    Lowering the threshold for proliferation leads to misuse and abuse.

    Traditional strategic competition usually involves large-scale research and development and procurement of weapons systems, which requires a lot of money and technical support. After AI technology matures and spreads, it has the advantages of being easy to obtain and inexpensive. Even small and medium-sized countries may have the ability to develop advanced intelligent weapon systems. At present, strategic competition in the field of military AI is mainly concentrated between major military powers such as the United States and Russia. However, in the long run, the spread of AI technology will expand the scope of strategic competition and pose a destructive threat to the existing strategic balance. Once smaller countries that master AI technology have relatively strong competitiveness, their willingness to initiate confrontation when facing threats from major powers may increase.

    First, artificial intelligence helps develop some lightweight and agile means of warfare, thereby encouraging some small and medium-sized countries or non-state actors to use it to carry out small, opportunistic military adventures, achieving their strategic goals at a lower cost and with more abundant channels. Second, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has made new forms of warfare such as cyber warfare and electronic warfare increasingly prominent. In a highly competitive battlefield environment, malicious third-party actors can influence military planning and strategic deterrence by manipulating information, leading to an escalation of the situation. In the Ukrainian crisis that broke out in 2022, a lot of false information was spread on the Internet to confuse the public. Third, the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology has also reduced strategic transparency. Traditional military strategies often rely on a large amount of intelligence collection, analysis and prediction, and with the assistance of artificial intelligence technology, combat planning and decision-making processes have become more complex and unpredictable. This opacity may lead to misunderstandings and misjudgments, thereby increasing the risk of escalating conflicts.

    Governance Path for Security Risks of Weaponized Artificial Intelligence

    To ensure the safe development of artificial intelligence and avoid the potential harm caused by its weaponization, we should strengthen international communication on governance strategies, seek consensus and cooperation among countries on the military application of artificial intelligence; promote dialogue and coordination on laws and regulations to form a unified and standardized legal framework; strengthen the constraints on artificial intelligence ethics to ensure that technological development complies with ethical standards; and actively participate in global security governance cooperation to jointly maintain peace and stability in the international community.

    Attach great importance to strategic communication at the international level.

    AI governance is a global issue that requires the concerted efforts of all countries to solve. On the international stage, countries have both mixed and conflicting interests. Therefore, dealing with global issues through effective communication channels has become the key to maintaining world peace and development.

    On the one hand, we need to accurately grasp the challenges of international governance of AI. We need to grasp the consensus of various countries on the development of weaponized AI, pay close attention to the policy differences among countries in the security governance of weaponized AI applications, and coordinate relevant initiatives with the UN agenda through consultation and cooperation, so as to effectively prevent the military abuse of AI and promote the use of AI for peaceful purposes.

    On the other hand, governments should be encouraged to reach relevant agreements and establish strategic mutual trust through official or semi-official dialogues. Compared with the “Track 1 Dialogue” at the government level, the “Track 1.5 Dialogue” refers to dialogues between government officials and civilians, while the “Track 2 Dialogue” is a non-official dialogue between scholars, retired officials, etc. These two forms of dialogue have higher flexibility and are important supplements and auxiliary means to official dialogues between governments. Through a variety of dialogue and communication methods, officials and civilians can widely discuss possible paths to arms control, share experiences and expertise, and avoid the escalation of the arms race and the deterioration of tensions. These dialogue mechanisms will provide countries with a continuous communication and cooperation platform, help enhance mutual understanding, strengthen strategic mutual trust, and jointly respond to the challenges brought about by the militarization of artificial intelligence.

    Scientifically formulate laws and ethical norms for artificial intelligence.

    Artificial intelligence technology itself is neither right nor wrong, good nor evil, but there are differences in good and bad intentions in the design, development, manufacturing, use, operation and maintenance of artificial intelligence. The weaponization of artificial intelligence has aroused widespread ethical concerns. Under the framework of international law, can autonomous weapon systems accurately distinguish between combatants and civilians on a complex battlefield? In addition, if artificial intelligence weapon systems cause unexpected harm, how to define the responsibility? Is it in line with moral and ethical standards to give machines the decision-making power of life and death? These concerns highlight the need to strengthen the ethical constraints of artificial intelligence.

    On the one hand, we must insist on ethics first and integrate the concept of “intelligent for good” from the source of technology. In the design process of artificial intelligence military systems, values ​​such as people-oriented and intelligent for good will be embedded in the system. The purpose is to eliminate the indiscriminate killing and injury that may be caused by artificial intelligence from the source, control its excessive lethality, and prevent accidental damage, so as to limit the damage caused by artificial intelligence weapon systems to the smallest possible range. At present, nearly 100 institutions or government departments at home and abroad have issued various artificial intelligence ethical principle documents, and academia and industry have also reached a consensus on the basic ethical principles of artificial intelligence. In 2022, China’s “Position Paper on Strengthening the Ethical Governance of Artificial Intelligence” submitted to the United Nations provided an important reference for the development of global artificial intelligence ethical supervision. The document clearly emphasizes that artificial intelligence ethical supervision should be promoted through institutional construction, risk control, collaborative governance and other measures.

    On the other hand, we need to improve relevant laws and regulations and clarify the boundaries of rights and responsibilities of AI entities. We need to formulate strict technical review standards to ensure the security and reliability of AI systems. We need to conduct comprehensive tests before AI systems go online to ensure that they do not have a negative impact on human life and social order. We need to clarify the legal responsibilities of developers, users, maintainers and other parties throughout the life cycle of AI systems, and establish corresponding accountability mechanisms.

    Pragmatically participate in international cooperation on artificial intelligence security governance.

    The strategic risks brought about by the military application of artificial intelligence further highlight the importance of pragmatic cooperation in international security. It is recommended to focus on three aspects:

    First, promote the formulation of guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence in the military field. Formulating a code of conduct for the military application of artificial intelligence is an important responsibility of all countries to regulate the military application of artificial intelligence, and it is also a necessary measure to promote international consensus and comply with international laws and regulations. In 2021, the Chinese government submitted the “China’s Position Paper on Regulating the Military Application of Artificial Intelligence” to the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Conference, and issued the “Global Artificial Intelligence Governance Initiative” in 2023. These have provided constructive references for improving the code of conduct for regulating the military application of artificial intelligence.

    The second is to establish an applicable regulatory framework. The dual-use nature of AI involves many stakeholders. Some non-state actors, such as non-governmental organizations, technology communities, and technology companies, will play a more prominent role in the global governance of AI and become an important force in the construction of a regulatory framework for the military application of AI. The technical regulatory measures that countries can take include: clarifying the scope of use of AI technology, responsible entities, and penalties for violations; strengthening technology research and development to improve the security and controllability of technology; establishing a regulatory mechanism to supervise the development and application of technology throughout the process, and promptly discover and solve problems.

    Third, jointly develop AI security prevention technologies and solutions. Encourage bilateral or multilateral negotiations between governments and militaries to be included in the dialogue options for military AI applications, conduct extensive exchanges on military AI security prevention technologies, operating procedures and practical experience, promote the sharing and reference of relevant risk management technical standards and usage specifications, and continuously inject new stability factors into the international security mutual trust mechanism under the background of AI militarization.

    (The author is the director, researcher, and doctoral supervisor of the National Defense Science and Technology Strategic Research Think Tank of the National University of Defense Technology; Liu Hujun, a master’s student at the School of Foreign Languages ​​of the National University of Defense Technology, also contributed to this article)

現代國語:

【摘要】人工智慧武器化是新一輪軍事變革的必然趨勢,近年來局部戰爭的衝突進一步刺激相關國家推動人工智慧武器化戰略部署,搶佔未來戰爭制高點。人工智慧武器化的潛在風險不容忽視,將可能加劇軍備競賽,打破戰略平衡;賦能作戰流程,加大衝突風險;提升問責難度,增加附帶傷亡;降低擴散門檻,導致誤用濫用。對此,應加強國際間戰略溝通,確保各國在人工智慧軍事應用上的共識與協作;推動法律法規建設的對話與協調,以形成統一規範的法律架構;加強人工智慧倫理約束,確保技術發展符合道德標準;積極參與全球安全治理合作,共同維護國際社會的和平與穩定。

【關鍵字】人工智慧 軍事應用 安全風險 安全治理 【中圖分類號】F113 【文獻識別碼】A

人工智慧武器化,是將人工智慧相關技術、平台與服務應用到軍事領域,使其成為賦能軍事行動的重要驅動力量,進而提升軍事行動的效率、精準度與自主性。隨著人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用,各主要大國及軍事強國紛紛加大戰略與資源投入,加速研發應用步伐。近年來頻繁的區域戰爭衝突也進一步刺激了人工智慧的戰場運用,並深刻塑造戰爭形態以及軍事變革的未來走向。

不容忽視的是,人工智慧作為一類快速發展中的技術,其本身由於內在技術的不成熟、場景匹配的不準確、支持條件的不完備,可能存在潛在風險,而由於人為的誤用、濫用甚至惡意使用,也容易給軍事領域乃至國際安全領域帶來多種風險挑戰。認真貫徹實習近平總書記提出的全球安全倡議,必須直面世界範圍內人工智慧武器化的發展趨勢,深入分析人工智慧武器化應用可能帶來的安全風險,並思考科學可行的治理思路與舉措。

當前人工智慧武器化的發展趨勢

近年來,人工智慧在軍事領域的應用,正從根本上重塑未來戰爭形態、改變未來作戰體系,影響軍事變革的未來走向。主要軍事大國已將人工智慧視為改變未來戰爭規則的顛覆性關鍵技術,紛紛挹注大量資源,並推動人工智慧武器的研發與應用。

人工智慧武器化是軍事變革的必然趨勢。

隨著科學技術的快速發展,軍事變革的必要性與緊迫性愈發凸顯。人工智慧透過模擬人類的思考過程,延展人類的腦力與體力,可實現資訊快速處理、分析與決策,研發日益複雜的無人化武器系統平台,進而為軍事行動提供前所未有的智慧化支援。

一是為軍事情報偵察與分析提供智慧支援。傳統的情報偵察方式受到人力和時間等多重因素制約,難以有效應對大規模、高速度和高複雜度的情報處理需求。人工智慧技術的引進,為情報偵察領域帶來革新和突破。在軍事基礎設施中,應用人工智慧技術,可建構智慧監測系統,提供高精度即時的情報感知服務。在情報偵察領域,人工智慧技術具備對多個「資訊流」進行即時處理的能力,從而大大提高分析效率。 ①透過使用深度學習等技術工具,還可以“透過現像看本質”,挖掘出各類碎片化情報信息中的深層脈絡與因果聯繫,將海量碎片化數據快速轉變為可以利用的情報,從而提升情報分析的質效。

二是為作戰指揮與決策提供資料支援。人工智慧在戰場態勢感知方面為作戰指揮和軍事決策提供有力支援。 ②其優點在於能夠進行資料探勘、資料融合以及預測分析等關鍵任務。在資訊化智能化戰爭中,戰場環境瞬息萬變,情報資訊量龐大,要求決策反應迅速且準確。因此,先進的電腦系統就成為協助指揮人員管理情報資料、進行敵情判斷、提出作戰方案建議以及擬制計畫與命令的重要工具。以美軍為例,美國雷神科技公司(Raytheon Technologies Corporation)研發的ISTAR(情報、監視、目標辨識與追蹤)系統,涵蓋了情報採集、監視、目標辨識及追蹤功能,可匯聚來自衛星、艦船、飛機及地面站等多元資訊來源的數據,並對其進行深度分析與處理。這不僅顯著提高了指揮官獲取資訊的速度,而且可藉助智慧分析系統提供數據支持,使決策更加快速、高效和精準。

第三是為無人作戰系統提供重要支撐。無人作戰系統是一種無需人類直接操縱,便可獨立完成軍事任務的新型武器裝備系統,主要包括智慧化無人作戰平台、智慧化彈藥和智慧化作戰指揮控制系統等組成部分,具備顯著的自主性和智慧化特徵。無人作戰系統,作為引領未來戰爭形態變革的技術裝備,成為國家間軍事競爭的重要籌碼。該系統透過運用自主導航、目標辨識、路徑規劃等關鍵技術,實現了不同戰場環境及作戰空間的適應能力。透過深度學習、強化學習等先進演算法,無人作戰系統能夠獨立完成導航任務,並實現精準打擊目標。這種系統的設計理念是“平台無人,系統有人”,其本質是對有人作戰系統的智慧化延伸。例如,美國國防部高級研究計畫局(DARPA)研發的「MQM-57獵鷹者」無人機,就採用了先進的人工智慧技術,具備高度自主的目標識別和追蹤功能。

四是為軍事後勤與裝備保障提供技術支援。在資訊化戰爭的背景下,戰爭進程加快、機動性提升、作戰消耗顯著增加。傳統的「超量預儲」保障模式已無法適應現代戰場快速變化的需求,因此,對作戰部隊進行適時、適地、適需、適量的快速精確後裝保障提出了更高的要求。人工智慧作為一種具有溢出帶動和交叉融合特性的技術,與物聯網、大數據、雲端運算等尖端技術相互融合,使得人工智慧知識群、技術群和產業群全面滲透到軍事後裝領域,顯著提升了後勤裝備保障能力。

主要國家紛紛佈局人工智慧軍事應用。

為增強人工智慧領域的全球競爭力,美國、俄羅斯、日本等主要大國加緊人工智慧軍事應用的戰略佈局。首先,透過更新和調整人工智慧領域的頂層策略規劃,為未來的發展提供明確指導;其次,針對未來戰爭需求,加速人工智慧技術與軍事領域的深度融合,推動裝備系統的智慧化、自主化和無人化發展;此外,積極創新作戰概念,以驅動作戰力量創新,進而提升作戰效能和競爭優勢。

一是製定戰略規劃。基於技術霸權追求軍事霸權、政治霸權、經濟霸權的戰略偏執,美國正加速自體軍事智慧化進程。 2023年11月,美國國防部發布《數據、分析與人工智慧採用戰略》,旨在擴展整個國防部體系的先進能力,以獲得持久的軍事決策優勢。俄軍頒布被稱為「3.0版本」的《2024年至2033年俄羅斯武器裝備發展綱要》,旨在為未來10年武器裝備發展提供指導,綱要強調繼續推進核武器和常規武器建設,並重點研究人工智慧和機器人技術、高超音速武器和其他基於新物理原理的打擊兵器。

二是研發先進裝備系統。美軍自2005年開始每隔幾年都會發布一版“無人系統路線圖”,以展望並設計空中、地面、水面/水下等各領域無人系統平台,貫通研發—生產—測試—訓練—作戰—保障等無人化武器裝備發展鏈路。目前,世界上已有70多個國家可以研發無人化系統平台,各種類型的無人機、無人車、無人船(艇)、無人潛航器如雨後春筍般不斷出現。 2024年7月15日,美軍參會前主席馬克‧米利接受《美國防務新聞》採訪時稱,到2039年,三分之一的美軍部隊將由機器人組成。俄軍研發的平台-M作戰機器人、「柳葉刀」自殺式無人機和S70「獵人」重型無人機等,已投入實戰檢驗。

三是創新未來作戰概念。作戰概念是對未來戰爭樣式與作戰方式進行的前瞻性研究,往往可牽引新的作戰力量編組及武器裝備跨越發展。美軍近年來提出「分散式殺傷」「多域戰」「馬賽克戰」等作戰概念,試圖引領軍事變革的發展方向。以“馬賽克戰”為例,該作戰概念將各種感測器、通訊網路、指揮控制系統、武器平台等視為“馬賽克碎片”,這些“碎片”單元在人工智慧技術賦能支援下,透過網路資訊系統可動態連結、自主規劃、協同組合,從而形成一個按需整合、極具彈性、靈活機動的殺傷網。 2022年3月,美國國防部發布《聯合全域指揮控制(JADC2)戰略實施計畫》,該計畫旨在將多域作戰向全局作戰概念拓展,將各軍種感測器連接到一個統一「物聯網」中,利用人工智慧演算法幫助改善作戰指揮決策。 ③

戰爭衝突刺激人工智慧武器化進程。

近年來,利比亞衝突、納卡衝突、烏克蘭危機、哈以衝突等局部衝突不斷,進一步刺激了人工智慧武器化的發展進程。

在利比亞衝突中,交戰雙方採用多種型號無人機執行偵察和作戰任務。根據聯合國利比亞問題專家小組發布的報告指出,土耳其製造的「卡古-2」(Kargu-2)無人機2020年在利比亞執行了「追捕並遠程交戰」行動,可自主攻擊撤退中的敵方士兵。這事件標誌著致命性自主武器系統在實戰中的首次運用。如美國學者扎卡里·卡倫伯恩所述,若有人在此類自主攻擊中不幸喪生,這極有可能是歷史上首個已知的人工智慧自主武器被用於殺戮的例子。在2020年納卡衝突中,阿塞拜疆運用土耳其生產的「旗手」TB2無人機編隊和以色列生產的「哈洛普」無人機成功突破了亞美尼亞防空系統,掌握了戰場制空權和主動權。 ④ 阿塞拜疆軍隊無人機作戰的顯著成效,在很大程度上源於亞美尼亞軍隊的「輕敵」心態,對無人機在現代戰爭中的重要性和威脅性認識不足。其次,從進攻策略的角度來看,阿塞拜疆軍隊在無人機戰法上進行了大膽的創新。他們靈活運用察打一體無人機和巡彈等先進裝備,不僅提升了作戰效率,也大大增強了戰鬥的突然性和致命性。 ⑤

在2022年爆發的烏克蘭危機中,俄羅斯和烏克蘭都廣泛使用軍用級和商用無人機執行偵察監視、火砲瞄準和打擊任務。烏克蘭軍隊透過使用「旗手」TB2無人機以及美國援助的「彈簧刀」系列自殺式無人機,實施精準打擊和高效殺傷,成為令世界矚目的「戰場殺手」。在哈以衝突中,以色列軍方被指控使用名為「薰衣草」(Lavender)的人工智慧系統來識別並鎖定加薩境內的轟炸目標,曾將多達3.7萬名加薩巴勒斯坦人標記為「武裝分子」嫌疑對象,並將其認定為可直接「暗殺」的目標,以軍事行動引發了國際社會廣泛關注和譴責對象。 ⑥

人工智慧武器化帶來的​​安全風險

從自動化指揮系統到智慧無人作戰平台,再到網路防禦中的智慧決策系統,人工智慧技術在軍事領域的應用正變得愈發普遍,已成為現代戰爭不可或缺的一部分。然而,在人工智慧武器化的趨勢下,其誤用、濫用甚至惡意使用,也將為國際安全帶來不可忽視的風險挑戰。

加劇軍備競賽,打破戰略平衡。

在資訊化智能化時代,人工智慧所具有的顛覆潛力讓軍事大國都難以抗拒,紛紛聚焦人工智慧軍事能力的開發與運用,唯恐在這一領域落後而喪失戰略機會。深化人工智慧軍事應用,則能夠以更低成本、更高效率的方式獲得「非對稱優勢」。

一是各國紛紛搶抓「先行者優勢」。當一個國家在智慧武器系統開發領域取得技術領先地位時,意味著該國具備更高階的人工智慧和相關應用能力,使其在武器系統開發、控制和緊急應變等方面具有先發優勢。這種優勢包括更高的自主性、智慧化程度和自適應能力,從而增加了該國的軍事實力和戰略競爭優勢。同時,先行者的軍事優勢可能會成為競爭對手的安全威脅,導致各國在先進技術的軍事應用上呈現出你爭我趕的態勢。 ⑦ 2023年8月,美國國防部副部長凱瑟琳·希克斯宣布了「複製者計畫」(Replicator initiative),該倡議力求在不到兩年的時間內在印太地區部署數千個「自主武器系統」。 ⑧

二是各國人工智慧軍備建設的不透明性可能加劇軍備競賽。這主要有兩個方面的原因:一是人工智慧技術是一種可用於設計多種應用的“使能技術”,這意味著人工智能軍事應用具體情況核查難度較高,難以像核武器可以通過對鈾、離心機以及武器和運載系統的監測來判斷一個國家是否在進行核武器的開發或部署。半自主、完全自主武器系統之間的差異主要是由於電腦軟體演算法不同導致的,很難透過物理核查手段來對各國的條約執行情況進行核查。二是各國為了維持己方的戰略優勢,往往對先進技術的軍事應用相關細節採取保密措施,使對手無法探知其戰略意圖。在當前國際環境中,這種不透明性不僅加劇了軍備競賽,更為未來衝突升級埋下了伏筆。

三是各國戰略意圖的不確定性也會加劇軍備競賽。人工智慧對於戰略穩定、核威懾和戰爭升級的影響,很大程度上取決於他國對其能力的感知,而非其實質能力。正如美國學者托馬斯·謝林指出,國際關係常常具有風險競爭的特徵,更多的是對勇氣而不是武力的考驗,主要對手之間的關係是由哪一方最終願意投入更大的力量,或使之看起來即將投入更大的力量來決定的。 ⑨ 一個行為體對於他者能力的感知,無論真假,都會在很大程度上影響軍備競賽進程。如果一個國家大力發展智慧武器系統,競爭對手在不確定對方意圖的情況下,會對競爭對手的軍備能力及發展軍備的意圖產生猜忌,往往採取對等措施,即透過發展軍備來滿足自身安全需求。正是這種意圖的模糊性刺激了技術積累,加劇武器部署的不穩定性,最終導致惡性循環。

賦能作戰流程,增加衝突風險。

在大數據與人工智慧技術賦能下,傳統作戰流程將實現智慧化再造,即由「態勢感知—指揮決策—攻防協同—綜合保障」轉向「全局態勢智慧認知—人機一體混合決策—有人/無人自主協同—主動按需精準保障」轉變。然而,作戰流程的智慧化再造雖然提高了作戰的效率和精準性,但也提升了衝突和誤判的風險。

一是以「機器速度」爆發的戰爭將增加倉促行動的風險。人工智慧武器系統在精確度和反應速度上表現出強大的能力,使得未來戰爭將以「機器速度」爆發。 ⑩ 但戰爭速度過快也將增加衝突風險。在飛彈防禦、自主武器系統和網路空間等重視自主性以及反應速度的領域,更快的反應速度將帶來巨大的戰略優勢,同時也極大地壓縮了防禦方對軍事行動作出反應的時間窗口,導致作戰指揮官和決策者置身於巨大的「時間壓力」之下,加劇了「倉促行動」的風險,並增加了危機意外升級的可能性。

二是依賴系統自主性可能增加壓力下的誤判幾率。美國國防部認為,「高度自主化的人工智慧系統,能夠根據任務參數的動態變化,自主選擇並執行相應操作,高效實現人類預設的目標。自主性的增加不僅大幅減少了對人力的依賴,提高了整體操作效率,更被國防規劃者視為保持戰術領先、確保戰場優勢的關鍵要素。」⑪然而,由於人類指揮官無法做出足夠快的決定權,可能會逐漸增加自己。 2003年3月,美國「愛國者」飛彈系統曾錯誤地將友軍的「龍捲風」戰鬥機標記為反輻射飛彈,指揮人員在只有幾秒鐘反應時間的壓力狀態下,選擇發射飛彈,造成了兩名飛行員的死亡。 ⑫

三是削弱了危機終止機制的有效性。冷戰時期,美蘇主導建構了一系列限制性措施來遏止危機的升級,避免其演變為大規模的核戰。在這些措施中,人類扮演著至關重要的「監督者」角色,在可能出現風險失控時,能夠在充足的時間內啟動終止措施,避免大規模人道災難發生。但是,隨著人工智慧系統運算能力的提升及其與機器學習的深度融合,作戰反應變得更為迅捷、精確和具有破壞性,人類對於危機的終止幹預機制將可能被削弱。

戰爭問責困難,增加附帶傷亡。

人工智慧武器系統使得戰爭責任更難界定。在傳統作戰模式下,由人類控制武器系統,一旦造成失誤或危機,人類操作員或作業系統的研發者將承擔相應的責任。人工智慧技術本身弱化了人類的能動性和控制能力,致使技術性行為的責任歸屬變得模糊不清。

一是人工智慧「黑箱」問題。儘管人工智慧在處理和分析資料方面有著顯著優勢,但是其內部運作規律和因果邏輯卻常常難以被人類理解和解釋,這使得程式設計師難以對錯誤演算法進行糾偏除誤,這一問題常常被稱為演算法模型的「黑盒子」。一旦人工智慧武器系統產生安全危害,「演算法黑箱」可能成為相關責任方推卸責任的合理化藉口,追責者只能面臨泛化的卸責與推諉,並將責任矛頭指向人工智慧武器系統。在實踐中,如果無法理解並解釋人工智慧的決策過程,可能會引發一系列的問題,如決策失誤、信任危機、資訊濫用等。

二是軍事行動中人機責任劃分問題。當人工智慧系統出現故障或決策失誤時,是否應將其視為一種獨立的實體來承擔責任?或者,是否應該將其視為一種工具,由人類操作者承擔全部或部分責任?這種責任劃分的複雜性不僅在於技術層面,更在於倫理和法律層面。一方面,人工智慧系統雖然能夠自主決策,但其決策過程仍受到人類預設的程式和演算法限制,因此其責任無法完全獨立於人類之外。另一方面,人工智慧系統在某些情況下可能會超越人類的預設範圍,做出獨​​立的決策,此時其責任又該如何界定,也成為軍控領域的難題。

三是人與人工智慧武器系統的決策權分配問題。依照機器自主權限的不同,人工智慧系統能夠以半自主、有監督式自主以及完全自主三種決策與控制方式執行任務。在半自主系統中,行動的決策權由人類掌控;在有監督式自主行動中,人類實施監督並在必要時幹預;在完全自主行動中,人類不參與行動過程。隨著人工智慧軍事應用程度的逐漸加深,人類在作戰系統中的角色正經歷由傳統的「人在迴路內」模式逐步向「人在迴路」轉變,人類從系統內部的直接操控者演化為系統外部的監督者。然而,這項轉變也引發了新的問題。如何確保人工智慧武器系統在獨立運作時仍能遵循人類倫理和價值觀,這是當前人工智慧武器研發領域面臨的重大挑戰。

降低擴散門檻,導致誤用濫用。

傳統的戰略競爭通常涉及大規模的武器系統研發和採購,需要大量資金和技術支援。人工智慧技術成熟擴散後,具有易取得且價格低廉等優勢,即便是中小國家也可能具備開發先進智慧武器系統的能力。目前,軍用人工智慧領域的戰略競爭主要集中在美俄等軍事大國之間。但長遠來看,人工智慧技術的擴散將擴大戰略競爭的範圍,對現有的戰略平衡構成破壞性威脅。一旦掌握人工智慧技術的較小規模國家擁有相對較強的競爭力,這些國家在面臨大國威脅時發起對抗的意願可能就會增強。

一是人工智慧有助於發展一些輕便靈巧的作戰手段,從而鼓勵一些中小國家或非國家行為體利用其開展小型的、機會主義的軍事冒險,以更低廉的成本和更豐富的途徑來達到其戰略目地。二是人工智慧的快速發展使得網路戰、電子戰等新型戰爭形態日益凸顯。在競爭激烈的戰場環境中,惡意的第三方行為體可以透過操縱資訊來影響軍事規劃和戰略威懾,導致局勢升級。在2022年爆發的烏克蘭危機中,就有眾多網路假訊息傳播混淆視聽。三是人工智慧技術的廣泛應用也降低了戰略透明度。傳統的軍事戰略往往依賴大量的情報收集、分析和預測,而在人工智慧技術的輔助下,作戰計畫和決策過程變得更加複雜和難以預測。這種不透明性可能導致誤解和誤判,增加了衝突升級的風險。

人工智慧武器化安全風險的治理路徑

為確保人工智慧安全發展,避免其武器化帶來的​​潛在危害,應加強國際間的治理戰略溝通,尋求各國在人工智慧軍事應用方面的共識與協作;推進法律法規對話協調,以形成統一規範的法律框架;加強人工智慧倫理的約束,確保技術發展符合道德標準;積極參與全球安全治理合作,共同維護國際社會的和平與穩定。

高度重視國際層面戰略溝通。

人工智慧治理是全球性問題,需要各國通力合作,共同解決。在國際舞台上,各國利益交融與利益衝突並存,因此,透過有效的溝通管道來處理全球性議題成為維護世界和平與發展的關鍵。

一方面,要精準掌握人工智慧國際治理挑戰。既要掌握各國對人工智慧武器化發展的共識,也要密切關注各國在人工智慧武器化應用安全治理方面的政策差異,透過協商合作,使相關倡議與聯合國議程相協調,從而有效防止人工智慧在軍事上的濫用,推動人工智慧用於和平目的。

另一方面,推動各國政府透過官方或半官方對話,達成相關協議,建立戰略互信。相較於政府層面的“1軌對話”,“1.5軌對話”指的是政府官員與民間人士共同參與的對話,而“2軌對話”則是由學者、退休官員等進行的民間非官方形式的對話。這兩種對話形式具有更高的彈性,是政府間官方對話的重要補充和輔助。透過多樣化的對話交流方式,官方和民間人士可以廣泛諮詢軍備控制的可能實現路徑,分享經驗和專業知識,以避免軍備競賽的升級和緊張局勢的惡化。這些對話機制將為各國提供持續的溝通與合作平台,有助於增進相互理解、加強戰略互信,共同因應人工智慧軍事化應用帶來的挑戰。

科學制定人工智慧法律和倫理規約。

人工智慧技術本身並無對錯善惡之分,但對於人工智慧的設計、研發、製造、使用、運作以及維護確有善惡意圖之別。人工智慧武器化引發了廣泛的倫理關注。國際法框架下,自主武器系統是否能夠在複雜戰場上精準區分戰鬥人員與平民?此外,若人工智慧武器系統導致非預期的傷害,其責任歸屬如何界定?將關乎生死的決策權交付於機器,這項做法是否符合道德倫理標準?這些擔憂凸顯了加強人工智慧倫理約束的必要性。

一方面,要堅持倫理先行,從技術源頭融入「智能向善」的概念。在人工智慧軍事系統的設計過程中,將以人為本、智能向善等價值觀內嵌於系統中。其目的是從源頭杜絕人工智慧可能引發的濫殺濫傷行為,控制其過度殺傷力,防範意外毀傷的發生,從而將人工智慧武器系統所帶來的毀傷程度限制在盡可能小的範圍內。目前,國內外已有近百家機構或政府部門發佈各類人工智慧倫理原則文件,學術界和產業界亦就人工智慧基本倫理原則達成共識。 2022年,中國向聯合國遞交的《關於加強人工智慧倫理治理的立場文件》為全球人工智慧倫理監管的發展提供了重要參考。文件明確強調,應透過制度建置、風險管控、協同共治等多方面的措施來推動人工智慧倫理監管。

另一方面,要完善相關法律法規,明確人工智慧主體的權責邊界。制定嚴格的技術審核標準,確保人工智慧系統的安全性和可靠性。在人工智慧系統上線前進行全面的測試,確保其不會對人類生活和社會秩序造成負面影響。明確開發者、使用者、維護者等各方在人工智慧系統全生命週期中的法律責任,以及建立相應的追責機制。

務實參與人工智慧安全治理國際合作。

人工智慧軍事應用所帶來的戰略風險,更凸顯國際安全務實合作的重要性。建議重點從三個面向著手:

一是推動制定人工智慧在軍事領域的運用準則。制定人工智慧軍事應用的行為準則,是各國規範人工智慧軍事應用的重要責任,也是推動國際共識和遵守國際法規的必要措施。中國政府在2021年向聯合國《特定常規武器公約》大會提交了《中國關於規範人工智慧軍事應用的立場文件》,2023年發布《全球人工智慧治理倡議》,這些都為完善規範人工智慧軍事應用的行為準則提供了建設性參考。

二是建立適用的監理架構。人工智慧軍民兩用性使其涉及眾多利益攸關方,一些非國家行為體如非政府組織、技術社群、科技企業在人工智慧全球治理過程中的作用將更加突出,成為人工智慧軍事應用監管框架建設的重要力量。各國可採取的技術監管措施包括:明確人工智慧技術的使用範圍、責任主體和違規處罰措施;加強技術研發,提高技術的安全性和可控性;建立監管機制,對技術的研發和應用進行全程監管,及時發現和解決問題。

三是共同研發人工智慧安全防範技術和解決方案。鼓勵將政府間和軍隊間的雙邊或多邊談判納入軍用人工智慧應用的對話選項,就軍用人工智慧安全防範技術、操作規程及實踐經驗廣泛交流,推動相關風險管理技術標準和使用規範的分享借鑒,為人工智慧軍事化背景下的國際安全互信機制不斷注入新的穩定因素。

(作者為國防科技大學國防科技戰略研究智庫主任、研究員,博導;國防科技大學外國語學院碩士研究生劉胡君對本文亦有貢獻)

中國原創軍事資源:http://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/pc/content/202502/05/content_30059349.html