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Understand Chinese Military Single-Domain & Multi-Domain Joint Operations

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了解中國軍事單域和多域聯合作戰

現代英語：

Joint operations are the basic form of combat in modern warfare. They emphasize the strength of more than two services and arms and other participating forces, and jointly implement operations in multi-domain space under unified command. “Single domain” and “multidomain” interdependence and interaction in joint operations are a pair of important military categories. Grasping the relationship between single domain and multi-domain is the core content and key to solving the “internal interface” problem in the construction and application of joint combat forces. The relationship between the two should be viewed dialectically and correctly handled, and the winning mechanism of joint operations should be continuously enriched to promote joint operations. Really achieve cross-domain integration, energy gathering and efficiency improvement.

“Single domain” is the constituent element and development basis of “multi-domain”

Joint operations emphasize the formation of advantageous multi-domains based on advantageous single domains, and place higher demands on the coupling relationship between each single domain that makes up the multi-domain. The development of a single domain can provide a solid foundation for the development of multiple domains and create prerequisites for achieving cross-domain integration.

In terms of historical process, single domain to multi-domain is the process of domain expansion. Throughout human history, the wars of each era have applied the techniques of their own era, imprinted the imprint of their own era, and developed with the time and space of the war. War in the agricultural era, with cold weapons as the main military equipment, battlefield fighting is mainly limited to land and offshore waters. It is a lower-level “full contact” war, and the combat domain is relatively single, making early operations “loose” Joint characteristics.

Entering the industrial era, with the invention and use of steam engines and internal combustion engines, air combat weapons represented by combat aircraft appeared on the battlefield. The combat space broke through the limitations of land and sea areas, forming a three-dimensional battlefield between land, sea and air. The war turned “semi-contact”, making joint operations take on “cooperative” joint characteristics. Entering the information age, the combat space breaks through the three-dimensional geographical space and forms a multi-domain integration of land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, and cognitive fields, making joint operations present multi-domain “integrated” characteristics. With the development of single domain to multi-domain, single-domain control rights such as land control, sea control, air control, heaven control, and information control have continued to appear, and the subsequent importance of single-domain control has continued to increase, promoting the connotation of multi-domain control. Expanding and changing, the competition for comprehensive control has become the first priority in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy.

In terms of development form, single domain to multi-domain is a process of clustering into a network. Restricted by technical conditions and other constraints, combat activities before the information age, whether in terms of battlefield time, battlefield space, or the deployment and use of combat forces, have clear sections between single domains and clear levels of action at all levels, showing a strong Sequential and progressive, showing a single-domain chain development form.

Entering the information age, under the full “adhesion” of the network system, the multi-domain force formation develops from “combination” to “convergence”, forming an elastic structure with spatial dispersion and deployment, time coordination, and multi-dimensional energy release. According to the battlefield situation and changes in the situation, combat activities use the network information system as a “link” to connect the “links” of the combat single domain into a “network” shape, forming the focus of similar strong points and complementary advantages, and realizing each single domain “shape and spirit gathering” and “gathering fingers into fists”, The transition from single-domain chain to multi-domain network was achieved.

In terms of performance index, single domain to multi-domain is a process of energy aggregation and efficiency. Both opposing sides in the war tried to exert their overall combat power in order to achieve combat victory. However, due to the clear boundaries and loose connections of each single domain in the past, improving the overall combat power can only be achieved through the linearity “superposition” of each combat domain. With the development of information technology and intelligent technology, especially the widespread application of information systems in the military, the network information system realizes the command and control of each single domain force and can seamlessly link each combat domain. Each combat force maximizes The advantages of spatial multidimensionality and power diversity have been realized, and the strength and strength of each single domain and each level have been realized The high degree of integration, multi-dimensional cohesion, overall linkage and integrated energy release in terms of means and actions has achieved the effect of complementary advantages, synergy and cohesion, which is conducive to achieving a comprehensive advantage or local overwhelming advantage over the enemy.

“Multi-domain” is the direction-dominant and powerful dominance of “single-domain”

The essence of the winning mechanism of joint operations lies in cross-domain integration to achieve excellence and efficiency, which requires that single domain and multi-domain must be functionally “unified in the same direction”. “Multi-domain” stipulates the status and role of each single domain in combat. Each single domain must start from the overall functional needs of joint operations, focus on providing the ultimate contribution rate to the combat system, and achieve synchronous cross-domain maneuvering, cross-domain coordination, and cross-domain strike, to achieve system advantages in overall confrontation. Currently, the multi-domain dominates and dominates the single-domain in the direction of forming a resultant force with the system mainly from the following aspects.

Transition of multidomain operational requirements to hybrid war threats. At present, conventional threats are expanding and unconventional threats are becoming new and present threats, with the boundaries between regular and irregular battlefields tending to be blurred, between combatants and non-combatants and between physical and virtual dimensions. Joint operations are still the basic form of operations, but specific combat styles show a trend towards combining multiple styles. Various threats from traditional or non-traditional, formal or informal, high-intensity or low-intensity exist on land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognition and other multi-domains. These threats add a new dimension to the concept of war. Therefore, it is necessary not only to do a good job in the fight against a single threat, but also to develop the ability to integrate into multi-domain operations to deal with hybrid warfare.

The focus of multi-domain operations shifts to the network information system. Several informatization local wars that have broken out in recent years have shown that no war, no alliance, no alliance, no victory, the network information system that condenses various single-domain combat elements has become the focus of operations, and the combat command information system that gathers the combat power of the network information system has become the main basis for military operations “nerve center” and has become the key point for opponents to attack. The degree of integration of command and information systems is getting higher and higher, and the command systems of each single domain must converge and move closer to the overall command system, so as to achieve system integration of various services and combat units and deep coupling of various combat elements. In line with this, the information domain, the cognitive domain, and the electromagnetic domain, as emerging fields of warfare, have increased in their core status and importance, and have increasingly become the core operational domains for opposing sides to compete for control, becoming capable of causing enemy “blind, incapacitated, and mentally retarded” key operational domains. Therefore, each single domain must strengthen its ability to organically integrate into the network information system within the framework of a unified standard system and achieve interconnection and interoperability between each single domain, so as to ensure that it provides basic support in multi-domain precision warfare and thus wins overall advantages.

Transformation of multi-domain combat forces into joint combat units. Integrated joint operations have the characteristics of platform operations, system support and tactical operations, and strategic support. Strategic-level planning, campaign-level command, and tactical-level operations will become the norm in future wars. Large-scale corps operations may become increasingly rare and will be replaced by joint battles more often on multi-domain battlefields. The joint combat unit will bring together various single-domain combat forces and cover various combat elements. The level of the joint is reflected in the tactical level, presenting an independent combat capability that includes early warning and reconnaissance, information support, combat command, multi-domain attack and defense, combat support and other elements. Joint tactical unit form. Each “single-domain combat force” has a closer coupling relationship, and its own characteristics and advantages will become more prominent.

Accelerate the expansion of “single-domain advantages” to “multi-domain advantages”

For the dialectical unity of a single domain and a multi-domain, we must not only see the unity of a multi-domain, but also respect the independence of a single domain; we must neither completely oppose the two, nor erase the connection between them. In view of the actual situation of combat opponents, combat environment, own strength, etc., and taking into account various political, economic, technological, cultural and other factors, we should accelerate the expansion of “single-domain advantage” to “multi-domain advantage”, so as to form an information advantage, decision-making advantage and operational advantage against the enemy.

First, we must consolidate and expand the advantages of single domain.“ Metcalfe’s law ” tells us that increasing a network entity is capable of producing nonlinear exponential convergence of the combat power of the system. Multi-domain operations are deeply integrated system operations. As the basic element of multi-domain existence, the strength of each single domain’s construction will definitely affect the effectiveness of multi-domain integration. The essence of forming a multi-domain advantage is to deeply aggregate the advantages of each single domain. It is necessary to continuously strengthen the construction of single domain capabilities to form a single domain advantage and limit the opponent’s strength advantage to the limit. In fact, consolidating and expanding the advantages of single domains is not only to enhance single domain performance, but also to serve the purpose of multi-domain convergence. Single-domain construction requires strengthening top-level design, formulating standards and specifications, and striving to overcome conflicts caused by different combat construction concepts formed by the unique combat styles and combat culture of different services. At the same time, it is necessary to coordinate all military construction resources and focus on the development of multi-domain combat weapon platforms to meet the overall needs of joint operations, rather than just the needs of each single domain itself.

Second, we must promote the achievement of cross-domain synergy. Cross-domain synergy emphasizes breaking the boundaries between services and arms and integrating combat forces across services, arms and institutions. Based on the network information system, the combat forces in each domain are distributed in a wide area, and the multiple domains are linked as a whole to complement each other’s advantages and increase efficiency, and quickly gather energy step by step, promoting the expansion of single-domain advantages into multi-domain integration advantages and system advantages, and forming a concentrated energy strike against important enemy targets. In “joint operations”, combat forces in various fields must not only have the ability to independently perform a variety of combat missions, but also need to use their own cross-domain perception, target recognition and strike capabilities to support or even directly participate in other combat domain operations.

3. “Flexible mobile combat application is required!”. The winning mechanism of joint operations lies in the rapid and continuous integration of multi-domain combat forces to form multiple advantages and immediate advantages in specific time windows, forcing the enemy into passivity, disadvantage and dilemma. For the use of single-domain and multi-domain forces, such as the use of fingers and fists, whether it is “pointing points with hands” or “clenching fingers into fists”, or even the mutual transformation and use in combat, we must adhere to seeking truth from facts and comprehensively consider the efficiency of combat effects. Scientifically make decisions based on factors such as efficiency and contribution to the victory of war, and effectively use troops according to circumstances, location, and situation. If the single-domain combat force can solve the problem well, it is no longer necessary to use multi-domain combat forces, thereby improving operational effectiveness.

現代國語：

聯合作戰是現代戰爭的基本作戰形式，強調兩個以上軍兵種力量及其他參戰力量，在統一指揮下於多域空間共同實施作戰。聯合作戰中的「單域」與「多域」相互依存、相互作用，是一對重要的軍事範疇。掌握單域與多域的關係，是解決聯合作戰力量建設與運用之「內接口」問題的核心內容與關鍵所在，應辯證看待並正確處理二者關係，不斷豐富聯合作戰制勝機理，推動聯合作戰真正實現跨域融合、聚能增效。

「單域」是「多域」的構成要素與發展基礎

聯合作戰強調以優勢單域為基礎構成優勢多域，對組成多域的各單域之間的耦合關係提出了更高要求。單域的發展才能為多域的發展提供堅實的基礎，為實現跨域融合創造前提條件。

從歷史進程來看，單域到多域是領域拓展的過程。縱觀人類歷史，每個時代的戰爭都運用所在時代的技術，印刻著所在時代的烙印，並隨著戰爭時間和空間的發展而發展。農業時代的戰爭，以冷兵器為主要軍事裝備，戰場廝殺主要局限在陸域及近海海域，屬於較低級的「全接觸式」戰爭，作戰域較為單一，使得早期的作戰呈現出「鬆散性」聯合特徵。

進入工業時代，隨著蒸汽機和內燃機的發明與使用，以作戰飛機為代表的空戰武器出現在戰場，作戰空間突破陸域和海域的局限，形成陸海空三維立體戰場，戰爭轉向“半接觸式”，使得聯合作戰呈現出“協同性”聯合特徵。進入資訊時代，作戰空間突破三維地理空間，形成陸、海、空、天、電、網、認知領域等多域一體，使得聯合作戰呈現多域「一體化」聯合特徵。伴隨著單域向多域發展，制陸權、制海權、制空權、製天權、制資訊權等單域制權不斷出現，且後續單域制權的重要性不斷提升，推動著多域制權內涵的拓展變化，對綜合製權的爭奪成為敵我對抗的首要。

從發展形態來看，單域到多域是聚鏈成網的過程。受技術條件等製約，資訊時代之前的作戰活動，不論是在戰場時間、戰場空間，還是在作戰力量布勢運用等方面，各單域間條塊分明，各級行動層次分明，表現出強烈的順序性和漸進性，呈現出單域鏈條式發展形態。

進入資訊時代，在網路系統的充分“粘合”下，多域力量編成由“組合”發展為“融合”，形成空間分散部署、時間協調一致、能量釋放多維一體的彈性結構。根據戰場態勢和情況變化，作戰活動以網路資訊體系為“紐帶”，將作戰單域的“形散神聚”聯結成“網絡”狀，形成同類強點聚焦、優勢互補，實現了各單域“形散神聚”和“聚指成拳”，實現了由單域鏈條式向多域網絡式的轉變。

從效能指數來看，單域到多域是聚能增效的過程。戰爭敵對雙方都力圖發揮整體作戰威力以求得作戰勝利，但由於以往各單域邊界清晰、聯繫較為鬆散，提高整體戰力只能透過各作戰域的線性「疊加」來實現。隨著資訊化技術和智慧化技術的發展，特別是資訊系統在軍事上的廣泛應用，網路資訊體系實現了對各單域力量的指揮調控，並能無縫連結各作戰域，各作戰力量最大限度地發揮空間多維性和力量多元性優勢，實現了各單域各層級在力量、手段和行動等方面的高度融合、多維聚力、整體聯動和集成釋能，達成了優勢互補、協同一致、內聚融合的效果，有利於實現對敵全面優勢或局部壓倒性優勢。

「多域」是「單域」的方向主導與強力支配

聯合作戰制勝機理本質在於跨域融合實現聚優增效，要求單域與多域在功能上必須「同向統一」。多域規定了各單域在作戰中的地位與作用，各單域必須從聯合作戰整體功能需要出發，著眼為作戰體系提供極限貢獻率，實現同步跨域機動、跨域協同、跨域打擊，達成整體對抗中的體系優勢。目前，多域主要從以下方面主導並支配單域朝向與體系形成合力的方向發展。

多域作戰需求轉變為混合戰爭威脅。目前，常規性威脅不斷拓展，非常規威脅成為新的現實威脅，正規戰場與非正規戰場之間的界線趨於模糊，戰鬥人員與非戰鬥人員之間的界線趨於模糊，物理維度與虛擬維度之間的界線趨於模糊。聯合作戰仍是基本作戰形式，但具體的作戰樣式呈現出向多種樣式結合方向發展的趨勢，來自於傳統或非傳統、正規或非正規、高強度或低強度的各種威脅存在於陸、海、空、天、電、網、認知等多域中。這些威脅為戰爭概念增添了新的內涵。因此，既要做好針對某單一威脅的鬥爭，更要發展出具有融入多域作戰應對混合戰爭的能力。

多域作戰重心轉移到網路資訊體系。近年來爆發的幾場資訊化局部戰爭表明，無戰不聯、無聯不勝，凝聚各單域作戰要素的網路資訊體系成為作戰重心，匯聚網路資訊體系戰力的作戰指揮資訊系統，成為軍隊作戰主要依託的“神經中樞”，成為對手打擊的要害。指揮資訊系統的一體化程度越來越高，各單域的指揮系統必然要向整體指揮體系匯聚和靠攏，從而實現各軍種、各作戰單位的系統集成以及各作戰要素的深度耦合。與之相適應，資訊域、認知域、電磁域作為戰爭的新興領域，其核心地位和重要性不斷增強，日益成為敵對雙方爭奪制權的核心作戰域，成為能夠致敵「眼盲、失能、智障」的關鍵作戰域。所以，各單域必須在統一的標準體系框架內，加強自身有機融入網路資訊體系的能力，達成各單域間的互聯互通互通，才能確保在多域精確戰中提供基礎支撐，進而贏得整體優勢。

多域作戰力量轉型為聯合作戰單元。一體化聯合作戰具有平台作戰、體系支撐與戰術行動、戰略保障的特點，戰略級規劃、戰役級指揮、戰術級行動將成為未來戰爭的常態。大規模兵團作戰可能愈發少見，代之的將是聯合戰鬥更多地出現在多域戰場。聯合戰鬥單元將匯集各單域作戰力量，涵蓋各作戰要素，聯合的層級體現在戰術級，呈現出一個包括預警偵察、資訊保障、作戰指揮、多域攻防、作戰保障等多要素的可獨立作戰的聯合戰術單元形態。各單域作戰力量耦合關係更加緊密，自身特色優勢將更加突出。

加速推動「單域優勢」向「多域優勢」拓展

單域與多域辯證統一，我們既要看到多域的統一性，又要尊重單域的獨立性；既不能把二者完全地對立起來，又不可抹殺它們之間的聯繫。應針對作戰對手、作戰環境、自身實力等實際情況，綜合考慮政治、經濟、技術、文化等各種因素，加速推動「單域優勢」向「多域優勢」拓展，形成對敵的資訊優勢、決策優勢與行動優勢。

一要鞏固拓展單域優勢。 「梅特卡夫定律」告訴我們，增加網路實體能夠產生對體系戰鬥力的非線性指數聚能。多域作戰是深度融合的體係作戰，各單域作為多域存在的基礎要素，其建設的強度必將影響多域融合的效能。形成多域優勢實質是深度聚合各單域優勢，必須不斷加強單域能力建構形成單域優勢，限制對手力量優勢極限發揮。事實上，鞏固和拓展單域優勢不僅是為了增強單域效能，更是為了實現多域融合而服務。單域建設要加強頂層設計，制定標準規範，努力克服因不同軍種特有作戰樣式與戰鬥文化形成的不同作戰建設理念而帶來的矛盾衝突。同時，要統籌好各項軍隊建設資源，注重研發多域作戰武器平台，滿足聯合作戰整體需求，而非僅是各單域自身需要。

二要促進實現跨域協同。跨域協同強調打破軍兵種間界限，進行跨軍種、跨兵種、跨建制的作戰力量融合。基於網路資訊體系，各域作戰力量廣域分佈，多域整體連動，優勢互補增效，快速逐級聚能，推動將單域優勢擴展為多域融合優勢和體系優勢，形成對敵重要目標的聚能打擊。在聯合作戰中各域作戰力量不僅要具備獨立遂行多種作戰任務的能力，更需要利用自身的跨域感知、目標識別和打擊能力，能夠支援甚至直接參與其他作戰域行動。

三要靈活機動作戰運用。聯合作戰的致勝機制在於透過多域作戰力量快速且持續地整合，在特定時間窗口形成多重優勢和即時優勢，迫敵陷入被動、劣勢和困境。對於單域和多域力量的運用，猶如指頭與拳頭的使用，究竟是“指針點穴”還是“攥指成拳”，甚至是作戰中相互轉化運用，都需堅持實事求是，綜合考慮作戰效果效率效益，以及對戰爭制勝的貢獻率等因素科學決斷，切實做到因情用兵、因地用兵。如果單域作戰力量能很好解決問題，就不必再使用多域作戰力量，進而提升作戰效益。

王榮輝　 鄧仕峰

中國軍網 國防部網 2022年1月20日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-01/20/content_307852888.htm

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Future Proofing China’s National Defense & Military An Important Aspect of Chinese-style Modernization

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面向未來的中國國防和軍隊是中國式現代化的重要面向

現代英語：

Soldiers are a major event for the country. In the great journey of “building a powerful country and rejuvenating the nation, and against the background of the accelerated evolution of major changes unseen in the world in a century, building and consolidating national defense and a strong people’s army are directly related to the future and destiny of the country and the nation”. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that “national defense and military modernization are important components of Chinese-style modernization”, which fully reflects the great importance that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core attaches to national defense and military construction, and provides guidance for national defense and military modernization on the new journey. Modernization points out the direction.

　　The modernization of the national defense and military is the security guarantee and strategic support for Chinese-style modernization

　　”If you fall behind, you will be beaten. Only when the army is strong can the country be safe”. Without a strong army, there can be no strong state. After the Opium War in 1840, modern China was repeatedly defeated in its battles with Western powers. The vast country gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, with the country humiliated, the people in trouble, and civilization in dust. History has inspired us that the Chinese nation’s emergence from suffering and the liberation of the Chinese people depend on a heroic people’s army; to comprehensively promote the great cause of building a powerful country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization, we must place national defense and military modernization as a barrier to national security, plan and deploy in strategic positions based on career development, and accelerate the construction and consolidation of national defense and a strong people’s army.

　　The modernization of the national defense and military is closely linked and internally unified with Chinese-style modernization. Without the modernization of national defense and the military, there would be no Chinese-style modernization. Comrade Mao Zedong once profoundly pointed out “the original requirements for building socialism were industrial modernization, agricultural modernization, scientific and cultural modernization, and now we must add national defense modernization”; Comrade Deng Xiaoping also emphasized “four modernizations, one of which is national defense modernization”, these all reflect the great importance our party attaches to national defense and military construction.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always adhered to the integrated operation of strengthening the country and the military, put national defense and military modernization in the chess game of Chinese-style modernization, and opened up the road to strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics, forming a new strategy for national defense and military modernization by 2027, 2035, and the middle of this century, a new “three-step” strategy for national defense and military modernization that connects near, medium and long-term goals Created a new situation in the cause of strengthening the military. Guided by the party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era, we will comprehensively implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, promote the reform of the leadership and command system, the reform of scale structure and force organization, and the reform of military policies and systems. Our military’s organizational structure will achieve historic changes, and the force system will achieve revolutionary changes. Reshaping, the basic framework of the socialist military policy system with Chinese characteristics has been constructed and formed. Our military system has been completely new, its structure has been completely new, its pattern has been completely new, and its appearance has been completely new It has laid a solid foundation for the modernization of national defence and the army.

　　Military means, as a means of guaranteeing the realization of great dreams, can only stop a war if it can be fought. The current and future periods are critical periods for comprehensively promoting the great cause of building a powerful country and rejuvenating the nation through Chinese-style modernization, and will inevitably encounter various risks, challenges and even turbulent waves. We must comprehensively modernize our national defense and military, build the People’s Army into a world-class military, effectively guarantee Chinese-style modernization, and safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

　　 Comprehensive and accurate grasp of the scientific connotation of national defense and military modernization

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has issued a series of important expositions around “Chinese-style modernization”, summarizing the Chinese characteristics, essential requirements and major principles for the formation of Chinese-style modernization, building a theoretical system for Chinese-style modernization, and promoting the new era and new journey. Chinese-style modernization provides scientific guidance and also carries out strategic design and scientific deployment for national defense and military modernization.

　　The most fundamental thing about modernizing the national defense and military is to uphold the absolute leadership of the party over the military. The leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee of Chinese-style modernization, which determines the fundamental nature of Chinese-style modernization, and it must also determine the fundamental nature of national defense and military modernization. To promote the modernization of national defense and the military on the new journey, we must fully implement a series of fundamental principles and systems for the party to lead the people’s army, comprehensively and thoroughly implement the chairman’s responsibility system of the Military Commission, and effectively unify thoughts and actions into the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and President Xi; Adhere to the party’s management of cadres and talents, and highlight political standards and combat capabilities Ensure that the barrel of the gun is always in the hands of those who are loyal and reliable to the party; improve the comprehensive and strict governance of the party system, enhance the political and organizational functions of party organizations at all levels, and integrate the party’s leadership throughout the entire process of continuing to deepen national defense and military reforms in all aspects.

　　To modernize national defense and the military is to modernize military doctrine, military organization, military personnel, and weapons and equipment. This reflects the inherent requirements for the construction of military forces resulting from changes in the concept of victory in modern warfare, elements of victory and methods of victory, and clarifies the main signs of the basic realization of national defence and military modernization. To realize the modernization of military theory is to keep pace with the times, innovate war and strategic guidance, and form a military theoretical system that is contemporary, leading, and unique; to realize the modernization of organizational form is to deepen the reform of national defense and the military, and the military force structure layout is scientific and reasonable, strategic deterrence capabilities are consolidated and improved, new areas and new quality combat forces continue to grow, and elite operations, system support, and joint victory have become the basic application models; To realize the modernization of military personnel is to deeply implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, promote the comprehensive transformation and upgrading of military personnel’s capabilities, structural layout, and development management, and forge high-quality, professional new military talents with both ability and political integrity; to realize the modernization of weapons and equipment, It is necessary to focus on strengthening national defense scientific and technological innovation and accelerating the development of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies Accelerate the upgrading of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment.

　　For the modernization of national defence and the military, we must adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. The military conflicts and local wars that have taken place in recent years have shown that new qualitative combat capabilities generated based on intelligent combat systems are increasingly becoming core military capabilities. Based on mechanization, dominated by informatization, and oriented by intelligence, the three superimpose, penetrate, and support each other, jointly giving rise to new forms of warfare and methods of warfare. Only by accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence and keeping up with the new military revolutionary trends in the world can we seize the opportunity and take the initiative in seizing the commanding heights of the military struggle.

　　The modernization of national defence and the army is a guarantee of security for insisting on the path of peaceful development. Since ancient times, soldiers have not been warlike. Chinese-style modernization is modernization on the path of peaceful development. Building a consolidated national defense and a strong military commensurate with international status and national security and development interests is a strategic task of China’s socialist modernization drive and an insistence on taking the path of peaceful development. Safety guarantee is an inevitable choice for summarizing historical experience. China has always pursued a defensive defence policy and adhered to the strategic idea of active defence, and no matter how far it develops, China will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion. To promote the modernization of national defense and the military on the “new journey”, we must faithfully implement the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, resolutely oppose all forms of hegemony and bullying, and contribute China’s strength to building a beautiful world of lasting peace and universal security.

　　 Advancing the modernization of national defence and the military at a new historical starting point

　　The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China included “continuous deepening of national defense and military reforms into the overall plan for further comprehensive deepening of reforms, and made a series of major strategic arrangements for improving the leadership and management system and mechanism of the people’s army, deepening the reform of the joint operations system, and deepening cross-military and civilian reforms”. On the new journey, we must deeply understand and grasp the themes, major principles, major measures, and fundamental guarantees for further comprehensively deepening reforms, resolutely implement the new “three-step” strategy for national defense and military modernization, and accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, and military personnel. Modernize and modernize weapons and equipment, and lead the modernization of national defense and the military to move forward with better strategies, higher efficiency, and faster speed.

　　Strengthening the Party’s theoretical and scientific leadership in military guidance. Our party insists on combining the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of building the people’s army, absorbing the essence of China’s excellent traditional military culture, and constantly exploring new realms in the development of contemporary Chinese Marxist military theory and military practice. As an important part of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military has achieved a new leap forward in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxist military theory. It is the fundamental guiding ideology of our party building and military governance in the new era. We must unremittingly arm our minds with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, further firmly establish the guiding position of Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military in national defense and military construction, and build and consolidate national defense and a strong people’s army under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military. Take new and greater steps on the road to strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics.

　　Efforts should be made to make the main responsibility and business of war preparation more solid and effective. The People’s Army is an armed group that performs the party’s political tasks. It must be both politically strong and capable. In the final analysis, this ability can win wars. To accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military, we must firmly grasp the fundamental direction of winning wars, establish the only fundamental standard of combat effectiveness, focus all our energy on fighting wars, and work hard on fighting wars. Conscientiously implement the military strategic policy for the new era, operate war preparation and cessation, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military forces in peacetime as a whole, innovate strategies, tactics and tactics, effectively shape the situation, manage crises, contain wars, and win wars. Adhere to the principle of “training troops as they fight, and comprehensively improve the actual combat level of military training and the ability to perform missions and tasks”.

　　Promote high-quality development of national defense and military construction through “reform and innovation”. Reform is a key move that will determine the growth of our army and its future. On the new journey, we must put innovation at the core of the overall military construction and development, transform development concepts, innovate development models, enhance development momentum, and promote the transformation of national defense and military modernization from quantitative growth to qualitative improvement. Focus on integrating national defense and military construction into the national economic and social development system on a wider scale, at a higher level, and to a deeper extent, continuously improve the quality and efficiency of national defense and military modernization, promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength, and consolidate and improve the integration National strategic system and capabilities, and constantly write a new chapter of strengthening the country and the military.

現代國語：

時間：2024年11月15日 08:20 來源：解放軍報
兵者，國之大事。在強國建設、民族復興偉大征程中，在世界百年未有之大變局加速演進的背景下，建構鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊直接關係國家和民族的前途命運。黨的二十屆三中全會指出，“國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分”，充分體現了以習近平同志為核心的黨中央對國防和軍隊建設的高度重視，為新征程上國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了方向。

國防與軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的安全保障與戰略支撐

落後就要挨打，軍強才能國安。沒有一支強大的軍隊，就不可能有強大的國家。 1840年鴉片戰爭以後，近代中國在與西方列強的較量中屢屢戰敗，泱泱大國逐步淪為半殖民地半封建社會，國家蒙辱、人民蒙難、文明蒙塵。歷史啟示我們，中華民族走出苦難、中國人民實現解放，有賴於一支英雄的人民軍隊；以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業，必須把國防和軍隊現代化擺在國家安全之屏障、事業發展之依託的戰略位置來策劃和部署，加快建設鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊。

國防與軍隊現代化與中國式現代化緊密聯繫、內在統一。沒有國防和軍隊的現代化，就沒有中國式現代化。毛澤東同誌曾深刻指出“建設社會主義，原來要求是工業現代化，農業現代化，科學文化現代化，現在要加上國防現代化”；鄧小平同志也曾強調“四個現代化，其中就有一個國防現代化”，這些都體現了我們黨對國防和軍隊建設的高度重視。

黨的十八大以來，習主席始終堅持強國強軍一體運籌，把國防和軍隊現代化放在中國式現代化大棋局中謀劃推進，開闢出中國特色強軍之路，形成了到2027年、2035年、本世紀中葉，近、中、遠目標梯次行動」，開創三步和現代化軍階的國防和軍事戰略。以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領，全面實施改革強軍戰略，推進領導指揮體制改革、規模結構和力量編成改革、軍事政策制度改革，我軍組織架構實現歷史性變革，力量體系實現革命性重塑，中國特色社會主義軍事政策制度體系基本框架構建形成，我軍體制一新、結構一新、一新、一現代化新格局新化，為國防和軍事基礎一化。

軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段，能戰方能止戰。當前和今後一個時期，是以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期，必然會遇到各種風險挑戰甚至驚濤駭浪。我們必須全面推動國防和軍隊現代化，把人民軍隊建設成為世界一流軍隊，有力保障中國式現代化建設，保障國家主權、安全、發展利益。

全面準確掌握國防與軍隊現代化的科學內涵

黨的十八大以來，習主席圍繞中國式現代化發表一系列重要論述，概括形成中國式現代化的中國特色、本質要求和重大原則，構建起中國式現代化的理論體系，為新時代新征程推進中國式現代化提供了科學指引，也為國防和軍隊現代化進行了戰略設計和科學部署。

國防與軍事現代化，最根本的是堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導。黨的領導是中國式現代化的根本保證，決定了中國式現代化的根本性質，也必然決定了國防和軍隊現代化的根本性質。新征程上推動國防和軍隊現代化，必須全面貫徹黨領導人民軍隊的一系列根本原則和製度，全面深入貫徹軍委主席負責制，切實把思想和行動統一到黨中央、習主席決策部署上來；堅持黨管幹部、黨管人才，突顯政治標準和打仗能力，確保槍桿子始終掌握在對黨忠誠可靠的人手中；健全全面從嚴治黨體系，增強各級黨組織政治功能和組織功能，把黨的領導貫穿持續深化國防和軍事改革各方面全過程。

國防與軍隊現代化，就是要實現軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員、武器裝備的現代化。這反映了現代戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式變化對軍事力量建設的內在要求，明確了基本實現國防和軍隊現代化的主要標誌。實現軍事理論現代化，就是要與時俱進創新戰爭和戰略指導，形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的軍事理論體系；實現組織形態現代化，就是要深化國防和軍事改革，軍隊力量結構佈局科學合理，戰略威懾能力鞏固提高，新域新質作戰力量不斷壯大，精製作戰、體系支撐、聯合戰略威懾成為基本運作模式；實現軍事人員現代化，就是要深入實施新時代人才強軍戰略，推動軍事人員能力素質、結構佈局、開發管理全面轉型升級，鍛造德才兼備的高素質、專業化新型軍事人才；實現武器裝備現代化，就是要聚力加強國防科技創新，加速戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術發展，加速武器裝備升級和智能化武器裝備升級。

國防與軍隊現代化，必須堅持機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。近年來發生的軍事衝突和局部戰爭表明，基於智慧化作戰體系所產生的新質作戰能力越來越成為核心軍事能力。以機械化為基礎，以資訊化為主導，以智慧化為方向，三者相互疊加、相互滲透、相互支撐，共同催生新的戰爭形態和作戰方式。只有加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，跟上世界新軍事革命潮流，才能在搶佔軍事鬥爭制高點中占得先機、贏得主動。

國防與軍隊現代化，是堅持走和平發展道路的安全保障。自古知兵非好戰。中國式現代化是走和平發展道路的現代化，建立同國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，是中國社會主義現代化建設的戰略任務，是堅持走和平發展道路的安全保障，是總結歷史經驗的必然選擇。中國始終奉行防禦性國防政策，堅持積極防禦戰略思想，無論發展到什麼程度，中國永遠不稱霸、永遠不搞擴張。在新征程上推動國防和軍隊現代化，必須忠實踐行人類命運共同體理念，堅決反對一切形式的霸權霸道欺凌，為建設持久和平、普遍安全的美好世界貢獻中國力量。

在新的歷史起點上推進國防和軍隊現代化

黨的二十屆三中全會將持續深化國防和軍事改革納入進一步全面深化改革的大盤子，對完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制、深化聯合作戰體系改革、深化跨軍地改革作出一系列重大戰略部署。新旅程上，要深刻領會和把握進一步全面深化改革的主題、重大原則、重大舉措、根本保證，堅決貫徹國防和軍隊現代化新「三步走」戰略，加快軍事理論現代化、軍隊組織形態現代化、軍事人員現代化、武器裝備現代化，引領國防和軍事現代化以更優策略、更高效益、更快速度向前推進。

強化黨的軍事指導理論科學領導。我們黨堅持把馬克思主義基本原理同人民軍隊建設實踐結合，汲取中華優秀傳統軍事文化精華，不斷拓拓當代中國馬克思主義軍事理論和軍事實踐發展新境界。習近平強軍思想作為習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的重要組成部分，實現了馬克思主義軍事理論中國化時代化的新飛躍，是新時代我們黨建軍治軍強軍的根本指導思想。我們必須堅持不懈用習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想武裝頭腦，進一步牢固確立習近平強軍思想在國防和軍隊建設中的指導地位，在習近平強軍思想引領下建設鞏固國防和強大人民軍隊，在中國特色強軍之路上邁出新的更大步伐。

著力把備戰打仗的主責主業抓得更加紮實有效。人民軍隊是執行黨的政治任務的武裝集團，既要政治過硬，也要本領高強，這個本領說到底就是能打勝仗。加快推進國防和軍隊現代化，必須緊緊扭住能打勝仗的根本指向，樹牢戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準，全部精力向打仗聚焦，全部工作向打仗用勁。認真貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針，把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌，創新戰略戰術與戰法打法，有效塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭。堅持仗怎麼打兵就怎麼練，全面提升部隊軍事訓練實戰化水準和履行使命任務的能力。

以改革創新推動國防和軍隊建設高品質發展。改革是決定我軍發展壯大、制勝未來的關鍵一招。新征程上，要把創新擺在軍隊建設發展全局的核心位置，轉變發展理念、創新發展模式、增強發展動能，推動國防和軍隊現代化由量的成長轉向質的提升。著力在更廣範圍、更高層次、更深程度上將國防和軍隊建設融入國家經濟社會發展體系之中，不斷提高國防和軍隊現代化質量效益，促進國防實力和經濟實力同步提升，鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力，不斷書寫強國強軍新篇章。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.mva.gov.cn/sy/zt/zt1/xxgcddsjdjs/qwjd/202411/t20241120_453942888.html

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Chinese Military Laws Necessary for Winning Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事法規是贏得智慧化戰爭的必要條件

現代英語：

●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.

●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.

President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.

Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.

If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.

Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of ​​intelligent warfare.”

Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.

The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.

Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance

As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.

You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.

Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.

Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.

Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.

In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan FeiyiEditor-in-charge: Wang Feng2021-03-16 10:12

現代國語：

认识智能化战争规律，要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础，抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键，抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。

●战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争，敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素，正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化，不断对智能化战争进行再认识。

习主席指出，要认真研究军事、研究战争、研究打仗，把握现代战争规律和战争指导规律。今天，战争的智能化特征日益凸显，智能化战争已经展现出早期形态的样貌。要想掌握未来智能化战争主动权，就应积极跟踪现代战争发展，紧贴现实军事斗争准备，前瞻认识智能化战争规律，深刻把握其指导规律，着力回答“是什么”、解决 “怎么做”等问题，不断创新战争和战略指导。

回答“是什么”，前瞻认识智能化战争规律

毛泽东同志指出：“战争的规律——这是任何指导战争的人不能不研究和不能不解决的问题。”今天，在智能化战争初显端倪之际，应前瞻认识智能化战争“是什么”，否则就不能解决“怎么做”，更不可能驾驭未来战争。

智能化战争规律是战争知行体系的重建。智能化战争规律，和冷兵器战争、热兵器战争、机械化战争、信息化战争的规律一样，是战争诸要素间内在的、本质的联系，不同之处在于它有新质的要素和新的要素间的构成模式，本质上是基于智能化革命所引发的战争知行体系的重建。今天，认识智能化战争规律，要抓住智能化和自主化这个基础，抓住构建战争知行体系这个关键，抓住战争力量内涵发生改变这个实质。掌握这些规律，就能克服未来战争中的纷乱和不确定性，从中找出条理和确定性，这是应对智能化战争的客观要求。

智能化战争规律是战争指导规律的依据。毛泽东在《中国革命战争的战略问题》中，首先分析了中国革命战争的特点，揭示了战争规律，然后“由此产生我们的战略战术”，即战争指导规律；在《论持久战》中，他首先说明了“是什么”，再转到研究“怎么做”的问题上，体现了一种认识过程的逻辑顺序。今天，研究智能化战争仍应遵循这一顺序，既不能本末倒置，颠倒顺序；也不能增加、减少或更换环节。要在掌握智能自主这一根本规律的基础上，揭示自主感知、自主规划、自主实施、自主联动、自主评估等战争指导规律。

不懂得智能化战争规律，就不能指导战争。《孙膑兵法》指出：“知道，胜”“不知道，不胜”。道是战争规律，掌握它、行动符合它，就能取胜；反之，则败。毛泽东也强调：“不知道战争的规律，就不知道如何指导战争，就不能打胜仗。”同样，掌握智能化战争规律，是正确指导智能化战争的前提。否则，就难免要被智能化战争的表面现象所迷惑。今天，要通过分析智能化技术群对战争的基础性、长远性和颠覆性影响，研究智能化战争是个什么样子？有哪些规律？应该怎么打？这些都是智能化战争指导必须回答的重大课题。

解决“怎么做”，揭示掌握智能化战争指导规律

智能化战争指导规律是运用智能化战争规律指导实践的中介，起到“桥”和“船”的作用。应在回答“是什么”的基础上解决“怎么做”的问题，提出智能化战争的“游泳术”。

智能化战争指导规律是运用战争规律的规律。认识战争规律的目的在于应用。马克思指出：“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改变世界。”同样，智能化战争本身迫使指挥员不发现规律则已，一旦发现，就会结合能动性，利用规律为打赢战争服务，这就必然导致智能化战争指导规律的产生。今天，战争是政治的继续仍是智能化战争规律，由此得出智能化战争必须服从服务于政治的指导规律；兵民是胜利之本仍是智能化战争规律，由此得出最广泛地动员民众的指导规律，等等。这些智能化战争指导规律是战争规律派生出来的，是“智能化战争大海中的游泳术”。

充分发挥人在智能化战争中的能动作用。恩格斯说过：“赢得战斗胜利的是人而不是枪。”智能化战争指导规律是实践规律、使用规律。它不是对智能化战争规律的简单“移用”“照搬”，而是加上人的主观能动性，才能转化为战争指导规律。今天，掌握人工智能的军事人才，不仅是智能化武器的操控者，更是人工智能的创造者。人在智能化人机系统中仍处于主体地位，是智能化战争胜负的决定性因素。指挥员应在掌握智能化战争规律的基础上，充分发挥能动性，坚持“技术+谋略”的作战理论生成模式，才能由回答“是什么”向解决“怎么做”转变。

智能化战争指导规律是不断发展的。战争是一条“变色龙”。智能化战争本身也会经历萌芽、发展、成熟等不同阶段，这就必然带来智能化战争指导规律的发展。战争指导者须动态地考察智能化战争，敏锐捕捉智能化战争孕育的新质要素，正确分析新质要素之间关系的变化，不断对智能化战争进行再认识。要紧跟战争形态向智能化加速迈进的历史进程，把握智能化战争发展方向和时代脉搏，把对智能化战争指导规律的研究推向新境界，在未来战场占据战略主动和先机。

紧盯“主动权”，不断创新智能化战争和战略指导

兵无常势，水无常形。在智能化战争已然来临之际，要在遵循智能化战争规律和指导规律的基础上，紧贴现实军事斗争准备，加强对手研究、敌情研究，主动设计“在什么时间”“在什么地点”“和谁打仗”，创新战争和战略指导，牢牢掌握未来战争的战略主动权。

你打你的，我打我的。战争指导艺术的最高境界，就是你打你的、我打我的。“各打各的”要求指挥员在未来智能化战争中，无论处于怎样复杂、困难的环境，首先要立足自身实际，独立自主地使用自己的力量。特别是拥有高技术装备之敌，可能造成暂时的局部的敌之主动、我之被动的局面，这时要通过政治、经济、外交等综合手段，以总体有利态势弥补武器上的劣势，迅速扭转这一局面，恢复主动地位。如果被战略对手牵着鼻子走，就可能吃大亏。

把握时机，因时用兵。《六韬》指出：“用之在于机。”若米尼强调：“全部战争艺术就在于善于待机而动。”一方面，时不至，不可强动。要持重时机，时机未到，应有极大耐心，防止战略盲动。另一方面，时不再来，机不可失。要善于把握时机，一旦遇上有利时机，就要坚决利用，防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是，要辩证地看待时机成熟问题。未来智能化战争瞬息万变，要求快速决策，而面对不确定性因素，又必须慎重决策。有时及早定下决心，比明天下达更完善的决心也许更有效。因此，要敢于冒一点风险，不然则会坐视成功机会的丧失。

各域有别，因地运筹。克劳塞维茨指出：“战争不像长满庄稼的田地，而像长满大树的土地。收割庄稼时不需要考虑每棵庄稼的形状，收割得好坏取决于镰刀的好坏；而用斧头砍伐大树时，就必须注意到每棵大树的形状和方向。”战略空间不同，战争就不同，战争指导也不一样。当前，战场空间不断由陆海空等传统空间向太空、网络等新型空间拓展，战争指导者应根据多域性、立体性、网络性等特点，探索新的智能化战争规律和指导规律。

瞄准对手，因敌制胜。《孙子兵法》指出：“践墨随敌，以决战事。”约米尼也说过：“不管是谁，如果不了解敌人，怎能知道自己应该如何行动呢？”着眼未来，聪明的战略家应根据轻重、缓急程度，把作战对象区分为主要作战对象和一般作战对象、现实作战对象和潜在作战对象，全面客观地了解不同作战对象的战略意图、兵力部署、作战构想等，提出能充分发挥己方战力优长的新的智能化战争指导规律，实施正确的战争行动。

总之，智能化战争规律是认识过程中的规律，解决“是什么”；指导规律是实践过程中的规律，解决“怎么做”。二者辩证统一，不可分割，构成了认识和指导智能化战争的完整链条。“战胜不复，而应形于无穷。”今天，战争和战略指导者应基于客观情况，深入探索和灵活运用智能化战争规律和战争指导规律，与时俱进创新战争和战略指导。

（作者单位：军事科学院战争研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2021-03/16/content_4880989.htm?yikikata=7593b488-bf4396b2e061d55553e340f0a68ef7f8888

#Chinese #Space #Warfare, #中國 #太空 #戰爭

China’s Military Space Ambitions, a New Battlefield for World Military Confrontation & Dominance

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中國的軍事太空野心：世界軍事對抗與主導的新戰場

中國軍網 國防部網
2019年8月7日 星期三

現代英語：

On July 13 this year, France announced the establishment of a space command within the Air Force, which is scheduled to be officially operational in September. This is the second Western power after the United States to announce the establishment of a space command and aerospace force. As more and more countries enter space, the space arms race is becoming increasingly fierce, and space turning into a battlefield will no longer be a scene in the movies.

War practice gave birth to space battlefield

Since the launch of the first artificial satellite in 1957, aerospace technology has made rapid progress. Humans have gradually extended their footprints into space, and spacecraft such as spacecraft, space shuttles, and space stations have successively traveled into space. In particular, aerospace technology has been combined with military applications, and various military satellites have been used in war practice, giving rise to a new style of warfare – space warfare.

The Gulf War, Kosovo War, Iraq War and other recent high-tech local wars have fully proved that whether it is land warfare, naval warfare, air warfare or electronic warfare, they all rely on the support and guarantee of satellite systems in geodesy, meteorology, early warning, surveillance, tracking, positioning, navigation, and strike effect evaluation. During the Iraq War, the US military mobilized more military satellites than in the Gulf War, reaching more than 100, and requisitioned some commercial satellites in orbit. These satellites with different purposes interweave over the Gulf to form five major systems: space reconnaissance and surveillance, space communication guarantee, space navigation and positioning, space meteorological guarantee and space electronic warfare, which made the US-UK coalition forces like a god, and the missile hit rate was surprisingly high. During the entire war, more than 90% of the information on the battlefield was provided by satellites. These satellites not only realized the real-time transmission of battlefield information, but also realized the rapid transformation of information into combat capabilities. Because of the acquisition of space dominance, the US military has always held the initiative in this war. The Iraq War proved that space-based weapon systems have become an indispensable part of the modern combat system in both strategic and tactical operations. Some military experts therefore commented: “The battlefield of the Iraq War is under the control of the US Space Force.”

In future information warfare, the right to control information will become the focus of confrontation between the two combatants. The acquisition, transmission, and sharing of information are inseparable from the support of space satellite systems. Space can be used as a base for continuous communication, reconnaissance, early warning, navigation, positioning, command and control to ensure the smooth acquisition, transmission, and processing of combat information. For example, the use of reconnaissance satellites can comprehensively, accurately, and in real time collect enemy military intelligence, so that commanders can grasp the enemy situation in real time and take corresponding measures in a targeted manner; the use of communication satellites can achieve all-regional, all-weather, uninterrupted communication with strong confidentiality and high reliability; the use of navigation and positioning satellites can not only help our troops to implement fast and accurate maneuvers, but also improve the accuracy of weapons and carry out precise strikes on the enemy; the use of meteorological satellites can obtain real-time battlefield meteorological data, forecast weather conditions and their development and changes, and meet the needs of military operations; the use of mapping satellites can accurately determine the positions of various targets on the earth’s surface and draw detailed and accurate military maps. It is precisely because the space-based information system plays an extremely important role in future wars that it has become the focus of the opponent’s attack.

In the future, intelligent warfare will pay more attention to the competition for various battlefield data, and space is the source of various information data. The dependence of war on space satellite systems will only deepen. Only by seizing the right to control space can we give full play to the role of armed forces on the earth and achieve ideal combat effects. At present, 95% of the US military’s reconnaissance intelligence, 90% of military communications, 100% of navigation positioning and 100% of meteorological information come from space information systems; 70% of the Russian military’s strategic intelligence and 80% of military communications rely on space information systems. It can be seen that in future wars, space information systems will become a multiplier of combat forces such as land, sea, air and electricity. In this regard, human futurist Toffler pointed out: “Whoever controls the space around the earth controls the earth; whoever controls the moon controls the space around the earth.” The great British mathematician Russell also predicted: When the moon, and perhaps Mars and Venus, can be used as bases for launching attacks, the ability of war to destroy will have a breakthrough growth.

Space warfare will innovate human combat style

Engels pointed out that once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the way of warfare. With the development and progress of military aerospace technology, information technology, and intelligent technology, space warfare is moving towards a stage of continuous improvement and maturity, and will produce many new combat styles.

Space-to-ground operations, precise strikes on Earth targets. Space-to-ground operations are to strike Earth military targets from space. At present, the main mission of space forces is to serve the Earth battlefield and create more favorable conditions for the Earth battlefield in order to seize the initiative in the war. At the same time, space forces can monitor the Earth battlefield from a high position and carry out precise strikes on Earth military targets with huge destructive power, which plays a very important role in promoting the combat process of the Earth battlefield and achieving combat victory. In addition, the vast space battlefield is boundless, and its scope will extend with the development of human space technology. Space combat forces are not restricted by territory, territorial waters, and airspace, nor are they restricted by terrain conditions and meteorological conditions. Within the scope allowed by orbital maneuverability, they can truly “all-weather and all-round” strikes on Earth targets and carry out reconnaissance, detection and other tasks. Therefore, in future wars, space-to-ground operations will become a major combat style of space warfare.

Space-to-space warfare is to strike space targets with precision. Space-to-space warfare is to strike the enemy’s space-based combat system from space. In future wars, no matter whether the space force performs any task such as reconnaissance, early warning, navigation, and communication, the prerequisite is to seize the right to control space. Without the right to control space, one can only “look up at the sky and sigh.” In particular, the space combat platform composed of space stations and space-based weapon systems is the commanding heights on which space combat relies. To seize the initiative in the space battlefield, we must first focus on destroying the opponent’s space combat platform, so the space-to-space combat style was born. A general of the US Space Force once said that in the future, space combat forces will simultaneously undertake dual combat tasks in the space battlefield and the ground battlefield. As early as the Cold War, military powers such as the United States and the Soviet Union were committed to the development of anti-satellite weapons such as “using satellites to counter satellites” and regarded them as important weapons and equipment to control space and seize the right to control space. As early as January 2001, the US military launched a series of space combat simulation exercises code-named “Schriever”. The exercises all took space as the main battlefield and focused on the offensive and defensive battles of space systems. The exercise mobilized all available space forces, including various military and commercial satellites, anti-satellite weapons, space-based anti-missile weapons, manned spacecraft, space orbital fighters, space-based laser weapons and electromagnetic wave weapons, to destroy the opponent’s space weapon systems.

Ground-to-space warfare is to accurately strike space targets from the earth. Since the first human satellite was launched into space, the world’s military powers have been studying how to strike satellites in space. In 1997, the United States launched two strong laser beams deep in the desert of western New Mexico, directly hitting the weather satellite MSTI-3 415 kilometers away from the earth. Compared with ground-to-space warfare and ground-to-ground warfare, the ground-to-space warfare system is relatively mature. Humans can not only closely monitor spacecraft in space, but also vigorously develop strike weapon systems, such as nuclear missile anti-satellite weapons, kinetic anti-satellite weapons, and directed energy anti-satellite weapons. For example, the anti-satellite missiles launched by the F-15 aircraft developed by the United States can directly hit space targets. On March 27 this year, India conducted an anti-satellite test.

Space information warfare is a confrontational action launched in outer space by the two hostile parties to compete for the right to control space information by using and destroying the enemy’s information and protecting their own information and information systems. In layman’s terms, it is an information war launched to compete for and use space information resources. Its purpose is to control outer space by obtaining the right to control space information. Its content includes seizing the right to obtain, control and use space information. The core is to seize the control of space battlefield information and affect the process and outcome of the war. Space information warfare is both an important part of the information warfare system and a relatively independent combat style, and is subordinate to space warfare. Since all offensive and defensive weapons in space warfare rely on information for command and control, whoever obtains the right to control space information can obtain the right to control space and the initiative in war. Therefore, if you lose the advantage in space information, you will lose the initiative in war. Space information warfare will be the main combat style in space warfare.

Pandora’s box of space warfare has been opened

At present, although the United Nations has been committed to preventing the militarization of space, due to the enhanced status of space in war and the increasing dependence of war on space, space becoming a battlefield for humans is no longer a story in movies or a “game” for the strong. Many countries have begun to extend their war tentacles into space.

In June 2018, US President Trump announced a plan to establish a space force. In December, he announced the establishment of a space command to unify the command and control of the US space force. In March this year, he established the Space Development Agency to develop new means of space confrontation. The US Pentagon is currently considering building an unmanned military space station in orbit. The Pentagon hopes that this orbital outpost will be able to support space experiments and operations, turn it into a space logistics center, and even expand it into a larger manned space station.

It is reported that the Space Command established by France for “Star Wars” will develop into an “Air and Space Force” in the future, which is specifically responsible for air and space operations. French Defense Minister Parly said that she is committed to winning “space strategic autonomy” for France in the competition of “space militarization” to cope with “growing threats from other major powers.” A senior NATO diplomat also revealed not long ago that NATO is planning to list space as a “war domain” this year. Member states will hold a meeting in London, the capital of the United Kingdom, on December 3 this year, when they will officially recognize that member states can not only wage wars in the land, sea, air and cyber fields, but also in the space field. The defense ministers of NATO countries reached an agreement at a meeting in Brussels from June 26 to 27 to agree to formulate the first space strategy. At the same time, Japan’s 2019 “Defense Program Outline” also lists space as a key strategic military field. It is expected that more countries will come up with the same idea as the United States, France and Japan in the future and regard space as a war domain. Shay, a former NATO official and analyst at the Friends of Europe Association, said that whoever controls space controls land, sea and air at the same time; whoever cannot control space cannot control other areas of warfare. Isakowitz, an expert at a US think tank, said: “We are approaching ‘Star Wars’, it is no longer just a scene in the movie.”

More and more countries are entering space, which has triggered the world’s concerns about the arms race in space. Russia warned that the arms race in space may be more intense than the craze for developing nuclear weapons in the 20th century. The Russian Chief of General Staff said that Moscow will take “corresponding and asymmetric measures” to deal with the deployment of weapons in space by the United States, and Russia will not sit idly by and watch the militarization of space by the United States, because this will open Pandora’s box. To this end, Russia is constantly optimizing its aerospace forces to build a relatively complete reconnaissance and early warning network in the space field, and continue to make efforts in the development of anti-satellite weapons and space security, in order to create a space military capability that integrates situational awareness, damage suppression and comprehensive security.

Although the development of space military power requires strong aerospace technology support and huge financial investment, it seems to be a “game” between the strong on the surface. However, although the weak cannot choose to develop the “hard power” of space warfare, they can seek to innovate “soft power”. Looking at the development trend of space warfare, the more the strong rely on the space combat system, the more opportunities it provides for the weak to interfere. It can be seen that everything has two sides. The strong with the advantage of “hard power” also has its soft ribs and weaknesses that can be attacked. There is no unchanging “rules of the game” in space warfare. When facing the strong, we must break the inertial thinking and stereotyped thinking, and innovate and seek change. In the guidance of space combat, we should not blindly follow the trend, insist on taking ourselves as the main body, and ensure scientific decision-making; in combat strategy, we should not seek hard confrontation, but seek to win with cleverness against the strong and asymmetric victory; in the construction of combat force, we should be targeted and figure out what is needed and what we can do; in the innovation of combat methods, we should not seek sharp swords, but strive to be superhuman in swordsmanship and win by surprise.

現代國語：

董建敏

今年7月13日，法國宣佈在空軍內部成立太空司令部，擬於9月正式運作。這是繼美國之後第二個西方大國宣布成立太空司令部和空天軍。隨著越來越多的國家進軍太空，太空軍備競賽日益激烈，太空變成戰場將不再是電影中的畫面。

戰爭實踐催生太空戰場

自1957年人類發射第一顆人造衛星起，航太技術取得了突飛猛進的發展，人類一步步地向太空延伸自己的足跡，太空船、太空梭、太空站等太空船相繼遨遊太空。特別是，航太技術與軍事應用聯姻，各種各樣的軍事衛星在戰爭實踐中大展身手，從而催生了戰爭新樣式——太空作戰。

海灣戰爭、科索沃戰爭、伊拉克戰爭等近幾場高技術局部戰爭實踐充分證明，無論是陸戰、海戰，或空戰、電子戰，都依賴衛星系統在測地、氣象、預警、監視、追蹤、定位、導航、打擊效果評估等方面的支援與保障。伊拉克戰爭期間，美軍動用的軍用衛星數量比海灣戰爭更多，達到100多顆，並徵用了部分在軌的商業衛星。這些用途不同的衛星在海灣上空交織構成空間偵察監視、太空通訊保障、空間導航定位、太空氣象保障和太空電子戰5大系統，使美英聯軍猶如神助，飛彈命中率高得令人驚訝。整個戰爭期間，戰場上超過90%的資訊由衛星提供。這些衛星不僅實現了戰場資訊的即時傳輸，還實現了資訊向作戰能力的迅速轉換。由於取得了製太空權，美軍自始至終都掌握著這場戰爭的主動權。伊拉克戰爭證明，天基武器系統無論在戰略行動或戰術行動上，都已成為現代作戰體系中不可或缺的一部分。一些軍事專家因此評論道：“伊拉克戰爭的戰場等於處在美國天軍的駕駛控制之中。”

未來資訊化戰爭，制資訊權將成為作戰雙方對抗的焦點，資訊的取得、傳輸、共享等環節，都離不開太空衛星系統的支撐，太空可作為連續通訊、偵察、預警、導航、定位、指揮與控制的基地，確保作戰資訊的取得、傳輸、處理能夠順利進行。例如，利用偵察衛星，可全面、準確、即時地收集敵方軍事情報，使指揮員能夠即時掌握敵情，從而有針對性地採取相應的措施；利用通信衛星，可實現全地域、全天候、不間斷的通信，且保密性強、可靠性高；利用導航定位衛星，不僅可幫助己方部隊實實施快速、準確的機動，還能提高武器的命中精度，對敵實施精確打擊；利用氣象衛星，可獲取即時戰場氣象資料，預報天氣形勢及其發展變化，滿足軍事行動的需要；利用測繪衛星，則可精確測定地球表面各種目標的位置，繪製出詳細、精確的軍用地圖等。正是由於天基資訊系統在未來戰爭中具有極為重要的作用，因此也成為對手重點打擊的對象。

未來智慧化戰爭將更重視各種戰場資料的爭奪，而太空是各種資訊資料的策源地，戰爭對太空衛星系統的依賴程度只會進一步加深。只有奪取制太空權，才有可能充分發揮地球上武裝力量的作用，以達到理想的作戰效果。目前，美軍95%的偵察情報、90%的軍事通訊、100%的導航定位和100%的氣象資訊等均來自太空資訊系統；俄軍70%的戰略情報和80%的軍事通訊依賴太空資訊系統。由此可見，在未來戰爭中，太空資訊系統將成為陸、海、空、電等作戰力量的倍增器。對此，人類未來學家托夫勒就指出：「誰控制了環地球太空，誰就控制了地球；誰控制了月球，誰就控制了環地球太空。」英國的大數學家羅素也預言：當月球，也許還有火星和金星，能夠被用來作為發動攻擊的基地時，戰爭毀滅的能力將有突破性增長。

太空戰將創新人類作戰樣式

恩格斯指出，一旦技術進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。隨著軍事航太技術、資訊科技、智慧技術的發展進步，太空作戰正朝著不斷完善和成熟的階段邁進，並將產生許多新的作戰樣式。

天對地作戰，精確打擊地球目標。天對地作戰，就是從太空打擊地球軍事目標。目前，太空力量的主要使命是服務地球戰場，為地球戰場創造更有利的條件，以奪取戰爭主動權。同時，太空力量能夠居高臨下地監控地球戰場，並對地球軍事目標實施精確打擊，且毀傷力巨大，這對於推進地球戰場的作戰進程，取得作戰勝利具有十分重要的作用。另外，浩瀚的太空戰場無邊無際，其範圍將隨著人類太空科技的發展而延伸，太空作戰力量可不受領土、領海、領空的限制，也不受地形條件、氣象條件的製約，在軌道機動能力允許的範圍內，真正「全天候、全方位」地對地球目標實施打擊以及遂行偵察、探測等任務。因此，在未來戰爭中，天對地作戰將成為太空戰的一種主要作戰樣式。

天對天作戰，精準打擊太空目標。天對天作戰，就是從太空打擊敵天基作戰系統。未來戰爭，無論太空力量遂行偵察、預警、導航、通訊等任一任務，其前提條件都是奪取制太空權。沒有製太空權，只能「望天興嘆」。尤其是，以太空站和天基武器系統組成的太空作戰平台，是太空作戰賴以依託的製高點。奪取太空戰場的主動權，必須先著眼於摧毀對手太空作戰平台，於是產生了天對天作戰樣式。美國航太部隊的一位將軍曾說過，未來太空戰部隊將同時承擔太空戰場和地面戰場的雙重作戰任務。早在冷戰時期，美國、蘇聯等軍事強國就致力於「以星反星」等反衛星武器的研製，並將其作為控制太空、奪取制天權的重要武器裝備。早在2001年1月，美軍就進行了代號為「施里弗」的系列太空戰模擬演習。演習皆以太空為主戰場，以太空系統攻防交戰為重點。演習動用了所有可運用的太空力量，包括各類軍用和商用衛星、反衛星武器、天基反導武器、載人太空船、太空軌道戰鬥機、天基雷射武器和電磁波武器等，以摧毀對手太空武器系統。

地對天作戰，就是從地球精確打擊太空目標。自從人類第一顆衛星升天后，世界軍事強國就一直在研究如何打擊太空中的衛星。 1997年，美國在新墨西哥州西部的沙漠深處發射了兩束強激光，直接命中距離地球415公里的氣象衛星MSTI-3號。相對於天對天作戰和天對地作戰，地對天作戰系統發展相對成熟，人類不僅可以密切監視太空中的太空船，還在大力發展打擊武器系統，如核彈反衛星武器、動能反衛星武器、定向能反衛星武器等。例如，美國曾經研發的F-15飛機發射的反衛星飛彈就能直接命中太空目標。今年3月27日，印度曾進行過一次反衛星試驗。

太空資訊戰，就是敵對雙方透過利用、破壞敵方、保護己方的資訊與資訊系統，在外層空間展開的旨在爭奪制太空資訊權的對抗行動。通俗地講，就是為爭奪和利用太空資訊資源而展開的資訊作戰，其目的是透過獲取制太空資訊權以控制外層空間，其內容包括奪取太空資訊的獲取權、控制權和使用權，核心是奪取太空戰場資訊的控制權，並影響戰爭的進程和結局。太空資訊戰既是資訊戰體系的重要組成部分，也是相對獨立的作戰樣式，並從屬於太空作戰。由於太空戰中所有攻防武器都要依靠資訊來指揮、控制，誰取得了製太空資訊權，誰就能取得制太空權和戰爭主動權。因此，失去太空資訊優勢，就會失去戰爭主動權。太空資訊戰將是太空戰的主要作戰樣式。

太空戰潘朵拉魔盒已被打開

目前，儘管聯合國一直致力於阻止太空軍事化，但因太空在戰爭中的地位提升，以及戰爭對太空的依賴性越來越強，太空變為人類戰場不再是電影中的故事，也不再是強者的“遊戲”，許多國家開始將戰爭觸角伸向太空。

2018年6月，美國總統川普宣佈建立太空軍計畫；12月宣佈設立太空司令部，負責統一指​​揮與控制美國的太空軍力；今年3月，成立太空發展局，負責研發新的太空對抗手段。美國五角大廈目前正考慮在太空軌道上建立一個無人軍事太空站。五角大廈希望這軌道前哨能支援太空實驗和作戰，讓它變成太空物流中心，甚至擴充成一個更大的載人太空站。

據悉，法國為“星球大戰”而成立的太空司令部，未來將發展成為“空天軍”，專門負責空天作戰。法國國防部長帕爾利表示，她致力於在“太空軍事化”的競爭中為法國爭取“太空戰略自主權”，以應對“來自其他大國的日益增長的威脅”。北約高級外交官不久前也透露，北約正計劃在今年將太空列為“戰爭領域”，各成員國將於今年12月3日在英國首都倫敦召開會議，屆時將正式認定：成員國不僅可以在陸、海、空和網絡領域發動戰爭，還能夠在太空領域發動戰爭。北約各國防長已於6月26日至27日在布魯塞爾會議上達成一致，同意制定首份太空戰略。同時，日本2019年《防衛計畫大綱》也將太空列為關鍵戰略軍事領域。預計未來將有更多國家提出和美國、法國及日本相同的想法，把太空視為戰爭領域。北約前官員、「歐洲之友協會」分析師謝伊稱，誰控制了太空，就同時控制了陸海空；控制不住太空，就控制不住其他戰爭領域。美國智庫專家伊薩科維茲說：“我們正接近‘星球大戰’，它已經不再只是電影中的一個畫面。”

越來越多的國家進軍太空引發了世界對太空軍備競賽的擔憂。俄羅斯警告，太空軍備競賽可能比20世紀發展核武的熱潮更激烈。俄總參謀長則表示，莫斯科將採取「相對應和非對稱措施」來應對美國在太空部署武器，俄羅斯不會對美太空軍事化坐視不管，因為這樣將打開潘朵拉魔盒。為此，俄羅斯正不斷優化空天力量，以在太空領域建構起較為完備的偵察預警網絡，並在反衛星武器研發、太空保障等方面持續發力，以期打造融態勢感知、毀傷壓制和全面保障於一體的攻防兼備的太空軍事能力。

儘管發展太空軍事力量需要強大的航太技術支撐，也需要巨額經費投入，表面上似乎是強者間的「遊戲」。然而，弱者雖無法選擇發展太空戰“硬實力”，但可以尋求創新“軟實力”。檢視太空作戰發展趨勢，強者對太空作戰系統的依賴程度越高，就越為弱者實施幹擾提供了機會。由此可見，任何事物都具有兩面性，具有「硬實力」優勢的強者，也有其軟肋可攻、弱點可擊。太空戰沒有一成不變的“遊戲規則”，面對強者要打破慣性思維和定式思維，要創新求變。在太空作戰指導上，不要盲目跟風，堅持以我為主，確保決策科學；在作戰策略上，不求硬碰硬，謀求以巧對強，非對稱制勝；在作戰力量建設上，要有的放矢，弄清需要什麼，自己能幹什麼；在戰法創新上，不求劍鋒利刃，力求劍法，出奇制勝。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2019-08/07/content_24016588.htm

#Chinese #Space #Warfare, #Information Support Force, #中國 #太空 #戰爭

Chinese Military New Battlefields in Space, Who Will Decide Rules of Combat?

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中國軍事太空新戰場，誰來決定作戰規則？

現代英語：

At present, with the “blowout” development of aerospace technology, the competition between the United States and Russia in the space field is becoming increasingly fierce. The “People’s Liberation Army Daily” published today published a signed article “Space: A New Battlefield for the Future Competition between the United States and Russia”. The article pointed out that with the development of aerospace technology, the space field is nurturing new strategic deterrence forces, and the development of space deterrence forces may change the future strategic stability framework.

Space: A new battlefield for future competition between the United States and Russia

■Zhongjing

When the development of aerospace technology was still in its infancy in the last century, US President Lyndon Johnson asserted: Whoever controls space controls the earth. Entering the 21st century, with the “blowout” development of aerospace technology, the competition between the United States and Russia in the field of space has become increasingly fierce, and its results will directly affect the world pattern and the future and destiny of the country.

Space becomes a new strategic deterrent force

In the past, nuclear weapons were the main strategic deterrent force and the cornerstone of strategic stability. With the development of aerospace technology, new strategic deterrent forces are being nurtured in the space field. For example, the space instant strike force that the United States and Russia are developing and developing can strike any target on the earth within 1-2 hours. It not only has the ability to destroy and damage strategic nuclear weapons and their infrastructure, but also because of its high speed and strong mobility, the existing air defense and anti-missile systems cannot intercept it. It is a revolutionary strategic deterrent force that changes the “rules of the game”.

At present, the United States and Russia have mainly developed three types of global immediate strike weapons. The first type is a suborbital gliding vehicle, which can be used to launch nuclear warheads. This type of aircraft glides unpowered at the boundary of the atmosphere about 100 kilometers above the surface, just like a skateboard for surfing on the sea, constantly “jumping” with the crests and troughs of the waves, thereby achieving high-speed maneuvers and penetration. The second type is an intake hypersonic aircraft, which uses a scramjet engine to achieve hypersonic flight. The third type is an aerospace plane, which has space-based to space-based combat capabilities. It is usually used to perform space reconnaissance, cruising, satellite protection, repair and other tasks. In wartime, it can carry out space control, capture, destruction and other military operations against enemy targets.

The development of space deterrence will likely change the future strategic stability framework, interweaving and integrating with nuclear deterrence and cyber deterrence to form a new strategic stability framework. Taking the relationship between space deterrence and cyber deterrence as an example, the key nodes of the network are located in space, and space routers ensure the data flow of the Internet and the global information grid. The success or failure of cyber deterrence depends on space; almost all space activities rely on the network, and cyber deterrence will further enhance the ability to control space.

Achieving global combat force integration

The uniqueness of space is that it is not restricted by traditional land, sea, and air flight restrictions, and is naturally global and cross-domain. The field of view of a geosynchronous orbit satellite can cover about 1/3 of the earth’s surface, and three geosynchronous orbit satellites can cover the entire earth.

Globalization is to use the space system to connect the world’s combat forces and means to form a complete combat system, and realize global information support and global strikes. At present, space-based satellites rely on access to the ground grid information network to achieve connection, namely the “sky-star-ground network”. In the future, space-based satellites will also form a network themselves and form a “sky-ground integrated network” with the ground network. Combat forces and means at any location in the world can be connected through the “sky-ground integrated network” to form an integrated combat force system. In 2016, the United States proposed the concept of establishing a space Internet. One of the plans is to consist of 648 small satellites, operating in an orbit 1,200 kilometers above the ground. Once the Internet is moved to space, it can make up for some “blind spots” of the ground network, such as oceans and remote areas, achieve global Internet coverage, and promote the integration of global combat forces.

In 2013, the U.S. military’s “Space Operations” doctrine first proposed to establish a space application network in combat units at all levels of the military services and use space forces for cross-domain coordination. Based on the recognition of the cross-domain nature of space, Russia merged the Air Force and the Aerospace Defense Force into the Aerospace Force. The Aerospace Force is composed of the Air Force, the Space Force, and the Air Defense and Anti-Missile Force. It integrates aerospace, air defense, and space defense, and has the combat capabilities of aviation, near-space, and space orbit, realizing cross-domain operations in air and space.

Space power is a force multiplier

When space forces intervene and penetrate into other areas, it will catalyze the rapid increase of combat effectiveness. John Hyten, commander of the U.S. Space Command, said: “Because of space, we can strike any target on the earth at any time, any place, and any weather conditions; on the contrary, if we cannot use space, the U.S. military will return to the World War II model and the war of the industrial age.”

Space power penetrates land, sea, air, electricity and the Internet, which is conducive to selecting the best target, using the most appropriate means, and achieving the best combat effect at the best time and place, thus forming a combat power multiplier effect. For example, the “Dove Swarm” satellite launched by Planetary Laboratories of the United States consists of 95 small satellites, which work “24 hours online” and can take images all the time without instructions, continuously obtain data, and achieve real-time global monitoring.

The United States and Russia attach great importance to the development of small satellites because of their low cost, fast launch and fast networking. Low-orbit small satellites have the ability to continuously cover the world and update data in real time. Tactical communication small satellites can provide communication support for grassroots combat troops. Small satellites are also particularly suitable for space target monitoring and space attack and defense, which can double combat effectiveness.

Opening up new areas of covert confrontation

The United States and Russia believe that compared with military struggles in other fields, space operations are more concealed. The concealment of space operations is mainly reflected in the concealment of interference sources, locations, and functions.

The source of interference is hidden, which means that it is difficult to accurately determine the source of interference to spacecraft. For example, when jamming a communication satellite, it is difficult to accurately determine the source of the attack.

Hidden location. According to the regulations of international organizations, in order to ensure the efficient use of the geostationary orbit and reduce congestion, when the life of the geostationary orbit satellite ends, it should give up the orbital position and be pushed to the graveyard orbit. Because there are a large number of abandoned satellites in the graveyard orbit, it is not easy to be discovered with the current space situational awareness capabilities. The United States once proposed to deploy attack forces in the graveyard orbit, which is 200 to 300 kilometers higher than the geostationary orbit.

Hidden functions. Since 95% of aerospace technologies are dual-use, it is difficult to clearly distinguish whether a certain space technology or means is for military or civilian purposes. Military powers often take advantage of this and use civilian purposes to cover up their combat potential. For example, the “Phoenix” program implemented by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency launched the “Cell Star” in 2015. In wartime, space robots can grab payloads such as antennas and solar panels from retired satellites and install them on the Cell Star to make it combat-capable. The “Dragonfly” project, a follow-up to the “Phoenix” plan, is to disassemble large satellites that are difficult to launch into components, store them in orbit for a long time, and quickly assemble them to form combat capabilities when needed.

現代國語：

来源：中国军网综合作者：仲晶责任编辑：姚远

當下，伴隨航太科技「井噴」式發展，美俄對太空領域的競爭日益激烈。今天出版的《解放軍報》刊登署名文章《太空：未來美俄角逐的新戰場》，文章指出，伴隨航太技術的發展，太空領域正孕育新的戰略威懾力量，太空威懾力量的發展將可能改變未來戰略穩定架構。

太空：未來美俄角逐的新戰場

■仲晶

當上個世紀航太技術的發展還處於萌芽狀態時，美國總統林登·約翰遜斷言：誰控制了太空，誰就能控制地球。進入21世紀，伴隨航太技術「井噴」式發展，美俄對太空領域的競爭日益激烈，其結果將直接影響世界格局與國家未來命運。

太空成為新型戰略威懾力量

以往，核武是主要的戰略威懾力量，也是戰略穩定的基石。伴隨航太科技的發展，太空領域正孕育新的戰略威懾力量。例如，美俄正在研發發展的太空即時打擊力量，能在1—2小時內打擊地球上任何目標，不僅具備摧毀和破壞戰略核武及其基礎設施的能力，而且由於速度快、機動能力強，現有防空反導系統都不能實施攔截，是改變「遊戲規則」的革命性戰略威懾力量。

目前，美俄主要研發了三類全球即時打擊武器。第一類是亞軌道滑翔飛行器，可用於投射核彈頭。這種飛行器在距地表100千米左右大氣層邊界做無動力滑翔，就像海上衝浪的滑板不斷隨波峰波谷“跳躍”，從而實現高速機動與突防。第二類是吸入式高超音波速飛行器，其使用超燃沖壓發動機，實現高超音波飛行。第三類是空天飛機，具有天基對天基作戰能力，平時用於執行太空偵察、巡航、衛星防護、修理等任務，戰時可對敵國目標實施太空控制、捕獲、摧毀等軍事行動。

太空威懾力量的發展將可能改變未來戰略穩定架構，與核威懾、網路威懾交織融合，共同構成新的戰略穩定架構。以太空威懾與網路威懾關係為例，網路的關鍵節點位於太空，太空路由器確保互聯網、全球資訊柵格的資料流動，網路威懾的成敗取決於太空；幾乎所有的太空活動都依賴於網絡，網路威懾會進一步增強掌控太空的能力。

實現全球作戰力量一體化

太空的獨特之處，在於不受傳統的陸地、海上、空中飛越限制，具有天然的全球性和跨域性。 1顆地球同步軌道衛星，視野可覆蓋約1/3的地球表面，3顆地球同步軌道衛星可覆蓋整個地球。

全球性，是利用太空系統將全球的作戰力量和手段連接形成完整的作戰體系，實現全球範圍資訊支援和全球打擊。目前，天基衛星依賴接取地面柵格資訊網實現連接，即「天星地網」。未來天基衛星本身也會組網，與地面網路形成「天地一體網」。全球任何地點的作戰力量和手段都能透過「天地一體網」連結起來，形成一體化作戰力量體系。 2016年，美國提出建立太空網際網路構想，其中一個方案就是由648顆小衛星組成，在距地面1,200千米軌道上運行。一旦互聯網搬到太空，可以彌補地網一些“死角”，例如海洋與偏遠地區，實現互聯網全球覆蓋，促進全球作戰力量一體化。

2013年，美軍《太空作戰》條令首次提出，在軍兵種各級作戰單元建立太空應用網絡，利用太空力量進行跨域協同。基於對太空跨域性的認識，俄羅斯將空軍與空天防禦部隊合併為空天軍。空天軍由空軍、航太部隊和防空反導部隊組成，集航空航太、防空防天於一體，具備航空、臨近空間、太空軌道的作戰能力，實現空天跨域作戰。

太空力量是戰鬥力倍增器

當太空力量介入並滲透到其他領域，將催化戰鬥力迅速增強。美航天司令部司令約翰·海頓說：“正因為有太空，我們可以在任何時間、任何地點、任何氣象條件下打擊地球上任何一個目標；相反，不能利用太空，美軍將回到二戰模式和工業時代的戰爭。”

太空力量滲透於陸、海、空、電、網之中，有利於選擇最優目標、運用最合適手段、在最佳時間和地點達成最佳作戰效果，從而形成戰鬥力倍增效應。例如，美國行星實驗室公司發射的「鴿群」衛星由95顆小衛星組成，「24小時線上」工作，不需要指令就可以全時拍攝成像，不間斷獲取數據，做到全球即時監測。

由於小衛星具有成本低、發射快、組網快的特點，美俄非常重視小衛星發展。低軌小衛星具備全球持續覆蓋和數據即時更新的能力，戰術通訊小衛星可以為基層作戰部隊提供通訊支援。小衛星也特別適合太空目標監視和太空攻防，使戰鬥力倍增。

開闢隱蔽對抗新領域

美俄認為，太空領域與其他領域軍事鬥爭相比，呈現更強的隱密性。太空行動的隱蔽性，主要體現在幹擾源隱蔽、位置隱密和功能隱密等。

幹擾源隱蔽，是指對太空船的干擾很難準確判斷幹擾來源。例如，對通訊衛星實施幹擾，難以準確判斷其攻擊來源。

位置隱蔽。根據國際組織規定，為確保地球靜止軌道的高效運用、減少擁擠，地球靜止軌道衛星壽命終結時，應讓出軌道位置，被推到墓地軌道。由於墓地軌道有大量廢棄的衛星，以目前的太空態勢感知能力不容易被發現。美曾提出，將攻擊力量部署在墓地軌道，其比地球靜止軌道高200～300千公尺。

功能隱蔽。由於95%的航太技術都具有軍民兩用性，很難明確區分某種太空技術或手段是軍事用途還是民用目的。軍事強國往往利用這一點，以民用目的掩蓋其具備的作戰潛能。例如，美國防高級研究計劃局實施的“鳳凰”計劃，在2015年發射了“細胞星”，戰時可由太空機器人從退役衛星上抓取天線和太陽能電池板等載荷，安裝在細胞星上，讓其具備作戰功能。 「鳳凰」後續計畫的「蜻蜓」項目，則是將整件發射難度高的大型衛星分解成組件，長期貯藏在軌道上，一旦需要就可快速組裝形成戰鬥力。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jskj/2017-02/03/content_7474214_28.htm