了解中國軍事單域和多域聯合作戰
現代英語：
Joint operations are the basic form of combat in modern warfare. They emphasize the strength of more than two services and arms and other participating forces, and jointly implement operations in multi-domain space under unified command. “Single domain” and “multidomain” interdependence and interaction in joint operations are a pair of important military categories. Grasping the relationship between single domain and multi-domain is the core content and key to solving the “internal interface” problem in the construction and application of joint combat forces. The relationship between the two should be viewed dialectically and correctly handled, and the winning mechanism of joint operations should be continuously enriched to promote joint operations. Really achieve cross-domain integration, energy gathering and efficiency improvement.
“Single domain” is the constituent element and development basis of “multi-domain”
Joint operations emphasize the formation of advantageous multi-domains based on advantageous single domains, and place higher demands on the coupling relationship between each single domain that makes up the multi-domain. The development of a single domain can provide a solid foundation for the development of multiple domains and create prerequisites for achieving cross-domain integration.
In terms of historical process, single domain to multi-domain is the process of domain expansion. Throughout human history, the wars of each era have applied the techniques of their own era, imprinted the imprint of their own era, and developed with the time and space of the war. War in the agricultural era, with cold weapons as the main military equipment, battlefield fighting is mainly limited to land and offshore waters. It is a lower-level “full contact” war, and the combat domain is relatively single, making early operations “loose” Joint characteristics.
Entering the industrial era, with the invention and use of steam engines and internal combustion engines, air combat weapons represented by combat aircraft appeared on the battlefield. The combat space broke through the limitations of land and sea areas, forming a three-dimensional battlefield between land, sea and air. The war turned “semi-contact”, making joint operations take on “cooperative” joint characteristics. Entering the information age, the combat space breaks through the three-dimensional geographical space and forms a multi-domain integration of land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, and cognitive fields, making joint operations present multi-domain “integrated” characteristics. With the development of single domain to multi-domain, single-domain control rights such as land control, sea control, air control, heaven control, and information control have continued to appear, and the subsequent importance of single-domain control has continued to increase, promoting the connotation of multi-domain control. Expanding and changing, the competition for comprehensive control has become the first priority in the confrontation between ourselves and the enemy.
In terms of development form, single domain to multi-domain is a process of clustering into a network. Restricted by technical conditions and other constraints, combat activities before the information age, whether in terms of battlefield time, battlefield space, or the deployment and use of combat forces, have clear sections between single domains and clear levels of action at all levels, showing a strong Sequential and progressive, showing a single-domain chain development form.
Entering the information age, under the full “adhesion” of the network system, the multi-domain force formation develops from “combination” to “convergence”, forming an elastic structure with spatial dispersion and deployment, time coordination, and multi-dimensional energy release. According to the battlefield situation and changes in the situation, combat activities use the network information system as a “link” to connect the “links” of the combat single domain into a “network” shape, forming the focus of similar strong points and complementary advantages, and realizing each single domain “shape and spirit gathering” and “gathering fingers into fists”, The transition from single-domain chain to multi-domain network was achieved.
In terms of performance index, single domain to multi-domain is a process of energy aggregation and efficiency. Both opposing sides in the war tried to exert their overall combat power in order to achieve combat victory. However, due to the clear boundaries and loose connections of each single domain in the past, improving the overall combat power can only be achieved through the linearity “superposition” of each combat domain. With the development of information technology and intelligent technology, especially the widespread application of information systems in the military, the network information system realizes the command and control of each single domain force and can seamlessly link each combat domain. Each combat force maximizes The advantages of spatial multidimensionality and power diversity have been realized, and the strength and strength of each single domain and each level have been realized The high degree of integration, multi-dimensional cohesion, overall linkage and integrated energy release in terms of means and actions has achieved the effect of complementary advantages, synergy and cohesion, which is conducive to achieving a comprehensive advantage or local overwhelming advantage over the enemy.
“Multi-domain” is the direction-dominant and powerful dominance of “single-domain”
The essence of the winning mechanism of joint operations lies in cross-domain integration to achieve excellence and efficiency, which requires that single domain and multi-domain must be functionally “unified in the same direction”. “Multi-domain” stipulates the status and role of each single domain in combat. Each single domain must start from the overall functional needs of joint operations, focus on providing the ultimate contribution rate to the combat system, and achieve synchronous cross-domain maneuvering, cross-domain coordination, and cross-domain strike, to achieve system advantages in overall confrontation. Currently, the multi-domain dominates and dominates the single-domain in the direction of forming a resultant force with the system mainly from the following aspects.
Transition of multidomain operational requirements to hybrid war threats. At present, conventional threats are expanding and unconventional threats are becoming new and present threats, with the boundaries between regular and irregular battlefields tending to be blurred, between combatants and non-combatants and between physical and virtual dimensions. Joint operations are still the basic form of operations, but specific combat styles show a trend towards combining multiple styles. Various threats from traditional or non-traditional, formal or informal, high-intensity or low-intensity exist on land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognition and other multi-domains. These threats add a new dimension to the concept of war. Therefore, it is necessary not only to do a good job in the fight against a single threat, but also to develop the ability to integrate into multi-domain operations to deal with hybrid warfare.
The focus of multi-domain operations shifts to the network information system. Several informatization local wars that have broken out in recent years have shown that no war, no alliance, no alliance, no victory, the network information system that condenses various single-domain combat elements has become the focus of operations, and the combat command information system that gathers the combat power of the network information system has become the main basis for military operations “nerve center” and has become the key point for opponents to attack. The degree of integration of command and information systems is getting higher and higher, and the command systems of each single domain must converge and move closer to the overall command system, so as to achieve system integration of various services and combat units and deep coupling of various combat elements. In line with this, the information domain, the cognitive domain, and the electromagnetic domain, as emerging fields of warfare, have increased in their core status and importance, and have increasingly become the core operational domains for opposing sides to compete for control, becoming capable of causing enemy “blind, incapacitated, and mentally retarded” key operational domains. Therefore, each single domain must strengthen its ability to organically integrate into the network information system within the framework of a unified standard system and achieve interconnection and interoperability between each single domain, so as to ensure that it provides basic support in multi-domain precision warfare and thus wins overall advantages.
Transformation of multi-domain combat forces into joint combat units. Integrated joint operations have the characteristics of platform operations, system support and tactical operations, and strategic support. Strategic-level planning, campaign-level command, and tactical-level operations will become the norm in future wars. Large-scale corps operations may become increasingly rare and will be replaced by joint battles more often on multi-domain battlefields. The joint combat unit will bring together various single-domain combat forces and cover various combat elements. The level of the joint is reflected in the tactical level, presenting an independent combat capability that includes early warning and reconnaissance, information support, combat command, multi-domain attack and defense, combat support and other elements. Joint tactical unit form. Each “single-domain combat force” has a closer coupling relationship, and its own characteristics and advantages will become more prominent.
Accelerate the expansion of “single-domain advantages” to “multi-domain advantages”
For the dialectical unity of a single domain and a multi-domain, we must not only see the unity of a multi-domain, but also respect the independence of a single domain; we must neither completely oppose the two, nor erase the connection between them. In view of the actual situation of combat opponents, combat environment, own strength, etc., and taking into account various political, economic, technological, cultural and other factors, we should accelerate the expansion of “single-domain advantage” to “multi-domain advantage”, so as to form an information advantage, decision-making advantage and operational advantage against the enemy.
First, we must consolidate and expand the advantages of single domain.“ Metcalfe’s law ” tells us that increasing a network entity is capable of producing nonlinear exponential convergence of the combat power of the system. Multi-domain operations are deeply integrated system operations. As the basic element of multi-domain existence, the strength of each single domain’s construction will definitely affect the effectiveness of multi-domain integration. The essence of forming a multi-domain advantage is to deeply aggregate the advantages of each single domain. It is necessary to continuously strengthen the construction of single domain capabilities to form a single domain advantage and limit the opponent’s strength advantage to the limit. In fact, consolidating and expanding the advantages of single domains is not only to enhance single domain performance, but also to serve the purpose of multi-domain convergence. Single-domain construction requires strengthening top-level design, formulating standards and specifications, and striving to overcome conflicts caused by different combat construction concepts formed by the unique combat styles and combat culture of different services. At the same time, it is necessary to coordinate all military construction resources and focus on the development of multi-domain combat weapon platforms to meet the overall needs of joint operations, rather than just the needs of each single domain itself.
Second, we must promote the achievement of cross-domain synergy. Cross-domain synergy emphasizes breaking the boundaries between services and arms and integrating combat forces across services, arms and institutions. Based on the network information system, the combat forces in each domain are distributed in a wide area, and the multiple domains are linked as a whole to complement each other’s advantages and increase efficiency, and quickly gather energy step by step, promoting the expansion of single-domain advantages into multi-domain integration advantages and system advantages, and forming a concentrated energy strike against important enemy targets. In “joint operations”, combat forces in various fields must not only have the ability to independently perform a variety of combat missions, but also need to use their own cross-domain perception, target recognition and strike capabilities to support or even directly participate in other combat domain operations.
3. “Flexible mobile combat application is required!”. The winning mechanism of joint operations lies in the rapid and continuous integration of multi-domain combat forces to form multiple advantages and immediate advantages in specific time windows, forcing the enemy into passivity, disadvantage and dilemma. For the use of single-domain and multi-domain forces, such as the use of fingers and fists, whether it is “pointing points with hands” or “clenching fingers into fists”, or even the mutual transformation and use in combat, we must adhere to seeking truth from facts and comprehensively consider the efficiency of combat effects. Scientifically make decisions based on factors such as efficiency and contribution to the victory of war, and effectively use troops according to circumstances, location, and situation. If the single-domain combat force can solve the problem well, it is no longer necessary to use multi-domain combat forces, thereby improving operational effectiveness.
現代國語：
聯合作戰是現代戰爭的基本作戰形式，強調兩個以上軍兵種力量及其他參戰力量，在統一指揮下於多域空間共同實施作戰。聯合作戰中的「單域」與「多域」相互依存、相互作用，是一對重要的軍事範疇。掌握單域與多域的關係，是解決聯合作戰力量建設與運用之「內接口」問題的核心內容與關鍵所在，應辯證看待並正確處理二者關係，不斷豐富聯合作戰制勝機理，推動聯合作戰真正實現跨域融合、聚能增效。
「單域」是「多域」的構成要素與發展基礎
聯合作戰強調以優勢單域為基礎構成優勢多域，對組成多域的各單域之間的耦合關係提出了更高要求。單域的發展才能為多域的發展提供堅實的基礎，為實現跨域融合創造前提條件。
從歷史進程來看，單域到多域是領域拓展的過程。縱觀人類歷史，每個時代的戰爭都運用所在時代的技術，印刻著所在時代的烙印，並隨著戰爭時間和空間的發展而發展。農業時代的戰爭，以冷兵器為主要軍事裝備，戰場廝殺主要局限在陸域及近海海域，屬於較低級的「全接觸式」戰爭，作戰域較為單一，使得早期的作戰呈現出「鬆散性」聯合特徵。
進入工業時代，隨著蒸汽機和內燃機的發明與使用，以作戰飛機為代表的空戰武器出現在戰場，作戰空間突破陸域和海域的局限，形成陸海空三維立體戰場，戰爭轉向“半接觸式”，使得聯合作戰呈現出“協同性”聯合特徵。進入資訊時代，作戰空間突破三維地理空間，形成陸、海、空、天、電、網、認知領域等多域一體，使得聯合作戰呈現多域「一體化」聯合特徵。伴隨著單域向多域發展，制陸權、制海權、制空權、製天權、制資訊權等單域制權不斷出現，且後續單域制權的重要性不斷提升，推動著多域制權內涵的拓展變化，對綜合製權的爭奪成為敵我對抗的首要。
從發展形態來看，單域到多域是聚鏈成網的過程。受技術條件等製約，資訊時代之前的作戰活動，不論是在戰場時間、戰場空間，還是在作戰力量布勢運用等方面，各單域間條塊分明，各級行動層次分明，表現出強烈的順序性和漸進性，呈現出單域鏈條式發展形態。
進入資訊時代，在網路系統的充分“粘合”下，多域力量編成由“組合”發展為“融合”，形成空間分散部署、時間協調一致、能量釋放多維一體的彈性結構。根據戰場態勢和情況變化，作戰活動以網路資訊體系為“紐帶”，將作戰單域的“形散神聚”聯結成“網絡”狀，形成同類強點聚焦、優勢互補，實現了各單域“形散神聚”和“聚指成拳”，實現了由單域鏈條式向多域網絡式的轉變。
從效能指數來看，單域到多域是聚能增效的過程。戰爭敵對雙方都力圖發揮整體作戰威力以求得作戰勝利，但由於以往各單域邊界清晰、聯繫較為鬆散，提高整體戰力只能透過各作戰域的線性「疊加」來實現。隨著資訊化技術和智慧化技術的發展，特別是資訊系統在軍事上的廣泛應用，網路資訊體系實現了對各單域力量的指揮調控，並能無縫連結各作戰域，各作戰力量最大限度地發揮空間多維性和力量多元性優勢，實現了各單域各層級在力量、手段和行動等方面的高度融合、多維聚力、整體聯動和集成釋能，達成了優勢互補、協同一致、內聚融合的效果，有利於實現對敵全面優勢或局部壓倒性優勢。
「多域」是「單域」的方向主導與強力支配
聯合作戰制勝機理本質在於跨域融合實現聚優增效，要求單域與多域在功能上必須「同向統一」。多域規定了各單域在作戰中的地位與作用，各單域必須從聯合作戰整體功能需要出發，著眼為作戰體系提供極限貢獻率，實現同步跨域機動、跨域協同、跨域打擊，達成整體對抗中的體系優勢。目前，多域主要從以下方面主導並支配單域朝向與體系形成合力的方向發展。
多域作戰需求轉變為混合戰爭威脅。目前，常規性威脅不斷拓展，非常規威脅成為新的現實威脅，正規戰場與非正規戰場之間的界線趨於模糊，戰鬥人員與非戰鬥人員之間的界線趨於模糊，物理維度與虛擬維度之間的界線趨於模糊。聯合作戰仍是基本作戰形式，但具體的作戰樣式呈現出向多種樣式結合方向發展的趨勢，來自於傳統或非傳統、正規或非正規、高強度或低強度的各種威脅存在於陸、海、空、天、電、網、認知等多域中。這些威脅為戰爭概念增添了新的內涵。因此，既要做好針對某單一威脅的鬥爭，更要發展出具有融入多域作戰應對混合戰爭的能力。
多域作戰重心轉移到網路資訊體系。近年來爆發的幾場資訊化局部戰爭表明，無戰不聯、無聯不勝，凝聚各單域作戰要素的網路資訊體系成為作戰重心，匯聚網路資訊體系戰力的作戰指揮資訊系統，成為軍隊作戰主要依託的“神經中樞”，成為對手打擊的要害。指揮資訊系統的一體化程度越來越高，各單域的指揮系統必然要向整體指揮體系匯聚和靠攏，從而實現各軍種、各作戰單位的系統集成以及各作戰要素的深度耦合。與之相適應，資訊域、認知域、電磁域作為戰爭的新興領域，其核心地位和重要性不斷增強，日益成為敵對雙方爭奪制權的核心作戰域，成為能夠致敵「眼盲、失能、智障」的關鍵作戰域。所以，各單域必須在統一的標準體系框架內，加強自身有機融入網路資訊體系的能力，達成各單域間的互聯互通互通，才能確保在多域精確戰中提供基礎支撐，進而贏得整體優勢。
多域作戰力量轉型為聯合作戰單元。一體化聯合作戰具有平台作戰、體系支撐與戰術行動、戰略保障的特點，戰略級規劃、戰役級指揮、戰術級行動將成為未來戰爭的常態。大規模兵團作戰可能愈發少見，代之的將是聯合戰鬥更多地出現在多域戰場。聯合戰鬥單元將匯集各單域作戰力量，涵蓋各作戰要素，聯合的層級體現在戰術級，呈現出一個包括預警偵察、資訊保障、作戰指揮、多域攻防、作戰保障等多要素的可獨立作戰的聯合戰術單元形態。各單域作戰力量耦合關係更加緊密，自身特色優勢將更加突出。
加速推動「單域優勢」向「多域優勢」拓展
單域與多域辯證統一，我們既要看到多域的統一性，又要尊重單域的獨立性；既不能把二者完全地對立起來，又不可抹殺它們之間的聯繫。應針對作戰對手、作戰環境、自身實力等實際情況，綜合考慮政治、經濟、技術、文化等各種因素，加速推動「單域優勢」向「多域優勢」拓展，形成對敵的資訊優勢、決策優勢與行動優勢。
一要鞏固拓展單域優勢。 「梅特卡夫定律」告訴我們，增加網路實體能夠產生對體系戰鬥力的非線性指數聚能。多域作戰是深度融合的體係作戰，各單域作為多域存在的基礎要素，其建設的強度必將影響多域融合的效能。形成多域優勢實質是深度聚合各單域優勢，必須不斷加強單域能力建構形成單域優勢，限制對手力量優勢極限發揮。事實上，鞏固和拓展單域優勢不僅是為了增強單域效能，更是為了實現多域融合而服務。單域建設要加強頂層設計，制定標準規範，努力克服因不同軍種特有作戰樣式與戰鬥文化形成的不同作戰建設理念而帶來的矛盾衝突。同時，要統籌好各項軍隊建設資源，注重研發多域作戰武器平台，滿足聯合作戰整體需求，而非僅是各單域自身需要。
二要促進實現跨域協同。跨域協同強調打破軍兵種間界限，進行跨軍種、跨兵種、跨建制的作戰力量融合。基於網路資訊體系，各域作戰力量廣域分佈，多域整體連動，優勢互補增效，快速逐級聚能，推動將單域優勢擴展為多域融合優勢和體系優勢，形成對敵重要目標的聚能打擊。在聯合作戰中各域作戰力量不僅要具備獨立遂行多種作戰任務的能力，更需要利用自身的跨域感知、目標識別和打擊能力，能夠支援甚至直接參與其他作戰域行動。
三要靈活機動作戰運用。聯合作戰的致勝機制在於透過多域作戰力量快速且持續地整合，在特定時間窗口形成多重優勢和即時優勢，迫敵陷入被動、劣勢和困境。對於單域和多域力量的運用，猶如指頭與拳頭的使用，究竟是“指針點穴”還是“攥指成拳”，甚至是作戰中相互轉化運用，都需堅持實事求是，綜合考慮作戰效果效率效益，以及對戰爭制勝的貢獻率等因素科學決斷，切實做到因情用兵、因地用兵。如果單域作戰力量能很好解決問題，就不必再使用多域作戰力量，進而提升作戰效益。
王榮輝 鄧仕峰
中國軍網 國防部網 2022年1月20日 星期四
中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-01/20/content_307852888.htm
