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Chinese Military Higher Education During an Era of Intelligent Warfare

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智慧戰爭時代的中國軍事高等教育

現代英語：

“Military academies were born and built for war”. At the opening ceremony of the 2019 military academy principals training camp, President Xi proposed a new era of military education policy, pointing out the direction for the military academies to cultivate high-quality, professional new military talents. At present, the form of war is accelerating towards informatization and intelligence. What kind of soldiers are needed to win future intelligent wars, and how military higher education can cultivate talents to adapt to intelligent wars are major issues before us.

The war form is accelerating towards intelligence

The form of war is a staged expression and state of war history that is mainly marked by the technical attributes of main battle weapons. So far, after experiencing cold weapon wars, hot weapon wars, and mechanized wars, war forms are accelerating their development towards information-based and intelligent wars. The increasingly widespread application of advanced technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and brain science in the military field is becoming an important driver of the new military revolution, giving birth to new unmanned, autonomous, and intelligent warfare forms, and changing the traditional The winning mechanism of war. In 2014, a foreign military think tank released a research report titled “War in the 20YY∶ Robot Era”, believing that a storm of military change marked by intelligent armies, autonomous equipment, and unmanned warfare is coming, and it will develop intelligent combat platforms, information systems and decision-making support systems, as well as new weapons such as directional energy, hypersonic speed, bionic, genetic, and nanometer By 2035, an intelligent combat system will be initially built, and by 2050, it will develop to an advanced stage, fully realizing intelligent or even unmanned combat platforms, information systems, and command and control. New weapons such as bionics, genes, and nanometers will enter the battlefield, and combat space will be further expanded. Expand to biological space, nanospatial space, and intelligent space.

In recent years, as people’s research on the human brain continues to deepen, brain-computer interface technology is becoming increasingly mature. In the future, the exchange of information between humans and the external world will no longer be limited to the senses. Direct information exchange between the brain and the outside world can also be achieved through chips. People and people, people and things are fully interconnected, and humans may transcend the Internet and the Internet of Things and enter the intelligent era supported by the Internet of Things. In the era of brain networking, soldiers’ brains are directly connected to combat platforms, information systems, and decision-making support systems. With the assistance of technologies such as quantum computing and cloud platforms, decisions will be made. The targets of attack will expand to human thoughts and actions, matter, energy, information and The mind is integrated. Some domestic experts believe that under the influence of artificial intelligence technology, the winning mechanism of future wars will shift from information-based warfare “information-led, system confrontation, precise strike, joint victory” to intelligent warfare “intelligent-led, autonomous confrontation, traceability Strike, cloud brain victory” transformation, following matter, energy, and information, cloud intelligence that integrates humans and machines becomes the key to determining the outcome of a war. The transformation of this “intelligent war form” is accelerating, and any hesitation may have unimaginable consequences.

However, it should be noted that man is always the most fundamental element, no matter how the war develops. The intelligent war form will promote changes in the functional role of military personnel, and will put forward higher requirements for military personnel’s ability quality. Cognitive ability may surpass knowledge and skills and become the core ability of military personnel.

Intelligent warfare requires military personnel to upgrade and reconstruct their comprehensive quality

According to the “talent growth cycle”, soldiers who are currently receiving higher education will become the main force in military combat training in more than 10 years, and will also become the first main force to meet the challenges of intelligent warfare. At present, our military’s higher education still has some shortcomings in the design of talent training goals. It does not pay enough attention to the ability to adapt to future changes in the intelligent battlefield. There is still a certain gap between talent training goals and the demand for intelligent warfare. On July 23, 2020, when President Xi inspected the Air Force Aviation University, he emphasized the need to adhere to cultivating people with moral integrity, educating people for war, strengthening military spirit education, strengthening the fighting spirit, and comprehensively laying a solid foundation for the ideological and political, military professional, scientific and cultural, and physical and psychological qualities of pilot students. Base. Implementing President Xi’s important instructions and benchmarking against the needs of future intelligent warfare, there is an urgent need to build a higher-level military talent training goal with thinking as the core, and accelerate the upgrading and reconstruction of the comprehensive quality of military personnel.

Intelligent warfare is a complex giant system that integrates multiple fields. Its intelligence-based characteristics and iterative and changeable development trends are changing the role of soldiers in war. Soldiers may gradually move from the front desk of the war to the backstage, from direct face-to-face combat to human-machine coordinated combat, and from front-line charging to back-end planning and design of the war. To be competent in functional roles such as human-machine collaboration, planning and designing wars, in addition to ideological, political and physical psychology requirements, in terms of military profession and science and culture, soldiers should focus on improving their knowledge and ability in the following five aspects: First, multi-disciplinary Integrate the knowledge structure, master the core principles of multiple intelligent war-related disciplines such as nature, military, cognitive psychology, and network intelligence, and be able to integrate knowledge across disciplines Guide military practice; the second is strong cognitive ability, with logical thinking, critical thinking, and systematic thinking abilities, and the ability to use scientific methods to analyze and infer combat problems; the third is human-machine collaboration ability, deeply grasp the characteristics and rules of intelligent warfare, and be proficient in operating Combat platforms, command and control systems, and decision-making support systems can control a variety of intelligent weapons and equipment to achieve efficient human-machine collaboration; fourth, innovative capabilities Have keen scientific and technological perception and strong creativity, and be able to grasp the forefront of science and technology, innovate combat styles, and master the laws of war development; fifth, self-growth ability, be able to accurately recognize oneself, reasonably plan military career, and freely use information means to acquire new knowledge, new technologies, new methods, constantly improve the knowledge structure, improve cognitive abilities, and better adapt to the complex and ever-changing development of military revolutions.

Find the focus of “paramilitary higher education reform”

At present, the superimposed advancement of informatization and intelligence has brought greater complexity to the talent training work of military academies. It is necessary to not only meet the needs of real-life information operations, but also lay the foundation for adapting to intelligent warfare. The following should be focused on Work.

Reconstructing the curriculum system. The curriculum system supports the formation of the talent knowledge structure. In order to “cultivate military talents that meet the needs of intelligent warfare and achieve the training goals of military major, science and culture, we should break the practice of designing curriculum systems with a single major as the background and establish a “general + direction” curriculum system”. General courses are based on existing natural science and public courses, adding courses such as mathematical logic, mathematical modeling, critical thinking, network basics, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, systems engineering, etc., and establishing a cross-field and cross-disciplinary horizontal course system, expand students’ knowledge, build the knowledge structure urgently needed for intelligent warfare, and lay a broad knowledge foundation for their lifelong growth. Direction courses are to establish a subject professional direction, set up a vertical course system of mathematical science, professional foundation, and professional positions, build a solid professional background, and cultivate students’ ability to use professional theories to solve complex combat training problems.“ The general knowledge ＋direction” curriculum system helps build a “T”-shaped knowledge structure to meet the needs of military talents to adapt to diverse and intelligent warfare.

Deepen classroom reform. Educational neuroscience believes that education is the reshaping of students’ brains, and classrooms are the main position for reshaping students’ neural networks. They play an irreplaceable role in the formation of high-level cognitive abilities required for intelligent warfare. Continuously deepening classroom reform is The current key task of military higher education. You have to see that a classroom with only knowledge understanding is far from a good classroom. All human behaviors, thoughts and emotions are controlled by the brain, and every knowledge, thought and emotion corresponds to the specific neural network of the brain. Therefore, classroom reform should focus on students’ learning and follow the cognitive laws of the human brain to attract and maintain attention as the starting point, establish a scientific thinking framework, and mobilize students to think proactively. Usually, the teaching method pointing to higher-order abilities has a general model —— problem-driven inspired teaching. Commonly used problem teaching methods, project teaching methods, and inquiry teaching methods all belong to this model. Therefore, the main way to promote classroom reform is to develop unknown, novel and questions and stories that students are interested in, design a thinking framework that points to logical reasoning, critical thinking, reflective ability, creative ability and learning ability, and inspire students to be guided by the framework. Actively think, supplemented by the output process of speaking and writing, and finally achieve the goal of internalizing knowledge understanding and forming high-level abilities.

Promoting comprehensive education. Modern educational theory not only regards the classroom as an important position in education, but also regards all time and space outside the classroom as an important resource for cultivating students. The time and space outside these classes not only support classroom teaching and promote the formation of intellectual abilities, but are also important places for cultivating non-intellectual abilities. Colleges and universities should make full use of these times and spaces, clarify specific training goals, and scientifically design education and training plans with a focus on going deep into the army, being close to actual combat, and highlighting practicality and creativity. Pay attention to giving full play to the management and education advantages of military academies, explore the establishment of student management models, and promote the cultivation of students’ leadership and management capabilities; continuously enrich the second classroom, build an innovation platform, create more independent practice opportunities, and enhance students’ innovative abilities; make full use of various large-scale activities, cultivate students’ competitive awareness and team collaboration capabilities; strengthen the construction of management cadre teams, improve scientific management and training capabilities, and be able to effectively guide students in time management and goal management Emotional management, psychological adjustment, habit development, etc., help students improve their self-management and independent learning abilities.

In short, education is a systematic project. The above are only three aspects that break through the shortcomings of talent training in the intelligent era. To truly solve the problem, military academies need to carry out systematic reforms in strategic planning, quality management, personnel quality, and teaching conditions. It can effectively support the achievement of talent training goals in all aspects, and this requires us to continue to explore and innovate, and continuously improve the level of running schools and educating people Efforts have been made to create a new situation in the construction and development of military academies.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Aviation University)

現代國語：

“軍隊院校因打仗而生、為打仗而建”。在2019年全軍院校長集訓開班式上，習主席提出新時代軍事教育方針，為全軍院校培養高素質、專業化新型軍事人才指明了方向。當前，戰爭形態正加速向信息化、智能化發展，打贏未來智能化戰爭需要什麼樣的軍人，軍事高等教育如何培養適應智能化戰爭的人才等，是擺在我們面前的重大課題。

戰爭形態加速向智能化發展

戰爭形態是以主戰兵器技術屬性為主要標志的、戰爭歷史階段性的表現形式和狀態。迄今為止，戰爭形態在經歷了冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭之後，正加速向信息化、智能化戰爭發展。大數據、物聯網、人工智能、生物技術、腦科學等先進科技在軍事領域日益廣泛的應用，正成為新軍事革命的重要推手，催生新的無人化、自主化、智能化戰爭形態，改變著傳統戰爭制勝機理。2014年，外軍智庫發布名為《20YY∶機器人時代的戰爭》的研究報告，認為以智能化軍隊、自主化裝備和無人化戰爭為標志的軍事變革風暴正在來臨，其將通過發展智能化作戰平台、信息系統與決策支持系統，以及定向能、高超聲速、仿生、基因、納米等新型武器，到2035年初步建成智能化作戰體系，到2050年將發展到高級階段，全面實現作戰平台、信息系統、指揮控制智能化甚至無人化，仿生、基因、納米等新型武器走上戰場，作戰空間進一步向生物空間、納米空間、智能空間拓展。

近年來，隨著人們對人腦研究的不斷深入，腦機接口技術正日趨成熟，未來人類與外部世界的信息交換將不再局限於感官，還可以通過芯片實現大腦與外界直接的信息交流，人與人、人與物充分互聯互通，人類或將超越互聯網、物聯網，進入腦聯網支持的智能時代。腦聯網時代，軍人的大腦與作戰平台、信息系統、決策支持系統直接相聯，在量子計算和雲平台等技術輔助下開展決策，打擊的對象將拓展到人的思想和行動，物質、能量、信息與心智融為一體。國內有專家認為，在人工智能技術的作用下，未來戰爭的制勝機理將由信息化戰爭的“信息主導、體系對抗、精確打擊、聯合制勝”，向智能化戰爭的“智能主導、自主對抗、溯源打擊、雲腦制勝”轉變，繼物質、能量、信息之後，人機融合的雲智能成為決定戰爭勝負的關鍵。這一智能化戰爭形態的轉變正在加速到來，任何遲疑都可能帶來難以想象的後果。

但應該看到，無論戰爭如何發展，人始終是最根本的要素。智能化戰爭形態將促使軍人的職能作用發生變化，對軍人的能力素質將提出更高的要求，認知能力或將超越知識、技能成為軍人的核心能力。

智能化戰爭要求軍人綜合素質升級重構

根據人才成長周期，目前正在接受高等教育的軍人，10多年後將成為部隊作戰訓練主體力量，也將成為迎接智能化戰爭挑戰的第一批主力軍。當前，我軍高等教育在人才培養目標設計上尚存在一些不足，對適應未來多變的智能化戰場能力關注不夠，人才培養目標與智能化戰爭需求還有一定差距。2020年7月23日，習主席視察空軍航空大學時，強調要堅持立德樹人、為戰育人，加強軍魂教育，強化戰斗精神，全面打牢飛行學員思想政治、軍事專業、科學文化、身體心理等素質基礎。貫徹習主席重要指示，對標未來智能化戰爭需求，迫切需要構建以思維力為核心的更加高階的軍事人才培養目標，加快軍人綜合素質升級重構。

智能化戰爭是整合多個領域的復雜巨系統，其智力為本的特點和迭代多變的發展趨勢，正在改變軍人在戰爭中的角色。軍人或將逐步由戰爭前台走向幕後，由直接面對面作戰轉變為人機協同作戰，由前線沖鋒陷陣轉變為後端籌劃設計戰爭。要勝任人機協同、籌劃設計戰爭等職能作用，除思想政治和身體心理必須達到要求外，在軍事專業和科學文化方面，軍人應重點提升以下五個方面的知識能力素質：一是多學科融合的知識結構，掌握自然、軍事、認知心理、網絡智能等多個智能化戰爭相關學科領域的核心原理，能夠跨學科整合知識，指導軍事實踐；二是強大的認知能力，具有邏輯思維、審辨思維、系統思維能力，能夠運用科學方法分析推理解決作戰問題；三是人機協作能力，深刻把握智能化戰爭特點規律，熟練運用作戰平台、指揮控制系統、決策支持系統，能夠操控多樣化智能武器裝備，實現人機高效協同；四是創新能力，具有敏銳的科技感知力和強大的創造力，能夠把握科技前沿，創新作戰樣式，掌握戰爭發展規律；五是自我成長能力，能夠准確認知自我，合理規劃軍事職業生涯，自如運用信息手段獲取新知識、新技術、新方法，不斷完善知識結構，提升認知能力，較好地適應復雜多變的軍事革命發展。

找准軍事高等教育改革著力點

當前，信息化與智能化的疊加推進，給軍隊院校人才培養工作帶來更大復雜性，既要滿足現實的信息化作戰需要，同時又要為適應智能化戰爭奠定基礎，應著重抓好以下幾項工作。

重構課程體系。課程體系支撐著人才知識結構的形成。為培養滿足智能化戰爭需要的軍事人才，達成軍事專業、科學文化兩個方面的培養目標，應打破以單一專業為背景設計課程體系的做法，建立“通識+方向”的課程體系。通識課程是在現有自然科學和公共類課程基礎上，增加數理邏輯、數學建模、批判性思維、網絡基礎、人工智能、認知神經科學、系統工程等課程，建立跨領域跨學科的橫向課程體系，拓展學員的知識面，搭建智能化戰爭急需的知識結構，為其終身成長奠定廣博的知識基礎。方向課程是確立一個學科專業方向，設置數理科學、專業基礎、專業崗位的縱向課程體系，構建厚實的專業背景，培養學員運用專業理論解決復雜作戰訓練問題的能力。“通識＋方向”的課程體系，有助於構建“T”形知識結構，滿足軍事人才適應多樣多變智能化戰爭的需要。

深化課堂改革。教育神經科學認為，教育是對學生大腦的重塑，而課堂是重塑學生神經網絡的主陣地，特別對於智能化戰爭所需要的高階認知能力形成具有不可替代的作用，持續深化課堂改革是軍事高等教育當前的關鍵任務。要看到，只有知識理解的課堂遠遠不是一個好課堂。人的一切行為、思想和情感全部由大腦控制，每個知識、思維和情緒都與大腦的特定神經網絡相對應，因此，課堂改革要以學生的學習為中心，遵循人腦的認知規律，以吸引和保持注意力為起點，建立科學的思維框架，調動學員主動思考。通常，指向高階能力的教學方法具有一個通用模式——問題驅動的啟發式教學，常用的問題式教學法、項目式教學法、探究式教學法都屬於這一模式。所以，推進課堂改革的主要路徑是開發未知、新奇和學生感興趣的問題和故事，設計指向邏輯推理、審辨思維、反思能力、創造能力以及學習能力的思維框架，啟發學員在框架的指引下主動思考，再輔以講出來、寫出來的輸出過程，最後達成知識理解內化和高階能力形成的目標。

推動全面育人。現代教育理論不僅把課堂作為教育的重要陣地，還把課堂之外的所有時間和空間都視作培養學生的重要資源。這些課堂以外的時間和空間不僅支撐課堂教學、促進知識能力形成，還是培育非智力能力的重要場所。院校應充分利用這些時間和空間，明確具體的培養目標，以深入部隊、貼近實戰、突出實踐性和創造性為重點，科學設計教育訓練計劃。注重發揮軍隊院校管理育人優勢，探索建立學員管理模式，促進學員領導管理能力的培養；不斷豐富第二課堂，搭建創新平台，創造更多自主實踐機會，提升學員的創新能力；充分利用各種大型活動，培養學員競爭意識和團隊協作能力；加強管理干部隊伍建設，提高科學管訓能力，能夠有效輔導學員開展時間管理、目標管理、情緒管理、心理調節、習慣養成等，幫助學員提升自我管理和自主學習能力。

總而言之，教育是一個系統工程，以上僅是突破智能化時代人才培養短板的三個方面，真正解決問題還需要軍隊院校進行系統化改革，在戰略規劃、質量管理、人員素質、教學條件等諸方面都能夠有效支撐人才培養目標的達成，而這需要我們持續不斷地探索與創新，不斷提高辦學育人水平，努力開創軍事院校建設發展新局面。

（作者單位：空軍航空大學）

來源：解放軍報 作者：唐維忠 責任編輯：王鳳 2021-05-13 10:24:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/gfjy_index/jsyxgfs/4885203888.html?big=fan

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Chinese Military’s Brief Analysis of Multi-dimensional Central Warfare

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中國軍隊多維中心戰淺析

現代英語：

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

Source: Guangming Military

Since the 1990s, the concepts of multi-dimensional central warfare, such as network-centric warfare, personnel-centric warfare, action-centric warfare, and decision-centric warfare, have been proposed one after another. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare reflects the overall goal of seeking advantages such as platform effectiveness, information empowerment, and decision-making intelligence by relying on military science and technology advantages, and also reflects the contradictory and unified relationship between people and equipment, strategy and skills, and the strange and the normal. Dialectically understanding these contradictory and unified relationships with centralized structured thinking makes it easier to grasp the essential connotation of its tactics and its methodological significance.

Strengthen the integration of the “human” dimension in the combination of people and equipment

The concepts of personnel-centric warfare and platform-centric warfare largely reflect the relationship between people and weapons and equipment. Some have specially formulated human dimension strategies, emphasizing continuous investment in the human dimension of combat effectiveness, which is the most reliable guarantee for dealing with an uncertain future. Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the rapid development of intelligent weapons and equipment, unmanned combat has emerged, and voices questioning the status and role of people have arisen one after another. It is imperative to strengthen the integration of the human dimension and enhance the synergy of the human dimension.

First, we need to enhance spiritual cohesion. Marxism believes that consciousness is the reflection of objective matter in the human mind. Tactics are the expression and summary of combat experience, and they themselves have spiritual or conscious forms. When studying tactics, we naturally need to put spiritual factors first. Some scholars believe that war is still fundamentally a contest of human will. In the information age, people’s spirits are richer and more complex, and enhancing the spiritual cohesion of the human dimension is more challenging and difficult. To enhance people’s spiritual cohesion, we need to coordinate the cultivation of collective spirit and individual spirit, maximize the satisfaction of individual spiritual needs in leading the collective spirit, realize individual spiritual pursuits in shaping the value of collective spirit, and empower people’s spirit with all available and useful information; we need to coordinate the cultivation of critical spirit and innovative spirit, adhere to the tactical epistemology of dialectical materialism, resolutely oppose idealism and mechanism in tactical cognition, and constantly inherit and innovate in criticism; we need to coordinate the cultivation of fighting spirit and scientific spirit, and promote the revolutionary spirit of facing death with courage and winning, and promote the spirit of winning by science and technology.

The second is to enhance the organizational structure. Organizations are the organs of the military, and people are the cells of the organization. The settings of military organizations in different countries have their own characteristics and commonalities. For example, the Ministry of National Defense is generally set up to distinguish between the structure of military branches, hierarchical structures and regional structures, and to distinguish between peacetime and wartime organizations. Although the purpose of construction and war is the same, the requirements for the unity of construction and the flexibility of war are different. To enhance the organizational structure and promote the consistency of war and construction, it is necessary to smooth the vertical command chain, reasonably define the command power and leadership power, command power and control power, so that the government and orders complement each other, and enhance the vertical structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to open up horizontal coordination channels, explore the establishment of normalized cross-domain (organizations, institutions, departments) coordination channels, change the simple task-based coordination model, and enhance the horizontal structural strength of the organization; it is necessary to improve the peace-war conversion mechanism, focus on the organization connection, adjustment and improvement in the change of leadership or command power of the troops, and maintain the stability and reliability of the organizational structure network.

The third is to enhance material support. The spiritual strength of people in combat can be transformed into material strength, but spiritual strength cannot be separated from the support of material strength. To enhance material support and thus realize the organic unity of material and spirit, it is necessary to ensure combat equipment, bedding, food, and medical care, build good learning venues, training facilities, and re-education channels, provide good technical services in combat regulations, physiological medicine, etc., help design diversified and personalized capacity improvement plans and career development plans, and provide strong material and technical support for the development of people’s physical fitness, skills, and intelligence, and thus comprehensively improve people’s adaptability and combat effectiveness in the uncertain battlefield environment of the future.
             

Deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension in the combination of combat and skills

The combination of combat skills is an important principle of tactical application. The technology includes not only the technology at the practical operation level (such as shooting technology), but also the technology at the theoretical application level (such as information technology). It can be said that tactics, technology, art and procedures together constitute its “combat methodology”. Scientific and technological development and scientific technology are important characteristics of scientific and technological development. To deepen the combination of combat skills, it is necessary to correctly grasp the relationship between technology and tactics, art and procedures, and continuously deepen the practice of the “skill” dimension.

First, promote the tacticalization of advanced technology. Technology determines tactics, which is the basic view of dialectical materialism’s tactical theory. The evolution of the concept of multi-dimensional central warfare is also an example of technology driving the development and change of tactics. Engels once pointed out: “The entire organization and combat methods of the army and the related victory or defeat… depend on the quality and quantity of the population and on technology.” However, technology-driven tactics have a “lag effect”, especially in the absence of actual combat traction. This requires actively promoting the military transformation of advanced civilian technologies and the tactical application of advanced military technologies. On the one hand, we must actively introduce advanced civilian technologies, especially accelerate the introduction and absorption of cutting-edge technologies such as deep neural networks and quantum communication computing; on the other hand, we must strengthen tactical training of advanced technology equipment, closely combine technical training with tactical training, and promote the formation of new tactics and new combat capabilities with new equipment as soon as possible.

Second, promote the technicalization of command art. “Art” is a highly subjective concept. Some Chinese and foreign scholars believe that “the art of command is rooted in the commander’s ability to implement leadership to maximize performance”, while others believe that “the art of command is the way and method for commanders to implement flexible, clever and creative command”. Chinese and foreign scholars generally regard command as an art. The main reason is that although command has objective basis and support such as combat regulations, superior orders and technical support, the more critical factor lies in the commander’s subjective initiative and creativity, which is difficult to quantify by technical means. With the development of disciplines and technologies such as cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience, the cognitive structure and mechanism of command will become more explicit, the mysterious veil of “command art” will gradually fade, and the technicalization of command art will become an inevitable trend. This requires continuous strengthening of technical thinking, continuous deepening of the construction of artificial intelligence-assisted command decision-making means, continuous deepening of the application of human brain decision-making mechanisms, practical use of technology to deconstruct art, and continuous promotion of the technicalization of command art.

The third is to promote the regulation of combat technology. Many scholars place technology on a position that is almost as important as tactics. This insistence on the integrated development of tactical regulation and the regulation of specialized military technology and special combat technology is an important way to promote the systematic and standardized construction of combat regulations and further achieve the integration and unification of tactics and technology at the legal level.
              

Seeking the advantage of the “odd” dimension in combining the odd and the regular

The odd and the even are a basic contradictory structure of tactics, with inherent identity. Without the odd, there is no even, and without the even, there is no odd; either the odd or the even, ever-changing. The choice of the odd and the even is the category of decision-centered warfare, and the application of the odd and the even is the category of action-centered warfare. In the 1990s, the theories of asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare were proposed. If “symmetric warfare, contact warfare, and linear warfare” are even, then “asymmetric warfare, non-contact warfare, and non-linear warfare” can be called odd. From the perspective of natural science, “symmetry, contact, and linear” are general, and “asymmetry, non-contact, and non-linear” are detailed. It is an inevitable requirement to grasp the dimension of “odd” in the combination of odd, odd, and even, and to seek the advantages of the “three nons”.

First, seek “asymmetric” advantages. “Symmetry” and “asymmetry” originally refer to the morphological characteristics of things or space. Symmetrical warfare is a battle between two troops of the same type, and asymmetric warfare is a battle between two different types of troops. The theory of asymmetric warfare requires the scientific and reasonable organization of troops, combat forces and weapon systems of different military services, deployment in a wide area, and the concentration of superior forces to deal a fatal blow to the enemy at the best combat opportunity, and then quickly redeploy the forces. Due to the limited combat power, the troops have positive asymmetric advantages and negative asymmetric disadvantages. Seeking asymmetric advantages and avoiding asymmetric disadvantages is the common expectation of the warring parties, which will lead to such a situation that the warring parties cycle back and forth between symmetry and asymmetry. Therefore, to seek “asymmetric” advantages, it is necessary to seek asymmetry in combat power, combat capability, combat command and other aspects, adhere to and carry forward “avoid the strong and attack the weak, avoid the real and attack the virtual”, “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and effectively play advantages and avoid disadvantages in asymmetry. For example, when weapons and equipment are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in personnel capabilities; when forces are symmetrical, strive to gain an asymmetric advantage in command art.

The second is to seek “non-contact” advantages. “Contact” and “non-contact” are a description of the distance between different things. Contact in the military field is usually defined by the projection distance of weapons. The concept of “non-contact combat” originated from World War II and was created during the Cold War. The connotation of contact combat and non-contact combat changes with the change of the striking distance of weapons and equipment. The warring parties always seek to attack each other at a farther distance or in a wider space without being threatened. Since the 1990s, the theory of “non-contact combat” has been used in many local wars. Non-contact combat is a combat action style that implements long-range precision strikes outside the defense zone while being far away from the opponent. Non-contact combat embodies the idea of winning by technology, flexible mobility, and center of gravity strikes. With the rapid development of military science and technology, the armies of major countries in the world will have the ability to perceive and strike globally, and the connotation of “non-contact” will be further compressed to space, cognitive domain and other space fields. To this end, on the one hand, we must base ourselves on the reality of “contact combat”, learn from each other’s strengths and overcome our weaknesses in contact, and continuously accumulate advantages; on the other hand, we must expand the space for “non-contact combat”, seize the initiative and seize the opportunity in non-contact, and continuously expand our advantages.

The third is to seek “nonlinear” advantages. “Linear” and “nonlinear” usually refer to people’s thinking or behavior patterns. The movement of all things in the universe is complex and mostly nonlinear, while human cognition always tends to be simple, abstract, and linear, and has invented concepts such as logic lines, time lines, and linear mathematics. In military science, the transition from linear operations to nonlinear operations reflects the development and progress of military technology theory. Since the second half of the 20th century, nonlinear operations have been on the historical stage. Some scholars have pointed out that in linear operations, each unit mainly acts in a coordinated manner along a clear front line of its own side. The key is to maintain the relative position between its own units to enhance the safety of the units; in nonlinear operations, each unit simultaneously carries out combat operations from multiple selected bases along multiple combat lines. The key is to create specific effects at multiple decision points against the target. Linear operations mainly reflect the action-centered warfare idea, while nonlinear operations mainly reflect the target-centered warfare idea. To this end, on the one hand, we must deepen the use of linear warfare and make full use of its practical value in facilitating command, coordination and support; on the other hand, we must boldly try non-linear warfare and maximize its potential advantages of extensive mobility and full-dimensional jointness. (Yin Tao, Deng Yunsheng, Sun Dongya)

現代國語：

2023-09-27 11:58:xx

來源：光明軍事
自1990年代以來，網路中心戰、人員中心戰、行動中心戰、決策中心戰等多維度的中心戰概念先後被提出。多維度中心戰概念的演變，反映了依靠軍事科技優勢尋求平台效能、資訊賦能、決策智能等優勢的總體目標，更反映了人與裝、謀與技、奇與正等方面的對立統一關係。以中心式結構化思維辯證地認識這些對立統一關係，更便於掌握其戰術的本質內涵及其方法論意義。
強化人裝結合中「人」維度融合
人員中心戰與平台中心戰概念很大程度上反映的是人與武器裝備的關係。有的專門制定人維度策略，強調在戰鬥力的人維度進行持續投入，對於應對不確定的未來是最可靠的保障。進入21世紀以來，隨著智慧化武器裝備的快速發展，無人作戰異軍突起，對人的地位作用的質疑聲音此起彼伏，強化人維度的融合、增強人維度的合力勢在必行。
一是增強精神凝聚力。馬克思主義認為，意識是客觀物質在人腦中的反映。戰術是戰鬥經驗的表現與概括，本身俱有精神或意識上的形態，研究戰術自然要把精神因素放在第一位。有學者認為，戰爭從根本上來說仍然是人類意志的較量。在資訊化時代，人的精神更加豐富複雜，增強人維度精神上的凝聚力，挑戰和難度更高。增強人的精神凝聚力，需要統籌培養集體精神與個體精神，在引領集體精神中最大限度滿足個體精神需求，在培塑集體精神價值中實現個體精神追求，用一切可用、有用的信息賦能人的精神；需要統籌培養批判精神與創新精神，堅持辯證唯物論的戰術知識論，堅決反對戰術認識上的唯心論和機械論，不斷在批判中繼承、在繼承中創新；需要統籌培養戰鬥精神與科學精神，既要弘揚視死如歸、敢打必勝的革命精神，又要發揚科學制勝、技術制勝的精神。


二是增強組織結構力。組織是軍隊的器官，人是組織的細胞。不同國家軍事組織的設置有其特性，也有其共通性。例如普遍設有國防部，區分軍種結構、層級結構與區域結構，區分平時編制與戰時編成。儘管建與戰在目的上是一致的，但是建的統一性與戰的彈性在要求上不盡相同。增強組織結構力進而促進戰建一致，需要暢通縱向指揮鏈路，合理界定指揮權與領導權、指揮權與控制權，做到政令相長，增強組織的縱向結構力；需要打通橫向協同管道，探索建立常態化的跨領域（組織、機構、部門）協同途徑，改變單純的任務式協同模式，增強組織的橫向結構力；需要健全平戰轉換機制，重點關注部隊領導權或指揮權變更中組織銜接、調整和健全等工作，保持組織結構網絡的穩定性、可靠性。
三是增強物質保障力。戰鬥中人的精神力量可以轉化為物質力量，但精神力量也離不開物質力量的支撐。增強物質保障力進而實現物質與精神的有機統一，需要像為決策保障情報、為槍砲保障彈藥、為車輛保障油料一樣，保障好戰鬥裝具、被裝、伙食、醫療，建設好學習場地、訓練設施和再教育渠道，提供好戰條令、生理醫學等方面技術服務，幫助設計多樣化個人化的能力提升計劃、職業發展規劃，為發展人的體能、技能和智能，進而全面提高人在未來不確定性戰場環境中的適應性和戰鬥力，提供堅強的物質和技術支撐。

深化戰技結合中「技」維度實踐
戰技結合是戰術運用的重要原則。其中的技術不僅包括實務操作層面的技術（如射擊技術），也包括理論應用層面的技術（如資訊科技）。可以認為，戰術、技術、藝術和程序共同構成了其「戰鬥方法論」。科學技術化和技術科學化是科學技術發展的重要特徵。深化戰技結合，需要正確掌握技術與戰術、藝術、程序的關係，不斷深化「技」維度實踐。


一是推動先進技術戰術化。技術決定戰術，是辯證唯物論戰術論的基本觀點。多維度中心戰概念的演變，也是技術推動戰術發展變革的例子。恩格斯曾指出：“軍隊的全部組織和作戰方式以及與之有關的勝負……，取決於居民的質與量和取決於技術。”然而，技術推動戰術具有“滯後效應”，尤其在缺少實戰牽引的情況下。這就需要主動推進先進民用技術的軍事轉化和先進軍事技術的戰術應用。一方面，要積極引進民用先進技術，尤其要加速推進深度神經網路、量子通訊運算等尖端技術的引進吸收；另一方面，要加強先進技術裝備戰術訓練，把練技術與練戰術緊密結合起來，推動新裝備盡快形成新戰術和新戰力。
二是推動指揮藝術技術化。 「藝術」是一個具有較強主體性的概念。中外學者有的認為“指揮藝術根植於指揮官實施領導以最大限度提高績效的能力”，有的認為“指揮藝術是指揮官實施靈活巧妙和富有創造性指揮的方式與方法”。中外學者普遍將指揮視為藝術，主要原因在於：指揮儘管有作戰條令、上級命令和技術保障等客觀方面的依據和支撐，但更關鍵的因素在於指揮員的主觀能動性和創造性，而這是比較難以用技術手段加以量化的。隨著認知心理學、認知神經科學等學科和技術的發展，指揮的認知結構和作用機制將更加顯性化，「指揮藝術」的神秘面紗將逐漸退去，指揮藝術技術化將會成為必然趨勢。這需要不斷強化技術思維，持續深化人工智慧輔助指揮決策手段建設，持續深化人類大腦決策機理運用，切實用技術解構藝術，不斷推動指揮藝術技術化。


三是推動戰鬥技術條令化。不少學者把技術置於與戰術近乎同等重要的地位。這種堅持戰術條令化與兵種專業技術和專門戰鬥技術條令化的融合發展，是推動戰鬥條令體系化規範化建設，進而實現戰術與技術在法規層面融合統一的重要途徑。

謀求奇正結合中「奇」維度優勢
奇與正是戰術的一種基本矛盾結構，具有內在同一性。無奇便無正，無正也無奇；或奇或正，千變萬化。奇與正的選擇是決策中心戰的範疇，奇與正的運用是行動中心戰的範疇。 1990年代，非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰理論被提出。若稱「對稱作戰、接觸作戰、線式作戰」為正，則可稱「非對稱作戰、非接觸作戰、非線式作戰」為奇。從自然科學角度來看，「對稱、接觸、線式」是概述的，「非對稱、非接觸、非線式」是詳實的。把握好奇正結合中「奇」的維度，謀取「三非」優勢是必然要求。
一是謀取「非對稱」優勢。 「對稱」與「非對稱」本來是對事物或空間的形態特徵的指稱。對稱作戰是兩種相同類型部隊之間的交戰，非對稱作戰是兩種不同類型部隊之間的交戰。非對稱作戰理論要求對不同軍兵種部隊、作戰力量和武器系統進行科學合理編組，在寬廣的地域展開部署，在最佳的作戰時機集中優勢力量給敵人以致命的打擊，然後迅速重新部署力量。由於作戰力量的有限性，部隊有正面的非對稱優勢，就有負面的非對稱劣勢。謀取非對稱優勢、規避非對稱劣勢是交戰雙方的共同期望，進而造成這樣一種局面──交戰雙方在對稱與非對稱之間往復循環。因此，謀取“非對稱”優勢，要謀取作戰力量、作戰能力、作戰指揮等多方面上的非對稱，堅持和發揚“避強擊弱、避實擊虛”“你打你的，我打我的”，在非對稱中有效發揮優勢、規避劣勢。例如，在武器裝備對稱時爭取佔據人員能力上的非對稱優勢，在力量對稱時爭取佔據指揮藝術上的非對稱優勢。
二是謀取「非接觸」優勢。 「接觸」與「非接觸」是對不同事物之間距離狀態的一種描述。軍事領域的接觸通常是以武器的投射距離來界定的。 「非接觸作戰」的概念起源於二戰，產生於冷戰時期。接觸作戰與非接觸作戰的內涵是隨著武器裝備打擊距離的改變而改變的。交戰雙方也總是謀求在免受威脅的更遠距離或更廣空間攻擊對方。自1990年代以來，「非接觸作戰」理論在多場局部戰爭中被運用。非接觸作戰是在遠離對方的情況下實施防區外遠程精確打擊的作戰行動樣式。非接觸作戰體現了技術制勝、靈活機動、重心打擊的思想。隨著軍事科技的快速發展，世界主要國家軍隊將具備全球感知和全球打擊的能力，「非接觸」的內涵將進一步壓縮至太空、認知域等太空領域。為此，一方面要立足「接觸作戰」實際，在接觸中取長補短、固強補弱，不斷積蓄勝勢；另一方面要拓展「非接觸作戰」空間，在非接觸中搶抓先手、搶佔先機，不斷拓展優勢。
三是謀取「非線式」優勢。 「線式」與「非線式」通常是指人的思維或行為模式。宇宙萬物運動是複雜的，大抵是非線式的，而人類的認知總是傾向於簡單的、抽象的、線式的，並發明了邏輯線、時間線以及線性數學等概念。軍事學中，從線式作戰到非線式作戰，反映了軍事技術理論的發展進步。 20世紀下半葉起，非線作戰就登上歷史舞台。有學者指出，線式作戰中各部隊主要沿著明確的己方前沿協調一致行動，關鍵是保持己方部隊之間的相對位置，以增強部隊的安全性；非線式作戰中各部隊從選定的多個基地沿多條作戰線同時實施作戰行動，關鍵是針對目標在多個決定點製造特定效果。線式作戰體現的主要是行動中心戰思想，非線式作戰體現的主要是目標中心戰思想。為此，一方面要深化運用線式作戰，充分利用其便於指揮、協同和保障的實用價值；另一方面要大膽嘗試非線式作戰，最大限度地發揮其廣泛機動、全維聯合的潛在優勢。 （殷濤、鄧雲生、孫東亞）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81it.com/2023/0927/14581888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧化戰爭, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

A Comprehensive Look at Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare

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現代英語：

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Gao Kai and Chen Liang Editor-in-charge: Zhao Leixiang

2025-01-23 06:50:x

“Order dispatch”: a new style of precision strike

■Gao Kai, Chen Liang

Lenin once said, “If you don’t understand the times, you can’t understand war.” In recent years, the widespread use of information and intelligent technology in the military field has promoted the deep integration of technology and tactics, and has given birth to “order-based” precision strikes based on intelligent network information systems. Commanders and command agencies can generate strike list requirements based on combat missions. The decision-making system can intelligently match strike platforms, autonomously plan action paths, and scientifically select strike methods based on personalized needs such as strike time, combat space, and damage indicators, thereby quickly and accurately releasing strike effectiveness.

The operational characteristics of “order-to-order” precision strikes

As the informationization and intelligence of weapons and ammunition continue to improve, the cost of modern warfare is also increasing. How to use limited strike resources to achieve the best cost-effectiveness and maximize combat effectiveness has become a central issue for commanders and command agencies in combat planning. “Order-based” precision strikes can provide a “feasible solution” for this.

Instant optimization and precise energy release. Modern warfare places more emphasis on structural strikes and destruction of the enemy’s combat system, and achieves combat objectives by quickly and accurately releasing combat effectiveness. This requires commanders and command agencies to seize the fleeting “window” of opportunity and strike high-value, nodal, and key targets in the enemy’s combat system before the enemy responds. The traditional “discovery-guidance-strike-assessment” combat loop is time-consuming and has poor combat effectiveness. Therefore, “order-dispatching” precision strikes need to rely on advanced intelligent network information systems, do not pre-determine the strike platform, and publish a list of strike targets in real time. The auxiliary decision-making system quickly evaluates the strike performance of various weapon platforms and the expected damage to the target, autonomously assigns strike platform tasks, quickly links and regulates multi-domain firepower strike forces, and autonomously closes the kill chain to quickly strike key targets.

Multi-domain energy gathering and coordinated strike. The advantage of modern combat precision strikes over previous firepower strikes lies in the information-based and intelligent combat system, which does not require human intervention and relies on a closed strike chain to autonomously complete tasks such as “detection, control, attack, and evaluation”. It can not only save the cost of strikes and reduce resource waste, but also achieve adaptive coordination based on unified combat standards. Therefore, the “order-to-order” precision strike requires the firepower strike forces distributed in various combat fields to establish a unified standard grid. As long as a demand is issued at one point, multiple points can respond and the overall linkage can be achieved. Forces and firepower can be flexibly concentrated, and multiple means and rapid multi-domain energy gathering can be used to determine the strike direction, strike order, and strike method of each strike platform on the move. Through system integration, time can be effectively saved, and multi-domain precision strikes can be carried out on key node targets and key parts of core targets of the enemy, giving full play to the overall power of the superposition and integration of the combat effectiveness of each combat unit.

The attack must break the enemy’s system and be quick and decisive. Modern warfare is a “hybrid war” implemented simultaneously in multiple fields. The interweaving influence and confrontation of new domains and new qualities such as information, aerospace, and intelligence are more obvious. This requires both sides of the war to be able to discover and act one step faster than the enemy, destroy and paralyze the enemy’s combat system, and reduce the efficiency of the enemy’s system. On the one hand, it is necessary to accurately identify the nodes of the enemy system and instantly optimize and accurately strike; on the other hand, it is necessary to conceal one’s own intentions and strike forces, and strike quickly when the enemy is unprepared. “Order dispatch” type precision strikes can well meet these two requirements. With the support of network information systems, intelligent integration of firepower strike forces in various fields can be achieved, and multi-source information perception, data cross-linking, and multi-domain coordinated strikes can be achieved. The seamless and high-speed operation of “target perception-decision-making command-firepower strike-damage assessment” is realized, and information and firepower are highly integrated to quickly achieve combat objectives.

The system composition of “order dispatch” type precision strike

The “order-based dispatch” precision strike builds an efficient closed strike chain, compresses action time, improves strike effectiveness, enables various firepower strike platforms to better integrate into the joint firepower strike system, and provides fast and accurate battlefield firepower support. The key lies in the “network” and the focus is on the “four” systems.

Multi-domain platform access network. With the support of information and intelligent technology, an integrated information network system with satellite communication as the backbone will be established, and the firepower strike platforms distributed in the multi-dimensional battlefield will be integrated into the combat network to establish a battlefield “cloud”. Different combat modules will be distinguished, and “subnet clouds” such as “detection, control, attack, and evaluation” will be established. Relying on the integrated communication network chain, the “subnet cloud” will be linked to the “cloud”, which can enhance the firepower strike platform’s full-domain, full-time, on-the-go access, autonomous networking, and spectrum planning capabilities, and realize the network interconnection of firepower platforms, domain-based combat systems, and joint combat systems, as well as the interconnection of internal strike forces.

Joint reconnaissance and perception system. Relying on various reconnaissance and surveillance forces within the joint combat system, conduct all-weather, multi-directional, and high-precision battlefield perception of the combat area. This requires the construction of a full-dimensional reconnaissance and perception force system that exists in physical and logical spaces, tangible and intangible spaces, and the deployment of intelligent perception equipment over a wide area to form an intelligence data “cloud”. Through the intelligence data “cloud”, the enemy situation is analyzed, the key points of the enemy combat system and time-sensitive targets are found, and the reconnaissance information is updated in real time to show the dynamics of the target.

Intelligent command and decision-making system. Relying on a new command and control system with certain intelligent control capabilities, various planning and analysis models are constructed to expand functions such as intelligent intelligence processing, intelligent task planning, automatic command generation, and precise action control. Databases such as the target feature library, decision-making knowledge base, and action plan library are expanded and improved to strengthen the system support capabilities for task planning, action decision-making, and control in the process of combat organization and implementation, improve planning and decision-making and combat action control capabilities, clarify “how to fight, where to fight, and who will fight”, and achieve accurate “order dispatching”.

Distributed firepower strike system. Relying on the intelligent network information system, on the one hand, it integrates land, sea, air, space and other multi-dimensional firepower strike platforms, strengthens the functions of intelligent target identification and remote control strike, and realizes various combat methods such as remote control combat of combat units, manned and unmanned coordinated combat, and flexible and mobile combat; on the other hand, it can build a low-cost firepower strike platform mainly composed of low-altitude and ultra-low-altitude unmanned strike platforms such as crossing aircraft and cruise missiles. By adding different functional combat payloads, it can work closely with high-end firepower strike platforms to implement battlefield guidance, precision strikes, firepower assessment and other tasks, and efficiently complete the “order”.

Autonomous damage assessment system. Relying on the reconnaissance and surveillance forces within the joint combat system to build a damage assessment system, after the firepower platform completes the strike, it will autonomously conduct strike effect verification on the target. It mainly conducts real-time, dynamic, objective, and systematic analysis and evaluation of the target’s appearance, degree of functional loss, etc., and promptly transmits relevant information to decision-making and command centers at all levels through video images. The evaluation center will judge “how well the strike was” and whether it meets the expected damage requirements. If it does not meet the requirements, the combat operations can be adjusted in a timely manner and supplementary strikes can be carried out to provide strong support for maximizing combat effectiveness.

Planning and implementation of “order-based” precision strikes

The “order dispatch” type of precision strike is just like the way online ride-hailing services operate. Through a series of processes such as formatted “order” generation, intelligent object matching, and autonomous path planning, it independently completes the “OODA” combat cycle. Its actions are more efficient, the strikes are more precise, and the coordination is closer.

Firepower requirements are reported in real time, and combat units “submit orders” on demand. Reconnaissance elements distributed in different combat areas and multi-dimensional battlefield spaces use radar, optical, infrared and technical reconnaissance methods to form battlefield target intelligence information through wide-area multi-source detection. This information is connected to the battlefield information network through intelligence links and is transmitted to combat units anytime and anywhere. The combat units will perform correlation processing, multi-party comparison and verification, and comprehensively compile battlefield target information to generate accurate task “orders”. The combat unit analyzes the target value and connects to the decision-making platform on demand, builds an “order”-style closed strike chain, and submits task “orders” in real time to achieve in-motion optimization and precise adaptation.

Differentiate fire strike tasks, and the decision center intelligently “dispatches orders”. Through the battlefield information network and relying on the intelligent task planning system, the decision center can automatically parse the task “order” information data submitted by the combat unit, and automatically generate the task requirements such as the type and quantity of ammunition, strike method and damage index required for the fire strike action according to the nature, coordinate position, movement status, threat level, etc. of the battlefield target, and form a fire support task “order”. Through intelligent matching of the best firepower platform, link nodes are connected as needed, and intelligent command-based “dispatching” is carried out, which is immediately delivered to the firepower platform waiting for combat.

The firepower platform can “accept orders” immediately by matching the best targets at all times. The firepower platforms distributed at multiple points in the battlefield area can respond to “accept orders” immediately through the battlefield information network. The firepower platform and the combat unit can establish a chain autonomously, and directly establish a guided strike chain after mutual “identity” verification, coordinate and cooperate with the firepower strike operation, and adjust the strike method and shooting parameters in time according to the damage to the target after the strike and the dynamics of the battlefield target, and then carry out firepower strikes again until the “dispatching” task is completed. The firepower platform always follows the principle of “strike-transfer-strike-transfer”, completes the strike task, quickly moves the position, stays in a combat state at all times, and receives “orders” online in real time. After the task is completed, the guided strike chain between the firepower platform and the combat unit will be automatically cancelled.

Acquire damage information from multiple sources, and the assessment center will “evaluate” in real time. Comprehensively use long-distance information-based intelligent reconnaissance methods such as satellite reconnaissance, radar reconnaissance, and drone reconnaissance to implement multi-domain three-dimensional reconnaissance, obtain the target’s fire damage information in real time, and provide accurate assessments for precision fire strikes. Comprehensively determine the damage effect, conduct quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the strike effect, distinguish the three damage states of the target’s physical, functional, and system, and provide timely feedback to the decision-making center. According to the damage assessment results of the strike target, timely put forward control suggestions, adjust the fire strike plan, optimize combat operations, and achieve precise control of fire strikes, so that commanders can accurately control the combat process and achieve efficient command and control of the effectiveness of fire strikes.

現代國語：

「訂單派單」：精確打擊新樣式

■高 凱 陳 良

引言

列寧說過，「不理解時代，就不能理解戰爭」。近年來，資訊化智慧化技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，促進了技術與戰術深度融合，依托智能化網絡資訊體系，催生出「訂單派單」式精確打擊。指揮員及指揮機關可依據作戰任務格式化產生打擊清單需求，決策系統依據打擊時間、作戰空間、毀傷指標等個性化需求智慧匹配打擊平台、自主規劃行動路徑、科學選擇打擊方式，進而快速精準釋放打擊效能。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的作戰特點

隨著武器彈藥資訊化智慧化程度不斷提升，現代作戰成本也不斷提高。如何運用有限打擊資源打出最高效費比，實現作戰效能最大化，已成為指揮員及指揮機關作戰籌劃的中心問題，「訂單派單」式精確打擊可為此提供「可行解」。

即時聚優精確釋能。現代作戰更強調對敵作戰體系進行結構性打擊破壞，透過快速且精準地釋放作戰效能實現作戰目的。這就要求指揮員及指揮機關能夠抓住稍縱即逝時機的“窗口”，在敵未做出反應之時對其作戰體系內高價值、節點性、關鍵性目標實施打擊。傳統的「發現—引導—打擊—評估」的作戰環路耗時長，作戰效果不佳。因此，「訂單派單」式精確打擊，需要依托先進的智能化網絡信息體系，不預先確定打擊平台，實時發布打擊目標清單，由輔助決策系統對各種武器平台的打擊性能與目標打擊毀傷預期等進行快速評估，自主分配打擊平台任務，快速鏈接調節多領域火力打擊力量，自主閉合殺傷鏈，對關鍵目標實施快速打擊。

多域聚能協同打擊。現代作戰精確打擊較以往火力打擊的優勢在於資訊化智能化的作戰體系，無需人工介入，依托閉合打擊鏈自主完成「偵、控、打、評」等任務，不僅能夠節省打擊成本，減少資源浪費，還能夠實現基於統一作戰標準的自適應協同。因此，「訂單派單」式精確打擊，需要分佈在各作戰領域的火力打擊力量能夠建立統一標準網格，只要一點發出需求，就能夠多點響應、全局聯動，靈活集中兵力、火力，多手段、快速多域聚能，動中確定各打擊平台打擊方向、打擊次序以及打擊方式。透過體系整合有效節約時間，對敵關鍵節點目標以及核心目標的關鍵部位實施多域精確打擊，充分發揮各作戰單元作戰效能疊加融合的整體威力。

擊要破體速戰速決。現代作戰是在多領域同步實施的“混合戰爭”，資訊、空天、智慧等新域新質力量交織影響、對抗更加明顯。這就需要作戰雙方能夠快敵一秒發現、快敵一步行動，毀癱敵作戰體系、降低敵體系運作效率。一方面，要透過找準敵體系節點，即時聚優精準打擊；另一方面，要隱蔽己方企圖及打擊力量，乘敵不備快速打擊。 「訂單派單」式精確打擊能夠很好地契合這兩點需求，在網絡資訊系統的支撐下，智慧融合各領域火力打擊力量，實現資訊多源感知、數據相互交鏈、多域協同打擊，實現「目標感知—決策指揮—火力打擊—毀傷評估」無縫高速運轉，資訊火力高度融合，快速達成作戰目的。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的體系構成

「訂單派單」式精確打擊通過構建高效閉合打擊鏈，壓縮行動時間，提高打擊效果，使各火力打擊平台能夠更好地融入聯合火力打擊體系，並提供快速精準的戰場火力支援，其關鍵在“網”，重點在“四個”系統。

多領域平台接取網。在資訊化智慧化技術支撐下，建立以衛星通訊為骨幹的一體化資訊網系，將分佈在多維域戰場的火力打擊平台融入作戰網絡建立戰場“雲”，區分不同作戰模塊，建立“偵、控、打、評”等“子網雲”，並依託一體化的通訊網鏈將“子網雲”鏈入“雲”，能夠提升火力打擊平台全局全時、動中接入、自主組網、頻譜規劃的能力，實現火力平台、分域作戰體係與聯合作戰體系的網絡互聯，以及內部打擊力量的互聯互通。

聯合偵察感知系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的各種偵察監視力量對作戰地域進行全天候、多方位、高精度戰場感知。這就要建立物理空間和邏輯空間、有形空間和無形空間泛在存在的全維域偵察感知力量系統，廣域佈設智能感知設備，形成情報數據“雲”，通過情報數據“雲”分析敵情態勢，找出敵作戰體系關鍵點以及時敏性目標，實時更新偵察信息，展現目標動態。

智慧指揮決策系統。依托具備一定智能控制能力的新型指控系統，構建各類籌劃分析模型，擴展情報智能處理、任務智能規劃、指令自動生成、行動精確控制等功能，擴充完善目標特徵庫、決策知識庫、行動預案庫等數據庫，強化戰鬥組織與實施過程中的任務規劃、行動決策和控制的系統支撐能力，提升行動籌劃決策和明確行動能力，誰來打」

分佈火力打擊系統。依托智能網絡資訊系統，一方面，融入陸、海、空、天等多維域火力打擊平台，強化目標智能識別、遠程遙控打擊等功能，實現作戰單元遠程遙控作戰、有人無人協同作戰、靈活機動作戰等多種作戰方式；另一方面，可構建以穿越機、巡導彈等低空超低空無人打擊平台為主的低成本火力打擊平台，通過加掛不同功能作戰載荷，與高端火力打擊平台密切協同來實施戰場引導、精確打擊、火力評估等任務，高效完成“訂單”。

自主毀傷評估系統。依托聯合作戰體系內的偵察監視力量建構毀傷評估系統，在火力平台打擊完畢後，自主對目標實施打擊效果核查。主要就目標的外觀狀態、功能喪失程度等進行實時、動態、客觀、系統的分析和評估，並及時通過視頻圖像的方式將相關信息返回至各級決策指揮中心，由評估中心判斷“打得怎麼樣”，是否達到預期毀傷要求。如不符合，可適時調控作戰行動，進行補充打擊，為最大限度釋放作戰效能提供強力支撐。

「訂單派單」式精確打擊的規劃實施

「訂單派單」式精確打擊就如同網約車的運作方式一樣，透過格式化「訂單」生成、智能化對象匹配、自主化路徑規劃等一系列流程，自主完成「OODA」作戰循環，其行動更為高效、打擊更為精準、協同更為密切。

實時提報火力需求，作戰單元按需「提單」。分佈在不同作戰地域、多維戰場空間的偵察要素，通過雷達、光學、紅外和技術偵察等方式，廣域多源偵獲形成戰場目標情報資訊。這些資訊依托情報鏈路接入戰場資訊網，隨時隨地被傳至作戰單元，由作戰單元進行關聯處理、多方對比印證，綜合整編戰場目標訊息，產生精確的任務「訂單」。作戰單元分析目標價值按需連通決策平台，建立“訂單”式閉合打擊鏈，實時提報任務“訂單”，實現動中集優、精準適配。

區分火力打擊任務，決策中心智能「派單」。決策中心通過戰場資訊網，依托智能任務規劃系統，能夠自動解析作戰單元提報的任務“訂單”信息數據，根據戰場目標性質、坐標方位、移動狀態、威脅程度等，自動生成火力打擊行動所需彈種彈量、打擊方式和毀傷指標等任務要求，形成火力支援任務“訂單”，通過智能匹配最佳火力平台，連通式鏈路節點，按需送飛機服務“訂單”。

全時匹配最優目標，火力平台快速即時「接單」。多點分佈在戰場區域內的火力平台，通過戰場信息網迅即響應“接單”，火力平台與作戰單元之間自主建鏈，相互核驗“身份”後直接建立引導打擊鏈，協同配合火力打擊行動，並根據打擊後目標毀傷情況以及戰場目標動態，及時調整打擊方式、射擊參數等，而後再次實施火力打擊，直至完成“派單”任務。火力平台始終遵循「打擊—轉移—打擊—轉移」的原則，完成打擊任務，迅即轉移陣地，全時保持待戰狀態，實時在線接收「訂單」。任務結束後，火力平台與作戰單元之間的引導打擊鏈會自動取消。

多源獲取毀傷訊息，評估中心即時「評單」。綜合運用衛星偵察、雷達偵察、無人機偵察等遠距離資訊化智能化偵察手段，實施多域立體偵察，實時獲取目標的火力毀傷訊息，為開展精確火力打擊提供準確評估。綜合判定毀傷效果，對打擊效果進行定量和定性評估，區分目標物理、功能和系統三種毀傷狀態，及時回饋至決策中心。根據打擊目標的毀傷評估結果，適時提出調控建議，調整火力打擊計畫，優化作戰行動，實現對火力打擊的精確控制，便於指揮員精準把控作戰進程，達成對火力打擊效能的高效指揮控制。

資料來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：高凱 陳亮 責任編輯：趙雷翔
2025-01-23 06:50:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16365873888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence

What strategic risks will military artificial intelligence bring to the game between China and the United States?

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軍事人工智慧將為中美博弈帶來哪些戰略風險？

現代英語：

2023-10-24 10:21:32Source: Military High-Tech Online
In July 2023, the Center for a New American Security (CNAS) released a report titled US-China Competition and Military AI: US-China Competition and Military AI, which explores how the United States can effectively manage a series of strategic risks caused by the militarization of artificial intelligence in Sino-US relations against the backdrop of intensified Sino-US competition and rapid development of artificial intelligence technology. It also conducts an in-depth analysis of the possible paths by which military artificial intelligence can intensify the strategic risks between China and the United States, the options for the United States to manage the strategic risks of military artificial intelligence, and the related measures and recommendations. The report has great reference value, so the original content is compiled as follows for readers to learn and communicate.

Five ways military AI exacerbates strategic risks between China and the United States


How will emerging military artificial intelligence exacerbate strategic risks between China and the United States? The report discusses five possible impact paths and attempts to analyze and predict this issue.

1. Reshaping the Sino-US Military Balance
The report points out that in the process of militarized application of artificial intelligence, the imbalance of military strength between the competing parties caused by the unilateral improvement of military strength is most likely to aggravate the strategic risks between China and the United States. In the short term, military artificial intelligence will still be mainly used to improve the equipment maintenance, military logistics, personnel training and decision support of the military, and play an auxiliary and beneficial role, but these “behind-the-scenes” tasks, like front-line troops and weapons, constitute the basis of military strength. In addition, some emerging military artificial intelligence systems will also improve the combat capabilities of the troops. For example, the “loyal wingman” system based on human-machine collaboration can help improve the pilot’s mission, although this improvement may be incremental rather than revolutionary, and compared with fully autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles, the “loyal wingman” has limited effect on the transformation of the air combat paradigm. But there is no doubt that the military strength of the party that takes the lead in the military application of artificial intelligence will develop rapidly, and the rise and fall of this may push the military balance between China and the United States into a new stage, causing panic and concern for the lagging party.

2. Profound impact on information acquisition and strategic decision-making
The report believes that military artificial intelligence may increase strategic risks in the decision-making and information fields in three main ways: first, compressing decision-making time. If artificial intelligence can help one party make decisions faster, the other party may make hasty decisions in order to keep up with the opponent’s actions. This time pressure may exacerbate tensions and even create a new crisis; second, inducing decision makers to make wrong decisions. The decision-making process of the artificial intelligence system is in a technical “black box”. If there is a lack of clear understanding of the operating mechanism and defects of the artificial intelligence system, major strategic decisions may ultimately be based on the analysis of maliciously fabricated, distorted information or other low-quality information; third, influencing the opponent’s cognition through large-scale information activities, using artificial intelligence to generate massive amounts of directional text, audio, images or videos, undermining political stability, confusing high-level decision-making, creating alliance rifts, and triggering or aggravating political crises.

3. Autonomous weapon systems
First, if autonomous weapon systems provide greater military capabilities, decision makers may be more inclined to use force because they believe they have a higher chance of winning. Second, military operations using autonomous weapon systems have lower expected risks in terms of casualties, which may make leaders on both sides more likely to take action. Third, autonomous weapon technology will greatly enhance the combat capabilities of existing weapon systems, such as enabling hypersonic weapons to have the autonomy to maneuver and change their trajectories, making it more difficult for the enemy to intercept; or using machine learning to improve the predictive capabilities of air defense systems, making it possible to deploy anti-hypersonic and other high-end missile defense systems, and empowering users with greater military strength. Finally, autonomous drone swarms can theoretically provide new options for conventional counterattacks against an opponent’s nuclear arsenal. This potential capability may disrupt the strategic balance and increase the risk of strategic misjudgments.

4. Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR)
Military AI has already provided new tools for completing intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions, and may play an even greater role in the future. The combination of military AI and existing technologies can greatly improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of completing ISR missions. For example, AI can be combined with balloons or microsatellite constellations to conduct surveillance in “near-Earth space” or enable clustering of reconnaissance drones. AI systems can also process data from a variety of sensors on a large scale to track mobile missile systems on land and even submarines in the ocean. If these capabilities become a reality, they will provide military leaders with one-way transparency that can undermine strategic stability, thereby completely undermining the survivability of the opponent’s triad nuclear forces, and greatly increase the possibility and necessity of the weaker party to take a “preemptive” strike.


5. Command, Control, and Communications (C3)
AI can make cyber and electromagnetic warfare (EW) attacks more threatening and destructive. As big data inputs become increasingly important in AI training, both sides may intentionally degrade system performance by modifying or fine-tuning data sets to “poison” their opponents, which may lead to uncertainties or predictable failures in AI command, control, and communication systems that can be exploited by opponents. Another specific concern is that military AI may affect the C3 systems of nuclear weapons. Nuclear early warning systems will increasingly rely on AI technology to quickly analyze data from various sensors, but the system may misinterpret the data and generate false alarms, which may result in a brutal nuclear war that will hurt both sides.

II. Three options for the United States to manage strategic risks of military artificial intelligence

The report points out that the United States needs to take a series of measures to guard against the various potential dangers that military artificial intelligence brings to the bilateral security relations between China and the United States. These sources of risk may overlap in reality, and risk portfolio management aims to reduce a variety of different drivers of instability. The report discusses three options for managing and controlling the strategic risks of military artificial intelligence.

1. Restricting the development of China’s military AI technology
The report emphasizes that one way that artificial intelligence may exacerbate the risk of escalation is that it provides a large enough military advantage for one party to convince the country that it can wage war and achieve its goals at an acceptable cost. Therefore, the United States needs to try to prevent China’s artificial intelligence technology from developing and avoid the balance of military power from tilting in favor of China. At the same time, vigorously develop the United States’ artificial intelligence capabilities so that it always stays in a leading position and forms a technological advantage deterrence. At present, the United States focuses on preventing China’s military artificial intelligence development, mainly on advanced semiconductors, an important hardware that supports artificial intelligence systems, while restricting data, algorithms and talents in a targeted manner. For example, the U.S. government’s crackdown on TikTok (the overseas version of Douyin) is partly due to concerns that Americans’ data may be used to promote China’s artificial intelligence technology. The United States will also strictly regulate the source code of artificial intelligence algorithms used for geospatial analysis, and further restrict the output or disclosure of general algorithms such as facial recognition software and large language models. In terms of talent policy, the U.S. government will take further measures to prevent Chinese students from studying artificial intelligence technology in the United States.

2. Strengthen unilateral responsibility management and responsibly control military artificial intelligence
The report points out that minimizing civilian casualties should be a key design principle for military AI, and the best way to reduce the risks of military AI is to place the safety and reliability of the system on an equal footing with its lethality or efficiency, and to strictly implement testing and evaluation, verification and validation. To minimize uncertainty, China and the United States need to adopt safe design principles. The United States has formulated a series of unilateral declarative policies on the development and use of military AI. The U.S. Department of Defense’s “Artificial Intelligence Principles: Several Recommendations on the Ethics of the Department of Defense’s Artificial Intelligence Applications” requires the U.S. military to be “responsible, fair, traceable, reliable and controllable” when using AI. These core principles have been reiterated and supplemented in subsequent documents, such as the “Responsible Artificial Intelligence Practice Guide”, “Responsible Artificial Intelligence Strategy and Implementation Pathway”, and the “Autonomous Weapon System Directive” (DoD Directive 3000.09) issued in January 2023, which stipulate how to use AI and integrate it into the entire life cycle of defense projects.


3. Conduct bilateral and multilateral diplomacy to reduce strategic risks
Another way to prevent dangerous power imbalances, costly arms races, or miscalculations is to engage in bilateral and multilateral diplomacy. By negotiating arms control agreements or confidence-building measures, countries can try to set boundaries for the development or use of specific military technologies and then verify compliance. China and the United States should discuss limits on risky applications of AI, such as regulating its use in nuclear command and control or offensive cyber operations. The U.S. and Chinese governments can use bilateral and multilateral channels to exchange views on the impact of AI on national security. The U.S. and Chinese militaries can also engage in dialogues in which both sides raise questions about the military capabilities of AI and its uses, and communicate on rules of engagement, operational conflicts, and other topics to fully express their respective demands and expectations. In addition to official channels, the two countries can also use 1.5-track and 2-track dialogues to enhance understanding and consensus.

III. Nine recommendations for U.S. policymakers in the report
The emergence of military artificial intelligence may intensify competition between China and the United States and increase strategic risks. In order to effectively respond to this trend, the report believes that US policymakers should make efforts in nine aspects.

1. Restricting the development of artificial intelligence in relevant countries
The report recommends that U.S. policymakers continue to restrict the export of semiconductor production equipment and technology, advanced chips and other terminal products to China, hindering relevant countries from advancing military artificial intelligence. In addition, it is recommended that the United States find or develop creative tools to regulate artificial intelligence and its data, algorithms, and manpower. It is also recommended that the United States clearly develop military and dual-use artificial intelligence technologies, and continuously improve its policies to ensure effectiveness, while being vigilant against policies that restrict technological development.

2. Maintaining America’s Lead in Military AI
The report points out that the United States must act quickly to keep up with the development of China’s military artificial intelligence. This requires reforms in many areas, such as making “resilience” a key attribute of military systems. To succeed in this regard, not only the Department of Defense must make efforts, but also update immigration and education policies to attract, train and retain the best scientists and engineers from around the world.

3. Develop, promulgate, and implement responsible military AI norms or regulations
The United States should position itself as the leading global driver of military AI technology development, operational norms, and best practices. Key U.S. priorities in the near term should include further fleshing out the operational details of norms for conducting cyber attacks (including AI) on nuclear C3 infrastructure and fulfilling the commitments of the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR). In short, U.S. actions must match its rhetoric on the responsible use of military AI.


4. Proactively engage with allies, partners, and multilateral institutions
Regional and global partnerships play a vital role in achieving U.S. strategic goals. The United States should actively integrate consultations on relevant issues into its alliances and partnerships, expand the scope of discussion in the G7, NATO, AUKUS, and bilateral relations with Japan and South Korea, and actively promote and advocate the U.S. position in multilateral forums.

5. Consult with China on reducing risks and building trust related to military AI
The report suggests that the United States could try to expand negotiation channels with China on military artificial intelligence, such as developing a vocabulary of military artificial intelligence terms between China and the United States to ensure that both sides have common definitions of key concepts and reduce misunderstandings caused by language and cultural barriers. The two sides can also formulate risk levels based on artificial intelligence capabilities, such as defining artificial intelligence related to logistics support as a low risk level and autonomous nuclear weapon artificial intelligence as a high risk level. Further discuss the application areas of artificial intelligence and stipulate the use of artificial intelligence in lethal weapons. Even if the negotiations between the two sides do not achieve the expected results, exploring these issues will help enhance mutual understanding.

6. Continue to seek to establish a strategic risk and crisis management mechanism between China and the United States
Establishing effective diplomatic channels between China and the United States, especially maintaining contacts at the summit level, is crucial to reducing strategic risks and managing potential crises. The report recommends that the United States continue to explore the establishment of a strategic risk and crisis management mechanism between China and the United States. Even if it works intermittently, it is better than having no mechanism at all.

7. Make military AI a fundamental pillar of diplomacy with China related to nuclear weapons and strategic stability
Military artificial intelligence plays an increasingly important role in the balance between nuclear capabilities and other strategic capabilities. The report recommends that the United States initiate discussions on “strategic stability” at the level of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and include military artificial intelligence in the negotiations.

8. Reducing strategic risks in other areas
The report believes that the United States should take measures as soon as possible to reduce strategic risks in other related areas and take unilateral actions with caution, such as postponing intercontinental ballistic missile tests when tensions escalate, especially when immediate testing is not required to ensure a safe, reliable and effective nuclear deterrence.

9. Strengthening Intelligence Collection, Analysis and Assessment
The direction of the development of military artificial intelligence depends not only on itself, but also on its interaction with nuclear weapons, military infrastructure, communication capabilities and other factors. Therefore, it is urgent to deepen the understanding of the overall strategic stability related to military artificial intelligence. The report recommends that the United States instruct relevant organizations to improve or, when necessary, establish multidisciplinary offices and expert backbones to pay close attention to China’s civilian and military artificial intelligence activities, monitor and analyze intelligence related to the issue, and provide recommendations.

IV. Conclusion
The military application of artificial intelligence may increase strategic risks, and countries need to work together to explore and regulate the development of artificial intelligence technology. In the face of the opportunities and challenges that artificial intelligence technology brings to human society, countries should use dialogue to dispel suspicion, replace confrontation with cooperation, and work together to promote good laws and good governance in the field of artificial intelligence, so that artificial intelligence technology can truly benefit mankind.

Text | Wen Lihao, Chen Lin (National University of Defense Technology)

現代國語：

2023年7月，新美國安全中心（CNAS）推出報告《中美關係與軍事人工智慧：美國如何在與中國的競爭中管控風險》（U.S.-China Competition and Military AI: U.S.-China Competition and Military AI），探討在中美博弈加劇和人工智慧技術迅速發展背景下，美國如何在中美關係中有效管控由人工智慧軍事化引發的一系列戰略風險，就軍事人工智慧加劇中美戰略風險的可能路徑、美國管控軍事人工智慧戰略風險的可選方案和相關措施建議展開了深入分析。報告具有較大參考價值，故將原文內容編譯如下，供讀者學習交流。

圖1：原報告封面
一、軍事人工智慧加劇中美間戰略風險的五條路徑
新興軍事人工智慧究竟會以何種方式加劇中美間的戰略風險？報告討論了五種可能的影響路徑，試圖對此問題進行分析和預測。
（一）重塑中美軍事平衡
報告指出，在人工智慧軍事化應用過程中，由於軍事實力單方面提高而造成的競爭雙方軍事實力失衡最有可能加劇中美戰略風險軍事人工智慧短期內仍將主要用於改善軍隊的裝備維護、軍事後勤、人員培訓和決策支援等過程，發揮輔助性增益性作用，但這些「幕後」任務與前線部隊和武器一樣，構成了軍事實力的基礎。此外，一些新興軍事人工智慧系統也將提高部隊的作戰能力，例如基於人機協同的「忠誠僚機」系統能夠幫助提高飛行員的任務度，儘管這種改進可能是漸進式而非革命性的，且相比完全自主的無人駕駛飛行器，「忠誠僚機」對空戰範式的變革作用有限。但毫無疑問的是，率先進行人工智慧軍事應用的一方，其軍事實力將快速發展，此消彼長間可能推動中美軍事平衡進入新階段，引發落後方的恐慌和擔憂。
（二）深刻影響資訊取得與策略決策
報告認為，軍事人工智慧或將主要以三種方式增加決策和資訊領域產生的戰略風險：一是壓縮決策時間，如果人工智慧可以幫助一方更快決策，那麼另一方可能會為了跟上對手的行動而倉促決策，這種時間壓力可能會加劇緊張局勢甚至製造一場新的危機；二是誘導決策者做出錯誤決策，人工智慧系統的決策過程處於技術「黑箱」中，如果對人工智慧系統的運作機制和缺陷缺乏清晰認知，重大戰略決策最終可能會建立在對被惡意捏造、扭曲的信息或其他劣質信息的分析的基礎上；三是通過大規模信息活動影響對手認知，借助人工智能生成海量含有指向性的文本、音頻、圖像或視頻，破壞政治穩定、混淆高層決策、製造同盟痕痕，引發或加劇同盟痕痕，引發政治危機。

圖2：基於人工智慧的「深度偽造」技術已經能夠快速產生海量的偽造訊息
（三）自主武器系統
首先，如果自主武器系統提供了更強的軍事能力，決策者將可能更傾向於使用武力，因為他們相信獲勝的機會會更高。其次，使用自主武器系統的軍事行動在人員傷亡方面的預期風險較低，這可能會讓雙方領導人更有可能採取行動。再一次，自主武器技術將極大增強現有武器系統的作戰能力，例如使高超音波速武器具備機動變軌的自主性，令敵更難攔截；或藉助機器學習提高防空系統的預測能力，使反高超音波速和其他高端飛彈防禦系統的部署成為可能，為使用方賦能更強的軍事實力。最後，具備自主性的無人機群理論上可以為針對對手核武庫的常規反擊提供新的選擇，這種潛在能力將可能打破戰略平衡，加劇戰略誤判的風險。
（四）情報、監視與偵察（ISR）
軍事人工智慧已經為完成情報、監視和偵察任務提供了新的工具，並且在未來可能會發揮更大作用。軍事人工智慧與現有技術的結合，可以大幅提高完成ISR任務的效率和性價比。例如將人工智慧與氣球或微衛星星座結合，以在「近地空間」進行監視，或為偵察無人機賦能群集性。人工智慧系統還可以大規模處理來自各種感測器的數據，以追蹤陸地上的移動飛彈系統甚至大洋中的潛艇。如果這些能力成為現實，它們將為軍事實力領導者提供能夠破壞戰略穩定性的單向透明度，進而徹底損害對手三位一體核力量的生存能力，也能極大增加弱勢方採取「先發製人」打擊的可能性和必要性。

圖3：自主武器系統應該掌握「開火權」嗎？
（五）指揮、控制與通信（C3）
人工智慧可以使網路和電磁戰（EW）攻擊更具威脅性和破壞性。隨著大數據輸入在人工智慧訓練中變得越來越重要，雙方都可能會透過修改或微調資料集來故意降低系統性能進而達到「毒害」對手的目的，這可能導致人工智慧指揮、控制和通訊系統的不確定性或可預測故障，被對手利用。另一個具體擔憂是，軍事人工智慧可能會影響核武的C3系統。核子預警系統將越來越依賴人工智慧技術來快速分析來自各種感測器的數據，但該系統可能會錯誤解讀數據，產生誤報，其結果可能引發兩敗俱傷的殘酷核戰。
二、美國管控軍事人工智慧戰略風險的三種方案
報告指出，美國需要採取一系列措施來防範軍事人工智慧對中美雙邊安全關係帶來的各種潛在危險，這些風險來源在現實中可能重疊，風險組合管理旨在減少多種不同的不穩定驅動因素，報告在此討論了管控軍事人工智慧戰略風險的三種方案。
（一） 限制中國軍事人工智慧技術發展
報告強調，人工智慧可能加劇風險升級的一種途徑是它為一方提供足夠大的軍事優勢，使該國相信它可以以可接受的成本發動戰爭並實現其目標。因此，美國需要設法阻止中國人工智慧技術發展，避免軍事力量平衡向有利於中國的方向傾斜。同時，大力發展美國的人工智慧能力，使其始終處於領先地位，形成技術優勢威懾。目前，美國阻止中國軍事人工智慧發展的重點主要集中在支援人工智慧系統的重要硬體——先進半導體上，同時有針對性地從數據、演算法和人才方面加以限制。例如美國政府對TikTok（海外版抖音）的打壓，部分原因是擔心美國人的數據可能被用來推動中國人工智慧技術進步。美國也將對用於地理空間分析的人工智慧演算法原始碼進行嚴格監管，並進一步限制臉部辨識軟體、大型語言模型等通用演算法的輸出或揭露。在人才政策方面，美國政府會採取進一步措施，阻止中國學生在美國學習人工智慧技術。

圖4：美國藉口「國家安全」打壓TikTok
（二） 加強單邊責任管理，負責任管控軍事人工智慧
報告指出，最小化平民傷亡應作為軍事人工智慧的關鍵設計原則，降低軍事人工智慧風險的最佳方法是將系統的安全性和可靠性與其殺傷力或效率放在同等重要的位置，並嚴格執行測試和評估、驗證和確認。為了最大限度地減少不確定性，中國和美國需要採用安全的設計原則。美國就軍事人工智慧的開發和使用制定了一系列單方面的宣言性政策。美國國防部《人工智慧原則：國防部人工智慧應用倫理的若干建議》要求美軍在使用人工智慧時做到「負責、公平、可追溯、可靠和可控」。這些核心原則在後續發布的文件中得到了重申和補充，如《負責任的人工智慧實踐指南》、《負責任的人工智慧戰略和實施途徑》以及2023年1月發布的《自主武器系統指令》（DoD Directive 3000.09 ），這些文件規定瞭如何使用人工智慧並將其融入國防專案的整個生命週期。
（三）進行雙邊與多邊外交，降低戰略風險
防止危險的力量失衡、代價高昂的軍備競賽或誤判的另一種方式是進行雙邊和多邊外交。透過談判達成軍備控制協議或建立信任措施，各國可以嘗試為特定軍事技術的開發或使用設定界限，然後核查遵守情況。中國和美國應該討論對人工智慧風險應用的限制，例如規範其在核指揮與控製或進攻性網路行動中的使用。美國和中國政府可以利用雙邊和多邊管道，就人工智慧對國家安全的影響交換意見。中美兩軍也可以展開對話，雙方就人工智慧的軍事能力及其用途提出問題，並就交戰規則、行動衝突和其他主題進行溝通，充分錶達各自訴求和期望。除官方管道外，兩國還可利用1.5軌與2軌對話，增進理解與共識。
三、報告為美國決策層提供的九項措施建議
軍事人工智慧的出現可能會加劇中美競爭，增加戰略風險。為了有效因應這一趨勢，報告認為美國的政策制定者應該從9個面向進行努力。
（一）限制相關國家人工智慧的發展
報告建議美國政策制定者繼續限制半導體生產設備和技術、先進晶片等終端產品的對華出口，阻礙相關國家推動軍事人工智慧。此外，也建議美國尋找或開發監管人工智慧和其數據、演算法、人力的創意工具。明確發展人工智慧軍用和軍民兩用技術，並不斷改善其政策，確保有效性，同時警惕政策為技術發展帶來限制。
（二） 維持美國軍事人工智慧的領先地位
報告指出，美國必須迅速採取行動，跟上中國軍事人工智慧的發展速度。這需要在許多領域進行改革，例如，將「韌性」作為軍事系統的關鍵屬性。要想在這方面取得成功，不僅國防部要做出努力，還需要更新移民和教育政策，吸引、訓練和留住世界各地最優秀的科學家和工程師。
（三） 制定、頒布、實施負責任的軍事人工智慧規範或法規
美國應將自己定位為軍事人工智慧技術開發、操作規範制定和最佳實踐的全球主要推動者。美國近期的主要優先事項應包括進一步充實在核C3基礎設施上實施網路攻擊（包括人工智慧）規範的操作細節，並履行2022年《核態勢評估報告》（Nuclear Posture Review，NPR）的承諾。簡而言之，美國的行動必須與其在負責任地使用軍事人工智慧的言論相符。

圖5：美國自2018年起對華為展開全方位打壓
（四） 主動與盟友、夥伴以及多邊機構接觸
區域和全球夥伴關係在促成美國戰略目標完成方面發揮著至關重要的作用。美國應積極將相關議題的磋商納入其同盟和夥伴關係，擴大G7、北約、AUKUS及與日本和韓國雙邊關係的討論範圍，積極推進、倡導美國在多邊論壇中的立場。
（五）與中國就降低軍事人工智慧相關風險和建立信任進行磋商
報告建議，美國可以嘗試拓展與中國建立軍事人工智慧的談判管道，如開發中美軍事人工智慧術語詞彙表，保證雙方對關鍵概念有共同的定義，減少語言和文化障礙造成的誤解。雙方還可以基於人工智慧能力製定風險等級，例如將後勤保障相關的人工智慧確定為低風險等級，將自主核武人工智慧確定為高風險等級。進一步討論人工智慧應用領域，同時規定人工智慧在致命武器中的使用規範。即使雙方的談判不會達成預期結果，探討這些問題也有助於增進對彼此的理解。
（六） 持續尋求建立中美策略風險與危機管理機制
建立有效的中美外交管道，尤其是保持首腦層級的聯繫，對降低策略風險、管理潛在的危機至關重要。報告建議美國要持續探索建立中美戰略風險和危機管理機制，即使是間歇性發揮作用，也勝過沒有機制。
（七） 使軍事人工智慧成為與核武和戰略穩定相關的對華外交基本支柱
軍事人工智慧在核子能力與其他戰略能力的平衡方面發揮著越來越重要的作用。報告建議，由美國在聯合國五個常任理事國層級發起推動「戰略穩定」的討論，並將軍事人工智慧納入談判。
（八）降低其他領域的策略風險
報告認為，美國應盡快採取措施，減低其他相關領域的戰略風險，謹慎採取單邊行動。例如在局勢緊張加劇時推遲洲際彈道飛彈試射，特別是在不需要立即進行試驗來確保安全、可靠和有效的核威懾的情況下。
（九）強化情報蒐集、分析與評估
軍事人工智慧的發展走向不僅取決於它本身，還取決於它與核武、軍事基礎設施、通訊能力等因素之間的相互作用，因此迫切需要加深對軍事人工智慧相關的整體戰略穩定性的理解。報告建議美國責成相關組織完善或在需要時建立多學科辦公室和專家骨幹，密切關注中國的民用及軍事人工智慧活動，監測、分析與該問題相關的情報，並給予建議。
四、結　語
人工智慧軍事應用可能加劇戰略風險，需要各國攜手對人工智慧技術發展加以探索和規制。面對人工智慧技術為人類社會帶來的機會與挑戰，各國應以對話打消猜忌，以合作取代對立，並攜手推動人工智慧領域依良法、促善治，使人工智慧技術真正造福人類。

文 | 文力浩、陳琳（國防科技大學）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81it.com/2023/1024/14640888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Dissipative Warfare, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Comprehensive Look at Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare: AI War brought about by AGI

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縱覽中國軍事智慧化戰爭：AGI帶來的人工智慧戰爭

現代英語：

Technology and war are always intertwined. While technological innovation is constantly changing the face of war, it has not changed the violent nature and coercive purpose of war. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence technology, people have never stopped debating the impact of artificial intelligence on war. Compared with artificial intelligence (AI), general artificial intelligence (AGI) has a higher level of intelligence and is considered to be a form of intelligence equivalent to human intelligence. How will the emergence of AGI affect war? Will it change the violence and coercive nature of war? This article will discuss this issue with you with a series of thoughts.

  Is AGI just an enabling technology?

  Many people believe that although large models and generative artificial intelligence show the strong military application potential of AGI in the future, they are only an enabling technology after all, that is, they can only enable and optimize weapons and equipment, make existing equipment more intelligent, and improve combat efficiency, and it is difficult to bring about a real military revolution. Just like “cyber warfare weapons” were also highly expected by many countries when they first appeared, but now it seems a bit exaggerated.

  The disruptive nature of AGI is actually completely different. It brings huge changes to the battlefield with a reaction speed and knowledge breadth far exceeding that of humans. More importantly, it has brought about huge disruptive results by promoting the rapid advancement of science and technology. On the battlefield of the future, autonomous weapons will be endowed with advanced intelligence by AGI, their performance will be generally enhanced, and they will become “strong at attack and difficult to defend” with their speed and cluster advantages. By then, the highly intelligent autonomous weapons that some scientists have predicted will become a reality, and AGI will play a key role in this. At present, the military application areas of artificial intelligence include autonomous weapons, intelligence analysis, intelligent decision-making, intelligent training, intelligent support, etc. These applications are difficult to simply summarize as “empowerment”. Moreover, AGI has a fast development speed and a short iteration cycle, and is in a state of continuous evolution. In future operations, AGI needs to be a priority, and special attention should be paid to the possible changes it brings.

  Will AGI make war disappear?

  Historian Geoffrey Blainey believes that “wars always occur because of misjudgments of each other’s strength or will”, and with the application of AGI in the military field, misjudgments will become less and less. Therefore, some scholars speculate that wars will decrease or disappear. In fact, relying on AGI can indeed reduce a large number of misjudgments, but even so, it is impossible to eliminate all uncertainties, because one of the characteristics of war is uncertainty. Moreover, not all wars are caused by misjudgments. Moreover, the inherent unpredictability and inexplicability of AGI, as well as people’s lack of experience in using AGI, will bring new uncertainties, making people fall into a thicker “fog of artificial intelligence”.

  There are also rational problems with AGI algorithms. Some scholars believe that AGI’s mining and accurate prediction of important intelligence will have a dual impact. In actual operation, AGI does make fewer mistakes than humans, which can improve the accuracy of intelligence and help reduce misjudgments; but sometimes it may also make humans blindly confident and stimulate them to take risks. The offensive advantage brought by AGI leads to the best defense strategy being “preemptive strike”, which breaks the balance between offense and defense, triggers a new security dilemma, and increases the risk of war.

  AGI has the characteristics of strong versatility and can be easily combined with weapons and equipment. Unlike nuclear, biological and chemical technologies, it has a low threshold for use and is particularly easy to spread. Due to the technological gap between countries, people are likely to use immature AGI weapons on the battlefield, which brings huge risks. For example, the application of drones in the latest local war practices has stimulated many small and medium-sized countries to start purchasing drones in large quantities. The low-cost equipment and technology brought by AGI are very likely to stimulate the occurrence of a new arms race.

  Will AGI be the ultimate deterrent?

  Deterrence is the ability to maintain a certain capability to intimidate an adversary from taking actions that go beyond its own interests. When deterrence is too strong to be used, it is the ultimate deterrence, such as the nuclear deterrence of mutually assured destruction. But what ultimately determines the outcome is “human nature,” which is the key that will never be missing in war.

  Without the various trade-offs of “humanity”, will AGI become a formidable deterrent? AGI is fast but lacks empathy, is resolute in execution, and has an extremely compressed gaming space. AGI is a key factor on future battlefields, but it is difficult to accurately evaluate due to lack of practical experience, and it is easy to overestimate the opponent’s capabilities. In addition, in terms of autonomous weapon control, whether humans are in the loop and supervise the entire process, or are humans outside the loop and completely let go, this undoubtedly requires deep thought. Can the firing control of intelligent weapons be handed over to AGI? If not, the deterrent effect will be greatly reduced; if so, can the life and death of humans really be decided by machines that have nothing to do with them? In research at Cornell University, large war game simulation models often “suddenly use nuclear attacks” to escalate wars, even if they are in a neutral state.

  Perhaps one day in the future, AGI will surpass humans in capabilities. Will we be unable to supervise and control it? Geoffrey Hinton, who proposed the concept of deep learning, said that he has never seen a case where something with a higher level of intelligence was controlled by something with a lower level of intelligence. Some research teams believe that humans may not be able to supervise super artificial intelligence. In the face of powerful AGI in the future, can we really control them? This is a question worth pondering.

  Will AGI change the nature of war?

  With the widespread use of AGI, will battlefields filled with violence and blood disappear? Some people say that AI warfare is far beyond the capabilities of humans and will push humans out of the battlefield. When AI turns war into a war fought entirely by autonomous robots, is it still a “violent and bloody war”? When opponents of unequal capabilities confront each other, the weak may not have the opportunity to act at all. Can wars be ended before the war through war games? Will AGI change the nature of war? Is an “unmanned” “war” still a war?

  Yuval Noah Harari, author of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, said that all human behavior is mediated by language and affects our history. The Big Language Model is a typical AGI. The biggest difference between it and other inventions is that it can create new ideas and culture. “Artificial intelligence that can tell stories will change the course of human history.” When AGI touches the control of language, the entire civilization system built by humans may be subverted, and it does not even need to generate consciousness in this process. Like Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave”, will humans worship AGI as a new “god”?

  AGI establishes a close relationship with humans through human language and changes human perceptions, making it difficult for humans to distinguish and discern, thus posing the danger of the will to war being controlled by people with ulterior motives. Harari said that computers do not need to send out killer robots. If necessary, they will let humans pull the trigger themselves. AGI accurately creates and polishes situation information and controls battlefield cognition through deep fakes. It can use drones to fake battlefield situations and build public opinion before the war. This has been seen in recent local wars. The cost of war will be greatly reduced, leading to the emergence of a new form of war. Will small and weak countries still have a chance? Can the will to war be changed without bloodshed? Is “force” no longer a necessary condition for defining war?

  The form of war may be changed, but the essence remains. Whether war is “bloody” or not, it will still force the enemy to obey its will and bring a lot of “collateral damage”, but the way of confrontation may be completely different. The essence of war lies in the “human nature” deep in the heart, and “human nature” is determined by culture, history, behavior and values, etc. It is difficult to completely replicate it with some artificial intelligence technology, so we cannot outsource all ethical, political and decision-making issues to artificial intelligence, and we cannot expect artificial intelligence to automatically generate “human nature”. Artificial intelligence technology may be abused due to passionate impulses, so it must be under human control. Since artificial intelligence is trained by humans, it will not always be free of bias, so they cannot be completely separated from human supervision. In the future, artificial intelligence can become a creative tool or partner to enhance “tactical imagination”, but it must be “aligned” with human values. These issues need to be constantly thought about and understood in practice.

  Will AGI revolutionize the theory of war?

  Most subject knowledge is expressed in natural language. The large language model, which is a collection of human writings, can connect language writings that are difficult to be compatible with scientific research. For example, some people input classical masterpieces and even philosophy, history, politics, economics, etc. into the large language model for analysis and reconstruction. It is found that it can not only conduct a comprehensive analysis of all scholars’ views, but also put forward its “own views” without losing originality. Therefore, some people say that it is also possible to re-analyze and interpret war theories through AGI, stimulate human innovation, and drive major evolution and reconstruction of war theories and systems? Perhaps there will be certain improvements and developments in theory, but war science is not only theoretical, but also practical, but practicality and reality are what AGI cannot do at all. Can the classic war theory really be reinterpreted? If so, what is the meaning of the theory?

  In short, AGI’s subversion of the concept of war will far exceed “mechanization” and “informatization”. People should boldly embrace the arrival of AGI, but also be cautious. Understand the concept so as not to be ignorant; conduct in-depth research so as not to fall behind; strengthen supervision so as not to be negligent. How to learn to cooperate with AGI and guard against AGI technology raids by opponents is what we need to pay attention to first in the future. (Rong Ming and Hu Xiaofeng)

  Afterword

  Looking to the future with an open mind

  Futurist Roy Amara has a famous assertion that people tend to overestimate the short-term benefits of a technology but underestimate its long-term impact, which is later called “Amara’s Law”. This law emphasizes the nonlinear characteristics of technological development, that is, the actual impact of technology often takes a longer time scale to fully manifest, reflecting the pulse and trend of technological development and embodying human acceptance and longing for technology.

  At present, in the process of the development of artificial intelligence from weak artificial intelligence to strong artificial intelligence, and from special artificial intelligence to general artificial intelligence, every time people think that they have completed 90% of the journey, looking back, they may have only completed less than 10% of the journey. The driving role of the scientific and technological revolution in the military revolution is becoming more and more prominent, especially the multi-faceted penetration of high-tech represented by artificial intelligence technology into the military field, which has led to profound changes in the mechanism, elements and methods of winning wars.

  In the foreseeable future, intelligent technologies such as AGI will not stop iterating, and the cross-evolution of intelligent technologies and their enabling applications in the military field will become more diversified, perhaps going beyond the boundaries of human cognition of existing war forms. The development of science and technology is unstoppable and unstoppable. Whoever can see the trend and future of science and technology, the potential and power of science and technology with a keen eye and a clear mind, and see through the “fog of war”, will be more likely to seize the initiative to win.

  This reminds us that we should have a broader perspective and thinking when exploring the development of future war forms, so that we can get closer to the underestimated reality. Where is AGI going? Where is intelligent warfare going? This is a test of human wisdom.

[Editor: Wang Jinzhi]

現代國語：

AGI帶來的戰爭思考

編者按

科技與戰爭總是交織在一起，科技創新在不斷改變戰爭面貌的同時，並沒有改變戰爭的暴力性質和強迫性目的。近年來，隨著人工智慧技術的快速發展應用，人們關於人工智慧對戰爭影響的爭論從未停止。與人工智慧（AI）相比，通用人工智慧（AGI）的智慧程度更高，被認為是與人類智慧相當的智慧形式。 AGI的出現將如何影響戰爭，會不會改變戰爭的暴力性和強迫性？本文將帶著一系列思考與大家共同探討這個問題。

AGI只是賦能技術嗎

很多人認為，雖然大模型以及生成式人工智慧展現出未來AGI強大的軍事應用潛力，但它們畢竟只是一種賦能技術，即只能對武器裝備賦能優化，使現有裝備更加智能，提高作戰效率，難以帶來真正的軍事革命。就如同「網路戰武器」在剛出現時也曾被許多國家寄予厚望，但現在看來確實有點誇大。

AGI的顛覆性其實完全不同。它以遠超人類的反應速度和知識廣度為戰場帶來巨大改變。更重要的是，它透過促進科技的快速進步，湧現出巨大的顛覆性結果。未來戰場上，自主武器將被AGI賦予高級智能，性能得到普遍增強，並且憑藉其速度和集群優勢變得「攻強守難」。屆時，一些科學家曾預言的高智慧自主武器將成為現實，而AGI在其中扮演了關鍵性角色。目前，人工智慧的軍事化應用領域包括自主武器、情報分析、智慧決策、智慧訓練、智慧保障等，這些應用很難用「賦能」來簡單概括。而且，AGI發展速度快、迭代周期短，處於不斷進化的狀態。未來作戰，需要將AGI作為優先事項，格外注意其帶來的可能改變。

AGI會讓戰爭消失嗎

歷史學家杰弗裡·布萊尼認為“戰爭總是因為對各自力量或意願錯誤的判斷而發生”，而隨著AGI在軍事領域的應用，誤判將變得越來越少。因此，有學者推測，戰爭將隨之減少或消失。其實，依托AGI確實可以減少大量誤判，但即便如此，也不可能消除所有不確定性，因為戰爭的特徵之一就是不確定性。何況並非所有戰爭都因誤判而產生，而且，AGI固有的不可預測性、不可解釋性，以及人們對AGI使用經驗的缺乏，都會帶來新的不確定性，使人們陷入更加濃重的「人工智慧迷霧」之中。

AGI演算法還存在理性難題。有學者認為，AGI對重大情報的挖掘和精確預測，會帶來雙重影響。 AGI在實際操作層面，確實比人類犯錯少，能夠提高情報準確性，有利於減少誤判；但有時也可能會使人類盲目自信，刺激其鋌而走險。 AGI帶來的進攻優勢，導致最佳防禦戰略就是“先發制人”，打破了進攻與防禦的平衡，引發了新型安全困境，反而增加了戰爭爆發的風險。

AGI具有通用性強的特點，容易與武器裝備結合。與核子、生化等技術不同，它使用門檻低，特別容易擴散。由於各國之間存在技術差距，導致人們很可能將不成熟的AGI武器運用於戰場，帶來巨大風險。例如，無人機在最新局部戰爭實務的應用，就刺激許多中小國家開始大量採購無人機。 AGI帶來的低成本裝備和技術，極有可能刺激新型軍備競賽的發生。

AGI會是終極威懾嗎

威懾是維持某種能力以恐嚇對手使其不採取超越自身利益的行動。當威懾強大到無法使用時就是終極威懾，例如確保相互摧毀的核威懾。但最終決定結果的卻是“人性”，這是戰爭永遠不會缺少的關鍵。

如果沒有了「人性」的各種權衡，AGI是否會成為令人生畏的威懾？ AGI速度很快但缺乏同理心，執行堅決，博弈空間被極度壓縮。 AGI是未來戰場的關鍵性因素，但因缺乏實務經驗很難進行準確評估，很容易高估對手能力。此外，在自主武器控制方面，是人在環內、全程監督，還是人在環外、完全放手，這無疑需要深思。智慧化武器的開火控制權能交給AGI嗎？如果不能，威懾效果將大打折扣；如果能，人類的生死就真的可以交由與其無關的機器來決定？在康乃爾大學的研究中，兵棋推演大模型經常「突然使用核攻擊」升級戰爭，即使處於中立狀態。

或許未來某一天，AGI會在能力上超過人類，我們是不是就無法對其進行監管控制了？提出深度學習概念的傑弗裡·辛頓說，從沒見過更高智能水平的東西被更低智能水平的東西控制的案例。有研究團隊認為，人類可能無法監督超級人工智慧。未來面對強大的AGI，我們真的能夠控制住它們嗎？這是一個值得人們深思的問題。

AGI會改變戰爭本質嗎

隨著AGI的大量運用，充滿暴力和血腥的戰場會不會消失？有人說，人工智慧戰爭遠超過人類能力範圍，反而會將人類推到戰場之外。當人工智慧將戰爭變成全部由自主機器人對抗時，那它還是「暴力和血腥的戰爭」嗎？當能力不對等的對手對抗時，弱者可能根本沒有行動的機會，戰爭是不是透過兵棋推演就可以在戰前被結束？ AGI會因此改變戰爭的本質嗎？ 「無人」的「戰爭」還是戰爭嗎？

《人類簡史》作者尤瓦爾·赫拉利說，人類的一切行為都透過語言作為中介並影響我們的歷史。大語言模型是一種典型的AGI，它與其他發明最大的不同在於可以創造全新的想法和文化，「會說故事的人工智慧將改變人類歷史的進程」。當AGI觸及對語言的掌控時，人類所建構的整個文明體係就可能被顛覆，在這個過程中甚至不需要其產生意識。如同柏拉圖的“洞穴寓言”，人類會不會將AGI當成新的“神明”加以膜拜？

AGI透過人類語言和人類建立親密關係，並改變人類的看法，使人類難以區分和辨別，從而存在戰爭意志被別有用心之人控制的危險。赫拉利說，電腦不需要派出殺手機器人，如果真的需要，它會讓人類自己扣下板機。 AGI精準製造和打磨態勢訊息，透過深度偽造控制戰場認知，既可用無人機對戰場態勢進行偽造，也可以在戰前進行輿論造勢，在近幾場局部戰爭中已初見端倪。戰爭成本會因此大幅下降，導致新的戰爭形態產生，小國弱國還會有機會嗎？戰爭意志是否可以不用流血就可改變，「武力」是否不再是戰爭定義的必要條件？

戰爭形態或被改變，但本質仍在。無論戰爭是否“血腥”，其仍會強迫敵人服從自己的意志並帶有大量“附帶損傷”，只不過對抗方式可能會完全不同。戰爭本質在於內心深處的“人性”，而“人性”是由文化、歷史、行為和價值觀等決定的，是很難用某種人工智能技術完全復刻出來的，所以不能將倫理、政治和決策問題全部外包給人工智能，更不能期望人工智能會自動產生“人性”。人工智慧技術可能會因激情衝動而被濫用，所以必須在人類掌控之中。既然人工智慧是人類訓練的，它就不會永遠都沒有偏見，所以它們就無法完全脫離人類的監督。在未來，人工智慧可以成為有創意的工具或夥伴，增強“戰術想像力”，但必須“對齊”人類的價值觀。這些問題需要在實踐中不斷地去思考和理解。

AGI會顛覆戰爭理論嗎

大多數的學科知識是用自然語言表達的。集人類著述之大成的大語言模型，可以將很難相容的語言著述與科學研究連結起來。例如，有人將古典名著甚至哲學、歷史、政治、經濟學等輸入大語言模型，進行分析重構。發現它既可以對所有學者觀點進行全面分析，也可以提出它“自己的見解”，而且不失創見。因此有人說，是否也可以透過AGI對戰爭理論重新加以分析解釋，激發人類創新，以驅使戰爭理論及體系發生重大演化與重構？也許從理論上確實會有一定的改進和發展，但戰爭科學不僅具有理論性，而且還具有實踐性，但實踐性、現實性卻是AGI根本做不到的。經典戰爭理論真的可以重新詮釋嗎？若是，則理論的意義何在？

總之，AGI對戰爭概念的顛覆將遠超越「機械化」與「資訊化」。對於AGI的到來，人們既要大膽擁抱，也要心存謹慎。理解概念，不至於無知；深入研究，不致於落伍；強化監管，不致於失察。如何學習與AGI合作，防範對手AGI技術突襲，是我們未來首先需要關注的事情。 （榮明 胡曉峰）

編 後

以開闊思維前瞻未來

未來學家羅伊·阿瑪拉有一個著名論斷，人們總是傾向於高估一項技術帶來的短期效益，卻又低估了它的長期影響，後被稱作“阿瑪拉定律”。這個定律，強調了科技發展的非線性特徵，即科技的實際影響往往需要在更長的時間尺度上才能完全顯現，反映了科技發展的脈動與趨勢，體現人類對科技的接納與憧憬。

目前，人工智慧由弱人工智慧到強人工智慧、由專用人工智慧到通用人工智慧的發展過程中，每次人們認為已走完全程的90%時，回首一看，可能才剛到全程的10%。科技革命對軍事革命驅動作用愈發凸顯，尤其是以人工智慧技術為代表的高新技術多方位向軍事領域滲透，使得戰爭制勝機理、制勝要素、制勝方式正在發生深刻演變。

在可以預見的未來，AGI等智慧化技術不會停止迭代的步伐，而智慧化技術交叉演化以及在軍事領域的賦能應用等都將趨於多元化，或許會跳脫出人類對現有戰爭形態認知的邊界。科技的發展已勢不可擋、也無人能擋，誰能以敏銳的眼光、清醒的頭腦，看清科技的趨勢和未來、看到科技的潛質和威力，洞穿“戰爭迷霧”，誰就更有可能搶佔制勝先機。

這提醒著人們，對於未來戰爭形態發展的探索應持更開闊的視野和思維，才可能更接近被低估的現實。 AGI向何處去？智能化戰爭往何處去？這考驗著人類的智慧。 （野鈔洋）

【責任編輯:王金志】

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.news.cn/milpro/20250121/1eb771b26d264926b0c2d23d12084f0f888/c.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Unlocks New Areas of Smart Defense for China’s Ministry of Defense

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人工智慧協助中國國防部開啟智慧防禦新領域

現代英語：

As one of the important representatives of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, artificial intelligence is the most cutting-edge topic in today’s scientific and technological field. AlphaGo Zero crushed its “AI predecessor” AlphaGo through self-learning, Baidu’s driverless car hit the road, and Apple’s mobile phone launched a new face recognition method… In recent years, the practical application of artificial intelligence has shown its huge driving force.

With the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence technology, how is artificial intelligence currently developing in the field of national defense? What role can artificial intelligence play in the field of national defense? How should artificial intelligence be developed in the future to better serve the field of national defense? Around these questions, the reporter interviewed Zhu Qichao, a researcher at the National University of Defense Technology.

Artificial intelligence has become a new focus of international competition——

Military powers are rushing to deploy

“From the perspective of the world situation, countries around the world, especially military powers, are rushing to deploy artificial intelligence. Government departments of the United States, Russia and other countries have all issued artificial intelligence-related strategies or plans, demonstrating that the country attaches great importance to artificial intelligence,” said Zhu Qichao.

Data shows that Russia’s “New Look Reform” that began in 2008 has made artificial intelligence a key investment area. In addition, Russia has also issued the “Concept of Developing a Military Science Complex by 2025”, emphasizing that artificial intelligence systems will become a key factor in determining the success or failure of future wars. In 2013, the European Union proposed a 10-year “Human Brain Project” to invest 1.2 billion euros in human brain research. In October 2016, the White House of the United States issued the “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan” to build an implementation framework for the development of artificial intelligence in the United States.

In Zhu Qichao’s view, many countries are promoting the development and application of artificial intelligence in the field of national defense. From the initial drones to intelligent information processing systems, bionic robots, etc., artificial intelligence has gradually penetrated into various fields of national defense and the military.

In recent years, the United States has used a large number of drones and logistics robots in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Since 2014, the U.S. military has focused on investing in intelligent unmanned systems as a disruptive technology field of the “Third Offset Strategy”. In April last year, the U.S. Department of Defense announced the establishment of an algorithmic warfare cross-functional team to apply artificial intelligence to defense intelligence collection and analysis. According to reports, the U.S. Department of Defense recently officially ordered the establishment of a new artificial intelligence research center to integrate all artificial intelligence-related work of the Department of Defense.

Other countries are also accelerating their pace in this field and promoting the intelligentization of their armies. The Russian Military Industrial Committee plans to achieve 30% robotization of Russian military equipment by 2025, and its army’s wheeled and tracked ground combat robots have been deployed in the Syrian battlefield. South Korea and Israel have developed and used border patrol machines with automatic surveillance and autonomous firing capabilities. Israel has deployed highly autonomous “Harpy” drones in its territory. The South Korean Ministry of Defense also recently stated that it will invest 7.5 billion won by 2020 to promote the use of artificial intelligence in intelligence reconnaissance, command and control and other fields.

“It can be foreseen that various types of intelligent unmanned systems and combat platforms will be increasingly used on the ground, in the air, on the surface, underwater, in space, in cyberspace, and in human cognitive space, profoundly changing the technical proportion of artificial intelligence in future wars,” said Zhu Qichao.

The application of artificial intelligence in the field of national defense is an inevitable trend——

The demand for national defense applications has broad prospects

Judging from the historical development trend and the needs of future wars, artificial intelligence is increasingly becoming the core driving force for a new round of military revolution, and the needs of future wars are increasingly calling for the military application of artificial intelligence. Gregory Allen, a researcher at the Center for a New American Security, emphasized in a report titled “Artificial Intelligence and National Security” that “the impact of artificial intelligence on the field of national security will be revolutionary, not just unique. Governments around the world will consider formulating extraordinary policies, perhaps as radical as when nuclear weapons first appeared.”

Throughout history, the world’s military changes have gone through the development process from the cold weapon era, the hot weapon era, the mechanization era to the information era. From smelting technology to gunpowder technology, mechanization technology, atomic energy technology, and then to information technology, the occurrence of the four military revolutions has been permeated with the core role of technological revolution. “Artificial intelligence is gradually moving towards the battlefield, which is bound to cause significant updates in weapons and equipment, combat styles, troop system organization and combat power generation mode, and thus trigger a profound military revolution.” Facing the development trend of artificial intelligence in the field of national defense, Zhu Qichao said.

In Zhu Qichao’s view, the demand for the use of artificial intelligence in national defense is very broad. At present, the trend of war transformation from mechanization and informatization to intelligence is becoming more and more obvious. The victory of future wars depends more and more on the information advantage, intellectual resources and decision-making speed of the army. Artificial intelligence has great potential in reducing the number of battlefield personnel, obtaining and analyzing intelligence information, and making quick decisions and responses. In 2016, the artificial intelligence program “Alpha” developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States defeated senior US military pilots in a simulated air battle. The subversive significance of artificial intelligence technology for the military revolution has initially emerged.

“Artificial intelligence is increasingly becoming an important driving force for promoting the informatization of national defense and the military, and is constantly improving the information processing capabilities, command and control efficiency, precision strike capabilities, and precise management and support capabilities in the defense field.” Zhu Qichao is very much looking forward to the use of artificial intelligence to enhance the intelligent application of national defense. He said that with the implementation of the military-civilian integration development strategy, new-generation information technologies such as artificial intelligence technology, big data technology, and cloud computing technology will play an increasingly important role in the defense field, promoting the continuous improvement of the level of national defense and military intelligence.

Beware of artificial intelligence becoming a “war poison”——

Humans are the leaders in the human-machine relationship

In recent years, with the development of artificial intelligence technology, various artificial intelligence-related combat concepts and equipment technology projects have emerged in the military field. However, Zhu Qichao believes that artificial intelligence-related technologies and applications are still in the early stages of rapid development, and the limitations of artificial intelligence military applications should not be ignored.

“First of all, artificial intelligence cannot replace human intelligence. When solving war problems outside the scope of programming, artificial intelligence requires human rational analysis ability, flexible adaptability, moral discernment, etc. Therefore, artificial intelligence research should be carried out under the premise of following the mechanism of winning wars.” He analyzed.

Zhu Qichao further explained that in the long run, we still need to be vigilant about the many security, legal, ethical and other issues that artificial intelligence may bring.

In terms of security, in a military confrontation environment, once the artificial intelligence system or weapons and equipment are attacked by the opponent through malicious code, virus implantation, command tampering and other means, it will lead to tactical failure or even catastrophic consequences; factors such as human error, machine failure, and environmental disturbances may also cause the system to lose its combat effectiveness.

In terms of law, the core principles of international armed conflict law – necessity, distinction, proportionality and humanity – will all face the problem of how to apply and adjust them. For example, battlefield robots cannot distinguish between soldiers and civilians, resulting in indiscriminate killing of innocent people, which poses a challenge to the principle of distinction.

In terms of ethics, due to the application of intelligent assessment and decision-making technology, drones, robots, etc., life and dignity, which are regarded as the highest value by humans, may be ignored or even trampled upon, while the commanders of wars are far away from the battlefield to enjoy the fruits of victory. Wars may become “video games” on the battlefield, which will impact the bottom line of human morality. Should human moral standards be embedded in increasingly intelligent machines, what kind of moral standards should be embedded, and how to embed them? These issues require extensive research and discussion by countries around the world.

In response to the security, legal, ethical and other issues that may arise in the application of artificial intelligence in the field of national defense, Zhu Qichao suggested that social security supervision and control should be strengthened to form a social governance model that adapts to the era of artificial intelligence; actively participate in international arms control discussions and negotiations on artificial intelligence, and contribute Chinese wisdom and solutions to address the security, legal and ethical issues brought about by artificial intelligence; firmly establish the idea that humans are the dominant force in the relationship between man and machine, achieve safe and effective control of artificial intelligence, and let it serve the peace and well-being of mankind, rather than making artificial intelligence an “accomplice of the devil.”

Related links

Unmanned underwater vehicle

Unmanned submersibles, also known as unmanned underwater vehicles and unmanned underwater vehicles, are devices that travel underwater without a human operator and rely on remote control or automatic control. With the development of unmanned submersibles and related technologies, unmanned submersibles have been used to perform tasks such as minesweeping, reconnaissance, intelligence gathering, and ocean exploration. In future naval battles, they can also be used as underwater weapon platforms, logistics support platforms, and other equipment.

Advantages: Compared with submarines, unmanned underwater vehicles are unmanned combat platforms, so they can greatly reduce casualties in wars; they are small in size, and the application of other stealth high technologies makes their stealth performance higher than that of submarines; they are multifunctional and multi-purpose.

Limitations: Poor endurance limits the use of unmanned underwater vehicles; the lithium batteries used have technical defects such as easy catching fire; the navigation function still needs to be improved.

It can be foreseen that in the near future, underwater unmanned submersibles will play a huge role in future wars and will change the specific mode of future ocean warfare.

Battle Robot

Military combat robots are an emerging force on the battlefield, and they are used to assist human soldiers in combat. According to the different combat fields of military robots, they are mainly divided into underwater military robots, ground military robots, aerial military robots, and space military robots.

Advantages: Combat robots can greatly reduce the burden and casualties of human soldiers when performing low-intensity combat and dangerous tasks. In addition, they also have advantages such as high intelligence, all-round combat capabilities, strong battlefield survivability, and absolute obedience to orders.

Limitations: Combat robots do not have the ability to fight under complex conditions; today’s combat robots’ intelligence and environmental adaptability have not yet reached the level of being able to fight alone, and they rely heavily on the operation and command of human soldiers.

In the long run, as intelligence drives mechanization and informatization to a higher level and a higher level, combat robots have great development potential. They will be more intelligent, their weapon platforms will be more complex, their environmental adaptability and survivability will be stronger, and they will be able to participate in a variety of warfare modes.

Drone swarm

A drone swarm consists of a number of low-cost small drones equipped with multiple mission payloads. They follow the collective action patterns of insects such as bees and work together to complete specific combat missions under human command or supervision.

Advantages: During combat, drone swarms can be specialized and divided into different tasks, so they can perform a variety of tasks; each drone has a relatively single function, which can greatly reduce R&D and procurement costs; drone swarms can increase the number of battlefield sensors and attack weapons, allowing the army to have an advantage in the number of air equipment on local battlefields; a large number of drones can paralyze enemy air defense radars and consume the enemy’s limited number of high-cost air defense ammunition.

Limitations: As drone swarms have higher requirements for coordination and autonomy, a new command and control model needs to be established to manage large-scale swarms. Therefore, it faces the challenges of mastering key technologies such as collaborative combat algorithms, communication between swarm individuals, and remote command and control.

In the future, drone swarms will drive future air combat equipment to present characteristics such as cheaper airframes, autonomous platforms, and smaller payloads, which may have a revolutionary impact on the development ideas of future aviation equipment systems.

現代國語：

作為新一輪科技革命的重要代表之一，人工智慧是當今科技領域最前線的課題。 AlphaGo Zero透過自我學習碾壓「AI前輩」AlphaGo、百度無人汽車上路、蘋果手機開啟新的刷臉認證方式…近年來，人工智慧的實際應用顯示其技術巨大的驅動力。

在人工智慧技術不斷進步的背景下，人工智慧在國防領域目前發展如何？人工智慧在國防領域能發揮什麼作用？未來應如何發展人工智慧使其更好地服務國防領域？圍繞著這些問題，記者採訪了國防科技大學研究員朱啟超。

人工智慧成為國際競爭新焦點——

軍事強國紛紛搶灘部署

「從世界局勢來看，世界各國尤其是軍事強國都在搶先佈局人工智慧，美、俄等國家政府部門均發布了人工智慧相關戰略或規劃，彰顯國家層面對人工智慧的高度重視。」朱啟超表示。

資料顯示，俄羅斯始於2008年的「新面貌改革」將人工智慧作為重點投資領域。此外，俄羅斯也發布《2025年前發展軍事科學綜合體構想》，強調人工智慧系統將成為決定未來戰爭成敗的關鍵要素。歐盟在2013年提出為​​期10年的“人腦計畫”，擬斥資12億歐元進行人類大腦研究。 2016年10月，美國白宮發布《國家人工智慧研究與發展策略規劃》，建構美國人工智慧發展的實施架構。

在朱啟超看來，不少國家都在推動人工智慧在國防領域的發展運用，從最初的無人機到智慧化資訊處理系統、仿生機器人等，人工智慧逐步滲透到國防和軍隊各個領域。

近年來，美國曾在阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭中大量運用無人機和後勤作業機器人。自2014年以來，美軍已將智慧化無人系統作為「第三次抵銷戰略」的顛覆性技術領域給予重點投資。去年4月，美國國防部宣布成立演算法戰跨職能小組，旨在將人工智慧用於國防情報蒐集和分析領域。據報道，日前美國國防部正式下令成立一個新的人工智慧研究中心，整合國防部所有的人工智慧相關工作。

其他國家也在這個領域加快步伐，推動軍隊智慧化建設。俄羅斯軍事工業委員會計畫在2025年之前實現俄軍裝備30%的機器人化，其軍隊輪式和履帶式地面作戰機器人已經投入敘利亞戰場。韓國和以色列開發和使用具有自動監視和自主決定開火能力的邊境巡邏機器，以色列已在其境內部署自主性很高的「哈比」無人機，韓國國防部也在近期表示將在2020年之前投入75億韓元用於推動人工智慧在情報偵察、指揮控制等領域的運用。

「可以預見，各類智慧化無人系統與作戰平台將在地面、空中、水面、水下、太空、網路空間以及人的認知空間獲得越來越多的應用，深刻改變著未來戰爭人工智慧的技術比重。」朱啟超說。

人工智慧運用於國防領域是大勢所趨——

國防運用需求前景廣闊

從歷史發展趨勢和未來戰爭需求來看，人工智慧越來越成為推動新一輪軍事革命的核心驅動力，未來戰爭需求也越來越呼喚人工智慧的軍事應用。新美國安全中心研究員格雷戈里·艾倫在其主筆的一份題為《人工智能與國家安全》的報告中強調：“人工智能對國家安全領域帶來的影響將是革命性的，而不僅僅是與眾不同的。世界各國政府將會考慮制定非凡的政策，可能會像核武器剛出現時一樣徹底。”

縱觀歷史，世界歷次軍事變革經歷了從冷兵器時代、熱兵器時代、機械化時代到資訊化時代的發展歷程，從冶煉技術到火藥技術、機械化技術、原子能技術，再到資訊技術，四次軍事革命的發生都貫穿著技術革命的核心作用。 「人工智慧逐步走向戰場，勢必會引起武器裝備、作戰樣式、部隊體制編制和戰鬥力生成模式顯著更新，進而引發一場深刻的軍事革命。」面對人工智慧在國防領域的發展態勢，朱啟超表示。

在朱啟超看來，人工智慧的國防運用需求非常廣闊。當下，戰爭形態由機械化、資訊化轉型為智慧化的趨勢愈發明顯，奪取未來戰爭的勝利越來越取決於軍隊的資訊優勢、智力資源和決策速度。而人工智慧在減少戰場人員數量、獲取和分析情報資訊、快速決策和反應等方面具有巨大的潛力。 2016年，美國辛辛那提大學研發的人工智慧程式「阿爾法」在模擬空戰中擊敗了美軍資深飛行員，人工智慧技術對於軍事革命的顛覆性意義已初步顯現。

「人工智慧越來越成為推動國防和軍事資訊化建設的重要驅動力，不斷提升國防領域的資訊處理能力、指揮控制效率、精確打擊能力和精準管理保障能力。」朱啟超對人工智慧提升國防領域智慧化運用非常期待，他表示，隨著軍民融合發展戰略的實施推進，人工智慧技術、大企業數據將不斷提昇軍事化數據等新一代資訊技術將越來越重要在國防領域推動國防和電力提升。

警惕人工智慧成為「戰爭毒藥」——

人類是人機關係主導者

近年來，隨著人工智慧技術的發展，軍事領域湧現出各種人工智慧相關作戰概念和裝備技術項目，但朱啟超認為，目前人工智慧相關技術與應用還處於快速發展的初級階段，不應忽視人工智慧軍事應用的限制。

「首先，人工智慧並不能取代人類智慧。人工智慧在解決可程式範圍外的戰爭問題時，需要人類的理性分析能力、靈活應變能力、道德分辨能力等，因此，要在遵循戰爭制勝機理的前提下進行人工智慧研究。」他分析道。

朱啟超進一步說明，長期來看，還需要警惕人工智慧可能帶來的安全、法律、倫理等諸多問題。

安全方面，軍事對抗環境下，人工智慧系統或武器裝備一旦被對手透過惡意程式碼、病毒植入、指令篡改等手段攻擊，將帶來戰術失利甚至災難性後果；人為錯誤、機器故障、環境擾動等因素也可能使得系統失去戰鬥效力。

在法律方面，國際武裝衝突法中的核心原則——必要性、區別性、相稱性和人道性都將面臨如何適用和調整的問題。例如，戰場機器人無法區分軍人與平民而造成濫殺無辜給區別性原則構成挑戰。

倫理方面，由於智能化評估決策技術、無人機、機器人等的應用，人類奉為最高價值的生命和尊嚴可能受到漠視甚至踐踏，而戰爭的指揮者卻遠離戰場享受戰爭勝利的果實，戰爭或將成為搬上戰場的“電子遊戲”，這將衝擊人類的道德底線。是否應該將人類的道德標準嵌入日益智慧化的機器、嵌入什麼樣的道德標準、如何嵌入？這些問題需要世界各國的廣泛研究與探討。

針對人工智慧在國防領域運用過程中可能出現的安全、法律、倫理等問題，朱啟超建議，應加強社會安全監督管控，形成適應人工智能時代的社會治理模式；積極參與人工智能國際軍備控制討論與談判，為應對人工智能帶來的安全、法律與倫理問題貢獻中國智能和中國；牢固幫助

相關連結

無人潛航器

無人潛航器，也可稱為無人水下航行器和無人水下運載器等，是沒有人駕駛、靠遙控或自動控制在水下航行的器具。隨著無人潛航器及相關技術的發展，無人潛航器已被用於執行掃雷、偵察、情報蒐集及海洋探測等任務，在未來海戰中還可作為水下武器平台、後勤支援平台等裝備使用。

優點：與潛水艇相比，無人潛航器是無人作戰平台，因此可以大大降低戰爭的傷亡；體形小，加上其他隱身高科技的應用使其隱身性能高於潛艇；多功能，多用途。

限制：續航性差限制無人潛航器使用範圍；所用鋰電池有易著火等技術缺陷；目前導航功能尚需完善。

可以預見，在不久的將來，水下無人潛航器必將在未來戰爭中發揮巨大作用，並將改變未來海洋作戰的具體模式。

戰鬥機器人

軍用戰鬥機器人作為戰場上的新興力量，是配合人類士兵作戰的角色。依軍用機器人作戰領域不同主要分為水下軍用機器人、地面軍用機器人、空中軍用機器人和太空軍用機器人等。

優點：戰鬥機器人在執行低強度作戰和危險任務時可以大大減輕人類士兵的負擔和傷亡。此外，其還具有較高智能、全方位作戰能力、較強戰場生存能力、絕對服從命令等優勢。

限制：戰鬥機器人不具備複雜條件下的作戰能力；如今戰鬥機器人的智慧化和環境適應能力還未達到單獨作戰程度，很大程度依賴人類士兵的操作和指揮。

從長遠來看，隨著智慧化牽引機械化和資訊化向更高層次、更高層次發展，戰鬥機器人發展潛力巨大，其智慧化程度將更高、武器平台將更複雜、環境適應和生存能力也將更強，能夠參與的戰爭模式也將多種多樣。

無人機蜂群

無人機蜂群由若干配備多種任務負荷的低成本小型無人機組成，它們參考蜜蜂等昆蟲的集體行動模式，在人類指揮或監管下共同完成特定作戰任務。

優點：作戰時無人機蜂群可專業化分工，因此能執行多種任務；每架無人機功能相對單一，可大幅降低研發和採購成本；無人機蜂群可增加戰場感測器和攻擊武器數量，使軍隊在局部戰場擁有空中裝備數量優勢；大量無人機可癱瘓敵人防空雷達，消耗敵人有限數量的高成本防空彈藥。

限制：由於無人機蜂群對協同和自主的要求更高，需要建立管理大規模蜂群的全新指揮控制模式，因此面臨攻克協同作戰演算法、群集個體間通訊、遠端指揮控制等關鍵技術的挑戰。

未來，無人機蜂群將牽引未來空中作戰裝備呈現機體廉價化、平台自主化、載重小型化等特點，可能對未來航空裝備體系的發展思維產生變革性影響。

中國國防報記者 潘 娣 通訊員 孫 清 高旭堯

中國軍網 國防部網
2018年7月11日 星期三

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-07/11/content_210708888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare

Viewing Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare from a Multi-dimensional Perspective

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多維視角檢視中國軍事智能化戰爭

現代英語：

Intelligent warfare is an advanced stage in the development of human warfare. The increasing maturity of artificial intelligence technology is driving human society from an information society to an intelligent society, and intelligent warfare has emerged. In comparison, mechanized warfare enhances the functions of “hands and feet” based on mass-energy exchange, information warfare enhances the functions of “ears and eyes” based on electromagnetic induction, and intelligent warfare extends and develops the functions of “brain” based on brain-computer interaction, which will also be presented to the world in a brand new style.

Intelligent warfare involves both military affairs and mixed games in the fields of economy, diplomacy, public opinion, culture, etc. In the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually subverted the traditional form, presenting the characteristics of algorithmic combat command, unmanned combat forces, and diversified combat styles with the core of seizing “intelligence control”. However, at the war level, the scope of intelligent warfare has been further expanded, and the violence of war has been greatly reduced. The war process is the process of using intelligent algorithms to gradually replace the competitive games in various fields of human beings and gain advantages. On the one hand, the competitive games in various fields of national security gradually realize the auxiliary decision-making of artificial intelligence. Intelligent political warfare, diplomatic warfare, legal warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, financial warfare, and even more resource warfare, energy warfare, ecological warfare, etc. with intelligent characteristics will gradually step onto the stage of human warfare. For example, once artificial intelligence technology is applied to the financial field, the subsequent intelligent financial game will appear on the list of intelligent warfare. On the other hand, the advanced stage of information warfare has already presented the form of hybrid warfare. The military boundaries of war have been broken, and the hybrid nature will become increasingly prominent, becoming a kind of all-domain linkage confrontation involving national security. With the assistance of intelligent systems, one of the two hostile parties can easily create and use “accidental” events in the opponent’s society, triggering the “butterfly effect” in various fields such as ideology, diplomacy, economy, culture and technology, and then use intelligent military means when necessary to accelerate the process of destroying the enemy country. The high complexity of the future hybrid warfare environment, the strong confrontation of the game, the incompleteness of information and the uncertainty of boundaries provide a broader space for the application of artificial intelligence technology.

Virtual space has become an important battlefield in intelligent warfare, and the proportion of violent confrontation in physical space has declined. Intelligent warfare is carried out in the entire domain around the competition for intelligence advantage. Intelligence, as an abstract concept, mainly exists in the cognitive space of the human brain and computer chips. Whoever can win the intelligence advantage in virtual space can win the intelligent warfare. This advantage can surpass and subvert the information and energy advantages in traditional information and mechanized warfare. Some people even compare it to “in the face of intelligent warfare, information warfare is like a group of clumsy earthworms facing intelligent humans, and they will definitely lose.” This is just like what Comrade Mao Zedong once said about turning enemy commanders into “blind, deaf, and crazy people.” To win the intelligent war, we must turn our opponents into “fools.” It is not difficult to predict that with the trend of the increasing prosperity of human virtual space in the future, the intelligent confrontation in virtual space will determine the outcome of intelligent warfare to a certain extent. For example, the virtual war with intelligent characteristics between the enemy and us in the metaverse can even partially replace the violent and bloody war in the physical space, and the results of virtual combat can also be used as the basis for judging victory or defeat. The intelligent warfare system can “learn without a teacher”, “play against itself” and “learn by itself” in the metaverse, becoming a “strategist” and “good general” for people to conquer the virtual cognitive space.

The victory or defeat of intelligent warfare depends on the active shaping and full control of potential fighters, and the collapse of the combat process can even be ignored. Intelligent warfare is an opportunistic game between the intelligent systems of both sides in the process of dynamic evolution. Both sides are constantly analyzing and looking for each other’s weak links. Once a fighter appears, they will not give the opponent any chance to turn the tables. Controlling the fighter means winning, and the moment the fighter appears is the decisive moment for both sides. This is just like the battle between martial arts masters. The victory or defeat is often only a moment. The local defeat caused by the instantaneous confrontation may be seized by the opponent to drive the overall situation into a passive state, which will lead to a complete loss. Therefore, both sides of the intelligent war are doing two things around the fighter: one is to actively evolve a more complete war system to avoid omissions and mistakes, especially in order to prevent the opponent from discovering potential fighters, and even not to take the initiative to reveal flaws and use static braking. For example, artificial intelligence reinforcement learning can be used to repeatedly conduct virtual confrontations based on basic combat game rules, automatically generate war experience and lessons, self-innovate and optimize and upgrade its own security defense system; second, do everything possible to recognize and identify the weaknesses of the opponent’s system, find the immediate advantage window of war, so as to expand local advantages and create opportunities. In particular, in order to tap into potential opportunities, it will even actively shape the situation and induce the opponent to enter an unfavorable situation or process. For example, with the help of intelligent war games “fighting left and right, confrontation evolution”, “future fighters” can be discovered in virtual wars, so as to simultaneously guide the current physical space combat preparations. Therefore, the process of intelligent warfare is shorter. If the informationized war is planned before action, then the process of intelligent warfare is planned before victory. The hostile parties have long-term games in the high-dimensional strategic cognitive domain around the appearance of fighters. After the fighters appear and the victory is deduced, they immediately enter the low-dimensional tangible space physical domain to implement joint operations. The time process of the war shows the characteristics of long preparation time and short combat time.

現代國語：

智能化战争是人类战争形态发展的高级阶段。人工智能技术的日益成熟，正推动人类社会由信息化社会逐步进入智能化社会，智能化战争随之产生。相比较而言，机械化战争基于质能互换增强了“手足”功能，信息化战争基于电磁感应提升了“耳目”功能，智能化战争基于脑机交互延伸发展了“大脑”功能，也将以全新的样式呈现在世人眼前。

智能化战争既涉及军事，又更多体现在经济、外交、舆论、文化等领域的混合博弈上。在军事领域中，智能化作战已逐步颠覆了传统形态，呈现出以夺取“制智权”为核心的作战指挥算法化、作战力量无人化、作战样式多样化等特点。但是在战争层面，智能化战争的领域更加拓展，战争的暴力性大幅降低，战争过程就是运用智能算法逐步代替人类各个领域的竞争博弈并赢得优势的过程。一方面，国家安全各个领域中的竞争博弈逐步实现人工智能的辅助决策，智能化政治战、外交战、法律战、舆论战、心理战、金融战，甚至更多具有智能化特征的资源战、能源战、生态战等，都将逐步迈上人类战争的舞台。例如，人工智能技术一经运用于金融领域当中，随之而来的智能化金融博弈就将出现在智能化战争的清单之上。另一方面，信息化战争的高级阶段已经呈现出了混合战争的形态，战争的军事界限被打破，混合性将日益凸显，成为一种涉及国家安全的全领域联动对抗。在智能化系统的辅助决策下，敌对双方中的一方很容易制造和利用对手社会“偶发”事件，在意识形态、外交经济、文化科技等各个领域触发“蝴蝶效应”，必要时再借助智能化军事手段，以加速敌国毁瘫进程。未来混合战争环境的高复杂性、博弈的强对抗性、信息的不完备性和边界的不确定性等特点，为人工智能技术的应用提供了更加广阔空间。

虚拟空间成为智能化战争的重要战场，实体空间的暴力对抗比例有所下降。智能化战争围绕着智能优势的争夺而在全域展开，作为抽象概念的智能，则主要存在于人类大脑和计算机芯片的认知空间中。谁能在虚拟空间中赢得智能优势，谁就能取得智能化战争的胜势。这种优势可以超越并颠覆传统信息化、机械化战争中的信息与能量优势，甚至有人将其比喻成“在智能化战争面前，信息化战争就像一群笨拙的蚯蚓面对智慧的人类一样必败无疑”。这就如同毛泽东同志曾谈到的我们要将敌方指挥员变成“瞎子、聋子、疯子”一样，打赢智能化战争就要把对手变成“傻子”。不难预测，在未来人类虚拟空间日渐繁盛的趋势下，虚拟空间中的智能对抗将一定程度上决定智能化战争胜负。例如，敌我双方在元宇宙当中进行带有智能化特征的虚拟战争，甚至可以部分取代实体空间的暴力和流血战争，虚拟交战成果也可以作为胜负的判定依据。而智能化战争系统可以“无师自通”，在元宇宙中“自我对弈”“自学成才”，成为人们征服虚拟认知空间的“谋臣”“良将”。

智能化战争的胜负取决于对潜在战机的主动塑造和充分把控，作战进程坍缩甚至可以忽略不计。智能化战争是双方智能化体系在动态演化过程中的伺机博弈，双方都在时时刻刻分析并寻找着对方的薄弱环节，一旦出现战机将不会给对手任何翻盘的机会。把控战机即获胜，战机出现之时即双方决胜时刻。这就如同武侠高手间过招，胜负往往只在一瞬之间，瞬间的争锋所产生的局部失利，就有可能被对手抓住机会带动全局落入被动，进而导致满盘皆输。因此，智能化战争双方都在围绕战机做好两方面工作：一是积极进化出更加完备的战争体系，避免出现缺漏与过失，尤其是为了不让对手发现潜在战机，甚至不会主动出招露出破绽而以静制动。例如，可运用人工智能的强化学习，反复进行基于基本交战博弈规则的虚拟对抗，自动产生战争经验教训，自我创新并优化升级自身安全防御体系；二是千方百计地认知与识别对手体系弱点，找到战争的即时优势窗口，以此扩大局部优势并创造战机。尤其是为了挖掘潜在战机，甚至会积极主动塑局并诱导对手进入不利境地或进程。例如，可借助智能化兵棋“左右互搏、对抗演化”，在虚拟战争中发现“未来战机”，以此同步指导当下实体空间作战准备。因此，智能化作战的进程更加短暂，如果说信息化战争是谋定而后动的话，那么智能化战争的进程则是谋胜而后定。敌对双方围绕战机的出现，在高维的谋略认知域长期博弈，待战机出现并推演决胜后，随即就进入低维有形空间物理域实施联动作战，战争时间进程呈现准备时间长而作战时间短的特点。

智 韬

中国军网 国防部网

2022年7月7日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-07/07/content_319277888.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Chinese #Quantum #technology, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

United States Continuing Promoting Use of Artificial Intelligence During Combat Operations

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美國繼續推動在作戰行動中使用人工智慧

現代英語：

The US military is accelerating the application of artificial intelligence technology in actual combat.

According to foreign media reports, the US Department of Defense recently released a strategic planning document on artificial intelligence technology to strengthen top-level design and promote the rapid development of related technologies. At the same time, the US military has also continued to strengthen its combat use of artificial intelligence technology.

Release of strategic planning documents

Recently, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Hicks signed the strategic document “Responsible Artificial Intelligence Strategy and Implementation Approach”, which clarified the basic principles and main framework for the U.S. Department of Defense to implement the artificial intelligence strategy. The main contents include the following two aspects.

Sort out the “demand side”. First, adjust the management structure and process, and continue to follow up on the development of artificial intelligence technology in the Ministry of National Defense. Second, pay attention to the research and development and procurement of artificial intelligence products, and adjust the speed of artificial intelligence technology development in a timely manner. Third, use the demand verification procedure to ensure that artificial intelligence capabilities are consistent with operational requirements.

Optimize the “R&D end”. First, create a trustworthy AI system and AI-enabled system. Second, promote a common understanding of the concept of “responsible AI” through domestic and international cooperation. Third, improve the theoretical and operational level of AI-related personnel in the Ministry of National Defense.

In addition to the military’s strategic planning report, American think tanks have recently made recommendations on the cooperation between the United States and its allies in the application of artificial intelligence technology. The Center for Security and Emerging Technologies at Georgetown University in the United States released a report stating that the U.S. government, universities, research institutions and the private sector should promote artificial intelligence technology research cooperation with Australia, India and Japan in various ways to achieve an open, accessible and secure technology ecosystem and improve the performance of relevant U.S. military weapons and equipment.

Accelerate the pace of technology application

In addition to formulating a “roadmap” for the development of artificial intelligence technology in top-level design, the US military has also taken a number of measures recently to try to apply relevant mature technologies to military practice.

From the perspective of military construction, the Army’s “Integration Plan”, the Navy’s “Winning Plan” and the Air Force’s “Advanced Combat Management System” are the three major artificial intelligence programs of the US military. All three programs are being promoted simultaneously. Recently, the US Army Contracting Command awarded a US military contractor Engineering and Computer Simulation a contract totaling $63.28 million to design and develop new artificial intelligence algorithms. Kitchener, commander of the US Navy’s surface forces, said that the US Navy’s surface forces will focus on integrating capabilities such as artificial intelligence and machine learning in the near future to significantly enhance their combat advantages. The US Air Force recently successfully demonstrated an artificial intelligence algorithm called Artuu, which can automatically manipulate U-2 reconnaissance aircraft to search for enemy missile launchers and generate real-time combat maps of cross-domain threats.

From the perspective of combat power generation, the U.S. military is accelerating the application of artificial intelligence technology in actual combat. The U.S. National Interest bimonthly website recently published an article saying that the U.S. Navy and Air Force are developing a new generation of training systems to help their fighters better deal with new air threats. This intelligent technology, called the “P5 Combat Training System,” can help U.S. military pilots conduct virtual training in high-threat, high-confrontation combat scenarios.

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is busy verifying an “autonomous cyber attack system based on artificial intelligence chips”. It is reported that the system can generate a set of attack codes every 24 hours and dynamically adjust the attack program according to the real-time network environment. Since the attack code is newly generated, it is difficult for antivirus systems that rely on existing virus libraries and behavior recognition to identify it, and the code is highly concealed and destructive. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) believes that the system has extremely high application potential and can help the US military gain technological advantages in future cyber operations.

Triggering a cutting-edge military competition

Overall, the US military has been active in the development of artificial intelligence recently, and related developments may trigger a new round of global cutting-edge military competition.

On the one hand, the US military is promoting the idea of ​​”everything can be intelligent” internally. The US military claims that fighter jets, tanks, ground control stations and surface ships can not only serve as entities with combat capabilities, but also as nodes for monitoring battlefields and obtaining war information. To achieve this goal, artificial intelligence will play an irreplaceable role. Combined with the US military’s strategic planning documents, it is not difficult to see that in order to create more nodes, the US military will give full play to the enabling role of artificial intelligence in the next step to help various weapon platforms find and strike targets faster.

On the other hand, it will have an external impact on the global military development pattern. The US military and its allies are vigorously promoting the development of artificial intelligence technology, mainly to use these advanced technologies to suppress rival countries, and the backlash effect of related practices may be immediate. At present, many countries in the world are vigorously developing related technologies. It can be foreseen that with the rapid development and support of technologies such as artificial intelligence, the future battlefield will accelerate the transition to an intelligent and unmanned battlefield. Cross-domain collaborative operations such as land, sea, air, space, and the Internet will become the main combat style of future wars, driving the development and application of equipment technology, and promoting major changes in the global military development pattern.

現代國語：

據外媒報道，近期，美國國防部發布人工智能技術戰略規劃文件，強化頂層設計，推動相關技術快速發展。與此同時，美軍也持續加強對人工智能技術的作戰運用。

出台戰略規劃文件

近期，美國防部常務副部長希克斯簽署《負責任的人工智能戰略和實施途徑》戰略文件，明確美國防部實施人工智能戰略的基本原則和主體框架，主要內容包括以下兩個方面。

理順“需求端”。一是調整管理結構和流程，持續跟進國防部人工智能技術發展。二是關注人工智能產品的研發和采購，適時調整人工智能技術開發速度。三是使用需求驗證程序，確保人工智能能力與作戰需求保持一致。

優化“研發端”。一是創建可信的人工智能系統和人工智能賦能系統。二是通過國內、國際合作，促進對“負責任的人工智能”概念的共同理解。三是提高國防部人工智能相關人員的理論和操作水平。

除軍方的戰略規劃報告外，近期，美國智庫也對美國與盟友的人工智能技術應用合作提出建議。美國喬治城大學安全和新興技術中心發布報告稱，美國政府、大學、研究機構和私營部門應通過多種方式，促進與澳大利亞、印度和日本3國的人工智能技術研究合作，以實現開放、可訪問和安全的技術生態系統，提升美軍相關武器裝備性能。

加快技術應用步伐

除在頂層設計上為人工智能技術發展制定“路線圖”外，美軍近期還多措並舉，試圖將相關成熟技術運用於軍事實踐。

從軍種建設層面看，陸軍的“融合計劃”、海軍的“制勝計劃”和空軍的“先進作戰管理系統”是美軍當前三大人工智能計劃。三大計劃均在同步推進。近期，美陸軍合同司令部授予美軍事承包商工程與計算機模擬公司一份總金額6328萬美元的合同，以設計和開發新的人工智能算法。美海軍水面部隊指揮官基奇納表示，美海軍水面部隊近期將重點整合人工智能與機器學習等能力，以大幅提升作戰優勢。美空軍近期成功演示了一種名為Artuu的人工智能算法，能自動操縱U-2偵察機尋找敵方的導彈發射器，生成跨域威脅實時作戰圖。

從戰力生成層面看，美軍正在加速人工智能技術在實戰方面的應用。美國《國家利益》雙月刊網站近日刊文稱，美海軍和空軍正在研發新一代訓練系統，幫助其戰斗機更好地應對新的空中威脅。這種名為“P5作戰訓練系統”的智能技術，可幫助美軍飛行員進行高威脅、高對抗作戰場景下的虛擬訓練。

美國防高級研究計劃局則在忙於驗證一款“基於人工智能芯片的自主網絡攻擊系統”。據悉，該系統每24小時可生成一套攻擊代碼，並能根據網絡實時環境，對攻擊程序進行動態調整。由於攻擊代碼是全新生成的，因此，依托現有病毒庫和行為識別的防病毒系統難以識別，代碼的隱蔽性和破壞性強。美國防高級研究計劃局認為，該系統具有極高的應用潛力，能夠在未來的網絡作戰中幫助美軍獲得技術優勢。

引發前沿軍事競賽

總體來看，近期美軍在人工智能建設方面動作頻頻。相關動向或將引發新一輪全球前沿軍事競賽。

一方面，對內推動“萬物皆可智能”。美軍宣稱，無論是戰斗機、坦克、地面控制站還是水面艦船，不僅可作為一個具有作戰能力的實體，還可作為一個監視戰場和獲取戰爭信息的節點。要實現這個目標，人工智能將發揮不可替代的作用。結合美軍戰略規劃文件不難看出，為打造更多節點，美軍下一步將充分發揮人工智能的賦能作用，助力各類武器平台更快地發現和打擊目標。

另一方面，對外影響全球軍事發展格局。美軍及其盟友大力推動人工智能技術發展的做法，主要目的是利用這些先進技術打壓對手國家，相關做法的反噬效應或將立竿見影。目前，世界多國都在大力發展相關技術。可以預見，在人工智能等技術的快速發展和支撐下，未來戰場將加速向智能化、無人化戰場過渡，陸、海、空、天、網等跨域協同作戰，將成為未來戰爭的主要作戰樣式，牽引裝備技術發展和運用轉化，推動全球軍事發展格局發生重大變化。

來源：中國軍網-中國國防報 作者：傅 波 責任編輯：尚曉敏

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/wj_208604/10169848888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization

People’s Liberation Army Artificial Intelligence Innovation Will Profoundly Change the Face of Warfare for China

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解放軍人工智慧創新將深刻改變中國戰爭面貌

現代英語：

Defeating dozens of top Go players in man-machine battles, defeating retired U.S. Air Force pilots in simulated air combat… In recent years, artificial intelligence has been like an omnipotent “magician”, creating endless miracles, which not only surprises many people, but also constantly refreshes people’s imagination.

As a technical science dedicated to simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence, artificial intelligence has long surpassed scientists’ initial imagination and entered a “blowout period” of rapid development. It is profoundly changing human production and lifestyle, and promoting the social form to accelerate the leap from digitalization and networking to intelligence. At the same time, the widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the military field will fundamentally change the winning mechanism and combat methods of modern warfare, give birth to new combat means and combat ideas, and promote the war form to accelerate into the intelligent era.

In intelligent warfare, intelligent equipment, intelligent command, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent combat methods are all conceivable – “fake news” created by artificial intelligence is everywhere in the entire process of war preparation, conduct and end, and it is “indistinguishable from the real thing”; the role of inanimate intelligent bodies and robot combatants in intelligent warfare is highlighted, and artificial intelligence combat forces such as “cloud brain”, “digital staff” and “virtual warehouse” used for information support, command and control, effect evaluation and logistics support will play an increasingly important role in future wars, and intelligent machines and intelligent weapons will become the main force on the battlefield of the future; long-range, precise, miniaturized and large-scale unmanned attacks will become the main form of attack, and the “man-to-man” war will expand to the war of “machine autonomous combat”; intelligent swarm attrition warfare, cross-domain mobile warfare, and cognitive control warfare will become the basic combat types; dispersed deployment of man and machine, autonomous coordination, and concentrated energy offensive and defensive operations will become the basic principles of cross-domain integration and full-domain operations; the “observation-judgment-decision-action” link will be greatly shortened, the combat rhythm will be faster, the actions will be more precise, and the efficiency will be higher; upgrading and training of artificial intelligence systems and various unmanned combat platforms through continuous confrontation exercises will become an important way to enhance combat effectiveness. Intelligence will surpass firepower, mobility and information power to become the most critical factor in determining the outcome of a war. As a result, the connotation of battlefield control will need to be redefined, new topics will be added to international arms negotiations, and textbooks on deterrence theory will also be rewritten.

The world’s military powers, represented by the United States, have foreseen the broad application prospects of artificial intelligence technology in the military field. They believe that future wars will be intelligent wars and future arms races will be intelligent competitions. They have already laid out a series of research plans in advance, hoping to seize the initiative in the militarization of artificial intelligence and strive to open up a “generation gap” with potential opponents. In recent years, NASA, the Department of Defense and various military services have deployed a series of artificial intelligence technology research projects in the military field. The US Department of Defense has also proposed the establishment of a “Joint Artificial Intelligence Center” to jointly promote artificial intelligence projects with the US military and 17 intelligence agencies, and coordinate the planning and construction of an intelligent military system supported by military technology and military applications. Russia also regards artificial intelligence as the commanding heights of future military competition. The Russian army is stepping up the development of humanoid robots that can drive vehicles and forming robot troops that can fight side by side with human soldiers. Russian President Putin said: “Artificial intelligence is not only the future of Russia, but also the future of all mankind. This contains huge opportunities and unpredictable threats today.” Countries such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, South Korea, and India are also increasingly paying attention to the development and application of artificial intelligence in the military field.

Today, the pace of militarized application of artificial intelligence may be difficult to stop. Faced with the new situation, we need to firmly grasp the major historical opportunities for the development of artificial intelligence, analyze the general trend, take the initiative to plan, grasp the direction, seize the initiative, and effectively safeguard national security. At the same time, based on the future and destiny of mankind, the international community should establish a mechanism to prevent the excessive military application of artificial intelligence as soon as possible. After all, the power of mankind to create civilization should not become a tool to destroy civilization, and scientific and technological progress should be a blessing for the benefit of mankind, rather than a death knell that threatens human survival and development.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

游光荣

在人机大战中击败数十名顶级围棋高手、在模拟空战中击败美国空军退役飞行员……近年来，人工智能犹如万能的“魔法师”，创造了层出不穷的奇迹，在惊掉不少人下巴的同时，也不断刷新着人们的想象。

作为一门致力于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的技术科学，人工智能早已超越了科学家最初的想象，进入了一个高速发展的“井喷期”，正在深刻改变人类的生产生活方式，推动社会形态从数字化、网络化向智能化加速跃升。同时，人工智能技术在军事领域的广泛运用，将从根本上改变现代战争制胜机理和作战方式，催生新的作战手段和作战思想，推动战争形态加速迈入智能化时代。

在智能化战争中，智能化装备、智能化指挥、智能化维修、智能化作战方式都是可以想象的——人工智能制造的“虚假新闻”在战争准备、进行和结束的全过程中无处不在，而且“以假乱真”；无生命智能体、机器人战斗员在智能化战争中的作用凸显，用于信息支援、指挥控制、效果评估、后勤保障的“云端大脑”“数字参谋”“虚拟仓储”等人工智能作战力量将在未来战争中发挥越来越重要的作用，智能机器和智能武器将成为未来战场的主力军；远程化、精确化、小型化、大规模无人攻击将成为主要进攻形式，“人对人”的战争将向“机器自主作战”的战争拓展；智能化的蜂群消耗战、跨域机动战、认知控制战将成为基本作战类型；人机分散部署、自主协同、集中能量攻防作战，成为跨域融合、全域作战的基本准则；“观察-判断-决策-行动”链路大大缩短，作战节奏更加快捷、行动更加精准、效率更高；通过持续的对抗演习对人工智能系统和各类无人化作战平台的升级训练，将成为战斗力提升的重要方式。智能将超越火力、机动力和信息力，成为决定战争胜负的最关键因素。随之而来的是，战场控制权的内涵将需要重新界定，国际军备谈判将增加新主题，威慑理论的教科书也将改写。

以美国为代表的世界军事强国，预见到人工智能技术在军事领域的广阔应用前景，认为未来的战争将是智能化战争、未来的军备竞赛将是智能化竞赛，并已提前布局了一系列研究计划，希望抢占人工智能军事化应用先机，力求与潜在对手拉开“代差”。近年来，美国国家航空航天局、国防部和各军种在军事领域部署了一系列人工智能技术研究项目，美国国防部还提出建立“联合人工智能中心”，计划联合美军和17家情报机构共同推进人工智能项目，统筹规划建设以军事技术和军事应用为支撑的智能化军事体系。俄罗斯也视人工智能为未来军事竞争的制高点，俄军正加紧研制可以驾驶车辆的类人机器人、组建可与人类战士并肩战斗的机器人部队。俄总统普京提出：“人工智能不仅仅是俄罗斯的未来，也是全人类的未来。这包含着巨大的机遇和当今难以预测的威胁。”英国、日本、澳大利亚、韩国、印度等国家也日益重视人工智能在军事领域的发展和应用。

如今，人工智能军事化应用步伐或许已难以阻止，面对新形势，我们需要牢牢把握人工智能发展的重大历史机遇，研判大势、主动谋划、把握方向、抢占先机，有效维护国家安全。与此同时，从人类自身前途命运出发，国际社会应该早日建立防止人工智能在军事上过度应用的机制。毕竟，人类创造文明的力量不应该成为毁灭文明的工具，科技进步应该成为造福人类的福音，而不是成为威胁人类生存与发展的丧钟。

（作者单位：军事科学院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4826892888.html

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #智慧戰爭, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Intelligent Warfare

Chinese Military Comprehensive View of Intelligent warfare | People’s Liberation Army Analysis of Theoretical Innovation of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍隊智慧化戰爭綜合觀 | 解放軍智能化戰爭理論創新分析

現代英語：

Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, the application of military intelligence in various countries around the world is accelerating, which is triggering a chain of breakthroughs in the military field and promoting the accelerated evolution of human warfare towards intelligent forms. To keep up with the development of intelligent warfare, we need to adapt to changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, grasp the evolution trend of intelligent warfare, master the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare, dispel the “fog” of intelligent warfare, and efficiently and innovatively develop intelligent warfare combat theories.

Sharply grasp the innovation trend of combat theory of “winning by intelligence”

Fully recognizing the development trend of intelligent warfare in the future is the premise for innovating the theory of intelligent warfare. First, the innovation mode of intelligent warfare theory has evolved from “innovation due to war” to “innovation before war”. Information power and intelligence power are the key factors for winning intelligent warfare. Weapons and equipment are being updated at an accelerated pace due to the support of intelligent technology. Intelligent means can visualize wars that have not yet begun. The development and evolution of intelligent warfare has continuously compressed the space and time for traditional weapons and tactics to play a role. The “innovation due to war” operational theory innovation mode based on experience summary of wars that have occurred or are occurring has been difficult to keep up with the evolution of intelligent warfare forms. The “innovation before war” operational theory innovation based on reasonable speculation and scientific deduction will become possible. Second, the content of intelligent warfare operational theory innovation has evolved from “keeping pace with the times” to “pre-time advancement”. The innovation of traditional operational theory is based on “what kind of weapons to fight what kind of war”, and studies “using current tactics to fight future wars”. Tactical innovation and weapon equipment updates are almost synchronized or slightly behind in time, which is a synchronous correlation of “keeping pace with the times”. The battlefield of intelligent warfare is constantly expanding from traditional space and time to new space-time fields. The battle outcome has shifted from being dominated by the battlefield space to being dominated by the preparation space. Tactical innovation and weapon equipment updates are forward-looking designs that focus on the future in terms of time. They are “fighting future wars with future tactics” and will present a “forward-looking and forward-looking” relationship. Third, the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare has evolved from “winning by tactics” to “winning by algorithms”. In intelligent warfare, a large number of unmanned intelligent weapons will go to the battlefield and dominate the direction of the war. The key to intelligence is algorithms, and the traditional winning mechanism of “winning by tactics” will be replaced by “winning by algorithms”. The key to algorithms is “computing power”, and “computing power” determines “combat power”. The development of intelligent weapons has prompted tactical innovation to move forward to the “algorithm field”, turning tactics into algorithms and solidifying tactics into technology, which may be the logical starting point for the innovation of future intelligent warfare combat theories. Fourth, the dominant factors of intelligent warfare have evolved from people’s “magic calculations” to machines’ “intelligent calculations”. In intelligent warfare, a large number of new weapons and equipment are “on stage”. Commanders have limited time to deploy troops on the battlefield, and the “window” for relying on tactics to make up for technical disadvantages is reduced. Tactical design will be more integrated into systematic weapons and equipment and iterative training through algorithm design before the war. Traditional combat rules are subverted, bottlenecks that restrict combat are broken, and combat effects are controlled. The way to win the war will subvert existing cognition. Intelligent weapons and equipment rely on powerful computing power to become a key link in the combat system, and their “intelligent calculation” ability will surpass the “magic calculation” ability of humans.

Constructing a combat theory innovation system that adheres to the principle of “innovation before war”

The innovation of intelligent warfare theory should play the leading role of combat concepts, establish a dynamically updated innovation system, and study “fighting future wars with future tactics”. First, build a “new before war” innovation paradigm. Use intelligent means to visualize and construct future war scenarios, and then drive combat theory innovation, open up a closed loop of combat concept proposal, demonstration, and dynamic update of application, and organically integrate with weapons and equipment research and development, prepare new, advanced, and proven combat theories and weapons and equipment before the war starts, and build a “new before war” intelligent warfare theory innovation paradigm. Second, reconstruct the “unmanned intelligent” combat theory system architecture. Focusing on the changes in future combat forms, update traditional thinking patterns, study the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare, design and innovate the use of intelligent weapons and tactics, boldly conceive new models of intelligent warfare, and innovate unmanned combat and intelligent combat theory systems. Third, strengthen the overall management of “specializing in the main business”. Improve and perfect the relevant work systems and mechanisms for supervising and promoting the innovation of intelligent warfare theory, so that combat theory innovation can be transformed from special tasks to normal tasks, and ensure that there is a basis for construction and measures for implementation. Fourth, create an academic ecology of “open innovation”. We should fully develop academic democracy, open the door to innovation in operational theory, adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts, adhere to quality standards, mobilize personnel to participate extensively in the development of operational concepts, pool wisdom, innovate, and make breakthroughs, so as to promote the iterative updating of operational concepts.

Build a combat theory innovation platform to support “anticipating the times”

The development of war games, virtual simulation and other technologies has made it possible to conduct “preliminary” research on tactics, and combat laboratories have become the main battlefield for the innovation of future combat theories. First, we should increase the construction of combat laboratories. Combat theory innovation is a pre-practical study of war. In the past, it was difficult to conduct scientific deductions of combat due to the limitations of means. With the iterative development and improvement of war game deduction systems and simulation systems, virtual simulation technology is used to realistically set up future battlefield scenarios and allow the warring parties to highly simulate confrontation. By building combat laboratories and creating a pre-practice platform for combat innovation, we can not only conduct in-depth simulation demonstration and scientific evaluation for innovative tactics, test the feasibility of combat theories and put forward improvement suggestions, but also use the deep learning function of intelligent deduction systems to simulate possible situations of future warring parties, innovate tactics in confrontation deductions, put forward new combat concepts, and promote in-depth innovation of combat theories. Second, we should establish a mechanism for the synchronous integration of theory and technology. Combat theory innovation and weapons and equipment research and development should be integrated simultaneously, and tactics should be “stereotyped” and “materialized” into the combat and technical performance of weapons and equipment, so as to blur and narrow the difference between pre-practice and practice of war as much as possible. We should open up all the links that transform advanced combat concepts into actual combat effectiveness of the troops, and form a new quality combat effectiveness generation mechanism from proposing concepts to establishing experimental troops, evaluation and demonstration, exercise inspection, forming real cases, and special training. We should keep a close eye on the development of advanced technologies from the combination of technology and tactics, and actively integrate the most advanced technology and ideas of mankind into the development of weapons and equipment and the innovation of combat theory. The third is to establish a research and training integrated research and development mechanism. The research and development of weapons and equipment should start from the demonstration link in accordance with the latest developed combat concepts. Professional combat personnel should propose the research and development needs of weapons and equipment and participate in the demonstration and consultation throughout the process; technical R&D personnel should also participate in the training and exercise practice of weapons and equipment of the troops, master the actual use of equipment, promote the improvement and upgrading of equipment, and form a highly integrated combat and technical R&D mechanism in which technical personnel follow training and exercises, and tactical personnel participate in research and discussion.

Effectively strengthen the innovative application of combat theory of “integration of science and technology”

The tactical innovation in the “algorithm field” of intelligent warfare and the “new before war” combat theory innovation model require “advance in advance” to develop intelligent weapons and equipment in advance, and integrate new combat theories into the research and development of weapons and equipment. First, advance tactical innovation. Intelligent combat theory innovation drives the innovation of intelligent weapons and equipment. On the basis of following the winning mechanism, advanced technology is materialized into intelligent weapons and equipment according to tactical requirements, and the tactical effects to be achieved are achieved through the performance update of weapons and equipment, so as to occupy the combat advantage over the enemy in advance. Tactical innovation moves from the battlefield to demonstration meetings, laboratories, and exercise fields, and moves to the key program algorithms for controlling intelligent weapons and equipment. The battlefield becomes a stage for displaying the results of technological and tactical innovation. Second, the performance of pre-equipment. Develop unmanned intelligent weapons and equipment that can adapt to various space environments, can maneuver quickly, can carry out precise strikes and resist complex electromagnetic interference, so that they have the ability of autonomous learning, autonomous adaptation, and autonomous response, and iterative update with technical support. Third, pre-algorithm program. The winner of intelligent warfare must be the one with the ability of “algorithm winning”, and better tactics must be achieved by better algorithms. Advanced algorithms will greatly enhance the “thinking ability” of intelligent weapons and equipment, thereby improving the combat effectiveness of equipment. On future battlefields, a large number of weapons and equipment will quickly calculate and adjust actions according to programs. For example, if there is no strong algorithm support, it will be difficult to achieve autonomous cluster combat, autonomous route planning, autonomous target identification, autonomous mission acceptance, autonomous attack, and autonomous dynamic adaptation for drone “swarm” tactics.

Gather together to build a “highly intelligent and versatile” combat theory innovation team

Intelligent warfare is still a war conducted under the leadership of humans and using intelligent science and technology and weapons and equipment. In essence, it is still a violent conflict in human society. To accelerate the innovation of combat theory, we must maximize the concentration of wisdom. In other words, only by building a group of combat theory talents can we study, understand and win the war. The first is commanders with rich practice. Combat theory innovation is the commander’s specialty and an inherent requirement for victory. Commanders are the brains of the army and determine the development direction and combat concepts of the army. Senior commanders should especially strengthen knowledge and concept updates, keep up with the development trend of intelligent warfare, master the latest developments in intelligent technology, understand the latest developments in intelligent weapons and equipment, innovate strategies and tactics to win intelligent warfare, and keep up with the pace of intelligent warfare development. The second is the commanders and fighters on the front line against the enemy. Grassroots officers and soldiers are closest to the battlefield and have the most vitality for innovation. To maximize the service of combat theory innovation in preparing for war, we must pay attention to stimulating and mobilizing the enthusiasm of grassroots officers and soldiers at the forefront of real military struggles and the front line of training, and vigorously improve the level of combat personnel in the use of intelligent weapons and equipment. Intelligent weapons and equipment are different from traditional weapons and equipment. They require more professional operators and more precise application methods to achieve the best combat effectiveness. They must integrate the functions of combat commanders, equipment R&D designers, and combatants to achieve the reshaping and seamless control of future operations. The third is professional and sophisticated researchers. High-quality professional researchers are the commanding heights of theoretical innovation. To win the pearls of military theory, it is necessary to build a phalanx of theoretical research experts. By building a “small core, large extension” combat theory innovation team, accurately matching needs, tactics and technologies, and quickly transforming intelligent science and technology into intelligent weapons and equipment, intelligent combat capabilities, the “time difference” of technology transformation into weapons can be eliminated, and a benign interaction between research, use and training can be achieved.

現代國語：

李其東

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：李其東 責任編輯：賀書引2025-02-18 06:23:38

科學的軍事理論就是戰斗力。隨著人工智能技術的迅猛發展，世界各國軍事智能加快應用，正在引發軍事領域鏈式突破，推進人類戰爭加速向智能化形態演進。緊跟智能化戰爭發展，需要適應科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，把握智能化戰爭演變趨勢，掌握智能化戰爭制勝機理，驅散智能化戰爭“迷霧”，高效創新發展智能化戰爭作戰理論。

敏銳把握“以智制勝”的作戰理論創新趨勢

充分認清未來智能化戰爭發展趨勢，是創新智能化戰爭作戰理論的前提。一是智能化戰爭作戰理論創新模式由“因戰而新”向“未戰而新”演變。信息力和智能力是智能化戰爭制勝的關鍵因素，武器裝備因為智能技術支撐而呈加速更新狀態，智能化手段可以讓尚未開始的戰爭可視化呈現。智能化戰爭發展演變，使傳統武器和戰術發揮作用的空間和時間被不斷壓縮，根據已經或正在發生的戰爭進行經驗總結的“因戰而新”作戰理論創新模式已經難以跟上智能化戰爭形態的演變速度，基於合理推測與科學推演的“未戰而新”作戰理論創新將成為可能。二是智能化戰爭作戰理論創新內容由“與時俱進”向“預時而進”演變。傳統作戰理論創新立足“有什麼樣的武器打什麼樣的仗”，研究“用現在的戰術打未來的仗”，戰術創新與武器裝備更新在時間上幾乎同步或稍有落後，是“與時俱進”式的同步關聯關系。智能化戰爭戰場不斷從傳統空間、時間向新的時空領域拓展，作戰勝負由戰場空間佔主導向備戰空間佔主導轉移，戰術創新和武器裝備更新在時間上是著眼未來的前瞻設計，是“用未來的戰術打未來的戰爭”，將呈現“預時而進”的關系。三是智能化戰爭制勝機理由“戰法取勝”向“算法取勝”演變。智能化戰爭，大量無人智能武器將走上戰場並主導戰爭走向，智能化的關鍵是算法，傳統靠“戰法取勝”的制勝機理將會被“算法取勝”取代。算法的關鍵是“算力”，“算力”決定“戰力”。智能化武器的發展促使戰術創新前移到“算法領域”，將戰法變算法、將戰術固化為技術，或許是未來智能化戰爭作戰理論創新的邏輯起點。四是智能化戰爭主導因素由人的“神機妙算”向機器的“智機精算”演變。智能化戰爭大量新型武器裝備“登台亮相”，指揮員在戰場上排兵布陣的時間有限，依靠戰術彌補技術劣勢的“窗口”減少，戰術設計將更多在戰前通過算法設計融入成體系的武器裝備和迭代訓練中，傳統作戰規則被顛覆、制約作戰的瓶頸被突破、作戰效果被控制，贏得戰爭的方式將顛覆現有認知。智能化武器裝備依靠強大的算力成為作戰體系的關鍵環節，其“智機精算”能力將超越人的“神機妙算”能力。

構建秉持“未戰而新”的作戰理論創新體系

智能化戰爭作戰理論創新應發揮作戰概念的引領作用，建立動態更新的創新體系，研究“用未來的戰術打未來的戰爭”。一是構建“未戰而新”創新范式。利用智能化手段可視化構建未來戰爭場景，進而牽引作戰理論創新，打通作戰概念提出、論證、應用動態更新的閉合回路，並與武器裝備研發有機融合，在戰爭沒有打響的時候准備好全新的、先進的、經過論證的作戰理論和武器裝備，構建“未戰而新”的智能化戰爭作戰理論創新范式。二是重構“無人智能”作戰理論體系架構。著眼未來作戰形態變化，更新傳統思維模式，研究智能化戰爭制勝機理、設計創新智能化武器戰法運用，大膽構想智能化戰爭新模式，創新無人作戰、智能作戰理論體系。三是加強“專司主營”統籌管理。健全完善主管和推進智能化戰爭作戰理論創新相關工作制度機制，讓作戰理論創新從專項任務變為常態任務，確保抓建有依據、落地有措施。四是營造“開門創新”學術生態。充分發揚學術民主，敞開作戰理論創新大門，堅持實事求是，堅持質量標准，發動人員廣泛參與作戰概念開發，集思廣益、集智創新、集力突破，推動作戰概念迭代更新。

建設支撐“預時而進”的作戰理論創新平台

兵棋、虛擬仿真等技術發展讓戰術的“預先”研究成為可能，作戰實驗室成為未來作戰理論創新的主戰場。一是加大作戰實驗室建設。作戰理論創新是對戰爭的預實踐研究，過去受手段限制，很難對作戰進行科學推演。隨著兵棋推演系統、模擬仿真系統等迭代發展完善，運用虛擬仿真技術將未來戰場情景逼真設置、讓交戰雙方高度模擬對抗。通過建設作戰實驗室，打造作戰創新預實踐平台，既可以為創新的戰術進行深度模擬論證、科學評估，檢驗作戰理論的可行性並提出改進意見，也可以運用智能推演系統深度學習功能，模擬未來交戰雙方可能情況，在對抗推演中創新戰術，提出新作戰概念，促進作戰理論深入創新。二是建立理技同步融合機制。作戰理論創新與武器裝備研發要同步融合，將戰術“定型”並“物化”為武器裝備的戰技術性能，最大可能模糊並縮小戰爭預實踐與戰爭實踐之間的差別。打通將先進作戰概念轉化為部隊實際戰斗力的各個環節，形成從提出概念到成立實驗部隊、評估論證、演習檢驗、形成實案、專項訓練的新質戰斗力生成機制。要從技術和戰術的結合上，緊盯先進技術發展，主動將人類當前最先進的技術和思想觀念融入武器裝備研制和作戰理論創新中。三是建立研訓一體研發機制。武器裝備研發要按照最新開發的作戰概念，從論證環節抓起，由專業作戰人員提出武器裝備研發需求並全程參與論證和咨詢；技術研發人員也要參加部隊武器裝備訓練、演習實踐，掌握裝備實際使用情況，促進裝備改進提升，形成技術人員跟訓跟演、戰術人員參研參論的戰、技高度一體化研發機制。

切實強化“理技融合”的作戰理論創新應用

智能化戰爭“算法領域”的戰術創新和“未戰而新”的作戰理論創新模式，要求“預時而進”前置研發智能化武器裝備，把新的作戰理論預置融入武器裝備研發。一是前置戰術創新。智能化作戰理論創新牽引智能化武器裝備推陳出新。在遵循制勝機理的基礎上，按照戰術要求將先進技術物化為智能化武器裝備，把戰術上需要達成的效果通過武器裝備的性能更新實現，提前佔據對敵作戰優勢，戰術創新從戰場前移到論證會、實驗室、演習場，前移到控制智能化武器裝備的關鍵程序算法上，戰場轉而成為展示技術、戰術創新成果的舞台。二是前置裝備性能。發展適應多種空間環境、能夠快速機動、可以實施精確打擊並抗復雜電磁干擾的無人智能化武器裝備，使之具備自主學習、自主適應、自主反應能力，在技術支持下迭代更新。三是前置算法程序。智能化戰爭獲勝的一方必然是擁有“算法制勝”能力的一方，更好的戰術要靠更好的算法來實現。先進算法會極大提升智能化武器裝備“思維能力”，進而提升裝備戰斗力。未來戰場上，大量武器裝備將根據程序進行快速計算並調整行動。如無人機“蜂群”戰術，如果沒有強大的算法支撐，就很難實現自主集群作戰、自主規劃航線、自主識別目標、自主領取任務、自主展開攻擊、自主動態適應。

匯聚打造“高智多能”的作戰理論創新團隊

智能化戰爭依然是在人主導下、運用智能科學技術和武器裝備進行的戰爭，本質上仍然是人類社會的暴力沖突。加快作戰理論創新，必須最大限度凝聚智慧力量。換言之，只有打造群體化的作戰理論人才方陣，方能研戰知戰勝戰。一是實踐豐富的指揮員。作戰理論創新是指揮員的看家本領，是勝戰的內在要求。指揮員是軍隊的大腦，決定了軍隊的發展方向和作戰理念，高級指揮員尤其要加強知識更新和理念更新，緊跟智能化戰爭發展趨勢，掌握智能技術發展的最新動態、了解智能化武器裝備發展的最新情況、創新打贏智能化戰爭的戰略戰術，跟上智能化戰爭發展步伐。二是一線對敵的指戰員。基層官兵離戰場最近，創新最具活力。讓作戰理論創新最大化服務備戰打仗，必須重視將現實軍事斗爭前沿、練兵一線的基層官兵積極性激發調動起來，大力提升作戰人員智能化武器裝備運用水平。智能化武器裝備不同於傳統武器裝備，需要更加專業的操作人員和更加精准的運用方法才能發揮最佳戰斗效能，要集作戰指揮員、裝備研發設計員、戰斗員功能於一身，實現對未來作戰的重塑和無縫掌控。三是專業精深的研究人員。高素質專業研究人員是理論創新的制高點，摘取軍事理論明珠，需要建好理論研究專家方陣。通過構建“小內核、大外延”的作戰理論創新團隊，精准對接需求、戰術和技術，將智能化科學技術快速轉化為智能化武器裝備、智能化作戰能力，消弭技術向武器轉化的“時間差”，實現研、用、訓良性互動。

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