Category Archives: #Information Support Force

Chinese Military Combat Management System: Core of Modern Combat Command & Control

中國軍事作戰管理系統:現代作戰指揮控制的核心

現代英語:

Source: China Military Network-People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Yang Lianzhen Editor-in-charge: Yang Fanfan

2022-04-22 06:42

Combat management is the foundation for winning modern wars and the core of the modern combat system. It is the planning, organization, coordination and control of personnel, equipment, information, resources, time and space and other elements during the combat process.

Combat management system refers to the command information system used to support combat management activities, including intelligence collection, information transmission, target identification, threat assessment, weapon allocation, mission planning, etc. It has gradually developed with the evolution of war and technological progress.

Combat Management System: The Core of Modern Combat System

Schematic diagram of the combat management system

Past and present life

Implementing timely and accurate command and control of combat operations and making timely and decisive combat decisions are the goals and dreams that commanders have always pursued in different war periods. Before the emergence of scientific management, there was no concept of combat management in war, and naturally there was no combat management system. However, simple combat management activities and systems have always been associated with war and developed in an integrated manner.

The core of combat management is to ensure that commanders and troops can exchange information and instructions smoothly. In the ancient combat command system, gongs, drums, and flags were called the “three officials”. “When words cannot be heard, gongs and drums are used; when sight cannot be seen, flags are used.” Sight and hearing are the primitive means of command and control.

After the invention of the telegraph, telephone, and radio, long-distance and rapid transmission of combat orders and combat information became a reality, and the scope of combat management shifted from two-dimensional to three-dimensional. The war decision-making of “planning and winning thousands of miles away” is no longer a myth. Of course, traditional battlefield management methods are not completely ineffective. For example, in the Korean War, due to limited communication conditions, our army still used bugles to transmit combat orders to the company and below, and there were more than 20 types of bugle calls related to combat. “The sound of bugles from all sides rose up,” and the bugles on the Korean battlefield once frightened the US military. Ridgway wrote in his memoirs: “As soon as it sounded, the Chinese Communist Army would rush towards the coalition forces as if it were under a spell. At this time, the coalition forces were always beaten back like a tide.”

At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of scientific management gradually gained popularity, and the military quickly applied it to combat. The term “combat management” first appeared in the US Air Force, where combat managers provided long-range target indication and voice guidance to fighters based on radar detection. The core combat organization is called the BM/C3 system, namely Battle Management and Command, Control, and Communication. In 1946, the first electronic computer “ENIAC” was successfully developed, and the military began to use computers to store and process various data related to combat. In 1958, the US military built the world’s first semi-automated combat management system-the “Seqi” air defense command and control system, which used computers to realize the automation of part of the information collection, processing, transmission and command decision-making process for the first time. In the same year, the Soviet Army built the “Sky No. 1” semi-automated air defense command and control system. Combat management systems began to appear on the war stage, and human-machine collaborative decision-making gradually became the main form of combat decision-making for commanders. During the “Rolling Thunder” campaign of the Vietnam War, the U.S. military commanded more than 5,000 aircraft to dispatch 1.29 million sorties and dropped 7.75 million tons of bombs, which would have been impossible to achieve by manual command alone.

The combat management system has gone through weapon-centered, platform-centered, network-centered, and system-centered construction stages, and has gradually been able to receive and process information from sensors and other sources in multiple domains, perceive and generate combat situation maps in real time, automatically implement command and control of troops and equipment, and intelligently assist commanders in making decisions, involving the army, navy, air force and other military services.

For example, the Israeli Army’s “Ruler” combat management system uses a single-soldier digital device to connect to a channel state information device to provide real-time situational awareness and command and control information for troops performing tactical operations and fire support. The U.S. Navy’s “Aegis” combat system uses a multi-task signal processor to integrate air defense and anti-missile capabilities, and realizes the integration of shipborne phased array radars, command decisions, and weapon control. The NATO Air Force’s ACCSLOC1 system, based on network distributed deployment, integrates 40 types of radars and more than 3,000 physical interfaces, and undertakes air operations such as mission planning, combat command, and combat supervision. From the launch of the first Gulf War to the Libyan War, the time from sensor information acquisition to firing by the U.S. military has been shortened from 24 hours to 2.5 minutes.

Features

The combat management system is a rapidly developing and constantly improving distributed operating system. It mainly collects and processes sensor data, facilitates the transmission and integration of various types of information, conducts situation identification and prediction, generates combat plans, completes action evaluation and selection, and issues combat orders to weapon platforms and shooters. Its essence is to achieve an efficient combat “observation-judgment-decision-action” cycle (OODA loop).

The combat management system widely uses situation assessment and prediction, combat space-time analysis, online real-time planning, combat resource management and control, and combat management engine technologies, and adopts a “cloud + network + terminal” technical architecture based on information technology.

For example, the U.S. military took the lead in using information technology to build a C4ISR system that integrates command, control, computers, communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, laying the foundation for the combat management system. In the Afghanistan War, the C4ISR system achieved near-real-time transmission of combat information to combat platforms for the first time. With the continuous maturity of sensors, networks and artificial intelligence, technologies such as intelligent situation understanding and prediction, intelligent information push, intelligent task planning, intelligent collaborative control, intelligent rapid reconstruction and intelligent parallel command and control are having an increasingly significant impact on combat management systems.

Combat management systems usually support functions such as situational awareness, mission planning, engagement management, communications, modeling, simulation and analysis, and test training. For example, a missile defense combat management system mainly includes command and control, engagement management, and communications. The command and control function enables pre-battle combat planning and battlefield situation awareness; the engagement management function enables auxiliary combat decision-making, allocation of anti-missile weapons, and completion of strike missions; and the communication function enables the transmission and sharing of intelligence and data among the anti-missile units in the system.

The combat management system is an open and complex system. The structure determines the function. Different system structures determine the functional expansion of different systems: the ship’s self-defense combat management system enables the ship to have a strong self-defense capability through automated weapon control regulations, collaborative engagement management systems and tactical data links; the electromagnetic combat management system improves the planning, sharing and mobility of the electromagnetic spectrum by integrating and displaying battlefield electromagnetic spectrum data; the individual combat system enhances the soldier’s mobility, support, lethality and survivability by integrating individual protection, individual combat weapons and individual communication equipment.

Combat management systems generally have the characteristics of integration, automation, optimization, and real-time. The combat mode of modern warfare is complex and the battlefield scale is expanding. The requirements for force control, resource integration, and task scheduling have increased, and system integration must be achieved. The French Army’s “Scorpion” system fully integrates tanks, armored vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, drones, and attack helicopters into the same combat group, and links all platforms and combat units in the task group.

With the increase of combat elements in modern warfare and the expansion of battlefield perception space, the command automation system that relies heavily on people can no longer fully adapt, and the system must be automated. All operating functions of Pakistan’s combat management artillery control system are fully automated, “providing an automated solution for preparing, coordinating, transmitting, executing and modifying fire support plans and firing plans.”

The pace of modern warfare is accelerating and battlefield data is massive. It is necessary to quickly grasp the situation and make decisions efficiently, and it is necessary to achieve system optimization decision-making. Military powers are combining artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things and big data technologies to facilitate faster decision-making in multi-domain operations.

Future Development

Traditional combat management systems place more emphasis on pre-established engagement sequences and combat rules. However, future wars will emphasize the confrontation between systems, and it is impossible to exhaust all situations in advance. The battlefield information that needs to be mastered is also becoming more complex and massive. For this reason, the armies of various countries have begun to abandon the traditional method of developing combat management systems for each combat domain separately, and are network-centric and supported by artificial intelligence, trying to help commanders make combat decisions more quickly and realize real-time connection between sensors in each combat domain and any shooter.

The combat management system will promote the implementation of combat concepts. The “Advanced Combat Management System” developed by the US Air Force plans to connect all military services and their weapon platforms in real time in a military Internet of Things. Its core is to seamlessly link various intelligence reconnaissance platforms, command and control platforms, strike platforms and combat management platforms with various cross-domain capabilities, convert intelligence and target indication data into timely and usable information, shorten the “discovery-positioning-tracking-targeting-strike-assessment” cycle, and execute combat operations at a speed that opponents cannot keep up. The Russian military proposed the “military unified information space” theory and organized the development of the “automatic control system” for integrated joint operations of land, sea and air networks. By establishing a network-centric command model, it attempts to integrate the command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower, and support of the entire army, realize cross-domain operations in the true sense, and improve battlefield situation awareness and combat command efficiency.

The combat management system will rely on artificial intelligence technology. The application of artificial intelligence will not only multiply the capabilities of weapon systems, but will also fundamentally change the implementation of the OODA loop. In future combat management systems, artificial intelligence technology will become the core support and driving engine, and the key factor is the quality of the algorithm. The system will have built-in upgradeable artificial intelligence, and people will be in a supervisory or collaborative state to minimize manual input, spontaneously identify and classify threat targets in the combat environment, autonomously evaluate and weigh, and automatically allocate weapons, thereby providing adaptive combat advantages and decision-making options.

For example, the “Intelligent Autonomous Systems Strategy” released by the US Navy in July 2021 aims to accelerate the development and deployment of intelligent platforms through a highly distributed command and control architecture, integrate unmanned systems, artificial intelligence, and autonomous driving technologies, and realize future combat decisions facilitated by intelligent autonomous systems. The Russian military has more than 150 artificial intelligence projects under development, one of the focuses of which is to introduce artificial intelligence into command and control systems, adapt intelligent software to different weapon platforms, achieve the unification of physical and cognitive domains, and double combat effectiveness through intelligent empowerment.

The combat management system will achieve a breakthrough in cross-domain capabilities. The military’s combat management capabilities are shifting towards full-domain coordination, including land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognitive domain, and social domain. To adapt to the full-domain environment, the combat management system needs to have the following functions: a resilient and redundant communication system, flexible and secure data operation; artificial intelligence and machine learning directly extract and process data from sensors, and conduct decentralized integration and sharing; segmented access based on confidentiality levels to meet perception, understanding, and action needs. On this basis, it is also necessary to provide troops with reconnaissance and surveillance, tactical communications, data processing, network command and control, and other capabilities.

The future combat management system will focus on security processing, connectivity, data management, application, sensor integration and effect integration, optimize data sharing, collaborative operations and command and control in the entire combat domain, and support decision-making advantages from the tactical level to the strategic level. Its purpose is only one: to give commanders the ability to surpass their opponents.

(The author is the deputy director and professor of the Training Management Department of the Armed Police Command Academy)

現代國語:

作戰管理,是打贏現代化戰爭的基礎,是現代化作戰體系的核心,也是作戰過程中對人員、裝備、資訊、資源和時空等要素進行的規劃、組織、協調與控制活動。

作戰管理系統,指用來支撐作戰管理活動的指揮資訊系統,包括情報採集、資訊傳輸、目標識別、威脅判斷、分配武器、任務規劃等。其隨戰爭演化、技術進步而逐步發展。

作戰管理系統:現代化作戰體系核心

■楊蓮珍

作戰管理系統示意圖

前世今生

對作戰行動實施適時精確的指揮控制和作出及時果斷的作戰決策,是不同戰爭時期指揮員始終追求的目標與夢想。在科學管理產生前,戰爭中並無作戰管理這一概念,自然談不上作戰管理系統。但樸素的作戰管理活動和系統一直與戰爭相伴、融合發展。

作戰管理的核心是保證指揮員與部隊能順暢地交換資訊和指示。在古代作戰指揮號令系統中,金、鼓、旗號稱為“三官”,“言不相聞,故為之金鼓;視不相見,故為之旌旗”,目視耳聽是原始的指揮控製手段。

電報、電話、無線電發明後,作戰命令和戰鬥訊息的遠距離快速傳輸成為現實,作戰管理範圍由平面走向立體,「運籌帷幄、決勝千裡」的戰爭決策不再是神話。當然,傳統的戰場管理手段並非完全失去作用,例如在抗美援朝戰場上,我軍因通信條件受限,連以下分隊仍在通過軍號傳遞作戰命令,與作戰相關的號聲就有20餘種。 “四面邊聲連角起”,朝鮮戰場上的軍號曾讓美軍聞風喪膽。李奇微在回憶錄裡寫道:“只要它一響,中共軍隊就如著了魔法一般,全部不要命地撲向聯軍。這時,聯軍總被打得如潮水般潰退。”

20世紀初,科學管理的概念逐漸升溫,軍隊迅速將其應用於作戰。 「作戰管理」一詞,最早出現在美國空軍,其編成內的作戰管理員,基於雷達探測情況向戰機進行遠程目標指示和話音引導。作戰核心組織則稱為BM/C3系統,即作戰管理(Battle Management)和指揮、控制、通訊(Command,Control,Communication)。 1946年,第一台電子計算機「埃尼阿克」研製成功,軍隊開始使用計算機存儲和處理有關作戰的各種數據。 1958年,美軍建成世界上第一個半自動化作戰管理系統-「賽其」防空指揮控制系統,使用電腦首次實現了資訊擷取、處理、傳輸和指揮決策過程部分作業的自動化。同年,蘇軍建成「天空1號」半自動化防空指揮控制系統。作戰管理系統開始登上戰爭舞台,人機協作決策逐漸成為指揮主要的作戰決策形式。越戰中的「滾雷」戰役,美軍指揮5,000多架飛機出動129萬架次,投彈775萬噸,如果單靠人工指揮是不可能實現的。

作戰管理系統經歷了以武器為中心、以平台為中心、以網絡為中心和以體係為中心的建設階段,逐步能夠接收、處理來自多域的傳感器和其他來源信息,實時感知並生成作戰態勢圖,自動對兵力及裝備實施指揮控制,智能輔助指揮員決策,涉及陸、海、空等軍兵種。

如以色列陸軍的「統治者」作戰管理系統,單兵數字化裝置連接通道狀態資訊設備,用於為執行戰術作戰、火力支援等部隊提供即時態勢感知和指揮控制資訊。美國海軍的「宙斯盾」作戰系統,採用多任務訊號處理器整合防空與反導能力,實現艦載相控陣雷達、指揮決策、武器控制等一體化整合。北約空軍的ACCSLOC1系統,基於網路分散部署,整合40種型號的雷達和3000多個物理接口,承擔任務規劃、作戰指揮和戰鬥監督等空中行動。從發動第一次海灣戰爭到利比亞戰爭,美軍從傳感器獲取資訊到開火,時間由24小時縮短至2.5分鐘。

功能特徵

作戰管理系統是一個迅速發展並不斷完善的分散式操作系統,主要通過收集、處理傳感器數據,暢通各類信息傳輸和融合,進行態勢識別和預測,生成作戰方案,完成行動評估與選擇,下發作戰指令給武器平台和射手。其本質是實現高效率的作戰「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」循環(OODA環)。

作戰管理系統廣泛使用態勢評估與預測、作戰時空分析、線上即時規劃、作戰資源管控和作戰管理引擎技術等,採用基於資訊技術的「雲+網+端」的技術架構。

如美軍率先運用資訊技術,建構了集指揮、控制、計算機、通訊、情報、監視和偵察於一體的C4ISR系統,為作戰管理系統打下了基礎。阿富汗戰爭中,C4ISR系統首次實現作戰資訊近實時傳輸到作戰平台。隨著傳感器、網絡和人工智慧的不斷成熟,智能態勢理解和預測、智慧資訊推送、智慧任務規劃、智慧協同控制、智慧快速重構和智慧平行指控等技術,正在對作戰管理系統產生越來越重大的影響。

作戰管理系統通常支援態勢感知、任務規劃、交戰管理、通訊、建模及模擬與分析、試驗訓練等功能。如導彈防禦作戰管理系統,主要包括指揮控制、交戰管理及通訊等功能構成。指揮控制功能,實現對戰前的作戰規劃及對戰場態勢的感知;交戰管理功能,實現輔助作戰決策和分配反導武器並完成打擊任務;通信功能,實現系統各反導單元情報、數據的傳輸和共享。

作戰管理系統是一個開放的複雜系統。結構決定功能,不同的系統結構,決定不同系統的功能拓展:艦艇自防禦作戰管理系統通過自動化武器控制條令、協同交戰管理系統和戰術數據鍊等,使艦艇具備了強大的自防禦能力;電磁作戰管理系統通過融合並顯示戰場電磁頻譜數據,提高電磁戰兵器規劃能力、共享電磁力和單兵作戰力量;

作戰管理系統普遍具有一體化、自動化、最優化、即時化等特徵。現代戰爭作戰模式複雜、戰場規模擴大,對力量管控、資源整合和任務調度要求的提高,必須實現系統一體化整合。法國陸軍的「蝎子」系統,就將坦克、裝甲車、步兵戰車、無人地面車輛、無人機與攻擊直升機完整整合到同一個作戰群,並連結任務群中的所有平台和作戰單元。

現代戰爭作戰要素增加、戰場感知空間擴大,對人依賴較高的指揮自動化系統已無法完全適應,必須實現系統自動化運作。巴基斯坦作戰管理火砲控制系統所有操作功能全部自動化,「為準備、協調、傳遞、執行和修改火力支援計畫與射擊方案提供了自動化解決方案」。

現代戰爭作戰節奏加快、戰場數據海量,需要快速掌握狀況、有效率定下決心,必須實現系統最優化決策。各軍事強國正將人工智慧、雲端運算、物聯網與大數據技術結合起來,以利在多域作戰中更快決策。

未來發展

傳統作戰管理系統,更強調基於事先制定的交戰序列、作戰規則。但未來戰爭更突出體係與體系之間的對抗,不可能預先窮盡各種情況,需要掌握的戰場資訊也更趨複雜、海量。為此,各國軍隊開始摒棄傳統上為各作戰域單獨開發作戰管理系統的方法,以網絡為中心、以人工智能為支撐,力圖幫助指揮員更迅速作出作戰決策,實現各作戰域的傳感器與任意射手的實時連接。

作戰管理系統將推動作戰概念落地。美國空軍開發的“先進作戰管理系統”,規劃將各軍種及其武器平台實時連接在一個軍事物聯網中,其核心是將各類情報偵察平台、指揮控制平台、打擊平台和作戰管理平台與各種跨域能力無縫鏈接,把情報和目標指示數據轉化為及時、可用的信息,縮短“發現-定位-跟踪-瞄準-打擊-評估”速度,以執行對手的速度執行。俄羅斯軍隊提出“軍隊統一資訊空間”理論,組織開發陸海空網絡一體化聯合作戰“自動控制系統”,通過建立網絡中心指揮模式,試圖將全軍指揮、通信、偵察、火力、保障等進行融合,實現真正意義上的跨域作戰,提升戰場態勢感知能力與作戰指揮效率。

作戰管理系統將依賴人工智慧技術。人工智慧的應用不僅引起武器系統能力的倍增,也將從根本上改變OODA環的實現。未來的作戰管理系統,人工智慧技術將成為核心支撐和驅動引擎,關鍵因素是演算法的品質。系統將內置可升級的人工智慧,人們將處於監督或協同狀態的位置,最大限度地減少人工輸入,對作戰環境中的威脅目標進行自發識別分類、自主評估權衡和自動分配武器,從而提供自適應的作戰優勢和決策可選性。

如2021年7月美海軍發布的“智能自主系統戰略”,旨在通過高度分佈式的指揮和控制架構,加速智能平台的開發和部署,綜合無人系統、人工智能和自動駕駛等技術,實現由智能自主系統促成的未來作戰決策。俄軍在研的人工智慧項目超過150個,其重點之一是將人工智慧引入指揮控制系統,為不同武器平台適配智慧軟件,實現物理域與認知域的統一,以智慧賦能的方式實現戰鬥力倍增。

作戰管理系統將實現跨域能力突破。軍隊作戰管理能力正向陸、海、空、天、電、網和認知域、社會域等全域協同轉變。適應全局環境,作戰管理系統需要具備以下功能:有彈性和冗餘的通信系統,靈活安全的數據運行;人工智能和機器學習直接從傳感器中提取、處理數據,並進行去中心化集成、共享;根據保密級別分段訪問,滿足感知、理解和行動需要。在此基礎上,還需具備向部隊提供偵察監視、戰術通訊、數據處理、網路指控等能力。

未來的作戰管理系統,將聚焦安全處理、連通性、數據管理、應用、傳感器整合和效果整合等能力,優化全作戰域的數據共享、協同作戰和指揮控制,支援從戰術級到戰略級的決策優勢。其目的只有一個:賦予指揮員超越對手的能力。

(作者係武警指揮學院訓練管理系副主任、教授)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10149663888.html

Understanding Phased Characteristics of Chinese Military Evolution of Intelligent Warfare

認識中國軍事智能化戰爭演進的階段性特徵

現代英語:

Source: China Military Network – People’s Liberation Army Daily 

Author: Xu Yatao Liu Jingyi Editor: Shang Xiaomin 

Release: 2024-08-20 06:xx:xx

Military technological innovation and the development of weapons and equipment that materialize it are the internal driving force and determining factor of the evolution of war forms. Revolutionary military technology usually promotes the transformation of war forms from quantitative change to qualitative change according to the logical chain of “military technology-weapons and equipment-operating methods-organizational forms-war forms”. At present, technological self-drive, operational traction and strategic investment respectively form an iterative and mutually reinforcing cycle with intelligent technological innovation. The superposition of the three cycles forms a continuous acceleration effect, which is accelerating the innovation of military technology and the evolution of war forms. The great development and application of intelligent technology are driving the evolution of intelligent warfare to present three-stage characteristics.

Near term: The third wave of AI is approaching its peak, shallowly empowered unmanned platforms are being used extensively as weapons, and human-led primary intelligent warfare is gradually maturing

Combat applications accelerate the third wave to its peak. A new round of artificial intelligence technology represented by deep learning and intelligent big models is developing at a high speed, and is constantly empowering unmanned platforms. It has been initially and widely used in the military in the fields of target recognition, situation analysis, information processing, and decision support, forming an intelligent technology innovation cycle based on combat applications, namely “unmanned platform application-military intelligence needs-intelligent technology innovation-unmanned intelligent application”. Thanks to the acceleration of this innovation cycle, but also subject to the unexplainable nature of statistical learning, the unreliability of emergent generation, and the high energy consumption “capping” of required resources, referring to the development process and rise and fall cycle of artificial intelligence, the third wave of artificial intelligence is expected to reach its peak within ten years.

Artificial intelligence has superficially empowered unmanned platforms. Machines process massive amounts of data, automatically identify and analyze multimodal information such as text, voice, and images, and individual intelligence has gradually matured. Expert intelligence for specific fields has achieved breakthroughs, mainly applied to weapons and equipment and tactical operations. The “OODA” loop is mainly based on the “man in the loop, man in the lead” mode. Artificial intelligence mainly participates in a certain implementation stage or a specific action of combat tasks such as reconnaissance and surveillance, situational awareness, information processing, auxiliary decision-making, and killing and striking in the form of single equipment and single elements. The focus is to enhance the combat capability of existing weapons and equipment through the embedding, upgrading and transformation of unmanned intelligent technology, and to use intelligent technology for combat mission planning to improve the quality and efficiency of command and decision-making.

Intelligent warfare in the initial stage is developing rapidly. As an important tool of manned forces, unmanned platforms play a role in expanding the role of humans in combat operations. Their large-scale use at the tactical level has formed a certain scale, and their proportion has gradually increased, and a mixed combat formation mode of man and machine has emerged. However, the intelligent warfare at this stage is a mechanized information warfare with intelligent components, and the intelligent content is relatively low. It is basically a summary and extension of past war experience. It still uses command-based combat as the main command mode. It belongs to unmanned augmented manned combat, which can realize remote control, stealth penetration reconnaissance and surveillance, unmanned front and manned close-range remote control combat, system support, remote control of air-to-ground precision strikes and other combat styles.

Mid-term: Qualitative AI emerges and rapidly iterates, deeply empowered unmanned platforms play a leading role in combat, and intelligent-led “three-in-one” integrated warfare accelerates evolution

The game between great powers is accelerating the arrival of strong artificial intelligence. Human beings mainly rely on logical reasoning and intuition to understand the world. The advantage of artificial intelligence lies in logical reasoning, but it will take at least one or two rounds of disruptive breakthroughs to produce reliable intuition. Possible technical routes include constructing electronic neural systems close to biological neural networks, that is, brain-like computing, and quantum computing that breaks through the limitations of classical computers. These are gradually moving from theoretical research to practical applications. This stage is the accumulation period of quantitative change from specialized to general artificial intelligence. Unmanned intelligence has become a key variable in the game between major powers. The enhanced strategic investment of various countries will quickly promote the innovation of unmanned intelligent technology and transmit it to combat operations. The significantly improved combat effectiveness will stimulate further strategic investment, forming an intelligent technology innovation cycle based on strategic investment, that is, “strategic investment-technical innovation-combat operation-strategic investment”. This cycle will inevitably accelerate the arrival of strong artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence deeply empowers the combat system. With platform autonomy, unmanned battlefield, force integration, and human-machine collaboration as the main signs, highly self-organized collaborative operations between various unmanned platforms (systems) and efficient collaborative operations between manned and unmanned systems are realized. The “OODA” loop is mainly based on the “man in the loop, man-machine collaboration” mode. The artificial intelligence technology group is embedded in a certain combat process in an independent small-scale organization, or directly undertakes the specific tasks of a certain combat module. Artificial intelligence begins to be fully integrated into all aspects of the combat system, and the war situation is accelerating its evolution towards intelligence. The autonomy of the platform is greatly enhanced, and autonomous perception, judgment, decision-making, adjustment, and action, group intelligent collaboration has gradually matured, and front-line autonomous collaboration has become the norm. The scope of application has been expanded to include firepower strikes, logistics support, combat planning, and combat management, playing an important role in combat command.

The integration of the “three transformations” is moving towards intelligence-led warfare. From the emergence of iconic innovative technologies to the formation of a new form of warfare, a transmission cycle is required, including technology transformation, equipment deployment, force building, organizational formation, and tactics research. The primary intelligent warfare that integrates the “three transformations” will continue for a historical stage, and its gradual development is reflected in the increasing scale of unmanned platform use, the deepening of artificial intelligence empowerment, and the increasing coordination between manned and unmanned. The content of intelligence continues to increase, intelligent unmanned equipment begins to dominate, manned and unmanned coordination becomes the basic way to generate combat power, and intelligent empowerment gradually goes from shallow to deep. Unmanned intelligence plays a major combat role and becomes the “center” of a war.

A large number of specialized unmanned intelligent forces have emerged. In this stage of intelligent warfare, intelligent unmanned platforms have surpassed manned platforms at the battle level and occupied a dominant position, and the human-machine collaborative combat formation mode has become the main body. Possible typical combat styles: First, the first battle assault, the unmanned intelligent system that integrates reconnaissance, interference, deception, and strikes is used on a large scale in the first round of assaults, replacing the current style of long-range precision strike weapons as the main first round of assaults. The second is concealed deployment, in peacetime, a large number of unmanned intelligent devices are secretly deployed, and in wartime, they are triggered to wake up and strike the enemy with one strike, replacing the current style of using mobile forces to quickly deploy into the combat area. The third is unmanned swarm combat, autonomous coordination replaces planned coordination, and implements swarm-type destructive operations through “swarm” saturation attack to consume high value at low cost. The fourth is real-time human-machine collaborative combat, where manned and unmanned mixed forces realize multi-domain operations and collaborative operations in complex battlefield environments.

Long-term stage: “Intelligence explosion singularity” gives birth to super artificial intelligence, super-powerful unmanned platforms replace humans in all fields, and super-intelligent unmanned war finally arrives

Technology self-drive accelerates the iteration of strong artificial intelligence. The “technological singularity” theory holds that whenever humans invent a technology, they will invent new technology based on that technology. The higher the current technological level, the faster the next generation of new technology will come. The general trend is to first go through a period of slow growth, then achieve exponential progress, and finally enter a stable period under the constraints of objective resource conditions, and breed the seeds of the next epoch-making technology. For intelligent technology, the development from strong artificial intelligence to super artificial intelligence is at a high level of exponential growth. Supported by the intelligent technology innovation cycle based on technology self-drive, once strong artificial intelligence is realized, the “intelligence explosion singularity” will soon come, that is, super artificial intelligence that surpasses human intelligence will appear, and humans will usher in a truly intelligent unmanned war.

The style and characteristics of super-intelligent unmanned warfare. In this stage, super artificial intelligence and unmanned platforms are fully integrated, and the embodied intelligence with it as the brain is highly developed. Super-powered unmanned platforms become the absolute main force on the battlefield. In the stage of super-intelligent unmanned warfare, the main combat equipment, combat organization, combat space, etc. will undergo subversive changes. Its main characteristics are super-powered unmanned platforms, almost completely unmanned, and global space combat. Unmanned platforms with super-intelligent, super-mobile, and super-firepower performance will autonomously carry out combat missions under human authorization and simulate human thinking to implement actions. Fast, compact, and dense intelligent weapons will autonomously construct a giant, complex, and adaptive combat system to create an extremely complex battlefield environment. The main combat space has expanded and even shifted from the traditional land, sea and air battlefields to the deep sea, space, cyberspace and other fields, with the latter becoming the main battlefields that determine the outcome of wars. Intelligent “bee swarms”, “wolf packs” and “shark swarms” have completely replaced manned and unmanned collaboration, realizing true “man outside the loop” autonomous decision-making.

In summary, corresponding to the peak of the third wave and the realization of strong artificial intelligence and super artificial intelligence, the evolution of intelligent warfare can be divided into three stages: near-term, mid-term and long-term. In line with the trend requirements of the three stages of the evolution of intelligent warfare, the short-term stage focuses on solving the urgent need for combat power generation. It should be based on a bottom-up concept, fight what kind of battle with what equipment, make good use of the existing and near-term unmanned intelligent equipment, integrate it into the joint combat system, and maximize its efficiency gains; the top priority is the mid-term stage, which requires close tracking and sharp insight into the development trend of intelligent technology, and forward-looking design of unmanned intelligent warfare from top to bottom. Construction should be carried out in accordance with the concept of developing what kind of equipment to fight what kind of battle, and in-depth research should be carried out to coordinate and connect with the unmanned construction in the short-term stage; the long-term stage requires sufficient patience and strategic determination to welcome the arrival of the “intelligent explosion singularity” through solid accumulation and unremitting exploration.

現代國語:

來源:中國軍網-解放軍報 作者:徐亞濤 劉靜怡 責任編輯:尚曉敏 發布:2024-08-20

徐亞濤  劉靜怡

軍事科技創新及其物化的武器裝備發展是戰爭形態演變的內在動力和決定因素。革命性的軍事技術,通常依照「軍事技術—武器裝備—作戰方式—組織形態—戰爭形態」的邏輯鏈條,推動戰爭形態由量變到質變。當前,技術自驅、作戰牽引和戰略投入分別與智慧科技創新構成迭代互促循環,三個循環疊加形成持續加速效應,正加速推動軍事科技創新和戰爭形態演變。智慧科技的大發展與運用,正推動智慧化戰爭演進呈現三個階段特色。

近景階段:人工智慧第三波趨近頂峰,淺層賦能的無人平台作為武器大量運用,有人主導的初級智慧化戰爭逐步成熟

作戰運用加速第三波達峰。以深度學習和智能大模型為代表的新一輪人工智慧技術正高速迭代發展,並不斷賦能無人平台,在目標識別、態勢研判、資訊處理、輔助決策等領域得到初步而廣泛的軍事運用,構成了基於作戰運用的智能科技創新循環,即「無人平台運用—軍事智能需求—智能科技創新—無人智能運用」。得益於這一創新循環加速,也受制於統計學習的不可解釋性、湧現生成的不可靠性以及所需資源的高能耗性“封頂”,參照人工智能發展歷程和興衰週期,第三次人工智能浪潮有望在十年內達到頂峰。

人工智慧對無人平台淺層賦能。機器處理海量數據,自動識別分析文本、語音、圖像等多模態訊息,單體智能逐步成熟,面向特定領域的專家式智能取得突破,主要應用於武器裝備和戰術行動層面。 「OODA」環以「人在環中、有人主導」模式為主,人工智慧主要以單裝單要素形式,適度參與到偵察監視、態勢感知、資訊處理、輔助決策、殺傷打擊等作戰任務的某一實施階段或某一具體行動。重點在於透過無人智慧技術嵌入升級改造,提升現有武器裝備作戰能力,以及採用智慧技術進行作戰任務規劃,提升指揮決策質效。

初級階段的智慧化戰爭快速發展。無人平台作為有人力量的重要工具,在作戰運用中扮演拓展者的角色。其大量運用在戰術層面形成一定規模,且佔比逐步加大,人機混合作戰編組模式出現。但該階段的智能化戰爭是含有智能化成分的機械化信息化戰爭,且智能化含量較低,基本是對過去戰爭經驗的總結和延伸,仍以指令式作戰為主要指控模式,屬於無人增強的有人作戰,可以實現遠程操控、隱身穿透的偵察監視,無人在前、有人在後的近距遙控作戰,體系支撐、遠程操控樣式的空地精確等。

中景階段:質變性人工智慧出現並高速迭代,深度賦能的無人平台發揮主戰作用,智慧化主導的「三化」融合戰爭加速演進

大國博弈加速強人工智慧到來。人類認識世界主要依賴邏輯推理和直覺,人工智慧優勢在於邏輯推理,但要產生可靠直覺,至少要1至2輪顛覆性突破。可能的技術路線包括構造接近生物神經網絡的電子神經系統,即類腦計算,以及突破經典計算機限制的量子計算等,都正逐步從理論研究走向實際應用。這個階段是人工智慧由專用走向通用的量變積蓄期,無人智能成為大國博弈關鍵變量,各國強化戰略投入將快速推動無人智能科技創新並傳導到作戰運用中,顯著提升的作戰效能又會刺激進一步的戰略投入,構成基於戰略投入的智能科技創新循環,即「戰略投入—技術創新—作戰運用—戰略投入」。這一循環勢必加速強人工智慧到來。

人工智慧對作戰體系深度賦能。以平台自主化、戰場無人化、力量融合化、人機協同化為主要標志,實現多種無人平台(系統)之間的高度自組織協同作戰,以及有人與無人系統之間的高效協同作戰。 「OODA」環以「人在環上、人機協同」模式為主,人工智慧技術群以獨立小規模編組嵌入某一作戰進程,或直接擔負某一作戰模塊的具體任務。人工智慧開始全面融入作戰體系各環節,戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變。平台自主性大為增強,自主感知、判斷、決策、調整、行動,群體智慧協同逐步成熟,一線自主協同成為常態。運用範圍拓展至火力打擊、後勤保障、作戰規劃、作戰管理,對戰役指揮發揮重要作用。

「三化」融合戰爭走向智慧化主導。從標志性的革新技術出現到新的戰爭形態形成,需要經歷一個傳導週期,包括技術轉化、裝備、力量建設、編制編成、戰法研究等。 「三化」融合的初級智慧化戰爭將持續一個歷史階段,其漸進發展表現為無人平台運用規模越來越大、人工智慧賦能越來越深、有人無人協同越來越緊。智慧化含量持續增多,智慧無人裝備開始佔據主導,有人無人協同成為戰鬥力生成的基本方式,智能賦能由淺層逐漸走深,無人智能發揮主戰作用,成為一場戰爭的「中心」。

專業化無人智慧部隊大量出現。這階段的智慧化戰爭,智慧無人平台在戰役層次超越有人平台,佔據主導地位,人機協同作戰編組模式成為主體。可能的典型作戰樣式:一是首戰突擊,集偵察、幹擾、誘騙、打擊於一體的無人智能係統在首輪突擊中大規模使用,取代當前遠程精確打擊武器首輪突擊為主的樣式。二是隱蔽布勢,在平時隱蔽部署大量無人智慧裝置,戰時觸發喚醒、一擊制敵,取代當前運用機動力量快速投入作戰區域為主的樣式。第三是無人集群作戰,自主協同替代計畫協同,透過「蜂群」飽和攻擊以低成本消耗高價值,實施集群式破擊作戰。四是人機即時協同作戰,有人無人混編部隊在復雜戰場環境下實現多域作戰和協同作戰。

遠景階段:「智慧爆炸奇點」催生超級人工智慧,超能無人平台全域取代有人,超級智慧無人戰爭最終到來

技術自驅加速強人工智慧迭代。 「技術奇點」理論認為,人類每當發明一項技術,就會在該技術基礎上發明新技術,當前的技術水平越高,下一代新技術就來得越快。總的趨勢是先經過一段緩慢增長,而後實現指數進步,最終在客觀資源條件限制下進入平緩期,並醞釀下一次劃時代技術的萌芽。對於智慧科技,從強人工智慧到超級人工智慧的發展,處在指數成長的高點。在基於技術自驅的智慧科技創新循環支撐下,強人工智慧一旦實現,「智慧爆炸奇點」很快就會到來,也就是出現超越人類智慧的超級人工智慧,人類就此迎來真正意義上的智慧無人戰爭。

超級智慧無人戰爭的樣式特徵。這一階段超級人工智慧與無人平台完全融為一體,以其為腦的具身智慧高度發展,超能無人平台成為戰場的絕對主力。超級智慧無人戰爭階段,主戰裝備、作戰編成、作戰空間等都將產生顛覆性變化,其主要特徵是無人平台超能、幾乎完全無人、全域空間作戰。具備超強智能、超強機動、超強火力性能的無人平台,在人類授權下自主遂行作戰任務,模擬人類思維實施行動。快速、小巧、密集的智慧化武器將自主建構形成巨型、複雜、自適應作戰體系,創造極度複雜的戰場環境。作戰主要空間由傳統的陸海空戰場拓展甚至轉移至深海、太空、網空等領域,後者成為決定戰爭勝負的主戰場。智慧「蜂群」「狼群」「鯊群」等完全取代有人無人協同,實現真正的「人在環外」自主決策。

綜上所述,對應第三波達峰、強人工智慧和超級人工智慧的實現,智慧化戰爭的演進劃分為近景、中景、遠景三個階段。順應智慧化戰爭演進三個階段的趨勢要求,近景階段重在解決戰鬥力生成急需,應當立足於自下而上的理念,有什麼裝備打什麼仗,把現有的和近期能夠落實的無人智能裝備用好用充分,融入聯合作戰體系,最大限度釋放其效能增益;重中之重在於中景階段,需要密切跟踪並敏銳深刻洞見智能科技發展趨勢,自上而下地前瞻設計無人智能戰爭,按照打什麼仗發展什麼裝備的理念搞建設,深研搞好與近景階段無人化建設的統籌銜接;遠景階段就需要足夠耐心和戰略定力,在扎實積累和不懈探索中迎接“智能爆炸奇點”的到來。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16332240888.html

Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Imminent

中國軍事智慧化戰爭迫在眉睫

現代英語:

At present, accelerating the development of military intelligence is becoming a consensus among the world’s superpowers. Artificial intelligence technology is accelerating its penetration into the military field and has become an important driving force for military reform. It will inevitably give rise to new combat styles and change the internal mechanism of war. We should firmly grasp the new quality growth point of military intelligence to enhance the combat effectiveness of the army, organically integrate military theory, science and technology, and military applications, intelligently upgrade traditional combat fields, and innovate combat concepts, so that the “intelligent factor” radiates from weapons and equipment to all aspects of military construction, and focus on breakthroughs in key areas such as military theory systems, command information systems, unmanned combat systems, comprehensive support systems, and new combat forces, and promote the reshaping, reconstruction, transformation and upgrading of combat systems.

Artificial intelligence stimulates new developments in theory

When new military technologies, operational concepts, and organizational structures interact to significantly enhance military operational capabilities, they will promote new military changes. The increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field is becoming an important driver of military change, thereby giving rise to new operational styles and changing the internal mechanism of winning wars.

Innovative combat theory. New disruptive technologies in the field of intelligence have opened up new space for innovation in military theory. Integrating precision strike ammunition and unmanned equipment into the network information system will give rise to new intelligent combat theories such as “distributed killing”, “multi-domain warfare”, “combat cloud”, “swarm tactics”, and “intelligent security warfare”; combining intelligent technology with information dominance theory, relying on one’s own information advantages and decision-making advantages, cutting off and delaying the opponent’s information and decision-making loops in the decentralized battlefield network will become the key to winning intelligent warfare. Enrich combat styles. With the development and maturity of intelligent technology and the large-scale deployment of unmanned autonomous combat platforms, unmanned combat will become a disruptive new combat style that dominates future battlefields. Infiltrate the entire process of warfare with intelligent elements, use intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making, intelligent control, and unmanned platforms to innovate the combat process. Use unmanned systems and manned systems in coordination, cluster and plan the use of unmanned combat platforms to enrich combat styles. Expand combat forces. The widespread application of intelligent systems and unmanned combat platforms will further enrich the connotation of new combat forces, and various “mixed” new combat forces will be applied on the battlefield. With the construction and application of the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing technologies in the military field, new combat forces such as space and networks will play an increasingly important role in future wars.

Accelerate the intelligent upgrade of command systems

The intelligence of command information systems is the key to achieving a leap forward in combat command means and forming decision-making advantages. In future wars, the battlefield space will be unprecedentedly expanded, the elements of war will be extremely rich, the tempo of confrontation will be significantly accelerated, and the combat system will change dynamically. There is an urgent need for the in-depth application of intelligent technology in battlefield perception, command decision-making, and human-computer interaction.

In terms of intelligent perception, intelligent sensing and networking technologies are adopted to widely and rapidly deploy various intelligent perception nodes, conduct active collaborative detection for tasks, and build a transparent and visible digital combat environment. Relying on technologies such as data mining and knowledge graphs, intelligent processing in aspects such as multi-source intelligence fusion and battlefield situation analysis is carried out to dispel the fog of war, analyze the enemy’s combat intentions, and predict the development of the battle situation. In terms of intelligent decision-making, by constructing combat model rules, using actuarial, detailed, deep and expert reasoning methods, commanders are assisted in making quick decisions in multi-level planning and ad hoc handling of strategies, campaigns, tactics, etc.; using machine learning, neural network and other technologies to create a “command brain” to learn and apply the laws of war and the art of command in terms of planning, strategy planning, and battle situation control, and expand the wisdom of commanders with machine intelligence. In terms of intelligent interaction, we comprehensively utilize intelligent interaction technologies such as feature recognition, semantic understanding, virtual augmented reality, holographic touch, and brain-computer interface to summarize and analyze the behavioral characteristics of commanders, build new human-computer interaction environments such as holographic projection digital sandbox, immersive battlefield perception command, and wearable smart devices, and provide intelligent means to support commanders in perceiving the battlefield and controlling the battle situation.

Build an intelligent unmanned combat system

Intelligent unmanned combat systems are a new trend in the development of future war equipment. The core is to aim at the requirements of “zero casualties”, “full coverage” and “quick response” in future wars, make full use of the development results of new theories, new materials, new processes, new energy and new technologies, and continuously make breakthroughs in human-machine collaboration and autonomous action, build a new type of intelligent unmanned army on a large scale, and realize the systematic collaborative combat of unmanned combat systems.

In terms of human-machine collaboration, relying on the integrated space-ground information network, self-organizing network and collaborative interaction technology, we will open up the human-machine interaction link and establish a manned-unmanned collaboration system of “human-led, machine-assisted, mixed formation, and joint action”. Facing complex combat missions and the global battlefield environment, we will strengthen the research on mechanisms and technologies such as safe and reliable information transmission, precise and efficient behavior control, and highly coordinated human-machine mixing to achieve highly compatible human-machine collaborative combat. In terms of autonomous action, relying on mission planning, distributed computing and intelligent networking technologies, research and develop unmanned combat systems and cluster formation technologies with fast response speed, strong adaptability, high reliability, flexible organization plan and reasonable action planning. They can fully respond to various changes in terrain, weather, disasters, damage, etc., and intelligently and dynamically adjust movement posture, travel route, firepower use, energy distribution, self-healing and self-destruction strategies to realize the replacement of humans by intelligent machines, expand the combat space, and avoid casualties.

Strengthening intelligent comprehensive security measures

Before troops move, support comes first. On the intelligent battlefield, the realization of comprehensive support for joint operations is an important factor that directly affects the combat effectiveness of troops. The development of intelligent technology will inevitably trigger revolutionary changes in the construction of the joint combat support system and realize intelligent comprehensive support.

In terms of political work, we will make full use of technologies such as social networks, personnel profiling, public opinion monitoring, sentiment analysis, and behavior prediction to build an intelligent political work system covering battlefield control, public opinion and legal struggle, social situation monitoring, personnel relationship analysis, personnel ideological trends, human resource management and other businesses, to provide support for exploring new approaches, new carriers, and new models for ideological and political work. In terms of after-sales support, by using technologies such as the Internet of Things, drones, smart cars, remote surgery, and 3D printing, we have upgraded and built an intelligent after-sales support system covering intelligent warehousing, intelligent delivery, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent medical care, to achieve automatic, rapid, and accurate supply of battlefield after-sales materials, rapid diagnosis and repair of equipment failures, and timely rescue of battlefield personnel, turning passive support into active services, and improving the overall efficiency and effectiveness of after-sales support. In terms of combat training, by comprehensively using technologies such as cloud computing, virtual reality, simulated confrontation, and adjudication and evaluation, we have created an integrated training platform for “guidance, control, adjudication, evaluation, and management”, an intelligent virtual blue army, and an immersive training environment to support tactics and strategy training, equipment skills training, and joint confrontation exercises.

Exploring the intelligent combat force system

The new intelligent combat force system is a comprehensive product of the development of artificial intelligence technology, the formation of new-quality combat power and the evolution of war forms. It is the “killer hand” for seizing the initiative in the future global combat space, the key to forming an integrated joint combat system, and a new growth point for our military’s combat power.

Focus on new battlefields. The combat space of the new era has expanded from the traditional battlefield space to new battlefields such as space, the Internet, and spiritual will, and gradually extended to various fields of human activities and ideology. New combat forces such as rapid response satellites, network autonomous security, brain-controlled weapons, and genetic weapons are being integrated into the combat system. Military intelligence plays an increasingly important role in new combat styles such as space warfare, network warfare, mind warfare, and biological warfare. Pay attention to new technologies. Intelligent space-based weapon systems, with outer space as the battlefield, will help achieve the struggle for control of the sky; based on autonomous network intelligent security technology, it will help achieve a network security confrontation with integrated offense and defense and dynamic defense; brain control technology will help to attack the enemy’s spirit, nerves and mind; intelligent means may also accelerate the development of genetic weapons in some countries. Military intelligence is integrating into all aspects of the military field at an unprecedented speed, breadth and depth, deconstructing and reshaping the traditional appearance of war presented to the world. We must plan ahead to be invincible.

Laying a solid foundation for the development of intelligent military

The construction of military intelligence is a large and complex systematic project. Accelerating the development of military intelligence requires advanced theories as support, institutional mechanism construction as guarantee, technological breakthroughs as the starting point, and talent team building as the source of motivation.

Establish a collaborative innovation mechanism for military-civilian integration. The rapid development of intelligent technology has become an accelerator for military intelligence. In the information age, the boundaries between military and civilian technologies are becoming increasingly blurred, and their convertibility is becoming increasingly stronger. Actively establish a collaborative innovation mechanism for military-civilian integration, continuously strengthen the driving force of military core technologies, build an open industry-university-research collaborative innovation system for the whole society, make forward-looking arrangements for core cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, support investment, give full play to the innovation power of the entire society, and promote the rapid and sustainable development of military intelligence. Accelerate the advancement of technological breakthroughs in key areas. We must focus on relevant key technology areas and break the technical bottlenecks that restrict the development of military intelligence. On the one hand, we should strengthen research in the basic support areas of military intelligence, such as military big data and military Internet of Things; on the other hand, based on battlefield needs, we should strengthen research on intelligent application technologies in various combat elements, especially intelligent command decision-making, intelligent weapon platforms, and intelligent battlefield perception. We should vigorously build a team of high-quality talents. Military intelligence places higher demands on the quality of people. Only the effective combination of high-quality personnel and intelligent weapons can maximize combat effectiveness. To accelerate the development of military intelligence, we should explore the training rules of relevant talents, make full use of military and local education resources, increase the training of relevant talents, and provide solid intellectual support and talent guarantee for promoting the construction of military intelligence.

(Yin Junsong, Cheng Gang)

現代國語:

當前,加速軍事智能化發展正成為世界強國的共識。人工智慧技術加速向軍事領域滲透,已成為軍事變革的重要推手,必將催生新的作戰樣式,改變戰爭的內在機理。應緊緊抓住軍事智能化這個提升軍隊戰鬥力的新質增長點,有機融合軍事理論、科學技術和軍事應用,智能升級傳統作戰領域、創新作戰概念,使「智能因子」由武器裝備輻射至軍隊建設的各個方面,在軍事理論體系、指揮資訊系統、無人作戰系統、綜合保障體系、新型作戰力量等重點領域聚力轉型,在軍事理論體系、指揮資訊系統、無人作戰系統、綜合保障體系、新型作戰力量等重點領域聚力轉型,推動戰力領域的重塑突破與再造和再造一個關鍵領域的重塑。

人工智慧催生理論新發展

當新的軍事技術、作戰理念和組織編成相互作用顯著提升軍事作戰能力時,將促進新的軍事變革。人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用,正成為軍事變革的重要推手,由此催生新的作戰樣式,改變戰爭制勝的內在機理。

創新作戰理論。智慧領域新的顛覆性技術,為軍事理論創新開啟了新的空間。將精確打擊彈藥、無人裝備融入網絡資訊體系,催生「分散式殺傷」「多域戰」「作戰雲」「蜂群戰術」「智慧安全戰」等新的智能化作戰理論;將智能化技術與資訊主導理論相結合,憑借己方的資訊優勢與決策優勢,在去中心化的戰場網絡中切斷關鍵與遲滯對手的資訊與決策迴路,成為智能化的戰場網絡中與決策迴路的資訊與決策迴滯。豐富作戰樣式。伴隨著智慧技術的發展成熟以及無人自主作戰平台的規模列裝,無人作戰將成為一種顛覆性的新型作戰樣式主導未來戰場。將智慧化要素滲透於戰爭的整個流程,運用智慧感知、智慧決策、智慧控制、無人平台,創新作戰流程。協同運用無人系統與有人系統,集群、規劃運用無人作戰平台,豐富作戰樣式。拓展作戰力量。智慧系統與無人作戰平台的廣泛應用,將進一步豐富新型作戰力量的內涵,各類「混搭式」新型作戰力量將邁向戰場應用。隨著物聯網、大數據、雲端運算技術在軍事領域的建設運用,太空、網路等新型作戰力量將在未來戰爭中發揮越來越重要的作用。

加速指揮系統智慧化升級

指揮資訊系統的智慧化是作戰指揮手段實現躍升、形成決策優勢的關鍵。未來戰爭,戰場空間空前擴展、戰爭要素極大豐富、對抗節奏明顯加快、作戰體系動態變化,迫切需要智慧技術在戰場感知、指揮決策和人機互動等方面深度運用。

在智能感知方面,採用智慧傳感與組網技術,廣泛快速部署各類智能感知節點,面向任務主動協同探測,構建透明可見的數字化作戰環境;依托數據挖掘、知識圖譜等技術,開展多源情報融合、戰場情況研判等方面的智能化處理,撥開戰爭迷霧,透析敵作戰意圖,預測戰局發展。在智能決策方面,通過構建作戰模型規則,以精算、細算、深算和專家推理方式,輔助指揮員在戰略、戰役、戰術等多級籌劃規劃和臨機處置中實現快速決策;運用機器學習、神經網絡等技術打造“指揮大腦”,從謀局布勢、方略籌劃、戰局控制等方面學習戰爭規律和拓展藝術員,以掌控機器和拓展藝術員。在智慧互動方面,綜合利用特徵識別、語義理解、虛擬增強現實、全像觸摸、腦機介面等智慧互動技術,歸納分析指揮人員行為特徵,建構全像投影數字沙盤、沉浸式戰場感知指揮、穿戴式智慧型裝置等新型人機互動環境,為指揮者感知戰場、掌控戰局提供智慧化手段支撐。

構建智慧化無人作戰系統

智慧化無人作戰系統是未來戰爭裝備發展新趨勢。其核心在於瞄準未來戰爭「零傷亡」「全覆蓋」「快響應」等要求,充分運用新理論、新材料、新工藝、新能源、新技術發展成果,在人機協同和自主行動兩個方面不斷取得突破,規模化打造新型智能無人之師,實現無人作戰系統的體系化協同作戰。

在人機協同方面,依托天地一體資訊網絡、自組網和協同交互技術,打通人機交互鏈路,建立“人為主導、機器協助、混合編組、聯合行動”的有人-無人協作體系,面向復雜作戰任務、全局戰場環境,加強安全可靠的信息傳輸、精準高效的行為控制、高度協同的人機組合作等機制和技術研究,實現高可靠的信息傳輸。在自主行動方面,依托任務規劃、分佈計算和智能組網技術,研究發展反應速度快、適應能力強、可靠程度高、編組計劃靈活、行動規劃合理的無人作戰系統及集群編隊技術,充分應對地形、天氣、災害、毀傷等各種變化,智能動態調整運動姿態、行動規劃、火力運用、能源分配和自傷自毀自毀等策略,實現智能機器等策略,以避免

建強智慧化綜合保障手段

兵馬未動,保障先行。智慧化戰場,聯合作戰綜合保障實現度是直接影響部隊戰鬥力生成的重要因素。智慧化技術的發展必將觸發聯合作戰保障體系建設的革命性變化,實現智慧化綜合保障。

在政治工作方面,充分運用社會網絡、人員畫像、輿情監控、情感分析、行為預測等技術,建構覆蓋戰場管控、輿論法理鬥爭、社情監控、人員關系分析、人員思想動態、人力資源管理等業務的智能政工體系,為探索思想政治工作的新途徑、新載體、新模式提供支撐。在後裝保障方面,透過運用物聯網、無人機、智慧車、遠端手術、3D列印等技術,升級打造涵蓋智慧倉儲、智慧投送、智慧維修、智慧醫療等智慧後裝保障體系,實現戰場後裝物資自動快速精準補給、裝備故障快速診斷與維修、戰場人員及時救護,變被動保障為整體主動保障。在作戰訓練方面,通過綜合運用雲計算、虛擬現實、模擬對抗、裁決評估等技術,打造「導、控、裁、評、管」一體化演訓平台、智慧化虛擬藍軍、沉浸式訓練環境,支撐戰法謀略研練、裝備技能訓練、聯合對抗演練。

探索智慧化作戰力量體系

智慧化新型作戰力量體係是人工智慧技術發展、新質戰鬥力形成與戰爭形態演變的綜合產物,是奪取未來全局作戰空間主動權的“殺手鐧”,是構成一體化聯合作戰體系的關鍵,是我軍戰鬥力新的增長點。

著眼新戰場。新時代的作戰空間由傳統戰場空間向太空、互聯網、精神意誌等新型戰場拓展,逐漸延伸至人類活動和意識形態各領域,快速響應衛星、網絡自主安防、大腦控制武器、基因武器等新質作戰力量正在融入作戰體系,軍事智能化在太空戰、網絡戰、意念戰、生物戰等新型作戰力量中扮演越來越重要的角色。關注新技術。智能化的天基武器系統,以外層空間為戰場,有助於實現對製天權的爭奪;基於自主網絡智能安全技術,有助於實現攻防一體、動態防禦的網絡安全對抗;控腦技術,有助於實現對敵方人員精神、神經和心靈進行攻擊;智能化手段還可能加速某些國家基因武器研製。軍事智能化正在以前所未有的速度、廣度和深度融入軍事領域的各個層面,解構重塑著戰爭呈現給世人的傳統面貌,我們必須未雨綢繆,方可立於不敗之地。

夯實軍事智能化發展基礎

軍事智能化建設是一個龐大復雜的系統工程,加快推進軍事智能化發展需要以先進的理論作為支撐,以體制機制建設作為保障,以技術突破為抓手,以人才隊伍建設為動力源泉。

建立軍民融合協同創新機制。智慧技術的快速發展,已成為軍事智能化的加速器。資訊時代軍用技術和民用技術的界線越來越模糊,可轉換性越來越強。積極建立軍民融合協同創新機制,不斷強化軍用核心技術原動力,建構全社會開放的產學研協同創新體系,對人工智慧等核心前沿技術前瞻佈局、扶持投資,充分發揮整個社會的創新力量,促進軍事智能化快速可持續發展。加速推進重點領域技術突破。要聚焦相關重點技術領域,打破限制軍事智慧化發展的技術瓶頸。一方面,加強軍事智慧化基礎支撐領域的研究,例如,軍事大數據、軍事物聯網等;另一方面,從戰場需求出發,加強各個作戰要素方面的智慧化應用技術研究,尤其是智慧化指揮決策、智慧化武器平台、智慧化戰場感知等方面的研究。大力建設高素質人才隊伍。軍事智能化對人的素質提出了更高要求,高素質人員和智慧化武器的有效結合,才能最大程度地發揮作戰效能。加速軍事智慧化發展,應抓緊探索相關人才的培養規律,充分利用軍地教育資源,加大相關人才培養力度,為推進軍事智慧化建設提供堅實的智力支持與人才保障。 (

尹峻松、程鋼)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4810306888.html?

Chinese Military Analysis Development Trends of Combat Coordination During Era of Intelligence

中國軍事分析智能化時代作戰協同發展趨勢

現代英語:

Operational coordination is a key element in achieving systemic operations, releasing overall effectiveness, and achieving operational objectives in modern warfare. In recent years, with the breakthrough progress of military science and technology represented by artificial intelligence, the enabling and efficiency-enhancing role of science and technology has become more prominent. While profoundly changing the form of war and combat style, it has also spawned a new mode of operational coordination – autonomous coordination. At present, we should scientifically grasp the opportunities and challenges of the new military revolution, dynamically coordinate the development trend of autonomous coordination, and thus promote the accelerated transformation and upgrading of combat methods.

Transforming towards intelligent empowerment and autonomous collaboration

Future wars will be all-round confrontations between the two sides using “people + intelligent equipment”. Limited by military technology, system platforms, combat capabilities, etc., traditional combat coordination has been difficult to adapt to the modern battlefield where opportunities are fleeting due to limitations such as periodic solidification and low fault tolerance. With the strong support of advanced technical means such as artificial intelligence and big data, the autonomy and automation level of combat coordination will be greatly improved, and autonomous coordination under intelligent empowerment will also become the key to defeating the enemy.

Wide-area ubiquitous collaboration. In recent years, the in-depth development of communication technology and intelligent technology, the accumulation of data, algorithms, and computing power have promoted the interconnection and aggregation of people, machines, objects, and energy, and extended the military Internet of Things to many fields such as situational awareness, command and control, information and fire strikes, and after-sales support. While promoting the iterative upgrade of combat capabilities, it also provides more options for modern combat collaboration. It can be foreseen that the military Internet of Things will shine on future battlefields. It is not only a key infrastructure to support combat operations, but also a joint hub to maintain combat collaboration. With this as a basis, it will give rise to ubiquitous operations with wide-area dispersion of forces, organizational modules, and highly coordinated actions, which are omnipresent, ubiquitous, and uncontrolled and autonomous.

Deep collaboration between humans and machines. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Azerbaijani army built a strong battlefield advantage with the advantage of drones, and to some extent, it also announced the debut of “robot war”. In future wars, unmanned combat forces such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned ships are accelerating from backstage support and guarantee to front-line combat, and are beginning to play the “protagonist” of the battlefield. Compared with traditional combat coordination, manned and unmanned intelligent coordination presents the characteristics of “decentralization” of combat command, “de-division of labor” in the combat process, high-end skill operation, and fuzzification of the front and rear, and emphasizes human-machine collaboration and algorithm victory. Especially in recent years, intelligent unmanned clusters have emerged and begun to strongly impact the modern battlefield. In the face of these new situations and changes, cluster formation algorithms, formation control algorithms, and complex scene optimization algorithms should be used in a coordinated manner to promote unmanned and manned networking communications and intelligent coordination, promote the integrated operation of intelligence chain, command chain, mobility chain, strike chain, and support chain, and accelerate the generation of precise enemy comprehensive combat capabilities.

Digital intelligence drives collaboration. The traditional combat coordination model under progressive command is no longer able to adapt to the multi-dimensional fast pace of modern warfare. In future wars, intelligence is the key and data is king. The deep integration of big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence has realized the storage, analysis, integration, and application of massive battlefield data, making command and control more scientific and combat coordination more efficient. With powerful resource integration, computing processing, and data analysis capabilities, battlefield intelligence can be quickly integrated, battlefield situation can be perceived in real time, coordination plans can be efficiently formulated, and threat levels can be instantly assessed. The prediction of combat operations, the dissection of typical scenarios, the deployment of combat forces, and the allocation of combat resources can be coordinated as a whole, thereby comprehensively improving the comprehensive quality and efficiency of command and control, firepower strikes, and comprehensive support, and promoting revolutionary changes in combat coordination.

Evolving towards multi-domain linkage and autonomous collaboration

In future wars, the participating forces will be complex and diverse, weapons and equipment will be matched at different levels, and combat methods will be used in a mixed manner, showing distinct characteristics such as intelligent dynamic dispersion of combat command, intelligent wide-area deployment of combat forces, and intelligent dynamic differentiation of combat tasks. It can be foreseen that multi-domain linkage and autonomous coordination will become an important component of combat coordination.

System self-reshapes coordination. In future wars, the multi-domain battlefield space will be a combination of virtual and real, various military operations will interact, and constraints and collaboration will be randomly transformed. Only by adopting an engineered and systematic organizational model can we adapt to the complex multi-domain coordination needs. The essence of this coordination model is to form a wide-area holographic support framework for system self-reshape coordination. Specifically, it is to highlight the concept of system combat, and to solve the practical contradictions such as organizational system construction, institutional mechanism establishment, and coordination rule formulation from an overall perspective; to pay more attention to the system integration effect, and to achieve beyond-visual-range combat and cross-domain coordinated combat of combat units from a wide area; to emphasize efficient and flexible command, to refine the command relationship from various dimensions, and to clarify the command responsibilities; to pay more attention to data precision drive, to integrate network system platforms at all levels, and to establish a dynamic optimization network for detection, control, attack, evaluation and protection tasks. Once this coordination model is formed, it will undoubtedly be able to study and predict typical confrontation scenarios, dynamically select action coordination links, and plan combat operations in various fields in an integrated manner according to the combat environment, combat opponents, and combat tasks.

Tactical adaptive coordination. Local wars and conflicts in recent years have repeatedly shown that the complexity and systemicity of combat coordination have increased exponentially due to the extension of combat data information to the tactical level. Only by achieving efficient processing, integration and sharing of combat data information can adaptive and autonomous coordination between combat users be guaranteed. This coordination model pays more attention to scientific planning and innovative means to form a universal battlefield situation map with full-dimensional coverage, support hierarchical, leapfrog and cross-domain sharing and collaboration among users of all levels and types deployed in a wide area, realize the common perception of battlefield situation by command elements and combat units, and ensure self-synchronous operations within the framework of unified strategic intent, campaign guidance and coordination plan. This coordination model emphasizes the vertical integration of strategy, campaign and tactics, and the horizontal integration of land, sea, air, space and electricity, provides strong information sharing services in detection, early warning and surveillance, and relies on information media to promote the extension of campaign-level joint to tactical-level joint. This coordination model highlights the standardized operation of command operation and force application, and promotes the connection of combat command levels, cross-domain linkage, element interaction and situation sharing with the help of cutting-edge technologies such as big data and cloud computing, realizes intelligent coordination between command systems, weapon platforms and sensors, and implements the key to winning by defeating slowness with speed.

Advantages and intelligence complement and synergy. In future wars, combat operations in space, network and other fields will be deeply integrated into the traditional battlefield space, requiring higher standards and higher requirements for planning and design of the overall combat situation. Only by clarifying the complementary relationship of advantages in various combat domains and the proportion of input and effectiveness, and then sorting out the operational relationship of cross-domain coordination, can we bridge the gap in field operations and achieve complementary advantages on the multi-dimensional battlefield. In essence, this is also a concentrated reflection of the view of war efficiency. From another perspective, in a war, when the local advantage of the battlefield is not obvious or there is a hidden crisis, by gaining local advantages in other fields to make up for it and achieve comprehensive advantages, the overall goal of winning can also be achieved. In the future information-based and intelligent wars, this point will be more prominent and more complex, requiring comprehensive measures in the fields of military, politics, public opinion, legal theory, psychology, diplomacy, etc., and leveraging each other to fully release the maximum combat effectiveness; requiring traditional forces and new forces to work closely together, relying on the network information system to build an integrated combat system, and maximizing overall effectiveness through advantage synergy.

Transition to Dynamically Coupled Autonomous Collaboration

In the era of artificial intelligence, along with the profound changes in information technology and weapons and equipment, combat operations place more emphasis on breaking up traditional force groupings, connecting traditional platform functions, breaking traditional offensive and defensive boundaries, and achieving full-time dynamic control of combat operations through dynamic coupling and autonomous coordination.

Dynamic focal point coordination. In future wars, the enemy-to-enemy confrontation will be more intense, and the battlefield situation will be more changeable. The previous static, extensive, and step-by-step coordination methods will be difficult to adapt. It is necessary to pay close attention to the key nodes of the operation. On the basis of keeping a close eye on the overall situation, anchoring the combat mission, and focusing on the combat objectives, we must assess the situation and seize the opportunity. According to the predetermined coordination rules, we can flexibly change the coordination objects, flexibly adjust the coordination strategies, and autonomously negotiate and coordinate actions. It should be noted that this coordination method based on key combat nodes particularly emphasizes that combat forces transcend structural barriers and organically aggregate combat effectiveness. Through the flexible structure of the collaborative organization, self-coupling and autonomous elimination of contradictions and conflicts, bridging combat gaps, and promoting the precise release of the combined forces of the combat system.

Dynamic control and coordination. The battlefield situation in future wars is changing rapidly, and the combat process is often difficult to advance according to the predetermined combat plan, and combat operations have great uncertainty. Invisibly, this also requires us to break through traditional combat thinking, keep a close eye on the changes in the battlefield situation, and implement immediate, flexible and autonomous coordination of the combat process. This collaborative method, through real-time assessment of battlefield situation changes, the degree of damage to enemy targets, and the scale and efficiency of combat operations, can achieve rapid command and control, precise coordination in force projection, fire support, and comprehensive support, and always grasp the initiative on the battlefield. This collaborative method requires relying on advanced intelligent auxiliary means to quickly divide the combat phase, predict the duration of combat operations, analyze the overall deployment of combat forces, calculate the allocation of combat operation resources, and accurately control the decision-making cycle and combat rhythm, and accurately coordinate the actions of troops and the combat process to ensure that various randomness and uncertainties in combat can be effectively dealt with.

Dynamic response coordination. The operational mechanism of future wars is unpredictable. The deep effects of asymmetric operations, hybrid games, and system emergence will inevitably lead to various emergencies in the implementation of the planned operational plans. To this end, dynamic coordination for emergencies is an effective strategy to resolve the above-mentioned contradictions. This coordination method emphasizes the dynamic adjustment of coordinated actions according to different situations. When an emergency occurs on a local battlefield or in a local action, which has little impact on the overall operation and has sufficient time, the combat system automatically responds, partially adjusts the combat deployment and combat operations, and ensures the achievement of the expected combat objectives. When multiple urgent and slow situations coexist on the battlefield and partially affect the battlefield situation, the combat actions are dynamically and immediately coordinated according to the principle of first urgent and then slow according to the specific situation, so as to promote the development of the war in a direction that is beneficial to me. When there are multiple major unexpected situations or unexpected changes in the overall development of the war situation, coordination is carried out according to the principle of first major direction and then minor direction, and new coordinated disposal measures are quickly generated to effectively respond to various emergencies on the battlefield.

現代國語:

■吳思亮 賈春傑 侯永紅

引言

作戰協同是現代戰爭中實現體係作戰、釋放整體效能、達成作戰目標的關鍵要素。近年來,隨著以人工智慧為代表的軍事科學技術取得突破性進展,科技的賦能增效作用進一步凸顯,在深刻改變戰爭形態、作戰樣式的同時,也催生出一種新的作戰協同模式——自主協同。當前,應科學掌握新軍事革命的機會挑戰,動態統籌好自主協同發展走向,從而推動作戰方式加速轉型升級。

向智能賦能自主協同蛻變

未來戰爭將是對抗雙方採用「人+智慧裝備」展開的全方位對抗。受軍事技術、系統平台、作戰能力等限制,傳統作戰協同因為存在周期固化、容錯率低等局限,已難以適應戰機轉瞬即逝的現代戰場。在人工智慧、大數據等先進技術手段的強力支撐下,作戰協同的自主性、自動化水準將極大提升,智慧賦能下的自主協同也將成為克敵制勝的關鍵。

廣域泛在協同。近年來,通訊技術、智慧技術的深度發展,數據、演算法、算力的累積疊加,促進了人、機、物、能的互聯聚合,將軍事物聯網延伸擴展至態勢感知、指揮控制、信火打擊、後裝保障等諸多領域,在促進作戰能力迭代升級的同時,也為現代作戰協同提供了更多選項。可以預見,軍事物聯網將在未來戰場上大放異彩,不僅是支撐作戰行動的關鍵性基礎設施,也是維繫作戰協同的關節樞紐。以此為依托,將催生出力量廣域分散、組織模塊構成、行動高度協同的泛在式作戰,無時不在、無處不在、無控自主。

人機深度協同。在納卡沖突中,阿塞拜疆軍隊憑借無人機優勢構建起強大戰場優勢,某種程度上也宣告「機器人戰爭」登場。未來戰爭,無人機、無人車、無人艦等無人作戰力量,正加速從後台支援保障走向一線作戰前台,開始擔當戰場「主角」。較之傳統作戰協同,有人無人智能協同呈現出作戰指揮「去中心化」、作戰過程「去分工化」、技能操作高端化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點,更加強調人機協同、演算法取勝。尤其是近年來,智慧無人集群異軍突起,開始強烈沖擊現代戰場。面對這些新情況新變化,應統籌運用集群編隊演算法、隊形控制演算法以及復雜場景優化演算法等,推動無人與有人組網通訊、智慧協同,促進情報鏈、指揮鏈、機動鏈、打擊鍊和保障鏈一體運轉,加快生成精確制敵綜合作戰能力。

數智驅動協同。逐層遞進指揮下的傳統作戰協同模式,已難以適應現代戰爭的多維度快節奏。未來戰爭,智能為要,數據為王。大數據、雲計算、人工智慧等深度融合,實現了對海量戰場數據的儲存、分析、融合和運用,從而使得指揮控制更加科學、作戰協同更有效率。透過強大的資源整合、計算處理和數據分析能力,可以快速融合戰場情報、實時感知戰場態勢、高效製定協同計劃、瞬時評估威脅等級,將預測作戰行動、解剖典型場景、布勢作戰力量和配置作戰資源一體統籌,從而全面提升指揮控制、火力打擊、綜合保障等方面的綜合質效,推動作戰協同革命性變革。

向多域聯動自主協同演進

未來戰爭,參戰力量複雜多元、武器裝備高低搭配、作戰方法混合運用,呈現作戰指揮智能動態分散、作戰力量智聯廣域部署、作戰任務智配動態區分等鮮明特徵。可以預見,多域聯動自主協同將成為作戰協同的重要組成。

體係自重塑協同。未來戰爭多域戰場空間虛實結合、多樣軍事行動交互作用,約束與協作隨機轉化,只有採取工程化、系統化的組織模式,才能適應龐雜的多域協同需求。這種協同模式,其實質是要形成體係自重塑協同的廣域全像支撐架構。具體來看,就是更突顯體係作戰理念,從整體上破解組織體系建構、制度機制設立、協同規則制訂等現實矛盾;更重視體系融合效應,從廣域上實現作戰單元超視距作戰、跨域協同作戰;更強調高效率靈活指揮,從諸維度細化指揮指揮、釐清指揮權責優化;這種協同模式一旦形成,無疑能夠針對作戰環境、作戰對手和作戰任務等,研判預測典型對抗態勢場景,動態選擇行動協同鏈路,一體規劃各領域作戰行動。

戰術自適應協同。近年來的局部戰爭沖突一再表明,由於作戰數據資訊向戰術層共享應用延伸,作戰協同的複雜性系統性呈指數級躍升。只有實現作戰數據資訊的高效處理、融合共享,才能保證作戰用戶間自適應、自主化協同。這種協同模式,更重視科學規劃、創新手段,形成全維覆蓋的通用戰場態勢圖,支持廣域分散部署的各級各類用戶間按級、越級、跨域共享協作,實現指揮要素、作戰單元共同感知戰場態勢,確保在統一的戰略意圖、戰役指導、協同計劃框架內自同步作戰。這種協同模式,更強調縱向貫通戰略、戰役、戰術,橫向融匯陸海空天電,在探測、預警、監視等方面提供強力資訊共享服務,依托資訊介質推動戰役級聯合向戰術級聯合延伸。這種協同模式,更加突出指揮運行、力量運用等的標準化運行,借助大數據、雲計算等前沿技術推動作戰指揮層級銜接、跨域聯動、要素交互、態勢共享,實現指揮系統、武器平台、傳感器間的智能化協同,落地落實以快製慢制勝關鍵。

優勢智互補協同。未來戰爭,太空、網路等領域作戰行動深度融入傳統戰場空間,要求對作戰全局實施更高標準更高要求的規劃設計。只有搞清各作戰域優勢互補關聯、投入成效比重,進而梳理出跨領域協同的運行關系,才能彌合領域作戰縫隙,實現多維戰場優勢互補。從本質上看,這也是戰爭效益觀的集中反映。從另一個視角來看,一場戰爭,當戰場局部優勢不明顯或暗藏危機時,透過在其他領域取得局部優勢予以彌補並達成綜合優勢,同樣可以實現整體制勝目的。未來資訊化智能化戰爭,這一點將體現得更為突出也更為復雜,要求針對軍事、政治、輿論、法理、心理、外交等領域綜合施策,相互借力充分釋放最大作戰效能;要求傳統力量、新質力量密切配合,依托網絡信息體系打造一體化作戰體系,通過優勢協同實現整體效能最大化。

向動態耦合自主協同變遷

人工智慧時代,伴隨資訊科技與武器裝備的深度變革,作戰行動更強調打散傳統力量編組、打通傳統平台功能、打破傳統攻防界限,透過動態耦合自主協同實現對作戰行動的全時動態可控。

動態聚點協同。未來戰爭敵我對抗更加激烈、戰場態勢更為多變,以往那種靜態粗放、按部就班的協同方式將難以適應。必須對作戰的關鍵節點給予高度關注,在緊盯整體態勢、錨定作戰任務、聚焦作戰目標的基礎上,審時度勢把握戰機,依據預定的協同規則,敏捷變換協同對象、靈活調整協同策略、自主協商協同行動。需要注意的是,這種基於關鍵作戰節點的協同方式,特別強調作戰力量跨越結構壁壘、有機聚合作戰效能,透過協同組織的彈性結構,自耦合自主化消解矛盾沖突、彌合作戰縫隙,促進作戰體系合力精準釋放。

動態調控協同。未來戰爭戰場態勢瞬息萬變,作戰進程往往難以依照預定作戰計畫推進,作戰行動有著極大的不確定性。在無形中,這也要求我們突破傳統作戰思維,緊盯戰場態勢變化對作戰進程實施即時靈活自主協同。這種協同方式,透過即時評估戰場態勢變化、敵方目標毀傷程度、作戰行動規模效益等,從而在力量投送、火力支援、綜合保障等方面實現快速指控、精準協同,始終把握戰場主動權。這種協同方式,要求依托智能輔助先進手段,快速切分作戰階段,預測作戰行動持續時間,研判作戰力量整體布勢,計算作戰行動資源分配,據此精準控制決策週期和作戰節奏,精準協調部隊行動和作戰進程,確保能夠有效應對作戰中的各種隨機性、不確定性。

動態響應協同。未來戰爭作戰機理變化莫測,非對稱作戰、混合賽局、體制湧現等的深層作用,使得預定作戰方案計劃在執行中必然遇到各類突發情況。為此,針對突發情況動態協同是解決上述矛盾問題的有效策略。這種協同方式,更強調依據不同情況動態調整協同行動。當局部戰場或局部行動出現突發情況,對作戰全局影響不大且時間充裕時,作戰體係自動響應,部分調整作戰部署和作戰行動,確保實現預期作戰目標。當戰場出現多個急緩並存情況且部分影響戰場態勢時,根據具體情況按照先急後緩原則動態即時協調作戰行動,推動戰局向著有利於我的方向發展。當戰局整體發展出現多個重大意外情況或出現未曾預想的變化時,按先主要方向、後次要方向的原則展開協同,快速生成新的協同處置措施,有效應對戰場各類突發情況。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16378145888.html

Chinese Military Laws to Follow to Win Intelligent Warfare

打贏智慧化戰爭的中國軍事法規

現代英語:

Source: Liberation Army DailyAuthor: Hao Jingdong Niu Yujun Duan Feiyi

Editor-in-charge: Wang Feng

无命题8

2021-03-16 10:xx

●To understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, the key of building a war knowledge and action system, and the essence of the changes in the connotation of war power.

●War leaders must examine intelligent warfare dynamically, keenly capture the new elements spawned by intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-understand intelligent warfare.

President Xi pointed out that we should seriously study the military, war, and how to fight, and grasp the laws of modern warfare and the laws governing war. Today, the intelligent characteristics of war are becoming increasingly prominent, and intelligent warfare has already shown its early form. In order to seize the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we should actively follow the development of modern warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, proactively understand the laws of intelligent warfare, deeply grasp its guiding laws, focus on answering questions such as “what is it” and “how to do it”, and constantly innovate war and strategic guidance.

Answering the question “What is it?” and understanding the laws of intelligent warfare

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The laws of war are a problem that anyone who directs a war must study and must solve.” Today, as intelligent warfare begins to emerge, we should proactively understand “what” intelligent warfare is. Otherwise, we will not be able to solve “how to do it,” let alone control future wars.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system. The laws of intelligent warfare, like the laws of cold weapon warfare, hot weapon warfare, mechanized warfare, and information warfare, are the inherent and essential connections between the elements of war. The difference is that it has new elements and new modes of composition between elements. It is essentially the reconstruction of the war knowledge and action system caused by the intelligent revolution. Today, to understand the laws of intelligent warfare, we must grasp the foundation of intelligence and autonomy, grasp the key to building a war knowledge and action system, and grasp the essence of the change in the connotation of war power. Mastering these laws can overcome the chaos and uncertainty in future wars and find order and certainty from them. This is the objective requirement for dealing with intelligent warfare.

The laws of intelligent warfare are the basis of the laws of war guidance. In “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War”, Mao Zedong first analyzed the characteristics of China’s revolutionary war and revealed the laws of war, and then “derived our strategies and tactics from this”, that is, the laws of war guidance; in “On Protracted War”, he first explained “what it is”, and then turned to the question of “how to do it”, reflecting a logical order of the cognitive process. Today, the study of intelligent warfare should still follow this order, and neither put the cart before the horse, nor reverse the order; nor add, reduce or replace links. On the basis of mastering the fundamental law of intelligent autonomy, we must reveal the laws of war guidance such as autonomous perception, autonomous planning, autonomous implementation, autonomous linkage, and autonomous evaluation.

If you don’t understand the laws of intelligent warfare, you can’t guide the war. “Sun Bin’s Art of War” points out: “Know, win” and “Don’t know, don’t win.” Tao is the law of war. If you master it and act in accordance with it, you can win; otherwise, you will lose. Mao Zedong also emphasized: “If you don’t know the laws of war, you don’t know how to guide the war, and you can’t win the war.” Similarly, mastering the laws of intelligent warfare is the premise for correctly guiding intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is inevitable to be confused by the superficial phenomena of intelligent warfare. Today, we need to analyze the basic, long-term and subversive impact of intelligent technology groups on war, and study what intelligent warfare looks like? What are the laws? How should it be fought? These are all major issues that must be answered in the guidance of intelligent warfare.

Solve the “how to do it” problem and reveal the guiding principles of intelligent warfare

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the medium for guiding practice by using the laws of intelligent warfare, playing the role of “bridge” and “boat”. We should solve the problem of “how to do it” on the basis of answering “what is it” and propose the “swimming skills” of intelligent warfare.

The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of applying the laws of war. The purpose of understanding the laws of war is to apply them. Marx pointed out: “Philosophers only interpret the world in different ways, but the problem is to change the world.” Similarly, intelligent warfare itself forces commanders to discover the laws. Once discovered, they will combine initiative and use the laws to serve winning the war, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of guiding laws for intelligent warfare. Today, war is the continuation of politics, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that intelligent warfare must obey the guiding laws that serve politics; soldiers and civilians are the basis of victory, which is still the law of intelligent warfare. From this, it can be concluded that the guiding laws of mobilizing the people in the broadest possible way are derived, and so on. These guiding laws for intelligent warfare are derived from the laws of war and are “swimming skills in the sea of ​​intelligent warfare.”

Give full play to the active role of people in intelligent warfare. Engels said: “It is people, not guns, who win the battle.” The guiding laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of practice and use. It is not a simple “transfer” or “copying” of the laws of intelligent warfare, but it can be transformed into the guiding laws of war with the addition of people’s subjective initiative. Today, military talents who master artificial intelligence are not only the operators of intelligent weapons, but also the creators of artificial intelligence. People still occupy a dominant position in the intelligent human-machine system and are the decisive factor in the victory or defeat of intelligent warfare. Commanders should give full play to their initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of intelligent warfare and adhere to the “technology + strategy” combat theory generation model, so as to change from answering “what is” to solving “how to do”.

The laws governing intelligent warfare are constantly evolving. War is a “chameleon”. Intelligent warfare itself will also go through different stages such as germination, development, and maturity, which will inevitably lead to the development of laws governing intelligent warfare. War leaders must dynamically examine intelligent warfare, keenly capture the new elements of intelligent warfare, correctly analyze the changes in the relationship between the new elements, and constantly re-recognize intelligent warfare. We must keep up with the historical process of the accelerated advancement of war forms towards intelligence, grasp the direction of development of intelligent warfare and the pulse of the times, push the research on the laws governing intelligent warfare to a new level, and seize strategic initiative and opportunities on future battlefields.

Keep a close eye on the “initiative” and continue to innovate intelligent warfare and strategic guidance

As the military is ever-changing, water is ever-changing. As intelligent warfare has already arrived, we must follow the laws and guidance of intelligent warfare, keep close to the actual military struggle preparations, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, take the initiative to design “when”, “where” and “who to fight”, innovate war and strategic guidance, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of future wars.

You fight yours, I fight mine. The highest realm of the art of war guidance is that you fight yours, I fight mine. “Each fights his own” requires commanders to use their own forces independently and autonomously in future intelligent wars, no matter how complex and difficult the environment is. In particular, enemies with high-tech equipment may cause a temporary local situation where the enemy is active and we are passive. At this time, we must use comprehensive means such as politics, economy, and diplomacy to make up for the disadvantages in weapons with an overall favorable situation, quickly reverse this situation, and restore the active position. If you are led by the nose by your strategic opponent, you may suffer a great loss.

Seize the opportunity and use the troops according to the time. The Six Secret Teachings pointed out: “The use depends on the opportunity.” Jomini emphasized: “The whole art of war lies in being good at waiting for the opportunity to act.” On the one hand, if the time is not right, do not force it. Be cautious about the opportunity, and have great patience before the opportunity comes to prevent strategic blind action. On the other hand, the time will not come again, so don’t miss the opportunity. Be good at seizing the opportunity, and once you encounter a favorable opportunity, you must resolutely use it and avoid being timid. It should be pointed out that we should look at the issue of the maturity of the opportunity dialectically. The future intelligent war is changing rapidly, requiring quick decision-making, but in the face of uncertain factors, we must make careful decisions. Sometimes making a decision early may be more effective than making a more perfect decision tomorrow. Therefore, we must dare to take a little risk, otherwise we will sit back and watch the loss of the opportunity for success.

Different domains are different, and operations are based on the local conditions. Clausewitz pointed out: “War is not like a field full of crops, but like a field full of trees. When harvesting crops, you don’t need to consider the shape of each crop, and the quality of the harvest depends on the quality of the sickle; when chopping down trees with an axe, you must pay attention to the shape and direction of each tree.” Different strategic spaces lead to different wars, and war guidance is also different. At present, the battlefield space is constantly expanding from traditional spaces such as land, sea and air to new spaces such as space and the Internet. War leaders should explore new intelligent war laws and guidance laws based on the characteristics of multi-domain, three-dimensional, and networked.

Aim at the opponent and win by taking advantage of the enemy. The Art of War by Sun Tzu states: “Follow the enemy and decide the battle.” Jomini also said: “No matter who you are, if you don’t understand the enemy, how can you know how to act?” Looking to the future, smart strategists should classify combat targets into primary combat targets and general combat targets, actual combat targets and potential combat targets according to their importance and urgency, and comprehensively and objectively understand the strategic intentions, force deployment, combat concepts, etc. of different combat targets, propose new intelligent war guidance laws that can give full play to the advantages of their own combat power, and implement correct war actions.

In short, the laws of intelligent warfare are the laws of the cognitive process, solving the problem of “what”; the guiding laws are the laws of the practical process, solving the problem of “how”. The two are dialectically unified and inseparable, forming a complete chain of understanding and guiding intelligent warfare. “Victory is not repeated, but should be formed in infinity.” Today, war and strategic leaders should, based on objective conditions, deeply explore and flexibly apply the laws of intelligent warfare and the laws of war guidance, and innovate war and strategic guidance in line with the times.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science, Institute of War Studies)

現代國語:

无命题8

資料來源:解放軍報作者:郝敬東 牛玉俊 段非易責任編輯:王鳳2021-03-16 10:xx
要點提示

●認識智慧化戰爭規律,要抓住智慧化和自主化這個基礎,抓住建構戰爭知行體系這個關鍵,抓住戰爭力量內涵發生改變這個實質。

●戰爭指導者須動態地檢視智慧化戰爭,敏銳捕捉智慧化戰爭孕育的新質要素,正確分析新質要素之間關係的變化,不斷對智慧化戰爭進行再認識。

習主席指出,要認真研究軍事、研究戰爭、研究打仗,掌握現代戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律。今天,戰爭的智慧化特徵日益凸顯,智慧化戰爭已經展現出早期形態的樣貌。要掌握未來智慧化戰爭主動權,就應積極追蹤現代戰爭發展,緊貼現實軍事鬥爭準備,前瞻認識智能化戰爭規律,深刻把握其指導規律,著力回答「是什麼」、解決 「怎麼做」等問題,不斷創新戰爭和戰略指導。

回答“是什麼”,前瞻認識智慧化戰爭規律

毛澤東同志指出:“戰爭的規律——這是任何指導戰爭的人不能不研究和不能不解決的問題。”今天,在智能化戰爭初顯端倪之際,應前瞻認識智能化戰爭“是什麼”,否則就不能解決“怎麼做”,更不可能駕馭未來戰爭。

智慧化戰爭規律是戰爭知行體系的重建。智慧化戰爭規律,和冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭的規律一樣,是戰爭諸要素間內在的、本質的聯繫,不同之處在於它有新質的要素和新的要素間的構成模式,本質上是基於智能化革命所引發的戰爭知行體系的重建。今天,認識智慧化戰爭規律,要抓住智慧化和自主化這個基礎,抓住建構戰爭知行體系這個關鍵,抓住戰爭力量內涵發生改變這個實質。掌握這些規律,就能克服未來戰爭中的紛亂和不確定性,從中找出條理和確定性,這是應對智慧化戰爭的客觀要求。

智慧化戰爭規律是戰爭指導規律的依據。毛澤東在《中國革命戰爭的戰略問題》中,首先分析了中國革命戰爭的特點,揭示了戰爭規律,然後“由此產生我們的戰略戰術”,即戰爭指導規律;在《論持久戰》中,他首先說明了“是什麼”,再轉到研究“怎麼做”的問題上,體現了一種認識過程的邏輯順序。今天,研究智慧化戰爭仍應遵循此順序,既不能本末倒置,顛倒順序;也不能增加、減少或更換環節。要在掌握智能自主這項根本規律的基礎上,揭示自主感知、自主規劃、自主實施、自主連結、自主評估等戰爭指導規律。

不懂得智慧化戰爭規律,就不能指導戰爭。 《孫臏兵法》指出:「知道,勝」「不知道,不勝」。道是戰爭規律,掌握它、行動符合它,就能取勝;反之,則敗。毛澤東也強調:「不知道戰爭的規律,就不知道如何指導戰爭,就不能打勝仗。」同樣,掌握智慧化戰爭規律,是正確指導智能化戰爭的前提。否則,就難免被智慧化戰爭的表面現象所迷惑。今天,要透過分析智能化技術群對戰爭的基礎性、長遠性和顛覆性影響,研究智能化戰爭是什麼樣子?有哪些規律?該怎麼打?這些都是智慧化戰爭指導必須回答的重大議題。

解決“怎麼做”,揭示掌握智慧化戰爭指導規律

智慧化戰爭指導規律是運用智慧化戰爭規律指導實踐的中介,扮演「橋」和「船」的角色。應在回答「是什麼」的基礎上解決「怎麼做」的問題,提出智能化戰爭的「游泳術」。

智慧化戰爭指導規律是運用戰爭規律的規律。認識戰爭規律的目的在於應用。馬克思指出:「哲學家們只是用不同的方式解釋世界,而問題在於改變世界。」同樣,智慧化戰爭本身迫使指揮者不發現規律則已,一旦發現,就會結合能動性,利用規律為打贏戰爭服務,這就必然導致智能化戰爭指導規律的產生。今天,戰爭是政治的繼續仍是智能化戰爭規律,由此得出智能化戰爭必須服從服務於政治的指導規律;兵民是勝利之本仍是智能化戰爭規律,由此得出最廣泛地動員民眾的指導規律,等等。這些智慧化戰爭指導規律是戰爭規律衍生出來的,是「智慧化戰爭大海中的游泳術」。

充分發揮人在智慧化戰爭中的能動作用。恩格斯說:「贏得戰鬥勝利的是人而不是槍。」智慧化戰爭指導規律是實踐規律、使用規律。它不是對智慧化戰爭規律的簡單“移用”“照搬”,而是加上人的主觀能動性,才能轉化為戰爭指導規律。今天,掌握人工智慧的軍事人才,不僅是智慧化武器的操控者,更是人工智慧的創造者。人在智慧化人機系統中仍處於主體地位,是智慧化戰爭勝負的決定性因素。指揮者應在掌握智慧化戰爭規律的基礎上,充分發揮能動性,堅持「技術+謀略」的作戰理論生成模式,才能由回答「是什麼」轉變為解決「怎麼做」。

智慧化戰爭指導規律是不斷發展的。戰爭是一條「變色龍」。智慧化戰爭本身也會經歷萌芽、發展、成熟等不同階段,必然帶來智慧化戰爭指導規律的發展。戰爭指導者須動態地檢視智能化戰爭,敏銳捕捉智慧化戰爭孕育的新質要素,正確分析新質要素之間關係的變化,不斷對智慧化戰爭進行再認識。要緊跟戰爭形態向智能化加速邁進的歷史進程,把握智能化戰爭發展方向和時代脈搏,把對智能化戰爭指導規律的研究推向新境界,在未來戰場佔據戰略主動和先機。

緊盯“主動權”,不斷創新智慧化戰爭和戰略指導

兵無常勢,水無常形。在智慧化戰爭已然來臨之際,要在遵循智能化戰爭規律和指導規律的基礎上,緊貼現實軍事鬥爭準備,加強對手研究、敵情研究,主動設計“在什麼時間”“在什麼地點”“和誰打仗”,創新戰爭和戰略指導,牢牢掌握未來戰爭的戰略主動權。

你打你的,我打我的。戰爭指導藝術的最高境界,就是你打你的、我打我的。 「各打各的」要求指揮在未來智能化戰爭中,無論處於怎樣複雜、困難的環境,首先要立足自身實際,獨立自主地使用自己的力量。特別是擁有高技術裝備之敵,可能造成暫時的局部的敵之主動、我之被動的局面,這時要透過政治、經濟、外交等綜合手段,以總體有利態勢彌補武器上的劣勢,迅速扭轉這一局面,恢復主動地位。如果被戰略對手牽著鼻子走,就可能吃大虧。

把握時機,因時用兵。 《六韜》指出:「用之在於機。」若米尼強調:「全部戰爭藝術就在於善於待機而動。」一方面,時不至,不可強動。要持重時機,時機未到,應有極大耐心,防止策略盲動。另一方面,時不再來,機不可失。要善於把握時機,一旦遇上有利時機,就要堅決利用,防止畏首畏尾。需要指出的是,要辯證地看待時機成熟問題。未來智慧化戰爭瞬息萬變,要求快速決策,而面對不確定性因素,必須謹慎決策。有時及早定下決心,比明天下達更完善的決心也許更有效。因此,要敢於冒一點風險,不然會坐視成功機會的喪失。

各域有別,因地運籌。克勞塞維茨指出:「戰爭不像長滿莊稼的田地,而像長滿大樹的土地。收割莊稼時不需要考慮每棵莊稼的形狀,收割得好壞取決於鐮刀的好壞;而用斧頭砍伐大樹時,就必須注意到每棵大樹的形狀和方向。」戰略空間不同,戰爭就不同,戰爭指導也不一樣。目前,戰場空間不斷由陸海空等傳統空間向太空、網路等新型空間拓展,戰爭指導者應根據​​多域性、立體性、網路性等特點,探索新的智慧化戰爭規律和指導規律。

瞄準對手,因敵制勝。 《孫子兵法》指出:「踐墨隨敵,以決戰事。」約米尼也說:「不管是誰,如果不了解敵人,怎能知道自己應該如何行動呢?」著眼未來,聰明的戰略家應根據輕重、緩急程度,把作戰對象區分為主要作戰對象和一般作戰對象、現實作戰對象和潛在作戰對象,全面客觀地了解不同作戰對象的戰略意圖、兵力部署、作戰構想等,提出能充分發揮己方戰力優長的新的智能化戰爭指導規律,實施正確的戰爭行動。

總之,智慧化戰爭規律是認識過程中的規律,解決「是什麼」;指導規律是實踐過程中的規律,解決「怎麼做」。二者辯證統一,不可分割,構成了認識和指導智能化戰爭的完整鏈。 「戰勝不復,而應形於無窮。」今天,戰爭和戰略指導者應基於客觀情況,深入探索和靈活運用智能化戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律,與時俱進創新戰爭和戰略指導。

(作者單位:軍事科學學院戰爭研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2021-03/16/content_4880989.htm?yikikata=7593b488-bf4396b2e061d55553e340f0a68ef7f888

Develop Chinese Military Operational Concepts Design China’s Future War Success

發展中國軍事作戰理念,規劃中國未來戰爭勝利

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月22日 星期三

現代英語:

Since the 21st century, with the deepening of the world’s new military revolution, the world’s military powers have put forward a series of new operational concepts and continuously improved them in war practice, thus driving the accelerated evolution of war. With the rapid development of information technologies such as cloud computing, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and big data, and their widespread application in the military field, people’s understanding of war has gradually changed from summarizing actual combat experience to studying and judging future wars. At present, as the source of military capability building, the strength of operational concept development capabilities will directly affect the seizure of victory opportunities. In particular, the vigorous development of the world’s new military revolution is calling for innovation in operational theory all the time. Only by developing new operational concepts and designing future wars with a forward-looking vision can we gain the initiative in military struggle preparation.

The concept of combat fundamentally solves the problem of how to fight a war.

First-rate armies design wars, second-rate armies respond to wars, and third-rate armies follow wars. The so-called “real wars happen before wars” means that before a war starts, the theory, style, and method of fighting have already been designed. How can we not win if we fight according to the designed war? The key to designing a war is to design and develop new combat concepts based on understanding the characteristics and laws of war, promote innovation in combat styles and tactics, and fundamentally solve the problem of “how to fight a war.”

In designing wars, theories come first. In recent years, the U.S. military has proposed new concepts such as “network-centric warfare”, “air-sea integrated warfare” and “hybrid warfare”, and the Russian military has proposed theories such as “non-nuclear containment strategy”, “strategic air-space campaign” and “national information security doctrine”, reflecting that the world’s military powers are vigorously studying operational theories and seizing military commanding heights. To a certain extent, operational concepts are the “organizational cells” for the formation of operational theories. Without a perfect concept generation capability, it is difficult to give birth to advanced theories. When an operational theory is proposed, it is necessary to develop relevant operational concepts so that the operational theory can be “sunk” and visualized, and better improved and transformed into military practice. When there is no operational theory concept, operational concept innovation can provide “raw materials” for the study of operational theories. The military field is the most uncertain field, and people’s understanding of war is constantly evolving. However, operational theory innovation cannot wait for the understanding to mature before starting, but needs to be based on the existing understanding, through active development and innovation of operational concepts, constructing future operational scenarios, exploring future winning mechanisms, and guiding and guiding military practice, in order to seize the initiative in war. Therefore, operational concept innovation is becoming a strategic fulcrum and lever for military construction and development.

The development of operational concepts focuses on designing core operational concepts. The core operational concept is the nucleus and embryo of the operational concept, which reflects the essential requirements of operations and contains the “genetic genes” for the growth of operational concepts. The entire concept system is derived and developed from this. At present, the understanding of the winning mechanism of informationized and intelligent warfare is becoming clearer, and it is time to focus the design of war on the development of major operational theories and key operational concepts.

Operational concept is an abstract expression of operational thinking.

The term “operational concept” originated from the US military. It is a description of how to fight in the future and is increasingly becoming an important tool for promoting the development of the military. The US Army Training and Doctrine Command Concept Development Guide points out that the operational concept is a concept, idea, and overall understanding. It is based on the inference of specific events in the combat environment. In the broadest sense, it outlines what will be done and describes how to fight in more specific measures. The US Marine Corps Combat Development Command Operations Development and Integration Directive points out that the operational concept is an expression of how to fight, used to describe future combat scenarios and how to use military art and scientific capabilities to meet future challenges. The US Air Force Operational Concept Development Directive points out that the operational concept is a conceptual description at the level of war theory, which realizes the established operational concept and intention through the orderly organization of combat capabilities and combat tasks.

In summary, the operational concept can be understood as an abstract cognition of operational ideas and action plans that is refined for specific operational problems at present or in the future. Generally speaking, the operational concept includes three parts: the first is the description of the operational problem, that is, the background of the operational concept, the operational environment, the operational opponent, etc.; the second is the description of the solution, that is, the concept connotation, application scenario, action style, winning mechanism, capability characteristics and advantages, etc.; the third is the description of capability requirements, that is, the equipment technology, basic conditions, and implementation means required to implement the operational concept. It can be seen that the operational concept should have the characteristics of pertinence, scientificity, adaptability and feasibility, and its connotation and extension will be constantly adjusted with the changes in factors such as strategic background, military policy, threat opponent, time and space environment, and capability conditions.

In a sense, operational concepts are actually transitional forms of operational theories, and their ultimate value is to guide military practice. The purpose and destination of developing new operational concepts is to tap into and enhance the combat effectiveness of the military. Only by transforming operational concepts into operational regulations and operational plans can their value be fully realized.

Innovation in combat concepts drives changes in combat styles

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the world’s military powers have, in accordance with national strategic requirements and in response to new threats and challenges, developed new operational concepts as a key means of transforming military capabilities, promoting changes in operational styles, and seeking to gain the upper hand in future battlefields. In order to further strengthen their military advantages, the world’s military powers are accelerating the introduction of a series of new operational concepts.

The US military has actively seized the opportunities brought about by scientific and technological progress, comprehensively used cutting-edge technologies such as new-generation information technology, artificial intelligence technology, unmanned autonomous technology, and proposed a series of new combat concepts such as mosaic warfare, multi-domain warfare, distributed lethality, decision-center warfare, and joint global command and control, promoting fundamental changes in combat thinking, combat style, combat space, and combat systems.

Unlike the U.S. military, the Russian military has achieved iterative innovation in operational concepts in military practice. Recently, the Russian military has been committed to promoting the construction of joint combat capabilities, accelerating the development and deployment of new unmanned equipment, focusing on building advantages in the network information battlefield, and constantly enriching the connotation of its traditional operational concepts, integrating them with new operational concepts such as hybrid warfare and mental warfare to guide war practice.

In general, in recent years, the new operational concepts proposed by the world’s military powers are driving profound changes in combat styles. Their capabilities, characteristics and advantages are mainly reflected in the following five aspects: First, the unmanned combat equipment. The proportion of unmanned equipment systems based on the new operational concept has increased significantly, and manned-unmanned collaborative combat has become one of the main combat styles, forming an advantage of unmanned over manned; second, the deployment method is decentralized. The force deployment based on the new operational concept is distributed, and the systems are interconnected and interoperable, forming an advantage of division over combination; third, the kill network is complicated. The kill network based on the new operational concept has more diverse functions. A single system can perform multiple tasks, and its failure has little impact on the combat system, forming an advantage of many over single; fourth, the response time is agile. The new operational concept emphasizes quick battles and quick decisions, taking the initiative to catch the enemy off guard, forming an advantage of fast over slow; fifth, the combat field is multidimensional. The new operational concept pays more attention to multi-domain linkage, expanding the battlefield from the traditional land, sea and air to the electromagnetic, network and cognitive domains, forming an advantage of invisible over visible.

The development of combat concepts should adhere to the systematic design approach

Using operational concepts to guide military force construction is a common practice among the world’s military powers. In comparison, the US military’s operational concept development mechanism is relatively complete, and a relatively complete operational concept development system has been established, consisting of concept types, organizational structures, normative standards, and support means.

In terms of concept types, the U.S. military’s combat concepts can basically be divided into three categories: First, a series of combat concepts developed by each service, mainly from the perspective of the service, to study potential enemies and future battlefields, redefine combat styles, and seek new ways to win. Second, a series of joint combat concepts developed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, mainly composed of three levels: top-level concepts, action concepts, and supporting concepts. Third, combat concepts developed by academia, think tanks, etc., the number of such combat concepts is not as large as the first two categories, but it is still an important part of the combat concept system. Through this system, the U.S. military has implemented the grand military strategy through combat concepts layer by layer into various combat operations, various combat capabilities, and various types of weapons and equipment performance for the troops, guiding the construction of joint forces and various services.

In terms of organizational structure, taking the development of joint operational concepts as an example, the US military has established a working system consisting of five types of institutions. The first is the Joint Concept Working Group, whose main responsibility is to review the overall issues of the concept outline and concept development; the second is the Joint Concept Steering Committee, whose main responsibility is to supervise and guide the concept development plan; the third is the core writing team, whose main responsibility is to transform the original ideas in the concept outline into joint operational concepts; the fourth is the concept development team, whose main responsibility is to provide operational concept development methods and plans; the fifth is the independent red team, whose main responsibility is to conduct independent evaluations to judge the rigor and scientificity of the concept.

In terms of norms and standards, the U.S. military has a complete system of institutions to constrain and guide the development of joint operational concepts, making them standardized, standardized, and procedural, so as to manage the entire chain of concept development, which is mainly reflected in a series of directives of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and joint publications. For example, the “Joint Concept Development and Implementation Guide” aims to establish a governance structure for joint concept development, clarify the framework for joint operational concept planning, execution, and evaluation, and promote the implementation of joint operational concepts; the “Joint Regulations Preparation Process” aims to standardize the preparation process of joint regulations and provide a clear process framework for converting operational concepts into operational regulations.

In terms of support means, the design, development and verification of operational concepts is a systematic project that cannot be separated from the support of various development tools and means. For example, tools such as the DODAF2.0 model, IDEFO model and SYSML modeling language can provide standardized structured analysis models and logical description models for operational concept designers; model-based system engineering methods can provide operational concept designers and evaluation and verification personnel with capability models of equipment elements in operational concepts for designing and building operational concept frameworks. The U.S. military’s joint operational concept development uses network-based digital software with strong interconnection capabilities. All institutions involved in the development can share information in real time to improve development efficiency.

The development of combat concepts requires collaboration among multiple parties

Developing operational concepts is a multidisciplinary and multi-field task that involves many fields such as military science, philosophy, operations research, and systems science. It requires collaboration among multiple parties to ensure that it is both advanced and forward-looking in theory and applicable and feasible in practice.

Establish a small core and large peripheral research team. The department initiating the development of the operational concept should give full play to its leading role, coordinate and dispatch the research work from a global perspective; establish a joint research and development team, give full play to the collective wisdom, and widely obtain various new ideas, new methods and new viewpoints on the research of operational concepts from all parties; establish a cross-domain and cross-departmental expert committee to supervise, review and guide related work from multiple angles.

Form a multi-departmental working mechanism. To ensure smooth communication and efficient operation among departments, we must first clarify their respective tasks and responsibilities. For example, the concept initiating department is responsible for overall planning and implementation, the laboratory is responsible for technical verification, the industrial department is responsible for equipment research and development, and the combat troops are responsible for actual combat testing. Secondly, relevant normative documents should be formulated to ensure that all work has rules to follow and is carried out in an orderly manner, providing institutional guarantees for the development of combat concepts. Finally, it is also necessary to establish demand traction mechanisms, collaborative research mechanisms, iterative feedback mechanisms, etc., to open up the link from research and development to practical application of combat concepts.

Promote the organic combination of theory and practice. Only through the iterative cycle of “design research-deduction verification-actual troop test” can the operational concept be gradually adjusted, optimized and improved, and the development of war theory can be driven. Therefore, the development of operational concepts should pay special attention to the combination of theoretical innovation and practical application, and achieve the fundamental purpose of driving the generation of new quality combat power through the mutual drive of theory and practice. Specific methods include timely incorporating mature operational concepts into operational regulations, compiling training outlines or teaching materials accordingly, and gradually promoting them to troops for use; organizing relevant exercises or tests to test the maturity and feasibility of operational concepts under conditions close to actual combat, and finding and solving problems; using the capability indicators determined by the operational concept as a reference for equipment demand demonstration, driving the development of equipment technology, and promoting the improvement of combat capabilities.

The rapid development of science and technology in the new era has brought many new opportunities and challenges to the construction of military capabilities. The development of new operational concepts will help us to seize the military opportunities brought by scientific and technological progress, actively respond to the threats and challenges formed by scientific and technological development, and timely grasp the direction and laws of the evolution of war forms, which can provide important support for leading future war styles and seizing the first chance to win. At present, the international security situation is complex and changeable. To win the future information war, we need to take the development of operational concepts as the origin of national defense and military construction, actively carry out military technological innovation, promote the upgrading of weapons and equipment, achieve leapfrog development, and thus lead the trend of the new military revolution.

(Author’s unit: Second Academy of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation)

現代國語:

宋曉明

中國軍網 國防部網
2022年6月22日 星期三

自21世紀以來,隨著世界新軍事革命的深入推進,世界軍事強國提出了一系列新作戰概念,並在戰爭實踐中不斷改進,從而牽引戰爭加速演變。隨著雲端運算、區塊鏈、人工智慧、大數據等資訊科技的日新月異,以及在軍事領域的廣泛應用,人們理解戰爭的模式逐漸由歸納總結實戰經驗向研判未來戰爭轉變。目前,作為軍事能力建構源頭,作戰概念開發能力強弱,將直接影響勝戰先機的奪取。尤其是世界新軍事革命蓬勃發展,無時無刻不在呼喚作戰理論創新,只有以前瞻眼光開發新作戰概念、設計未來戰爭,才能獲得軍事鬥爭準備的主動權。

作戰概念從根本解決仗怎麼打

一流軍隊設計戰爭,二流軍隊應對戰爭,三流軍隊尾隨戰爭。所謂“真正的戰爭,發生在戰爭之前”,意思是戰爭開打之前,戰爭的理論、樣式、打法早已被設計出來。依照設計好的戰爭來打,豈有不勝之理?設計戰爭,關鍵在於摸清戰爭特徵規律的基礎上,設計發展新作戰概念,推動作戰樣式和戰法創新,從根本上解決「仗怎麼打」。

設計戰爭,理論先行。近年來,美軍先後提出「網路中心戰」「空海一體戰」等理論,反映了世界軍事強國都在大力研究作戰理論,搶佔軍事制高點。從某種程度上說,作戰概念是作戰理論形成的“組織細胞”,沒有完善的概念生成能力,很難催生先進的理論。當一個作戰理論提出時,需要發展相關作戰概念,才能使作戰理論「下沉」具象化,更好地完善並向軍事實踐轉化。當沒有作戰理論構想時,作戰概念創新可以為研究作戰理論提供「原料」。軍事領域是最具不確定性的領域,人們對戰爭的認知始終在不斷發展。但是,作戰理論創新不能坐等認識成熟後再起步,而是需要在現有認識的基礎上,透過主動開發、創新作戰概念,構設未來作戰圖景,探索未來制勝機理,牽引並指導軍事實踐,才能掌握戰爭主動權。因此,作戰概念創新,正成為軍隊建設與發展的戰略支點與槓桿。

作戰概念開發,重點在於設計核心作戰概念。核心作戰概念,是作戰概念的細胞核、胚胎,集中反映作戰本質要求,包含著作戰概念生長的“遺傳基因”,整個概念體係由此衍生與發展。目前,對資訊化、智慧化戰爭的致勝機理等的認識漸趨清晰,將設計戰爭的重心聚焦到主要作戰理論、關鍵作戰概念開發正當其時。

作戰概念是作戰思想的抽象表達

「作戰概念」一詞源自美軍,是對未來如何作戰的描述,正日益成為推進軍隊建設發展的重要抓手。美《陸軍訓練與條令司令部概念開髮指南》指出,作戰概念是理念、想法、總體認識,是依據作戰環境中具體事件的推斷,在最廣泛的意義上勾勒將要做什麼,在更具體的舉措上描述仗怎麼打。美《海軍陸戰隊作戰發展司令部作戰發展與一體化指令》指出,作戰概念是表達如何打仗,用來描述未來作戰景象及如何利用軍事藝術和科學能力迎接未來挑戰。美《空軍作戰概念發展條令》則指出,作戰概念是戰爭理論層面的概念描述,透過對作戰能力和作戰任務的有序組織,實現既定的作戰構想和意圖。

綜上所述,作戰概念可以理解為是針對當前或未來的具體作戰問題,提煉的對作戰思想與行動方案的抽象認知。一般而言,作戰概念包括三部分內容:一是對作戰問題的描述,即作戰概念的提出背景、作戰環境、作戰對手等;二是對解決方案的描述,即概念內涵、應用場景、行動樣式、制勝機理、能力特徵及優勢等;三是對能力需求的描述,即實施該作戰概念所需的裝備技術、基礎條件、實現手段等。可以看出,作戰概念應具備針對性、科學性、適應性與可行性等特徵,其內涵與外延會隨著戰略背景、軍事方針、威脅對手、時空環境、能力條件等因素的變化而不斷調整。

從某種意義上說,作戰概念其實是作戰理論的過渡形態,最終價值是指導牽引軍事實踐。發展新作戰概念的目的和歸宿,是挖掘和提升軍隊戰鬥力,只有把作戰概念轉化為作戰條令、作戰計劃,才能充分發揮其價值。

作戰概念創新牽引作戰樣式變革

進入21世紀以來,世界軍事強國根據國家戰略要求,針對新威脅挑戰,把開發新作戰概念作為軍事能力轉型的關鍵抓手,推動作戰樣式變革,謀求贏得在未來戰場中的製勝先機。為進一步強化軍事上的領先優勢,世界軍事強國正加速推出一系列新作戰概念。

美軍積極搶奪科技進步帶來的機遇,綜合運用新一代資訊科技、人工智慧技術、無人自主技術等尖端技術,提出馬賽克戰、多域作戰、分散式殺傷、決策中心戰、聯合全局指揮控制等一系列新作戰概念,推動作戰思想、作戰樣式、作戰空間和作戰體系發生根本性變化。

與美軍不同,俄軍是在軍事實踐中實現作戰概念的迭代創新。近期,俄軍致力於推動聯合作戰能力建設,加速發展部署新型無人裝備,注重打造網路資訊戰場優勢,不斷豐富其傳統作戰概念的內涵,並與混合戰爭、心智戰等新作戰概念相集成,用以指導戰爭實踐。

整體而言,近幾年,世界軍事強國提出的新作戰概念正牽引作戰樣式發生深刻變化,其能力特徵及優勢主要體現在以下五個方面:一是作戰裝備無人化,基於新作戰概念的無人裝備體系佔比顯著提高,有人無人協同作戰成為主要作戰樣式之一,形成以無人制有人的優勢;二是部署方式分散化,基於新作戰概念的力量部署呈分佈式,系統間互聯互通,具備互操作能力,形成以分制合的優點;三是殺傷網複雜化,基於新作戰概念的殺傷網功能更加多樣,單一系統可執行多種任務,且其失效對作戰體系影響較小,形成以多製單的優勢;四是響應時間敏捷化,新作戰概念更強調速戰速決,先發制人使敵方措手不及,形成以快製慢的優勢;五是作戰領域多維化,新作戰概念更注重多域聯動,將戰場從傳統的陸海空拓展到電磁、網絡和認知域,形成以無形制有形的優勢。

作戰概念開發應堅持體系化設計思路

以作戰概念指導軍事力量建設,是世界軍事強國的共同做法。比較而言,美軍的作戰概念開發機制較為完善,建構了相對完整的作戰概念開發體系,由概念類型、組織架構、規範標準、支撐手段等部分組成。

在概念類型方面,美軍作戰概念基本上可分為三類:一是各軍種主導開發的系列作戰概念,主要從本軍種角度出發,研判潛在敵人和未來戰場,對作戰樣式進行重新定義,謀求打贏的新途徑。二是參會主導開發的一系列聯合作戰概念,主要由頂層概念、行動概念和支持性概念等三個層次構成。三是學術界、智庫等主導開發的作戰概念,這類作戰概念的數量沒有前兩類那麼多,但仍是作戰概念體系的重要組成部分。透過此體系,美軍把宏大的軍事戰略透過作戰概念逐層落實為面向部隊的各類作戰行動、各種作戰能力、各型武器裝備性能,指導聯合部隊及各軍兵種建設。

在組織架構方面,以聯合作戰概念發展為例,美軍建立了由五類機構組成的工作體系。一是聯合概念工作小組,主要職責是審查概念大綱及概念研發的整體問題;二是聯合概念指導委員會,主要職責是對概念研發計畫進行監督指導;三是核心編寫團隊,主要職責是將概念大綱中原始理念轉化為聯合作戰概念;

在規範標準方面,針對聯合作戰概念的開發,美軍有完善的製度體系約束、指導,使其規範化、標準化、程序化,以便對概念開發進行全鏈條管理,主要體現在一系列參謀長聯席會議主席指令及聯合出版物中。例如,《聯合概念開發與實施指南》旨在為聯合概念發展建立治理結構,明確聯合作戰概念規劃、執行和評估的框架,推動聯合作戰概念落實;《聯合條令編制流程》旨在對聯合條令的編制流程進行規範,為把作戰概念轉化為作戰條令提供一個明確的流程框架。

在支撐手段方面,作戰概念的設計開發與驗證是一項系統工程,離不開各類開發工具與手段的支撐。例如,DODAF2.0模型、IDEFO模型及SYSML建模語言等工具,可為作戰概念設計人員提供規範的結構化分析模型與邏輯描述模型;基於模型的系統工程方法,可為作戰概念設計人員和評估驗證人員提供作戰概念中裝備要素的能力模型,用於設計並搭建作戰概念框架。美軍聯合作戰概念開發使用了基於網路的數位化軟體,具有較強的互聯互通能力,所有參與開發的機構都可以即時共享訊息,提高開發效率。

作戰概念開發成熟需要多方協同合作

發展作戰概念是一項多學科、多領域交叉的工作,涉及軍事學、哲學、運籌學、系統科學等諸多領域,需要多方協同合作,以確保其既在理論層面具備先進性、前瞻性,又在實踐層面具備適用性、可行性。

組成小核心大外圍研究團隊。作戰概念開發發起部門要充分發揮群體智慧作用,從全局角度出發,對研究工作進行統籌與調度;成立聯合研發團隊,充分發揮群體智慧作用,廣泛獲取各方對作戰概念研究的各種新方法與新觀點;設立跨領域、跨部門的專家委員會,多角度對相關工作進行監督、審查與指導。

形成多部門連動的工作機制。為確保各部門之間溝通順暢、運作高效,首先要明確各自的任務與職責。例如,概念發起部門負責總體計畫與實施、實驗室負責技術驗證、工業部門負責裝備研發、作戰部隊負責實戰檢驗。其次,要製定相關規範文件,確保各項工作有章可循、有序推進,為作戰概念研發提供製度保障。最後,還要建立需求牽引機制、協同攻關機制、迭代回授機制等,打通作戰概念從研發到實務運用的連結。

推動理論與實務有機結合。作戰概念只有透過「設計研究—推演驗證—實兵檢驗」的循環迭代,才能逐步調整、優化、完善,牽引戰爭理論發展。因此,作戰概念發展要特別注重理論創新與實務運用結合,透過理論與實務的相互驅動,達成牽引新質戰鬥力生成的根本目的。具體方式包括,將開發成熟的作戰概念及時納入作戰條令,相應地編寫訓練大綱或教材,逐步推廣至部隊使用;透過組織相關演訓或試驗,在貼近實戰條件下檢驗作戰概念的成熟度與可行性,查找並解決問題;把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考,促進引裝備技術發展,尋找並解決問題;把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考,促進引裝備技術發展,找到並解決問題;把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考,促進引裝備技術發展,找到並解決問題;把作戰概念確定的能力指標作為裝備需求論證的參考,促進引裝備技術發展,作戰能力提升。

新時代科技發展態勢迅猛,為軍事能力建設帶來許多新機會與新挑戰。發展新作戰概念,有助於敏銳抓住科技進步帶來的軍事機遇,積極應對科技發展形成的威脅與挑戰,及時掌握戰爭形態演進方向與規律,可為主導未來戰爭樣式、搶佔制勝先機提供重要支撐。當前,國際安全情勢複雜多變,打贏未來資訊化戰爭,需要我們把作戰概念開發作為國防和軍隊建設的原點,積極開展軍事技術創新,推進武器裝備更新換代,實現跨越式發展,從而引領新軍事革命潮流。

(作者單位:中國航太科工集團第二研究院)

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2022-06/22/content_31822288.htm

China’s Military Will Actively Respond to Challenges of Intelligent Warfare

中國軍隊將積極應對智慧化戰爭挑戰

現代英語:

In recent years, the wave of intelligence has surged and has been widely used in the military field. Major countries in the world attach great importance to the construction and application of military intelligence. Various unmanned combat platforms and intelligent weapons and equipment continue to appear and are equipped in the army for actual combat. In the face of the accelerated evolution of the intelligent form of war, only by seizing development opportunities, actively responding to challenges, accelerating the development of military intelligence, and accelerating the forging of intelligent combat capabilities can we seize the strategic initiative of intelligent warfare and win the future intelligent war.

Focusing on the creation of intelligent theory of war design

Military theory originates from combat practice and is used to guide combat practice. In the past, due to various restrictions, military theory research was mostly “looking back”, that is, summarizing combat cases to form combat guidance. With the rapid development of modern technology, especially disruptive technologies such as big data and cloud computing, combat theory research has broken away from the traditional follow-up and inductive reasoning mode and entered a new era of experimental warfare and designed warfare. New disruptive technologies in the field of intelligence have opened up new space for innovation in military theory. To this end, we should follow the idea of ​​”proposing concepts-demand analysis-innovative theories” to create the basic theory of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the conceptual connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat style, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanism, characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare; innovate intelligent warfare methods and methods, give full play to the overall effectiveness of the intelligent combat system, strengthen the research on new intelligent combat methods and methods such as human-machine collaborative intelligent warfare, intelligent robot warfare, and intelligent unmanned cluster warfare, as well as the processes and methods of intelligent combat command and intelligent combat support; focus on effectively responding to intelligent combat threats and study strategies to defeat the enemy, such as intelligent blocking warfare and intelligent disruption warfare. These theories are the cornerstone of the intelligent warfare theory system. In the future, the war theory centered on strengthening “intellectual power” and competing for “algorithm-centric warfare” is very likely to replace the war theory centered on “network-centric warfare”.

Focusing on cross-domain interconnection and exploring intelligent forms

Military organization is the link between military technology and combat theory, and is the lever for exerting the overall combat effectiveness of the army. Modern combat emphasizes “elite combat under the support of a large system”, that is, with the support of the joint combat system, “elite front and strong back”, and organizes precise and multi-functional combat modules according to the idea of ​​”integrated design, modular organization, and combined use” to maximize the release of combat energy. The system organization of future intelligent warfare will form small, multi-functional, intelligent new joint combat forces of different types and purposes according to different levels of strategy, campaign, and tactics and different military arms, and emphasize the organization of “global” forces that can perform diversified combat tasks. Through intelligent combat networks, according to the requirements of reconfigurability, scalability and adaptability, single weapon platforms can be seamlessly linked and flexibly organized according to changes in the enemy situation, battlefield environment, etc., and then aggregate to form system advantages and form an integrated offensive and defensive combat module. The new intelligent combat force system is the comprehensive product of the development of artificial intelligence technology, the formation of new quality combat power and the evolution of war forms. It is the “trump card” to seize the initiative in the future all-domain combat space, the key to the construction of an integrated joint combat system, and a new growth point for the army’s combat effectiveness.

Focusing on the integration of man and machine to develop intelligent weapons

With the development of information technology and intelligent technology, whoever can win in the field of artificial intelligence will have the opportunity to take the initiative in future military confrontation. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent war system operations and intelligent weapons and equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall coordination, compile a roadmap for the development of intelligent weapons and equipment systems, and develop intelligent unmanned combat equipment systems that match operations and support in a planned, focused, and step-by-step manner, covering land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network space fields, and establish a “human-led, machine-assisted, mixed formation, and joint action” manned-unmanned collaborative system to enhance the system integration of various military services and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. Intelligent unmanned combat systems are a new trend in the development of future war equipment. Its core lies in aiming at the requirements of “zero casualties”, “full coverage”, and “fast response” in future wars, making full use of the development results of new theories, new materials, new processes, new energy, and new technologies, and continuously making breakthroughs in human-machine collaboration and autonomous action. We will build a three-level unmanned equipment system of strategy, campaign, and tactics, build a new type of intelligent unmanned division on a large scale, and realize the systematic collaborative operations of unmanned combat systems. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent combat, and pay attention to the research and development of weapons and equipment systems for anti-enemy intelligent unmanned combat, to ensure that we can effectively engage in intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontation with the enemy.

Focus on the ability to combine innovation and intelligent training

The professional division of modern warfare is becoming more and more detailed, and the entire combat system is becoming more and more complex, which promotes the transformation of combat from labor-intensive to technology-intensive. It requires that combatants must not only have good physical fitness, but also have good technical literacy and intellectual advantages to cope with the needs of different combat tasks, combat environments, and combat opponents. Military intelligence has put forward higher requirements on the quality of people. Correspondingly, intelligent military talents should have the characteristics of talent group, advanced skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Intelligent warfare will be a war jointly implemented by man and machine, and combat forces with intelligent unmanned combat systems as the main body will play an increasingly important role. Only the effective combination of high-quality personnel and intelligent weapons can maximize the combat effectiveness. It is necessary to adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent warfare force system, innovate and develop intelligent training concepts, and explore new models for the generation of intelligent warfare combat effectiveness. At present, artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, and can realistically interpret the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. To this end, we should adapt to the new characteristics of the intelligent war force system, focus on improving the self-command, self-control, and self-combat capabilities of the intelligent combat system, make full use of the characteristics of the intelligent system that can self-game and self-grow, form a training system, training environment, and training mechanism specifically for the intelligent combat system, strengthen the training of “people” to control the intelligent system, and explore a new training model with “machines” as the main object. In this way, the intelligent combat system can obtain a leap in combat capability through short-term autonomous intensive training to cope with the test of disorder, complexity, and uncertainty in the future combat environment.

Focus on improving the guarantee model with precision and efficiency

In the intelligent battlefield, the realization degree of comprehensive support for joint operations is an important factor that directly affects the generation of combat effectiveness of troops. The development of intelligent technology will inevitably trigger revolutionary changes in the construction of the joint combat support system and realize intelligent comprehensive support. Comprehensive support is the foundation of combat effectiveness and a bridge for transforming the country’s economic strength into the combat capability of troops. With the continuous maturity of Internet of Things technology, intelligent warfare places more emphasis on integrated support, precise support, and distribution support, that is, delivering to the required location at the required time according to the required quantity. Relying on the integrated support system, the dispersed support forces and resources will be organized according to functional modules such as supply, materials, maintenance, ammunition and management, so that they cover all areas of combat service support work. Relying on visualization technology, the current status of combat supply will be tracked and mastered throughout the process, and information control, reception and distribution of personnel and material flows will be carried out according to the real-time development of the battle situation, so as to achieve point-to-point direct support. By using technologies such as the Internet of Things, drones, smart cars, remote surgery, and 3D printing, we will upgrade and create an intelligent after-sales support system covering smart warehousing, smart delivery, smart maintenance, and smart medical care. This will enable automatic, rapid, and accurate replenishment of battlefield after-sales materials, rapid diagnosis and repair of equipment failures, and timely rescue of battlefield personnel. We will transform passive support into active service, and improve the overall efficiency and benefits of after-sales support.

Focusing on military and civilian dual-use to deepen intelligent integration

Breakthroughs in the core key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “national heavy weapons” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. The rapid development of intelligent technology has become an accelerator of military intelligence. In the information age, the boundaries between military and civilian technologies are becoming increasingly blurred, and their convertibility is becoming stronger and stronger. Actively establish a military-civilian collaborative innovation mechanism, continuously strengthen the driving force for the innovation and development of intelligent core technologies, build an open industry-university-research collaborative innovation system for the whole society, make forward-looking arrangements and support investments in core cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, give full play to the innovative power of the entire society, and promote the rapid and sustainable development of military intelligence. Accelerate the advancement of technological breakthroughs in key areas. We must focus on relevant key technology areas and break the technical bottlenecks that restrict the development of military intelligence. Strengthen research in the basic support areas of military intelligence, such as military big data and military Internet of Things; based on combat needs, strengthen research on intelligent application technologies in various combat elements, especially research on intelligent command decision-making, intelligent weapon platforms, intelligent battlefield perception, and intelligent confrontation technologies. The research and development of core key technologies of military intelligence should not only carry out cross-disciplinary and cross-domain collaborative innovation, but also make social intelligence and military intelligence development dock and track, learn from mature technologies and successful experiences in the development of social intelligence, and promote the rapid embedding of various artificial intelligence technologies into combat elements and combat processes. To accelerate the development of military intelligence, we should speed up the exploration of the training rules of relevant talents, make full use of military and local educational resources, increase the training of relevant talents, and provide solid intellectual support and talent guarantee for promoting the construction of military intelligence.

現代國語:

尹峻松 李明海 李始江  高  凱

中國軍網 國防部網 2020年2月6日 星期四

近年來,智慧化浪潮洶湧而來,並在軍事領域廣泛應用。世界主要國家高度重視軍事智慧化建設和應用,各種無人作戰平台和智慧化武器裝備不斷出現,並列裝部隊投入實戰。面對戰爭形態智能化加速演變,只有把握發展機遇,積極應對挑戰,加速軍事智能化發展,加速鍛造智能化作戰能力,才能奪取智能化戰爭戰略主動,從而打贏未來智能化戰爭。

著眼設計戰爭創建智慧化理論

軍事理論源自於作戰實踐,並用於指導作戰實踐。過去受各種條件的限制,軍事理論研究多是“向後看”,即總結戰例形成作戰指導。隨著現代技術,尤其是大數據、雲端運算等顛覆性技術的快速發展,使作戰理論研究擺脫了傳統的跟進式、歸納推理式的模式,走入了實驗戰爭、設計戰爭的新時代。智慧領域新的顛覆性技術,為軍事理論創新開啟了新的空間。為此,我們應依照「提出概念—需求分析—創新理論」的思路,創造智慧化戰爭基礎理論,深入研究智慧化戰爭的概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰樣式、攻防行動、制勝機理、特徵規律等內容;創新智慧化作戰方式,充分發揮智慧化作戰方式體系整體效能,加強人機協同智慧作戰、智慧化機器人作戰、智慧無人集群作戰等新的智慧化作戰方式方法研究,以及智慧化作戰指揮、智慧化作戰保障的流程和方式方法等;著眼有效應對智慧化作戰威脅,研究克敵制勝之策,如智慧阻斷戰、智慧擾亂戰等。這些理論是智慧化戰爭理論體系的基石。未來以強化「制智權」爭奪「演算法中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論,極有可能取代以「網路中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論。

著眼於跨域互聯探索智慧化形態

軍隊組織是連結軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶,是發揮軍隊整體作戰效能的槓桿。現代作戰更強調“大體系支撐下的精兵作戰”,即以聯合作戰體系為支撐,“精前台、強後台”,按照“一體化設計、模組化編組、組合式運用”的思路,編組精確多能的作戰模組,使得作戰能量得到最大限度釋放。未來智慧化戰爭的體制編制將按戰略、戰役、戰術不同層次和不同軍兵種,組成不同類型、不同用途的小型多能智能化新型聯合作戰部隊,更加強調編組能夠執行多樣化作戰任務的「全局化」部隊,透過智慧化的作戰網絡,依照可重構性、可擴充性和自適應要求,能夠依據敵情、戰場環境等態勢變化,將單一武器平台進行無縫連結、靈活編組,進而聚合形成體系優勢,形成攻防一體的作戰模組。智慧化新型作戰力量體係是人工智慧技術發展、新質戰鬥力形成與戰爭形態演變的綜合產物,是奪取未來全局作戰空間主動權的“殺手鐧”,是構成一體化聯合作戰體系的關鍵,是軍隊戰鬥力新的增長點。

著眼於人機融合發展智慧化武器

隨著資訊科技、智慧科技的發展,誰能在人工智慧領域中取勝,誰就有望擁有未來軍事對抗的主動權。應著眼於智慧化戰爭體係作戰和智慧化武器裝備體系建設的雙重需要,搞好頂層設計和整體統籌,編制智能化武器裝備體系發展路線圖,按計劃、有重點、分步驟地研製高中低端、大中小型、遠中近程,覆蓋陸、海、空、天、電和網路等太空領域,作戰與保障相配套的智慧化無人作戰裝備體系,建立「人為主導、機器協助、混合編組、聯合行動」的有人-無人協作體系,增強各軍兵種和作戰、保障等各種智能化武器裝備的體系融合度。智慧化無人作戰系統是未來戰爭裝備發展新趨勢。其核心在於瞄準未來戰爭「零傷亡」「全覆蓋」「快響應」等要求,充分運用新理論、新材料、新工藝、新能源、新技術發展成果,在人機協同和自主行動兩個方面不斷取得突破,構建戰略、戰役、戰術三級無人裝備體系,規模化打造新型智能無人之師,實現無人作戰系統的體系化協同作戰。同時,應著眼無人與反無人、智能與反智能作戰需要,注重研發反敵智能化無人作戰的武器裝備系統,確保能夠有效地與敵進行智能化無人攻防對抗。

著眼能力複合創新智能化訓練

現代戰爭專業分工越來越細、整個作戰體系越來越複雜,推動作戰由人力密集型向技術密集型轉變,要求參戰人員不僅要具備良好的身體素質,更要具備良好的技術素養和智力優勢,以應對不同作戰任務、作戰環境、作戰對手的需要。軍事智慧化對人的素質提出了更高要求,相應地智能化軍事人才應具有人才群體性、技能精尖性、知識複合性、思維創新性、決策智能性等特徵。智慧化戰爭將是人機結合共同實施的戰爭,以智慧化無人作戰系統為主體的作戰力量將發揮越來越重要的作用。高素質人員和智慧化武器的有效結合,才能最大程度地發揮作戰效能。必須適應智慧化戰爭力量體系新特點,創新發展智慧化訓練概念,探索智慧化戰爭戰鬥力生成新模式。目前,人工智慧技術能夠創造出更「真實」的武器操作體驗與戰場環境,能夠逼真演繹作戰進程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰構想。為此,適應智慧化戰爭力量體系構成新特點,聚焦於智慧化作戰系統自我指揮、自我控制、自我作戰能力的提升,充分利用智慧化系統能夠自我博弈、自我成長的特點,形成專門針對智慧化作戰系統訓練體系、訓練環境和訓練機制,強化「人」駕馭智慧系統訓練,探索以「機」為主體對象的新型訓練模式。從而使智慧化作戰系統經過短期的自主強化訓練即可獲得作戰能力的躍升,以應對未來作戰環境無序性、複雜性、不確定性的考驗。

著眼精準高效能改善保障模式

智慧化戰場,聯合作戰綜合保障實現度是直接影響部隊戰鬥力生成的重要因素。智慧化技術的發展必將觸發聯合作戰保障體系建設的革命性變化,實現智慧化綜合保障。綜合保障是戰鬥力的基礎,是把國家經濟實力轉化為部隊作戰能力的橋樑。隨著物聯網技術的不斷成熟,智慧化戰爭更強調一體保障、精確保障、配送保障,也就是依照所需的量在需要的時間投放到需要的地點。依託一體化保障體系,將分散部署的保障力量和資源,按照補給、物資、維修、彈藥和管理等職能模組編組,使其涵蓋戰鬥勤務保障工作的各個領域,依托可視化技術,全程跟踪作戰供應現狀,根據戰況實時發展對人員流、物資流進行信息控制、接收和分發,實現點對點的直達保障。透過運用物聯網、無人機、智慧車、遠距手術、3D列印等技術,升級打造涵蓋智慧倉儲、智慧投送、智慧維修、智慧醫療等智慧後裝保障體系,實現戰場後裝物資自動快速精準補給、設備故障快速診斷與維修、戰場人員及時救護,變被動式為主動服務,提升後負配備保障整體效率和效益。

著眼軍民兼用深化智能化融合

人工智慧核心關鍵技術的突破,是應對智慧化戰爭威脅和挑戰的「國之重器」。智慧科技的快速發展,已成為軍事智慧化的加速器。資訊時代軍用技術和民用技術的界線越來越模糊,可轉換性越來越強。積極建立軍民協同創新機制,不斷強化智慧化核心技術創新發展原動力,建構全社會開放的產學研協同創新體系,對人工智慧等核心前沿技術前瞻佈局、扶持投資,充分發揮整個社會的創新力量,促進軍事智慧化快速永續發展。加快推進重點領域技術突破。要聚焦相關重點技術領域,打破限制軍事智慧化發展的技術瓶頸。加強軍事智慧化基礎支撐領域的研究,例如,軍用大數據、軍用物聯網等;從作戰需求出發,加強各個作戰要素方面的智慧化應用技術研究,尤其是智慧化指揮決策、智慧化武器平台、智慧化戰場感知、智慧化對抗技術等方面的研究。軍事智慧化核心關鍵技術的研發,不僅要進行跨領域、跨領域協作創新,還要使社會智慧化與軍事智慧化發展對接並軌,借鏡社會智慧發展的成熟技術與成功經驗,推動各類人工智慧技術快速嵌入作戰要素、作戰流程。加速軍事智慧化發展,應抓緊探索相關人才的培養規律,充分利用軍地教育資源,加大相關人才培養力度,為推進軍事智慧化建設提供堅實的智力支持與人才保障。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-02/06/content_25335288.htm

Chinese Military New Battlefields in Space, Who Will Decide Rules of Combat?

中國軍事太空新戰場,誰來決定作戰規則?

現代英語:

At present, with the “blowout” development of aerospace technology, the competition between the United States and Russia in the space field is becoming increasingly fierce. The “People’s Liberation Army Daily” published today published a signed article “Space: A New Battlefield for the Future Competition between the United States and Russia”. The article pointed out that with the development of aerospace technology, the space field is nurturing new strategic deterrence forces, and the development of space deterrence forces may change the future strategic stability framework.

Space: A new battlefield for future competition between the United States and Russia

■Zhongjing

When the development of aerospace technology was still in its infancy in the last century, US President Lyndon Johnson asserted: Whoever controls space controls the earth. Entering the 21st century, with the “blowout” development of aerospace technology, the competition between the United States and Russia in the field of space has become increasingly fierce, and its results will directly affect the world pattern and the future and destiny of the country.

Space becomes a new strategic deterrent force

In the past, nuclear weapons were the main strategic deterrent force and the cornerstone of strategic stability. With the development of aerospace technology, new strategic deterrent forces are being nurtured in the space field. For example, the space instant strike force that the United States and Russia are developing and developing can strike any target on the earth within 1-2 hours. It not only has the ability to destroy and damage strategic nuclear weapons and their infrastructure, but also because of its high speed and strong mobility, the existing air defense and anti-missile systems cannot intercept it. It is a revolutionary strategic deterrent force that changes the “rules of the game”.

At present, the United States and Russia have mainly developed three types of global immediate strike weapons. The first type is a suborbital gliding vehicle, which can be used to launch nuclear warheads. This type of aircraft glides unpowered at the boundary of the atmosphere about 100 kilometers above the surface, just like a skateboard for surfing on the sea, constantly “jumping” with the crests and troughs of the waves, thereby achieving high-speed maneuvers and penetration. The second type is an intake hypersonic aircraft, which uses a scramjet engine to achieve hypersonic flight. The third type is an aerospace plane, which has space-based to space-based combat capabilities. It is usually used to perform space reconnaissance, cruising, satellite protection, repair and other tasks. In wartime, it can carry out space control, capture, destruction and other military operations against enemy targets.

The development of space deterrence will likely change the future strategic stability framework, interweaving and integrating with nuclear deterrence and cyber deterrence to form a new strategic stability framework. Taking the relationship between space deterrence and cyber deterrence as an example, the key nodes of the network are located in space, and space routers ensure the data flow of the Internet and the global information grid. The success or failure of cyber deterrence depends on space; almost all space activities rely on the network, and cyber deterrence will further enhance the ability to control space.

Achieving global combat force integration

The uniqueness of space is that it is not restricted by traditional land, sea, and air flight restrictions, and is naturally global and cross-domain. The field of view of a geosynchronous orbit satellite can cover about 1/3 of the earth’s surface, and three geosynchronous orbit satellites can cover the entire earth.

Globalization is to use the space system to connect the world’s combat forces and means to form a complete combat system, and realize global information support and global strikes. At present, space-based satellites rely on access to the ground grid information network to achieve connection, namely the “sky-star-ground network”. In the future, space-based satellites will also form a network themselves and form a “sky-ground integrated network” with the ground network. Combat forces and means at any location in the world can be connected through the “sky-ground integrated network” to form an integrated combat force system. In 2016, the United States proposed the concept of establishing a space Internet. One of the plans is to consist of 648 small satellites, operating in an orbit 1,200 kilometers above the ground. Once the Internet is moved to space, it can make up for some “blind spots” of the ground network, such as oceans and remote areas, achieve global Internet coverage, and promote the integration of global combat forces.

In 2013, the U.S. military’s “Space Operations” doctrine first proposed to establish a space application network in combat units at all levels of the military services and use space forces for cross-domain coordination. Based on the recognition of the cross-domain nature of space, Russia merged the Air Force and the Aerospace Defense Force into the Aerospace Force. The Aerospace Force is composed of the Air Force, the Space Force, and the Air Defense and Anti-Missile Force. It integrates aerospace, air defense, and space defense, and has the combat capabilities of aviation, near-space, and space orbit, realizing cross-domain operations in air and space.

Space power is a force multiplier

When space forces intervene and penetrate into other areas, it will catalyze the rapid increase of combat effectiveness. John Hyten, commander of the U.S. Space Command, said: “Because of space, we can strike any target on the earth at any time, any place, and any weather conditions; on the contrary, if we cannot use space, the U.S. military will return to the World War II model and the war of the industrial age.”

Space power penetrates land, sea, air, electricity and the Internet, which is conducive to selecting the best target, using the most appropriate means, and achieving the best combat effect at the best time and place, thus forming a combat power multiplier effect. For example, the “Dove Swarm” satellite launched by Planetary Laboratories of the United States consists of 95 small satellites, which work “24 hours online” and can take images all the time without instructions, continuously obtain data, and achieve real-time global monitoring.

The United States and Russia attach great importance to the development of small satellites because of their low cost, fast launch and fast networking. Low-orbit small satellites have the ability to continuously cover the world and update data in real time. Tactical communication small satellites can provide communication support for grassroots combat troops. Small satellites are also particularly suitable for space target monitoring and space attack and defense, which can double combat effectiveness.

Opening up new areas of covert confrontation

The United States and Russia believe that compared with military struggles in other fields, space operations are more concealed. The concealment of space operations is mainly reflected in the concealment of interference sources, locations, and functions.

The source of interference is hidden, which means that it is difficult to accurately determine the source of interference to spacecraft. For example, when jamming a communication satellite, it is difficult to accurately determine the source of the attack.

Hidden location. According to the regulations of international organizations, in order to ensure the efficient use of the geostationary orbit and reduce congestion, when the life of the geostationary orbit satellite ends, it should give up the orbital position and be pushed to the graveyard orbit. Because there are a large number of abandoned satellites in the graveyard orbit, it is not easy to be discovered with the current space situational awareness capabilities. The United States once proposed to deploy attack forces in the graveyard orbit, which is 200 to 300 kilometers higher than the geostationary orbit.

Hidden functions. Since 95% of aerospace technologies are dual-use, it is difficult to clearly distinguish whether a certain space technology or means is for military or civilian purposes. Military powers often take advantage of this and use civilian purposes to cover up their combat potential. For example, the “Phoenix” program implemented by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency launched the “Cell Star” in 2015. In wartime, space robots can grab payloads such as antennas and solar panels from retired satellites and install them on the Cell Star to make it combat-capable. The “Dragonfly” project, a follow-up to the “Phoenix” plan, is to disassemble large satellites that are difficult to launch into components, store them in orbit for a long time, and quickly assemble them to form combat capabilities when needed.

現代國語:

来源:中国军网综合作者:仲晶责任编辑:姚远

當下,伴隨航太科技「井噴」式發展,美俄對太空領域的競爭日益激烈。今天出版的《解放軍報》刊登署名文章《太空:未來美俄角逐的新戰場》,文章指出,伴隨航太技術的發展,太空領域正孕育新的戰略威懾力量,太空威懾力量的發展將可能改變未來戰略穩定架構。

太空:未來美俄角逐的新戰場

■仲晶

當上個世紀航太技術的發展還處於萌芽狀態時,美國總統林登·約翰遜斷言:誰控制了太空,誰就能控制地球。進入21世紀,伴隨航太技術「井噴」式發展,美俄對太空領域的競爭日益激烈,其結果將直接影響世界格局與國家未來命運。

太空成為新型戰略威懾力量

以往,核武是主要的戰略威懾力量,也是戰略穩定的基石。伴隨航太科技的發展,太空領域正孕育新的戰略威懾力量。例如,美俄正在研發發展的太空即時打擊力量,能在1—2小時內打擊地球上任何目標,不僅具備摧毀和破壞戰略核武及其基礎設施的能力,而且由於速度快、機動能力強,現有防空反導系統都不能實施攔截,是改變「遊戲規則」的革命性戰略威懾力量。

目前,美俄主要研發了三類全球即時打擊武器。第一類是亞軌道滑翔飛行器,可用於投射核彈頭。這種飛行器在距地表100千米左右大氣層邊界做無動力滑翔,就像海上衝浪的滑板不斷隨波峰波谷“跳躍”,從而實現高速機動與突防。第二類是吸入式高超音波速飛行器,其使用超燃沖壓發動機,實現高超音波飛行。第三類是空天飛機,具有天基對天基作戰能力,平時用於執行太空偵察、巡航、衛星防護、修理等任務,戰時可對敵國目標實施太空控制、捕獲、摧毀等軍事行動。

太空威懾力量的發展將可能改變未來戰略穩定架構,與核威懾、網路威懾交織融合,共同構成新的戰略穩定架構。以太空威懾與網路威懾關係為例,網路的關鍵節點位於太空,太空路由器確保互聯網、全球資訊柵格的資料流動,網路威懾的成敗取決於太空;幾乎所有的太空活動都依賴於網絡,網路威懾會進一步增強掌控太空的能力。

實現全球作戰力量一體化

太空的獨特之處,在於不受傳統的陸地、海上、空中飛越限制,具有天然的全球性和跨域性。 1顆地球同步軌道衛星,視野可覆蓋約1/3的地球表面,3顆地球同步軌道衛星可覆蓋整個地球。

全球性,是利用太空系統將全球的作戰力量和手段連接形成完整的作戰體系,實現全球範圍資訊支援和全球打擊。目前,天基衛星依賴接取地面柵格資訊網實現連接,即「天星地網」。未來天基衛星本身也會組網,與地面網路形成「天地一體網」。全球任何地點的作戰力量和手段都能透過「天地一體網」連結起來,形成一體化作戰力量體系。 2016年,美國提出建立太空網際網路構想,其中一個方案就是由648顆小衛星組成,在距地面1,200千米軌道上運行。一旦互聯網搬到太空,可以彌補地網一些“死角”,例如海洋與偏遠地區,實現互聯網全球覆蓋,促進全球作戰力量一體化。

2013年,美軍《太空作戰》條令首次提出,在軍兵種各級作戰單元建立太空應用網絡,利用太空力量進行跨域協同。基於對太空跨域性的認識,俄羅斯將空軍與空天防禦部隊合併為空天軍。空天軍由空軍、航太部隊和防空反導部隊組成,集航空航太、防空防天於一體,具備航空、臨近空間、太空軌道的作戰能力,實現空天跨域作戰。

太空力量是戰鬥力倍增器

當太空力量介入並滲透到其他領域,將催化戰鬥力迅速增強。美航天司令部司令約翰·海頓說:“正因為有太空,我們可以在任何時間、任何地點、任何氣象條件下打擊地球上任何一個目標;相反,不能利用太空,美軍將回到二戰模式和工業時代的戰爭。”

太空力量滲透於陸、海、空、電、網之中,有利於選擇最優目標、運用最合適手段、在最佳時間和地點達成最佳作戰效果,從而形成戰鬥力倍增效應。例如,美國行星實驗室公司發射的「鴿群」衛星由95顆小衛星組成,「24小時線上」工作,不需要指令就可以全時拍攝成像,不間斷獲取數據,做到全球即時監測。

由於小衛星具有成本低、發射快、組網快的特點,美俄非常重視小衛星發展。低軌小衛星具備全球持續覆蓋和數據即時更新的能力,戰術通訊小衛星可以為基層作戰部隊提供通訊支援。小衛星也特別適合太空目標監視和太空攻防,使戰鬥力倍增。

開闢隱蔽對抗新領域

美俄認為,太空領域與其他領域軍事鬥爭相比,呈現更強的隱密性。太空行動的隱蔽性,主要體現在幹擾源隱蔽、位置隱密和功能隱密等。

幹擾源隱蔽,是指對太空船的干擾很難準確判斷幹擾來源。例如,對通訊衛星實施幹擾,難以準確判斷其攻擊來源。

位置隱蔽。根據國際組織規定,為確保地球靜止軌道的高效運用、減少擁擠,地球靜止軌道衛星壽命終結時,應讓出軌道位置,被推到墓地軌道。由於墓地軌道有大量廢棄的衛星,以目前的太空態勢感知能力不容易被發現。美曾提出,將攻擊力量部署在墓地軌道,其比地球靜止軌道高200~300千公尺。

功能隱蔽。由於95%的航太技術都具有軍民兩用性,很難明確區分某種太空技術或手段是軍事用途還是民用目的。軍事強國往往利用這一點,以民用目的掩蓋其具備的作戰潛能。例如,美國防高級研究計劃局實施的“鳳凰”計劃,在2015年發射了“細胞星”,戰時可由太空機器人從退役衛星上抓取天線和太陽能電池板等載荷,安裝在細胞星上,讓其具備作戰功能。 「鳳凰」後續計畫的「蜻蜓」項目,則是將整件發射難度高的大型衛星分解成組件,長期貯藏在軌道上,一旦需要就可快速組裝形成戰鬥力。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jskj/2017-02/03/content_7474214_28.htm

Satellite Navigation for the Chinese Military’s Intelligent Battlefield

中國軍隊智慧戰場的衛星導航

現代英語:

The satellite navigation system, also known as the global satellite navigation system, is an air-based radio navigation and positioning system that can provide users with all-weather three-dimensional coordinates, speed and time information at any location on the earth’s surface or in near-Earth space.

The satellite navigation system is an important space infrastructure for mankind. It is an indispensable tool for a country’s national security and economic and social development. It has a profound impact on the form of war, combat style, and people’s production and lifestyle.

At present, there are four major global satellite navigation systems in the world, namely, the United States’ GPS, Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo and China’s Beidou. Global competition in satellite navigation technology is becoming increasingly fierce.

Standing at a new starting point of profound changes in the world’s military, and looking at the future battlefield with a high degree of integration of informatization and intelligence, intelligent navigation systems will come into being and play an important role.

Satellite navigation becomes a “standard” element of the intelligent battlefield

The future intelligent battlefield will present the characteristics of high-tech warfare, which will comprehensively use intelligent weapons and means under information conditions, realize efficient command and control, and implement precise and flexible strikes. Satellite navigation technology can provide high-precision, all-weather, large-scale and multi-purpose positioning, navigation and timing services for various objects on land, sea, air and space.

Provide a unified time and space benchmark for systematic operations. For the intelligent battlefield, there are many linked elements and the situation changes rapidly, which requires accurate positioning of combat units to achieve intelligence reconnaissance, command and control, battlefield maneuvers, offensive and defensive operations, and support and guarantee under a unified time and space benchmark, ensuring that all elements of the entire battlefield form a coordinated organic whole.

The basic function of satellite navigation is to provide accurate time and space references for various combat elements. Without an accurate and unified time and space reference, the precise command of joint operations may be out of balance, combat operations may be out of control, and intelligence fusion and target identification cannot be achieved. If the time error is one hundredth of a second, a target locked by more than a dozen radars will become more than a dozen targets, and accurate defense and counterattack will not be possible.

Under a unified standard time and geographic coordinate system, satellite navigation provides precision guidance for various weapon platforms, fine frequency calibration for electronic warfare weapons, and all-weather positioning and navigation for individual combatants, significantly improving the coordination and strike effectiveness of joint firepower strikes.

Provide synchronous situation cognition for combat command and control. Accurately grasping the battlefield situation is the premise and basis for commanders to flexibly and accurately implement command and control. The satellite navigation system provides strong support for battlefield situation awareness.

Since the 1990s, the U.S. military has developed a “Blue Force Tracking” system based on GPS and satellite communications to build a precise command and control system. The “Blue Force Tracking” system has effectively supported the U.S. military in forming a networked information advantage on the ground battlefield and effectively solved the problem of “where are we, our friends, and our enemies?”

Relying on the two major services of navigation positioning and position reporting of the global satellite network, the military has realized battlefield situation monitoring and sharing, which has become an important means for the military to “know itself”. At the same time, it has optimized the combat operation process, realized the issuance of combat orders at the minute level, and accelerated the development of the military’s command and control mode towards “integration” and “flattening”.

Providing a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapons and ammunition. In the intelligent battlefield, precision-guided weapons have become the “trump card” that determines victory or defeat. Using the satellite navigation system, the flight process of the missile can be corrected throughout to ensure the accuracy of the hit. It can be said that the satellite navigation system is a tool to enhance the precision strike of weapon platforms.

In recent local wars, the proportion of GPS precision-guided weapons of the US military has continued to rise: 7.6% in the Gulf War in 1991, 35% in the Kosovo War in 1999, 60% in the Afghanistan War in 2001, 68.3% in the Iraq War in 2003, and 100% in the Syrian War in 2018.

Intelligent battlefield requires satellite navigation to have new “responsibilities”

As the core and cornerstone of the precise and unified space-time system, the modern satellite navigation system must take on new responsibilities in response to the development needs of future intelligent battlefields.

In the era of intelligence, new combat elements represented by “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” will reconstruct the battlefield ecology and completely change the winning mechanism of war. Satellite navigation services need to adapt to the characteristics of the intelligent battlefield with wider dimensions, higher precision, and stronger system.

Navigation positioning and timing have a wider range and higher accuracy. The current satellite navigation system has achieved coverage of the earth’s surface. However, on the intelligent battlefield, it needs to extend to deep space and under the sea. The combat time domain and air domain are wider, requiring the construction of a comprehensive service system covering land, sea, air and space, with unified standards, high efficiency and intelligence, to form time and space information coverage at all times and everywhere, and to achieve more powerful, safer and more reliable time and space service capabilities.

For example, in the intelligent battlefield, unmanned combat has become the basic form. Autonomous driving of unmanned vehicles, precision approach of drones, and measurement of intelligent missile positions all urgently need to be improved by an order of magnitude on the basis of existing navigation accuracy to ensure higher navigation integrity, faster first positioning time, and stronger cross-domain capabilities of land, sea, air, and space.

The military navigation confrontation system is more complete and more powerful. The means of navigation confrontation in the information age is a simple confrontation form based on signal energy enhancement and interference attack. Navigation in the intelligent era is intertwined with detection, perception, communication, command, and decision-making. It requires a navigation capability level with higher power and faster effectiveness in any region of the world, the ability to intelligently adjust navigation signals, and the development of multiple navigation means such as quantum navigation, pulsar navigation, and deep-sea navigation. It is necessary to integrate navigation methods with different principles, methods, and carriers to achieve navigation confrontation capabilities at the system level and system level.

The bandwidth of navigation information interaction is larger and the access is wider. In the intelligent era, the role of cyberspace in the combat system is gradually increasing, and it is integrated with the navigation space-time system. The navigation information and cyberspace system that provide space-time position will connect the scattered combat forces and combat elements into a whole, forming a networked and systematic combat capability. This requires support for ubiquitous perception, left-right collaboration, and reliable and reconfigurable navigation capabilities, support for highly reliable, highly anti-interference, and readily accessible signaling channels, and timely acquisition of required navigation auxiliary information such as geography, maps, and images. On this basis, the real integration of communication and navigation is realized, achieving the effect of “one domain combat, multi-domain support”.

Adapting to the needs of military intelligence development and promoting the construction of intelligent navigation system

Judging from the development trend of the world’s military powers, facing the future intelligent battlefield, intelligent navigation systems are gradually building a space-time reference network and navigation information service network that integrates the earth and the sky, with space-based, systematized, on-demand and cloud-based as the main characteristics, forming a comprehensive navigation, positioning and timing system with unified reference, seamless coverage, security and reliability, high efficiency and convenience, and strong practicality.

The core of the transformation from a basic navigation system to an intelligent navigation system is to upgrade from “positioning navigation service” to “intelligent navigation service”, and the focus is on achieving the following four aspects of transformation:

The space-time benchmark is shifting from relying on ground systems to autonomous space-time benchmark maintenance. The space-time benchmark maintenance equipment of the ground system will gradually be transferred to the satellite, and the satellite will be equipped with higher-precision optical clocks and astronomical measurement equipment to form a more stable and reliable space-based space benchmark through high-precision anchoring and laser intersatellite measurement. The use of intelligent navigation systems can make ordinary navigation positioning accuracy reach sub-meter level, the timing accuracy will be increased by about 5 times, and the precision positioning service can achieve fast convergence of centimeter-level accuracy. Intelligent navigation can fully support the cross-domain integration of combat platforms, the doubling of the effectiveness of distributed lethal weapons, and the precise navigation of the entire process of air-space integrated drones from cruising to precision approach.

The satellite power confrontation mode is transformed into a navigation system confrontation. In terms of navigation confrontation services, the traditional satellite power confrontation mode will no longer meet the needs of the intelligent battlefield. Navigation system confrontation is the only way for the development of intelligent equipment in order to enhance the ability of troops to quickly adapt to the battlefield environment. Specifically, it includes precise release of navigation performance, heterogeneous backup of constellations, and global hotspot mobility. The main features are intelligent navigation signals and flexible theater reinforcements. Based on controllable point beam energy enhancement technology, energy delivery in hotspot areas, enhanced area expansion, deception or blocking interference, and digital transmission service guarantee are realized. In a high-interference and blocking environment, ensure service continuity and accuracy, and gradually release strength as the war progresses.

The simple integration of communication and navigation will be transformed into integrated on-demand services. It will provide deeper and broader navigation information services, deeply integrate into the military information network, and provide high, medium and low-speed classified and hierarchical navigation information services to users on land, sea, air and space. Reuse the favorable conditions of global multiple continuous coverage of navigation satellites to meet users’ communication and navigation needs in a global range and in any posture, and realize high reliability and strong interference-resistant search and rescue, position reporting, and signaling transmission. The navigation satellite space-based network interacts with the ground network information to build inter-satellite and satellite-to-ground high-speed backbone networks. Through miniaturized laser terminals and enhanced space routers, a stable and reliable space network is formed, equipped with a complete and standardized protocol system to support the autonomous and intelligent operation of hybrid constellation networks.

The computing resources of payload modules are separated and transformed into cloud computing resources of constellation. It will provide more intelligent space-based cloud computing services and reliable space-based intelligent support for intelligent weapon platforms. The main features are virtualization of onboard hardware resources and balancing of task loads. Through the configuration of public onboard computing modules, large-capacity storage units, and high-speed bus networks on navigation satellites, a ubiquitous space network shared resource pool is formed. The powerful data processing capability can support the autonomous establishment and maintenance of space-based space-time benchmarks, intelligent maintenance of navigation signal quality, and autonomous management of space networks. At the same time, it can provide computing, push, and storage services for complex information such as spatial position for various high-end users in the sky, air, land, and sea.

(The author is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering)

Above: Schematic diagram of satellite navigation system supporting operations.

現代國語:谭述森

中國軍網 國防部網

2021年11月12日 星期五

衛星導航系統,即全球衛星導航系統,是能在地球表面或近地空間任何地點,為使用者提供全天候三維座標和速度以及時間資訊的空基無線電導航定位系統。

衛星導航系統是人類重要的太空基礎設施,堪稱一個國家安全和經濟社會發展不可或缺的重器,對戰爭形態、作戰樣式和人們生產生活方式有深遠影響。

目前,全球有四大全球衛星導航系統,分別是美國的GPS、俄羅斯的格洛納斯、歐洲的伽利略和中國的北斗,衛星導航技術全球競爭日益激烈。

站在世界軍事深刻變革的新起點,瞭望資訊化智能化高度融合的未來戰場,智慧導航體系將應運而生,並發揮重要作用。

衛星導航成為智慧化戰場的「標配」要素

未來智慧化戰場,將呈現資訊化條件下綜合運用智慧化武器和手段、實現高效指揮控制及實施精確靈巧打擊的高技術作戰特性。衛星導航技術,能高精度、全天候、大範圍、多用途地為陸、海、空、天各種物件提供定位、導航、授時服務。

為體系化作戰提供統一時空基準。對於智慧化戰場來說,連結要素多、情況瞬息萬變,要求對作戰單元進行準確定位,實現統一時空基準下的情報偵察、指揮控制、戰場機動、攻防行動、支援保障,確保整個戰場各類要素形成統籌協調的有機整體。

衛星導航的基本功能是,為各個作戰要素提供精確的時空基準。如果沒有精確統一的時空基準,聯合作戰精準指揮可能失調,作戰行動就可能失控,情報融合、目標辨識就無法實現。時間誤差百分之一秒,十幾部雷達鎖定的一個目標就會變成十幾個目標,精準防禦反擊將無法實現。

在統一標準時間與地理座標系下,衛星導航提供各類武器平台精確導引,給予電子戰武器精細校頻,給予作戰單兵全天候定位導航,顯著提升聯合火力打擊的協同程度、打擊效能。

為作戰指揮控制提供態勢同步認知。準確掌握戰場態勢,是指揮官靈活準確實施指揮控制的前提與基礎。衛星導航系統為戰場態勢感知提供了強大支撐。

美軍從1990年代開始,研發以GPS和衛星通訊為基礎的「藍軍追蹤」系統,用來建構精確化指揮控制系統。 「藍軍追蹤」系統有力支撐著美軍形成地面戰場網路化資訊優勢,有效解決了「我、友、敵在哪裡」的難題。

軍隊依托全球衛星網路的導航定位和位置報告兩大服務,實現了戰場態勢監視共享,成為軍隊「知己」的重要手段。同時,優化了作戰行動流程,實現了作戰指令分秒下達,加速了軍隊指揮控制方式向「一體化」「扁平化」方向發展。

為武器彈藥精確打擊提供增效利器。在智慧化戰場上,精確導引武器已成為關乎勝負的「撒手鐧」。使用衛星導航系統,能對飛彈的飛行過程進行全程修正,確保命中精度。可以說,衛星導航系統是武器平台精準打擊的增效利器。

在近幾場局部戰爭中,美軍GPS精確導引武器比例不斷攀升:1991年海灣戰爭為7.6%,1999年科索沃戰爭為35%,2001年阿富汗戰爭為60%,2003年伊拉克戰爭為68.3%,2018年敘利亞戰爭達100%。

智慧化戰場需要衛星導航有新的“擔當”

現代衛星導航系統作為精確統一時空體系的核心與基石,面向未來智慧化戰場的發展需求,要有新的「擔當」。

智能化時代,以「AI、雲、網、群、端」為代表的全新作戰要素,將重建戰場生態,完全改變戰爭的勝利機制。衛星導航服務,需要適應智慧化戰場維度更廣、精準度更高、系統更強的特性。

導航定位授時範圍更廣精度更高。目前的衛星導航系統,實現了地球表面覆蓋。但在智慧化戰場上,需要向深空、海下延伸。作戰時域空域更廣,要求建構覆蓋陸海空天、基準統一、高效智慧的綜合服務體系,形成無時不有、無所不在的時空資訊覆蓋,實現更強大、更安全、更可靠的時空服務能力。

如智慧化戰場上,無人化作戰成為基本形態。無人車自動駕駛、無人機精密進場、智慧飛彈陣地測量等,都迫切需要在現有導航精度基礎上再提升一個量級,確保導航完好性更高、首次定位時間更快、陸海空天跨域能力更強。

軍事導航對抗體系更全更給力。資訊時代的導航對抗手段,是以訊號能量增強與幹擾攻擊為主的簡單對抗形態。智慧時代的導航與探測、感知、通訊、指揮、決策相互交織影響,需要全球任意區域、功率更高、生效更快的導航能力水平,需要導航訊號智慧調整能力,需要發展量子導航、脈衝星導航、深海導航等多元導航手段,把不同原理、不同方式、不同載體的導航方法融合在一起,實現體系級、系統級的導航對抗能力。

導航資訊互動頻寬更大存取更廣。智慧時代的網路空間,在作戰體系中地位作用逐步上升,並與導航時空體系合為一體。提供時空位置的導航資訊與網路空間系統,將把分散的作戰力量、作戰要素連結為一個整體,形成網路化體系化作戰能力。這就需要支援泛在感知、左右協作、可信賴的導航能力,支援高可靠、強抗干擾、隨遇接取的訊號通道,及時取得所需的地理、地圖和影像等導航輔助資訊。在此基礎上,實現真正意義上的通訊導航一體化,達到「一域作戰、多域支援」效果。

適應軍事智慧化發展需要推動智慧導航體系建設

從世界軍事強國發展趨勢來看,面向未來智慧化戰場,智慧導航系統在逐步建構天地一體化的時空基準網和導航資訊服務網,以天基化、體系化、按需化、雲端化為主要特徵,形成基準統一、覆蓋無縫、安全可信、高效便捷、實戰性強的綜合導航定位授時體系。

從基本導航系統轉變為智慧導航系統,其核心是從“定位導航服務”升級為“智慧導航服務”,並專注於以下4個面向轉變:

時空基準依賴地面系統維持轉變為時空基準天基自主維持。地面系統時空基準維持設備將逐步向星上轉移,衛星將配置更高精度的光鐘、天文測量設備,透過高精度錨固和雷射星間測量,形成更穩定可靠的天基空間基準。智慧導航系統的使用,可使一般導航定位精度達到亞米級,授時精度將提升5倍左右,精密定位服務達到快速收斂的公分精度。智慧導航可完整支撐作戰平台跨域融合、分散式殺傷武器效能倍增、空天一體無人機從巡航到精密進場的全過程精準導航。

衛星功率對抗模式向導航體系化對抗轉變。在導航對抗服務方面,傳統的衛星功率對抗模式將不再滿足智慧化戰場需求,導航體系化對抗是智慧裝備發展的必經之路,以便提升部隊快速適應戰場環境能力。具體包括導航性能精準釋放、星座異構備份、全球熱點機動,主要特徵是導航訊號智能化、戰區增援靈活化。基於可控制點波束能量增強技術,實現熱點區域能量傳遞、增強區域擴展、欺騙或阻塞幹擾、數傳服務保障。在高幹擾阻塞環境下,確保服務連續性和精確度,並隨著戰事進程逐步釋放實力。

通訊導航簡單整合向通導一體按需服務轉變。將提供更深更廣的導航資訊服務,深度融入軍事資訊網絡,向陸、海、空、天用戶的高、中、低速分類分層次導航資訊服務。重複利用導航衛星全球多重連續覆蓋的有利條件,滿足用戶在全球範圍、任意姿態的通導需求,實現高可靠性、抗強幹擾的搜救、位置報告、信令傳輸。導航衛星天基網路與地面網路資訊交互,建構星間、星地高速骨幹網路。透過小型化雷射終端和增強型空間路由器,形成穩定可靠的空間網絡,裝載完備、標準統一的協議體系,支援混合星座網絡自主智慧運作。

載重模組運算資源分離向星座運算資源雲端化轉變。將提供更智慧的天基雲端運算服務,為智慧武器平台提供可信賴的天基智慧支撐。主要特徵是,星載硬體資源虛擬化、任務負載平衡化。透過導航衛星配置公用的星載運算模組、大容量儲存單元、高速匯流排網絡,形成泛在的空間網路共享資源池。強大的資料處理能力,在支撐天基時空基準自主建立與維持、導航訊號品質智慧維持、空間網路自主管理等任務功能的同時,可為天、空、地、海各類高階用戶,提供空間位置等複雜資訊的運算、推播與儲存服務。

(作者係中國工程院院士)

上圖:衛星導航系統支援作戰示意圖。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/12/content_30291788.htm

Brief Analysis on the Development of Chinese Military Intelligent Command Information Systems

淺析我軍智慧指揮資訊系統發展

現代英語:

The prelude to the era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nerve” of future intelligent combat command and control, and are the supporting means of intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of intelligent command information system research and development, and exploring the key points of intelligent command information system development can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems and gain the upper hand in future intelligent combat.

Clarify the key points of developing intelligent command information system

Intelligent command information system is the inevitable choice for the development of war form towards information-based intelligent warfare, the inevitable result of the development of scientific and technological revolution, and the era’s call for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information system will help to guide the construction direction of intelligent command information system and establish the long-term goal of system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of war. In the future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation is changing rapidly and the battlefield environment is complex and severe. In order to take the initiative on the battlefield, “control of intelligence” has become a new commanding height, and the intelligent command information system is undoubtedly an important means of supporting future combat command and action. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of war to intelligence, and is an important support for intelligent warfare to gain the initiative and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent combat requires a combat command concept that is compatible with it, and the intelligent command information system is an important support for the practical application of the combat command concept, and is the soil for the innovation and development of the intelligent combat command concept. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formation, data-driven command activities, open development command mode, and intelligent force-focused command process are inseparable from the support of the intelligent command information system. The intelligent command information system will serve as the extension of the human brain, breaking through the physiological limits of the human body and realizing the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about major changes in the combat victory mechanism. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods change from “combat networks + precision-guided weapons” in the information age to “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age, and the basic combat style will evolve from “network-centric warfare” to “cognitive-centric warfare” accordingly.

Grasp the key points of intelligent command information system research and development

The command information system is a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade of the command information system is imminent. We should highlight the key points of functional research and development and create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super-brainization” assists decision-making. In the future intelligent warfare, the amount of battlefield information data is huge and complex and changeable. Commanders are easily trapped in the “sea of ​​information” during the command process, resulting in information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making technology and “cloud brain” and “digital staff”, a new decision-making model based on the collaboration of “human brain + artificial intelligence” is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence, as an extension of the human brain, assist the commander’s work, and develop war decisions from simple human brain decisions to “human brain + artificial intelligence” super-brainized command decisions.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent combat, the space will be multi-dimensional, the forces will be diversified, the styles will be diverse, and the pace will be accelerated. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of battlefield situations will become the basis for commanders to make decisions, and multi-domain integration and intelligent dynamic presentation of full-dimensional battlefield situations will become an inevitable requirement for the construction and development of command information systems. The command information system’s perception, understanding, integration and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future war situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces to cognitive and social domains, realizing “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent warfare will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the intelligent information and communication system must be connected to the command and control platform and the weapon platform. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, the intelligent information and communication system plays a linking and lubricating role in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an intelligent information network with full-dimensional coverage and uninterrupted communication to support the connection and control of intelligent equipment, form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network anti-destruction, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities, so as to ensure intelligent collaborative operations between platforms and exert the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been used in large numbers and have played an important role in determining the direction of war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis of intelligent warfare, and have formed disruptive combat styles based on this, such as invasive lone wolf warfare, manned/unmanned collaborative system sabotage warfare, unmanned system formation independent warfare, and drone swarm cluster warfare. Although unmanned warfare is led by humans, machines are given a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby realizing unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be more intelligent and be able to conduct autonomous and coordinated combat according to the purpose of the operation.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the “intellectual power” struggle on the battlefield and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security technologies, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and strengthen intelligent traceability and countermeasure capabilities to effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key to the development of intelligent command information system

The development of intelligent command information system is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of mind and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information system, we must change the traditional idea of ​​adding hardware, building a large “network”, collecting and storing various types of data, break through the inherent hierarchical settings, create an open and service-oriented system, aim at the needs of intelligent combat command and action, and explore and study the key points of the development of intelligent command information system.

Innovative concepts. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, combine actual needs, and explore a development path with its own characteristics. We must break the traditional “building chimneys” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of command information systems, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system development ideas that combine research, construction and use, formulate short-term, medium-term and long-term development strategies, and standardize the direction of system construction and development; adhere to iterative upgrades and optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems such as command control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information confrontation and comprehensive support, to ensure the continuous and healthy development of intelligent command information systems.

Focus on the key. Focusing on the construction of key capabilities of intelligent command information systems is an important support for intelligent warfare to gather intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to intelligent warfare to gain the “right to win”. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the internal driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of the next generation of computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; deeply explore the deeper and wider dimensional information value in massive combat data resources to seek the initiative to win.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-domain, multi-disciplinary, multi-departmental and multi-unit integrated and coordinated project. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collective wisdom, pioneering and innovation, aiming at strategic forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, and insist on high-tech promotion and intelligent combat demand. Carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, multiple levels, and multiple forms, continuously break through innovation, iterative upgrades, and make the intelligent command information system more complete and more intelligent.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the era of innovation and development of artificial intelligence in the world. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is booming, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application and broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to achieve the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. We must study and formulate general technical standards, remove barriers, break the ice, facilitate military-civilian cooperation, and realize the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. We must cultivate and shape new military talents through collaboration, so that they can constantly adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

現代國語:

來源:解放軍報 作者:李建平 紀鳳珠 李琳 責任編輯:王鳳 2022-08-09 12:40

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開,具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”,是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建設是軍事智慧化發展的內在要求,只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義,抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點,探索智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津,才能更好地推動智能化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程,贏得未來智能化作戰制勝先機。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇,是科技革命發展的必然結果,也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義,有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建設方向,確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰,戰場形勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境復雜嚴酷,要想在戰場上取得主動,「制智權」成為新的製高點,而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段,其智能化發展可助推戰爭形態向智能化演變,是智能化作戰贏得先機、謀求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智能化創新。未來智慧化作戰,需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念,而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托,是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念,都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐,智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延,突破人體生理極限,實現作戰指揮藝術和智能技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用,使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化,智慧超越火力、資訊力,成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變,使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網絡+精確制導武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網+有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網絡中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物,隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用,指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發點,打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

“超腦化”輔助決策。未來智能化作戰,戰場資訊數據量龐大且複雜多變,指揮員在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫,影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數字參謀」的出現,以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限,作為人腦的外延,輔助指揮員工作,使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智能化作戰,空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出,全面靈動地掌握戰場態勢成為指揮員決策的基礎,多域一體、智能動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對諸如目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測,正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域,實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網絡通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台,而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管,智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑作用。因此,要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡,支撐智慧化裝備的連結和控制,形成網絡結構智能優化、網絡抗毀智能重組以及智能抗干擾能力,以確保平台間智能化的協同作戰,發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。近期世界局部沖突中,無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用,引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎,並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式,如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導,並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限,從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變,人機協同被破壞將成為常態,無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧,要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊,資安防護能力的高低,直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負,是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此,應主動作為,積極制定及完善網絡防護策略,豐富入侵檢測能力及認證識別手段,加強資訊安全高新技術運用,強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力,建強智能化溯源反制能力,有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新,更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展,要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集存儲各類數據的思路,突破固有層級設定,打造開放式、服務型系統,瞄準智能化作戰指揮與行動需要,探索研究智能化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引,借用軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路,結合實際需求,探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法,堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃,統一介面、協議和標準,形成開放式、可持續發展的系統架構佈局;堅持研建用相結合的系統研發策略,制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略,規範系統建設發展方向;堅持迭代升級、優化持續策略,不斷提升指揮、長期不同階段發展策略,規範系統建設發展方向;堅持迭代升級、優化持續性策略,不斷提升指揮控制、長期不同階段發展策略、各分列系統建設發展方向;堅持版本

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設,是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托,是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐,也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力要求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究,提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢;加快量子計算機等為代表的下一代計算機研發,為智能化指揮信息系統提供更強的算力支持;深度挖掘海量作戰數據資源中更深層次、更廣維度信息價值,謀求制勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一,是一個多領域、多學科交叉,多部門、多單位參與的大融合大聯動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神,瞄準傳感器、量子信息、網絡通信、集成電路、關鍵軟件、大數據、人工智能、區塊鍊等戰略性前瞻領域,堅持高新技術推動、智能化作戰需求拉動,開展多領域、多層次、多形式深度研究交流,更加創新、進一步迭代創新

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展,必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果,融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。當前,世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展,積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢,人工智慧技術應用通用性強,技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊,是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準,拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作,實現技術成果共享連結。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才,使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求,充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/491773588.html?