中國的軍事太空野心：世界軍事對抗與主導的新戰場

中國軍網 國防部網
2019年8月7日 星期三

現代英語：

On July 13 this year, France announced the establishment of a space command within the Air Force, which is scheduled to be officially operational in September. This is the second Western power after the United States to announce the establishment of a space command and aerospace force. As more and more countries enter space, the space arms race is becoming increasingly fierce, and space turning into a battlefield will no longer be a scene in the movies.

War practice gave birth to space battlefield

Since the launch of the first artificial satellite in 1957, aerospace technology has made rapid progress. Humans have gradually extended their footprints into space, and spacecraft such as spacecraft, space shuttles, and space stations have successively traveled into space. In particular, aerospace technology has been combined with military applications, and various military satellites have been used in war practice, giving rise to a new style of warfare – space warfare.

The Gulf War, Kosovo War, Iraq War and other recent high-tech local wars have fully proved that whether it is land warfare, naval warfare, air warfare or electronic warfare, they all rely on the support and guarantee of satellite systems in geodesy, meteorology, early warning, surveillance, tracking, positioning, navigation, and strike effect evaluation. During the Iraq War, the US military mobilized more military satellites than in the Gulf War, reaching more than 100, and requisitioned some commercial satellites in orbit. These satellites with different purposes interweave over the Gulf to form five major systems: space reconnaissance and surveillance, space communication guarantee, space navigation and positioning, space meteorological guarantee and space electronic warfare, which made the US-UK coalition forces like a god, and the missile hit rate was surprisingly high. During the entire war, more than 90% of the information on the battlefield was provided by satellites. These satellites not only realized the real-time transmission of battlefield information, but also realized the rapid transformation of information into combat capabilities. Because of the acquisition of space dominance, the US military has always held the initiative in this war. The Iraq War proved that space-based weapon systems have become an indispensable part of the modern combat system in both strategic and tactical operations. Some military experts therefore commented: “The battlefield of the Iraq War is under the control of the US Space Force.”

In future information warfare, the right to control information will become the focus of confrontation between the two combatants. The acquisition, transmission, and sharing of information are inseparable from the support of space satellite systems. Space can be used as a base for continuous communication, reconnaissance, early warning, navigation, positioning, command and control to ensure the smooth acquisition, transmission, and processing of combat information. For example, the use of reconnaissance satellites can comprehensively, accurately, and in real time collect enemy military intelligence, so that commanders can grasp the enemy situation in real time and take corresponding measures in a targeted manner; the use of communication satellites can achieve all-regional, all-weather, uninterrupted communication with strong confidentiality and high reliability; the use of navigation and positioning satellites can not only help our troops to implement fast and accurate maneuvers, but also improve the accuracy of weapons and carry out precise strikes on the enemy; the use of meteorological satellites can obtain real-time battlefield meteorological data, forecast weather conditions and their development and changes, and meet the needs of military operations; the use of mapping satellites can accurately determine the positions of various targets on the earth’s surface and draw detailed and accurate military maps. It is precisely because the space-based information system plays an extremely important role in future wars that it has become the focus of the opponent’s attack.

In the future, intelligent warfare will pay more attention to the competition for various battlefield data, and space is the source of various information data. The dependence of war on space satellite systems will only deepen. Only by seizing the right to control space can we give full play to the role of armed forces on the earth and achieve ideal combat effects. At present, 95% of the US military’s reconnaissance intelligence, 90% of military communications, 100% of navigation positioning and 100% of meteorological information come from space information systems; 70% of the Russian military’s strategic intelligence and 80% of military communications rely on space information systems. It can be seen that in future wars, space information systems will become a multiplier of combat forces such as land, sea, air and electricity. In this regard, human futurist Toffler pointed out: “Whoever controls the space around the earth controls the earth; whoever controls the moon controls the space around the earth.” The great British mathematician Russell also predicted: When the moon, and perhaps Mars and Venus, can be used as bases for launching attacks, the ability of war to destroy will have a breakthrough growth.

Space warfare will innovate human combat style

Engels pointed out that once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the way of warfare. With the development and progress of military aerospace technology, information technology, and intelligent technology, space warfare is moving towards a stage of continuous improvement and maturity, and will produce many new combat styles.

Space-to-ground operations, precise strikes on Earth targets. Space-to-ground operations are to strike Earth military targets from space. At present, the main mission of space forces is to serve the Earth battlefield and create more favorable conditions for the Earth battlefield in order to seize the initiative in the war. At the same time, space forces can monitor the Earth battlefield from a high position and carry out precise strikes on Earth military targets with huge destructive power, which plays a very important role in promoting the combat process of the Earth battlefield and achieving combat victory. In addition, the vast space battlefield is boundless, and its scope will extend with the development of human space technology. Space combat forces are not restricted by territory, territorial waters, and airspace, nor are they restricted by terrain conditions and meteorological conditions. Within the scope allowed by orbital maneuverability, they can truly “all-weather and all-round” strikes on Earth targets and carry out reconnaissance, detection and other tasks. Therefore, in future wars, space-to-ground operations will become a major combat style of space warfare.

Space-to-space warfare is to strike space targets with precision. Space-to-space warfare is to strike the enemy’s space-based combat system from space. In future wars, no matter whether the space force performs any task such as reconnaissance, early warning, navigation, and communication, the prerequisite is to seize the right to control space. Without the right to control space, one can only “look up at the sky and sigh.” In particular, the space combat platform composed of space stations and space-based weapon systems is the commanding heights on which space combat relies. To seize the initiative in the space battlefield, we must first focus on destroying the opponent’s space combat platform, so the space-to-space combat style was born. A general of the US Space Force once said that in the future, space combat forces will simultaneously undertake dual combat tasks in the space battlefield and the ground battlefield. As early as the Cold War, military powers such as the United States and the Soviet Union were committed to the development of anti-satellite weapons such as “using satellites to counter satellites” and regarded them as important weapons and equipment to control space and seize the right to control space. As early as January 2001, the US military launched a series of space combat simulation exercises code-named “Schriever”. The exercises all took space as the main battlefield and focused on the offensive and defensive battles of space systems. The exercise mobilized all available space forces, including various military and commercial satellites, anti-satellite weapons, space-based anti-missile weapons, manned spacecraft, space orbital fighters, space-based laser weapons and electromagnetic wave weapons, to destroy the opponent’s space weapon systems.

Ground-to-space warfare is to accurately strike space targets from the earth. Since the first human satellite was launched into space, the world’s military powers have been studying how to strike satellites in space. In 1997, the United States launched two strong laser beams deep in the desert of western New Mexico, directly hitting the weather satellite MSTI-3 415 kilometers away from the earth. Compared with ground-to-space warfare and ground-to-ground warfare, the ground-to-space warfare system is relatively mature. Humans can not only closely monitor spacecraft in space, but also vigorously develop strike weapon systems, such as nuclear missile anti-satellite weapons, kinetic anti-satellite weapons, and directed energy anti-satellite weapons. For example, the anti-satellite missiles launched by the F-15 aircraft developed by the United States can directly hit space targets. On March 27 this year, India conducted an anti-satellite test.

Space information warfare is a confrontational action launched in outer space by the two hostile parties to compete for the right to control space information by using and destroying the enemy’s information and protecting their own information and information systems. In layman’s terms, it is an information war launched to compete for and use space information resources. Its purpose is to control outer space by obtaining the right to control space information. Its content includes seizing the right to obtain, control and use space information. The core is to seize the control of space battlefield information and affect the process and outcome of the war. Space information warfare is both an important part of the information warfare system and a relatively independent combat style, and is subordinate to space warfare. Since all offensive and defensive weapons in space warfare rely on information for command and control, whoever obtains the right to control space information can obtain the right to control space and the initiative in war. Therefore, if you lose the advantage in space information, you will lose the initiative in war. Space information warfare will be the main combat style in space warfare.

Pandora’s box of space warfare has been opened

At present, although the United Nations has been committed to preventing the militarization of space, due to the enhanced status of space in war and the increasing dependence of war on space, space becoming a battlefield for humans is no longer a story in movies or a “game” for the strong. Many countries have begun to extend their war tentacles into space.

In June 2018, US President Trump announced a plan to establish a space force. In December, he announced the establishment of a space command to unify the command and control of the US space force. In March this year, he established the Space Development Agency to develop new means of space confrontation. The US Pentagon is currently considering building an unmanned military space station in orbit. The Pentagon hopes that this orbital outpost will be able to support space experiments and operations, turn it into a space logistics center, and even expand it into a larger manned space station.

It is reported that the Space Command established by France for “Star Wars” will develop into an “Air and Space Force” in the future, which is specifically responsible for air and space operations. French Defense Minister Parly said that she is committed to winning “space strategic autonomy” for France in the competition of “space militarization” to cope with “growing threats from other major powers.” A senior NATO diplomat also revealed not long ago that NATO is planning to list space as a “war domain” this year. Member states will hold a meeting in London, the capital of the United Kingdom, on December 3 this year, when they will officially recognize that member states can not only wage wars in the land, sea, air and cyber fields, but also in the space field. The defense ministers of NATO countries reached an agreement at a meeting in Brussels from June 26 to 27 to agree to formulate the first space strategy. At the same time, Japan’s 2019 “Defense Program Outline” also lists space as a key strategic military field. It is expected that more countries will come up with the same idea as the United States, France and Japan in the future and regard space as a war domain. Shay, a former NATO official and analyst at the Friends of Europe Association, said that whoever controls space controls land, sea and air at the same time; whoever cannot control space cannot control other areas of warfare. Isakowitz, an expert at a US think tank, said: “We are approaching ‘Star Wars’, it is no longer just a scene in the movie.”

More and more countries are entering space, which has triggered the world’s concerns about the arms race in space. Russia warned that the arms race in space may be more intense than the craze for developing nuclear weapons in the 20th century. The Russian Chief of General Staff said that Moscow will take “corresponding and asymmetric measures” to deal with the deployment of weapons in space by the United States, and Russia will not sit idly by and watch the militarization of space by the United States, because this will open Pandora’s box. To this end, Russia is constantly optimizing its aerospace forces to build a relatively complete reconnaissance and early warning network in the space field, and continue to make efforts in the development of anti-satellite weapons and space security, in order to create a space military capability that integrates situational awareness, damage suppression and comprehensive security.

Although the development of space military power requires strong aerospace technology support and huge financial investment, it seems to be a “game” between the strong on the surface. However, although the weak cannot choose to develop the “hard power” of space warfare, they can seek to innovate “soft power”. Looking at the development trend of space warfare, the more the strong rely on the space combat system, the more opportunities it provides for the weak to interfere. It can be seen that everything has two sides. The strong with the advantage of “hard power” also has its soft ribs and weaknesses that can be attacked. There is no unchanging “rules of the game” in space warfare. When facing the strong, we must break the inertial thinking and stereotyped thinking, and innovate and seek change. In the guidance of space combat, we should not blindly follow the trend, insist on taking ourselves as the main body, and ensure scientific decision-making; in combat strategy, we should not seek hard confrontation, but seek to win with cleverness against the strong and asymmetric victory; in the construction of combat force, we should be targeted and figure out what is needed and what we can do; in the innovation of combat methods, we should not seek sharp swords, but strive to be superhuman in swordsmanship and win by surprise.

現代國語：

董建敏

今年7月13日，法國宣佈在空軍內部成立太空司令部，擬於9月正式運作。這是繼美國之後第二個西方大國宣布成立太空司令部和空天軍。隨著越來越多的國家進軍太空，太空軍備競賽日益激烈，太空變成戰場將不再是電影中的畫面。

戰爭實踐催生太空戰場

自1957年人類發射第一顆人造衛星起，航太技術取得了突飛猛進的發展，人類一步步地向太空延伸自己的足跡，太空船、太空梭、太空站等太空船相繼遨遊太空。特別是，航太技術與軍事應用聯姻，各種各樣的軍事衛星在戰爭實踐中大展身手，從而催生了戰爭新樣式——太空作戰。

海灣戰爭、科索沃戰爭、伊拉克戰爭等近幾場高技術局部戰爭實踐充分證明，無論是陸戰、海戰，或空戰、電子戰，都依賴衛星系統在測地、氣象、預警、監視、追蹤、定位、導航、打擊效果評估等方面的支援與保障。伊拉克戰爭期間，美軍動用的軍用衛星數量比海灣戰爭更多，達到100多顆，並徵用了部分在軌的商業衛星。這些用途不同的衛星在海灣上空交織構成空間偵察監視、太空通訊保障、空間導航定位、太空氣象保障和太空電子戰5大系統，使美英聯軍猶如神助，飛彈命中率高得令人驚訝。整個戰爭期間，戰場上超過90%的資訊由衛星提供。這些衛星不僅實現了戰場資訊的即時傳輸，還實現了資訊向作戰能力的迅速轉換。由於取得了製太空權，美軍自始至終都掌握著這場戰爭的主動權。伊拉克戰爭證明，天基武器系統無論在戰略行動或戰術行動上，都已成為現代作戰體系中不可或缺的一部分。一些軍事專家因此評論道：“伊拉克戰爭的戰場等於處在美國天軍的駕駛控制之中。”

未來資訊化戰爭，制資訊權將成為作戰雙方對抗的焦點，資訊的取得、傳輸、共享等環節，都離不開太空衛星系統的支撐，太空可作為連續通訊、偵察、預警、導航、定位、指揮與控制的基地，確保作戰資訊的取得、傳輸、處理能夠順利進行。例如，利用偵察衛星，可全面、準確、即時地收集敵方軍事情報，使指揮員能夠即時掌握敵情，從而有針對性地採取相應的措施；利用通信衛星，可實現全地域、全天候、不間斷的通信，且保密性強、可靠性高；利用導航定位衛星，不僅可幫助己方部隊實實施快速、準確的機動，還能提高武器的命中精度，對敵實施精確打擊；利用氣象衛星，可獲取即時戰場氣象資料，預報天氣形勢及其發展變化，滿足軍事行動的需要；利用測繪衛星，則可精確測定地球表面各種目標的位置，繪製出詳細、精確的軍用地圖等。正是由於天基資訊系統在未來戰爭中具有極為重要的作用，因此也成為對手重點打擊的對象。

未來智慧化戰爭將更重視各種戰場資料的爭奪，而太空是各種資訊資料的策源地，戰爭對太空衛星系統的依賴程度只會進一步加深。只有奪取制太空權，才有可能充分發揮地球上武裝力量的作用，以達到理想的作戰效果。目前，美軍95%的偵察情報、90%的軍事通訊、100%的導航定位和100%的氣象資訊等均來自太空資訊系統；俄軍70%的戰略情報和80%的軍事通訊依賴太空資訊系統。由此可見，在未來戰爭中，太空資訊系統將成為陸、海、空、電等作戰力量的倍增器。對此，人類未來學家托夫勒就指出：「誰控制了環地球太空，誰就控制了地球；誰控制了月球，誰就控制了環地球太空。」英國的大數學家羅素也預言：當月球，也許還有火星和金星，能夠被用來作為發動攻擊的基地時，戰爭毀滅的能力將有突破性增長。

太空戰將創新人類作戰樣式

恩格斯指出，一旦技術進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。隨著軍事航太技術、資訊科技、智慧技術的發展進步，太空作戰正朝著不斷完善和成熟的階段邁進，並將產生許多新的作戰樣式。

天對地作戰，精確打擊地球目標。天對地作戰，就是從太空打擊地球軍事目標。目前，太空力量的主要使命是服務地球戰場，為地球戰場創造更有利的條件，以奪取戰爭主動權。同時，太空力量能夠居高臨下地監控地球戰場，並對地球軍事目標實施精確打擊，且毀傷力巨大，這對於推進地球戰場的作戰進程，取得作戰勝利具有十分重要的作用。另外，浩瀚的太空戰場無邊無際，其範圍將隨著人類太空科技的發展而延伸，太空作戰力量可不受領土、領海、領空的限制，也不受地形條件、氣象條件的製約，在軌道機動能力允許的範圍內，真正「全天候、全方位」地對地球目標實施打擊以及遂行偵察、探測等任務。因此，在未來戰爭中，天對地作戰將成為太空戰的一種主要作戰樣式。

天對天作戰，精準打擊太空目標。天對天作戰，就是從太空打擊敵天基作戰系統。未來戰爭，無論太空力量遂行偵察、預警、導航、通訊等任一任務，其前提條件都是奪取制太空權。沒有製太空權，只能「望天興嘆」。尤其是，以太空站和天基武器系統組成的太空作戰平台，是太空作戰賴以依託的製高點。奪取太空戰場的主動權，必須先著眼於摧毀對手太空作戰平台，於是產生了天對天作戰樣式。美國航太部隊的一位將軍曾說過，未來太空戰部隊將同時承擔太空戰場和地面戰場的雙重作戰任務。早在冷戰時期，美國、蘇聯等軍事強國就致力於「以星反星」等反衛星武器的研製，並將其作為控制太空、奪取制天權的重要武器裝備。早在2001年1月，美軍就進行了代號為「施里弗」的系列太空戰模擬演習。演習皆以太空為主戰場，以太空系統攻防交戰為重點。演習動用了所有可運用的太空力量，包括各類軍用和商用衛星、反衛星武器、天基反導武器、載人太空船、太空軌道戰鬥機、天基雷射武器和電磁波武器等，以摧毀對手太空武器系統。

地對天作戰，就是從地球精確打擊太空目標。自從人類第一顆衛星升天后，世界軍事強國就一直在研究如何打擊太空中的衛星。 1997年，美國在新墨西哥州西部的沙漠深處發射了兩束強激光，直接命中距離地球415公里的氣象衛星MSTI-3號。相對於天對天作戰和天對地作戰，地對天作戰系統發展相對成熟，人類不僅可以密切監視太空中的太空船，還在大力發展打擊武器系統，如核彈反衛星武器、動能反衛星武器、定向能反衛星武器等。例如，美國曾經研發的F-15飛機發射的反衛星飛彈就能直接命中太空目標。今年3月27日，印度曾進行過一次反衛星試驗。

太空資訊戰，就是敵對雙方透過利用、破壞敵方、保護己方的資訊與資訊系統，在外層空間展開的旨在爭奪制太空資訊權的對抗行動。通俗地講，就是為爭奪和利用太空資訊資源而展開的資訊作戰，其目的是透過獲取制太空資訊權以控制外層空間，其內容包括奪取太空資訊的獲取權、控制權和使用權，核心是奪取太空戰場資訊的控制權，並影響戰爭的進程和結局。太空資訊戰既是資訊戰體系的重要組成部分，也是相對獨立的作戰樣式，並從屬於太空作戰。由於太空戰中所有攻防武器都要依靠資訊來指揮、控制，誰取得了製太空資訊權，誰就能取得制太空權和戰爭主動權。因此，失去太空資訊優勢，就會失去戰爭主動權。太空資訊戰將是太空戰的主要作戰樣式。

太空戰潘朵拉魔盒已被打開

目前，儘管聯合國一直致力於阻止太空軍事化，但因太空在戰爭中的地位提升，以及戰爭對太空的依賴性越來越強，太空變為人類戰場不再是電影中的故事，也不再是強者的“遊戲”，許多國家開始將戰爭觸角伸向太空。

2018年6月，美國總統川普宣佈建立太空軍計畫；12月宣佈設立太空司令部，負責統一指​​揮與控制美國的太空軍力；今年3月，成立太空發展局，負責研發新的太空對抗手段。美國五角大廈目前正考慮在太空軌道上建立一個無人軍事太空站。五角大廈希望這軌道前哨能支援太空實驗和作戰，讓它變成太空物流中心，甚至擴充成一個更大的載人太空站。

據悉，法國為“星球大戰”而成立的太空司令部，未來將發展成為“空天軍”，專門負責空天作戰。法國國防部長帕爾利表示，她致力於在“太空軍事化”的競爭中為法國爭取“太空戰略自主權”，以應對“來自其他大國的日益增長的威脅”。北約高級外交官不久前也透露，北約正計劃在今年將太空列為“戰爭領域”，各成員國將於今年12月3日在英國首都倫敦召開會議，屆時將正式認定：成員國不僅可以在陸、海、空和網絡領域發動戰爭，還能夠在太空領域發動戰爭。北約各國防長已於6月26日至27日在布魯塞爾會議上達成一致，同意制定首份太空戰略。同時，日本2019年《防衛計畫大綱》也將太空列為關鍵戰略軍事領域。預計未來將有更多國家提出和美國、法國及日本相同的想法，把太空視為戰爭領域。北約前官員、「歐洲之友協會」分析師謝伊稱，誰控制了太空，就同時控制了陸海空；控制不住太空，就控制不住其他戰爭領域。美國智庫專家伊薩科維茲說：“我們正接近‘星球大戰’，它已經不再只是電影中的一個畫面。”

越來越多的國家進軍太空引發了世界對太空軍備競賽的擔憂。俄羅斯警告，太空軍備競賽可能比20世紀發展核武的熱潮更激烈。俄總參謀長則表示，莫斯科將採取「相對應和非對稱措施」來應對美國在太空部署武器，俄羅斯不會對美太空軍事化坐視不管，因為這樣將打開潘朵拉魔盒。為此，俄羅斯正不斷優化空天力量，以在太空領域建構起較為完備的偵察預警網絡，並在反衛星武器研發、太空保障等方面持續發力，以期打造融態勢感知、毀傷壓制和全面保障於一體的攻防兼備的太空軍事能力。

儘管發展太空軍事力量需要強大的航太技術支撐，也需要巨額經費投入，表面上似乎是強者間的「遊戲」。然而，弱者雖無法選擇發展太空戰“硬實力”，但可以尋求創新“軟實力”。檢視太空作戰發展趨勢，強者對太空作戰系統的依賴程度越高，就越為弱者實施幹擾提供了機會。由此可見，任何事物都具有兩面性，具有「硬實力」優勢的強者，也有其軟肋可攻、弱點可擊。太空戰沒有一成不變的“遊戲規則”，面對強者要打破慣性思維和定式思維，要創新求變。在太空作戰指導上，不要盲目跟風，堅持以我為主，確保決策科學；在作戰策略上，不求硬碰硬，謀求以巧對強，非對稱制勝；在作戰力量建設上，要有的放矢，弄清需要什麼，自己能幹什麼；在戰法創新上，不求劍鋒利刃，力求劍法，出奇制勝。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2019-08/07/content_24016588.htm