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Chinese Military Receives Dialectical Implications of Communist Party Ten Major Military Principles and Strategic Impact on Adversaries

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中國軍隊辯證認識共產黨十大軍事原則及其對對手的戰略影響

現代英語：

The Ten Military Principles are our Party’s scientific summary of the practical experience of the People’s Army in combat during the revolutionary war years. They are a concentrated reflection of Comrade Mao Zedong’s profound military thought and the commanding art of using troops like a god. They embody the basic principles and tactics of the People’s War strategy and tactics. The methodological principle of seeking truth from facts is full of materialism and dialectics, and has vitality that spans time and space. It is the historical responsibility of our generation of soldiers to continue to inherit the winning magic weapon of the people’s army. Of course, all military principles are moving forward. Today, when intelligent warfare has gradually become a new form of warfare, this article focuses on the ten major military principles, summarizes and sorts out the dialectical implications and enlightenment of the times in nine aspects, and provides readers with reference.

Strategic contempt and tactical attention

Operational judgment is the prerequisite for planning operations. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that we must despise the enemy strategically and attach great importance to the enemy tactically. Strategic contempt and tactical attention are a complete idea. The first is to strategically despise the enemy, dare to fight against them, and dare to win. At the same time, we must pay attention to the enemy tactically, adopt a cautious attitude, and pay attention to the art of struggle. If you cannot see the weak side of the enemy and cannot despise the enemy strategically, then paying attention to the enemy tactically may become a fear of the enemy; if you ignore the strong side of the enemy and ignore the enemy tactically, despising the enemy strategically will become underestimating the enemy. Recognizing the dual nature of struggle and preventing one tendency from overshadowing the other is the key to defeating the enemy. The victory in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was a victory in which our army despised the enemy strategically and paid attention to the enemy tactically. It was a victory in which our army had the courage to fight and was good at fighting.

In today’s era, a century of changes and a century’s epidemic are superimposed on each other, and the strategic game between countries has become more intense. We must always remain clear-headed and determined, defy all dangers and difficulties, organically combine strategic contempt for the enemy with tactical attention to the enemy, and deal with the enemy. Be fully prepared for all possible situations, be neither afraid of nor underestimate the enemy, dare to fight and be good at winning.

Careful preparation and cautious initial battle

Combat preparation is the basis for winning the battle. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we should never fight an unprepared battle or a battle that we are not sure of; he called for caution in the first battle, believing that the victory or defeat in the first battle would have a great impact on the overall situation of the war, and it would be especially important for the army at a disadvantage or in a defensive position. Long-term war practice tells us that the more complex and difficult the situation, the more detailed the preparation for combat is to analyze the strength and situation of friends and foes, and to put ourselves in their shoes and analyze what the opponent will think and do. In particular, we should strive to be prepared for every battle, anticipate the most difficult and dangerous possible situations, and strive to be sure of victory under the contrasting conditions between the enemy and ourselves. The Battle of Yijiangshan Island was our army’s first three-service joint operation. The planning of the battle lasted for several years, and the preparation for the battle lasted for more than 2 months. It is an example of careful preparation and cautious initial battle.

In today’s era, China, which is at a critical stage of development from big to strong, faces complex and diverse challenges. This requires us to strengthen the concept of combat readiness, improve the ability to win, be prepared for war at any time, and truly carry out construction, development, and preparation for war in accordance with the standards of war. We must anticipate the most difficult and complex situations and treat such situations as The starting point for all combat preparations is to make sufficient and detailed preparations and formulate a comprehensive plan for integrated implementation, so as to achieve the goal of winning if we do not fight and win if we fight.

Destroy enemies and capture places

The purpose of combat is the core of implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that the main goal be to annihilate the enemy’s effective forces and not to defend or capture cities and places. He vividly pointed out that for a person, it is better to cut off one of his ten fingers than to hurt him; for the enemy, it is better to annihilate one of his divisions than to defeat his ten divisions. When the enemy is large and we are small, the enemy is strong and we are weak, it is generally impossible to achieve the two goals of annihilating the enemy and seizing the place at the same time. Only after annihilating the enemy’s effective strength can the place be finally defended or captured. Therefore, annihilating the enemy is a means to seize territory, and seizing territory is the result of annihilating the enemy. Therefore, annihilating the enemy should be the first priority, and consolidating the territory second. During the Yan’an Defense War, the Party Central Committee resolutely withdrew from Yan’an, and while annihilating the effective strength of the Kuomintang army on a large scale, it realized the strategic concept of “save people and lose land, and save both people and land”.

In today’s era, system breaking and precise victory are becoming key words in modern combat theory. We must change the traditional operational thinking of annihilating the enemy and seizing territory, and regard the pursuit of deterrence effects and depriving the enemy of combat power as important operational options. We must step up efforts to forge capabilities and means to seize comprehensive control and take the initiative on the battlefield, so as to destroy the enemy’s key support elements and deprive them of their combat power. The objective material basis for its continued operations and the operational purpose of disintegrating its will to carry out war.

Pay attention to the overall situation and grasp the key points

Combat guidance is the criterion for controlling combat. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that the overall situation and the local part of a war are the unity of opposites. The key to combat guidance is to unify focusing on the overall situation and grasping the key points, “seizing the strategic key point to deploy the campaign, and seizing the operational key point to deploy the battle.” Only in this way can the war situation be effectively promoted in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. In particular, a weak army must follow the objective laws of the development of things, start from the local area, and continue to accumulate the quantity of local victories to cause a qualitative leap and achieve overall changes. In the long-term revolutionary war, our army was good at firmly grasping strategic pivots to promote the development of the war situation, and firmly grasping the main contradictions to promote the transformation of contradictions. Only then did our army turn from passive to active, and from disadvantage to advantage. In the Liaoshen Campaign, our army made comprehensive considerations and decided to “attack Jinzhou first”, which effectively promoted the battle process and won the victory.

In today’s era, wars are becoming more and more hybrid, security threats are complex, diverse and multi-dimensional, and they are characterized by multi-domain linkage. Changes in war practice require us to consider the overall situation and the overall situation in operational guidance, focus on the actual situation on the battlefield, coordinate the struggle in the main strategic direction and other strategic directions, coordinate the military struggle in the traditional security field and the new security field, and coordinate the political, The economic, diplomatic, military, cultural, public opinion and other fronts realize the mutual superposition and accumulation of combat effects, forming an overall emergence of anti-hybrid warfare capabilities and ensuring the strategic goal of complete victory.

Fight weak enemies first and strong enemies later

The focus of operations is the key to implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we must first attack dispersed and isolated enemies, and then attack concentrated and powerful enemies. In the practice of long-term revolutionary wars, our army is often at a disadvantage in terms of quantity, scale and equipment. We must first annihilate the enemies that are isolated, dispersed, weakly defended, and garrisoned in small and medium-sized cities. Then, the enemies that are concentrated, strong, well-garrisoned, and garrisoned in large cities will become weaker. , which creates conditions for the next attack and annihilation. If we attack the strong enemy first, not only will it be difficult to deal with the strong enemy quickly, but the weak enemy will also easily become a strong enemy, which will make us passive. Of course, sometimes when you are really sure, you can also wait for an opportunity to attack a strong enemy first to quickly weaken the enemy’s strategic advantage. In the Battle of Menglianggu, Su Yu made the first attack and completely annihilated the reorganized 74th Division, the “first of the five main forces” of the Kuomintang army. This defeated the Kuomintang army’s key attack on the Shandong Liberated Areas and reversed the strategic situation on the East China battlefield.

In today’s era, war is a confrontation between systems. The fundamental goal of defeating the system is to attack the enemy’s center of gravity and key points. Combat operations must be carried out closely around the enemy’s center of gravity, and the selected targets must be the “keys”, “vital points” and “joints” in the enemy’s entire war system. These enemy targets may be “strong enemies” or “weak enemies” in the traditional sense. However, once they are identified as centers of gravity, all efforts should be concentrated on destroying these centers of gravity in order to paralyze the enemy’s entire combat system and quickly complete the operation. Purpose.

Concentrate and disperse forces

Combat posture is the posture in which troops are deployed. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that operations must focus on eliminating the enemy’s effective strength and concentrate superior forces to annihilate the enemy one by one. The essence of concentrating superior forces is to use forces intensively to obtain local advantages and initiative against the enemy based on the overall needs of the operation and to ensure a decisive victory in the decisive battle. In traditional wars, the concentration of troops is mainly reflected in the concentration of personnel and weapons, relying on quantitative advantages to make up for qualitative deficiencies. In battles, our army’s consistent thinking is to concentrate its absolutely superior forces, adopt roundabout encirclement tactics, and annihilate enemies one by one. The opposite of concentrated force is decentralized force or military egalitarianism. Military egalitarianism may result in having neither an overall strength advantage nor a local strength advantage, making it impossible to control the enemy and to be controlled by the enemy. During the Red Army’s fifth counter-campaign against “encirclement and suppression”, the “six-way division of troops” and “all-front resistance” were manifestations of military egalitarianism.

In today’s era, information power, mobility, strike power, etc. have all increased unprecedentedly. Concentrating superior forces requires concentrating and using one’s own advantages in more diverse fields, and more adopting the approach of “dispersed appearance but concentrated spirit, scattered form but combined strength”. Dynamically combine the various combat forces distributed on the multi-dimensional battlefield, rely on the quality accumulation, efficiency integration, and real-time optimization of multiple combat elements to suddenly change the contrast with the opponent’s combat power, forming a hammer effect to defeat the enemy.

Weapons and equipment and fighting spirit

Combat elements are the components of combat strength. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that weapons and equipment are important factors in the victory or defeat of a war, but they are not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not things. He asked the troops to carry forward the style of fighting bravely, not afraid of sacrifice, not afraid of fatigue and continuous fighting. Obviously, war is not only a confrontation of hard power such as weapons and equipment between the opposing parties, but also a competition of soft power such as will and quality. As an important component of combat effectiveness, fighting spirit plays a key role in the outcome of war. Material causes and effects are but the hilt of the knife; spiritual causes and effects are the sharp edge. Why in history has our army been able to defeat powerful enemies one after another and create miracles one after another even if it does not have an advantage in weapons and equipment? One of the most fundamental reasons is that we have the bloody courage to “show swords when facing the enemy, be brave and tenacious” and have the fighting spirit of “firstly, not being afraid of hardship, and secondly, not being afraid of death.”

In today’s era, war forms and combat styles are evolving at an accelerated pace, science and technology have become the core combat effectiveness, and weapons and equipment are becoming more and more important to winning wars. The contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to military construction and combat effectiveness development must be continuously increased. At the same time, we must forge the spiritual edge to defeat the enemy while inheriting the glorious tradition and fine style, and combine advanced science and technology with tenacious will, so that the majority of commanders and soldiers have a high degree of revolutionary consciousness and spirit of self-sacrifice, and master advanced Weapons, equipment and complex military technology form a powerful combat force to achieve victory in every attack and victory.

You hit yours and I hit mine

Combat methods are the carrier of strategy and tactics. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that people should give full play to their conscious initiative and seize the initiative in war. Starting from the overall situation of the revolutionary war, he successively proposed a series of flexible strategies and tactics, such as “Fight if you can win, leave if you can’t”, “You fight yours, I’ll fight mine”, “Mobile warfare, positional warfare, guerrilla warfare”. Cooperate with each other” and so on. This set of strategies and tactics that seek advantages and avoid disadvantages and are flexible and mobile reveals the laws and methods of war guidance for defeating enemies with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raises flexible strategies and tactics to a new level. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, in response to the U.S. military’s strong land and sea support and strong land firepower and mobility, our military emphasized small-scale annihilation wars, which enriched the implementation of annihilation wars. It relied on tunnels to carry out small-scale counterattacks and found a new way to fight positional warfare. .

In today’s era, wars will be carried out in multiple domains simultaneously, and combat operations such as networked and electronic operations, air and space attacks, and unmanned operations are prominent. Proactive, flexible and changeable strategies and tactics are still a weapon to gain the initiative and defeat the enemy. It is necessary to follow the winning mechanism of modern war, step up the forging of new quality and new domain combat capability means, flexibly use “total war”, “cognitive warfare”, “cross-domain warfare” and “intelligent warfare” and other tactics to temper dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes Wait for the way of fighting, do not follow the enemy’s routines, focus on the enemy’s weaknesses, use our army’s strengths and strengths to control the battle, and win the victory.

Continuous combat and rest supplement

Combat support is the cornerstone of sustaining operations. Comrade Mao Zedong always believed that the deepest roots of the power of war exist among the people, and that soldiers and people are the foundation of victory. During the long-term revolutionary war, our army’s manpower and material resources supplementation mainly emphasized obtaining them from the enemy and relying on the support of the base areas. At the same time, we used the gaps between campaigns to reorganize and train the troops, improve military and political quality, and enhance the combat effectiveness of the troops. These are all necessary conditions for carrying out another battle. However, in order to prevent the enemy from taking a breather and to inflict continuous blows to the enemy, sometimes even without supplementary rest and recuperation, it is necessary to develop a style of not being afraid of sacrifice or fatigue and achieve continuous operations. Just after the Liaoshen Campaign, the Northeast Field Army changed its plan to use three months to half a year to rest and reorganize its troops. It took a shortcut and quickly sent troops into the pass to participate in the Pingjin Campaign, which changed the battlefield situation in North China in one fell swoop.

In today’s era, in a sense, fighting a war is fighting for security. With the profound changes in the international military competition landscape, national interests and military missions continue to expand, and the time and space span of combat support has expanded dramatically. In particular, the intensity, difficulty, and With the unprecedented increase in speed, we must continue to deepen national defense mobilization, build an integrated national strategic system and capabilities, and form strong war capabilities and war potential that can achieve both quick and lasting strategic victory.

國語中文：

2022年07月28日08:14 來源：解放軍報

原文標題：十大軍事原則的辯証意蘊及時代啟示 – 解放軍報 – 中國軍網
編者按

十大軍事原則是革命戰爭年代我們黨對人民軍隊作戰實踐經驗的科學總結，是毛澤東同志博大精深的軍事思想、用兵如神的指揮藝術的集中反映，它所體現的人民戰爭戰略戰術的基本原理和實事求是的方法論原則，充滿了唯物論、洋溢著辯証法，具有跨越時空的生命力。賡續傳承好人民軍隊的製勝法寶，是我們這代軍人的歷史責任。當然，一切軍事原則都是向前發展的，在智能化戰爭逐漸成為新戰爭形態的今天，本文聚焦十大軍事原則，總結梳理了9個方面辯証意蘊及時代啟示，供讀者參考借鑒。

戰略藐視與戰術重視

作戰判斷是籌劃作戰的前提。毛澤東同志指出，要在戰略上藐視敵人和戰術上重視敵人。戰略藐視與戰術重視是一個完整的想法。首先是要戰略上藐視敵人，敢於與它們鬥爭，敢於奪取勝利。同時，在戰術上重視敵人，要採取謹慎態度，講究鬥爭藝術。如果看不到敵人脆弱的一面，不能在戰略上藐視敵人，那麼在戰術上重視就可能成了畏敵如虎﹔如果忽視敵人強大的一面，離開戰術上重視敵人，戰略上藐視便成了輕敵。認清鬥爭的兩重性，防止一種傾向掩蓋另一種傾向，是克敵制勝的關鍵。抗美援朝戰爭勝利就是我軍戰略上藐視敵人和在戰術上重視敵人的勝利，就是敢於爭爭和善於爭爭的勝利。

當今時代，百年變局與世紀疫情相互疊加，國家間戰略博弈更加激烈，我們要時刻保持清醒和堅定，不畏一切險阻，不怕一切困難，把戰略上藐視敵人同戰術上重視敵人有機結合起來，對各種可能發生的情況做好充分的準備，既不畏敵、亦不輕敵，敢於爭爭、善於勝利。

周密備戰與慎重初戰

作戰準備是贏得作戰的基礎。毛澤東同志強調，不打無準備之仗，不打無把握之仗﹔要求慎重初戰，認為初戰的勝敗對戰爭的全局影響極大，尤其對劣勢或處於防禦地位的軍隊更加重要。長期的戰爭實踐告訴我們，越是復雜困難的形勢下，作戰準備越是要細緻地分析敵我友的力量、敵我友的情況，並換位思考分析對手會怎麼想、怎麼做。特別是每戰都應力求有準備，必須預計到最困難最危險的各種可能情況，力求在敵我條件對比下有勝利的把握。一江山島戰役，是我軍首次三軍聯合作戰，戰役籌劃長達幾年，戰役準備長達2個多月，是周密備戰與慎重初戰的範例。

當今時代，處在由大向強發展關鍵階段的中國，面臨的挑戰復雜多樣。這要求我們必須強化戰備觀念，提高打贏本領，做好隨時打仗的準備，真正按照打仗的標準搞建設、謀發展、抓備戰﹔必須預計到最困難最復雜的情況，並把這種情況當作一切作戰準備的出發點，做充分細致準備，制定一體實施的周密計劃，實現不打則已、打則必勝。

殲滅敵人與奪取地方

作戰目的是實施作戰的中心。毛澤東同志要求，以殲滅敵人有生力量為主要目標，不以保守或奪取城市和地方為主要目標。他形象指出，對於人，傷其十指不如斷其一指﹔對於敵，擊潰其十個師不如殲滅其一個師。在敵大我小、敵強我弱條件下，殲滅敵人和奪取地方這兩個目標，一般不可能同時達到。只有在殲滅敵人有生力量之後，才能最後保守或奪取地方。因此，殲滅敵人是奪取地方的手段，奪取地方是殲滅敵人的結果，所以要殲敵為主、略地次之。延安保衛戰，黨中央毅然撤出延安，在大規模殲滅國民黨軍有生力量的同時實現了「存人失地，人地皆存」的戰略構想。

在當今時代，體系破擊、精打製勝等正成為現代作戰理論的關鍵詞。我們必須轉變傳統殲敵奪地的作戰思維，把追求震懾效應、剝奪敵方戰力作為作戰重要選項，加緊鍛造奪控綜合製權、佔據戰場主動的能力手段，達成摧毀敵方作戰關鍵支持要素、剝奪其持續作戰的客觀物質基礎、瓦解其遂行戰爭意志的作戰目的。

關照全局與抓住重點

作戰指導是駕馭作戰的準繩。毛澤東同志指出，戰爭的全局與局部是對立的統一物。作戰指導的關鍵就是把著眼全局與抓住樞紐統一起來，“抓住戰略樞紐去部署戰役，抓住戰役樞紐去部署戰鬥”，如此方能切實推動戰局向著有利於己的方向發展。特別是弱小之軍必須遵循事物發展的客觀規律，從局部入手，不斷通過局部勝利的量的積累，以引起質的飛躍，達到全局的變化。在長期的革命戰爭中，我軍善於緊緊抓住戰略樞紐推動戰局發展，緊緊抓住主要矛盾推動矛盾轉化，才使我軍由被動轉為主動、劣勢轉為優勢。遼沈戰役，我軍通盤考量決定“首打錦州”，有力地推動了戰役進程並贏得了勝利。

當今時代，戰爭越來越呈現混合化態勢，安全威脅復雜多樣多維，並呈現多域聯動的特點。戰爭實踐變化要求我們，作戰指導要通盤考慮、全局考量，從戰場實際出發抓樞紐，統籌好主要戰略方向和其他戰略方向鬥爭，統籌好傳統安全領域與新型安全領域的軍事鬥爭，統籌好政治、經濟、外交、軍事、文化、輿論等各條戰線，實現作戰效果相互疊加、累積，形成反混合戰爭能力的整體湧現，確保實現全勝的戰略目標。

先打弱敵與後打強敵

作戰重心是實施作戰的要害。毛澤東同志強調，要先打分散和孤立之敵，後打集中和強大之敵。在長期革命戰爭實踐中，我軍在數量、規模和裝備上常常處於劣勢，首先殲滅孤立分散、守備薄弱和據守中小城市之敵，則集中強大、守備堅固和據守大城市之敵即變弱了，這就為下一步攻殲創造了條件。若先打強敵，則不但強敵難以迅速解決，弱敵也易變成強敵，反而使我方陷入被動。當然，有時在確實有把握的情況下，也可伺機先打強敵，迅速削弱敵方戰略優勢。孟良崮戰役，粟裕首打且全殲國民黨軍「五大主力之首」的整編第74師，挫敗了國民黨軍對山東解放區的重點進攻，扭轉了華東戰場戰略態勢。

在當今時代，戰爭是體係與體系的對抗，體系破擊的根本是要打敵重心、要害。作戰行動必須緊緊圍繞打敵重心展開，所選目標必須是敵整個戰爭系統中的「關鍵」「要害」與「關節」。這些敵之目標在傳統意義上可能是“強敵”，也可能是“弱敵”，然而一旦被確定為打擊重心,就應集中全力摧毀這些重心，以毀癱敵整個作戰體系，快速達成作戰目的。

集中兵力與分散兵力

作戰布勢是兵力部署的態勢。毛澤東同志要求，作戰必須著眼於消滅敵人有生力量，集中優勢兵力各個殲滅敵人。集中優勢兵力的實質是根據作戰全局的需要，集中使用兵力以獲得對敵之局部優勢和主動，確保決戰決勝。在傳統戰爭中，集中兵力主要體現為人員、武器的規模集中，並依靠數量上的優勢來彌補品質上的不足。在戰役戰斗上，集中絕對優勢兵力，採取迂迴包圍戰術，各個殲滅敵人，是我軍作戰的一貫思想。與集中兵力對立的是分散兵力亦或軍事平均主義。軍事平均主義可能導致既沒有全局力量優勢，更沒有局部力量優勢，不能製敵反被敵所製。紅軍第五次反「圍剿」時「六路分兵」「全線抵禦」就是軍事平均主義的表現。

在當今時代，資訊力、機動力、打擊力等都空前增強，集中優勢兵力要求在更加多元領域中集中和運用己方優勢，更多採取「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的方式，將分佈在多維戰場的諸作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，依靠多種戰鬥要素的質量累聚、效能融合、即時聚優，突然改變與對方戰鬥力量的對比，形成重錘效應，克敵制勝。

武器裝備與戰鬥精神

作戰要素是作戰實力的構成。毛澤東同志指出，武器裝備是戰爭勝負的重要因素，但不是決定性因素，決定性因素是人而不是物。他要求部隊要發揚勇敢戰鬥、不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞和連續作戰的作風。顯然，打仗既是敵對雙方武器裝備等硬實力的對抗，也是意志品質等軟實力的比拼。戰鬥精神作為戰鬥力的重要組成部分，對戰爭勝負起著關鍵性作用。物質的原因和結果不過是刀柄，精神的原因和結果才是鋒利的刀刃。為什麼我軍歷史上即使在武器裝備上不佔優勢，卻總能戰勝一個又一個強敵，創造一個又一個奇跡？其中一個最根本的原因，就是我們有「逢敵亮劍、英勇頑強」的血性膽氣，具有「一不怕苦、二不怕死」的戰鬥精神。

在現今時代，戰爭形態和作戰風格加速演變，科技成為核心戰鬥力，武器裝備對打贏戰爭越來越重要，必須不斷提高科技創新對軍隊建設和戰鬥力發展的貢獻率。與此同時，我們要在傳承光榮傳統和優良作風中鍛造克敵制勝的精神利刃，把先進科技與頑強意志很好地結合起來，使廣大指戰員既具備高度的革命覺悟和自我犧牲精神，又掌握先進的武器裝備和複雜的軍事技術，從而形成強大的戰鬥力量，實現攻必克、戰必勝。

你打你的與我打我的

作戰方法是戰略戰術的承載。毛澤東同志強調，要發揮人的自覺能動性，掌握戰爭的主動權。從革命戰爭全局出發，他先後提出一系列靈活機動的戰略戰術，例如「打得贏就打，打不贏就走」「你打你的，我打我的」「運動戰、陣地戰、遊擊戰相互配合”等等。這一整套趨利避害、靈活機動的戰略戰術，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。抗美援朝戰爭中，針對美軍有海空支援以及陸上火力、機動力強的特點，我軍強調打小殲滅戰，豐富了殲滅戰的實現形式﹔依托坑道實施小規模反擊，找到了打陣地戰的新辦法。

現今時代，戰爭將在多域同時展開，網電作戰、空天襲擊、無人作戰等作戰行動地位凸顯，積極主動靈活多變的戰略戰術仍是贏得主動、克敵制勝的利器。要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，加緊鍛造新質新域的作戰能力手段，靈活運用「總體戰」「認知戰」「跨域戰」「智能戰」等戰法，錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等打法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在「以能擊不能」中掌控作戰制權，進而贏得勝利。

持續作戰與休整補充

作戰保障是維持作戰的基石。毛澤東同志始終認為，戰爭偉力之最深厚的根源存在於民眾之中，兵民是勝利之本。長期革命戰爭中，我軍人力物力的補充主要強調取之於敵和依靠根據地的支持，同時利用戰役間隙整頓訓練部隊，提高軍政素質，增強部隊戰鬥力，這些都是實行再戰的必要條件。但是，為了不讓敵人喘息，給敵連續打擊，有時即使在未得到補充休整的情況下，亦須發揚不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞的作風，實現連續作戰。遼沈戰役剛結束，東北野戰軍改變利用三個月至半年時間休整部隊的計劃，取捷徑迅即揮師入關參加平津戰役，一舉改變了華北戰場態勢。

在當今時代，從某種意義上講，打仗就是打保障。隨著國際軍事競爭格局深刻變化，國家利益與軍隊使命任務不斷拓展，作戰保障時空跨度急劇擴大，特別是戰爭作戰進程快、毀傷能力強、力量控制精、技術含量高，保障的強度、難度和速度空前增加，必須不斷深化國防動員，建立一體化國家戰略體系和能力，形成既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力。

(責編：萬鵬、代曉靈)

中共原始資料來源：http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0728/c443712-32487665.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

China’s Military: “Changes” of Combat Guidance, Revolution in Military Affairs, Achieving Superiority

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中國軍隊：作戰指導“變”，軍事革命，取得優勢

現代英語：

At present, the war situation is evolving into an informationized war with intelligent characteristics, and the mechanism of winning the war has also undergone profound changes. Actively analyzing the new mechanisms of winning the informationized war, such as information dominance, overall linkage, precise energy release, and system destruction, and accurately revealing its internal laws, is of great significance for innovating the combat guidance of local informationized wars with intelligent characteristics.

The dominant factor for victory has shifted from energy dominance to information dominance, and combat guidance has shifted from focusing on manpower and firepower to focusing on “information + firepower”

Human warfare has gone through a long process from force dominance, firepower dominance to information dominance. In the agricultural era, wars were mainly won by human combat, and the combat performance was mainly a “physical battle” of conquering cities and territories. Force dominance was the basis for winning the war. In combat guidance, the size of the force was exchanged for the improvement of combat effectiveness, advocating more the better and using more to defeat fewer. In the industrial era, firepower gradually occupied a dominant position. The war was mainly manifested in a “firepower battle” to destroy the enemy’s war material base and annihilate the enemy’s living forces. Firepower dominance was the basis for winning the war. The mechanism for winning the war is to release energy from materials and win by scale. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on concentrating superior forces and firepower to destroy the enemy.

In information warfare, information becomes the “blood” and “nerves” of the combat system, penetrating into all aspects such as reconnaissance intelligence, command and control, joint strikes, and comprehensive support. The combat is mainly manifested in “information firepower warfare”, and information dominance is the foundation for winning the war. At this stage, information concentration and information empowerment are important winning mechanisms. The integration of information and firepower has changed the traditional combat method of simply competing in scale and firepower, and greatly improved the speed and accuracy of firepower strikes. Whoever has a strong ability to obtain, process, transmit, use and control information, and whoever has a high degree of integration between information and firepower, will win the war. The result of information dominance is the precise focus and rapid release of firepower. Therefore, in terms of combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on gaining information superiority, paralyzing and controlling the enemy through information attacks and firepower strikes, and using information-led, “information + firepower”-based system confrontation advantages to gain combat victory. In the early morning of April 14, 2018, the US, UK and France dispatched an EA-6B electronic warfare aircraft to carry out “deceptive + repressive” interference on the Syrian air defense missile system, and launched 105 missiles in coordination, attacking and destroying many important targets in Damascus in the form of information firepower warfare.

The winning form has changed from force coordination to overall linkage, and combat guidance has changed from pursuing joint operations among various services to pursuing multi-domain joint operations.

Wars have always focused on winning with overall power. In mechanized joint operations, due to the constraints of information technology, the various forces cannot achieve a high degree of battlefield information sharing and common perception of battlefield situations. The combat functions of the army, navy, air force and other services are difficult to break through the constraints of spatial factors. The degree of jointness in operations is not high. Although there are joint combat forms, it emphasizes that two or more military forces cooperate with each other and work closely in different combat spaces, so as to achieve complementary advantages and coordinated attacks on the enemy. The winning form is mainly manifested in the coordination of forces. The combat effectiveness mainly depends on the extreme release of the energy of each combat force and the physical superposition of effects, and the pursuit is “linear concentration”. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on implementing joint operations of various services in two-dimensional or three-dimensional spatial forces. Through careful pre-war planning and impromptu coordination during the war, various services and combat platforms can achieve strong coordination and cooperation to form overall power.

Informatized joint operations, the battlefield has expanded from land, sea and air to space, network and electronics, the combat domain has extended from the physical domain to the information domain and cognitive domain, the combat space is full and multi-dimensional, the virtual and the real are dependent and integrated, the action range of various services has broken through the inherent spatial limitations, and combat activities are no longer achieved by the various services in their own activity space through external coordination and cooperation with other services, but have evolved into breaking the boundaries between services and aggregating the advantages of each domain to achieve it. Overall linkage has become the basic form of victory. All combat forces have moved from simple “cooperation” to deep “integration”, and formed a combat system of “dispersed deployment in space, coordinated in time, and integrated in multiple domains in energy release”, which has changed combat actions from loose coordination and linear superposition of combat effects in the past to today’s overall linkage and amplification of combat effectiveness index, and finally achieved an asymmetric advantage over the enemy. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on multi-domain joint operations, emphasizing the complementary advantages of cross-domain advantages and seeking overall combat advantages. It is mainly supported by the network information system, coordinating and utilizing multi-dimensional space combat forces such as land, sea, air, space, network and electricity to achieve the integration of air and ground, sea and air, and multiple forces, and highly integrating network warfare, electronic warfare, etc. with troop and firepower operations. It also relies on the system to quickly and accurately maneuver and concentrate forces to carry out concentrated energy strikes on important targets of the enemy’s combat system, transforming the information advantage, speed advantage and firepower advantage formed by the joint efforts of multiple domains into an action advantage to defeat the enemy and quickly achieve the combat objectives.

The winning method has changed from extensive energy release to precise energy release, and combat guidance has changed from seeking large-scale destruction and depletion of the opponent’s strength to seeking precise control of the battle situation.

During the mechanized warfare period, due to insufficient information acquisition capabilities and limited command and control means, there was a lot of “fog” in the war, and the low accuracy of weapons strikes led to the inability to effectively control energy release. Usually, carpet bombing and saturation attacks were used to increase the probability of killing, and the scale of troops and firepower was exchanged for the improvement of combat effectiveness. The winning method was extensive energy release, following the law of quantitative change to qualitative change. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis was placed on consuming the opponent’s strength through large-scale killings and achieving strategic goals in exchange for military victory.

In the information warfare period, the “fog” of war still exists, but because information technology is integrated into the combat system, each combat system uses information to achieve real-time rapid response, which greatly improves the detection accuracy, positioning accuracy, and strike accuracy, so that the “fog” of war is minimized as much as possible. In particular, the development and application of network information systems have made it possible to make precise plans, select targets, use forces, strike at key points, make precise assessments, control actions, and provide precise guarantees. In combat, long-range precise strikes such as beheading, acupuncture, and surgical operations are usually used to directly hit the enemy’s key points. The winning method is mainly precise energy release, which follows the principles of systems theory and cybernetics. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on elite troops and quick decisions, so as to achieve combat objectives at the lowest cost, fastest speed, and lowest risk. A small-scale precision combat operation may achieve the same combat effectiveness as a large-scale war in the past. In modern warfare, precision warfare is not only a military means of application, but also has important political significance, because human life, property and the environment on which human beings depend for survival can be protected as much as possible under this combat method, rather than using unlimited violence, making precise control of the battle situation an important combat guide.

The path to victory shifted from destroying the enemy and seizing territory to destroying the system, and combat guidance shifted from emphasizing annihilation warfare to emphasizing system destruction warfare.

During the mechanized warfare period, the way to win the war mainly depends on destroying the enemy and seizing the territory. The direct purpose of the war is to destroy the enemy, often by destroying a large number of enemy manpower, seizing or occupying enemy territory, and forcing the enemy to surrender. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on the idea of ​​annihilation warfare. In the Battle of Verdun during World War I, the German and French armies deployed nearly 2 million troops, with more than 700,000 casualties, becoming a terrible “meat grinder”.

In the information warfare period, the destruction of the enemy’s manpower is still of great value in winning the war, and the number of casualties is still an important variable in the effectiveness and tolerance of war. In several local wars in this century, the US military pursued the so-called “zero casualties”, which also shows the sensitivity of casualties in war, and on the other hand, it also reflects the importance of destroying the enemy’s manpower. However, the connection and integration of information, the updating of weapons and equipment, and the improvement of combat methods have made the confrontation between the two sides manifest as a confrontation between systems. The overlap of tactical objectives, campaign objectives and even strategic objectives is getting higher and higher. The large-scale destruction of the enemy’s manpower is no longer a necessary condition for winning the war. The way to win the war usually relies on system destruction, and the direct purpose of combat is to scare and control the enemy. The side with system advantage mainly achieves victory in the war by precisely striking the key nodes and key systems that support the operation of the enemy’s war system and combat system. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on the idea of ​​system destruction warfare, with information as the main guide and system as the support, and the enemy’s “Achilles’ heel” is precisely struck. Through the collapse effect of the system, the purpose of disintegrating the system and winning the hearts and minds is achieved. During the Kosovo War, NATO carried out air strikes for 78 days. The casualties of the Yugoslav army were not many, but because the high-value targets in the combat system, such as the command information system, transportation hubs, energy bases, and power facilities, were hit hard, the war potential of the Yugoslavia was greatly weakened, and the will of the military and civilians to fight was gradually destroyed, leading to the defeat of the war. The limited purpose of information warfare makes the warring parties usually directly target the weaknesses of the opponent’s system to carry out precise destruction, making small-scale and clever system confrontation operations more popular, with few casualties, but can also achieve combat objectives.

國語中文：

■李海濱 霍雲超

引言

當前，戰爭形態正演進為具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭，戰爭制勝機理也隨之發生深刻變化。積極研析資訊化戰爭制勝所蘊含的資訊主導、整體聯動、精確釋能、體系破擊等新機理，準確揭示其內在規律，對於創新具有智能化特徵的信息化局部戰爭作戰指導具有重要意義。

制勝主導因素由能量主導向資訊主導轉變，作戰指導從注重兵力火力主戰轉變為註重「資訊+火力」主戰

人類戰爭經歷了從兵力主導、火力主導到資訊主導的漫長過程。農業時代的戰爭，主要依靠人力搏擊制勝，作戰表現形式主要是攻城略地的“體力戰”，兵力主導是戰爭制勝的根本。在作戰指導上，以兵力規模換取作戰效能的提高，主張多多益善、以多擊少。工業時代的戰爭，火力逐漸佔據主導地位，戰爭的表現形式主要是摧毀敵戰爭物質基礎、殲滅敵有生力量的“火力戰”，火力主導是戰爭制勝的根本。戰爭制勝機理是以物釋能、規模製勝。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調集中優勢兵力火力殲敵。

在資訊化戰爭中，訊息成為作戰體系的“血液”和“神經”，滲透到偵察情報、指揮控制、聯合打擊、綜合保障等各個環節，作戰的表現形式主要是“信息火力戰”，信息主導是戰爭制勝的根本。此階段，資訊聚能、資訊賦能是重要的製勝機理，資訊火力的融合，改變了單純拼規模、拼火力的傳統作戰方法，大大提高了火力打擊的速度與精準度。誰獲取、處理、傳輸、利用和控制資訊的能力強，誰的資訊與火力的融合度高，誰就能在戰爭中獲勝。資訊主導的結果是火力的精確聚焦與快速釋放。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調奪取資訊優勢、透過資訊攻擊和火力打擊癱敵控敵，以資訊主導、「資訊+火力」主戰的體系對抗優勢換取作戰勝勢。 2018年4月14日凌晨，美英法聯軍出動1架EA-6B電子戰飛機對敘利亞防空飛彈系統實施「欺騙性+壓制性」幹擾，配合發射了105枚導彈，以資訊火力戰的方式襲擊並摧毀了大馬士革許多重要目標。

制勝形式由力量協同向整體聯動轉變，作戰指導從追求諸軍兵種聯合作戰轉變為追求多域聯合作戰

戰爭歷來注重整體威力製勝。機械化聯合作戰，由於受資訊技術水準的製約，各力量之間不能實現戰場資訊高度共享、戰場態勢共同感知，陸、海、空等諸軍兵種的作戰功能難以突破空間因素制約，在作戰上彼此聯合度還不高，雖有聯合作戰形式，但強調兩個以上軍種力量在不同作戰空間相互配合、密切協同，從而實現優勢互補、協調一致地打擊敵人。制勝形式主要表現為力量協同，作戰效能主要依靠各作戰力量能量的極限釋放和效果的物理疊加，追求的是「線性聚力」。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調實施諸軍兵種二維或三維空間力量上的聯合作戰，透過戰前周密計劃和戰中臨機協同，使各軍兵種、各作戰平台得到有力的協同配合從而形成整體威力。

資訊化聯合作戰，戰場由陸海空向天網電拓展，作戰域由物理域向資訊域、認知域延伸，作戰空間全局多維，虛與實依存、融合，諸軍兵種的行動範圍已突破固有空間限制，作戰活動已不再是諸軍兵種在自身活動空間通過與其他軍兵種的外部協調聯合來實現，而是演變為打破軍兵種界限、聚合各域的優勢來實現，整體聯動成為製勝的基本形式。各作戰力量已從簡單的“聯合”走向深度的“融合”，並形成“空間上分散部署，時間上協調一致，能量釋放上多域一體”的作戰體系，使作戰行動由過去的鬆散配合、作戰效果線性疊加，變為現今的整體聯動、作戰效能指數放大，最終達成對敵的非對稱優勢。因此，在作戰指導上，更突顯多域聯合作戰，強調以跨領域優勢互補，謀求整體作戰優勢。主要以網絡資訊體係為支撐，統籌運用陸海空天網電等多維空間作戰力量，達成空地一體、海空一體、多種力量一體，網絡戰、電子戰等與兵力、火力行動高度融合，並依托體系快速精確機動聚力，對敵作戰體系重要目標實施聚能打擊，將多域聯合形成的資訊優勢、速度優勢和火力優勢，轉化為製敵的行動優勢，並迅速達成作戰目的。

制勝方法由粗放釋能向精確釋能轉變，作戰指導從謀求大規模殺傷消耗對手實力轉變為謀求精確控制戰局

機械化戰爭時期，由於資訊獲取能力不足，指揮控製手段有限，使戰爭中存在許多“迷霧”，加之武器打擊精度不高，導致能量釋放無法得到有效控制。通常以地毯式轟炸、飽和式攻擊增加殺傷機率，以兵力火力的規模換取作戰效能的提升，制勝方法屬粗放釋能，遵循的是由量變到質變的規律。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調透過大規模殺傷力消耗對手實力，以軍事勝利換取戰略目標的實現。

在資訊化戰爭時期，戰爭「迷霧」仍然存在，但由於資訊科技融入作戰體系，各作戰系統借助資訊實現即時快速響應，大大提高了探測精度、定位精度、打擊精度，使戰爭「迷霧」盡可能降到最低。特別是網絡資訊體系的發展運用，使精確籌劃、精選目標、精用力量、精打要害、精準評估、精控行動、精細保障成為可能。作戰中，通常以斬首式、點穴式、外科手術式等遠程精確打擊方式直擊敵要害，制勝方法主要是精確釋能，遵循的是系統論、控制論的原理。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調精兵精打、速決作戰，以最小代價、最快速度和最低風險達成作戰目的。小規模的精確作戰行動可能會達到以往大規模戰爭的作戰效能。在現代戰爭中，精確作戰不僅是一種軍事手段的運用，更具有重要的政治意義，因為人的生命財產和人類賴以生存的環境在這種作戰方式下可以得到盡可能多的保護，而不是無限制地使用暴力，致使精確控制戰局成為重要的作戰指導。

制勝途徑由殲敵奪地向體系破擊轉變，作戰指導從強調殲滅戰轉變為強調體系破擊戰

機械化戰爭時期，戰爭制勝的途徑主要靠殲敵奪地，作戰的直接目的是將敵人消滅，往往通過大量殲滅敵有生力量、奪取或占領敵方領土，迫使敵人從意誌上屈服。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調殲滅戰思想。一戰時期的凡爾登戰役，德法雙方軍隊共投入兵力近200萬人，傷亡人數達70多萬，成為可怕的「絞肉機」。

在資訊化戰爭時期，殲滅敵有生力量對戰爭制勝仍有重要價值，人員傷亡數字仍是戰爭效益和戰爭承受力的重要變數。本世紀的幾場局部戰爭，美軍追求所謂的“零傷亡”，也說明傷亡數字在戰爭中的敏感性，從另一方面也反映出殲滅敵人有生力量的重要性。但資訊的連結與融合，以及武器裝備的更新、作戰方法的改進，使對抗雙方表現為體係與體系的對抗，戰術目的、戰役目的甚至是戰略目的的重合度越來越高，大量殲滅敵有生力量不再是取得戰爭勝利的必要條件，戰爭制勝的途徑通常靠體系破擊，作戰的直接目的是懾敵控敵。具有體系優勢的一方，主要透過精確打擊支撐敵戰爭體系和作戰體系運作的要害節點和關鍵系統，癱體攻心奪志即意味著作戰的勝利。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調體系破擊戰思想，以信息為主導、以體係為支撐，精打敵“阿喀琉斯之踵”，通過體系的坍塌效應，達成瓦解體系、攻心奪志的目的。在科索沃戰爭中，北約實施了78天的空襲作戰，南聯盟軍隊傷亡並不多，但由於作戰體系中的指揮資訊系統、交通樞紐、能源基地、電力設施等高價值目標遭到重點打擊，南聯盟的戰爭潛力被大大削弱，軍民的戰爭意志逐漸被摧毀，導致戰爭失敗。資訊化戰爭目的的有限性，使得交戰雙方通常直接瞄準對方的體系弱點實施精確破擊，使小打、巧打的體系對抗作戰更加流行，人員傷亡很小，但同樣能達成作戰目的。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李海濱 霍雲超 責任編輯：劉上靖 2023-02-02 06:54:53

國防部原文來源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4931741.html

Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

How the Chinese Military Identify Key Targets for Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊如何辨識認知域作戰的關鍵目標

現代英語：

Cognitive domain combat targets refer to the specific role of cognitive domain combat. In cognitive domain combat, compared with combat targets, combat targets solve the problem of precise aiming, that is, to let commanders understand and grasp the precise coordinates of what to hit, where to hit, and to what extent. Only by deeply understanding the connotation and characteristics of cognitive domain combat targets can we accurately find key targets through appearances and thus seize the initiative in future combat.

Cognitive focus that influences behavioral choices

The cognitive focus is the “convergence point” of the cognitive subject’s multi-dimensional thinking cognition in war activities. As a dynamic factor, it affects the cognitive process and behavioral results. Generally speaking, the cognitive factors that affect individual behavioral choices in war activities mainly include political attribute cognition, interest-related cognition, group belonging cognition, risk loss cognition, emotional orientation cognition, war morality cognition, etc. For war activities and groups or individuals who pay attention to war activities, the cognitive focus that affects their attitudes, tendencies and behaviors is not the same. Judging from the local wars and regional conflicts in the world in recent years, there are obvious differences in the cognitive focus of different groups or individuals. Politicians pay more attention to political attribute cognition and interest-related cognition, those who may intervene in the war pay more attention to risk loss cognition and interest-related cognition, ordinary people pay more attention to interest-related cognition and emotional orientation cognition, and people in other countries outside the region generally pay more attention to war morality cognition and group belonging cognition because their own interests will not be directly lost. In combat practice, foreign militaries are good at targeting the cognitive focus of different objects, accurately planning topics, and pushing related information to induce specific behavioral choices. For example, before the Gulf War, the Hill Norton public relations company fabricated the non-existent “incubator incident” by using Naira, the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, as a “witness” to show the “inhumanity” of the Iraqi army, induce the American people’s ethical and moral cognition, and then support the US government to send troops to participate in the Gulf War.

Style preferences that constrain command decisions

Cognitive style directly affects decision-making behavior preferences. Cognitive style refers to the typical way of individual cognition, memory, thinking, and problem solving. According to the preference of command decision-making style, commanders can be divided into calm cognitive style and impulsive cognitive style. Commanders with calm cognitive style pay attention to accuracy but not speed in the decision-making process. The quality of the decisions they make is high, but they are prone to fall into the comparison and analysis of various intelligence information sources and overemphasize the accuracy and objectivity of information analysis. Commanders with calm cognitive style are often easily disturbed by the diverse and diverse information stimulation in battlefield cognitive offensive and defensive operations, and their mental energy is easily disturbed and dissipated, which may lead to missed opportunities. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style pay attention to speed but not accuracy. The decision-making reaction speed is fast, but the quality is not high. They are easily emotional and prone to conflict with team members. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style are also prone to over-interpret the ambiguous external security environment, and constantly look for “evidence” to strengthen and verify individual erroneous thinking, narrowing individual attention and leading to command decision-making deviations. In combat practice, foreign armies pay more attention to analyzing the decision-making style of commanders of combat opponents, and then select specific information to influence them psychologically. For example, during the U.S. invasion of Panama, when besieging the hiding place of Panamanian President Noriega, the U.S. military repeatedly played rock and heavy metal music, and used language that stimulated and humiliated Noriega to carry out cognitive and psychological attacks on him, causing Noriega to gradually collapse physically and mentally.

Backdoor channel to control thinking and cognition

Once a computer is infected with a “Trojan” virus, it will send a connection request to the hacker control terminal at a specific time. Once the connection is successful, a backdoor channel will be formed, allowing the hacker to control the computer at will. Similarly, the human brain also has a cognitive “backdoor” and may be controlled by others. Cognitive psychologists have found that by sending information to the target object’s audio-visual perception channel, carefully pushing information content that the target object recognizes and accepts, catering to the target object’s existing experience memory, conforming to the target object’s thinking habits, and stimulating the target object’s emotional pain points, it is possible to control and interfere with the target object’s cognition and promote its instinctive emotional and behavioral reactions. With the support of cutting-edge cognitive science and technology, using the two modes of automatic start and control processing of brain information processing, the target object can easily fall into a “cognitive cocoon”. In cognitive domain operations, by immersing individuals in massive amounts of artificially constructed information, and continuously providing them with “evidence” to prove that their judgments and cognitions are “correct”. Over time, the individual’s cognitive vision becomes smaller and smaller, and the ability to perceive the external environment gradually decreases. Eventually, they will not be able to see the truth of the matter and will be immersed in the “cognitive cocoon” and unable to extricate themselves. When foreign militaries conduct operations in the cognitive domain, they often target their opponents’ cognitive biases on a certain issue and continuously push situational information and intelligence information through various channels to support their opponents’ so-called “correct cognition,” causing errors and deviations in their opponents’ command decisions.

Sensory stimuli that induce attention

Effective perceptual stimulation is the first prerequisite for attracting the attention of the target object. The human brain will perceive and react to stimuli within the perceptual range. Cognitive psychology experimental research has found that information such as dynamic, dangerous, relevant, survival safety, and contrast between before and after is more likely to attract the attention of the human brain. In the era of intelligence, the psychological cognitive process of the target object often follows the law of “attracting attention, cultivating interest, actively searching, strengthening memory, actively sharing, and influencing others”. In combat, foreign troops often use exclusive revelations, intelligence leaks, authoritative disclosures, on-site connections, and other methods, and cleverly use exaggeration, contrast, association, metaphor, suspense, and contrast to push information that subverts common sense, cognitive conflicts, and strong contrasts to attract the attention of the target object. For example, the “Lin Qi rescue incident” created by the US military in the Iraq War and the “Gaddafi Golden Toilet” in the Libyan War mostly choose stories familiar to the audience as the blueprint, hiding the purpose and embedding the viewpoint in the story plot, which attracted the attention of the general public. In addition, the human brain will also process stimuli outside the perceptual range. In recent years, the military of Western countries has attached great importance to the research of subthreshold information stimulation technology, and has developed subthreshold visual information implantation technology, subthreshold auditory information implantation technology, subthreshold information activation technology, subconscious sound manipulation technology of the nervous system, etc., continuously expanding the application scope of neurocognitive science and technology in the military field.

Meta-value concepts that give rise to cognitive resonance

In cognitive theory, cognitive resonance refers to information that can cross the cognitive gap between the two parties and trigger the ideological and psychological resonance and cognitive empathy of both parties, thereby achieving the deconstruction and reconstruction of the other party’s cognitive system. In cognitive domain warfare, this cognitive energy-gathering effect is not a simple concentration of power, but an internal accumulation of system synergy. Under the diffusion and dissemination of modern information media, this cognitive resonance effect can spread rapidly to all parts of the world in a short period of time, and produce secondary indirect psychological effects or more levels of derivative psychological effects, presenting a state of cumulative iteration. Once it exceeds the psychological critical point, it will present a state of psychological energy explosion, thereby changing the direction or outcome of the event. The targets that can induce this cognitive resonance are mainly value beliefs, moral ethics, common interests, etc. In war, if one party touches or violates human meta-values, common emotional orientation, etc., it is very easy to induce collective condemnation, bear the accusation of violating human morality, and fall into a moral trough. For example, a photo during the Vietnam War shows a group of Vietnamese children, especially a 9-year-old girl, running naked on the road because of burns after being attacked by US napalm bombs. In 1972, this photo caused a huge sensation after it was published, setting off an anti-war wave in the United States and even the world, and accelerating the end of the Vietnam War.

Cognitive gaps in a split cognitive system

In daily life, seemingly hard steel is very easy to break due to the brittleness of the material due to factors such as low temperature environment, material defects, and stress concentration. The same is true for the cognitive system. Cognitive gaps refer to the cracks, pain points, weaknesses, and sensitive points in the cognitive thinking of the target object, which are mainly manifested as the individual’s worry that he is unable to cope with or adapt to the environment, and under the influence of anxiety, cognitive vulnerability is formed. The experience of security threats, the looseness of group structure, the confusion of beliefs and ideals, and the loss of voice of authoritative media will all cause cognitive conflicts and tearing of the target object. In cognitive domain operations, sometimes seemingly powerful combat opponents hide a large number of thinking cracks and psychological weaknesses behind them. Often a news event can shake the cognitive framework of the combat opponent and puncture the cognitive bubble. In addition, this cognitive psychological conflict will also cause moral damage and psychological trauma to individuals. In recent years, the U.S. and Western countries’ troops carrying out overseas missions have faced “enemies disguised as civilians” that appear anytime and anywhere, and their uncertainty about the battlefield environment has continued to increase. They generally lack the perception of the significance of combat, and are filled with guilt and sin. A large number of soldiers developed post-traumatic stress disorder, the number of self-harm on the battlefield, post-war suicides and crimes increased sharply, and the number of suicides among veterans of the war even exceeded the number of deaths on the battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Political Science Academy of National Defense University)

國語中文：

引言

認知域作戰標靶是指認知域作戰的具體作用指向。在認知域作戰中，相較於作戰對象，作戰標靶解決的問題是精確瞄準，也就是讓指揮官了解掌握具體打什麼、往哪裡打、打到什麼程度的精準座標問題。只有深刻理解認知域作戰標靶的內涵特點，才能透過表象準確找到關鍵標靶，以便在未來作戰中掌握先機。

影響行為選擇的認知重心

認知重心是戰爭活動中認知主體多元思維認知的“匯聚點”，作為一種能動因素影響認知進程和行為結果。一般而言，影響戰爭活動中個人行為選擇的認知因素，主要包含政治屬性認知、利益關聯認知、群體歸屬認知、風險損失認知、情緒定向認知、戰爭道德認知等。對於戰爭活動以及關注戰爭活動的群體或個體而言，影響其態度、傾向和行為的認知重心並不相同。從近年來的世界局部戰爭和地區衝突來看，不同群體或個體關注的認知重心有著明顯差異，政治人物更加關注政治屬性認知和利益關聯認知，戰爭可能介入者更關注風險損耗認知和利益關聯認知，一般民眾更關注利益關聯認知和情感定向認知，而域外他國民眾由於自身利益不會受到直接損失，普遍更關注戰爭道德認知和群體歸屬認知。外軍在作戰實踐中，善於針對不同對象的認知重心，精準策劃主題，推送關聯訊息，誘發特定的行為選擇。如同在海灣戰爭前，希爾·諾頓公關公司炮製了根本不存在的“育嬰箱事件”，就是利用科威特駐美大使的女兒娜伊拉“做證”，展現伊拉克軍隊的“慘無人道”，誘發美國民眾的倫理道德認知，進而支持美國政府派兵參加海灣戰爭。

制約指揮決策的風格偏好

認知風格直接影響決策行為偏好。認知風格是指個體認知、記憶、思考、解決問題的典型方式。根據指揮決策風格偏好，指揮家可以分為冷靜型認知風格和衝動型認知風格。冷靜型認知風格的指揮者在決策過程中重視準確但不重視速度，作出的決策品質較高，但容易陷入對各類情報資訊來源的比對分析，過度強調資訊分析的準確客觀。冷靜型認知風格的指揮在戰場認知攻防行動中，常常容易受到紛繁多元的信息刺激幹擾，心智精力容易被擾亂和耗散，進而可能貽誤戰機。衝動型認知風格的指揮者重視速度但不重視準確度，作出的決策反應速度較快，但品質不高，且容易情緒激動，易與團隊成員發生衝突。衝動型認知風格的指揮者也容易將模稜兩可的外在安全環境進行過度曲解，並不斷尋找「證據」強化和驗證個體錯誤思維，使個體注意力變窄，導致出現指揮決策偏差。外軍在作戰實務中，比較著重分析作戰對手指揮官決策風格，進而選擇特定資訊對其進行心理影響。如美軍入侵巴拿馬戰爭中，在圍攻巴拿馬總統諾列加躲藏處時，美軍反複播放搖滾和重金屬音樂，運用刺激和羞辱諾列加的語言對其進行認知打擊和心理進攻，使諾列加身心逐漸崩潰。

控制思維認知的後門通道

電腦一旦中了「木馬」病毒，會在特定時間向駭客控制端發送連線請求，一旦連線成功就會形成後門通道，使得駭客可以隨心所欲地控制電腦。與之相似，人類大腦也存在認知“後門”，也可能被他人控制。認知心理學家研究發現，透過給目標對象視聽感知通道發送訊息，精心推送目標對象認可的、接受的信息內容，迎合目標對像已有的經驗記憶，順應目標對象思維習慣，刺激目標對象的情感痛點，就可以控制干擾目標物認知，促進其產生本能情緒行為反應。在尖端認知科學技術的支撐下，運用大腦資訊加工的自動啟動和控制加工兩種模式，目標物很容易陷入「認知繭房」之中。認知域作戰中，透過讓個體沉浸在人為構設的海量資訊之中，並源源不斷地為其提供「證據」用來佐證其判斷和認知是「正確」的。長此以往，個體的認知視野就變得越來越小，對外在環境的感知能力逐漸降低，最終會看不到事情的真相，沉湎於「認知繭房」中無法自拔。外軍在認知域作戰中，常常針對作戰對手對某一問題的認知偏差，持續透過多種管道推送佐證作戰對手自以為「正確認知」的態勢訊息和情報訊息，使作戰對手指揮決策出現失誤和偏差。

誘發關注的感知覺刺激

有效的知覺刺激是引發目標對象關注的首要前提。人類大腦對感知覺範圍內的刺激會有所察覺，並做出各種反應。認知心理學實驗研究發現，動態、危險、利害關係人、生存安全、前後反差等類別資訊更容易引起人類大腦的注意。在智慧化時代，目標對象的心理認知過程往往遵循「引起注意、培養興趣、主動搜尋、強化記憶、主動分享、影響他人」的規律。外軍在作戰中，常運用獨家爆料、情報外洩、權威揭露、現場連線等方式，巧用誇張、對比、聯想、比喻、懸念、襯託等手法，推播顛覆常識、認知衝突、對比強烈等訊息，來引發目標對象注意。例如伊拉克戰爭中美軍塑造的“營救女兵林奇事件”，利比亞戰爭中的“卡扎菲黃金馬桶”，大多選擇受眾對象熟知的故事為藍本，藏目的、寓觀點於故事情節，吸引了廣大民眾的注意力。此外，人類大腦也會對感知覺範圍外的刺激進行加工。近年來，西方國家軍隊非常重視知覺閾下資訊刺激技術的研究，開發發展了閾下視覺訊息植入技術、閾下聽覺訊息植入技術、閾下訊息啟動技術、神經系統潛意識聲音操控技術等，不斷擴大神經認知科學技術在軍事領域的應用範圍。

催生認知共振的後設價值概念

認知理論中，認知共振是指跨越雙方認知鴻溝，能夠引發雙方思想心理與認知共鳴共感的訊息，進而實現對對方認知體系的解構與重建。在認知域作戰中，這種認知聚能效應不是簡單意義上的力量集中，而是體系合力的內在累積。在現代資訊傳媒的擴散傳播作用下，這種認知共振效應能在短時間內迅速擴散到全球各地，並產生二次間接心理效應或更多層次的衍生心理效應，呈現出一種累積迭代的狀態，一旦超過心理臨界點，即呈現出心理能量爆發狀態，從而改變事件走向或結果。能夠誘發這種認知共振的靶標，主要有價值信念、道德倫理、共通利益等。戰爭中，若某一方觸及或違反人類元價值觀、共同情感指向等，則極易誘發集體聲討，承擔違背人類道德的指責，陷於道義低谷。如越戰期間的一張照片，畫面呈現的是遭遇美軍凝固汽油彈襲擊後，一群越南孩子特別是一名9歲女孩在公路上因為燒傷而裸體奔跑。 1972年，這張照片刊登後引發巨大轟動，掀起美國乃至全球的反戰浪潮，加速了越戰的結束。

分裂認知體系的認知縫隙

日常生活中，看似堅硬的鋼鐵，受低溫環境、材質缺陷、應力集中等因素影響，非常容易因材料脆性而斷裂，認知體係也是如此。認知縫隙是指目標對象認知思考中的裂縫、痛點、弱點與敏感點，主要表現為個體擔心自己沒有能力應對或無法適應環境的想法，並在焦慮情緒的作用下，構成認知脆弱性。安全威脅的經驗、團體結構的鬆散、信念理想的迷惘、權威媒介的失聲等，都會使得目標物出現認知上的衝突與撕裂。認知域作戰中，有時看似強大的作戰對手，背後卻潛藏著大量的思維裂隙與心理弱點，往往一個新聞事件就能動搖作戰對手的認知框架，刺破認知泡沫。此外，這種認知心理衝突也會使個體產生道德損傷和心理創傷。近年來，執行海外任務的美西方國家軍隊面對隨時隨地出現的“偽裝成平民的敵人”，對戰場環境的不確定感不斷提升，普遍缺乏作戰意義感知，進而內心充滿內疚與罪惡。大量士兵產生戰爭創傷後壓力障礙，戰場自殘自傷、戰後自殺與犯罪人數激增，參戰老兵自殺人數甚至超過戰場死亡人數。

（作者單位：國防大學政治學院）唐國東

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年3月23日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/23/content_336888.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, Strategic Support Forces, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設

Chinese Military Analysis of Developing Intelligent Command Information Systems

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中國軍隊發展智慧指揮資訊系統的分析

現代英語：

The prelude to the era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nerve” of future intelligent combat command and control, and are the supporting means of intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of intelligent command information system research and development, and exploring the key points of intelligent command information system development can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems and win the initiative in future intelligent combat.

Clarify the key points of developing intelligent command information system

Intelligent command information system is the inevitable choice for the development of war form towards information-based intelligent warfare, the inevitable result of the development of scientific and technological revolution, and the era’s call for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information system will help to guide the construction direction of intelligent command information system and establish the long-term goal of system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of war. In the future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation is changing rapidly and the battlefield environment is complex and severe. In order to take the initiative on the battlefield, “control of intelligence” has become a new commanding height, and the intelligent command information system is undoubtedly an important means of supporting future combat command and action. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of war to intelligence, and is an important support for intelligent warfare to gain the initiative and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent combat requires a combat command concept that is compatible with it, and the intelligent command information system is an important support for the implementation of the combat command concept, and is the soil for the innovation and development of the intelligent combat command concept. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formation, data-driven command activities, open development command mode, and intelligent force-focused command process are inseparable from the support of the intelligent command information system. The intelligent command information system will serve as the extension of the human brain, breaking through the physiological limits of the human body and realizing the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about major changes in the combat victory mechanism. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods change from “combat networks + precision-guided weapons” in the information age to “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age, and the basic combat style will evolve from “network-centric warfare” to “cognitive-centric warfare” accordingly.

Grasp the key points of intelligent command information system research and development

The command information system is a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade of the command information system is imminent. We should highlight the key points of functional research and development and create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super-brainization” assists decision-making. In the future intelligent warfare, the amount of battlefield information data is huge and complex and changeable. Commanders are easily trapped in the “sea of ​​information” during the command process, resulting in information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making technology and “cloud brain” and “digital staff”, a new decision-making model based on the collaboration of “human brain + artificial intelligence” is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence, as an extension of the human brain, assist the commander’s work, and develop war decisions from simple human brain decisions to “human brain + artificial intelligence” super-brainized command decisions.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent combat, the space will be multi-dimensional, the forces will be diversified, the styles will be diverse, and the pace will be accelerated. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of battlefield situations will become the basis for commanders to make decisions, and multi-domain integration and intelligent dynamic presentation of full-dimensional battlefield situations will become an inevitable requirement for the construction and development of command information systems. The command information system’s perception, understanding, integration and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future war situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces to cognitive and social domains, realizing “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent warfare will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the intelligent information and communication system must be connected to the command and control platform and the weapon platform. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, the intelligent information and communication system plays a linking and lubricating role in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an intelligent information network with full-dimensional coverage and uninterrupted connection to support the connection and control of intelligent equipment, form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network anti-destruction, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities, so as to ensure intelligent collaborative operations between platforms and exert the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been used in large numbers and have played an important role in determining the direction of war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis of intelligent warfare, and have formed disruptive combat styles based on this, such as invasive lone wolf warfare, manned/unmanned collaborative system sabotage warfare, unmanned system formation independent warfare, and drone swarm cluster warfare. Although unmanned warfare is led by humans, it gives machines a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby realizing unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be more intelligent and be able to conduct autonomous and coordinated combat according to the purpose of the operation.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the “intellectual power” struggle on the battlefield and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security technologies, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and strengthen intelligent traceability and countermeasure capabilities to effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key to the development of intelligent command information system

The development of intelligent command information system is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of mind and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information system, we must change the traditional idea of ​​adding hardware, building a large “network”, collecting and storing various types of data, break through the inherent hierarchical settings, create an open and service-oriented system, aim at the needs of intelligent combat command and action, and explore and study the key points of the development of intelligent command information system.

Innovative concepts. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, combine actual needs, and explore a development path with its own characteristics. We must break the traditional “building chimneys” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of command information systems, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system development ideas that combine research, construction and use, formulate short-term, medium-term and long-term development strategies, and standardize the direction of system construction and development; adhere to iterative upgrades and optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems such as command control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information confrontation and comprehensive support, to ensure the continuous and healthy development of intelligent command information systems.

Focus on the key. Focusing on the construction of key capabilities of intelligent command information systems is an important support for intelligent warfare to gather intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to intelligent warfare to gain the “right to win”. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the internal driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of the next generation of computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; deeply explore the deeper and wider dimensional information value in massive combat data resources, and seek to gain the upper hand.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-domain, multi-disciplinary, multi-departmental and multi-unit integrated and coordinated project. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collective wisdom, pioneering and innovation, aiming at strategic forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, and insist on high-tech promotion and intelligent combat demand. Carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, levels, and forms, continuously break through innovation, iterative upgrades, and make the intelligent command information system more complete and smarter.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the era of innovation and development of artificial intelligence in the world. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is booming, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application and broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to achieve the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. We must study and formulate general technical standards, demolish barriers, break the ice, facilitate military-civilian cooperation, and realize the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. We must cultivate and shape new military talents through collaboration, so that they can constantly adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

國語中文：

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開，具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”，是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建設是軍事智慧化發展的內在要求，只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點，探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津，才能更好地推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程，贏得未來智慧化作戰制勝先機。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇，是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建設方向，確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰，戰場形勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境復雜嚴酷，要想在戰場上取得主動，「制智權」成為新的製高點，而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智慧化發展可助推戰爭形態朝向智能化演變，是智能化作戰贏得先機、謀求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智能化創新。未來智慧化作戰，需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托，是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐，智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延，突破人體生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術與智慧技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化，智慧超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網絡＋精確制導武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網＋有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網絡中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物，隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用，指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發點，打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

“超腦化”輔助決策。未來智能化作戰，戰場資訊數據量龐大且複雜多變，指揮員在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫，影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數字參謀」的出現，以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限，作為人腦的外延，輔助指揮員工作，使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智能化作戰，空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出，全面靈動地掌握戰場態勢成為指揮員決策的基礎，多域一體、智能動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對諸如目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測，正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域，實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網絡通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台，而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管，智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑作用。因此，要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡，支撐智慧化裝備的連結和控制，形成網絡結構智能優化、網絡抗毀智能重組以及智能抗干擾能力，以確保平台間智能化的協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。近期世界局部沖突中，無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用，引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎，並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式，如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導，並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協同被破壞將成為常態，無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧，要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊，資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此，應主動作為，積極制定及完善網絡防護策略，豐富入侵檢測能力及認證識別手段，加強資訊安全高新技術運用，強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力，建強智能化溯源反制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展，要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集儲存各類數據的思路，突破固有層級設定，打造開放式、服務型系統，瞄準智慧化作戰指揮與行動需要，探索研究智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引，借用軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路，結合實際需求，探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法，堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃，統一介面、協議和標準，形成開放式、可持續發展的系統架構佈局；堅持研建用相結合的系統研發思路，制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化完善策略，不斷提升指揮控制、情報偵察、通信、資訊對抗和綜合保障等各分系統智能化水平，確保智能化指揮資訊系統持續健康發展。

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設，是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托，是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐，也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力要求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢；加快量子計算機等為代表的下一代計算機研發，為智能化指揮信息系統提供更強的算力支持；深度挖掘海量作戰資料資源中更深層次、更廣維度資訊價值，謀求制勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一，是一個多領域、多學科交叉，多部門、多單位參與的大融合大聯動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神，瞄準傳感器、量子信息、網絡通信、集成電路、關鍵軟件、大數據、人工智能、區塊鍊等戰略性前瞻領域，堅持高新技術推動、智慧化作戰需求拉動，開展多領域、多層次、多形式深度研究交流，不斷突破創新、迭代升級，使智慧化指揮資訊系統功能更加完善、更加智慧。

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展，必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果，融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。當前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢，人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準，拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作，實現技術成果共享連結。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求，充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4917788.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 解放軍展望未來戰爭發展, 認知域戰

China’s Emphasis on Accelerating the Advancement of Military Intelligence

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中國重視加速軍事情報進步

現代英語：

Today, the world’s science and technology is brewing new breakthroughs. With the man-machine war as a symbol, the development of artificial intelligence has made significant progress and is accelerating its development into the military field, which will inevitably have an impact on the war situation and even a subversive impact. Therefore, our military must accelerate the promotion of military intelligence construction and accelerate the forging of an intelligent army.

Create intelligent theory. Create the basic theory of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the concept connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat style, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanism, characteristic laws, etc. of intelligent warfare; continuously innovate the tactics of intelligent warfare, such as intelligent cluster warfare, precise second-kill warfare, cognitive control warfare, intelligent ambush warfare, etc.; study and master the basic technical theories of intelligent warfare, including the perception and understanding of highly complex battlefield environments, human-machine hybrid intelligence in human-machine collaborative operations, etc. These theories are the cornerstone of the intelligent warfare theory system. In the future, the war theory with “algorithm-centric warfare” as the core is very likely to replace the war theory with “network-centric warfare” as the core.

Reshape the intelligent form. Military organization is the link between military technology and combat theory, and is the lever for exerting the overall combat effectiveness of the army. In the future intelligent warfare, along with the pace of new military reforms, the development trend of military organization will be built and developed in the direction of “globally distributed, networked matrix” leadership and management system, “algorithm-supported, human-machine integration” combat command system, “small and flexible, modular cluster” scale structure, and “military integration, military and civilian integration, traditional forces as the main body, intelligent forces as the backbone, unmanned and adaptive” force composition. The organizational structure of future intelligent warfare will be to form small, multi-functional, intelligent, new joint combat forces of different types and purposes according to different levels of strategy, campaign, and tactics and different military services.

Develop intelligent weapons. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent warfare system operations and intelligent weapons and equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall coordination, compile a roadmap for the development of intelligent weapons and equipment systems, and develop intelligent unmanned combat equipment systems that match operations and support, covering land, sea, air, space, and network space domains, in a planned, focused, and step-by-step manner, and with high, medium, and low-end, large, medium, and small, long, medium, and short ranges, and enhance the system integration of various services and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent operations, and focus on the research and development of weapons and equipment systems for anti-enemy intelligent unmanned operations to ensure that we can effectively conduct intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontations with the enemy.

Innovate intelligent training. At present, the concept and method of intelligent combat are constantly updated, and the training mode has changed from “mechanical + information” dominated to “intelligent +” dominated. Artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, can realistically simulate the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. Exploring new models of intelligent training and improving intelligent combat capabilities will become an important part of future military training and preparation. In particular, intelligent warfare and unmanned combat should be included in the training outline and carried out on a regular basis.

Cultivate intelligent talents. Talent is the first resource. The cultivation of artificial intelligence talents is the foundation for strengthening the country’s intelligent infrastructure. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of complexity, advancement, and humanization. It has the characteristics of decentralized combat command, de-division of combat processes, de-stratification of talent structure, high-end skill operation, research-based working methods, and fuzzification of the front and rear. Correspondingly, it also requires intelligent military talents to have the characteristics of talent group, advanced skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Therefore, to build an intelligent army and win intelligent warfare, it is first necessary to have a large number of specialized technical talents and command talents in the field of artificial intelligence.

Deepen intelligent integration. Breakthroughs in the core key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “national heavy weapon” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. In the tide of the intelligent era, we must focus on achieving integrated breakthroughs in the following disruptive technologies: around algorithm support, develop intelligent data mining technology for massive intelligence information and intelligent planning technology; around machine combat, develop intelligent chip technology and autonomous unmanned system technology; around intelligent decision-making, develop explainable high-reliability auxiliary decision-making technology, human-computer interaction and intelligent fusion technology; around extreme combat, develop intelligent cluster combat coordination technology and energy and information intelligent confrontation technology. Therefore, the research and development of core key technologies of military intelligence should not only carry out cross-disciplinary and cross-domain collaborative innovation, but also connect the development of social intelligence with that of military intelligence, draw on the mature technologies and successful experiences of social intelligence development, vigorously strengthen the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and promote the rapid embedding of various artificial intelligence technologies into combat elements and processes.

國語中文：

當今世界科技正醞釀著新的突破，以人機大戰為標志，人工智慧發展取得重大進展，並加速向軍事領域發展，這必將對戰爭形態產生沖擊甚至顛覆性影響。因此，我軍必須加速推進軍事智慧化建設，加速鍛造智慧化軍隊。

創建智能化理論。創造智慧化戰爭基礎理論，深入研究智能化戰爭的概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰樣式、攻防行動、制勝機理、特點規律等內容；不斷創新智能化戰爭的戰法，如智能集群戰、精確秒殺戰、認知控制戰、智能伏擊戰等；研究掌握智能化戰爭的技術基礎理論，包括高復雜戰場環境的感知與理解、人機協同作戰的人機混合智能等。這些理論是智慧化戰爭理論體系的基石。未來以「演算法中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論，極有可能取代以「網絡中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論。

重塑智能化形態。軍隊組織是聯結軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶，也是發揮軍隊整體作戰效能的槓桿。在未來智慧化戰爭中，伴隨著新軍事變革的步伐，軍隊組織的發展趨勢，將按照領導管理體制「全局分散式、網絡矩陣式」、作戰指揮體制「演算法支撐、人機融合」、規模結構「小型靈巧、模塊集群」、力量編成「軍種融合軍民一體、傳統部隊為主體、智慧部隊為骨幹的無人化、自適應」方向建設發展。未來智慧化戰爭的體制編制將依戰略、戰役、戰術不同層次和不同軍兵種，組建不同類型、不同用途的小型多能智能化新型聯合作戰部隊。

發展智能化武器。應著眼於智慧化戰爭體係作戰和智慧化武器裝備體系建設的雙重需要，搞好頂層設計和整體統籌，編制智能化武器裝備體系發展路線圖，按計劃、有重點、分步驟地研製高中低端、大中小型、遠中近程，覆蓋陸、海、空、天和網絡等空間領域，作戰與保障相配套的智能化無人作戰裝備體系，增強各軍兵種和作戰、保障等各種智能化武器裝備的體系融合度。與此同時，應著眼無人和反無人、智能與反智能作戰需要，注重研發反敵智能化無人作戰的武器裝備系統，確保能夠有效地與敵進行智能化無人攻防對抗。

創新智能化訓練。當前，智慧化作戰理念、作戰方式不斷更新，訓練模式由「機械+資訊」主導型向「智慧+」主導型轉變。人工智慧技術能夠創造出更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境，能夠逼真地演繹作戰進程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰構想。探索智慧化訓練新模式，提升智慧化作戰能力，將成為未來練兵備戰的重要內容。特別是將智慧化戰爭和無人化作戰納入訓練大綱，常態化展開進行。

培養智能化人才。人才是第一資源。人工智慧人才的培養是加強國家智慧化基礎建設的根本。智慧化戰爭具有複雜性、超前性、類人化等特徵，存在作戰指揮去中心化、作戰過程去分工化、人才結構去分層化、技能操作高端化、工作方式研究化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點，相應也要求智慧化軍事人才具有人才群體性、技能精尖性、知識復合性、思維創新性、決策智能性等特點。因此，建設智慧化軍隊，打贏智慧化戰爭，首要是擁有一大批人工智慧領域的專門技術人才和指揮人才。

深化智能化融合。人工智慧核心關鍵技術的突破，是應對智慧化戰爭威脅和挑戰的「國之重器」。在智慧時代的浪潮中，要重點在以下顛覆性技術上取得融合突破：圍繞演算法支撐發展海量情報資訊智慧數據挖掘技術、智慧規劃技術；圍繞機器主戰發展智慧晶片技術、自主無人系統技術；圍繞智慧決策發展可解釋高可信賴輔助決策技術、人機互動與智慧融合技術；圍繞極限作戰發展智慧集群作戰協同技術、能量與資訊智慧對抗技術。因此，軍事智慧化核心關鍵技術的研發，不僅要開展跨學科、跨領域協作創新，還要使社會智能化與軍事智能化發展對接並軌，借鑒社會智能化發展的成熟技術和成功經驗，大力加強軍民融合深度發展，推動各類人工智慧技術快速嵌入作戰要素、作戰流程。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李明海 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2019-10-08 10:39:28

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4852388.html

Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China’s Military Metaverse: A New Frontier for Future Cognitive Warfare

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中國軍事元宇宙：未來認知戰爭的新領域

現代英語：

　●The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but also reacts to the real world.

　　●Parallel with the real world, reaction to the real world, and integration of multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse.

　　●The metaverse provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society.

　　● Strengthening the follow-up research on the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare and highlighting the exploration of the mechanism of the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare will help enrich and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

　　The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but reacts to the real world. When virtual technologies such as digital, Internet, augmented reality and modern communications, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies develop to a certain stage, the metaverse will emerge. Being parallel to the real world, reacting to the real world, and integrating multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural law of human understanding and transformation of the world. It directly acts on human thinking and cognition but is not bound by the essential attributes of thinking and cognition, which determines that it carries the operating laws of the real world, provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex systems in reality, and a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. At the same time, it is itself a complex cognitive body, so it has immeasurable cognitive warfare application value.

　　The basic mechanism of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

　　The difference between the metaverse and other technologies is that it builds a complete digital world. Its operation is not supported by a single or a few technologies, but by a complex high-tech complex. This complex is built by humans, is a product of cognition, and continues to develop and evolve with the development of human cognitive practice. Its cognitive application has a unique regular mechanism.

　　System enhancement mechanism. The digital world constructed by the metaverse is itself a highly developed cognitive world. In this special cognitive world, technology not only exists as an additional role such as support and guarantee, but also directly participates in the shaping of cognition itself as a basic element of cognition. In other words, the technology that constitutes the metaverse itself has a distinct cognitive background, which not only supports the operation of cognition but also realizes the self-construction, revolution and transcendence of cognition; it not only provides a series of necessary technical services, but also creates a holographic technical soil for human cognition to operate independently and fight independently. The effect of the metaverse on cognition is not one-dimensional, but full-dimensional; not single-line, but full-system; not independent, but immersive; not fragmentary, but continuous; not cyclical, but full-life process. How far the thinking cognition develops, how far the metaverse develops, and thus it can shape people’s thinking cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly. Therefore, humans have used high technology to create a complex system combining man and machine called “Avatar”, and have also created a life form on “Pandora” that can think independently, recognize itself, and think and act on its own. This life form, which was created by humans and is independent of humans, has achieved self-improvement and development in the new universe.

　　The mechanism of mutual construction of technology and knowledge. Unlike the one-way effect of individual technologies such as artificial intelligence and information networks on thinking and cognition, the metaverse provides a space for mutual construction of technology and cognition, and the effect and counter-effect. In this space, we can simulate, demonstrate, simulate, and verify the process and results of this two-way mutual construction and promotion, so as to understand cognition more accurately and efficiently, improve cognitive warfare methods, and directly engage in real cognitive confrontation. The metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenes, where cognitive warfare can be promoted efficiently, enhanced at a fast pace, and presented in a panoramic manner. It is reported that the US military uses virtual technology to verify the performance of new weapons and equipment, test the effectiveness of the use of new tactics, and conduct combat simulation training, relying on the deployment of troops, combat terrain, human characteristics, and other scenes similar to actual combat constructed in virtual spaces such as the metaverse. At the same time, more and more countries and armies are conducting direct cognitive attacks and defenses with their opponents through virtual spaces, confusing their minds, misleading their directions, and eroding their will.

　　Active reflection mechanism. As a virtual existence parallel to the real world, the metaverse is not a simple digital copy of the three-dimensional space, but has its own operating rules and can actively act on the real world. This active action is the focus of the cognitive application of the metaverse. The metaverse space game reflects the characteristics of cognitive warfare. The war results deduced in the metaverse through virtual simulation may directly affect the real world, extending to the conscious cognitive game through sensory touch, thereby winning the dominant position in cognitive warfare. In the cognitive perspective, the metaverse is both a new cognitive space and the main battlefield of cognition, as well as an extended domain of cognition and a new cognitive component. At present, the military of many countries uses sandbox operations, war games and even computer simulations to formulate and test strategies and tactics, revise the application of tactics, improve training methods, and improve weapons and equipment. This is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to reality. With the continuous development and integration of the metaverse technology group, cognitive confrontation will inevitably shift more and faster from the real world to a hybrid world combining virtuality and reality.

　　The basic characteristics of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

　　Existence determines consciousness, and technology drives creation. The metaverse has many characteristics, such as parallelism with the real world, initiative in the real world, and comprehensiveness that integrates multiple technologies. These prominent characteristics determine the different characteristics and laws of its effects on thinking and cognition.

　　Cross-domain construction. The formation, development and evolution of cognition are rarely determined by a single factor, but are often the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. The metaverse originates from the real world and is presented in the virtual space. It has the characteristics of multi-domain interconnection that runs through the real and virtual worlds. As the saying goes, “a lot of gossip can melt gold, and accumulated criticism can destroy bones.” This cross-domain characteristic that spans different fields and opens up related spaces can best influence and shape people’s thinking and cognition from different angles. The most typical case is that game developers are increasingly focusing on using virtual stories based on historical facts and real feelings to attract and infect people. The United States has used this cross-domain shaped surreal “real” experience to spread values. At present, the most representative “metaverse” themed science fiction work is “Ready Player One” directed by Spielberg. The play focuses on depicting the era background of the birth of the “metaverse” and the huge contrast between the real status and virtual status of the protagonist. Through the plot and special effects shots, it delicately portrays the real sense of human participation, thereby spreading the American ideology, especially the values, that wealth, status, love and friendship can be obtained through “bloodless” struggle in the virtual world.

　　Integrated influence. The important fulcrums of cognitive warfare are strategy and technology. With the development of science and technology and the progress of society, the proportion of technology in cognitive warfare is increasing and its role is becoming more and more prominent. It can be said that cognitive warfare without scientific and technological support is a cognitive warfare without power, and cognitive warfare with advanced technology is more likely to win. As a complex system integrating multiple cutting-edge technologies, the metaverse has a natural advantage in the use of cognitive warfare. Many people, including adults, are deeply trapped in the virtual world and indulge in online games. It is very important that the virtual space gives game operators a super-time and space experience and a sense of achievement. If martial arts novels are fairy tales for adults, then the metaverse, which can be “as one pleases”, creates a super fairy tale world, which has an immeasurable impact on people’s thinking, cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns.

　　Compromising influence. A big difference between the metaverse and other technical means is that it constructs a virtual world that originates from the real world but reacts to the real world. In this complex domain space, people’s thinking and cognition go back and forth between the real world and the virtual space, verify each other, repeatedly confirm, and constantly correct, thereby generating new thinking and cognition, and exerting a dynamic influence on both worlds. This two-way interactive compromising influence, on the one hand, is conducive to the formation and development of correct thinking and cognition, making the cognition of the real world more imaginative with the wings of the virtual world’s thoughts, and at the same time, it also makes the cognition of the virtual space find the material support of the real world and become more scientific. On the other hand, if it is not operated properly, it is likely to cause great safety hazards and ethical problems. In recent years, the U.S. military has relied on artificial intelligence and virtual technology to remotely control drones to attack opponents, which is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to the real world. This attack is far away from the tragic scene of face-to-face fighting, which greatly dilutes the drone operator’s awe of life and lowers the threshold for remotely controlling the opponent. At the same time, due to the imperfect reconnaissance and identification technology, incidents of accidental shooting, injury, and killing of civilians, friendly forces, and even their own troops often occur.

　　The basic style of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

　　Metaverse cognitive warfare is based on reality and leads future development. It involves both the virtual and real worlds, penetrates multiple fields, and covers a variety of technologies. There are many different combat styles, and there is great uncertainty, but there are rules to follow. Comprehensive analysis shows that there are three basic styles.

　　Platform confrontation. In terms of its relationship with human thinking and cognition, the metaverse itself is a complex cognitive actor, a derivative of human thinking and cognition, and an important component and platform of cognitive warfare. When hostile countries and armies regard the metaverse as an important position for cognitive warfare, cognitive offensive and defensive operations between different camps within the metaverse exist in reality. On this platform, all technologies, resources and forces of the metaverse are integrated and operated with thinking and cognition as the center. Metaverse operations are prominently manifested as cognitive offensive and defensive operations aimed at disrupting, delaying, blocking, destroying and eliminating the existence and operation of the opponent’s metaverse. In this field, whoever has higher-end strategic planning, more flexible tactical application, more advanced technical force and more solid material support will be able to gain the initiative in metaverse cognitive warfare.

　　System attack. The metaverse is a cognitive system composed of a series of cutting-edge technologies, and systemicity is its inherent attribute and vitality guarantee. Advanced technologies such as digital foundation, efficient communication, blockchain identity authentication, holographic AR imaging, artificial intelligence, and high-performance Internet constitute a unified body with tight structure, functional coupling, and complete system. The components are indispensable for the formation and development of thinking cognition and offensive and defensive confrontation. It is difficult to imagine that the metaverse still has the possibility of existence without the support of advanced technology groups such as high-level digitization, high-quality communication, and high-speed computing. Using superior forces to force or use asymmetric tactics to attack and block the key nodes and technological operation chains of the opponent’s metaverse system, hinder its operation, suppress its functions, and destroy its existence is an important style and efficient path of metaverse cognitive warfare.

　　Divert the flow. An important value and significance of the existence and development of the metaverse lies in serving and supporting the related activities of the real world. Under normal circumstances, the metaverse can demonstrate, display, review and predict the related activities of the real world in a digital form. Once the communication between the virtual and real worlds is disturbed or the self-operation of the metaverse is disordered, it is easy to cause the situation reflected to be untrue, the information analyzed to be distorted, the conclusions derived to be invalid, and the suggestions provided to be wrong, causing the related activities of the real world to deviate. It is based on this that we can concentrate our efforts on inducing attacks on the internal operation of the opponent’s metaverse or the communication technology devices of the two worlds, and use extremely confusing and deceptive information and scenes to divert the flow, confuse their cognition, interfere with their judgment, and mislead their decision-making. Therefore, we should strengthen the tracking research on the cognitive warfare of the role of the metaverse, highlight the exploration of the cognitive warfare mechanism of the role of the metaverse, and strengthen and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

　　(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

國語中文：

●元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。

●與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。

●元宇宙提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。

●加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機理探索，將有助於豐富及促進認知戰理論建構。

元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發達的虛擬世界。當數位、網路、擴增實境等虛擬技術和現代通訊、區塊鏈、人工智慧等技術發展到一定階段，元宇宙就橫空出世。與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運作符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，其直接作用於人的思維認知但又不拘泥於思維認知的本質屬性，決定其本身承載了現實世界的運作規律，提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，同時它本身就是一個複雜的認知體，因而具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本機理

元宇宙相對於其他技術的不同在於構築了一個完整的數位世界，支撐其運作的不是單一或幾個技術，而是一個複雜的高科技複合體。這個複合體是人構築的，是認知的產物並隨人類認知實踐的發展不斷發展演變，其認知運用具有獨特的規律機制。

體系增強機制。元宇宙構築的數位世界本身就是一個高度發展的認知世界，在這個特殊的認知世界裡，科技不僅以支撐和保障等附加角色存在，也直接作為認知的基本元素參與認知本身的塑造。也就是說構成元宇宙的技術本身俱有鮮明的認知底色，既支撐了認知的運作又實現了認知的自我建構、革命與超越；既提供了一系列必要的技術服務，又打造了一個人類認知自我運作、獨立作戰的全息技術土壤。元宇宙對認知的作用不是單向度的，而是全維度的；不是單線的，而是全系統的；不是獨立式的，而是沉浸型的；不是片段的，而是持續型的；不是周期階段型的，而是全壽命流程的。思維認知發展有多遠，元宇宙發展就有多遠，因而能夠更全面更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知。於是，人類既用高科技打造了「阿凡達」這個人機結合的複雜系統，同時也打造了一個在「潘朵拉星球」上能夠自主思維、自我認知、自行思想與行動的生命體，這個產生於人又獨立於人的生命體在新的宇宙空間中實現了自我完善與發展。

技知互構機理。與人工智慧、資訊網路等單一技術對思考認知的單向作用不同，元宇宙提供了一個技術與認知作用與反作用、影響與反影響的互構空間。在這個空間裡，我們能夠模擬、展示、模擬、驗證這種雙向互構共促的過程與結果，進而更加精準高效地認識認知、改進認知戰方式，同時也可以直接進行真刀真槍的認知對抗。元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間，在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進、快節奏增強、全景式呈現。據悉，美軍將虛擬技術運用於新武器裝備性能驗證、新戰法運用效果檢驗及作戰模擬訓練等，依託的就是在元宇宙等虛擬空間中構建的兵力佈置、作戰地形、人文特徵等近似實戰的場景。同時，也有越來越多的國家和軍隊透過虛擬空間與對手進行直接的認知攻防，迷茫其心智，誤導其方向，銷蝕其意志。

能動反射機理。元宇宙作為與現實世界平行的虛擬存在，不是簡單地將三維空間數位化複製，而有著自身運行規則並能動作用於現實世界，這種能動作用即是元宇宙認知運用的著力點。元宇宙空間博弈體現認知戰特點，透過虛擬模擬在元宇宙中推演出的戰爭結果，可能直接作用於現實世界，透過感官觸覺延伸到意識認知的爭奪博弈，從而贏得認知戰主導權。在認知視域下，元宇宙既是認知的新空間也是認知的主戰場，既是認知的延伸域也是認知的新構件。目前，不少國家軍隊透過沙盤作業、兵棋推演甚至電腦模擬模擬來發展和檢驗戰略戰術、修訂戰法運用、完善訓練方法、改進武器裝備，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實的典型案例。隨著元宇宙技術群不斷發展融合，認知對抗必將更多、更快由現實世界向虛實結合的混合世界發展轉進。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本特徵

存在決定意識，技術驅動創造。元宇宙具有與現實世界的平行性、對現實世界的能動性、融多種技術於一體的綜合性等諸多特徵。這些突出特徵，決定其作用於思考認知的不同特徵規律。

跨領域構塑。認知的形成發展演變很少由單一因素決定，往往是多種因素綜合作用的結果。元宇宙源自現實世界、呈現於虛擬空間，具有貫穿現實與虛擬的多域連結特徵。所謂“眾口鑠金，積毀銷骨”，這種跨越不同領域、打通關聯空間的跨域特質，最能從不同角度影響和塑造人的思維認知。最典型的案例就是遊戲開發商越來越注重用建立在歷史事實和現實感受基礎上的虛擬故事吸引人感染人。美國已將這種跨領域塑造的超現實「真實」體驗用於價值觀的傳播。目前最具代表性的「元宇宙」主題科幻作品是史匹柏導演的《頭號玩家》，該劇聚焦於描繪「元宇宙」誕生的時代背景及主角的現實地位與虛擬地位之間的巨大反差，透過故事情節和特效鏡頭細膩地刻畫人類的真實參與感，從而傳播在虛擬世界裡透過「不流血」的鬥爭也能獲得財富、地位、愛情和友誼的美式意識形態特別是價值觀。

融合式影響。認知戰運作依託的重要支點是謀略和技術，隨著科技的發展和社會的進步，技術之於認知戰構成所佔比重越來越大、作用越來越突出。可以說，缺乏科技支撐的認知戰是缺乏力量的認知戰，有先進科技加持的認知戰獲勝的可能性更大。元宇宙作為融多種前沿科技於一體的複雜系統，在認知戰運用上具有天然優勢。不少人包括成年人深陷虛擬世界、沉湎網路遊戲，很重要的是虛擬空間賦予遊戲操盤手的超時空體驗和成就快感。如果說武俠小說是成人的童話，那麼可以「隨心所欲」縱橫馳騁的元宇宙，則打造了一個超級童話世界，其對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等的影響不可限量。

折衝性浸染。元宇宙與其他技術手段的一個很大不同，在於其建構的是一個源自現實世界但又反作用於現實世界母體的虛擬世界。在這個複雜領域空間中，人的思維認知在現實世界與虛擬空間之間往來折衝、相互印證、反覆確認、不斷修正進而產生新的思考認知，並對兩個世界都產生施動性影響。這種雙向互動的折衝性浸染，一方面有利於正確思維認知的形成與發展，使現實世界的認知插上虛擬世界思想放飛的翅膀而更富想像力，同時也使虛擬空間的認知找到現實世界的物質支撐而更科學。另一方面如果操作不當，很可能產生極大的安全隱患和倫理問題。這些年美軍依賴人工智慧和虛擬技術遙控的無人機攻擊對手，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實世界的典型案例。這種攻擊因遠離面對面搏殺的慘烈現場，極大淡化了無人機操作員對生命的敬畏，降低了其遙控攻擊對手的門檻。同時，由於偵察辨識技術不完善，誤擊誤傷誤殺平民、友軍甚至自己軍隊的事時有發生。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本樣式

元宇宙作用認知戰基於現實基礎、引領未來發展，涉及虛實兩界、貫通多個領域、涵蓋多種技術，作戰樣式多種多樣，有很大的不確定性，但並非無規律可循。綜合分析，基本樣式有以下三種。

平台對抗。元宇宙就其與人的思維認知的關係而言，本身就是一個複雜的認知行為體，是人類思維認知的衍生品，也是認知戰的重要構件和平台。當敵對國家和軍隊都將元宇宙視為認知戰的重要陣地時，元宇宙內部不同陣營間的認知攻防作戰就會現​​實存在。在這個平台上，元宇宙的一切技術、資源和力量都以思維認知為中心來整合運作。元宇宙作戰突顯為以擾亂、遲滯、阻擋、摧毀、消滅對手元宇宙存在和運作為目的的認知攻防作戰。在這個領域中，誰的戰略運籌更高端、戰術運用更靈活、技術力量更先進、物質支撐更堅實，誰就能取得元宇宙認知戰主動權。

體系破襲。元宇宙是由一系列前沿技術所構成的認知系統，而體系性則是其固有屬性和活力保證。數位基礎、高效通訊、區塊鏈身分認證、全像AR成像、人工智慧、高效能互聯網等先進科技，構成結構緊密、功能耦合、體系完整的統一體，其中構件對思維認知的形成發展與攻防對抗缺一不可。很難想像缺乏高階階數位化、高品質通聯、高速度計算等先進技術群的支撐，元宇宙還有存在的可能性。運用優勢力量高壓強製或以非對稱戰法攻擊和阻斷對手元宇宙體系的關鍵節點和科技運行鏈條，阻遏其運作、壓制其功能、摧毀其存在，是元宇宙認知戰的重要樣式和高效路徑。

曲嚮導流。元宇宙存在發展的一個重要價值和意義在於服務支持現實世界關聯活動。正常情況下，元宇宙能夠以數位形式全景展示、展示、複盤和預測現實世界的相關活動。一旦虛實兩個世界的通聯受擾受阻或元宇宙內部自運行失序，很容易導致其反映的情況失實、分析的信息失真、推導的結論失效、提供的建議失策，使現實世界的關聯活動跑偏走向。正是基於此，可集中力量對對手元宇宙內部運作或兩個世界的通聯技術裝置進行誘導攻擊，用極具迷惑性欺騙性的信息和場景曲嚮導流，迷茫其認知，幹擾其判斷，誤導其決策。因此，應加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索，強化促進認知戰理論建構。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://appapi.81.cn/v5/public/jfjbshare/?itemid=284_416888&type=3

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 軍事認知戰

Chinese Military Focus on Tactical & Operational Combat Planning

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中國軍隊注重戰術和作戰規劃

現代英語：

Accurately grasp the focus of combat planning

■ Wang Dong and Xu Zhiyong

Operational planning capability is a key capability of operational command and is also the basic way to transform strategic objectives and campaign tasks into specific combat actions. With an eye on winning future wars, improving operational planning capabilities will help people seize the initiative in war and gain the advantage in winning wars.

Focus on mission science planning

The combat mission stipulates the time and space conditions of the operation, determines the type, number and scale of the participating forces, and is the basic basis for combat planning. In modern warfare, the types of combat missions are more diverse, with more constraints and greater difficulty in completion. In addition, the relationship between different missions is closer, and often one move affects the entire system.

In the process of combat planning, only by accurately understanding combat tasks, scientifically decomposing combat tasks, and reasonably allocating combat tasks can we ensure that combat planning is scientific, accurate, and efficient. Accurately understanding combat tasks emphasizes accurate and comprehensive understanding of the superior’s intentions, ensuring that combat planning is always carried out around the implementation of the superior’s intentions; scientifically decomposing combat tasks emphasizes the analysis of major combat tasks, secondary combat tasks, and implicit combat tasks, ensuring that combat planning is always focused on task completion; reasonably allocating combat tasks emphasizes the reasonable selection of force resources in combination with specific tasks, ensuring that combat planning is always carried out around the optimal allocation of combat resources.

When conducting combat planning, it is necessary to accurately understand the combat intent of superiors, take the efficient completion of combat tasks as the axis, pay close attention to the efficient use of time, space, manpower, firepower, information and other factors to design combat actions, and ensure that the combat plans and programs are detailed and feasible.

Reasonable planning based on ability

Combat capability directly affects the completion time and final effect of the mission, and is an important basis for conducting combat planning. In future integrated joint operations, combat forces will be deployed over a wide area, combat actions will be coordinated across domains, and combat capability will be aggregated across multiple domains. The systemic synergy of various combat capabilities will become the key to determining victory or defeat on the battlefield.

In the process of combat planning, combat objectives should be reasonably determined, combat forces should be scientifically organized, and combat actions should be designed as a whole to ensure that combat planning is close to reality and feasible. Scientifically determine combat objectives, emphasize the reasonable selection of combat objectives based on accurate assessment of the combat capabilities of the troops; scientifically organize combat forces, emphasize focusing on complementary advantages and functional coupling to achieve an organic combination of various combat forces; design combat actions as a whole, emphasize the effective aggregation of various combat capabilities through integrated design, and ensure that combat planning is always carried out around the efficient use of combat forces.

When conducting combat planning, we should base ourselves on existing combat strength and actual combat capabilities, comprehensively analyze various situations and relevant constraints, determine appropriate combat objectives, and use them to guide combat force deployment, combat force organization, and combat action design. We must prevent the objectives from being too high, which will lead to distortion of planning products, and from being too small, which will lead to failure of planning products, and effectively improve the practicality and feasibility of planning plans.

Aim at your opponent and plan accurately

“Know thy enemy and know thyself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.” Informatized and intelligentized warfare, the characteristics of all-domain confrontation, system confrontation, and full-process confrontation are obvious. To achieve “attack others without being attacked by others”, we must insist on anticipating the enemy and responding to changes in advance.

In the face of the constant changes in the combat system, force deployment, tactics and strategies of powerful enemies, in the process of combat planning, we need to keep a close eye on the “opponent” as the target to study strategies and methods and design combat actions to ensure that combat planning is targeted and has rules to follow. We must thoroughly understand the combat opponent, emphasize accurate assessment of the enemy’s combat intentions, detailed analysis of the enemy’s combat system, and accurate grasp of the enemy’s combat focus. We must design tactics and strategies by targeting the key points in the enemy’s combat system, the weak points in force deployment, and the key points in tactics and strategies to ensure that combat planning is always carried out around defeating the enemy.

When conducting combat planning, we should accurately grasp the enemy’s combat focus, key positions and weak links, focus on selecting attack targets, carefully deploy forces, and highlight the key points, nodes and soft spots that support the enemy’s combat system to carry out force utilization and action design, improve the pertinence and accuracy of various planning results, and support the realization of flexible and autonomous asymmetric operations.

Focus on issues and coordinate planning

In future integrated joint operations, there will be more participating forces, more combat levels, a wider spatial domain, greater coordination conflicts, and various combat issues will become more complex.

In the process of combat planning, we should take the discovery of combat problems as the basis, the analysis of combat problems as the entry point, and the resolution of combat problems as the goal, and continuously enhance the thoroughness, systematicness, and completeness of combat planning. We should keep a close eye on problem-based joint planning, emphasize the support of the network information system, focus on solving the pain points, bottlenecks, and difficult problems in combat, and jointly tackle and pool wisdom among all services, fields, and levels, implement overall joint planning across all time periods, fields, and levels, and ensure that combat planning is always focused on quickly solving combat problems.

When conducting combat planning, we should adhere to the main line of efficiently solving combat problems, always focus on the realization of combat objectives, the use of combat forces, and the use of combat time and space, coordinate the joint planning of various services, levels, fields, and elements, realize the overall use of the combat forces of various services, the integrated design of campaign and tactical actions, and the cross-domain linkage of combat elements in various spatial domains, and improve the integrity of combat planning.

Focus on the situation and make rolling plans

Battlefield situation refers to the overall state and situation of the battlefield. Changes in situation are key variables that must be grasped in combat planning. The battlefield environment of modern warfare is complex and the pace of operations is accelerating. Even if the plans and programs formulated before the war are perfect, they are difficult to adapt to the rapid changes in battlefield situation.

Scientific and reasonable combat planning needs to go through a rolling iterative process, grasp the changes in the situation in a timely manner, and emphasize the real-time perception of the development and changes of the battlefield situation; accurately analyze and judge the situation, emphasize the need to base on the plan, focus on changes, and make quick decisions; continue rolling planning throughout the process, emphasize the need to respond quickly and flexibly, and continuously plan operations and decide on actions. Only in this way can the flexibility and timeliness of combat planning be continuously enhanced.

When conducting combat planning, we should focus on changes in the battlefield situation, scientifically predict the evolution of the situation, focus on repeated iterations of key planning steps such as judging the situation, implementing intentions, formulating plans, and making plans, update planning results in a timely manner, and realize the interlocking of planning and action, and move forward towards the combat objectives in a rolling manner, truly achieving “the enemy changes and I change, and I defeat the enemy first”, being one step ahead of others in planning, seizing the advantage of combat planning, and converting it into combat victory.

中文普通話語言：

準確把握作戰籌劃著力點

■王棟　許志永

作戰籌劃能力是作戰指揮的關鍵能力，也是將戰略目標、戰役任務轉化為具體作戰行動的基本途徑。著眼打贏未來戰爭，提升作戰籌劃能力有助於人們掌握戰爭主動，贏得戰爭制勝優勢。

聚焦任務科學籌劃

作戰任務規定作戰的時空條件，決定參戰力量類型、數量和規模，是進行作戰籌劃的基本依據。在現代戰爭中，作戰任務類型更加多元、約束條件更多、完成難度更大，且不同任務之間的關聯更加緊密，往往牽一發而動全身。

作戰籌劃過程中，只有精確理解作戰任務、科學分解作戰任務、合理分配作戰任務，才能確保作戰籌劃科學、準確、有效率。準確理解作戰任務，強調準確全面地理解上級意圖，確保作戰籌劃始終圍繞貫徹上級意圖展開；科學分解作戰任務，強調解析出主要作戰任務、次要作戰任務、隱含作戰任務，確保作戰籌劃始終聚焦任務完成而進行；合理分配作戰任務，強調結合具體任務合理選配力量資源，確保作戰籌劃始終圍繞作戰資源優化配置而進行。

進行作戰籌劃時，需要在準確理解上級作戰意圖的基礎上，以高效完成作戰任務為軸線，緊盯時間、空間、兵力、火力、信息等要素的高效利用進行作戰行動設計，確保作戰方案、計劃精細可行。

立足能力合理籌劃

作戰能力直接影響任務的完成時限和最終效果，是開展作戰籌劃的重要基礎。未來一體化聯合作戰中，作戰力量廣域部署、作戰行動跨域聯動、作戰能力多域聚合特徵明顯，各種作戰能力形成體系合力成為決定戰場勝負的關鍵。

作戰籌劃過程中，應合理確定作戰目標、科學編組作戰力量、整體設計作戰行動，確保作戰籌劃緊貼實際、切實可行。科學確定作戰目標，強調在準確評估部隊作戰能力的基礎上合理選擇作戰目標；科學編組作戰力量，強調聚焦優勢互補、功能耦合實現各種作戰力量的有機組合；整體設計作戰行動，強調通過一體化設計實現各種作戰能力的有效聚合，確保作戰籌劃始終圍繞著作戰力量的高效運用而展開。

進行作戰籌劃時，應立足現有作戰實力、基於實際作戰能力，綜合分析各方面情況及相關制約因素，確定適度的作戰目標，並以此牽引作戰力量部署、作戰力量編組、作戰行動設計，既要防止目標太高而導致籌劃產品失真，也要防止目標太小而導致籌劃產品失效，切實提高籌劃方案的實用性、可行性。

瞄準對手精準籌劃

「知彼知己，百戰不殆。」資訊化智能化戰爭，全局對抗、體系對抗、全程對抗特徵明顯，實現“致人而不致於人”，就要堅持料敵在先、應變在先。

面對強敵對手在作戰體系、兵力部署、戰術戰法等方面的不斷變化，在作戰籌劃過程中，需緊盯「對手」這一靶標指向來研究策略方法和設計作戰行動，確保作戰籌劃有的放矢、有章可循。吃透作戰對手，強調精準研判敵作戰企圖、精細分析敵作戰體系、準確把握敵作戰重心，瞄準敵作戰體系中的關節點、兵力部署上的薄弱點、戰術戰法上的要害點進行戰法設計，確保作戰籌劃始終圍繞克敵制勝而展開。

進行作戰籌劃時，應準確掌握敵作戰重心、關鍵部位和薄弱環節，注重精選打擊目標，精心佈局力量，突出打擊支撐敵作戰體系的要害、節點和軟肋等進行兵力運用和行動設計，提高各種籌劃成果的針對性與精準度，支撐實現靈活自主的非對稱作戰。

緊盯問題聯動籌劃

未來一體化聯合作戰中，涉及參戰力量更多、作戰層級更多、空間領域更廣、協同矛盾更大，各種作戰問題也將更為複雜。

在作戰籌劃過程中，應以發現作戰問題為基點、以分析作戰問題為切入、以解決作戰問題為目標，不斷增強作戰籌劃的周密性、系統性、完備性。緊盯問題聯動籌劃，強調以網絡資訊體係為支撐，聚焦解決作戰中的痛點、堵點、難點問題，各軍兵種、各領域、各層級等聯合攻關、集智共謀，實施全時段、跨領域與跨層次的整體聯動籌劃，確保作戰籌劃始終聚焦快速破解作戰問題而展開。

進行作戰籌劃時，應堅持以高效解決作戰問題為主線，始終圍繞作戰目標的實現、作戰力量的運用和作戰時空的利用，統籌協調各軍兵種、各層級、各領域、各要素進行聯動籌劃，實現各軍兵種作戰力量的整體運用、戰役戰術行動的一體設計、各空間領域作戰要素的跨域聯動，提高作戰籌劃的整體性。

著眼態勢滾動籌劃

戰場態勢是戰場的整體狀態和總體​​形勢，態勢變化是作戰規劃需要掌握的關鍵變數。現代戰爭戰場環境復雜，作戰節奏加快，戰前規劃制定的方案計畫即使再完善，也難以適應戰場態勢的快速變化。

科學合理的作戰籌劃需要經過一個滾動迭代的過程，及時掌握情況變化，強調要實時感知戰場態勢發展變化；準確分析判斷情況，強調要立足預案，著眼變化，快速決斷；全程持續滾動籌劃，強調要快速靈活反應，不間斷籌劃作戰和決定行動，這樣才能不斷增強作戰籌劃的靈活性和時效性。

進行作戰籌劃時，應著眼戰場態勢變化，科學預判態勢演變，重點對判斷情況、貫徹意圖、擬制方案、制定計劃等關鍵籌劃步驟進行反復迭代，適時更新籌劃成果，實現籌劃與行動環環相扣，滾動地向作戰目的推進，真正做到“敵變我變，制敵於先”，在籌劃上高人一籌、先人一步，奪取作戰籌劃優勢，並將其轉化為作戰勝勢。

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/1629826988.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 認知戰

Communist China’s Emphasis On the Evolution of Warfare

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共產中國對戰爭演變的重視

2019年12月12日10:20 | 資料來源：解放軍報

現代英語：

What is the driving force behind the evolution of war forms, and what laws can be followed? To answer this question well and analyze the evolution trend of contemporary war forms, we should first start from the characteristics of the times, grasp the social motivations that promote its development from an overall perspective, and then examine the breadth, depth, magnitude, and intensity of the effects of various influencing factors, so as to make scientific judgments. At present, human society is in a historical period where the scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are strongly intersecting, and the war forms and combat methods are likely to undergo subversive changes.

A new round of global technological revolution is the fundamental driving force behind the evolution of contemporary warfare

Science and technology is a revolutionary force that has played a driving role in history. It is also the original driving force for the development of war and the basic basis for understanding the development of war. Engels once pointed out: “Once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the way of warfare.” At the beginning of this century, the scientific community predicted that the “scientific silence” has lasted for more than 60 years since the second half of the 20th century, and the historical cycle of technological revolution is approaching. In recent years, a new round of scientific and technological revolution is ready to take off. Original breakthroughs in some major scientific issues such as the structure of matter, the evolution of the universe, the origin of life, and the nature of consciousness are opening up new frontiers and new directions. Some major disruptive technological innovations are creating new industries and new formats. Information technology, biotechnology, manufacturing technology, new material technology, and new energy technology have penetrated into almost all fields, driving a major collective technological change characterized by green, intelligent, and ubiquitous. The military field is the most sensitive field to the development of science and technology. Every major scientific and technological progress and innovation will cause a profound change in the form of war and the way of warfare. With the brewing of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, emerging strategic military technologies, especially disruptive military technologies, are emerging in a concentrated manner, and the driving force for military development is unprecedentedly strong. At present, the “perception revolution” caused by the Internet of Things technology, the “computing revolution” caused by cloud computing, the “prediction revolution” caused by big data, the “communication revolution” caused by quantum technology, the “material revolution” caused by nanotechnology, the “behavior revolution” caused by artificial intelligence technology, and the “strike revolution” caused by military aerospace, new aviation, electromagnetic launch, directed energy weapons, deep-sea development, unmanned combat systems, and smart ammunition are developing in a coordinated manner, converging and integrating, accelerating the comprehensive reshaping of combat means, showing unprecedented transformation and subversion, and becoming the “first driving force” for the evolution of war forms and combat methods.

Global strategic adjustments and intensified competition among major powers provide the background for the evolution of contemporary warfare

At present, the international situation is at a new turning point. Various strategic forces are accelerating their differentiation and combination, and the international system has entered a critical period of accelerated evolution and profound adjustment. The collective rise of emerging market countries and the accelerated rise and fall of international strategic power have posed a great impact on the international governance structure dominated by the West. Hegemonism and power politics are becoming increasingly unpopular. The social economy and comprehensive national strength of the West, represented by the United States, have grown slowly, and the internal centripetal force and cohesion have declined. Many populists have risen, politics have turned right, and social contradictions have surged. Under the general trend of gradually losing comprehensive advantages, some countries rely more on military means. After Trump came to power, he significantly increased the defense budget under the condition of tight financial resources. The budget for fiscal year 2018 was US$692 billion, an increase of more than 10%; the total amount of the Department of Defense’s proposal for fiscal year 2019 reached US$716 billion, an increase of 12% over the application for fiscal year 2018. The new US national security strategy clearly lists Russia and China as strategic competitors. Moreover, the U.S. military has a tradition of seeking absolute military superiority through technological advantages. It is currently promoting a military transformation with intelligence as the main direction. The fundamental purpose is to use artificial intelligence, a disruptive technology that “changes the future war situation”, to reshape the military system, seek to form a new generation gap, seize the initiative in future wars, obtain the “core competitiveness” of the 21st century, and ensure the absolute military superiority of the U.S. military in the next few decades. The U.S. military’s approach will inevitably stimulate the military of other countries to take preventive measures and intensify military competition. The extensive and profound development and changes in the military field must be “one of the important contents of the world’s great development, great change, and great adjustment”, providing a strong impetus for the evolution of war forms and combat methods.

A new round of industrial revolution lays a new social foundation for the evolution of contemporary warfare

The scientific and technological revolution leads to the industrial revolution, which triggers the reshaping of the material production base and social organization. War and military are human practices rooted in the social production base. The arrival of a new round of industrial revolution will provide new support for the new military revolution and the evolution of war. At present, the integration of new generation information technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and mobile Internet with robots and intelligent manufacturing technologies is accelerating, the chain of scientific and technological innovation is more flexible, technology updates and results transformation are faster, and industrial renewal is accelerating, making social production and consumption shift from industrialization to automation and intelligence. Social productivity will be greatly improved again, and labor productivity will achieve a big leap. Germany’s Industry 4.0, the United States’ “re-industrialization”, and the corresponding policies of other major countries will promote the arrival of a new round of industrial revolution and promote the comprehensive spread of scientific and technological revolution from the technical field to the entire economic field and even the entire society. In the military field, the traditional “waterfall-type” sequential R&D model of weapons and equipment will be replaced by an intelligent, real-time, personalized, and collaborative parallel R&D model, which will greatly shorten the R&D production cycle and improve efficiency. New production tools and production methods will also greatly improve the production efficiency of weapons and equipment. For example, the benefits of digital manufacturing exceed those of traditional methods by more than an order of magnitude; the raw materials required by 3D printing technology are only one-tenth of the original, the production efficiency is doubled, the cycle is doubled, and the energy consumption is far lower than the traditional method. The new round of industrial revolution will greatly improve the efficiency of research and development, production and procurement of war tools, accelerate metabolism, and provide social and material support for the rapid evolution of war forms.

Forward-looking military theories provide powerful catalysts and guidance for the evolution of contemporary warfare

Military theory and military technology are known as the “twin engines” of military development, and they are also a strong driving force for the evolution of war forms. At present, the speed of innovation of war and combat concepts in major countries in the world is accelerating, and the innovation intensity is unprecedented. They have made forward-looking outlines and designs for future war forms, guiding the development of war and the direction of military construction. The US military has always attached great importance to the guidance of military theory, and even proposed that “one theory guides one war, and one war eliminates one theory.” In recent years, the US military and academic circles have successively proposed a series of innovative strategies and combat concepts, which are dazzling. For example, in 2009, Air Force Chief of Staff Schwartz and Navy Chief of Operations Roughead jointly signed a memorandum proposing the “Air-Sea Battle” concept; in January 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that it would replace the “Air-Sea Battle” concept with “Global Public Domain Intervention and Joint Mobility”; in November 2014, then-U.S. Secretary of Defense Hagel clearly proposed the “National Defense Innovation Initiative” with the third “offset strategy” as its connotation to accelerate the military transformation of the U.S. military; in 2012, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff proposed the concept of “joint electromagnetic spectrum operations” in the “JP3-13.1 Joint Electronic Warfare Ordinance”; in 2014, a U.S. think tank launched “Robots on the Battlefield II – Clusters of the Future”, proposing “UAV swarm operations” ” concept; since 2013, retired US Air Force Lieutenant General DePutula and others have successively proposed a series of concepts such as “combat cloud”, “combat cloud”, “campaign cloud” and “cloud combat”; in early 2015, the US Navy surface ship force proposed the “distributed lethality” combat concept; in October 2016, the US Army Association proposed “multi-domain warfare” and officially included it in the Army’s regulations in November of the same year; in April 2017, Robert Walker, former Deputy Secretary of Defense of the United States, proposed the concept of “algorithmic warfare”, which is essentially an “intelligent +” war based on artificial intelligence… These war and combat concepts are both joint and military, both strategic and tactical and technical, and many have been incorporated into regulations, entered into practice and research and development. For example, the third “offset strategy” attaches great importance to artificial intelligence and autonomous capabilities, incorporates them into the combat network, attempts to make “unmanned and autonomous systems play a core role” and usher in “war in the robot era”, and envisions the full realization of intelligence in combat platforms, information systems and command and control by 2050, thereby forming a new overwhelming technological advantage. These innovative theories will have a strong and lasting impact on the development direction of future war forms and combat methods.

New war practices provide a stage for exploring paths for the evolution of contemporary war forms

Entering the new century, especially in recent years, some new changes have occurred in human war practice, from which we can see some clues of the evolution of future war forms. For example, on the land battlefield, cluster warfare with ground unmanned systems as the main body has entered the battlefield and has begun to show its edge. At the end of 2015, the Russian army used the “Andromeda-D” automated command system in Syria to command 6 “Platform-M” and 4 “Argo” combat robots. With the support of self-propelled artillery groups and several drones, it carried out the world’s first ground combat with combat robot clusters as the main body and successfully completed the combat mission. For example, from the evening of January 5 to the early morning of January 6, 2018, Syria time, the Russian Khmeimim Air Force Base and Tartus Naval Base in Syria were attacked by 13 drones of Syrian militants. The Russian army responded with electronic attacks and firepower strikes in time, successfully controlled 6 drones, and another 7 drones were destroyed by the Russian air defense forces. In addition, through “pre-practice”, it can also be used to rehearse and preview the future war forms and combat methods in advance. For example, in April 2017, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense jointly held the Military Academy Swarm Drone Challenge with the Air Force Academy, West Point Military Academy, and the Naval Academy, exploring and testing key technical tactics and related tactics of drone swarms. In the recent practice and pre-practice of many related wars, the embryonic form of future warfare is taking shape and growing.

國語中文：

引言

戰爭形態演進的動力是什麼，有什麼規律可循？回答好這個問題，分析當代戰爭形態演進趨勢，首先應從時代特徵出發，對推動其發展的社會動因從整體上加以把握，繼而考察各類影響因素作用的廣度、深度、幅度、烈度，從而作出科學判斷。目前，人類社會正處於科技革命、產業革命與軍事革命強勢交會的歷史時期，戰爭形態和作戰方式很可能發生顛覆性變化。

新一輪全球科技革命是當代戰爭形態演進的根本動因

科學技術是一種在歷史上起推動作用的革命性力量，也是推動戰爭發展的原始動力和認知戰爭發展的基本依據。恩格斯曾指出：「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。」在本世紀初，科學界就預測，自20世紀下半葉以來「科學的沉默」已達60餘年，迫近爆發技術革命的歷史週期。近年來，新一輪科技革命蓄勢待發，物質結構、宇宙演化、生命起源、意識本質等一些重大科學問題的原創性突破正在開闢新前沿新方向，一些重大顛覆性技術創新正在創造新產業新業態，資訊科技、生物技術、製造技術、新材料技術、新能源技術廣泛滲透到幾乎所有領域，帶動了以綠色、智慧、泛在為特徵的群體性重大技術變革。軍事領域是對科技發展最敏感的領域，每一次重大科技進步和創新都會引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變革。隨著新一輪科技革命的醞釀形成，新興的戰略性軍事技術特別是顛覆性軍事技術正在集中湧現，對軍事發展的推動力空前強勁。當前，物聯網技術引發的“感知革命”，雲端運算等引發的“計算革命”，大數據引發的“預測革命”，量子科技引發的“通信革命”，奈米技術引發的“材料革命”，人工智慧技術引發的“行為革命”，以及軍事航太、新型航空、電磁發射、定向能武器、深海開發、無人作戰系統、智慧彈藥等引發的“打擊革命”，協同發展、匯聚融合，正在加速作戰手段的全面重塑，展現出空前的變革性與顛覆性，成為戰爭形態與作戰方式演進的「第一推動力」。

全球戰略調整與大國競爭加劇為當代戰爭形態演進提供時代背景

目前，國際情勢正處於新的轉折點，各種戰略力量加速分化組合，國際體系進入加速演變和深刻調整的關鍵時期。新興市場國家群體性崛起，國際戰略力量對比消長加快，對西方主導的國際治理格局構成極大衝擊，霸權主義和強權政治越來越不得人心。以美國為代表的西方社會經濟和綜合國力成長緩慢，內部向心力凝聚力下降，多國民粹抬頭、政治右轉、社會矛盾激增。在綜合優勢逐漸喪失的大趨勢下，一些國家對軍事手段更加倚仗。川普上台後，在財力吃緊的情況下大幅增加國防預算。 2018年財政年度預算為6,920億美元，增幅10%以上；2019財年國防部提案總額達7,160億美元，比2018財年申請金額增加12%之多。美國新國家安全戰略，明確將俄羅斯、中國列為戰略競爭對手。而且，美軍素有透過技術優勢謀求絕對軍事優勢的傳統，目前正在推動一場以智慧化為主要方向的軍事變革，根本目的是利用人工智慧這項「改變未來戰局」的顛覆性技術重塑軍事體系，尋求形成新的代差，掌握未來戰爭主動權，獲取21世紀“核心競爭力”，確保美軍在未來幾十年內的絕對軍事優勢。美軍的做法必然刺激其他國家軍隊採取防範措施，加劇軍事競爭。軍事領域廣泛而深刻的發展變化，必然是“世界大發展、大變革、大調整的重要內容之一”，為戰爭形態和作戰方式的演進提供了強勁動力。

新一輪產業革命為當代戰爭形態演進奠定新的社會基礎

科技革命導致產業革命，產業革命引發物質生產基礎與社會組織方式的重塑。戰爭和軍事是植根於社會生產基礎的人類實踐，新一輪產業革命的到來將為新的軍事革命和戰爭演進提供新的支撐。目前，大數據、雲端運算、行動互聯網等新一代資訊科技同機器人、智慧製造技術相互融合步伐加快，科技創新鏈條更加靈巧，技術更新和成果轉化更加快捷，產業更新換代不斷加快，使社會生產和消費從工業化向自動化、智慧化轉變，社會生產力將再次大幅提高，勞動生產力將實現大躍進。德國工業4.0、美國“再工業化”，以及其他主要國家的相應政策，將促成新一輪產業革命的到來，促使科技革命由技術領域向整個經濟領域乃至整個社會的全面擴散。軍事領域，傳統的武器裝備「瀑布型」順序式研發模式，將被智慧化、即時化、個人化、協作化的平行研發模式所取代，極大縮短研發週期、提高效益。新的生產工具和生產方法也將大大提高武器裝備生產效率。例如，採用數位製造帶來的效益超出傳統手段一個數量級以上；採用3D列印技術所需原料只有原來的十分之一，生產效率成倍提高，週期成倍縮短，能源消耗也遠低於傳統方式。新一輪產業革命，將大幅提升戰爭工具的研發生產和採購效率，加速新陳代謝、騰籠換鳥速度，為戰爭形態快速演進提供社會物質支撐。

前瞻性軍事理論為當代戰爭形態演進提供強力催化引領

軍事理論與軍事技術並稱軍事發展的“雙引擎”，同樣也是推動戰爭形態演進的強勁動力。目前，世界主要國家有關戰爭和作戰概念推陳出新的速度加快，創新密集度前所未有，對未來戰爭形態進行了前瞻性勾勒設計，引導著戰爭發展走向和軍隊建設方向。美軍歷來高度重視軍事理論的引領，甚至提出「一個理論指導一場戰爭、一場戰爭淘汰一種理論」。近年來，美國軍界、學術界先後提出一系列創新戰略和作戰概念，讓人目不暇給。如2009年，美空軍參謀長施瓦茨、海軍作戰部長拉夫黑德聯合簽署備忘錄，提出「空海一體戰」作戰概念；2015年1月，美國防部又宣布以「全球公域介入和機動聯合”取代“空海一體”作戰概念；2014年11月，美時任國防部長哈格爾明確提出以第三次“抵消戰略”為內涵的“國防創新倡議”，加快推進美軍軍事變革；2012年，美參聯會在《JP3－13.1聯合電子戰條令》中提出「聯合電磁頻譜作戰」概念；2014年，美一智庫推出《戰場上的機器人Ⅱ－未來的集群》，提出「無人機蜂群作戰」概念；2013年以來，美空軍退役中將德普圖拉等人先後提出「作戰雲」「戰鬥雲」「戰役雲」「雲作戰」等系列概念；2015年初，美海軍水面艦艇部隊提出「分散式殺傷」作戰概念；2016年10月，美陸軍協會提出「多域戰」並於同年11月正式列入陸軍條令；2017年4月，美國防部原常務副部長羅伯特·沃克提出「演算法戰」概念，實質是基於人工智慧的「智慧+」戰爭……這些戰爭和作戰概念，既有聯合的也有軍兵種的，既有戰略層面也有戰術技術層面的，有許多已經納入條令、進入實務和研發環節。如，第三次“抵消戰略”高度重視人工智慧和自主能力，將其納入作戰網絡，企圖使“無人和自主系統扮演核心角色”、迎接“機器人時代的戰爭”，並設想2050年前在作戰平台、資訊系統和指揮控制方面全面實現智慧化，藉此形成新的壓倒性技術優勢。這些創新理論，將對未來戰爭形態和作戰方式發展方向產生強勁持久的引領。

新的戰爭實踐為當代戰爭形態演進提供探索路徑的舞台

進入新世紀，特別是近幾年來，人類戰爭實踐出現一些新的變化，從中可以看出未來戰爭形態演化的一些端倪。例如，在陸戰戰場，以地面無人系統為主體的集群作戰已經走上戰場並初露鋒芒。 2015年底，俄軍在敘利亞使用「仙女座-D」自動化指揮系統指揮6部「平台-M」和4部「阿爾戈」作戰機器人，在自行火砲群、數架無人機的支援下，實施了世界首次以戰鬥機器人集群為主的地面作戰，順利完成作戰任務。再如，敘利亞時間2018年1月5日晚至6日清晨，俄駐敘赫梅米姆空軍基地和塔爾圖斯海軍基地遭到敘武裝分子13架無人機的集群式攻擊，俄軍及時採取電子攻擊和火力打擊應對，成功控制6架無人機，另有7架無人機被俄防空部隊摧毀。此外，透過「預實踐」也可為未來戰爭形態和作戰方式提前彩排預演。如2017年4月，美國國防部高級研究計畫局（DARPA）與空軍學院、西點軍校、海軍學院共同舉辦了軍事院校集群無人機挑戰賽，探索試驗了無人機集群關鍵技術戰術和相關戰法。在近期許多相關戰爭的實踐與預實踐中，未來戰爭形態的萌芽正在形成壯大。

中國軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/1212/c1011-3158888.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military’s Three Core Focuses on Understanding Winning Mechanisms of Information Warfare

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中國軍隊三大核心聚焦資訊戰制勝機制

2016-11-22 03:03

現代英語：

Naval Command College Research Group

The winning mechanism of war is the most prominent and core characteristic of war. The winning mechanism of informationized war mainly includes three core contents: winning by information advantage, winning by structural destruction and winning by joint action.

Winning with information advantage

In the information age, wars are won mainly by information. Information is the first element of modern warfare, information resources are the first resource of modern warfare, and information advantage is the first advantage of modern warfare, and it determines the victory of the war.

The core of winning with information advantage is the right to control information. War is conducted under the guidance of information, which is implemented according to the law of events turning into information, information turning into situation, situation turning into cognition, cognition turning into decision, and decision turning into action. Information supports command and control, and dominates combat operations and the course of war. Only by gaining the right to control information can we seize the initiative and freedom on the battlefield.

Ways to achieve victory with information advantage. First, information flow leads material flow and energy flow, and information advantage multiplies cognitive power, control power and attack power, thereby regulating the course, direction, target and action of war. Second, information system leads weapon platform, combat force, unit and element are in the loop, the loop is under human control, under the guidance of information system, material energy can produce geometric series “fusion” and extremely precise “energy release”, so that combat power will have a qualitative leap. Then realize long-range rapid precision strike, system structure fixed point destruction and paralysis, and multi-method comprehensive victory. Third, cyberspace is based on physical space, penetrates physical space, transcends physical space and dominates physical space. Occupying the new field and new height of cyberspace warfare will gain new means and advantages of information warfare, and then evolve new concepts, new tactics and new ways to win in combat. Fourth, advanced technology, high-tech equipment, brilliant achievements and public opinion propaganda can have a strong deterrent and striking effect on the enemy’s psychology, fully disintegrate the enemy’s political will, resistance determination and public confidence, and then achieve all-round victory.

Structural destruction wins

Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The essence of system confrontation is a holistic and comprehensive confrontation. The formation, development and function of any overall comprehensive capability depends on the structure of the system.

The structure of the system determines the function, and the function generates the capability. Structural damage causes the system elements to be missing and the relationships to be out of order, which destroys the technical structure and system structure, and causes the loss of the organizational structure and functional structure, making it impossible to generate system capabilities.

The core of winning by structural destruction is network control. Network energy gathering, network energy empowerment, and network energy empowerment are the major functions of the network, which are based on the inherent characteristics of the information network system and the combat system. The first is network energy gathering. Through the network, various information is gathered together, and combat forces, units and elements are integrated into an organic whole. This whole is actually a collection of information energy, energy energy, and material energy, forming a full-factor advantage of information, energy, and material. The second is network energy empowerment. The combat forces, units, and elements in the system obtain all kinds of required information and support and coordination through the network, and have capabilities that they did not originally have, thereby improving their combat effectiveness. The third is network energy empowerment. In the combat system, target information, guidance information, coordination information, and command information are distributed to combat forces and units through the network, so that they are integrated into the system from the original passive listeners and executors, and become equal participants, executors, and advisers in the system, forming a flat charge. To control the network is to destroy the foundation and remove the fuel from under the cauldron, so that the combat system cannot gather energy; to break the network is to destroy the “hub”, cut off the flow of information, and make it impossible for the combat system to empower and authorize.

The strength of a system is based on its structure, the benefits of a system depend on its structure, and the strength of a system also lies in its structure. If you knock out the key nodes, the system will collapse; if you hit the vital point, the system will collapse. First, destroy the technical structure. The technical structure refers to the network structure, data structure, and software structure in the system. By destroying the key nodes of the network structure, destroying the software system of the network, destroying the database and information nodes, the various elements in the system cannot be interconnected and become a mess. Second, destroy the system structure. The combat system based on the information network is composed of a reconnaissance and early warning system, a command and control system, a precision strike system, an information confrontation system, and an integrated support system. Destroying the reconnaissance and early warning system will make the system “blind” and “deaf”. Destroying the command and control system will knock out the “vital point”, making the system leaderless and out of order. Destroying the integrated support system will make the system lose its support and become a water without a source and a tree without roots. Third, destroy the overall structure. The power structure, organizational structure, operation structure, and functional structure are the core of the overall structure. Destroying the power structure will cause the system elements to be missing, destroying the organizational structure will cause the system to be disordered, and destroying the operation structure will cause the system to malfunction, ultimately achieving the purpose of destroying the functional structure.

Joint action wins

Joint operations are the organic integration of combat forces, units, and element functions, which maximizes the combat effectiveness of the system. There is no joint operation without war, no war without joint operation, and no victory without joint operation. This has become the basic consensus of the world’s military powers and is an inevitable trend in future wars.

The connotation of joint operations is technology + tactics, system + system, plan + autonomy, action + support, discovery + destruction. It is a vivid manifestation of 1+1>2, the combination of combat operations, the integration of combat functions, and the concentrated release of combat effectiveness.

The core of winning joint operations is force control. Mechanized warfare pursues firepower, mobility, protection and support. Informationized warfare pursues the system’s reconnaissance and early warning capabilities, command and control capabilities, precision strike capabilities, information confrontation capabilities, and comprehensive support capabilities.

The implementation of joint operations must follow the rigid requirements of combat planning and the internal logic of “situation map”, “combat process”, “combat list”, “combat planning”, “autonomous action” and “effectiveness evaluation”. The first is the situation map that concerns the overall situation. Use a picture to fully present the battlefield situation. The second is a strict combat process, that is, the action process of detection, control, attack and evaluation, the command process of target discovery, target determination and action control, and the information process of information acquisition, transmission and processing. The third is a clear combat list, that is, the task list, target list and strike list. The task list is the clarification and summary of the combat tasks of the combat forces, units and elements. The target list is the batch numbering and sorting of the enemy’s targets. The strike list is the sorting and allocation of the strike targets according to the threat level of the enemy’s targets. The fourth is a detailed combat plan, that is, force planning, firepower planning, and information planning. It is a deepening, refinement and concretization of the combat plan, and it is also a substitute for the extensive combat plan. The fifth is flexible autonomous action, that is, self-organization, self-coordination, and self-action. It is the highest realm of joint action and the development of coordinated operations and contract operations, which enables temporary groups to effectively organize and coordinate and smoothly implement joint operations. The “three selfs” are organized and implemented in strict accordance with the combat process, based on the task list and strike list, and in accordance with the combat plan. Without the above prerequisites, it is impossible to achieve a real joint action. The sixth is a complete evaluation system to conduct timely and accurate evaluation of battlefield combat effectiveness and strike effects, providing a basis for subsequent combat planning.

In joint operations, the goal is the premise, calculation is the key, and precision is the core, and combat calculations run through the entire combat process, among which “one picture” is the preliminary calculation, “three processes” are the actuarial calculation, “three lists” are the in-depth calculation, three plans are the detailed calculation, three autonomies are the planning, and performance evaluation is the settlement.

國語中文：

海軍指揮學院主題組

戰爭制勝機理是戰爭最突出、最核心的特質。資訊化戰爭制勝機制主要包含資訊優勢制勝、結構破壞制勝和聯合行動制勝三個核心內容。

資訊優勢制勝

資訊時代的戰爭，主要靠資訊制勝。資訊是現代戰爭的第一要素，資訊資源是現代戰爭第一資源，資訊優勢是現代戰爭的第一優勢，決定戰爭勝勢。

資訊優勢制勝的核心是製資訊權。戰爭在資訊主導下進行，主導是依照事件轉化為資訊、資訊轉化為態勢、態勢轉化為認知、認知轉化為決策、決策轉化為行動的規律實施的。資訊支撐著指揮控制，主導作戰行動和戰爭進程。只有取得制資訊權，才能掌握戰場主動權、自由權。

資訊優勢制勝的實現途徑。一是以資訊流主導物質流、能量流，以資訊優勢倍增認知力、控制力和攻擊力，進而調控戰爭的進程、方向、目標和行動。二是資訊系統主導武器平台，作戰力量、單元、要素在迴路中，迴路在人的控制中，在資訊系統的引導下，使物質能產生幾何級數“聚變”和極其精準的“能量釋放” ，使戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。進而實現遠程快速精確打擊、體系結構定點毀癱、多法綜合製勝。第三是網路空間基於實體空間、滲透物理空間、超越實體空間、主導實體空間。佔領網路空間作戰這個新領域、新高點，便獲得了資訊作戰新手段、新優勢，進而演化出作戰制勝的新觀念、新戰法、新途徑。四是先進技術、高新裝備、輝煌戰果、輿論宣傳都能對敵方心理產生強大的威懾和打擊作用，充分瓦解敵方的政治意志、抵抗決心和民眾信心，進而實現全方位勝利。

結構破壞制勝

現代戰爭是體系與體系的對抗，體系對抗實質是整體性對抗、綜合性對抗，而任何一個整體綜合能力的形成、發展和發揮作用，都在於體系的結構。

體系的結構決定功能，功能產生能力。結構破壞就是造成體係要素缺失、關係失序，使技術結構、系統結構破壞，組織結構、功能結構喪失，無法產生體系能力。

結構破壞制勝的核心是製網。網能聚能、網能賦能、網能賦權，這是網路的重大作用，是基於資訊網路體系、作戰體系的內在特徵。一是網能聚能。透過網路把各種資訊聚在一起，把作戰力量、單元和要素融合為有機整體。這個整體其實就是資訊能、能量能、物質能的集合體，形成了資訊、能量、物質的全要素優勢。二是網能賦能。體系內的作戰力量、單元、要素，透過網路獲得各種所需的資訊和支援配合，具備了自身原來不具備的能力，因而提高了其作戰效能。三是網能賦權。在作戰體系內，透過網路給作戰力量、單元分配目標訊息、引導訊息、協同訊息、指令訊息，使之由原來的被動聽令者、執行者融入體系，成為體系內平等的參與者、執行者、建議者，形成扁平化的指控。制網就是破根基，釜底抽薪，使作戰體係不能聚能；破網就是毀“中樞”，切斷資訊流，使作戰體係不能賦能、賦權。

體系之堅基礎在結構，體系之利取決於結構，體系之肋也在於結構。打掉關鍵節點，體係不攻自破；打準命門，體系土崩瓦解。一是破壞技術結構。技術結構指的是體系中網路結構、資料結構和軟體結構。透過破壞網路結構的關鍵節點、毀癱網路的軟體系統、破壞資料庫和資訊節點，使體系中的各要素無法互聯互通，成為一盤散沙。二是破壞系統結構。基於資訊網路的作戰體係是由偵察預警系統、指揮控制系統、精確打擊系統、資訊對抗系統、綜合保障系統所構成的。毀癱偵察預警系統，就會使體系變成「瞎子」和「聾子」。毀癱指控系統，就打掉了“命門”，使體系群龍無首、運行失序。毀癱綜合保障系統，體係就失去了支撐，成為無源之水、無本之木。三是破壞總體結構。力量結構、組織結構、運作結構、功能結構是整體結構的內核，破壞力量結構就會使體係要素缺失，破壞組織結構就會使體系失序，破壞運作結構就會使體系運作失靈，最終達到破壞功能結構的目的。

聯合行動制勝

聯合作戰是對作戰力量、單元、要素功能的有機融合，使體係作戰效能能最大限度地釋放。無戰不聯、無聯不戰、無聯不勝，已成為世界軍事強國的基本共識，是未來戰爭的必然趨勢。

聯合行動的內涵是技術+戰術、系統+系統、計畫+自主、行動+保障、發現+摧毀，是1+1>2的生動體現，是作戰行動的聯合，是作戰功能的融合，是作戰效能集中釋放。

聯合行動制勝的核心是製力。機械化戰爭追求的是火力、機動性、防護力和保障力。資訊化戰爭追求的是體系的偵察預警能力、指揮控制能力、精確打擊能力、資訊對抗能力、綜合保障能力。

實施聯合行動必須遵循作戰規劃的剛性要求和「態勢圖」「作戰流程」「作戰清單」「作戰規劃」「自主行動」「效能評估」的內在邏輯。一是事關全局的態勢圖。用一張圖把戰場態勢全面呈現出來。二是嚴格的作戰流程，即偵、控、打、評的行動流程，目標發現、目標確定、行動控制的指控流程，資訊取得、傳遞、處理的資訊流程。三是明確的作戰清單，即任務清單、目標清單、打擊清單。任務清單是己方對作戰力量、單元、要素作戰任務的明確和匯總，目標清單是對敵方目標的分批編號和梳理，打擊清單是根據敵方目標的威脅程度，對打擊目標的排序和分配。四是詳盡的作戰規劃，即兵力規劃、火力規劃、資訊規劃。它是對作戰方案的深化、細化和具體化，也是對粗放作戰計畫的替代品。五是靈活的自主行動，即自組織、自協同、自行動，它是聯合行動的最高境界，是協同作戰、合約作戰的發展，使臨時編組進行有效的組織和協同，順利實施聯合行動。 「三自」是嚴格遵循作戰流程，依據任務清單和打擊清單，依照作戰規劃組織實施的，沒有上述的前提條件，就無法實現真正意義上的聯合行動。六是完善的評估體系，對戰場作戰效能和打擊效果進行及時且準確的評估，為後續作戰規劃提供基礎。

聯合行動，目標是前提、計算是關鍵、精準是核心，且作戰計算貫穿作戰全過程，其中「一張圖」是初算、「三個流程」是精算、「三個清單」是深算、三個規劃是細算、三個自主是謀算、效能評估是結算。

資料來源：解放軍報作者：海軍指揮學院研究小組責任編輯：菅琳

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jwzl/2016-11/22/content_73788.htm

China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, Strategic Support Forces, 中國的情報戰, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 國家網絡空間安全戰略

Chinese Military Discussion on Integration of Intelligence into Military Command and Decision-making

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中國軍隊關於情報融入軍事指揮決策的探討

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年6月30日 星期四

現代英語：

With the widespread use of advanced technologies such as big data, neural networks, and cloud computing, artificial intelligence is driving the transformation of decision-making thinking, models, and methods with unprecedented power. Decisions based on intuition and experience in the era of small data will give way to decisions based on full sample data in the era of intelligence, and the latter will become a new paradigm for winning on the battlefield. Accelerating the integration of artificial intelligence into modern command decision-making and better realizing the complementary advantages of human brain thinking and machine computing can promote the overall improvement of the level of military command decision-making.

Clarify the advantages of intelligent integration

The intelligent nature of future wars will continue to increase, and it is necessary to make the best decision quickly according to the changes in the enemy situation, our situation and battlefield environment. Simple human brain decision-making is no longer able to adapt to the rhythm of modern warfare. It is necessary to actively use artificial intelligence to achieve rapid and efficient military command decision-making through human-machine collaboration and complementarity. Data-driven decision-making focuses on big data resources for data mining and comprehensive analysis, discovers data associations and unknown laws, and assists commanders in making decisions based on this. Autonomous decision-making relies on the big data analysis platform, combines perception, cognition and decision support, and accurately generates and optimizes decision-making plans on the basis of ensuring timeliness. Pre-practice decision-making, by using the decision simulation system, experiments, tests, demonstrates and optimizes the combat plan before the combat decision results are converted into combat actions, and extracts the best action plan. From this point of view, artificial intelligence will become the “all-source analyst” of the battlefield. With its powerful data and algorithm advantages, it will expand the commander’s breadth and depth of cognition of the battlefield, and can achieve more accurate situation perception, more reliable battle situation judgment, and faster command and control.

Focus on integrating quasi-intelligent

Algorithms, computing power and data are both the internal driving force and core support for the development of artificial intelligence, and should be integrated into the key links of the entire command and control process. We should enhance situational awareness and provide an intelligence basis for command decision-making. We should network and connect the perception systems in the multi-dimensional battlefield, use data mining, deep learning and other technologies to process and utilize a large number of heterogeneous data streams obtained from multiple sources, extract useful battlefield intelligence, and grasp the changes in battlefield situation, so as to achieve effective transformation from information advantage to decision-making advantage. We should strengthen cognitive decision-making capabilities and provide important support for command decision-making. We should focus on the objective reality that the battlefield situation is changing rapidly and the weight of the time factor is constantly increasing. Based on data information technology and artificial intelligence technology, we should organically combine new technologies, new tactics and experience decisions, so as to combine qualitative and quantitative analysis, improve the single-loop decision-making speed of our own OODA loop, expand the breadth of parallel decision-making, and seize cognitive initiative by using speed to defeat slowness, so as to form an effect similar to dimensionality reduction strike. We should optimize coordination and control capabilities and provide solid guarantees for command decision-making. We should use big data analysis technology to explore and compare anomalies in enemy data, quickly capture opportunities for enemy confusion, errors, weaknesses, etc., change the past command model of determining the next action based on the results of the action, adjust decisions in advance, dynamically deploy troops, simulate and measure the effects of actions, and coordinate and control troops to launch troop maneuvers.

Avoiding the risks and challenges of integrating intelligence

Artificial intelligence is susceptible to defective data input, and there are problems such as “garbage in, garbage out”. At the same time, the black box nature of artificial intelligence makes it difficult for people to understand why and how the machine makes decisions, and it is difficult to identify whether the data is damaged and produces wrong results. Therefore, we must work hard on the input end of artificial intelligence. Focus on the application scenarios of artificial intelligence, identify false, forged, and low-quality data, deeply explore data relationships, and improve the integrity of information required for decision-making. Remove the false and retain the true, and increase the accuracy of training data. We must work hard on the interactive end of human-machine collaboration. The biggest dilemma of human-machine collaborative decision-making lies in the interaction between people and machines. There is uncertainty in human-machine interaction, and poor information communication may produce unpredictable and inexplicable results. It is necessary to accelerate the development of intelligent human-machine communication models. We must work hard on the operation end of machine inference. The current “machine learning”, “supervised learning” and “reinforcement learning” have been realized, but we should continue to seek breakthroughs, fully absorb various technical means, optimize model design, and improve database construction. We must work hard on the distribution end of human-machine decision-making. The human brain and machines each have their own advantages. We should focus on strengthening artificial intelligence with “human participation”, reasonably define the level, scope and degree of integration of artificial intelligence into command decision-making, intervene in human brain judgment at critical times, and control the overall safety and reliability of human-machine collaboration.

Realize efficient and orderly integration of intelligence

At present, military intelligence, with intelligence as the core, informatization as the basis, and networking as the symbol, is developing rapidly. Major countries in the world are actively exploring the advantages of artificial intelligence, hoping to make faster and better military decisions than their opponents, while creating more decision-making dilemmas for their opponents. We must keep up with the world trend, focus on top-level design, fully understand and give play to the auxiliary support role of intelligent technology in command decision-making, explore the human-machine collaborative decision-making model that conforms to the characteristics of our army, and guide the construction of the command capability system. We must adhere to systematic guidance and optimize the structure to design the human-machine collaborative path. According to the decision-making purpose and capacity requirements of strategic, campaign, and tactical combat command, distinguish between command, control, communication and other task areas, take into account the respective advantages and characteristics of “man and unmanned”, fully demonstrate the adaptability of artificial intelligence in the field of military command decision-making and possible problems, and systematically design the fields, methods and integration degree of artificial intelligence integration. We must adhere to the division of labor principles of human-led, machine-assisted, learning from each other’s strengths and weaknesses, and coordinated cooperation, design our respective exploration boundaries, and realize the transformation from auxiliary decision-making to intelligent decision-making.

國語中文：

週國輝 劉文術 張 鑑

隨著大數據、神經網路、雲端運算等先進技術的廣泛運用，人工智慧正以前所未有的力量推動決策思維、模式和方法的變革。小數據時代基於直覺和經驗的決策將讓位給智慧化時代基於全樣本數據的決策，後者將成為主導戰場制勝的新典範。加速人工智慧融入現代指揮決策，更能實現人腦思維與機器運算的優勢互補，才能推動軍事指揮決策水準的整體提升。

釐清智能化融入的優勢所在

未來戰爭的智慧化屬性將持續增強，時刻需要根據敵情、我情和戰場環境的變化快速做出最優決策。單純的人腦決策已經難以適應現代戰爭節奏，需要積極借助人工智慧，透過人機協同互補，實現軍事指揮決策的快速且高效。資料驅動式決策，著眼於大數據資源進行資料探勘與綜合研析，從中發現資料關聯、未知規律並據此輔助指揮官進行決策。自主決策依託大數據分析平台，感知、認知和決策支援結合，在確保時效性基礎上，精確產生並優選決策方案。預先實踐式決策，透過利用決策模擬系統，在作戰決策結果未轉化為作戰行動之前，先對作戰方案進行實驗、檢驗、論證與最佳化，從中萃取最佳行動方案。由此觀之，人工智慧將成為戰場的“全源分析師”，以其強大的數據和演算法優勢，拓展指揮官對戰場的認知廣度和深度，可以實現更精準的態勢感知、更可信的戰局研判、更迅速的指揮控制。

把準智能化融入的重點指向

演算法、算力以及資料既是人工智慧發展的內在動力，也是核心支撐，應融入指揮控制整個流程的關鍵環節之中。要增強態勢感知能力，為指揮決策提供情報基礎。應網路化連接多維戰場中的感知系統，借助運用資料探勘、深度學習等技術，處理並利用多源獲取的大量異質資料流，提取戰場有用情報，掌握戰場態勢變化，以實現資訊優勢到決策優勢的有效轉化。要強化認知決斷能力，為指揮決策提供重要支撐。應著眼戰場情勢瞬息萬變，時間要素權重不斷上升的客觀實際，基於數據資訊技術與人工智慧技術，有機結合新技術、新戰法與經驗決策等，使定性與定量相結合，提升己方OODA環的單環決策速度，拓展並行決策廣度，透過以快製慢，奪取認知先手，以形成近似降維打擊的效果。要優化協調控制能力，為指揮決策提供堅實保障。應藉助大數據分析技術，挖掘比對敵情資料中的異常現象，迅速捕捉敵混亂、錯誤、弱點等戰機，改變過去根據行動結果確定下一步行動的指揮模式，預先調整決策，動態調配兵力，模擬、計算行動效果，協調控制部隊展開兵力機動。

規避智慧化融入的風險挑戰

人工智慧易受缺陷資料輸入的影響，存在「垃圾進、垃圾出」等問題。同時，人工智慧的黑盒子性質，使人很難理解機器為何以及如何做出決策，難以辨識數據是否因受到損害並產生錯誤結果的情況。因此，要在人工智慧的輸入端下功夫。著眼於人工智慧應用場景，辨識虛假、偽造、劣質數據，深度挖掘數據關係，提升決策所需資訊的完整性。去偽存真，增加訓練資料的準確性。要在人機協同的互動端下功夫。人機協同決策的最大困境在於人與機器之間的交互，人機互動存在不確定性，訊息溝通不暢，可能會產生無法預料和無法解釋的結果，必須加速開發人機交流智能化模式。要在機器推論的運轉端下功夫。目前的「機器學習」「監督學習」與「強化學習」等已實現，但應不斷尋求突破，充分吸收各類技術手段，優化模型設計，完善資料庫建置。要在人機決策的分配端下功夫。人腦與機器各有優長，應著重強化「有人參與」下的人工智慧，合理界定人工智慧融入指揮決策的層級、範圍和程度，關鍵時介入人腦判斷，整體把控住人機協作的安全性和可靠性。

實現智慧化融入的高效有序

目前，以智慧化為核心、資訊化為基礎、網路化為標誌的軍事智慧化發展迅猛，世界各主要國家積極發掘人工智慧優勢，希冀做出比對手更快、更好的軍事決策，同時給對手製造更多決策困境。我們必須緊跟世界潮流，聚焦頂層設計，充分認識並發揮智慧技術對指揮決策的輔助支援作用，探索符合我軍特色的人機協同決策模式，引導指揮能力體系建構。要堅持系統指導，優化結構設計人機協同路徑。依照戰略、戰役、戰術層級作戰指揮的決策主旨、容量要求，區分指揮、控制、通訊等任務領域，兼顧「有人、無人」各自的優勢特點，充分論證人工智慧在軍事指揮決策領域中應用的適應性及可能存在的問題，系統設計人工智慧融入的領域、方式和整合程度。要堅持人為主導、機器為輔、取長補短、協同配合的分工原則，設計各自的探觸邊界，實現從輔助決策轉向智慧決策的轉變。

中國軍事原文來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-06/30/content_318790.htm