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Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

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中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡？

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源：解放軍報

現代英語：

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語：

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊，既包括「平時」的認知滲透，也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開，與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中，隨著槍砲聲的消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響，不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗，透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息，影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心，進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看，認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊，既包括「平時」的認知滲透，也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而，認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線；同時，根據政治或軍事目的需要，其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此，認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念，並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基，具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面，但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中，圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈，成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知，奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗，也是舉國之志的對抗，政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中，透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導，培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情，舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基，是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知，奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導，建構戰爭認知思維體系，引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向，推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成，調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落，是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度，對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知，奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向，在認定事物、判定是非方面，人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落，透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播，圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中，不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同，是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎，它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化，是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一，也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理，調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散，提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力，但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生；國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性，為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機，而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎，結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控，對社會穩定有直接影響，是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理，漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人，如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的，那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位，也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理，不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞，也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒，為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中，需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理，影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中，個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引，如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等，對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取，是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等，有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象，從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開，與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐，具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰，「攻」「防」行動同步開展，武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效，「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮，是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志，迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等，透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志，透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策；針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量，以武力打擊震懾主導，綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段，動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式；針對社會面支撐力量，透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心，透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒，透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線，凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線，防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量，透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情，透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相，透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念，透過樹立典型調動士氣等等；針對支撐力量，透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳，建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感，透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理，透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營，消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍，為己方陣營拓展提供支撐，是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取，雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主，但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散，常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變，進而影響到政治層面的決策，為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外，戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務，即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期，隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散，人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期，需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效，方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中，隨著槍砲聲的消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響，不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按：王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

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Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

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中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源：新華社 作者：林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯：喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語：

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語：

當今時代，軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力，深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等，日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰，主導力量是能量，透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊，達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的，追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰，主導力量是資訊力，訊息並沒有取代能量，而是透過對時空的精準定位，使能量的作戰效能成倍提升，從而成為戰爭的主導力量，追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰，主導力量是“智能力”，作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓，戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜，戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗，更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展，使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離，無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰，完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動，智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人，作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上，俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地，成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年，俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前，智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務，60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備，將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備，遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務，並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下，有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中，具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”，攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”，在信息網絡的支持下，人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同，共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點，2035年前，人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰；2050年前，將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰，正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確，個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言，社會行為豐富，所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐，同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機，由其自行精準編隊、精確分工，同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比，集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢，是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現，即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統，在應對無人機集群攻擊時，也難以合理分配火力，導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明，當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時，平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統；當無人機數量增至幾十架時，成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明，無人機集群作戰的效果顯著，對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅，同時也預示，集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

#Information Support Force, #中國太空軍, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊

Chinese Military Big Data: An Accelerator of Military Intelligence Transformation

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中國軍事大數據：軍事情報轉型的加速器

來源：解放軍報 作者：宋元剛、邵龍飛、特約通訊員 王涵 主編：吳行健

現代英語：

In order to thoroughly implement President Xi’s decision to “promote the implementation of the national big data strategy” and accelerate the development of military intelligence, our military has begun to take active actions. The innovative application of military big data will surely stimulate data vitality, release data value, and produce a multiplier effect like never before, so as to open the door to future victory.

In order to actively adapt to the new situation and new requirements, promote the deep integration of big data and national defense construction, and promote exchanges and cooperation among experts in the field of military big data research, the Second Military Big Data Forum, hosted by the Academy of Military Sciences and themed “Military Big Data Promotes the Development of Military Intelligence”, was held in Beijing from August 22 to 23 this year. More than 500 leaders, experts and representatives from the Central Military Commission, various theater commands, various services, the Academy of Military Sciences, the National Defense University, the National University of Defense Technology and other units participated in the discussion and exchange on the frontier, common and hot issues of the development of military big data.

During the forum, our reporter interviewed Researcher Liu Linshan, Director of the Military Science Information Research Center of the Academy of Military Sciences, Researcher Lu Bin, Deputy Director, and Associate Researcher Luo Wei, Director of a research laboratory, on topics related to military big data. 

Military big data is highly confrontational

Reporter: my country is currently vigorously promoting the implementation of the national big data strategy. Big data is being widely used in many fields such as economy, politics, security and social management, reflecting unprecedented great value. So, compared with civilian big data, what are the connotations and characteristics of military big data?

Liu Linshan: With the development of big data technology and applications, military big data has broken through the concept of military data in the past and has become a general term for a series of activities based on massive military data resources, with data intelligent processing and analysis technology as the core, and driven by the extensive application needs in the military field. In view of the particularity of military activities, in addition to the typical characteristics of civilian big data such as large data scale, multiple content types, high processing speed, and low value density, military big data also has the characteristics of “one super, one high, and one strong”.

“One super” means super complexity. It means that the data comes from multiple spaces such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. The information dimension is higher, the unstructured characteristics are more obvious, and the data relationship is more complex. “One high” means high security, which means that the threats faced are complex, including enemy reconnaissance and theft, leakage of confidentiality by one’s own side, system vulnerabilities, and attacks by the enemy’s “soft” and “hard” means, etc., and the risk of weakening or losing availability is greater. “One strong” means strong confrontation, which means that the game confrontation between information acquisition and anti-acquisition means, the widespread existence of data fog disguise and deception, and the intricate interweaving of true and false data, which requires extremely high ability to distinguish the authenticity of data.

Lv Bin: Here we need to emphasize the “strong confrontational” characteristics of military big data. Since military big data is data in a confrontational environment, the data quality is poor, the value density is low, and it is usually uncertain, incomplete, and false. We know that artificial intelligence at this stage is mainly based on data-driven machine learning. Machine learning requires sample data, but the current war is small sample data, and future wars may not even have sample data. In addition, the characteristic of military operations is “man in the loop”, and human activities are difficult to learn and predict using classic big data methods. This makes military big data much more difficult than civilian big data in dealing with problems such as small sample data learning, game under incomplete and uncertain information, and scene modeling and understanding in complex environments. The challenges encountered are much greater, and new theories, new methods, and new technologies must be adopted to solve them.

Military big data and military intelligence complement each other

Reporter: The report of the 19th CPC National Congress emphasized the need to “accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve joint combat capabilities and all-domain combat capabilities based on network information systems.” How should we understand the relationship between military big data and military intelligence?

Liu Linshan: Looking back at the development of artificial intelligence, since it was first proposed at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, it has experienced three climaxes and two troughs: the reasoning period, the knowledge period, and the learning period. Scientists have tried to “manufacture” human intelligence through logical reasoning, expert systems, etc., but the failure of the development of Japanese intelligent computers and the decline of the Encyclopedia of Human Common Sense Knowledge at Stanford University in the United States have made these paths unsustainable. The emergence of big data has provided a new path for the development of artificial intelligence, and people have begun to shift from how to “manufacture” intelligence to how to “learn” intelligence. Different from the traditional hope of achieving reasoning and learning through rules, logic and knowledge, through machine learning, we can gain insight into the hidden laws of massive data from big data, and effectively realize data-driven artificial intelligence. In March 2016, the “AlphaGo” Go robot developed by Google was able to defeat the world champion Lee Sedol based on the deep learning of neural networks based on 30 million chess records. In addition, the development of big data technology can also make up for the shortcomings of artificial intelligence in algorithms and computing power, and significantly improve its transferability and interpretability. It can be said that big data is the enabling factor of the new generation of artificial intelligence and is crucial to promoting the development of artificial intelligence.

Lv Bin: At present, artificial intelligence technology is accelerating its penetration into the military field. Military intelligence has become the core driving force of a new round of military reforms, profoundly changing the winning mechanism, force structure and combat methods of future wars. Military intelligence is not just a simple superposition of artificial intelligence and military, but also a systematic description of the coordinated operation of people, equipment and combat methods under a new combat form. The key to the operation of the system is inseparable from the efficient acquisition, integration, analysis and interaction of data. In the future, with the full penetration of data into the military field, deep interaction between man and machine, and the deep combination of machine intelligence and human wisdom, autonomous perception, autonomous analysis, autonomous decision-making and autonomous strikes centered on data and centered on data analysis and processing will be realized.

Luo Wei: We should also look at the relationship between the two from the perspective of the historical stage of our military construction and development. At present, our military has made significant progress in the transformation of military reforms with Chinese characteristics, but the task of mechanization construction has not been completed, and the level of informatization needs to be improved urgently. The development of military intelligence must not be a “castle in the air”. It must be built on the basis of mechanization and informatization, and at the same time, it must also focus on using intelligence to drive mechanization and informatization construction. The integrated development of the “three transformations” will be a significant feature of our military construction and development at present and in the future. Through the comprehensive sharing and efficient interaction of various types of data, the information data flow of the integration of the “three transformations” will be opened up, which will help to build the underlying channel of the integration of the “three transformations” and effectively enhance the quality and efficiency of the development of military intelligence.

Major military powers are rushing to build military big data

Reporter: Accelerating the development of military intelligence has become a common practice for the world’s military powers to seize the commanding heights of future military competition. So what is the progress of these countries in promoting the construction of military big data and the development of military intelligence? Please give a brief introduction.

Liu Linshan: Winning by technology has always been the main means for Western countries to seek advantages in the world. With the advent of the era of big data and artificial intelligence, major Western countries regard it as a “battlefield” and have successively introduced a series of strategic measures to strengthen overall planning. As early as March 2012, the US government issued the “Big Data Research and Development Program Initiative”, which advocated the joint efforts of six government departments and agencies including the Department of Defense to jointly promote the development of big data collection, storage, management and analysis technologies. In 2016, the “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan” was formulated to clarify the investment direction and focus of the United States in the field of artificial intelligence. In 2018, the “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy” was issued, which proposed artificial intelligence development goals and measures, and unified planning and deployment of military applications of artificial intelligence. This year, a new version of the “Department of Defense Cloud Strategy” was formulated to accelerate the development of big data and artificial intelligence technologies and promote data sharing through unified supervision of the US military’s cloud construction. In order to coordinate the development of artificial intelligence technology and combat applications of the US military, the US Department of Defense has also established a joint artificial intelligence center to integrate relevant resources and plan investments. With the launch of the US Department of Defense’s “Military Cloud” 2.0 system, the US military has acquired data processing capabilities such as high-speed battlefield video processing, voice recognition, complex electromagnetic environment perception, and decryption, reducing processing time to one thousandth of traditional methods. Russia has formulated the “Russian Federation Science and Technology Development Strategy”, which prioritizes big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in scientific and technological innovation, and the Russian military has formulated the “Military Robot Technology and Application Development Plan”. The United Kingdom has listed big data, robots, and autonomous systems as eight priority development technologies, and the military has set up a special artificial intelligence laboratory to focus on the research of artificial intelligence and defense data science. France’s digital roadmap clearly states that big data is a strategic high-tech that must be strongly supported in the future. The military has formulated the “Artificial Intelligence and Innovation Roadmap”, which lists intelligence, decision-making, human-machine collaboration, robots, and cyber warfare as key development areas.

Luo Wei: In addition to strategic layout, major Western countries have continued to increase their research and development efforts in big data and artificial intelligence technologies to accelerate the transformation of technological achievements into combat capabilities. Since 2012, the US Department of Defense and its subordinate departments have implemented a series of big data research and development projects represented by the “X Data” project and the “Insight” project, mainly involving big data analysis and mining, rule discovery, data-driven model calculation, data visualization and other fields. Among them, the “X Data” project aims to develop new computing technologies and open source software tools for big data processing and analysis; the “Insight” project aims to integrate massive data from various sensors to form a comprehensive battlefield situation, quickly identify the source and degree of threats, and enhance the decision-making ability of troop commanders and staff. While continuing to promote technological development, some of the US military’s achievements have begun to form combat capabilities, among which the most typical is the “Algorithm Warfare” project. The project was launched in April 2017 and aims to use artificial intelligence algorithms to find targets of interest from massive video data. The relevant achievements have been deployed to multiple US military departments since December of that year, and their video intelligence analysis and processing capabilities have been improved.

Big data will play a vital role in future wars

Reporter: At present, military high-tech with information technology as the core is changing with each passing day, which is driving the evolution of war into information warfare, and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge. So what role will big data play in future information and intelligent warfare? Please briefly explain.

Liu Linshan: In the future, both the continuously developing information warfare and the rapidly advancing intelligent warfare will be driven by data, which is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

First, the understanding of battlefield situation depends on the collection and processing of massive data. Whoever can penetrate the “fog of war” and more accurately and comprehensively understand the enemy’s situation and the combat environment will be able to seize the initiative in the war. On the battlefield of the future, data is the basis for restoring the battlefield situation and forming the enemy’s situation. It not only includes the results of our own reconnaissance, surveillance, and intelligence activities, but also includes massive geographic information data, human social culture data, and social media data. At present, it is not easy to comprehensively collect and process this data, because with the continuous acceleration of the development of networked informatization in the whole society and the increasing popularity of various digital devices, the amount of data in the whole society continues to grow exponentially. Statistics show that in 2013, the total amount of data in human society was about 4.4 trillion GB, and by 2020, this number will grow to 44 trillion GB. With such a large amount of data, without the support of advanced big data collection and processing technology, the value of the data cannot be reflected, and the overall picture of the battlefield cannot be recognized.

Secondly, the realization of combat functions depends on the analysis, distribution and utilization of data. Combat functions usually include intelligence, command and control, firepower strikes, battlefield mobility, combat support, etc. Among them, the intelligence function focuses on collecting, compiling and pushing data, command and control focuses on integrating, processing and distributing data, and firepower strikes, battlefield mobility and combat support generate new status data while utilizing data. It can be said that the performance of combat functions and the implementation of combat operations are the process of data recycling. The smoother and faster the data circulation of one party is, the more significant the combat effect of that party will be.

Third, the evolution of joint operations depends largely on the level of data sharing. The U.S. military is currently evolving from joint operations to multi-domain operations, which is manifested in the development of the coordination of combat capabilities between military services to the aggregation of combat capabilities in various combat domains, thereby achieving a closer and more precise use of forces across military services on the basis of lower-level forces. The premise for achieving this goal is to use the “cloud” as a means to achieve the sharing of all combat data.

Lü Bin: As the role of data in future wars becomes more and more obvious, the characteristics of data weaponization will also become increasingly apparent. “Data warfare” in which one side prevents the opponent from obtaining its own data, prevents the opponent from forming a comprehensive situation, or creates and spreads false data, misleads the judgment of the opponent’s intelligent system, and hinders the opponent’s combat function will become an important combat style.

Actively embrace the era of military big data

Reporter: When it comes to future intelligent warfare, its important feature is that the tempo of confrontation has significantly accelerated. The winning factor has changed from being able to win to being fast. Whoever seizes the initiative will have the initiative in the war. As we welcome the arrival of the era of military big data, how should we understand its key role in future intelligent warfare?

Liu Linshan: The key to winning by speed is how to shorten the “OODA loop” chain as soon as possible. From the perspective of “observation”, big data technology can effectively help commanders fully grasp the situation, capture subtle changes, and discover major signs. From the perspective of “judgment”, the use of big data technology to analyze the correlation of multi-source data can accurately judge the battlefield situation, break the “battlefield fog”, and significantly enhance the commander’s judgment and acumen. From the perspective of “decision-making”, the real-time fusion processing and visualization of data such as enemy situation, our situation and battlefield environment can help commanders accurately control the battlefield situation in real time, make decisions quickly, adjust deployments quickly, and gain the speed advantage of planning and decision-making. From the perspective of “action”, based on real-time online big data analysis, commanders can accurately plan tasks, calculate troops and firepower, and accurately issue combat orders, so as to dynamically and efficiently control troop actions and accurately evaluate combat effectiveness.

Lu Bin: In addition to bringing revolutionary impact to command and control efficiency, big data will also accelerate the transformation of combat command system and lead the transformation of command decision-making mode. The first is the flattening of command system. Under the big data environment, information systems are seamlessly connected, cloud computing provides powerful computing power, blockchain technology improves system security, and the command structure can be changed from “tree-like” to “net-like”, providing a material basis for streamlining command structure and realizing flat command. The second is the jointness of military systems. Based on the highly shared data pool of big data, various types of data are integrated to ensure the consistency of information acquisition. Unified network infrastructure, consistent data structure and data exchange standards ensure effective interconnection and interoperability between various forces and elements, creating conditions for the formation of an integrated joint combat system. The third is the simplification of troop organization. The collection and processing of massive intelligence information is transmitted to the cloud through the information system network for processing, which can free commanders from heavy information processing and realize the streamlined action organization with efficient operation under the support of a large system.

Luo Wei: Military big data also plays an important enabling role in improving the level of equipment intelligence, promoting the birth of intelligent weapons and equipment, and improving intelligent support capabilities. As the “oil” of the new era, big data will be the life source and aorta of intelligent equipment. The rapid acquisition, fine processing and precise distribution of data based on super computing power are multipliers for the combat effectiveness of intelligent equipment. With the gradual breakthrough of key technologies, data equipment closely combined with data resources, computing resources, big data management and analysis systems will appear on the battlefield in the future, including giant platforms used to support military combat command, equipment management, and logistics distribution, as well as small and medium-sized data equipment based on aircraft carriers, aircraft, ships, submarines, vehicles, etc., and also micro-data equipment embedded in unmanned combat, single-soldier combat, and precision guidance systems. These data equipment will play the role of “smart engine” in future intelligent combat, training, logistics support and other operations. At the same time, it should be emphasized that big data going to the battlefield may change equipment and the form of war, but it cannot change the decisive factors of war. In the era of intelligent warfare, the key factor that determines the outcome of war is still people. Big data and artificial intelligence technology cannot completely replace people, and cannot change the decisive position of people in war.

現代國語：

編者按為深入貫徹習主席所做的「推動實施國家大數據戰略」決策部署，加速軍事智能化發展，我軍上下已開始積極行動起來，軍事大數據的創新應用必將前所未有地激發數據活力、釋放資料價值、產生倍增效應，以開啟未來制勝之門。

為積極適應新情勢新要求，推動大數據與國防建設深度融合，促進軍事大數據研究領域專家交流合作，由軍事科學院主辦、主題為「軍事大數據推動軍事智慧化發展」的第二屆軍事大數據論壇，於今年8月22日至23日在京舉行。來自軍委機關、各戰區、各軍兵種、軍事科學院、國防大學、國防科技大學等單位的500餘名領導、專家和代表參加，圍繞軍事大數據發展的前沿、共性、熱點問題進行了探討交流。

論壇期間，本報記者就軍事大數據的相關議題，訪問了軍事科學資訊研究中心主任劉林山研究員、副主任呂彬研究員、某研究室主任羅威副研究員。

軍事大數據具有強烈對抗性

記者：我國目前正大力推動實施國家大數據戰略。大數據正廣泛應用於經濟、政治、安全和社會管理等許多領域，體現出前所未有的巨大價值。那麼，與民用大數據相比，軍事大數據有著怎樣的內涵特徵？

劉林山：隨著大數據技術與應用的發展，軍事大數據已突破過去軍事數據的概念範疇，成為以海量軍事數據資源為基礎、以數據智能處理分析技術為核心、以軍事領域廣泛應用需求為牽引的一系列活動的統稱。鑑於軍事活動的特殊性，軍事大數據除具有民用大數據典型的資料規模大、內容種類多、處理速度高、價值密度低等特徵外，還具有「一超一高一強」的特性。

「一超」即超複雜性。指資料來源於陸、海、空、天、電、網等多個空間，資訊維度較高，非結構化特徵較明顯，資料關係較複雜。 「一高」即高安全性，指面臨的威脅複雜，包括敵方的偵察竊取，己方洩密失密、系統漏洞，遭敵「軟」「硬」手段打擊等，可用性削弱或喪失風險更大。 「一強」即強對抗性，指資訊獲取與反獲取手段的博弈對抗、資料迷霧偽裝欺騙現象普遍存在，真假資料錯綜複雜，對資料真偽辨別能力要求極高。

呂彬：在這裡需要突顯軍事大數據「強對抗性」的特徵。由於軍事大數據是對抗環境下的數據，數據品質差，價值密度低，通常具有不確定性、不完全性和虛假欺騙性。我們知道，現階段的人工智慧主要是建立在數據驅動的機器學習之上的。而機器學習需要樣本數據，但目前戰爭是小樣本數據，未來戰爭甚至沒有樣本數據。此外，軍事行動的特點是“人在迴路”，人的活動很難用大數據經典方法學習預測。這就使得軍事大數據在應對小樣本資料學習、不完全不確定資訊下的博弈、複雜環境下的場景建模與理解等問題方面，比民用大數據要困難得多，遇到的挑戰要大多，必須採用新的理論、新的方法、新的技術去解決。

軍事大數據與軍事智慧化相輔相成

記者：黨的十九大報告強調，要「加速軍事智慧化發展，提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。對於軍事大數據與軍事智能化的關係，該怎麼理解？

劉林山：回顧人工智慧的發展歷程，自1956年達特茅斯會議首次提出以來，經歷了推理期、知識期、學習期三次高潮和兩次低潮。科學家曾試圖透過邏輯推理、專家系統等方式來「製造」人類智能，但日本智能計算機的研發失敗、美國史丹佛大學人類常識知識百科全書的沒落等，使得這些路徑難以為繼。而大數據的出現，為人工智慧的發展提供了一條新道路，人們開始從如何「製造」智能轉向如何「學習」智能。與傳統的希望透過規則、邏輯和知識來實現推理學習不同，透過機器學習，從大數據中去洞悉海量資料隱藏的規律，可有效實現資料驅動下的人工智慧。 2016年3月，Google公司開發的「阿爾法狗」圍棋機器人之所以能擊敗世界冠軍李世石，正是基於對3000萬盤棋譜數據的神經網路深度學習。除此之外，大數據技術的發展還可以彌補人工智慧在演算法、算力方面的不足，顯著提高其可遷移性和可解釋性。可以說，大數據是新一代人工智慧的賦能要素，對於推動人工智慧發展至關重要。

呂彬：目前，人工智慧技術正加速滲透到軍事領域。軍事智慧化已成為新一輪軍事變革的核心驅動力，深刻改變未來戰爭的致勝機理、力量結構和作戰方式。軍事智慧化不僅是人工智慧與軍事的簡單疊加，也是人、裝備和作戰方式在新的作戰形態下協同運作的體系化描述。體系運作的關鍵離不開資料的高效獲取、融合、研判、互動。未來，隨著數據向軍事領域全方位滲透，人機深度交互，機器智能與人類智慧深度結合，將實現以數據為中心、以分析處理數據為中樞的自主感知、自主分析、自主決策、自主打擊。

羅威：我們也要站在我軍建設發展所處歷史階段來看兩者之間的關係。目前我軍中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展，但機械化建設任務尚未完成，資訊化程度亟待提升。軍事智慧化發展絕不能是“空中樓閣”，要建立在機械化和資訊化的基礎上，同時也要注重用智慧化來牽引機械化和資訊化建設。這「三化」融合發展，將是當前及今後一段時期我軍建設發展的顯著特徵。透過各類數據的全面共享和高效交互，打通「三化」融合的資訊資料流，有助於建構「三化」融合的底層通道，實際增強軍事智能化發展的品質效益。

主要軍事強國紛紛搶灘軍事大數據建設

記者：加速推動軍事智慧化發展，目前已成為世界軍事強國搶佔未來軍事競爭制高點的共同做法。那麼這些國家在推動軍事大數據建設與軍事智慧化發展的進展如何？請簡單介紹一下。

劉林山：科技制勝一直是西方國家在世界上尋求優勢的主要手段。隨著大數據和人工智慧時代的到來，西方各主要國家將其視為“兵家必爭之地”，先後出台一系列戰略舉措，強化統籌佈局。美國政府早在2012年3月就發布了《大數據研究與發展計畫倡議》，倡議聯合國防部在內的6個政府部門和機構，共同推動大數據收集、儲存、管理、分析技術的發展。 2016年制定《國家人工智慧研發戰略規劃》，明確美國在人工智慧領域的投資方向與重點。 2018年發布《國防部人工智慧戰略》，提出人工智慧發展目標和舉措，對人工智慧的軍事應用進行了統一規劃和部署。今年制定新版《國防部雲端戰略》，透過對美軍雲建設的統一監管，加速大數據與人工智慧技術發展，促進資料共享。為統籌美軍人工智慧技術發展與作戰運用，美國防部也特別成立了聯合人工智慧中心，整合相關資源與計畫投資。隨著美國防部「軍事雲」2.0系統上線運行，美軍已具備高速戰場視訊處理、語音辨識、複雜電磁環境感知、解密等資料處理能力，使處理時間縮短到傳統方法的數千分之一。俄羅斯制定了《俄羅斯聯邦科技發展戰略》，將大數據、機器學習和人工智慧作為科技創新優先方向，俄羅斯軍隊則制定了《軍用機器人技術和應用發展規劃》。英國將大數據、機器人和自主系統列入八項優先發展技術，軍方專門組成了人工智慧實驗室，聚焦人工智慧和國防數據科學的研究。法國的數位化路線圖明確大數據是未來必須大力支持的戰略性高新技術，軍方制定有《人工智慧與創新路線圖》，將情報、決策、人機協同、機器人與網路戰列為重點發展領域。

羅威：除了戰略佈局之外，西方主要國家還持續加強數據和人工智慧技術的研發力度，加速技術成果轉化為作戰能力。自2012年以來，美國防部及其所屬各部門就實施了以「X數據」項目、「洞察」項目為代表的一系列大數據研發項目，主要涉及大數據分析挖掘、規則發現、數據驅動模型計算、數據視覺化等領域。這其中，「X數據」專案旨在為大數據處理和分析開發新型運算技術和開源軟體工具；「洞察」專案旨在融合來自各類感測器的大量數據，形成全面戰場態勢，快速識別威脅來源和威脅程度，增強部隊指揮和參謀人員的決策能力。在持續推進技術發展的同時，美軍部分成果開始形成作戰能力，其中最為典型的就是「演算法戰」計畫。該計畫於2017年4月啟動，旨在採用人工智慧演算法從大量的視訊資料中發現感興趣的目標，相關成果從當年12月開始陸續部署美軍多個部門，其視訊情報分析處理能力得到提升。

大數據在未來戰爭中將扮演重要角色

記者：目前，以資訊科技為核心的軍事高新科技日新月異，正推動戰爭形態朝向資訊化戰爭演變，智慧化戰爭初露端倪。那麼在未來資訊化、智慧化戰爭中，大數據將扮演什麼樣的角色？請簡要說明一下。

劉林山：未來，無論是持續發展的資訊化戰爭形態，或是迅速推進的智慧化戰爭形態，都是由數據驅動的，主要表現在三個方面：

首先，戰場態勢的理解依賴於海量資料的收集、處理。誰能穿透“戰爭迷霧”，更準確、全面地洞悉敵我態勢和作戰環境，誰就能在戰爭中搶佔先機。在未來戰場上，資料就是還原戰場情況、形成敵我態勢的基礎，它不但包括己方偵察、監視、情報活動的成果，也包括海量的地理資訊資料、人類社會文化資料、社群媒體資料。目前，要全面收集、處理這些數據並不容易，因為隨著全社會網路化資訊化發展的持續加速，各類數位設備的日益普及，全社會數據量持續呈現指數級增長。有統計數據表明，在2013年，人類社會的數據總量約為4.4兆GB，到2020年，這一數字將增長到44兆GB。如此之大的數據量，如果沒有先進的大數據收集、處理技術支持，數據的價值就無從體現，戰場的全貌也就無從認知。

其次，作戰功能的實現取決於資料的分析、分發和利用。作戰功能通常包括情報、指揮控制、火力打擊、戰場機動、作戰保障等。這其中，情報功能著重於收集、整編、推播數據，指揮控制著重於融合、處理、分發數據，而火力打擊、戰場機動、作戰保障在利用數據的同時，也產生新的狀態數據。可以說，作戰功能的發揮、作戰行動的實施就是資料循環利用的過程。哪一方的資料循環得越順暢、越快速，哪一方的作戰效果就越顯著。

其三，聯合作戰樣式的演進在很大程度上取決於資料共享程度。當前美軍正由聯合作戰向多域作戰方向演進，表現為從軍兵種間作戰能力協同向各作戰域作戰能力聚合的方向發展，從而在更低層級部隊基礎上實現跨越軍兵種的更緊密、更精確的力量運用。達成此目標的前提，就是以「雲」為手段，實現所有作戰資料的共享。

呂彬：由於數據在未來戰爭中的作用愈發明顯，數據武器化的特性也將日益顯露。一方防止對手獲取己方數據、阻止對手形成全面態勢，或製造散佈虛假數據、誤導對手智能係統的判斷、阻礙對手作戰功能實現的“數據戰”，將成為重要的作戰樣式。

主動擁抱軍事大數據時代

記者：提到未來智慧化戰爭，其重要特徵就是對抗節奏明顯加快，制勝機理由以能製勝轉變為以快制勝，誰掌握了先機，誰就掌握了戰爭的主動權。我們迎接軍事大數據時代的到來，該如何認識其在未來智慧化戰爭中的關鍵角色？

劉林山：以快速致勝的關鍵，在於如何盡快縮短「OODA環」循環鏈。從「觀察」環節來看，大數據技術能有效幫助指揮員全面掌握狀況、捕捉細微變化、發現重大徵候。從“判斷”環節看，運用大數據技術對多來源數據關聯分析，可以準確研判戰場形勢、破除“戰場迷霧”，顯著增強指揮員的判斷力和敏銳性。從「決策」環節來看，敵情、我情和戰場環境等數據的即時融合處理和視覺化展示，能夠幫助指揮官即時準確掌控戰場態勢，快速作出決策、快速調整部署，贏得籌劃決策的速度優勢。從「行動」環節來看，基於即時線上大數據分析，指揮員能夠精準規劃任務、精細運算兵力火力、精確下達作戰指令，從而動態高效調控部隊行動、準確評估作戰效果。

呂彬：大數據除了為指揮控制效能帶來革命性影響外，還將加速作戰指揮體系變革、引領指揮決策模式轉變。首先是指揮體系扁平化。大數據環境下，資訊系統無縫鏈接，雲端運算提供強大運算能力，區塊鏈技術提升系統安全性，指揮結構可由“樹狀”變為“網狀”，為精簡指揮結構、實現扁平化指揮提供了物質基礎。其次是軍兵種體系聯合化。基於大數據高度共享的資料池，將各類資料融合在一起，確保取得資訊的一致性。統一的網路基礎設施、一致的資料結構與資料交換標準，確保各力量、各要素之間有效互聯互通互通，為形成一體化聯合作戰體系創造條件。第三是部隊編組精簡化。海量情報資訊的收集、處理透過資訊系統網路傳輸至雲端進行處理，能夠使指揮人員從繁重的資訊處理中解放出來，實現大體系支撐下高效運作的精簡化行動編組。

羅威：軍事大數據在提高裝備智慧化水準、催生智慧化武器裝備和提高智慧化保障能力等方面也具有重要的賦能作用。作為新時代的“石油”，大數據將是智慧化裝備的生命源泉和大動脈，基於超強算力的數據快速獲取、精細處理和精準分發是智能化裝備作戰效能發揮的倍增器。隨著關鍵技術的逐步突破，未來戰場將出現由資料資源、運算資源、大數據管理與分析系統等緊密結合的資料裝備，既包括用於支撐軍兵種作戰指揮、裝備管理、後勤配給的巨型平台，也包括以航空母艦、飛機、艦艇、潛艦、車輛等為載體的中小型資料裝備，還包括嵌入無人作戰、單兵作戰、精確導引系統的微小型資料裝備。這些資料裝備，將在未來智慧化作戰、訓練、後勤保障等行動中發揮「智慧引擎」作用。同時要強調的是，大數據走向戰場可能改變裝備，可能改變戰爭形態，但不可能改變戰爭的決定因素。智慧化戰爭時代，決定戰爭勝負的關鍵因素仍是人。大數據和人工智慧技術不可能完全取代人，不能改變人在戰爭中的決定性地位。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/2019zt/2019-09/06/content_9623888.htm

#Information Support Force, #中國太空軍, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, 認知域戰

Chinese Warfare Planning: Artificial Intelligence Will Change the Mechanism of Winning Future Wars

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中國戰爭規劃：人工智慧將改變未來戰爭的勝利機制

中國軍網 國防網 // 2024年5月2日 星期四

現代英語：

Artificial intelligence technology is an important support for improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields. In recent years, it has developed rapidly and has been widely used in the military field, constantly giving rise to new asymmetric advantages, and profoundly changing the basic form, combat methods and winning mechanisms of future wars. We should have a deep understanding of artificial intelligence as a revolutionary technological driving force, accurately recognize changes, respond to changes scientifically, and actively seek changes, strive to explore ways to win future wars, and gain the initiative in the accelerating intelligent war.

Information mechanism

Knowing yourself and the enemy will ensure victory in every battle. Quickly and effectively mastering all-round information is the primary prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can realize intelligent perception of battlefield situations, intelligent analysis of massive data, and intelligent processing of multiple information, and can form a “transparent” advantage on the battlefield.

Autonomous implementation of battlefield perception. By embedding intelligent modules into the wartime reconnaissance system, various reconnaissance node units can realize random networking, ad hoc coordination, and organic integration, and can autonomously capture battlefield information in all directions and dimensions, build a relatively “transparent” digital battlefield environment and combat situation, and then dispel the “fog” of war and present the combat scene in a panoramic manner.

Accurately identify massive amounts of data. Relying on intelligent technologies such as precise sensing technology and analytical recognition technology, it accurately judges, analyzes, compares, and integrates diversified voice, text, pictures, videos, and other data to obtain faster, more complete, more accurate, and deeper battlefield situation results, far exceeding the speed and accuracy of human brain processing.

Efficient response to key information. Based on intelligent technology groups such as combat cloud, big data, and the Internet of Things, it can quickly discover large quantities of non-standardized and heterogeneous intelligence data, autonomously discover symptoms, identify intentions, analyze trends, find patterns, and respond to commanders’ needs for key information in real time and accurately.

Synchronous sharing of integrated situation. The intelligent control system can optimize and integrate various reconnaissance and surveillance systems distributed in different spaces and frequency domains such as land, sea, air, space and radio networks, and play an important hub role in sharing information and unified cognition, building a situation based on “one picture”, “one network” and “one chain”, so that all combat units can synchronously share the required information from different spaces, distances and frequencies in all domains and at all times, realizing intelligent sharing.

Decision-making mechanism

Those who can plan for victory before the battle have made more calculations. Scientific and accurate decision-making is a prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can conduct dynamic battlefield simulation and deduction, quickly give feasible decisions, greatly shorten the decision-making cycle of combat planning, and form a decision-making advantage.

Intelligent strategic situation analysis. The decision-making support system that incorporates artificial intelligence technology has functions such as information collection, query management, data processing, and correlation analysis. It can effectively break through the limitations of human analysis capabilities, maximize the separation of false and true, correlation verification, and link thinking, and automatically conduct big data analysis such as enemy situation, our situation, and battlefield environment, forming comparative data on related forces and weapons, which can efficiently assist combat command and help commanders quickly make combat decisions.

Intelligent optimization of combat plans. Relying on the intelligent combat simulation system, it automatically generates multiple sets of intuitive plans and programs based on the pre-input combat missions and strike target information, comprehensively evaluates their advantages and disadvantages and potential risks, and selects the plan that is most conducive to realizing the commander’s intention for the commander to make the final decision. After receiving the combat missions and target requirements from the superior, each combat unit will further screen the battlefield target information in combination with the tasks and requirements of its own level, and independently formulate the best plan and program at its own level to maximize combat effectiveness.

Intelligent prediction of decision-making effectiveness. The intelligent decision-making auxiliary system relies on intelligent technologies such as big data, high-performance computing, and neural network algorithms to give the command and control system a more advanced “brain-like” ability, which can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and quickly come to a relatively objective combat result.

Power control mechanism

The dominant position is to control power by taking advantage of the situation. Seizing control power is the key factor to win the war. Artificial intelligence can “transplant” part of human intelligence to weapons, making the combination of humans and weapon systems more and more close. The deep interaction between humans and machines has changed the traditional control elements, endowed new control connotations, and can help gain new control advantages.

The dominance of the domain is expanding to the high frontier. In the future, highly intelligent unmanned systems will be able to carry out a variety of combat missions even in harsh conditions such as high temperature, extreme cold, high pressure, lack of oxygen, toxicity, radiation, and in extreme environments such as extreme height, extreme distance, extreme depth, extreme micro, extreme darkness, and extreme brightness. The competition for dominance of the combat domain and combat space will extend to the high frontier, the far frontier, and the deep frontier.

The right to control information is expanding to multiple means. The traditional way to seize the right to control information is to control the channels of information acquisition, processing, and distribution by attacking the enemy’s reconnaissance and early warning system and destroying its command and control system. However, information warfare under the guidance of artificial intelligence uses information itself as “ammunition”, and the means to seize the right to control information are more diverse.

The network control power is expanding to distributed. The network information system built based on intelligent technology provides a ubiquitous network “cloud” to aggregate battlefield resources of various terminals and provide services, which can realize modular organization and automatic reorganization of combat forces. The traditional purpose of disconnecting the network and destroying the chain by striking key nodes will no longer be achieved. It is inevitable to respond to the “decentralized” battlefield with an intelligent distributed strike mode.

The power to control the brain is expanding to new dimensions. Brain-like technology and simulation technology are gradually militarized, forming new areas of competition and confrontation. The focus has shifted from focusing on confrontation in the physical and information domains to focusing more on influencing and controlling the opponent’s psychology. Technologies such as virtual reality and audio-visual synthesis can confuse the real with the fake. “Core attack” can quietly change the enemy’s command and control system algorithm. “Brain control” can directly control the enemy’s decision-making. By controlling and influencing the enemy’s psychology, thinking, and will, the goal of stopping and winning the war can be achieved at the lowest cost.

Mechanism of action

The key to victory in war is speed. Taking unexpected actions against the enemy is the key to victory in war. Artificial intelligence can improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment, command and control systems, and action decisions, making mobile response capabilities faster and joint strike capabilities more accurate, creating a super action advantage.

The speed of action is “killed in seconds”. The intelligent combat system can see, hear, understand, learn and think, effectively shortening the “OODA” cycle. Once an “opportunity” is found, it will use intelligently controlled hypersonic weapons, kinetic weapons, laser weapons, etc. to quickly “kill” the target at a long distance.

Action style is “unmanned”. “Unmanned + intelligent” is the future development direction of weapons and equipment. Low-cost unmanned vehicles, drones, unmanned submarines and other unmanned autonomous equipment, with the support of cluster autonomous decision-making systems, can plan the task division of each unit according to combat targets, and unmanned devices can accurately dock, autonomously combine, and covertly penetrate to carry out cluster saturation attacks on the enemy.

The action space is “blurred”. In future wars, using interference means to carry out soft strikes on the enemy’s intelligent combat systems and intelligent weapons, and using intelligent weapons to delay or influence the enemy’s decision-making and psychology will become the key to victory. Most of these actions are completed unconsciously or silently, presenting a “blurred” state where the enemy and us are invisible, the boundaries between the front and the rear are unclear, and the visible and invisible are difficult to distinguish.

The action deployment is “stealth”. The intelligent command system and weapon equipment have bionic and stealth properties. As long as they are deployed in advance in possible combat areas during peacetime preparations or training exercises, they can be hidden and dormant and ready for combat. Once they are activated in time in wartime, they can launch a sudden attack on the enemy, which will help to quickly seize the initiative in the war.

System Mechanism

Five things and seven strategies determine victory or defeat. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, full-process system confrontations, and a stable and efficient combat system is the basic support for winning the war. With the continuous expansion of the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, the combat system is becoming more and more intelligent, and the full-domain integrated combat system will produce a strong system advantage.

There are more means of “detection”. Intelligent combat clusters rely on network information systems to connect with various large sensors, electronic warfare systems and other human-machine interaction platforms, use the detection and perception equipment of each combat unit to obtain battlefield data, give play to the self-organizing characteristics of intelligent groups, strengthen real-time detection and support for joint combat systems and back-end intelligence analysis, and can achieve full-domain detection, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, forming a multi-dimensional, full-domain coverage of large-area joint detection intelligence system.

The scope of “control” is wider. The use of intelligent unmanned combat platforms can break through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of the senses, and the physical limits of existence, and replace humans to enter traditional life restricted areas such as the deep sea, space, polar regions, and strong radiation areas, and stay there for a long time to implement “unconventional warfare”, thereby further expanding the combat space and having the ability to continuously repel opponents in a wider range of fields.

The speed of “fighting” is faster. With the support of intelligent network information system, the intelligence chain, command chain and killing chain are seamlessly connected, the speed of information transmission, decision-making speed and action speed are accelerated simultaneously, and the intelligent combat units can be flexibly organized, autonomously coordinated and quickly strike. All of these make the time utilization efficiency extremely high and the battlefield response speed extremely fast.

The “evaluation” is more accurate. Using intelligent technologies such as experiential interactive learning and brain-like behavioral systems, the intelligent combat evaluation system can autonomously complete the collection, aggregation, grading and classification of multi-means action effect evaluation information, accurately perceive battlefield actions based on big data and panoramic images, dynamically identify combat processes and correct defects, predict complex battlefield changes, and make comprehensive plans and flexibly respond.

The “security” is more efficient. The widespread application of intelligent comprehensive security systems represented by equipment maintenance expert systems and intelligent sensing equipment can efficiently respond to security needs in various domains, intelligently plan security resources, and ensure that the “cloud” aggregates various battlefield resources, effectively improving the comprehensive security capabilities of the networked battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Henan Provincial Military Region)

現代國語漢語：

人工智慧技術是提高新興領域戰略能力的重要支撐，近年來獲得快速發展並廣泛運用於軍事領域，不斷催生新的非對稱優勢，深刻改變未來戰爭的基本形態、作戰方式和製勝機理。應該深刻認識人工智慧這一革命性技術動力，準確識變、科學應變、主動求變，努力探尋制勝未來戰爭之道，在加速來臨的智能化戰爭中贏得主動。

資訊機理

知彼知己，百戰不殆。快速有效地掌握全方位資訊是戰爭制勝的首要前提。人工智慧可實現戰場態勢智慧感知、大量數據智慧分析、多元資訊智慧處理，能夠形成戰場「透明」優勢。

戰場感知自主實施。將智慧模塊嵌入戰時偵察系統，各類偵察節點單元可以實現隨機組網、臨機協同、有機整合，能夠全方位、多維度自主捕獲戰場信息，構建相對“透明”的數字化戰場環境和作戰態勢，進而撥開戰爭“迷霧”，全景式呈現作戰場景。

海量數據精準識別。依托精準感知技術和分析識別技術等智慧化科技，精準判讀、分析、比對、融合多元化的語音、文字、圖片、影片等數據，從而獲取更快、更全、更準、更深的戰場態勢結果，遠超人腦處理的速度和精確度。

關鍵資訊高效響應。基於作戰雲、大數據、物聯網等智慧化技術群，能夠從大批量、非標準化、異構化的情報數據中快速發掘，自主發現徵候、識別意圖、研判趨勢、找到規律，實時精準地響應指揮員對關鍵資訊的需求。

融合態勢同步共用。智慧化控制系統能夠將分佈在陸海空天電網等不同空間、不同頻域的各種偵察監視系統優化整合，並發揮共享信息和統一認知的重要樞紐作用，構建形成基於“一幅圖”“一張網」「一條鏈」的態勢，使各作戰單元全局全頻全時從不同空間、不同距離、不同頻率同步共享所需信息，實現智慧共享。

決策機理

夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也。科學準確決策是戰爭制勝的先決條件。人工智慧可進行動態戰場模擬推演，快速給出可行決策，大幅縮短作戰籌劃決策週期，能夠形成決策優勢。

戰略形勢智能研判。融入人工智慧技術的決策輔助系統，具備資訊收集、查詢管理、數據處理、關聯分析等功能，可有效突破人類分析能力的限制，最大限度去偽存真、關聯印證、連結思考，自動進行敵情、我情和戰場環境等大數據分析，形成相關兵力、兵器等對比數據，能夠有效率地輔助作戰指揮，幫助指揮員快速定下作戰決心。

作戰方案智能優選。依托智能化作戰模擬系統，根據預先輸入的作戰任務和打擊目標訊息，自動產生多套形象直觀的方案和計劃，綜合評估其優缺點及潛在風險，優選出最有利於實現指揮員意圖的方案，供指揮員作出最後決斷。各作戰單元接到上級作戰任務和目標需求後，結合本級任務和要求，進一步對戰場目標資訊進行甄別篩選，自主訂定本級最優方案和計畫，實現作戰效能最大化。

決策效能智能預測。智慧化輔助決策系統依賴大數據、高效能計算、神經網絡演算法等智慧化技術，賦予指揮控制系統更高階的「類腦」能力，可以更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況，快速得出相對客觀的交戰結果。

制權機理

勢者，因利而製權也。奪取制權是贏得戰爭制勝優勢的關鍵因素。人工智慧可將人的部分智慧「移植」到武器上，使得人與武器系統結合越來越緊密，人機一體深度互動改變了傳統的製權要素，賦予新的製權內涵，能夠助力獲得新的製權優勢。

制域權向高邊疆拓展。未來高度智慧化的無人系統，即使在高溫、極寒、高壓、缺氧、有毒、輻射等惡劣條件下，在極高、極遠、極深、極微、極黑、極亮等極端環境中，仍然可以遂行多種作戰任務，作戰領域和作戰空間的製權之爭向高邊疆、遠邊疆、深邊疆延伸。

制資訊權向多手段拓展。傳統的奪取制資訊權，是透過打擊敵偵察預警體系、破壞其指揮控制系統等手段實現對資訊取得、處理、分發等途徑的控制，而人工智慧主導下的資訊作戰則是將資訊本身作為「彈藥”，奪取制資訊權的手段更加多樣。

製網權向分散式拓展。基於智慧科技構建的網絡資訊體系，提供泛在網絡「雲」以聚合各類終端的戰場資源並提供服務，能夠實現作戰力量模塊化編組、自動化重組，傳統的通過打擊關鍵節點，達成斷網毀鏈的目的將很難再實現，必然是以智慧化分散式打擊模式來應對「去中心化」的戰場。

制腦權向新維域拓展。類腦技術、模擬技術等逐步軍事化，形成了新的博弈和對抗領域，重心由注重物理域、資訊域對抗向更加註重影響和控制對手心理轉變，虛擬現實、聲像合成等技術能夠以假亂真， 「攻芯戰」能夠悄無聲息地改變敵方指揮控制系統演算法，「控腦戰」能夠直接控制敵方決策，透過控制和影響敵方的心理、思維、意誌等，能夠以最小代價實現止戰、勝戰之目的。

行動機理

兵之情主速，乘人之不及。採取敵方意料不到的行動是戰爭制勝的關鍵要害。人工智慧可提高武器裝備、指控系統、行動決策等方面的智慧化程度，使機動反應能力更快、聯合打擊能力更準，創造出超強的行動優勢。

行動速度「秒殺化」。智慧化作戰系統看得見、聽得懂、能學習、會思考，有效縮短了“OODA”循環週期，一旦發現“有機可乘”，便運用智能化控制的超高聲速武器、動能武器、激光武器等，對目標進行遠距離快速「秒殺」。

行動樣式“無人化”。 「無人+智慧」是未來武器裝備發展方向。低成本的無人車、無人機、無人潛航器等無人自主裝備，在集群自主決策系統支援下，可針對作戰目標規劃各單元的任務分工，無人器之間精準對接、自主組合、隱蔽突防，對敵進行集群飽和攻擊。

行動空間「模糊化」。未來戰爭中，利用乾擾手段對敵方的智慧化作戰系統和智慧武器實施軟打擊，利用智慧武器遲滯或影響敵方人員的決策和心理將成為製勝關鍵。這些行動大都是在不知不覺或無聲無息中完成的，呈現敵我雙方不見人影、前方後方界限不清、有形無形難以辨別的「模糊」狀態。

行動布勢「隱身化」。智慧化指揮系統和武器裝備具有生物仿生和隱身性能。只要在平時備戰或訓練演習時提前佈設在可能交戰地域，潛伏預置、休眠待戰，戰時一旦需要適時激活，對敵實施猝然打擊，有助於快速掌握戰爭主動權。

體系機理

五事七計知勝負。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗，穩定高效的作戰體係是戰爭制勝的基礎支撐。隨著人工智慧在軍事領域應用不斷拓展，作戰體系智慧化程度越來越高，全域融合的作戰體係將產生強大的體系優勢。

「偵」的手段更多。智慧化作戰集群依托網絡資訊體係與各類大型傳感器、電子戰系統及其他人機交互平台進行連接，運用各作戰單元自身檢測感知設備獲取戰場數據，發揮智能群體自組織特性，強化對聯合作戰體系及後端情報分析的即時偵監支持，能夠實現全局偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證，形成多維一體、全局覆蓋的大區域聯合偵察情報體系。

「控」的領域更廣。運用智慧化無人作戰平台，能夠突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限，並代替人類進入深海、太空、極地、強輻射地域等傳統的生命禁區，並長時間置身其中實施“非常規作戰”，從而使作戰空間進一步拓展，具備在更廣的領域持續懾拒對手的實力。

「打」的速度更快。在智慧化網路資訊體系支撐下，情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈無縫連接，資訊傳輸速度、決策速度與行動速度同步加快，智慧化作戰單元能夠靈活編組、自主協同、快速打擊。這些都使得時間利用效率極高、戰場反應速度極快。

「評」的精度更準。運用經驗式互動學習、類腦行為體係等智慧化科技，智慧化作戰評估系統能夠自主完成多手段行動效果評估資訊的擷取匯聚、分級分類，基於大數據和全景圖精準感知戰場行動，動態識別作戰過程並糾正缺陷問題，預判複雜戰場變化，綜合規劃、靈活應對。

「保」的效率更高。以裝備維修專家系統、智慧化感知設備為代表的智慧化綜合保障系統的廣泛應用，能夠高效響應各域保障需求，智慧規劃保障資源，保障「雲」聚合各類戰場資源，有效提升網絡化戰場綜合保障能力。

（作者單位：河南省軍區）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-05-02&paperNumber=03&articleid=930888

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Chinese Military’s Embrace of Artificial Intelligence: How to Revolutionize Future Warfare

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中國軍隊擁抱人工智慧：如何徹底改變未來戰爭

現代英語：

Source: China National Defense News Author: Chen Hanghui Editor-in-charge: Qiao Nannan 2018-01-02 08:29:25

At present, the world is on the eve of the intelligent revolution, and human society is moving from the “Internet +” era to the “Intelligence +” era. In recent years, driven by big data, new algorithms and supercomputing, artificial intelligence is changing and even subverting every industry it touches, and war is no exception. From underwater submersibles to drone swarms, from predictive maintenance software to intelligent decision-making assistants, artificial intelligence is affecting different areas of war with unprecedented breadth and depth, promoting a new round of military reforms, and the form and appearance of war are quietly changing.

Temple planning comes first, war design becomes more sophisticated

“The Art of War” by Sun Tzu says: “He who plans for victory before the battle has made many calculations; he who plans for defeat before the battle has made few calculations.” Looking at the history of human warfare, “He who plans more wins, and he who plans less loses” is an immutable theorem.

Future wars will increasingly rely on “temple calculations”. Artificial intelligence can enhance the effectiveness of war prediction in at least two ways:

First, it can more accurately calculate and predict the outcome of wars. With the support of advanced algorithms and supercomputing capabilities, the calculation and prediction results of artificial intelligence systems are more accurate than those of the human brain. Second, with the help of war game systems, combat plans can be tested and optimized more effectively. For example, war game systems that incorporate artificial intelligence can engage in man-machine confrontation with humans, which helps people find problems and find weaknesses. In particular, after introducing algorithms such as deep learning into war game systems, the behavior of intelligent systems will become profound and varied, which will help break through the established thinking of humans, enhance the confrontation and authenticity of war game simulations, and achieve the purpose of optimizing solutions. In addition, intelligent war game systems can also be used to conduct machine-machine confrontations to improve the efficiency of simulations.

In February 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense issued a memorandum titled “Wargames and Innovation,” proposing to introduce machine learning into wargames. Currently, Rand Corporation and Raytheon have already begun attempts in this regard. Once mature intelligent software is applied to wargames, it will not only improve the level of optimization plans and prediction of war situations, but also more accurately predict the size of the troops involved in the war, ammunition consumption, duration and support requirements, etc., significantly improving the ability to design wars.

Speed ​​is the key to success. The pace of operations has never been faster.

In the information age, wars follow the principle of “the fast eats the slow”. In the several wars since the Gulf War, the key to the US military’s repeated victories is that it always achieves “the fastest move”.

Nowadays, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence has completely “crushed” the human brain. In 2016, in a simulated air battle, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States controlled the F-15 fighter and defeated the F-22 fighter piloted by humans. The reason is that the reaction speed of the intelligent software is 250 times that of the human brain! In October this year, the Geospatial Intelligence Center of the University of Missouri in the United States announced a research result showing that the center has developed an algorithm model based on deep learning technology, which can search and identify missile launch sites within nearly 90,000 square kilometers in the southeastern coastal area of ​​a certain country within 42 minutes, which is 85 times faster than human analysts and has an accuracy rate reaching the level of expert image analysts.

For this reason, in recent years, the US, Russian and other militaries have turned their attention to artificial intelligence, intending to use the speed advantage of artificial intelligence to shorten their decision-making cycle on the battlefield and firmly grasp the operational advantage. In July this year, Russian weapons manufacturer Kalashnikov announced that it had developed a fully automatic combat module based on artificial neural networks, which can achieve destruction upon detection. In addition, the US military is developing intelligent tools such as automated data analysis tools, automatic target recognition software, airborne intelligent decision assistants, and digital air combat planners, intending to reduce the burden of intelligence and combat personnel at all stages of the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. In November this year, the head of the US Department of Defense’s algorithmic warfare project called for: Any weapon system purchased by the US military in the future should be integrated with artificial intelligence.

It can be predicted that as more and more intelligent weapon systems are deployed on the battlefield, combat response time on the battlefield will become shorter and shorter, combat actions will become unprecedentedly fierce, and will eventually exceed human understanding and response capabilities.

Autonomous confrontation, the combat mode has changed

Since the 20th century, the development of detection technology and the advancement of perception technology under the wave of informatization have promoted the birth of the man-machine collaborative combat chain of “sensor-shooter-weapon platform”.

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent weapon systems that can automatically identify, lock and strike targets are gradually emerging, and can replace humans to execute simple decision-making commands. Such as the US military’s ship-borne “Aegis” system, the Israeli military’s “Iron Dome” system, the Russian military’s “Arena” active protection system, the French military’s “Shark” system, etc. However, the intelligence level of these systems is not high at present, and the autonomous combat mode is usually the last option.

In the future, with the advancement of intelligent technology groups such as sensor technology, new algorithms, and big data technology, the autonomous action capabilities of weapon systems will be greatly improved, and the situation of autonomous confrontation of weapon systems will become more and more common. In specific combat fields, such as cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, humans can only rely on intelligent weapon systems for autonomous confrontation. At the same time, with the emergence of hypersonic weapons and cluster warfare, wars will enter the era of “instant kills” and “group fights”, and using intelligent systems to autonomously fight is almost the only way out.

In the future, as the autonomous confrontation of intelligent weapon systems becomes the new normal, the combat mode will gradually change from “man in the loop” to “man on the loop”. The main characteristics of the new mode can be summarized as “in command, out of control”, that is, in most cases, human warriors play the role of supervisors, responsible for inputting target characteristics and setting rules of engagement before the war, observing battlefield engagements, etc. It should be pointed out that in the new mode, humans are still the final decision makers, and human warriors will autonomously enter and exit the combat chain as needed and take necessary intervention measures. The biggest advantage of the new mode is that it can free human warriors from complex decisions and focus on major decisions and key tasks. How to ensure that humans can take over control at any time will be the biggest challenge facing the development of human-machine collaboration technology in the future.

Cluster warfare brings new life to the war of attrition

In the era of cold weapons and mechanized warfare, attrition warfare was the basic way of fighting, and “eating more and eating less” was the basic rule for winning on the battlefield.

Since the 1970s, with the emergence of stealth technology, satellite positioning systems, and precision-guided weapons, the “more, less” war principle has been completely broken. In recent years, with the rapid development of sensor technology, bionics, miniaturization technology, and artificial intelligence technology, the concept of swarm warfare has once again attracted the attention of the military of various countries. The so-called swarm warfare refers to the centralized deployment of hundreds or thousands of intelligent weapons to attack targets from multiple directions. Compared with traditional combat methods, swarm warfare has four major advantages:

First, the miniaturization of a single platform greatly improves battlefield survivability; second, it is decentralized, and the loss of an individual does not affect the overall function; third, it is low-cost, large in quantity, and the combat cost-effectiveness is multiplied; fourth, it can implement saturation attacks and paralyze the enemy’s defense system. It is not difficult to see that cluster warfare can achieve the effect of “quantity is quality”, and therefore, it is considered a war of attrition in the intelligent era.

The U.S. military sees swarm warfare as a game-changer in warfare, and believes that swarm warfare is particularly suitable for dealing with anti-access/area denial threats. Currently, the U.S. Department of Defense is simultaneously targeting underwater, surface, and air, and promoting multiple swarm research and development projects, striving to have multi-dimensional space swarm combat capabilities. In addition, the various branches of the U.S. military are competing to develop swarm combat concepts. For example, the Marine Corps envisions using unmanned combat swarms as landing pioneers to perform tasks such as battlefield perception, mine clearance, and obstacle removal, creating conditions for Marines to rush ashore.

From underwater “wolf packs” to ground “ant swarms” to aerial “bee swarms”, swarm warfare will be prevalent in the future intelligent battlefield. “Human wave tactics” will be re-emerged in a new look, and the balance of the war of attrition will be extremely tilted towards the side with swarm warfare capabilities. The following scene may appear in the future: on one side, there are swarms of intelligent machines covering the sky and the sun, and on the other side, there are panicked, lonely human warriors…

現代國語：

當前,世界正處於智慧革命的前夜，人類社會正從「互聯網+」時代邁入「智能+」時代。近年來，在大數據、新型演算法和超級運算的推動下，人工智慧正在改變乃至顛覆所觸及的每個產業，戰爭也不例外。從水下潛航器到無人機集群，從預測性維修軟件到智慧決策助手，人工智慧正以前所未有的廣度與深度影響著戰爭的不同領域，推動著新一輪軍事變革，戰爭形態和麵貌正悄然被改變。

廟算為先，戰爭設計日益精細

《孫子兵法》曰：「夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。」縱觀人類戰爭史，「多算勝，少算不勝」是亙古不變的定理。

未來戰爭對「廟算」的依賴度有增無減,人工智慧至少可以從兩方面增強戰爭預判的有效性：

一是更精確地計算並預測戰爭結果。在先進演算法和超算能力的支撐下，人工智慧系統的計算和預測結果比人腦更加準確。二是藉助兵棋系統能更有效檢驗和優化作戰方案。例如，融入人工智慧的兵棋系統能夠和人開展人機對抗，有助於人們發現問題、找出弱項。特別是將深度學習等演算法引入兵棋系統後，智慧系統的行為將變得深邃多變，有助於突破人類的既定思維，增強兵棋推演的對抗性和真實性，達到優化方案的目的。此外，還可利用智慧兵棋系統開展機機對抗，提升推演的效率。

2015年2月，美國國防部推出了《兵棋推演與創新》備忘錄，並提出將機器學習引入兵棋推演。目前，蘭德公司、雷神公司已經開始這方面的嘗試。一旦將研發成熟的智慧軟件應用於兵棋推演，不僅能提高優化方案和預測戰局的水平，還能更精確地預測戰爭涉及的兵力規模、彈藥消耗、持續時間和保障需求等，顯著提升對戰爭設計的能力。

速度製勝，作戰節奏空前加快

在資訊時代,戰爭遵循「快吃慢」制勝法則，海灣戰爭以來的幾場戰爭中，美軍之所以能夠屢戰屢勝，其關鍵在於始終做到了「棋快一招」。

如今，人工智慧的反應速度已經完全「碾壓」人腦。 2016年，在一次模擬空戰中，美國辛辛那提大學研發的「阿爾法」智慧軟體操控F-15戰機，擊敗了由人駕駛的F-22戰機，原因就在於該智慧軟件的反應速度是人類大腦反應速度的250倍！今年10月，美國密蘇里大學地​​理空間情報中心公佈了一份研究成果顯示，該中心基於深度學習技術開發了一種演算法模型，能夠在42分鐘內搜尋並識別出某國東南沿海地區近9萬平方千米內的導彈發射場，速度比人類分析師快85倍，準確率達到專家級影像分析師水準。

正因如此，近年來，美、俄等軍隊將目光投向了人工智慧，意圖利用人工智慧的速度優勢，縮短己方在戰場上的決策週期，牢牢掌握行動優勢。今年7月，俄羅斯武器製造商卡拉什尼科夫公司宣稱，已開發出基於人工神經網絡的全自動戰鬥模塊，能做到發現即摧毀。另外，美軍則在研發自動化數據分析工具、自動目標識別軟件、機載智慧決策助理、數字化空中作戰規劃員等智慧工具，意圖在決策週期各環節上減輕情報和作戰人員的負擔，提高決策效率。而在今年11月，美國國防部演算法戰項目負責人呼籲：今後美軍採購的任何武器系統都應融入人工智慧。

可以預見，今後隨著越來越多的智慧化武器系統投入戰場，戰場上的作戰反應時間將越來越短，交戰行動將空前激烈，並最終超越人類的理解和應對能力。

自主對抗，作戰模式引發變革

20世紀以來，偵測技術的發展和資訊化浪潮下感知技術的進步，推動了「傳感器-射手-武器平台」這一人機協作式作戰鏈誕生。

隨著人工智慧技術的發展，能夠自動識別、鎖定和打擊目標的智慧化武器系統逐漸出現，並能取代人類執行簡單的決策命令。如美軍的艦載「宙斯盾」系統、以軍的「鐵穹」系統、俄軍的「競技場」主動防護系統、法軍的「鯊魚」系統，等等。不過，這些系統的智慧化程度目前還不高，自主交戰模式通常是最後一個選項。

未來，隨著傳感技術、新型演算法、大數據技術等智慧化技術群的進步，武器系統的自主行動能力將大幅提升，武器系統自主對抗的情況也越來越普遍。而在特定作戰領域，如網路空間和電磁頻譜領域，人類只能依托智慧化武器系統進行自主對抗。與此同時，隨著高超音速武器和集群作戰的出現，戰爭將進入「秒殺」和「群架」時代，利用智慧系統自主迎戰幾乎是唯一出路。

未來，隨著智慧化武器系統的自主對抗成為新常態，作戰模式將逐漸從「人在迴路中」轉變為「人在迴路」。新模式的主要特徵可概括為“指揮之中、控制之外”，即在多數情況下，人類戰士扮演監督員的角色，負責在開戰前輸入目標特徵和設定交戰規則，觀察戰場交戰情況等。需要指出的是，在新模式下人依然是最終決策者，人類戰士將根據需要自主進出作戰鏈，採取必要的干預措施。新模式的最大優勢是可以使人類戰士從紛繁複雜的決策中解放出來，聚焦於主要決策和關鍵任務。如何確保人類能夠隨時接管控制權，將是今後一段時期內，人機協同技術發展面臨的最大挑戰。

集群作戰，讓消耗戰重煥生機

在冷兵器和機械化戰爭時代，消耗戰是基本作戰方式，「多吃少」是戰場制勝的基本法則。

自上世紀70年代以來，隨著隱形技術、衛星定位系統、精確制導武器的登場，「多吃少」的戰爭法則被徹底打破。近年來，隨著傳感技術、仿生技術、微型化技術和人工智慧技術取得長足發展，集群式作戰構想再次受到各國軍隊的重視。所謂集群作戰，是指集中部署數百上千個智慧化武器，從多個方向對目標實施攻擊。與傳統作戰方式相比，集群作戰具備四大優勢：

一是單一平台小型化，戰場生存能力大幅提升；二是去中心化，個體的損失不影響整體功能；三是成本低廉，數量龐大，作戰效費比成倍提高；四是可實施飽和攻擊，癱瘓敵防禦體系。不難看出，集群作戰能夠達到「數量即質量」的效果，因此,被認為是智慧時代的消耗戰。

美軍將集群作戰視為戰爭遊戲規則的改變者，認為集群作戰尤其適合應對反介入/區域拒止威脅。當前，美國國防部同時瞄準水下、水面和空中，推進多個集群研發項目，力求具備多維空間集群作戰能力。此外，美軍各軍種正競相開發集群作戰概念，如海軍陸戰隊設想讓無人作戰集群充當登陸先鋒，執行戰場感知、排雷除障等任務，為陸戰隊員搶灘上陸創造條件。

從水下“狼群”到地面“蟻群”再到空中“蜂群”，集群作戰將在未來智慧化戰場上大行其道。 「人海戰術」將改頭換面重新登場，消耗戰的天平將向具備集群作戰能力的一方極度傾斜。未來可能出現這一場景：一邊是遮天蔽日、蜂擁而至的智慧機器，另一邊是驚慌失措、形單影隻的人類戰士…

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4801288.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Strategy Unleash Cognitive Power to Gain Victory

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中國軍事戰略釋放認知力贏得勝利

現代英語：

In intelligent warfare, cognitive space is the key combat space, cognitive advantage is an important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation is the main form of confrontation. It can be said that “there is no war without cognition”. Cognition contains huge combat effectiveness, among which the perception system is the portal, the thinking mode is the core, and the psychological factor is the cornerstone. Improving perception efficiency, building intelligent thinking, stimulating psychological advantages, and maximizing the cognitive combat effectiveness of officers and soldiers will greatly help win intelligent warfare.

Perception effectiveness is linked to combat effectiveness

Information processing theory holds that cognition is not spontaneously generated by the brain, but requires external information input. The complex battlefield information is screened by the perception system and then processed by the brain to generate intelligence for recognizing the opponent and judging the situation. In this process, perception effectiveness is the key, which directly affects the battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness. Samsonov, an expert on the history of World War II, said: “When the battle of Stalingrad was the most intense, a soldier could not survive on the battlefield for more than 9 minutes, and an officer could survive for 3 days.” Even though they are both soldiers, there is a big gap between the battlefield survival time of recruits and veterans. The difference in battlefield survival rate reflects the gap in perception effectiveness.

The battlefield situation is a ruthless examiner, the deadly artillery fire is a life-and-death test, and the perception efficiency is a sharp weapon for taking the test. The same test question is input into the sensory system of new recruits and veterans, and the output responses are very different: new recruits hear rumbling noises and panic, and self-rescue is still a problem, not to mention the ability to fight; veterans can hear the distance of the shells from the sound of the artillery, and can quickly hide and act decisively in the time difference between the sound of the artillery and the falling of the shells. On the battlefield where life and death are at the forefront, the perception system of combatants can only maximize their combat effectiveness if it responds “well” on the basis of “fast” and “accurate”. When war moves from the mechanization of “truth is only within the range of artillery” to the informatization and intelligence of “discovery is destruction”, facing the massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing ability appear “dull and slow”. Intelligent “sensing nodes”, “perception systems” and “perception nerves” with sensors as the core have begun to appear, which will help combatants get out of the perception dilemma and achieve fast and effective perception and decision-making.

Intelligent perception of human-machine fusion provides powerful assistance to combat personnel, but also puts forward higher requirements. It is necessary to open up the “Ren Du Meridians” of empowerment and empowerment to improve the quality and efficiency of perception. Empowerment means to train officers and soldiers’ perception systems in all aspects, reduce the “unfamiliarity coefficient” of complex battlefield information, improve the “adaptability base”, and effectively promote the transformation of perception resources into perception capabilities in the game between perception stock and battlefield variables. Empowerment means to extend, expand and make up for human perception efficiency with the help of artificial intelligence technology. People are responsible for non-logical, fuzzy and irregular perception parts, such as prediction of unknown trends, feeling of incomplete information, and messy and irrelevant perception, so as to obtain “data beyond data, information behind information”; machines process logical, clear and regular perception parts, and use expert systems, knowledge graphs, brain-like computing and other intelligent perceptions to quickly extract high-value information from massive data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and achieve deep perception of battlefield situation.

Thinking is the underlying code for success

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation of hard power between the two sides, but at a deeper level, it is a contest of thinking power. In war, even the most advanced equipment is subject to a strong mind. Thinking, as the rational stage of the cognitive process, is the underlying code that determines victory in war.

The thinking of an army is the fuse that ignites its combat capability. Closed and backward thinking is like a fuse that gets damp and moldy. Even if there is a strong foundation of strength, it may not be able to fully burst out and release on the battlefield. In the late Qing Dynasty, China had the largest number of soldiers in the world and the strongest Beiyang Navy in Asia. The material strength to resist invasion was still vulnerable. “Backward thinking” led to the painful lesson of “backwardness will be beaten”. After World War I, Britain, France and Germany developed mechanized weapons and equipment almost simultaneously. When the German army was determined to use the “blitzkrieg” theory to guide mechanized warfare, the British and French armies adhered to the concept of positional warfare, so there was the tragedy of the German army sweeping across the battlefields of Western Europe in the early days of World War II. One in China and one outside, one far and one near, all reveal a truth: every era has its own war form and a matching thinking mode. Whoever occupies the commanding heights of thinking can seize the opportunity to win. In order to take the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we must boldly change our thinking and always focus on the horizon where the mast has just emerged.

Good thinking: Look up at the stars and build a military technology thinking system. Engels said that when the wave of technological revolution is surging around, we need to update and braver minds. In the face of the increasingly approaching intelligent war, if we cannot get rid of the path dependence and cognitive inertia of mechanized thinking in time, we will be like Poland during World War II. Facing the “armored torrent” of the German army, we were reluctant to give up the “world’s largest” cavalry. Not only were we defeated on the battlefield, but we will also be eliminated by the times. To adapt to intelligent warfare, we should keep a close eye on the leading and cutting-edge directions of military science and technology development, break the barriers of thinking, step out of the cognitive “comfort zone”, focus on building a military technology thinking system, and enhance the sensitivity, cognition, and understanding of forward-looking, strategic, and disruptive technologies and new tactics that may be hatched from them.

Good use: Be down-to-earth and promote the implementation of military technology thinking. Advanced technology should be in the hands of good users. On the basis of renewing the old and embracing the new in thinking mode, we should accelerate the innovation of scientific and technological knowledge and the improvement of scientific and technological literacy, continue to promote the application of main combat equipment technology, improve the coupling and control degree between people and intelligent weapons, explore the potential of equipment and the “optimal solution” of technology, and “secondary empowerment” for the release of weapon technology value.

Changeability: Seek change and innovation, and foresee the future in the activation of thinking. Douhet, the father of “air supremacy”, said that victory only smiles on those who can foresee the changes in the characteristics of war, not on those who wait for changes to happen before adapting. Military revolution is like a 100-meter hurdle race. When the starting gun sounds, whoever stops before the solidified thinking will lose the race. War will not remain unchanged, and thinking cannot be done once and for all. Only by taking the future as the orientation, accelerating the activation of thinking with a spirit of daily innovation and a diligent attitude, can the road to future victory be illuminated by the light of foresight.

The focus of the competition is psychological balance

Intelligent warfare is not only a “core war” but also a “psychological war”. During the Iraq War, the US military deployed more than 200 psychologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to participate in psychological warfare. They targeted the psychological weaknesses, blind spots and sensitive points of the Iraqi army, and used the pervasive information “ammunition” and ubiquitous network “transmitters” to complete the “bloodless” psychological manipulation in silence. To adapt to the “heart” characteristics of intelligent warfare, there must be an overall design of “strong equipment” and “strong heart” to build together, and the construction of steel platforms and psychological platforms to support each other, as well as local efforts to break through single points, increase the use of “smart +” technology in the cultivation of fighting spirit, psychological assessment, and psychological training, improve the contribution rate of information and intelligent technology, and constantly sharpen the psychological advantages of participants.

“Use soft to overcome hard” and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit. Engels said that guns will not move by themselves, and they need brave hearts and strong hands to use them. Psychological checks and balances are wars without gunpowder smoke, and the essence is still the contest of material forces supported by spiritual power. To win this war, more steel and more spirit are needed. We should actively try to use intelligent technology to strengthen psychological advantages, use technology to boost morale, and use morale to multiply capabilities. Improve cognitive emotions, enhance will quality, and comprehensively improve soft killing capabilities.

“Test people” and strengthen psychological assessment. The practice of assessing and selecting soldiers has existed since ancient times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the athletic ability of young recruits was tested to see whether they could wear armor and carry out military activities. Those who could were called “victorious clothes” and those who could not were called “unvictorious clothes”. In modern wars, psychological confrontation is surging. We should actively play the role of psychological assessment, scientifically carry out stress psychological adjustment, and reduce the occurrence of combat stress reactions. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, such as face recognition and emotional analysis big data, facial expressions, sight directions, and eye contact times are captured and recorded to identify the internal psychological state and behavioral characteristics of officers and soldiers. Based on the assessment results, psychological adjustment should be made throughout the whole process, at all times, and in all dimensions. Psychological prevention should be done before the war, and officers and soldiers with substandard mental health should be found early, and “emotional impurities” and “psychological blockages” should be eliminated in time; psychological regulation should be done well during the war to ensure that the psychological state of the participants is maintained at the best level of combat, reduce wartime stress reactions, and improve battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness; psychological recovery should be done well after the war to assist officers and soldiers in achieving a smooth transition between wartime and peacetime psychological states.

“Training to strengthen the heart” means strengthening psychological training. Clausewitz pointed out that the bravery of soldiers is different from the bravery of ordinary people. The bravery of ordinary people is a natural quality, while the bravery of soldiers can be cultivated through exercise and training. Winning intelligent wars urgently requires the empowerment of psychological training. We should establish the concept of psychological training to produce combat effectiveness, make full use of artificial intelligence means such as computer vision, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality technology to build a high-stress environment for the virtual battlefield, carry out immersive relaxation training, battlefield psychological adaptability, psychological endurance, and psychological stability training. Through these trainings, we help the combatants to effectively enhance their psychological resilience and stimulate their psychological potential by experiencing the battlefield environment in advance again and again, and prevent the occurrence of psychological damage in war.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

國語中文：

在智慧化戰爭中，認知空間是重點作戰空間，認知優勢是重要戰略優勢，認知對抗是主要對抗形式，可謂「無認知不戰爭」。認知中蘊含著巨大戰鬥力，其中感知系統是門戶，思考模式是核心，心理因素是基石。提升感知效能、建構智慧思維、激發心理優勢，最大限度釋放官兵認知戰力，對打贏智能化戰爭大有裨益。

感知效能連著作戰效能

資訊加工理論認為，認知不是大腦自發性產生的，需要外在資訊輸入。紛雜的戰場資訊經感知系統篩選，再由大腦加工產生用於認知對手、判斷情勢的情報。在這個過程中，感知效能是關鍵，它直接影響戰場存活率和作戰效能的發揮。二戰史專家薩姆索諾夫說：「史達林格勒戰役戰鬥最激烈的時候，一名士兵在戰場上存活時間不超過9分鐘，軍官是3天。」同樣是士兵，新兵與老兵的戰場存活時間也有較大距離。戰場存活率的差異，折射出感知效能的差距。

戰場態勢是無情考官，致命砲火是生死考題，感知效能是應考利器。同一道測驗輸入新兵和老兵的感覺系統，輸出的反應雲泥之別：新兵聽到的是隆隆巨響和驚慌恐懼，自救尚成問題，更別提作戰之力；老兵則能從砲聲中聽出砲彈落點的遠近，能在砲聲和砲彈落下的時間差裡迅速隱蔽，果斷行動。生死一線的戰場，作戰人員的感知系統只有在「快」「準」的基礎上做出「好」的反應，才能最大限度地發揮作戰效能。當戰爭從「真理只在大砲射程之內」的機械化步入「發現即摧毀」的資訊化智能化，面對海量、多源、複雜、異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據，人類的感知速度和處理能力顯得「愚鈍遲緩」。以感測器為核心的智慧「感觸節點」「感知系統」「感知神經」開始出現，有助於作戰人員走出感知困境，實現快速有效地感知、決策。

人機融合智能感知為作戰人員提供了強大輔助，同時也提出了更高要求，需要打通增能與賦能的“任督二脈”，為感知效能增質提效。增能，就是要全方位訓練官兵的感知系統，降低對戰場複雜信息的“陌生係數”，提升“適應底數”，在感知存量與戰場變量博弈中，有效促進感知資源向感知能力轉化。賦能，就是藉力人工智慧技術延伸、拓展、彌補人的感知效能。人負責非邏輯、模糊、無規可循的感知部分，例如不明趨勢的預測、殘缺訊息的感覺、雜亂無關的知覺，以便獲得「數據之外的數據，訊息背後的訊息」；機器處理有邏輯、清晰、有規可循的感知部分，利用專家系統、知識圖譜、類腦運算等智慧感知，從大量資料中快速擷取高價值訊息，減輕作戰人員認知負荷，實現戰場態勢深度感知。

思考是製勝底層密碼

軍事對抗表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗，深層看則是思維力的較量。戰爭中，再先進的裝備也要受制於強大的頭腦，思維作為認識過程的理性階段，是決定戰爭制勝的底層密碼。

一支軍隊的思維是點燃作戰能力的引線。思維封閉落後，如同引線受潮發黴，就算有強大的實力基礎，也未必能在戰場上充分迸發釋放。晚清中國，兵員數量世界之最，北洋水師亞洲最強，空有抵禦入侵的物質力量仍不堪一擊，「思維落後」引發「落後就要挨打」的慘痛教訓。一戰後，英、法、德三國幾乎同步發展機械化武器裝備。當德軍決心以「閃電戰」理論指導機械化戰爭時，英法兩軍卻固守陣地戰理念，於是就有了二戰初期德軍橫掃西歐戰場的悲劇。一中一外，一遠一近，無不揭示一個道理：每個時代都有自己的戰爭形態和與之相匹配的思維模式，誰佔據思維制高點，誰就能搶佔制勝先機。要想在未來智慧化戰爭中佔據主動，必須大膽變革思維，始終把目光聚焦在桅杆剛冒出的地平線。

善思：仰望星空，建構軍事技術思維體系。恩格斯說，當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候，我們需要更新更勇敢的頭腦。面對日益走近的智能化戰爭，如果不能及時擺脫機械化思維的路徑依賴和認知慣性，就會像二戰時期的波蘭一樣，面對德軍的「裝甲洪流」捨不得放棄「世界上規模最大」的騎兵，不僅敗在戰場，也終將被時代淘汰。適應智慧化戰爭，就應緊盯軍事科技發展的主導和前沿方向，打破思維藩籬，走出認知“舒適區”，聚向發力構建軍事技術思維體系，增強對前瞻性、戰略性、顛覆性技術以及由此可能孵化出的新戰法的敏銳度、認知力、理解力。

善用：腳踏實地，推動軍事技術思維落地。要讓先進技術掌握在善用者手上，在思維模式吐故納新的基礎上，加快科技知識推陳出新和科技素養破舊立新，持續推進主戰裝備技術應用，提高人與智能化武器的耦合度、駕馭度，探索裝備潛能和技術“最優解”，為武器技術價值的釋放“二次賦能”。

善變：求變求新，在思考活化中預見未來。 「制空權」之父杜黑說，勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生才去適應的人微笑。軍事革命就像百公尺跨欄，發令槍一響，誰在固化的思維前停留，誰就會輸掉比賽。戰爭不會一成不變，思維不能一勞永逸，只有以未來為導向，以日新精神、精進態度加速思維活化，未來制勝之路才能被前瞻之光照亮。

較量重點在於心理制衡

智能化戰爭是「芯戰」更是「心戰」。伊拉克戰爭中，美軍抽調200多位心理學家、心理醫師和精神科專家參加心理戰。他們錨定伊軍心理弱點、心理盲點、心理敏感點，利用無孔不入的信息“彈藥”以及無處不在的網絡“發射器”，在無聲無息中完成“兵不血刃”的心理操控。適應智慧化戰爭「心」特點，既要有「強力」和「強心」齊抓共建、鋼鐵平台和心理平台建設互為支撐的全局設計，也要有單點突破的局部發力，加大「智慧+」技術在戰鬥精神培養、心理評測、心理訓練中的運用，提升資訊、智慧科技的貢獻率，不斷砥礪參戰人員的心理優勢。

“以軟硬”，加強戰鬥精神培育。恩格斯說，槍自己是不會動的，需要有勇敢的心和強而有力的手來使用它們。心理制衡是沒有硝煙的戰爭，本質仍是精神力量支撐下的物質力量的較量。打贏這場戰爭，鋼多氣更要多。應積極嘗試借助智慧化技術強化心理優勢，用技術提振士氣，用士氣倍增能力。改善認知情緒、增強意志特質，全面提升軟殺傷能力。

“以測識人”，加強心理測評。測評選拔士兵的做法古已有之。春秋時期測查前來徵兵青年的運動能力，就是看能否穿著甲胄進行軍事活動，能者稱“勝衣”，不能者稱“不勝衣”。現代戰爭心理對抗闇潮湧動，應積極發揮心理測評作用，科學進行壓力心理調適，減少戰鬥壓力反應的發生。借助人工智慧技術，諸如人臉辨識、情緒分析大數據等，捕捉記錄臉部表情、視線方向、眼神對視訊次，鑑別官兵內在心理狀態和行為特徵。依據評估結果，做好全程全時全維度的心理調適。戰前做好心理預防，早發現心理健康不達標的官兵，及時排除「情緒雜質」和「心理淤堵」；戰中做好心理調控，確保參戰人員的心理狀態維持在最佳應戰水平，降低戰時壓力反應，提高戰場生存率與戰鬥力的發揮；戰後做好心理恢復，協助官兵實現戰時與平時心理狀態的平穩轉換。

“以訓強心”，加強心理訓練。克勞塞維茨指出，軍人的勇敢不同於一般人的勇敢，一般人的勇敢是一種天賦的特質，而軍人的勇敢可以透過運動和訓練培養出來。打贏智能化戰爭迫切需要心理訓練的賦能，應建立心理訓練出戰鬥力的理念，充分運用電腦視覺、人機互動、虛擬實境技術等人工智慧手段建構虛擬戰場高壓力環境，開展沉浸式放鬆訓練，戰場心理適應性、心理承受力、心理穩定訓練等。透過這些訓練，幫助參戰人員在一次次提前感受戰場環境中有效增強心理彈性、激發心理潛能，並預防戰爭心理損傷的發生。

（作者單位：空軍工程大學）

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/31/content_297988.htm

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Chinese Military’s Dissipative warfare: a Typical Form of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍隊的耗散戰：智慧戰爭的典型形式

英文翻譯：

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical form of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to the combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power by integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal enrichment and integration and external mutation emergence. Strengthening the research on dissipative warfare will help us to deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical, information and cognitive domains in the intelligent era. It is embodied in the highly unified forms of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity and emergence of the intelligent warfare system.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the intelligent era, technologies such as broadband networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and nations are becoming more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, the time and space of war are constantly extending, and war and peace are inseparable and intertwined. The war system will further transcend local regional restrictions, from relative closure to greater openness, forming a higher level and larger range of confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of the intelligent warfare system in the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain, and highly unifies the forms of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict, and diplomatic checks and balances and incorporates them into the category of enemy-us confrontation, adapting to the requirements of the times for the development of the world security situation.

This is in line with the objective law of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in one of the forms of material consumption, energy dissipation and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the form of war was mainly manifested as a cold weapon war dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the industrial era, the form of war was mainly manifested as thermonuclear weapons and mechanized war dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly manifested as an information war dominated by information elements and centered on the network security system. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between the enemy and us. In essence, it highly unifies the three elements of matter, energy and information. Through empowering, gathering and releasing energy with intelligence, an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms has been formed. The main form of expression is the dissipative war that reflects the confrontation of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

It has a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. The social form is the mother of the war form. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must base ourselves on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of the war form and the social form in which intelligent warfare is located, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that constitute the world. Matter embodies the existence of the origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The three progressively and alternately dominate the evolution and operation of social and war forms. According to the principle of negation of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be matter again after matter, energy and information. However, this material is a new type of material formed after a spiral rise after high informatization, and its main feature is that it has intelligent technology attributes. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristics and advantages of matter, energy and information in the previous low-level war form, and highly unifies the forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion that are prevalent in war, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inherent meaning of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the subjects and scope of war, and presents many new characteristics.

Comprehensive game of confrontation. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, the interconnection and influence of political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more extensive, and the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system. The confrontation of war stakeholders will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances. The war advantage pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, and transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to gain initiative and advantage in the comprehensive game in multiple fields.

The subjects are cross-domain and diversified. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming more and more generalized, and the potential forces of war that need to be mobilized in traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the subjects of war. Diversified war subjects will cross the real domain and the virtual domain, appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and psychology, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering multiple social domains such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and pass it on to war stakeholders, resulting in the spread of key information about the war, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Forces are integrated and enriched. Virtual forces are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real forces and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; unmanned forces are integrated. After going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and manual supervision, unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy, and can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and effectively coordinate and coexist in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multiple forces are integrated. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the forces of the party, government, military, police, and civilians will closely coordinate military operations with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles, and unify their actions to form comprehensive combat power. In short, under the integrated planning of the country or political group, although the multiple participating forces of intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated excellence around the common purpose of war.

Effectiveness accumulates and emerges. While the high-level war form has new technical characteristics, it still includes the characteristic advantages of the low-level war form. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy, and the diffusion and integration of data, knowledge, algorithms, etc. at the information level, which has an unlimited impact on people’s thinking cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare shows a decrease in bloodiness, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the effectiveness accumulation reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Fighting a Dissipative War by Choosing the Right Combat Focus

The intelligent warfare system achieves maximum system combat effectiveness through internal enrichment and integration, external mutation, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation, which is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the operational focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and find the focus of war preparation.

Focus on the openness of the system and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, so that it lacks material, energy and information sources, and gradually moves towards an isolated, closed and weak state. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system’s entropy to increase. At the campaign level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force its war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, the opponent’s war system is destroyed in different domains. The more connections and the closer the degree of connection between the elements of the intelligent war system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. By using the principle of relative independence of each layer in a complex system, we can formulate strategic overall, local and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based destruction of the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the economic blockade is adopted to greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the campaign level, the vulnerability of the combat system communication network is utilized, and the network-electric composite attack is used as the basic path and means. The methods of “destroying the end, attacking the element, isolating the group, disconnecting the network, and breaking the cloud” are adopted to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure and cause the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on system emergence and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s war system. Only when the intelligent war system has mutation and emergence effects can it quickly form and exert system effectiveness and gain dissipative warfare advantages. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It can be foreseen that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex war systems, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. The party with the advantage in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dismantling the enemy’s war system.

現代國語：

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰，是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究，有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理，贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。


耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果


耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。
適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。
符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智慧化時代，智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能，形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態，主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。
具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現聯繫的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運行。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來，反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。
深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義
耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。
對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。
主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。
力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生；多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。
效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合，對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。
在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰
智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。
著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。
著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。
著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

中文原創資訊科技來源：https//www.81it.com/2023/0509/14288.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Information Support Force, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army – Cognitive and Cyber Warfare Capabilities

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中國人民解放軍資訊保障部隊認知與網路戰能力

現代英語：

On April 19, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the information support force and delivered a speech. This is Xi Jinping’s speech.

On April 19, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the information support force and delivered a speech. This is the flag awarded by General Xi Jinping to Bi Yi, commander of the Information Support Force, and Li Wei, political commissar.

It is necessary to implement the thought of strengthening the army in the new era and the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the principle of building the army through politics, strengthening the army through reform, strengthening the army through science and technology, strengthening the army through talents, and running the army in accordance with the law. We must focus on preparing for war and follow the strategic requirements of system integration and global support. , forge ahead with determination, work hard, and strive to build a powerful modern information support force

　　■The adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic move to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and Effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance

　　■The information support force is a newly created strategic force and a key support for coordinating the construction and application of network information systems. It plays an important role and has great responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. We must resolutely obey the party’s command, fully implement the fundamental principles and systems of the party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively strengthen party building in the military, strengthen ideals and beliefs, strictly enforce discipline and rules, promote good styles, and ensure the absolute loyalty, purity, and reliability of the military. It is necessary to effectively support operations, adhere to information-led and joint victory, smooth information links, integrate information resources, strengthen information protection, deeply integrate into the military’s joint operations system, accurately and efficiently implement information support, and serve to support military struggles in all directions and fields. It is necessary to accelerate innovation and development, adhere to the fundamental traction of combat needs, strengthen system planning, promote joint construction and sharing, strengthen scientific and technological innovation, build a network information system that meets the requirements of modern warfare and has the characteristics of our military, and promote the accelerated improvement of the system’s combat capabilities with high quality. It is necessary to consolidate the foundation of the army, implement the requirements for comprehensive and strict military management, strictly manage education, maintain formal order, stimulate motivation and vitality, comprehensively forge excellent grassroots, ensure a high degree of unity, security and stability of the army, strive to create a new situation in army building, and resolutely complete the tasks assigned by the party and the people. various tasks

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, April 19 (Reporter Mei Changwei) The founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing on the 19th. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. On behalf of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, he extended warm congratulations to all officers and soldiers of the Information Support Force. He emphasized that it is necessary to implement the thought of strengthening the military in the new era, implement the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the principle of building the army through politics, strengthening the army through reform, strengthening the army through science and technology, strengthening the army through talents, and running the army in accordance with the law. Strategic requirements, forge ahead, work hard, and strive to build a powerful modern information support force.

　　At 4 o’clock in the afternoon, the inaugural meeting began, and the entire audience sang the national anthem. The guard of honor guarded the military flag and walked forward to the rostrum. Xi Jinping awarded the general flag to Bi Yi, commander of the Information Support Force, and Li Wei, political commissar. The main leaders of the information support force saluted Xi Jinping, took the military flag from Xi Jinping, and stood in awe with the flag. All officers and soldiers solemnly saluted the military flag.

　　After the flag-presenting ceremony, Xi Jinping delivered a speech. He pointed out that the adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic measure to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating national defense and military affairs. Modernizing and effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance.

　　Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic force and a key support for coordinating the construction and application of network information systems. It plays an important role and has great responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our army and winning modern wars. We must resolutely obey the party’s command, fully implement the fundamental principles and systems of the party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively strengthen party building in the military, strengthen ideals and beliefs, strictly enforce discipline and rules, promote good styles, and ensure the absolute loyalty, purity, and reliability of the military. It is necessary to effectively support operations, adhere to information-led and joint victory, smooth information links, integrate information resources, strengthen information protection, deeply integrate into the military’s joint operations system, accurately and efficiently implement information support, and serve to support military struggles in all directions and fields. It is necessary to accelerate innovation and development, adhere to the fundamental traction of combat needs, strengthen system planning, promote joint construction and sharing, strengthen scientific and technological innovation, build a network information system that meets the requirements of modern warfare and has the characteristics of our military, and promote the accelerated improvement of the system’s combat capabilities with high quality. It is necessary to consolidate the foundation of the army, implement the requirements for comprehensive and strict military management, strictly educate and manage, maintain formal order, stimulate motivation and vitality, comprehensively forge excellent grassroots, ensure a high degree of unity, security and stability of the army, strive to create a new situation in army building, and resolutely complete the tasks assigned by the party and the people. various tasks.

　　Li Wei spoke on behalf of the Information Support Force, saying that we must resolutely implement Chairman Xi’s important instructions, resolutely obey the commands of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, focus on preparing for war, faithfully perform our duties, and never let down the trust of the Party and the people.

　　The conference ended with majestic military songs. Afterwards, Xi Jinping met with members of the leadership team of the Information Support Force and took photos with them.

　　At the founding meeting, Zhang Youxia, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, read out the Central Military Commission’s order on the establishment of the information support force, the order on the appointment of members of the leadership team of the information support force, and the composition notice of the Party Committee Standing Committee issued by Xi Jinping. Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee , Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission He Weidong presided over the meeting.

　　Central Military Commission members Liu Zhenli, Miao Hua and Zhang Shengmin attended the conference. Relevant responsible comrades from all ministries and commissions of the Central Military Commission, all agencies directly under the Central Military Commission, all war zones, all services and arms, all units directly under the Central Military Commission, and the Armed Police Force, as well as representatives of officers and soldiers of all services and arms and the Armed Police Force, as well as representatives of civilian personnel, attended the conference.

　　According to the decision of the Central Military Commission, the newly formed information support force will be directly commanded by the Central Military Commission. At the same time, the designation of the strategic support force will be revoked, and the leadership and management relationships of the military aerospace force and cyberspace force will be adjusted accordingly.

國語中文：

4月19日，中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平授予資訊支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。這是習近平致訓詞。
新華社記者 李 剛攝
4月19日，中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平授予資訊支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。這是習近平將軍旗授予資訊支援部隊司令員畢毅、政治委員李偉。
新華社記者 李 剛攝

■要貫徹新時代強軍思想，貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針，堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍，聚焦備戰打仗，依照體系融合、全域支撐的戰略要求，銳意進取，札實工作，努力建立一支強大的現代化資訊支援部隊

■調整組建資訊支援部隊，是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策，是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措，對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義

■資訊支援部隊是全新打造的戰略性兵種，是統籌網絡資訊體系建設運用的關鍵支撐，在推動我軍高質量發展和打贏現代戰爭中地位重要、責任重大。要堅決聽黨指揮，全面貫徹黨對軍隊絕對領導的根本原則和製度，全面加強部隊黨的建設，堅定理想信念，嚴肅紀律規矩，弘揚優良作風，確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠。要強力支撐作戰，堅持資訊主導、聯合製勝，暢通資訊鏈路，融合資訊資源，加強資訊防護，深度融入全軍聯合作戰體系，精準高效實施資訊支援，服務保障各方向各領域軍事鬥爭。要加速創新發展，堅持作戰需求根本牽引，加強體系統籌，推進共建共享，強化科技創新，建設符合現代戰爭要求、具有我軍特色的網絡信息體系，高質量推動體係作戰能力加速提升。要夯實部隊基礎，落實全面從嚴治軍要求，嚴格教育管理，保持正規秩序，激發動力活力，全面鍛造過硬基層，確保部隊高度集中統一和安全穩定，奮力開創部隊建設新局面，堅決完成黨和人民賦予的各項任務

新華社北京4月19日電 （記者梅常偉）中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會19日在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平向資訊支援部隊授予軍旗並致訓詞，代表黨中央和中央軍委向資訊支援部隊全體官兵致以熱烈祝賀。他強調，要貫徹新時代強軍思想，貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針，堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍，聚焦備戰打仗，依照體系融合、全域支撐的戰略要求，銳意進取，札實工作，努力建立一支強大的現代化資訊支援部隊。

下午4時，成立大會開始，全場高唱國歌。儀仗禮兵護衛著軍旗，正步行進到主席台前。習近平將軍旗授予資訊支援部隊司令員畢毅、政治委員李偉。資訊支援部隊主要領導向習近平敬禮，從習近平手中接過軍旗，持旗肅立。全體官兵向軍旗莊嚴敬禮。

授旗儀式後，習近平致訓詞。他指出，調整組建資訊支援部隊，是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策，是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措，對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義。

習近平強調，資訊支援部隊是全新打造的戰略性兵種，是統籌網絡資訊體系建設運用的關鍵支撐，在推動我軍高質量發展和打贏現代戰爭中地位重要、責任重大。要堅決聽黨指揮，全面貫徹黨對軍隊絕對領導的根本原則和製度，全面加強部隊黨的建設，堅定理想信念，嚴肅紀律規矩，弘揚優良作風，確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠。要強力支撐作戰，堅持資訊主導、聯合製勝，暢通資訊鏈路，融合資訊資源，加強資訊防護，深度融入全軍聯合作戰體系，精準高效實施資訊支援，服務保障各方向各領域軍事鬥爭。要加速創新發展，堅持作戰需求根本牽引，加強體系統籌，推進共建共享，強化科技創新，建設符合現代戰爭要求、具有我軍特色的網絡信息體系，高質量推動體係作戰能力加速提升。要夯實部隊基礎，落實全面從嚴治軍要求，嚴格教育管理，保持正規秩序，激發動力活力，全面鍛造過硬基層，確保部隊高度集中統一和安全穩定，奮力開創部隊建設新局面，堅決完成黨和人民賦予的各項任務。

李偉代表資訊支援部隊發言，表示要堅決貫徹習主席重要指示，堅決聽從黨中央、中央軍委和習主席指揮，聚力備戰打仗，忠誠履職盡責，決不辜負黨和人民重托。

大會在雄壯的軍歌聲中結束。之後，習近平接見了資訊支援部隊領導班子成員，並與大家合照。

成立大會上，中共中央政治局委員、中央軍委副主席張又俠宣讀了習近平簽發的中央軍委關於組建信息支援部隊的命令、信息支援部隊領導班子成員任職命令和黨委常委會組成通知，中共中央政治局委員、中央軍委副主席何衛東主持大會。

中央軍委會委員劉振立、苗華、張升民出席大會。軍委機關各部會、軍委各直屬機構、各戰區、各軍兵種、軍委各直屬單位、武警部隊有關負責同志，各軍兵種及武警部隊官兵代表、文職人員代表等參加大會。

根據中央軍委決定，新組建的資訊支援部隊由中央軍委直接領導指揮，同時撤銷戰略支援部隊番號，相應調整軍事航天部隊、網絡空間部隊領導管理關系。

中國共產黨原文來源：http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2024/0420/c64094-40219888.html