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Providing Strategic Guidance for the Chinese Military Emphasis in the New Era In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military

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為新時代中國軍事重點提供戰略指引
深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年9月2日 星期五

現代英語：

In July 2019, the white paper “China’s National Defense in the New Era” was published. In this comprehensive national defense white paper, for the first time, a defensive national defense policy system for China in the new era was constructed, and it was clearly stated that “implementing the military strategic policy of the new era is the strategic guidance of China’s national defense in the new era”. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always firmly grasped the fundamental focus of serving the strategic goals of the Party and the country, taking military means as the bottom line to realize the great dream and military struggle as an important aspect of the great struggle, keeping pace with the times and innovating military strategic guidance, establishing the general outline for the construction and use of military forces, and leading the national defense and military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era to achieve many landmark, pioneering and historic achievements.

Giving new connotations to the active defense strategic thought

The active defense strategic thought is the basic point of our party’s military strategic thought. In the long-term practice of revolutionary war, the people’s army has formed a complete set of active defense strategic ideas. After the founding of New China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission made several major adjustments to the military strategic policy in accordance with the development and changes of the national security situation. Although the content of military strategic policies has changed in different periods, the basic idea of ​​active defense has never changed. We must adhere to the unity of strategic defense and offensive campaigns and battles, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, and adhere to “If no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will offend him.” Scientific and accurate military strategy is the greatest chance of victory. The reason why our army has been able to defeat the strong with the weak and the superior with the inferior, and has always been invincible and invincible, is that it has adhered to the strategic thinking of active defense.

In the new era, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense. President Xi pointed out that adhering to active defense is a conclusion drawn from summarizing historical experience and scientifically judging the reality and the future. It is by no means an expedient measure and must be firmly adhered to. Strategically adhering to active defense is fundamentally determined by the socialist nature of our country and the fundamental interests of the country. my country is a socialist country that follows the path of peaceful development, adheres to an independent and peaceful foreign policy, pursues a defensive national defense policy, and will not invade other countries; my country is a developing country that has always faced arduous and heavy economic construction tasks and needs a peaceful and stable external environment; the Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation, and there is no gene in the blood of the Chinese nation to invade others and dominate. The Chinese people have never bullied, oppressed, or enslaved the people of other countries, not in the past, not now, and not in the future. Under the new era conditions, we adhere to the active defense strategic thinking, fully demonstrate the position of my country’s defensive national defense policy, and show that my country will never follow the old path of “a strong country must dominate”, which is conducive to winning wider international recognition and creating a more favorable strategic environment for achieving the national development strategic goals.

The vitality of military strategic guidance lies in changing with the times and taking action in response to the situation. Since its birth, the active defense strategic thinking has always developed with the development of military practice and continuously enriched its connotation. Now, we are closer than ever to the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we have the ability and confidence to achieve this goal as never before. However, we must see that we are engaged in a great struggle with many new historical characteristics, and we will inevitably face various major challenges, major risks, major resistance, and major contradictions in the process of moving forward. President Xi Jinping has a profound understanding of the new situation of my country’s national security, scientifically judged the characteristics and trends of military struggle in the new era, and made it clear that active defense is fundamentally defense and the key is active. Emphasis is placed on enhancing the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, focusing on the word “active”, further broadening the strategic vision, updating strategic thinking, moving the focus of guidance forward, and expanding the strategic depth of active defense; being active is not about rushing for quick results or rushing forward rashly, but the unity of strategic aggressiveness and tactical steady and steady, which is steady progress and steady action; actively adapt to the change in the basis of military struggle preparation, increase military innovation, and strive to raise military struggle preparation to a new level. These important expositions have concentrated on answering the most fundamental and critical issues of military strategy in the new era, and have clarified the direction and focus for our army to carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space. In recent years, under the strong guidance of Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, the focus of our military work has been increasingly corrected, the “peacetime ills” have been effectively corrected, the construction direction has been more focused on actual combat, and the innovation and development in all aspects of war, construction, and preparation have been fully leveraged. In particular, the whole army has effectively responded to external military provocations and pressures with a firm will to fight and a flexible strategy to fight, established the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone, deterred the separatist activities of “Taiwan independence” with powerful actions, actively and prudently handled hot and sensitive situations in the surrounding areas, carefully organized border control and maritime rights protection operations, effectively carried out major tasks such as anti-terrorism and stability maintenance, peacekeeping and escort, promoted the historic transformation of the military struggle pattern, and effectively maintained the overall stability of the national strategy.

Innovation of our military’s war and combat guidance theory

The essence of military strategy is the strategy of war, and planning and guiding war is the core content of innovative strategic guidance. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and science and technology have an increasingly greater impact on military competition and modern warfare. President Xi accurately grasped the changes in science and technology, war, and opponents, established new goals and new layouts for military struggle, clarified new guidance and new strategies for the use of military forces, put forward new measures and new requirements for preparing for war, and profoundly answered the major questions of what kind of war to fight and how to fight in the future, and raised our army’s understanding of the laws of war guidance to a new level.

Deeply grasp the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. The freedom to control war comes from the inevitability of understanding war. All laws of war guidance must develop in accordance with the development of history and the development of war. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and intelligent characteristics are becoming increasingly apparent. Various types of unmanned combat systems have been put into actual combat in large quantities, and the concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars have undergone major changes. President Xi pointed out profoundly that these changes seem dazzling, but there are laws to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. For example, in terms of combat forms, it is emphasized that modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, and integrated joint operations have become the basic combat form; in terms of time and space characteristics, it is emphasized that the multi-dimensional battlefield space is integrated, and the boundaries between strategic, campaign, and tactical actions tend to be blurred; in terms of the key to victory, it is emphasized that the right to control information has become the core of seizing comprehensive control of the battlefield and the key to winning the war; in terms of organization and command, it is emphasized that the strategic, joint, timely, professional, and precise requirements of combat command are becoming higher and higher, and combat organization and management are becoming more standardized, process-oriented, and refined. These important expositions have deepened the understanding of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, and provided important guidelines for us to grasp the laws of war in the world today and master the “swimming skills” of modern warfare.

Build a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army. War theory and combat thinking are a powerful traction for strengthening actual combat preparations and defeating strong enemies. In the revolutionary war years, our army was always one step ahead of the enemy in combat theory and tactics, which is an important reason why our army continued to move from victory to victory. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping focused on the overall national security and development, grasped the revolutionary changes in the war form and combat methods, prospectively studied major issues of future wars, and put forward a series of innovative combat ideas. For example, he proposed to strengthen the concept of information dominance, system support, elite combat, and joint victory, integrate various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements into an organic whole, and improve the joint combat capability and full-domain combat capability based on the network information system; he proposed to adhere to flexibility, mobility, and autonomy, focus on playing our advantages and fight with what we can and what we can’t; he proposed to grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of the people’s war under the new era conditions, innovate content and methods, and give full play to the overall power of the people’s war. These important expositions adhere to and carry forward the essence of the military thought that our army has always adhered to, conform to the evolution trend of the war form, meet the actual and development requirements of combat effectiveness construction, and provide principled guidance for our army to carry out combat tasks.

Based on the most difficult and complex situations, we should promote military struggle preparation. Military struggle preparation is the basic practical activity of the army. The more fully prepared, the more proactive it will be strategically. In the summer and autumn of 2018, the Central Military Commission used three months to conduct an unannounced and surprise inspection of the various military services and armed police forces distributed in the five major war zones. The scope of the operation covered 21 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and parts of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. This is a microcosm of the whole army’s in-depth promotion of military struggle preparation in the new era. “It is better to be prepared without fighting than to fight without preparation.” President Xi repeatedly emphasized that the whole army must establish the idea of ​​being ready for war at any time, and military struggle preparation must be firmly grasped and never relaxed. The whole army is required to persist in fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparation in all directions and fields, and be prepared to respond to various complex and difficult situations at any time; raise daily combat readiness work to a strategic height, adhere to the integration of peace and war, and maintain a high alert posture with arrows on the string and ready to be fired; promote actual combat training, keep close to combat tasks, combat opponents, and combat environment, and strengthen targeted, testing, and confrontational training. These important expositions reflect deep strategic concerns and strong bottom-line thinking, deepen the understanding of the laws of how to prepare for war and how to train troops in a peaceful environment, and point out the methods and paths for the army to generate and improve combat effectiveness and grasp the initiative in military struggle.

Enrich and develop our party’s art of commanding military struggle

President Xi insists on using the Marxist view of war to examine war and military issues, enriches and develops our party’s military dialectical thinking, and applies it to guiding the practice of actual military struggle, showing strategic planning that takes into account the overall situation, strategic courage that is not afraid of risks, and strategic wisdom that wins by taking advantage of the enemy, opening up a new realm of strategic guidance for the people’s army in the new era.

Adhere to the military’s obedience to politics and strategy’s obedience to policy. War is the continuation of politics, and dealing with the relationship between war and politics is related to the fate of the country. Now, the connection between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming more prominent. President Xi pointed out profoundly that in planning and guiding wars, we must deeply understand the political attributes of war and think about war issues from a political perspective. It is emphasized that we must maintain strategic clarity, strengthen strategic determination, and understand and plan the war issue under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; we must have both military and political minds, and whether to fight, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, must obey and serve politics. We must always obey and serve the highest interests of the country and the nation, strengthen political awareness, awareness of the overall situation, and awareness of orders, and be good at planning military actions with an eye on the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy and the overall national security strategy to ensure political and strategic initiative.

Adhere to overall planning of struggle, preparation for war, and construction. “Those who have civil affairs must have military preparations.” President Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the historical lessons of my country’s suffering from the ravages of wars by the great powers in modern times, revealed the dialectics of war and peace, and pointed out that only by being able to fight can we stop the war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. We emphasize that we do not want to fight, but only if we are prepared, have strong military power and have the ability to win, can we strategically achieve the goal of “stopping war with force”; we must plan preparation for war and stopping war, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military power in peacetime as a whole, and give full play to the strategic function of military power. In today’s world, the shadow of Cold War mentality and power politics lingers, and traditional and non-traditional security threats emerge in an endless stream. Some countries are trying to expand military alliances to seek absolute security, coerce other countries to take sides and create camp confrontation, ignore the rights and interests of other countries and pursue self-centeredness, and forging swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. Practice has proved that peace must be backed by strong strength. We must keep a close eye on strong enemies and opponents, step up the forging of stronger capabilities and more reliable means, better play the strategic functions of our army in shaping the situation, managing crises, containing wars, and winning wars, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Adhere to the unity of firmness in the principle of struggle and flexibility in strategy. Struggle is an art. It is about will, determination, and faith. It is about strategy, wisdom, and methods. In leading the great struggle, President Xi has always insisted on the unity of strengthening the sense of crisis and maintaining strategic determination, the unity of strategic judgment and tactical decision-making, and the unity of the struggle process and the effectiveness of the struggle. He requires our army to be brave and good at struggle. It is emphasized that we must not give in on issues of principle, we must be tit-for-tat and fight for every inch of land, and we must dare to take on all kinds of provocations, dare to attack, dare to fight and win, not bow in the face of difficulties, not retreat in the face of challenges, and not trade principles; we must be flexible and maneuverable on strategic issues, insist on being reasonable, beneficial, and moderate, and pay attention to the methods and art of struggle. Practice has proved that the more complex the struggle situation is, the more we must use the military hand in a step-by-step and strategic way. We must focus on stabilizing the overall situation and controlling risks, adhere to the combination of rigidity and flexibility, multiple measures, and comprehensive measures, strengthen the coordination and cooperation between military actions and political and diplomatic actions, and form an overall joint force for struggle.

Adhere to the combination of overall planning and highlighting key points. The key to strategic planning is to focus on the overall situation and seek opportunities. my country has a complex geostrategic environment and has the most neighboring countries among the world’s major powers. Based on the new situation facing my country’s security and development, President Xi Jinping has insisted on overall planning and ensuring the stability of the overall strategic situation in military strategic guidance, and has also focused on highlighting key points and grasping strategic hubs related to the overall situation to enhance the balance and three-dimensionality of the strategic layout. It is emphasized that according to the security threats and the strategic tasks of our army, we must build a strategic deployment and military deployment that is coordinated overall, responsible for different regions, mutually coordinated and integrated; highlight the preparation for military struggle at sea, effectively control major crises, and properly respond to chain reactions; coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional security fields and new security fields, and actively respond to new security threats and challenges. At present, the sudden, interconnected and changeable threats facing my country’s security have greatly increased. We must grasp the direction, take the overall situation into consideration, coordinate the overall situation, firmly grasp the main contradictions and main aspects of the military struggle, ensure the stability of the overall strategic situation, and create a strategic situation that is beneficial to us.

On the new journey, we are facing a situation with complexity and severity, and a task with heaviness and difficulty that is rare in the world and history. The People’s Army must shoulder the important task of supporting the Chinese nation towards great rejuvenation. The whole army must establish the military strategic thinking of the new era, the military strategic policy of the new era, the baton of preparing for war, and the responsibility of preparing for war. We must vigorously carry forward the spirit of struggle, cultivate the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, strengthen the determination and will to fight at the critical moment, and always have the character, integrity, and courage of not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, and not being spineless. We must constantly enhance our fighting skills, focus on tempering our actual combat capabilities in arduous and rigorous training, actively innovate strategies and tactics that are one step ahead of the enemy, and step up the construction of a strong system support for joint operations, forge elite troops that can come when called, fight when they come, and win when they fight, and resolutely win future wars and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

國語中文：

2019年7月，《新時代的中國國防》白皮書發表。在這部綜合型國防白皮書中，首次建構新時代中國防禦性國防政策體系，鮮明提出「貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針，這是新時代中國國防的戰略指導」。黨的十八大以來，習主席始終牢牢把握服務黨和國家戰略目標這個根本著眼，把軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段、軍事鬥爭作為進行偉大斗爭的重要方面來運籌，與時俱進創新軍事戰略指導，確立了統攬軍事力量建設和運用的總綱，引領新時代國防和軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備取得許多標誌性、開創性、歷史性重大成就。

賦予積極防禦戰略思想新的內涵

積極防禦戰略思想是我們黨軍事戰略思想的基本要點。在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想。新中國成立後，黨中央、中央軍委根據國家安全情勢發展變化，對軍事戰略方針進行了多次重大調整。雖然各時期軍事戰略方針內容有變化，但積極防禦的基本思想始終沒有變，堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻的統一，堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則，堅持「人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人」。軍事戰略科學準確，就是最大的勝算。我軍一路走來，之所以能夠以弱勝強、以劣勝優，始終攻無不克、戰無不勝，很重要的是堅持了積極防禦戰略思想。

新時代必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想。習主席指出，堅持積極防禦，是總結歷史經驗、科學判斷現實和未來得出的結論，決不是權宜之計，要牢牢堅持住。在戰略上始終堅持積極防禦，從根本上來說是由我國社會主義性質和國家根本利益決定的。我國是社會主義國家，走和平發展道路，堅持獨立的和平外交政策，奉行防禦性國防政策，不會去侵略其他國家；我國是發展中國家，一直面對著艱鉅繁重的經濟建設任務，需要一個和平穩定的外在環境；中華民族是愛好和平的民族，中華民族血液中沒有侵略他人、稱王稱霸的基因，中國人民從來沒有欺負、壓迫、奴役過其他國家人民，過去沒有、現在沒有、將來也不會有。在新的時代條件下，我們堅持積極防禦戰略思想，充分錶明我國防禦性國防政策立場，昭示我國絕不走「國強必霸」的老路，有利於贏得更廣泛的國際認同，為實現國家發展戰略目標營造更為有利的策略環境。

軍事戰略指導的生命力在於應時而變、應勢而動。積極防禦戰略思想自誕生之日起，就始終隨著軍事實踐的發展而發展，不斷豐富其內涵。現在，我們前所未有地接近實現中華民族偉大復興的目標，前所未有地具有實現這個目標的能力和信心。但要看到，我們正在進行具有許多新的歷史特徵的偉大鬥爭，前行中必然會面對各種重大挑戰、重大風險、重大阻力、重大矛盾。習主席深刻掌握我國國家安全的新形勢，科學研判新時代軍事鬥爭的特徵和趨勢，明確積極防禦根本在防禦、要義在積極。強調增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性，在「積極」二字上做文章，進一步拓寬戰略視野、更新戰略思維、前移指導重心，拓展積極防禦戰略縱深；積極不是急於求成、急躁冒進，而是戰略上進取和戰術上穩紮穩打相統一，是穩中有進、穩中有為；積極適應軍事鬥爭準備基點轉變，加大軍事創新力度，努力把軍事鬥爭準備提高到一個新水平。這些重要論述，集中回答了新時代軍事戰略最根本最要害的問題，為我軍在更加廣闊的空間遂行多樣化軍事任務明確了方向重點。這些年，在習近平軍事戰略思想的有力指引下，我軍工作重心日益歸正，「和平積弊」有力糾治，建設指向更加聚焦實戰，全方位撬動了戰、建、備各領域各方面創新發展。特別是全軍以堅定的鬥爭意志、靈活的鬥爭策略，有效應對外部軍事挑釁施壓，劃設東海防空識別區，以有力行動震懾「台獨」分裂行徑，積極穩健處置週邊熱點敏感事態，周密組織邊境管控與海上維權行動，有效遂行反恐維穩、維和護航等重大任務，推動軍事鬥爭格局實現歷史性轉變，有力維護了國家戰略全局穩定。

創新我軍戰與作戰指導理論

軍事戰略的本質是戰之方略，規劃和指導戰爭是創新戰略指導的核心內容。目前，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命正在加速發展，科技對軍事競爭和現代戰爭影響越來越大。習主席準確掌握科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，確立軍事鬥爭新目標新佈局，明確軍事力量運用新指導新策略，提出備戰打仗新舉措新要求，深刻回答了未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗的重大問題，把我軍對戰爭指導的規律性認知提升到新高度。

深刻掌握現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理。駕馭戰爭的自由，來自於認識戰爭的必然。一切戰爭指導規律，必須依照歷史的發展而發展，並依照戰爭的發展而發展。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看，現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高，智能化特徵日益顯現，各類無人作戰系統大量投入實戰，戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。習主席深刻指出，這些變化看起來眼花撩亂，但背後是有規律可循的，根本的是戰爭的致勝機理變了。例如，在作戰形式上，強調現代戰爭是體系和體系的對抗，一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式；在時空特性上，強調多維戰場空間融為一體，戰略、戰役、戰術行動界限趨於模糊；在製勝關鍵上，強調制資訊權成為奪取戰場綜合控制權的核心，成為贏得戰爭勝利的關鍵；在組織指揮上，強調作戰指揮戰略性、聯合性、時效性、專業性、精確性要求越來越高，作戰組織和管理日趨標準化、流程化、精細化。這些重要論述深化了對現代戰爭特徵規律的認識，為我們掌握當今世界戰爭法則、掌握現代戰爭「游泳術」提供了重要遵循。

建構具有我軍特色的作戰理論體系。戰爭理論和作戰思想，是加強實戰準備、制勝強敵對手的有力牽引。革命戰爭年代，我軍在作戰理論和戰法上始終高敵一籌，這是我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要原因。進入新時代，習主席著眼於國家安全和發展全局，掌握戰爭形態和作戰方式的革命性變化，前瞻研究未來戰爭重大議題，提出了一系列創新性作戰想法。例如，提出強化資訊主導、體系支撐、精兵作戰、聯合製勝的觀念，把各種作戰力量、作戰單元、作戰要素融合為一個有機整體，提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力；提出堅持靈活、機動、自主，著眼於發揮我們的優勢打，以能擊不能；提出把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求，創新內容和方式方法，充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。這些重要論述，堅持和發揚我軍一貫堅持的軍事思想精髓，順應戰爭形態演變趨勢，符合戰鬥力建設實際和發展要求，為我軍遂行作戰任務提供了原則指導。

以最困難、最複雜情況推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊的基本實踐活動，準備越充分在戰略上就越主動。 2018年夏秋，中央軍委利用3個月時間，以不打招呼、突擊檢查的方式，對分佈在5大戰區的各軍兵種和武警部隊進行整建制戰備拉動，行動範圍覆蓋21個省（自治區、直轄市）和東海、南海部分海域，這是新時代全軍上下深入推進軍事鬥爭準備的縮影。 「寧可備而不戰，不可無備而戰。」習主席一再強調，全軍要樹立隨時準備打仗的思想，軍事鬥爭準備要牢牢抓在手上，須臾不可放鬆。要求全軍堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設，統籌推進各方向各領域軍事鬥爭準備，做好隨時應對各種複雜困難局面的準備；把日常戰備工作提到戰略高度，堅持平戰一體，保持箭在弦上、引而待發的高度戒備態勢；推進實戰實訓，緊貼作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境，加強針對性、檢驗性、對抗性訓練。這些重要論述，反映了深層的戰略憂患和強烈的底線思維，深化了和平環境下如何備戰、怎麼練兵的規律性認識，為軍隊生成和提高戰鬥力、掌握軍事鬥爭主動權指明了方法路徑。

豐富發展我們黨軍事鬥爭指揮藝術

習主席堅持用馬克思主義戰爭觀審視戰爭和軍事問題，豐富發展了我們黨的軍事辯證法思想，並運用到指導現實軍事鬥爭實踐中，展現出觀照全局的戰略運籌、不畏風險的戰略魄力、因敵制勝的戰略智慧，開啟了新時代人民軍隊戰略指導的新境界。

堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略。戰爭是政治的延續，處理戰爭和政治的關係，事關國家命運。現在，軍事和政治的連結更加緊密，在戰略層面上的相關性和整體性日益增強，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制愈發突出。習主席深刻指出，規劃和指導戰爭，必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性，從政治高度思考戰爭問題。突顯，要保持戰略清醒，增強戰略定力，把戰爭問題放在實現中華民族偉大復興這個大目標下來認識和籌劃；既要有軍事頭腦，更要有政治頭腦，打還是不打、什麼時候打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度，都要服從和服務政治。我們必須始終服從服務於國家和民族的最高利益，強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識，善於著眼國家政治外交大局和國家安全戰略全局規劃軍事行動，確保政治和戰略主動。

堅持整體運籌鬥爭、備戰、建設。 「有文事者，必有武備。」習主席深刻總結近代以後我國遭受列強戰爭蹂躪的歷史教訓，揭示戰爭與和平的辯證法，指出能戰方能止戰，準備打才可能不必打，越不能打越可能挨打。強調我們不希望打仗，但只有我們有準備、有強大軍事力量、有打贏能力，才能從戰略上實現不戰而屈人之兵，達到「以武止戈」的目的；要把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌，發揮好軍事力量的戰略功能。當今世界，冷戰思維和強權政治陰霾不散，傳統和非傳統安全威脅層出不窮。一些國家試圖擴大軍事同盟謀求絕對安全，脅迫別國選邊站隊製造陣營對抗，漠視別國權益大搞唯我獨尊，鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的一個美好願望。實踐證明，和平必須以強大實力為後盾。我們要緊盯強敵對手，加緊鍛造更強大的能力、更可靠的手段，更好發揮我軍塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭的戰略功能，堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。

堅持鬥爭原則的堅定性與策略的彈性相統一。鬥爭是一門藝術，拼的是意志、決心、信念，比的是策略、智慧、方法。習主席在領導進行偉大鬥爭中，始終堅持增強憂患意識和保持戰略定力相統一、戰略判斷和戰術決斷相統一、鬥爭過程和鬥爭實效相統一，要求我軍既要敢於鬥爭，又要善於鬥爭。強調在原則問題上寸步不讓，必須針鋒相對、寸土必爭，面對各種挑釁敢於接招、敢於出擊、敢戰能勝，不在困難面前低頭，不在挑戰面前退縮，不拿原則做交易；在策略問題上靈活機動，堅持有理有利有節，講求鬥爭的方式方法和藝術。實踐證明，鬥爭情勢越複雜，越要有步驟、有策略地用好軍事這一手。我們必須著眼穩控大局、管控風險，堅持剛柔並濟、多手並舉、綜合施策，加強軍事行動同政治外交行動協調配合，形成鬥爭整體合力。

堅持通盤規劃與突出重點結合。策略運籌關鍵在於全局著眼、謀勢取勢。我國地緣戰略環境複雜，在世界大國中周邊接壤國家最多。習主席立足我國安全和發展面臨的新形勢，在軍事戰略指導上既堅持通盤謀劃、確保戰略全局穩定，又著力突出重點、扭住關係全局的戰略樞紐，增強戰略佈局的平衡性、立體性。強調要根據面臨安全威脅和我軍戰略任務，建構全局統籌、分區負責，相互策應、互為一體的戰略部署和軍事布勢；突顯海上軍事鬥爭準備，有效控制重大危機，妥善應對連鎖反應；統籌推動傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭準備，積極應對新的安全威脅和挑戰。目前，我國安全面臨的突發性、連動性、多變性威脅大幅增強。我們必須掌握方向、統攬大局、統籌全局，緊緊抓住軍事鬥爭的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，確保戰略全局穩定，營造於我有利的戰略態勢。

新征程上，我們面臨情勢環境的複雜性和嚴峻性、肩負任務的繁重性和艱鉅性世所罕見、史所罕見，人民軍隊必須肩負起支撐中華民族走向偉大復興的時代重任。全軍要把新時代軍事戰略思想立起來，把新時代軍事戰略方針立起來，把備戰打仗指揮棒立起來，把抓備戰打仗的責任擔當立起來。要大力發揚鬥爭精神，培育一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神，強化關鍵時刻不惜一戰的決心意志，任何時候都要有不信邪、不怕鬼、不當軟骨的風骨、氣節、膽魄。要不斷增強鬥爭本領，注重在艱苦嚴格的訓練中淬煉實戰能力，積極創新高敵一籌的策略戰法，抓緊建強聯合作戰的體系支撐，鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅，堅決打贏未來戰爭，堅決維護國家主權、安全、發展利益。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/02/content_323888.htm

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Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

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中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡？

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源：解放軍報

現代英語：

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語：

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊，既包括「平時」的認知滲透，也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開，與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中，隨著槍砲聲的消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響，不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗，透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息，影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心，進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看，認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊，既包括「平時」的認知滲透，也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而，認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線；同時，根據政治或軍事目的需要，其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此，認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念，並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基，具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面，但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中，圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈，成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知，奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗，也是舉國之志的對抗，政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中，透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導，培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情，舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基，是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知，奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導，建構戰爭認知思維體系，引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向，推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成，調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落，是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度，對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知，奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向，在認定事物、判定是非方面，人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落，透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播，圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中，不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同，是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎，它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化，是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一，也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理，調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散，提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力，但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生；國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性，為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機，而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎，結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控，對社會穩定有直接影響，是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理，漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人，如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的，那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位，也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理，不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞，也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒，為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中，需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理，影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中，個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引，如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等，對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取，是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等，有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象，從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開，與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐，具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰，「攻」「防」行動同步開展，武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效，「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮，是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志，迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等，透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志，透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策；針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量，以武力打擊震懾主導，綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段，動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式；針對社會面支撐力量，透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心，透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒，透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線，凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線，防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量，透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情，透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相，透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念，透過樹立典型調動士氣等等；針對支撐力量，透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳，建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感，透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理，透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營，消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍，為己方陣營拓展提供支撐，是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取，雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主，但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散，常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變，進而影響到政治層面的決策，為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外，戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務，即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期，隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散，人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期，需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效，方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中，隨著槍砲聲的消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響，不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按：王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

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Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

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中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源：新華社 作者：林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯：喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語：

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語：

當今時代，軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力，深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等，日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰，主導力量是能量，透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊，達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的，追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰，主導力量是資訊力，訊息並沒有取代能量，而是透過對時空的精準定位，使能量的作戰效能成倍提升，從而成為戰爭的主導力量，追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰，主導力量是“智能力”，作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓，戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜，戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗，更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展，使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離，無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰，完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動，智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人，作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上，俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地，成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年，俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前，智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務，60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備，將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備，遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務，並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下，有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中，具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”，攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”，在信息網絡的支持下，人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同，共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點，2035年前，人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰；2050年前，將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰，正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確，個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言，社會行為豐富，所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐，同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機，由其自行精準編隊、精確分工，同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比，集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢，是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現，即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統，在應對無人機集群攻擊時，也難以合理分配火力，導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明，當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時，平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統；當無人機數量增至幾十架時，成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明，無人機集群作戰的效果顯著，對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅，同時也預示，集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰

How Generative AI Will Impact Future Warfare for China’s Military

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現代英語：

Recently, the artificial intelligence program ChatGPT has become popular on the Internet for its “erudition” and “answering all questions”. Generative AI represented by ChatGPT has a strong content generation ability and a “smartness” level that is close to that of humans. Applying it to the military field will inevitably have an impact on future wars.

Significantly improve battlefield perception. In future wars, various new types of rapid-killing weapons will further accelerate the battlefield rhythm, requiring continuous improvement of battlefield situation perception capabilities, and thus supporting rapid decision-making that adapts to battlefield needs. In the battlefield space full of “fog”, facing massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing capabilities appear to be somewhat “slow”. The visual big model architecture introduced in recent years has made breakthroughs in many fields such as image classification, target detection, semantic segmentation, posture estimation, image editing, and remote sensing image interpretation through unsupervised pre-training and human feedback reinforcement learning paradigm, which can significantly improve battlefield perception. Intelligent weapons embedded with visual big models can accurately identify and distinguish the primary and secondary, true and false targets through the visual system, and can quickly extract and generate high-value intelligence from massive multimodal data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and form a comprehensive, timely and accurate judgment of the situation. Using the perception advantage of generative AI to achieve accurate positioning of key nodes may be the prerequisite for launching combat operations in the future.

Greatly promote human-computer interaction. Human-computer interaction allows machines to “listen” to human language, “see” human movements and expressions, “understand” human emotions and intentions, and present the calculation process and results in a way that is easy for people to understand. The language big model can not only perform well in text understanding scenarios such as sentiment analysis, voice recognition, and information extraction, but is also applicable to battlefield information system visualization generation scenarios such as picture description generation, manuscript generation, and dialogue generation. If it is embedded in an integrated joint combat system and continuously iterated and evolved, it can be used for more complex tasks such as scenario writing, combat plan generation, and exercise result evaluation, which may reshape the command decision-making process in future wars. Deeply embedding ChatGPT-type generative AI applications into command information systems can enable intelligent equipment to “understand” commands, accurately understand and analyze commanders’ operational needs through human-machine dialogue between commanders and battlefield information systems, and generate action reference plans on this basis, providing a new means for quickly and reasonably deploying combat forces in future wars.

Promote the autonomy of command decision-making. In information-based and intelligent warfare, the participating forces are diverse, the combat styles are diverse, and the battlefield situation is changing. Commanders face the “bottleneck” of insufficient intelligence in effectively commanding wars. With the help of the decision-making large model intelligent auxiliary system, the “human-machine” hybrid decision-making mode may become a new choice. Although from the current technical level, ChatGPT-type generative AI applications are still unable to perform operations such as machine control, group collaboration, and dynamic scheduling. However, its powerful parallel processing capability can handle thousands of tasks at the same time. It is suitable for integrated control of manned/unmanned platforms, generating control algorithms, optimizing group behavior, and fully supporting “swarm”, “fish school”, and “wolf pack” combat multi-agents. The command and control system based on the decision-making big model can give full play to the advantages of both the human brain and artificial intelligence, and realize the leap from intelligent prediction to intelligent decision-making, and from controlling single agents to multiple agents. In the future battlefield, embedding generative AI into unmanned combat platforms can innovate new paradigms for military operations and greatly improve combat effectiveness.

Give birth to a new model of logistics support. From the perspective of technological development, military confrontation is increasingly expanding to the physical, information and cognitive domains, and the combat space is extending to the extreme height, distance and depth. The corresponding logistics support tasks are also becoming more diverse and complex. In the future battlefield, the multi-task general large model will be integrated into the unmanned combat platform and various support systems. People, equipment and objects will be ubiquitously interconnected, and various combat and support entities will be organically integrated. The logistics support system realizes intelligent matching between people and materials, materials and equipment, materials and troops, and materials and regions through deep learning and analysis of big data such as the quantity, time and maintenance status of stored materials. It also automatically predicts material needs, matches the best means of transport, formulates the best transportation plan, and promptly solves problems in the battlefield logistics supply chain. Especially in the face of extreme combat support in complex terrain, contaminated areas, fire control areas and other areas that are difficult for personnel to reach, based on a large amount of pre-training of special mission training samples, generative AI can achieve changes in demand perception, resource allocation and action control, autonomously assign tasks, autonomously plan routes, and autonomously navigate and position, and deliver support materials directly and accurately to the support objects in a “point-to-point” manner, thereby realizing intelligent support.

國語中文：

近段時間，人工智慧程式ChatGPT因其「博學多識」而「有問必答」走紅網。以ChatGPT為代表的生成式AI有著強大的內容生成能力和直逼人類的「聰明」程度，將其應用於軍事領域，勢必會對未來戰爭產生影響。

明顯提升戰場感知力。未來戰爭中，各類新型快速殺傷武器將進一步加速戰場節奏，要求不斷提升戰場態勢感知能力，進而支撐起適應戰場需求的快速決策。在充滿「迷霧」的戰場空間裡，面對海量多源、複雜異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據，人類感知速度和處理能力顯得有些「遲緩」。近年來推出的視覺大模型架構，透過無監督預訓練和人類回饋的強化學習範式，已在圖像分類、目標檢測、語義分割、姿態估計、圖像編輯以及遙感圖像解譯等多個領域取得突破，可以顯著提升戰場感知力。嵌入視覺大模型的智慧武器，可以透過視覺系統精準辨識並區分打擊目標的主次、真偽，能從海量多模態資料中快速提取、產生高價值情報，減輕作戰人員的認知負荷，形成對態勢全面、及時、準確的判斷。利用生成式AI的感知優勢來實現對要害節點的精準定位，或許是未來發起作戰行動的前提。

大幅推進人機互動。人機互動可以讓機器「聽」懂人類語言、「看」懂人類動作與表情、「理解」人的情緒和意圖，並把計算過程和結果用人容易理解的方式呈現出來。語言大模型不僅能夠在情感分析、語音識別、資訊抽取等文字理解場景中表現出色，而且同樣適用於圖片描述生成、書稿生成、對話生成等戰場資訊系統可視化生成場景。如果再將其嵌入一體化聯合作戰系統並持續迭代進化，可以用於想定編寫、作戰方案生成、演習結果講評級較為復雜的工作，在未來戰爭中或將重塑指揮決策流程。將ChatGPT類生成式AI應用深度嵌入指揮資訊系統中，可以讓智慧裝備「聽懂」指令，透過指揮員與戰場資訊系統人機對話，準確理解分析指揮員作戰需求，並在此基礎上生成行動參考方案，為未來戰爭中快速、合理配置作戰力量提供全新手段。

助推指揮決策自主化。資訊化智慧化戰爭，參戰力量多元、作戰樣式多樣、戰場形勢多變，指揮員有效指揮戰爭面臨智能不足的“瓶頸”，借助決策大模型智能輔助系統，“人－機”混合決策模式或將成為一種新的選擇。雖然從目前的技術水準來看，ChatGPT類生成式AI應用仍無法進行機器控制、群組協作、動態調度等操作。但其強大的並行處理能力，能夠同時處理上千個任務，適用於融合控制有人/無人平台，生成控制演算法、優化群體行為，可全面支撐「蜂群」「魚群」「狼群」作戰多智能體。基於決策大模型的指揮控制系統，可以充分發揮人腦和人工智慧兩者的優長，實現從智慧預測到智慧決策、從控制單智能體到多智能體的跨越。未來戰場上，將生成式AI嵌入無人作戰平台中，可創新軍事行動新範式，大幅提升作戰效能。

催生後勤保障新模式。從科技發展維度來看，軍事力量對抗日益向物理域、資訊域和認知域全維度拓展，作戰空間向極高、極遠和極深全方位延伸，相應的後勤保障任務也變得更加多元復雜。未來戰場上，將多任務通用大模型綜合整合到無人作戰平台及各類保障系統中，人、裝、物泛在互聯，各類作戰、保障實體將有機融為一體。後勤保障系統通過對在儲物資數量、時間、保養情況等大數據深度學習分析，實現人與物資、物資與裝備、物資與部隊、物資與地區的智能匹配，並自動預測物資需求、匹配最佳運載工具，制定最優運輸方案、及時解決戰場物流供應鏈路所出現的問題。特別是面臨複雜地形、沾染區、火力控制區等人員難以到達的極限戰鬥保障，在特殊任務訓練樣本大量預訓練基礎上，生成式AI能夠實現需求感知、資源調配和行動控制上的變革，自主分配任務、自主規劃路徑、自主導航定位，將保障物資以「點對點」的方式直達精確配送給保障對象，實現智慧保障。

中國軍網國防部網參考：https://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2023-04-18&paperNumber=07&articleid=903588

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Chinese Military’s Embrace of Artificial Intelligence: How to Revolutionize Future Warfare

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中國軍隊擁抱人工智慧：如何徹底改變未來戰爭

現代英語：

Source: China National Defense News Author: Chen Hanghui Editor-in-charge: Qiao Nannan 2018-01-02 08:29:25

At present, the world is on the eve of the intelligent revolution, and human society is moving from the “Internet +” era to the “Intelligence +” era. In recent years, driven by big data, new algorithms and supercomputing, artificial intelligence is changing and even subverting every industry it touches, and war is no exception. From underwater submersibles to drone swarms, from predictive maintenance software to intelligent decision-making assistants, artificial intelligence is affecting different areas of war with unprecedented breadth and depth, promoting a new round of military reforms, and the form and appearance of war are quietly changing.

Temple planning comes first, war design becomes more sophisticated

“The Art of War” by Sun Tzu says: “He who plans for victory before the battle has made many calculations; he who plans for defeat before the battle has made few calculations.” Looking at the history of human warfare, “He who plans more wins, and he who plans less loses” is an immutable theorem.

Future wars will increasingly rely on “temple calculations”. Artificial intelligence can enhance the effectiveness of war prediction in at least two ways:

First, it can more accurately calculate and predict the outcome of wars. With the support of advanced algorithms and supercomputing capabilities, the calculation and prediction results of artificial intelligence systems are more accurate than those of the human brain. Second, with the help of war game systems, combat plans can be tested and optimized more effectively. For example, war game systems that incorporate artificial intelligence can engage in man-machine confrontation with humans, which helps people find problems and find weaknesses. In particular, after introducing algorithms such as deep learning into war game systems, the behavior of intelligent systems will become profound and varied, which will help break through the established thinking of humans, enhance the confrontation and authenticity of war game simulations, and achieve the purpose of optimizing solutions. In addition, intelligent war game systems can also be used to conduct machine-machine confrontations to improve the efficiency of simulations.

In February 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense issued a memorandum titled “Wargames and Innovation,” proposing to introduce machine learning into wargames. Currently, Rand Corporation and Raytheon have already begun attempts in this regard. Once mature intelligent software is applied to wargames, it will not only improve the level of optimization plans and prediction of war situations, but also more accurately predict the size of the troops involved in the war, ammunition consumption, duration and support requirements, etc., significantly improving the ability to design wars.

Speed ​​is the key to success. The pace of operations has never been faster.

In the information age, wars follow the principle of “the fast eats the slow”. In the several wars since the Gulf War, the key to the US military’s repeated victories is that it always achieves “the fastest move”.

Nowadays, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence has completely “crushed” the human brain. In 2016, in a simulated air battle, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States controlled the F-15 fighter and defeated the F-22 fighter piloted by humans. The reason is that the reaction speed of the intelligent software is 250 times that of the human brain! In October this year, the Geospatial Intelligence Center of the University of Missouri in the United States announced a research result showing that the center has developed an algorithm model based on deep learning technology, which can search and identify missile launch sites within nearly 90,000 square kilometers in the southeastern coastal area of ​​a certain country within 42 minutes, which is 85 times faster than human analysts and has an accuracy rate reaching the level of expert image analysts.

For this reason, in recent years, the US, Russian and other militaries have turned their attention to artificial intelligence, intending to use the speed advantage of artificial intelligence to shorten their decision-making cycle on the battlefield and firmly grasp the operational advantage. In July this year, Russian weapons manufacturer Kalashnikov announced that it had developed a fully automatic combat module based on artificial neural networks, which can achieve destruction upon detection. In addition, the US military is developing intelligent tools such as automated data analysis tools, automatic target recognition software, airborne intelligent decision assistants, and digital air combat planners, intending to reduce the burden of intelligence and combat personnel at all stages of the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. In November this year, the head of the US Department of Defense’s algorithmic warfare project called for: Any weapon system purchased by the US military in the future should be integrated with artificial intelligence.

It can be predicted that as more and more intelligent weapon systems are deployed on the battlefield, combat response time on the battlefield will become shorter and shorter, combat actions will become unprecedentedly fierce, and will eventually exceed human understanding and response capabilities.

Autonomous confrontation, the combat mode has changed

Since the 20th century, the development of detection technology and the advancement of perception technology under the wave of informatization have promoted the birth of the man-machine collaborative combat chain of “sensor-shooter-weapon platform”.

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent weapon systems that can automatically identify, lock and strike targets are gradually emerging, and can replace humans to execute simple decision-making commands. Such as the US military’s ship-borne “Aegis” system, the Israeli military’s “Iron Dome” system, the Russian military’s “Arena” active protection system, the French military’s “Shark” system, etc. However, the intelligence level of these systems is not high at present, and the autonomous combat mode is usually the last option.

In the future, with the advancement of intelligent technology groups such as sensor technology, new algorithms, and big data technology, the autonomous action capabilities of weapon systems will be greatly improved, and the situation of autonomous confrontation of weapon systems will become more and more common. In specific combat fields, such as cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, humans can only rely on intelligent weapon systems for autonomous confrontation. At the same time, with the emergence of hypersonic weapons and cluster warfare, wars will enter the era of “instant kills” and “group fights”, and using intelligent systems to autonomously fight is almost the only way out.

In the future, as the autonomous confrontation of intelligent weapon systems becomes the new normal, the combat mode will gradually change from “man in the loop” to “man on the loop”. The main characteristics of the new mode can be summarized as “in command, out of control”, that is, in most cases, human warriors play the role of supervisors, responsible for inputting target characteristics and setting rules of engagement before the war, observing battlefield engagements, etc. It should be pointed out that in the new mode, humans are still the final decision makers, and human warriors will autonomously enter and exit the combat chain as needed and take necessary intervention measures. The biggest advantage of the new mode is that it can free human warriors from complex decisions and focus on major decisions and key tasks. How to ensure that humans can take over control at any time will be the biggest challenge facing the development of human-machine collaboration technology in the future.

Cluster warfare brings new life to the war of attrition

In the era of cold weapons and mechanized warfare, attrition warfare was the basic way of fighting, and “eating more and eating less” was the basic rule for winning on the battlefield.

Since the 1970s, with the emergence of stealth technology, satellite positioning systems, and precision-guided weapons, the “more, less” war principle has been completely broken. In recent years, with the rapid development of sensor technology, bionics, miniaturization technology, and artificial intelligence technology, the concept of swarm warfare has once again attracted the attention of the military of various countries. The so-called swarm warfare refers to the centralized deployment of hundreds or thousands of intelligent weapons to attack targets from multiple directions. Compared with traditional combat methods, swarm warfare has four major advantages:

First, the miniaturization of a single platform greatly improves battlefield survivability; second, it is decentralized, and the loss of an individual does not affect the overall function; third, it is low-cost, large in quantity, and the combat cost-effectiveness is multiplied; fourth, it can implement saturation attacks and paralyze the enemy’s defense system. It is not difficult to see that cluster warfare can achieve the effect of “quantity is quality”, and therefore, it is considered a war of attrition in the intelligent era.

The U.S. military sees swarm warfare as a game-changer in warfare, and believes that swarm warfare is particularly suitable for dealing with anti-access/area denial threats. Currently, the U.S. Department of Defense is simultaneously targeting underwater, surface, and air, and promoting multiple swarm research and development projects, striving to have multi-dimensional space swarm combat capabilities. In addition, the various branches of the U.S. military are competing to develop swarm combat concepts. For example, the Marine Corps envisions using unmanned combat swarms as landing pioneers to perform tasks such as battlefield perception, mine clearance, and obstacle removal, creating conditions for Marines to rush ashore.

From underwater “wolf packs” to ground “ant swarms” to aerial “bee swarms”, swarm warfare will be prevalent in the future intelligent battlefield. “Human wave tactics” will be re-emerged in a new look, and the balance of the war of attrition will be extremely tilted towards the side with swarm warfare capabilities. The following scene may appear in the future: on one side, there are swarms of intelligent machines covering the sky and the sun, and on the other side, there are panicked, lonely human warriors…

現代國語：

當前,世界正處於智慧革命的前夜，人類社會正從「互聯網+」時代邁入「智能+」時代。近年來，在大數據、新型演算法和超級運算的推動下，人工智慧正在改變乃至顛覆所觸及的每個產業，戰爭也不例外。從水下潛航器到無人機集群，從預測性維修軟件到智慧決策助手，人工智慧正以前所未有的廣度與深度影響著戰爭的不同領域，推動著新一輪軍事變革，戰爭形態和麵貌正悄然被改變。

廟算為先，戰爭設計日益精細

《孫子兵法》曰：「夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。」縱觀人類戰爭史，「多算勝，少算不勝」是亙古不變的定理。

未來戰爭對「廟算」的依賴度有增無減,人工智慧至少可以從兩方面增強戰爭預判的有效性：

一是更精確地計算並預測戰爭結果。在先進演算法和超算能力的支撐下，人工智慧系統的計算和預測結果比人腦更加準確。二是藉助兵棋系統能更有效檢驗和優化作戰方案。例如，融入人工智慧的兵棋系統能夠和人開展人機對抗，有助於人們發現問題、找出弱項。特別是將深度學習等演算法引入兵棋系統後，智慧系統的行為將變得深邃多變，有助於突破人類的既定思維，增強兵棋推演的對抗性和真實性，達到優化方案的目的。此外，還可利用智慧兵棋系統開展機機對抗，提升推演的效率。

2015年2月，美國國防部推出了《兵棋推演與創新》備忘錄，並提出將機器學習引入兵棋推演。目前，蘭德公司、雷神公司已經開始這方面的嘗試。一旦將研發成熟的智慧軟件應用於兵棋推演，不僅能提高優化方案和預測戰局的水平，還能更精確地預測戰爭涉及的兵力規模、彈藥消耗、持續時間和保障需求等，顯著提升對戰爭設計的能力。

速度製勝，作戰節奏空前加快

在資訊時代,戰爭遵循「快吃慢」制勝法則，海灣戰爭以來的幾場戰爭中，美軍之所以能夠屢戰屢勝，其關鍵在於始終做到了「棋快一招」。

如今，人工智慧的反應速度已經完全「碾壓」人腦。 2016年，在一次模擬空戰中，美國辛辛那提大學研發的「阿爾法」智慧軟體操控F-15戰機，擊敗了由人駕駛的F-22戰機，原因就在於該智慧軟件的反應速度是人類大腦反應速度的250倍！今年10月，美國密蘇里大學地​​理空間情報中心公佈了一份研究成果顯示，該中心基於深度學習技術開發了一種演算法模型，能夠在42分鐘內搜尋並識別出某國東南沿海地區近9萬平方千米內的導彈發射場，速度比人類分析師快85倍，準確率達到專家級影像分析師水準。

正因如此，近年來，美、俄等軍隊將目光投向了人工智慧，意圖利用人工智慧的速度優勢，縮短己方在戰場上的決策週期，牢牢掌握行動優勢。今年7月，俄羅斯武器製造商卡拉什尼科夫公司宣稱，已開發出基於人工神經網絡的全自動戰鬥模塊，能做到發現即摧毀。另外，美軍則在研發自動化數據分析工具、自動目標識別軟件、機載智慧決策助理、數字化空中作戰規劃員等智慧工具，意圖在決策週期各環節上減輕情報和作戰人員的負擔，提高決策效率。而在今年11月，美國國防部演算法戰項目負責人呼籲：今後美軍採購的任何武器系統都應融入人工智慧。

可以預見，今後隨著越來越多的智慧化武器系統投入戰場，戰場上的作戰反應時間將越來越短，交戰行動將空前激烈，並最終超越人類的理解和應對能力。

自主對抗，作戰模式引發變革

20世紀以來，偵測技術的發展和資訊化浪潮下感知技術的進步，推動了「傳感器-射手-武器平台」這一人機協作式作戰鏈誕生。

隨著人工智慧技術的發展，能夠自動識別、鎖定和打擊目標的智慧化武器系統逐漸出現，並能取代人類執行簡單的決策命令。如美軍的艦載「宙斯盾」系統、以軍的「鐵穹」系統、俄軍的「競技場」主動防護系統、法軍的「鯊魚」系統，等等。不過，這些系統的智慧化程度目前還不高，自主交戰模式通常是最後一個選項。

未來，隨著傳感技術、新型演算法、大數據技術等智慧化技術群的進步，武器系統的自主行動能力將大幅提升，武器系統自主對抗的情況也越來越普遍。而在特定作戰領域，如網路空間和電磁頻譜領域，人類只能依托智慧化武器系統進行自主對抗。與此同時，隨著高超音速武器和集群作戰的出現，戰爭將進入「秒殺」和「群架」時代，利用智慧系統自主迎戰幾乎是唯一出路。

未來，隨著智慧化武器系統的自主對抗成為新常態，作戰模式將逐漸從「人在迴路中」轉變為「人在迴路」。新模式的主要特徵可概括為“指揮之中、控制之外”，即在多數情況下，人類戰士扮演監督員的角色，負責在開戰前輸入目標特徵和設定交戰規則，觀察戰場交戰情況等。需要指出的是，在新模式下人依然是最終決策者，人類戰士將根據需要自主進出作戰鏈，採取必要的干預措施。新模式的最大優勢是可以使人類戰士從紛繁複雜的決策中解放出來，聚焦於主要決策和關鍵任務。如何確保人類能夠隨時接管控制權，將是今後一段時期內，人機協同技術發展面臨的最大挑戰。

集群作戰，讓消耗戰重煥生機

在冷兵器和機械化戰爭時代，消耗戰是基本作戰方式，「多吃少」是戰場制勝的基本法則。

自上世紀70年代以來，隨著隱形技術、衛星定位系統、精確制導武器的登場，「多吃少」的戰爭法則被徹底打破。近年來，隨著傳感技術、仿生技術、微型化技術和人工智慧技術取得長足發展，集群式作戰構想再次受到各國軍隊的重視。所謂集群作戰，是指集中部署數百上千個智慧化武器，從多個方向對目標實施攻擊。與傳統作戰方式相比，集群作戰具備四大優勢：

一是單一平台小型化，戰場生存能力大幅提升；二是去中心化，個體的損失不影響整體功能；三是成本低廉，數量龐大，作戰效費比成倍提高；四是可實施飽和攻擊，癱瘓敵防禦體系。不難看出，集群作戰能夠達到「數量即質量」的效果，因此,被認為是智慧時代的消耗戰。

美軍將集群作戰視為戰爭遊戲規則的改變者，認為集群作戰尤其適合應對反介入/區域拒止威脅。當前，美國國防部同時瞄準水下、水面和空中，推進多個集群研發項目，力求具備多維空間集群作戰能力。此外，美軍各軍種正競相開發集群作戰概念，如海軍陸戰隊設想讓無人作戰集群充當登陸先鋒，執行戰場感知、排雷除障等任務，為陸戰隊員搶灘上陸創造條件。

從水下“狼群”到地面“蟻群”再到空中“蜂群”，集群作戰將在未來智慧化戰場上大行其道。 「人海戰術」將改頭換面重新登場，消耗戰的天平將向具備集群作戰能力的一方極度傾斜。未來可能出現這一場景：一邊是遮天蔽日、蜂擁而至的智慧機器，另一邊是驚慌失措、形單影隻的人類戰士…

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4801288.html

#新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知戰

Chinese Military’s Cognitive Warfare: The Race to Dominate the Intelligent Age

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中國軍隊的認知戰：主宰智慧時代的競賽

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2020年3月19日 星期四

現代英語：

The widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has given rise to a new form of intelligent warfare, cognitive warfare. When the winning mechanism is integrated with the characteristics of the intelligent era, a new way to win cognitive warfare is formed. Optimal decision-making, vision-driven, clustered energy release, and unmanned autonomy based on cognition are typical characteristics of winning wars in the intelligent era, and have become the key to taking the initiative and winning in wars. The fundamental way to win in the intelligent era lies in cognition, and cognitive advantage is the basis for winning. Moreover, when the strength of the two opposing sides is equal, the advantage difference formed by the cognitive gap becomes the main factor for winning.

Winning through optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition

Decision-making is the key to victory in modern warfare, not only because of its important role, but also because in the OODA (observation, judgment, decision-making, action) loop, decision-making is the bottleneck that restricts the speed of the cycle. Intelligent cognition that integrates knowledge and action is a powerful means to break this bottleneck.

Optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition means forming a cognitive advantage over the enemy through artificial intelligence algorithms, and then transforming the cognitive advantage into a decision-making advantage, thereby gaining the initiative and winning. In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent means provide the intelligent cognitive capabilities required for war to the greatest extent possible, comprehensively perceive, reason, and judge the strength, time and space position of the physical domain of the two opposing sides on the battlefield, the power system and command system of the information domain, and the plan and possible actions of the cognitive domain, which continuously provide “input” data for the algorithm; the superior algorithm quickly analyzes, judges and compares the results of intelligent cognition, finds out the weak links or fatal points of the enemy, gives full play to our advantages and characteristics, and forms a scientific, reasonable and executable decision-making plan. At the same time, it also combines the combat capabilities and combat characteristics of the two opposing sides to further amplify the cognitive advantage, so as to achieve “second-level advantage becomes a winning advantage” and “a little advantage becomes a winning advantage”.

In this process, intelligent cognition is the foundation. It is the “data” of the superior algorithm, providing the correct source for correct decision-making and guiding the direction of operational decision-making advantage. Without intelligent cognition, algorithms and decisions will face the dilemma of “cooking without rice”, not to mention algorithm advantages and decision-making advantages. Intelligent algorithms are the key. Its input is cognitive thinking and its output is decision-making plans. It is the specific method and intermediate bridge for cognitive advantages to transform into operational decision-making advantages, and plays an increasingly important role in modern warfare. To this end, driven by intelligent technology, all countries have elevated the “algorithm warfare” that supports decision-making effectiveness to the level of “war”. In 2017, the US Department of Defense announced the establishment of a special “algorithm warfare” cross-functional team to unify the leadership of the US military in conducting “algorithm warfare” research and application. Decision-making advantage is the core, the true embodiment of cognitive advantage in the command field, the touchstone for testing the effectiveness of algorithms, and the ultimate display platform for intelligent cognition and intelligent algorithms. The wisdom of a commander is incomparable to that of a machine. It is integrated with profound decision-making experience and matched with unique personal command art. The decision-making strategies formed are ever-changing and difficult to capture. Only when the superb decision-making art is amplified and enhanced by intelligent algorithms can a truly winning decision-making advantage be formed.

Vision-driven success based on goal recognition

The war stage is never a performance of a single force, but a joint effort of multiple forces. How to make the various forces involved in the war work together and the various actions converge into one force is a necessary condition for winning the war. Therefore, before the war, it is necessary to formulate a detailed combat plan, anticipate various possible situations, and repeatedly organize combat coordination and targeted training for various actions. However, during the implementation of the operation, changes in the battlefield situation, changes in the intentions of superiors, changes in core tasks, changes in friendly forces, etc., make it difficult for this traditional coordination method to achieve the expected results, and often become a restrictive factor affecting the progress and outcome of the war.

In fact, every commander and every participating force has a beautiful vision for the combat mission in their hearts, and they may have an action plan to realize the beautiful vision. If these visions can be unified and spontaneously integrated into the overall action, then coordination will no longer be a bottleneck, and the concept of vision-driven will come into being. Vision is the prospect that people yearn for, the picture that people actively strive for and hope to achieve, and a strong expression of will, including future goals, missions and core values. Behavior driven by vision is no longer a compliance behavior constrained by rules and regulations, nor is it an investment behavior agreed upon by obligations and rights. It is more of a spontaneous and conscious dedication behavior. This is a state of mind, not just investment, but a feeling that one must take full responsibility for the realization of the vision. The role of this subjective initiative is unimaginable. The latest research results show that the reason why mental work causes fatigue is because people are subjectively bored with the mental work they are engaged in. Once the subjective initiative is restored and maintained, mental work will remain efficient for a long time. This is not only a source of power for innovation, but also a source of power for vision-driven.

The generation of vision-driven is based on cognitive ability and is determined by the level of intelligent technology. For war, a complex giant system with obvious social characteristics, common cognition supported by intelligent technology makes vision-driven possible. Each participating force, based on the core tasks and basic requirements clearly defined by the commander, develops its own combat operations, clarifies the relationship with other forces, and clarifies the specific list of support or support, thereby forming an individual action plan. The commander collects the individual action plans of each participating force, conducts comprehensive analysis and comparison, examines whether the core tasks can be completed, retains the reasonable content of the individual vision as much as possible, forms a flexible group vision implementation plan, and leaves each participating force with a large space to complete the combat mission independently. Driven by individual visions, all commanders and combat forces in combat give full play to their individual enthusiasm and initiative, and creatively play their personalized characteristics and roles; driven by common visions, they actively coordinate and cooperate with other forces to jointly complete combat missions.

Winning through cluster release based on group cognition

Intelligent swarm warfare is a popular topic at present. In fact, swarm is not a new concept. The inspiration comes from nature. Swarm behavior is a kind of collective behavior of organisms. Insects, birds, fish, etc. in the biological world all show swarm behavior. In particular, this swarm behavior can resist enemies that are several times larger than themselves and obtain more food sources, which is even more amazing. It is difficult for people to explore the activity patterns of the brains and nerves of these organisms, and it is difficult to directly grasp the root cause of swarm behavior. However, we can continuously dig out the organizational principles and operation methods of swarm actions from their performance patterns, and use artificial intelligence technology and modern network technology to apply them to human social life and the military field, and become the way to win the war in the intelligent era.

Cluster energy release based on group cognition means integrating a certain number of low-cost, miniaturized, unmanned combat platforms into a unified combat cluster, and achieving common combat goals through targeted and precise energy release. It is a comprehensive embodiment of the philosophical principle that quantitative change leads to qualitative change, and group cognition is the fundamental motivation for qualitative change. Without group cognition, the cluster can only be a quantitative change, and it is difficult to produce substantial changes in combat effectiveness. The reason why cluster energy release can win is that it has a multi-dimensional saturation attack capability that wins by quantity, distributed detection and attack capabilities, high anti-destruction and continuous strike capabilities, and system precision and intensive energy release capabilities, thus forming a subversive winning advantage.

Swarm combat is based on group cognition, which requires that in rapid action, each individual should accurately and comprehensively recognize his or her position and status in the group, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group or subgroup to which he or she belongs; the group or subgroup should accurately and comprehensively recognize the status of its internal members, accurately and comprehensively recognize its own status, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group to which it belongs. Group cognition in the intelligent era allows combat to simulate the collaborative behavior and information interaction methods of swarming organisms, showing the cluster characteristics of decentralization, autonomy, cluster recovery, and function amplification, and releasing combat effectiveness and completing combat tasks in an autonomous and intelligent overall collaborative manner.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition

In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent unmanned systems will fill the entire intelligent battlefield, and people will be less and less on the battlefield. Intelligent unmanned combat systems will become the new force of the intelligent battlefield. They have capabilities that humans cannot achieve, such as stronger battlefield adaptability, stronger weapon control ability, stronger reaction speed, stronger continuous combat capability, stronger self-protection ability, and stronger self-regeneration ability. In addition, they do not have the psychological pressure, physiological reaction to bloody scenes, sentimental human emotions, and fear of war-weariness and cowardice formed by humans in the face of fierce battlefield confrontations. All these indicate that the future battlefield of confrontation will be the stage for intelligent unmanned combat systems. Therefore, under the overall leadership of humans, actively and creatively understanding the battlefield, allowing intelligent unmanned combat systems to freely and fully exert their advantages and effectiveness, has become an important method to win the war.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition is to give full play to the active role of intelligent unmanned combat systems in the cognitive field. Machines and humans have different ways of thinking and different behavioral characteristics. Just like Alpha Zero can open up a new era of Go, machines can often create new spaces that are difficult for humans to explore. Therefore, wars in the intelligent era, under the overall leadership of humans, must fully provide a broad space for intelligent unmanned combat systems to display their talents, give full play to their active and creative abilities, and quickly absorb and focus on the huge energy brought by active cognition.

Intelligent unmanned combat systems show themselves. Human domination and machine passivity will make it difficult to bring into play the comprehensive advantages of intelligent unmanned combat systems. It is necessary to break the shackles of intelligent unmanned combat systems driven by the concept of autonomy. Only by keeping the basic bottom line and allowing machines to fight freely on the battlefield can the precise and rapid combat effectiveness of intelligent unmanned combat systems be demonstrated, and only then can they be fully and autonomously exerted in war, truly releasing the huge energy of intelligent unmanned combat systems in all aspects.

國語中文：

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人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，催生出認知戰這種全新的智慧化戰爭形態。當制勝機制融入了智慧時代的特點，就形成了全新的認知戰制勝之道。建立在認知基礎上的優算決策、願景驅動、集群釋能、無人自主就是具有智慧時代戰爭制勝的典型特徵，成為戰爭中贏得主動、爭取勝利的關鍵。智慧時代製勝之道的根本在於認知，認知優勢是製勝的根本，而且當對抗雙方實力相當時，認知差距形成的優勢差就成為獲勝的主要因素。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝

決策成為現代戰爭制勝的關鍵，不僅是因為決策的重要作用，更是因為在OODA（觀察、判斷、決策、行動）環路中，決策是限制循環速度的瓶頸。知行合一的智能認知正是破解這個瓶頸的強大手段。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝，是指透過人工智慧演算法形成對敵的認知優勢，進而將認知優勢轉化為決策優勢，進而贏得先機、贏得主動、贏得勝勢。智慧時代的戰爭，智慧手段最大可能提供戰爭所需的智慧認知能力，全面感知、推理、判斷戰場對抗雙方物理域的力量大小、時空位置，資訊域的力量體系、指揮體系，認知域的方案計畫、可能行動，源源不斷地為演算法提供「輸入」資料；優勢演算法迅速對智慧認知結果分析判斷比較，找出敵方薄弱環節或致命點，充分發揮我方優勢特點，形成科學合理、可執行的決策方案，同時也結合對抗雙方的作戰能力、作戰特點等因素，將認知優勢進一步放大，從而達成「秒級優勢成為制勝優勢」「一點優勢成為製勝優勢」。

在這個過程中，智慧認知是基礎，它是優勢演算法的“數據”，為正確決策提供正確的來源，指導作戰決策優勢的方向，沒有智慧認知，演算法和決策將面臨“無米之炊”的困境，更不要談演算法優勢和決策優勢。智慧演算法是關鍵，它的輸入是認知思維，輸出是決策方案，是認知優勢轉化生成作戰決策優勢的具體方法和中間橋樑，在現代戰爭中扮演著愈來愈重要的角色。為此，在智慧科技推動下，各國都將支撐決策效能的「演算法戰」提升到「戰」的高度。 2017年美國國防部就宣布成立專門的「演算法戰」跨職能小組，統一領導美軍展開「演算法戰」研究運用。決策優勢是核心，是認知優勢在指揮領域的真實體現，是檢驗演算法效能優劣的試金石，是智慧認知和智慧演算法的最終展示平台。指揮的智慧是機器無法比擬的，它與深厚的決策經驗相融合、與獨特的個性指揮藝術相匹配，形成的決策謀略千變萬化、難以捕捉，高超的決策藝術通過智能算法的放大與增強，才能形成真正能夠制勝的決策優勢。

基於目標認知的願景驅動制勝

戰爭舞台上從來都不是一支力量單打獨鬥的表演，而是多種力量的共同努力。如何使參與戰爭的各種力量能夠扭成一股繩，各種行動能夠匯成一股勁，是戰爭獲勝的必要條件。因此，戰前需制定詳細的作戰計畫、預想各種可能情況，不斷反覆組織各種行動的作戰協同和針對性訓練。但在作戰實施中，戰場態勢的變化、上級意圖的變化、核心任務的變化、友鄰部隊的變化等，使得這種傳統的協同方式難以達到預期效果，往往成為影響戰爭進程和勝負的限制因素。

其實，每個指揮人員、每支參戰力量，內心中對作戰任務都有一個美好願景，都可能構想有實現美好願景的行動方案，如果能將這些願景統一起來，自發地融入到整體行動中，那麼協同將不再是限制的瓶頸，願景驅動的理念應運而生。願景，是所嚮往的前景，是人們主動為之奮鬥希望達到的圖景，是一種意願的強烈表達，包括了未來目標、使命及核心價值。願景驅動下的行為，不再是規則、規定來約束的遵從行為，不再是以義務、權利來約定的投入行為，更多的是自發與自覺的奉獻行為，這是一種境界，不僅只是投入，而是心中覺得必須為願景的實現負完全責任。這種主觀能動的作用是難以想像的，最新研究成果表明，腦力勞動之所以會有疲勞感，是因為主觀上對所從事的腦力工作產生了厭煩，一旦恢復和保持主觀能動，腦力勞動將會長期保持高效狀態，這不僅是創新的動力來源，更是願景驅動的動力來源。

願景驅動的產生是以認知能力為基礎的，是受智慧技術水準決定的。針對戰爭這個社會特性明顯的複雜巨系統而言，智慧科技支撐下的共同認知使願景驅動成為可能。每支參戰力量圍繞著指揮明確的核心任務與基本要求，展開各自作戰行動的構設，釐清與其他力量的相互關係，明確能夠支援配合或需要支援配合的具體清單，從而形成個體行動方案。指揮者匯集各參戰力量的個體行動方案，綜合分析比較，審查能否完成核心任務，盡可能地保留個體願景中合理的內容，形成彈性的群體願景實施方案，給各參戰力量留有較大的自主完成作戰任務的空間。作戰中所有的指揮人員、作戰力量在個體願景的驅動下，充分發揮個體的積極性、主動性，創造性地發揮個性化特點和作用；在共同願景的驅動下，主動積極地協調配合其他力量行動，從而共同完成作戰任務。

基於群體認知的群聚釋能製勝

智慧集群作戰是目前比較熱門的一個方向，其實集群不是一個新的概念，這個靈感源自於自然界，集群行為是一種生物的集體行為，生物界中的昆蟲、鳥類、魚類等都會出現集群行為，特別是這種集群行為能夠抵禦體形數倍於己的敵人，獲得更加多源的食物，更是讓人們瞠目。人們難以探究這些生物頭腦與神經的活動規律，難以直接掌握集群行為的根本原因，但從其表現規律不斷挖掘出集群行動的組織原則和運作方式，借助人工智能技術與現代網絡技術，使之能夠運用到人類社會生活中，運用到軍事領域中，並成為智慧時代戰爭的勝利之道。

基於群體認知的集群釋能製勝，是指將一定數量的低成本、小型化、無人化作戰平台集成為一個統一的作戰集群，透過定向精準釋能，以達成共同的作戰目標。它是量變引起質變的哲學道理的全面體現，而群體認知是產生質變的根本動因。失去群體認知，集群只能是數量上的變化，難以產生作戰效果的實質變化。集群釋能之所以能夠制勝，在於它具有以量取勝的多維飽和攻擊能力、分佈式的探測與攻擊能力、高抗毀性和連續打擊能力，以及體系精準集約釋能能力，從而形成了顛覆性的致勝優勢。

集群作戰是以群體認知為基礎的，要求在快速的行動中，每一個個體應準確全面地認知自己在群體中的地位作用、位置狀態，並為所在群體或子群體提供認知能力；群體或次群體應準確且全面地認知自己內部成員的狀態，準確且全面地認知自身的狀態，並為所在群體提供認知能力。智慧時代的群體認知，讓作戰能夠模擬群聚生物的協作行為與資訊互動方式，展現出去中心化、自主化、集群復原、功能放大的集群特徵，以自主化和智能化的整體協同方式釋放作戰效能、完成作戰任務。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝

智慧時代的戰爭，智慧無人系統將充斥著整個智慧化作戰戰場，人在戰場上的身影將越來越少，智慧無人作戰系統成為智慧化戰場的生力軍，它有著人類無法企及的能力，更強的戰場適應力、更強的武器操控能力、更強的反應速度、更強的持續作戰能力、更強的自我保護能力、更強的自我再生能力，而且沒有人類面對戰場激烈對抗所形成的心理承受壓力、血腥場景的生理反應、多愁善感的人類情感、厭戰怯戰的恐懼心理，這些都預示著未來的對抗戰場將是智慧無人作戰系統的舞台。從而，在人類整體主導下，能動地、創造性地認知戰場，使智慧無人作戰系統自由充分發揮優長與效能，成為獲取戰爭勝利的重要方法。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝，就是要充分發揮智慧無人作戰系統在認知領域的能動作用。機器與人有著不同的思考方式、不同的行為特點，就像阿爾法零能夠開闢圍棋新紀元一樣，機器往往能夠開創人類難以探及的新空間。因此智慧時代的戰爭，在人類整體主導下，必須充分地為智慧無人作戰系統提供施展才能的廣闊天地，充分發揮其能動能力、創造能力，快速地吸取、聚焦能動認知帶來的巨大能量。

智慧無人作戰系統展現的是自我。人類的支配、機器的被動，將難以發揮智慧無人作戰系統的綜合優勢，必須在自主理念的驅動下打破智慧無人作戰系統的束縛。只要守住基本底線，讓機器在戰場上自由地搏殺，才能展現出智慧無人作戰系統精準、快速的作戰效能，才能使其在戰爭中充分發揮、自主發揮，真正全方面地釋放出智能無人作戰系統的巨大能量。

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-03/19/content_256988.htm

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Strategy Unleash Cognitive Power to Gain Victory

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中國軍事戰略釋放認知力贏得勝利

現代英語：

In intelligent warfare, cognitive space is the key combat space, cognitive advantage is an important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation is the main form of confrontation. It can be said that “there is no war without cognition”. Cognition contains huge combat effectiveness, among which the perception system is the portal, the thinking mode is the core, and the psychological factor is the cornerstone. Improving perception efficiency, building intelligent thinking, stimulating psychological advantages, and maximizing the cognitive combat effectiveness of officers and soldiers will greatly help win intelligent warfare.

Perception effectiveness is linked to combat effectiveness

Information processing theory holds that cognition is not spontaneously generated by the brain, but requires external information input. The complex battlefield information is screened by the perception system and then processed by the brain to generate intelligence for recognizing the opponent and judging the situation. In this process, perception effectiveness is the key, which directly affects the battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness. Samsonov, an expert on the history of World War II, said: “When the battle of Stalingrad was the most intense, a soldier could not survive on the battlefield for more than 9 minutes, and an officer could survive for 3 days.” Even though they are both soldiers, there is a big gap between the battlefield survival time of recruits and veterans. The difference in battlefield survival rate reflects the gap in perception effectiveness.

The battlefield situation is a ruthless examiner, the deadly artillery fire is a life-and-death test, and the perception efficiency is a sharp weapon for taking the test. The same test question is input into the sensory system of new recruits and veterans, and the output responses are very different: new recruits hear rumbling noises and panic, and self-rescue is still a problem, not to mention the ability to fight; veterans can hear the distance of the shells from the sound of the artillery, and can quickly hide and act decisively in the time difference between the sound of the artillery and the falling of the shells. On the battlefield where life and death are at the forefront, the perception system of combatants can only maximize their combat effectiveness if it responds “well” on the basis of “fast” and “accurate”. When war moves from the mechanization of “truth is only within the range of artillery” to the informatization and intelligence of “discovery is destruction”, facing the massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing ability appear “dull and slow”. Intelligent “sensing nodes”, “perception systems” and “perception nerves” with sensors as the core have begun to appear, which will help combatants get out of the perception dilemma and achieve fast and effective perception and decision-making.

Intelligent perception of human-machine fusion provides powerful assistance to combat personnel, but also puts forward higher requirements. It is necessary to open up the “Ren Du Meridians” of empowerment and empowerment to improve the quality and efficiency of perception. Empowerment means to train officers and soldiers’ perception systems in all aspects, reduce the “unfamiliarity coefficient” of complex battlefield information, improve the “adaptability base”, and effectively promote the transformation of perception resources into perception capabilities in the game between perception stock and battlefield variables. Empowerment means to extend, expand and make up for human perception efficiency with the help of artificial intelligence technology. People are responsible for non-logical, fuzzy and irregular perception parts, such as prediction of unknown trends, feeling of incomplete information, and messy and irrelevant perception, so as to obtain “data beyond data, information behind information”; machines process logical, clear and regular perception parts, and use expert systems, knowledge graphs, brain-like computing and other intelligent perceptions to quickly extract high-value information from massive data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and achieve deep perception of battlefield situation.

Thinking is the underlying code for success

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation of hard power between the two sides, but at a deeper level, it is a contest of thinking power. In war, even the most advanced equipment is subject to a strong mind. Thinking, as the rational stage of the cognitive process, is the underlying code that determines victory in war.

The thinking of an army is the fuse that ignites its combat capability. Closed and backward thinking is like a fuse that gets damp and moldy. Even if there is a strong foundation of strength, it may not be able to fully burst out and release on the battlefield. In the late Qing Dynasty, China had the largest number of soldiers in the world and the strongest Beiyang Navy in Asia. The material strength to resist invasion was still vulnerable. “Backward thinking” led to the painful lesson of “backwardness will be beaten”. After World War I, Britain, France and Germany developed mechanized weapons and equipment almost simultaneously. When the German army was determined to use the “blitzkrieg” theory to guide mechanized warfare, the British and French armies adhered to the concept of positional warfare, so there was the tragedy of the German army sweeping across the battlefields of Western Europe in the early days of World War II. One in China and one outside, one far and one near, all reveal a truth: every era has its own war form and a matching thinking mode. Whoever occupies the commanding heights of thinking can seize the opportunity to win. In order to take the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we must boldly change our thinking and always focus on the horizon where the mast has just emerged.

Good thinking: Look up at the stars and build a military technology thinking system. Engels said that when the wave of technological revolution is surging around, we need to update and braver minds. In the face of the increasingly approaching intelligent war, if we cannot get rid of the path dependence and cognitive inertia of mechanized thinking in time, we will be like Poland during World War II. Facing the “armored torrent” of the German army, we were reluctant to give up the “world’s largest” cavalry. Not only were we defeated on the battlefield, but we will also be eliminated by the times. To adapt to intelligent warfare, we should keep a close eye on the leading and cutting-edge directions of military science and technology development, break the barriers of thinking, step out of the cognitive “comfort zone”, focus on building a military technology thinking system, and enhance the sensitivity, cognition, and understanding of forward-looking, strategic, and disruptive technologies and new tactics that may be hatched from them.

Good use: Be down-to-earth and promote the implementation of military technology thinking. Advanced technology should be in the hands of good users. On the basis of renewing the old and embracing the new in thinking mode, we should accelerate the innovation of scientific and technological knowledge and the improvement of scientific and technological literacy, continue to promote the application of main combat equipment technology, improve the coupling and control degree between people and intelligent weapons, explore the potential of equipment and the “optimal solution” of technology, and “secondary empowerment” for the release of weapon technology value.

Changeability: Seek change and innovation, and foresee the future in the activation of thinking. Douhet, the father of “air supremacy”, said that victory only smiles on those who can foresee the changes in the characteristics of war, not on those who wait for changes to happen before adapting. Military revolution is like a 100-meter hurdle race. When the starting gun sounds, whoever stops before the solidified thinking will lose the race. War will not remain unchanged, and thinking cannot be done once and for all. Only by taking the future as the orientation, accelerating the activation of thinking with a spirit of daily innovation and a diligent attitude, can the road to future victory be illuminated by the light of foresight.

The focus of the competition is psychological balance

Intelligent warfare is not only a “core war” but also a “psychological war”. During the Iraq War, the US military deployed more than 200 psychologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to participate in psychological warfare. They targeted the psychological weaknesses, blind spots and sensitive points of the Iraqi army, and used the pervasive information “ammunition” and ubiquitous network “transmitters” to complete the “bloodless” psychological manipulation in silence. To adapt to the “heart” characteristics of intelligent warfare, there must be an overall design of “strong equipment” and “strong heart” to build together, and the construction of steel platforms and psychological platforms to support each other, as well as local efforts to break through single points, increase the use of “smart +” technology in the cultivation of fighting spirit, psychological assessment, and psychological training, improve the contribution rate of information and intelligent technology, and constantly sharpen the psychological advantages of participants.

“Use soft to overcome hard” and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit. Engels said that guns will not move by themselves, and they need brave hearts and strong hands to use them. Psychological checks and balances are wars without gunpowder smoke, and the essence is still the contest of material forces supported by spiritual power. To win this war, more steel and more spirit are needed. We should actively try to use intelligent technology to strengthen psychological advantages, use technology to boost morale, and use morale to multiply capabilities. Improve cognitive emotions, enhance will quality, and comprehensively improve soft killing capabilities.

“Test people” and strengthen psychological assessment. The practice of assessing and selecting soldiers has existed since ancient times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the athletic ability of young recruits was tested to see whether they could wear armor and carry out military activities. Those who could were called “victorious clothes” and those who could not were called “unvictorious clothes”. In modern wars, psychological confrontation is surging. We should actively play the role of psychological assessment, scientifically carry out stress psychological adjustment, and reduce the occurrence of combat stress reactions. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, such as face recognition and emotional analysis big data, facial expressions, sight directions, and eye contact times are captured and recorded to identify the internal psychological state and behavioral characteristics of officers and soldiers. Based on the assessment results, psychological adjustment should be made throughout the whole process, at all times, and in all dimensions. Psychological prevention should be done before the war, and officers and soldiers with substandard mental health should be found early, and “emotional impurities” and “psychological blockages” should be eliminated in time; psychological regulation should be done well during the war to ensure that the psychological state of the participants is maintained at the best level of combat, reduce wartime stress reactions, and improve battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness; psychological recovery should be done well after the war to assist officers and soldiers in achieving a smooth transition between wartime and peacetime psychological states.

“Training to strengthen the heart” means strengthening psychological training. Clausewitz pointed out that the bravery of soldiers is different from the bravery of ordinary people. The bravery of ordinary people is a natural quality, while the bravery of soldiers can be cultivated through exercise and training. Winning intelligent wars urgently requires the empowerment of psychological training. We should establish the concept of psychological training to produce combat effectiveness, make full use of artificial intelligence means such as computer vision, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality technology to build a high-stress environment for the virtual battlefield, carry out immersive relaxation training, battlefield psychological adaptability, psychological endurance, and psychological stability training. Through these trainings, we help the combatants to effectively enhance their psychological resilience and stimulate their psychological potential by experiencing the battlefield environment in advance again and again, and prevent the occurrence of psychological damage in war.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

國語中文：

在智慧化戰爭中，認知空間是重點作戰空間，認知優勢是重要戰略優勢，認知對抗是主要對抗形式，可謂「無認知不戰爭」。認知中蘊含著巨大戰鬥力，其中感知系統是門戶，思考模式是核心，心理因素是基石。提升感知效能、建構智慧思維、激發心理優勢，最大限度釋放官兵認知戰力，對打贏智能化戰爭大有裨益。

感知效能連著作戰效能

資訊加工理論認為，認知不是大腦自發性產生的，需要外在資訊輸入。紛雜的戰場資訊經感知系統篩選，再由大腦加工產生用於認知對手、判斷情勢的情報。在這個過程中，感知效能是關鍵，它直接影響戰場存活率和作戰效能的發揮。二戰史專家薩姆索諾夫說：「史達林格勒戰役戰鬥最激烈的時候，一名士兵在戰場上存活時間不超過9分鐘，軍官是3天。」同樣是士兵，新兵與老兵的戰場存活時間也有較大距離。戰場存活率的差異，折射出感知效能的差距。

戰場態勢是無情考官，致命砲火是生死考題，感知效能是應考利器。同一道測驗輸入新兵和老兵的感覺系統，輸出的反應雲泥之別：新兵聽到的是隆隆巨響和驚慌恐懼，自救尚成問題，更別提作戰之力；老兵則能從砲聲中聽出砲彈落點的遠近，能在砲聲和砲彈落下的時間差裡迅速隱蔽，果斷行動。生死一線的戰場，作戰人員的感知系統只有在「快」「準」的基礎上做出「好」的反應，才能最大限度地發揮作戰效能。當戰爭從「真理只在大砲射程之內」的機械化步入「發現即摧毀」的資訊化智能化，面對海量、多源、複雜、異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據，人類的感知速度和處理能力顯得「愚鈍遲緩」。以感測器為核心的智慧「感觸節點」「感知系統」「感知神經」開始出現，有助於作戰人員走出感知困境，實現快速有效地感知、決策。

人機融合智能感知為作戰人員提供了強大輔助，同時也提出了更高要求，需要打通增能與賦能的“任督二脈”，為感知效能增質提效。增能，就是要全方位訓練官兵的感知系統，降低對戰場複雜信息的“陌生係數”，提升“適應底數”，在感知存量與戰場變量博弈中，有效促進感知資源向感知能力轉化。賦能，就是藉力人工智慧技術延伸、拓展、彌補人的感知效能。人負責非邏輯、模糊、無規可循的感知部分，例如不明趨勢的預測、殘缺訊息的感覺、雜亂無關的知覺，以便獲得「數據之外的數據，訊息背後的訊息」；機器處理有邏輯、清晰、有規可循的感知部分，利用專家系統、知識圖譜、類腦運算等智慧感知，從大量資料中快速擷取高價值訊息，減輕作戰人員認知負荷，實現戰場態勢深度感知。

思考是製勝底層密碼

軍事對抗表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗，深層看則是思維力的較量。戰爭中，再先進的裝備也要受制於強大的頭腦，思維作為認識過程的理性階段，是決定戰爭制勝的底層密碼。

一支軍隊的思維是點燃作戰能力的引線。思維封閉落後，如同引線受潮發黴，就算有強大的實力基礎，也未必能在戰場上充分迸發釋放。晚清中國，兵員數量世界之最，北洋水師亞洲最強，空有抵禦入侵的物質力量仍不堪一擊，「思維落後」引發「落後就要挨打」的慘痛教訓。一戰後，英、法、德三國幾乎同步發展機械化武器裝備。當德軍決心以「閃電戰」理論指導機械化戰爭時，英法兩軍卻固守陣地戰理念，於是就有了二戰初期德軍橫掃西歐戰場的悲劇。一中一外，一遠一近，無不揭示一個道理：每個時代都有自己的戰爭形態和與之相匹配的思維模式，誰佔據思維制高點，誰就能搶佔制勝先機。要想在未來智慧化戰爭中佔據主動，必須大膽變革思維，始終把目光聚焦在桅杆剛冒出的地平線。

善思：仰望星空，建構軍事技術思維體系。恩格斯說，當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候，我們需要更新更勇敢的頭腦。面對日益走近的智能化戰爭，如果不能及時擺脫機械化思維的路徑依賴和認知慣性，就會像二戰時期的波蘭一樣，面對德軍的「裝甲洪流」捨不得放棄「世界上規模最大」的騎兵，不僅敗在戰場，也終將被時代淘汰。適應智慧化戰爭，就應緊盯軍事科技發展的主導和前沿方向，打破思維藩籬，走出認知“舒適區”，聚向發力構建軍事技術思維體系，增強對前瞻性、戰略性、顛覆性技術以及由此可能孵化出的新戰法的敏銳度、認知力、理解力。

善用：腳踏實地，推動軍事技術思維落地。要讓先進技術掌握在善用者手上，在思維模式吐故納新的基礎上，加快科技知識推陳出新和科技素養破舊立新，持續推進主戰裝備技術應用，提高人與智能化武器的耦合度、駕馭度，探索裝備潛能和技術“最優解”，為武器技術價值的釋放“二次賦能”。

善變：求變求新，在思考活化中預見未來。 「制空權」之父杜黑說，勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生才去適應的人微笑。軍事革命就像百公尺跨欄，發令槍一響，誰在固化的思維前停留，誰就會輸掉比賽。戰爭不會一成不變，思維不能一勞永逸，只有以未來為導向，以日新精神、精進態度加速思維活化，未來制勝之路才能被前瞻之光照亮。

較量重點在於心理制衡

智能化戰爭是「芯戰」更是「心戰」。伊拉克戰爭中，美軍抽調200多位心理學家、心理醫師和精神科專家參加心理戰。他們錨定伊軍心理弱點、心理盲點、心理敏感點，利用無孔不入的信息“彈藥”以及無處不在的網絡“發射器”，在無聲無息中完成“兵不血刃”的心理操控。適應智慧化戰爭「心」特點，既要有「強力」和「強心」齊抓共建、鋼鐵平台和心理平台建設互為支撐的全局設計，也要有單點突破的局部發力，加大「智慧+」技術在戰鬥精神培養、心理評測、心理訓練中的運用，提升資訊、智慧科技的貢獻率，不斷砥礪參戰人員的心理優勢。

“以軟硬”，加強戰鬥精神培育。恩格斯說，槍自己是不會動的，需要有勇敢的心和強而有力的手來使用它們。心理制衡是沒有硝煙的戰爭，本質仍是精神力量支撐下的物質力量的較量。打贏這場戰爭，鋼多氣更要多。應積極嘗試借助智慧化技術強化心理優勢，用技術提振士氣，用士氣倍增能力。改善認知情緒、增強意志特質，全面提升軟殺傷能力。

“以測識人”，加強心理測評。測評選拔士兵的做法古已有之。春秋時期測查前來徵兵青年的運動能力，就是看能否穿著甲胄進行軍事活動，能者稱“勝衣”，不能者稱“不勝衣”。現代戰爭心理對抗闇潮湧動，應積極發揮心理測評作用，科學進行壓力心理調適，減少戰鬥壓力反應的發生。借助人工智慧技術，諸如人臉辨識、情緒分析大數據等，捕捉記錄臉部表情、視線方向、眼神對視訊次，鑑別官兵內在心理狀態和行為特徵。依據評估結果，做好全程全時全維度的心理調適。戰前做好心理預防，早發現心理健康不達標的官兵，及時排除「情緒雜質」和「心理淤堵」；戰中做好心理調控，確保參戰人員的心理狀態維持在最佳應戰水平，降低戰時壓力反應，提高戰場生存率與戰鬥力的發揮；戰後做好心理恢復，協助官兵實現戰時與平時心理狀態的平穩轉換。

“以訓強心”，加強心理訓練。克勞塞維茨指出，軍人的勇敢不同於一般人的勇敢，一般人的勇敢是一種天賦的特質，而軍人的勇敢可以透過運動和訓練培養出來。打贏智能化戰爭迫切需要心理訓練的賦能，應建立心理訓練出戰鬥力的理念，充分運用電腦視覺、人機互動、虛擬實境技術等人工智慧手段建構虛擬戰場高壓力環境，開展沉浸式放鬆訓練，戰場心理適應性、心理承受力、心理穩定訓練等。透過這些訓練，幫助參戰人員在一次次提前感受戰場環境中有效增強心理彈性、激發心理潛能，並預防戰爭心理損傷的發生。

（作者單位：空軍工程大學）

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/31/content_297988.htm

#中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Understanding Chinese Military Information Support Force

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了解中國軍事資訊保障部隊

現代英語翻譯：

On April 19, 2024, the founding ceremony of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Information Support Force was grandly held in the Beijing Bayi Building. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. What kind of force is the information support force? What is the structure and layout of the new military service? What tasks does it perform? In response to these issues, the editor has compiled some official information, let’s study together.

What kind of force is the Information Support Force? The adjustment and establishment of the information support force is a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall cause of strengthening the military . It is a strategic measure to build a new type of military structure and layout and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It has important and far-reaching significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and effectively fulfilling the mission and tasks of the people’s army in the new era.The information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is the key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems . It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars.

What is the structural layout of the new military services?After this reform, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has generally formed a new military structure layout, including the army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services under the leadership and command of the Central Military Commission , as well as military aerospace forces, cyberspace forces, information support forces, and joint logistics support forces .

The main responsibilities of the four independent arms

Military aerospace forces: responsible for space strategic support missions, improving our military’s space situational awareness, space target monitoring and space information transmission capabilities.

Cyberspace Forces: Responsible for cyberspace strategic support tasks, improving our military’s cyberspace situational awareness, cyber attack defense and cyberspace combat capabilities.

Information support forces: Coordinate the construction and use of network information systems to improve our military’s ability to obtain, transmit, process and utilize information. Enhance situational awareness, command and control, and coordinated combat capabilities, so that our military has informationized combat advantages. Strengthen information protection, ensure information security, and improve our military’s ability to resist network attacks.

Joint Logistics Support Force: Responsible for logistics support tasks, improving our military’s logistics support capabilities and wartime logistics support capabilities. Strengthen capabilities in material supply, medical rescue, engineering support, etc. to ensure that our military can win the battle.

What are the significance and requirements of building a modern information support force?In his speech, Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is a key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems. It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. The following picture will help you understand the role and requirements of modern information support forces.

現代國語：

中國軍事資源：https//www.81it.com/2024/0520/14988.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Controlling Cognitive Power: an Important Support for Winning Wars

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控制認知力：贏得戰爭的重要支撐

英文翻譯：

As the decisive factor in war, people’s thinking and cognitive level determines their role and ultimately determines who controls the war. In other words, mastering the cognitive control means mastering the initiative in war to a large extent. Finding ways to control cognitive control and then seize comprehensive control of the battlefield to achieve the greatest victory at the lowest cost is an important winning mechanism in modern warfare.

The deepest level of war confrontation is the confrontation of thinking and cognition

Thinking and cognition are powerful weapons for humans to understand and transform the world, and are the most fundamental support and deepest force in war confrontation. War confrontation is ultimately a competition and confrontation between people, groups of people, and their materialized weapons and equipment.

Thinking and cognition determine the quality of decision-making. In the “OODA” closed-loop link of war operation, decision-making undoubtedly occupies a central position and plays a key role. The essence of decision-making is thinking and cognition. The advantage of thinking and cognition fundamentally determines the advantage of war decision-making and can even offset the disadvantages in other aspects. When summarizing the combat situation in East China, Chen Yi once said that the higher our army is, the stronger it is. “For example, the battle organization above the brigade is stronger than others, the column is stronger, the field command is stronger, and the strategic guidance of the command is many times better than him.” This kind of “the higher it is, the stronger it is” organizational leadership and strategic guidance demonstrates the advantage of thinking and cognition, which in turn forms the advantage of war decision-making. The so-called “strategy and strategy, winning thousands of miles away” and “one soldier is a tyrant, and the general is a tyrant”. Correct decision-making is the greatest advantage, and wrong decision-making is the most fatal mistake. Seizing the advantage of war decision-making with the advantage of thinking and cognition is the primary factor in winning the war.

Thinking and cognition determine strategy and tactics. Strategy and tactics are the strategic methods needed to achieve the purpose of war. Different thinking and cognition determine different strategies and tactics, and different strategies and tactics lead to different war results. In the early days of the Great Revolution, due to insufficient cognition and lack of experience, our party simply applied the experience of the Soviet revolution and competed with the Kuomintang reactionaries for the central cities with weak forces, resulting in repeated setbacks; Mao Zedong combined the basic principles of Marxism with the specific reality of the Chinese revolution, proposed the correct revolutionary path of “surrounding the cities from the countryside and seizing power by force”, and pioneered the summary and implementation of guerrilla warfare strategies and tactics, bringing hope to the Chinese revolution. The strategic policy of “protracted war” is a scientific conclusion based on the correct understanding of the nature of the War of Resistance Against Japan and the national conditions of China and Japan, and the criticism of erroneous ideas such as “national destruction theory” and “quick victory theory”. Facts show that correct strategies and tactics are inseparable from correct thinking and cognition, the quality of thinking and cognition determines the quality of strategies and tactics, and thinking and cognition are important components of combat effectiveness.

Thinking and cognition affect the morale of the army. “Revolutionary ideals are higher than the sky.” The reason why our army was able to defeat the majority with the minority and the strong with the weak, and continued to move from victory to victory in the long-term revolutionary war, is very important because of the firm belief in the future of the revolution and the correct understanding of objective laws. The so-called defeat is like a mountain collapsing. In the North African battlefield of World War II, the Italian fascist army full of anti-war sentiment often surrendered without a fight and took the initiative to surrender to the US and British troops. They simply didn’t know why they were fighting and for whom they were fighting. An army that is full of doubts and even despair about its future and destiny will never have high morale and strong combat effectiveness, let alone win in the confrontation with a strong enemy. Only an army that bases its thinking and cognition on a firm and persistent revolutionary ideal and a clear understanding of the future and destiny can have the courage and strength to overcome all difficulties and hardships.

Control of cognitive power is the cornerstone of comprehensive battlefield control

Battlefield control refers to the control of the battlefield situation and its outcome by the two opposing sides in a war, including the main factors such as control of cognition, control of information, control of firepower, and control of action. As the core of war games, thinking cognition is the key to other control and the cornerstone of comprehensive control. Mastering the control of cognition means mastering the joints of battlefield control, and grasping the control of cognition means grasping the “lifeline” to victory.

Controlling cognitive power is an important destination of controlling information power. As a basic resource for the operation of information-based and intelligent warfare, an important purpose of controlling and utilizing information is to provide basic support for thinking and cognition. Only when thinking and cognition are based on sufficient information acquisition and possession can they form in-depth analysis, accurate judgment, and scientific decision-making, and promote commanders to make up their minds and organize troops to carry out operations. The reason why the popular stories such as borrowing arrows from a straw boat and the empty city plan were successful was that they took advantage of the opacity and asymmetry of battlefield information mastered by the enemy parties. In the Iraq War, the US military took advantage of its advantages in information technology to carry out a one-way transparent dimensionality reduction attack on the Iraqi army, which was still at the level of mechanized development. The Iraqi army’s command and decision-making were restricted by others due to its information disadvantages, and it soon lost the war. In a sense, modern warfare is a game of controlling cognitive power based on controlling information power. The basic logic of controlling comprehensive battlefield power and winning the war is to compete for information control power and then control cognitive control power.

The right to control cognition is the forerunner of the right to control action. Thought is the forerunner of action. Without correct thinking and cognition, there will be no correct decision-making and action. The so-called “decision before action”, this “decision” mainly refers to the fact that thinking and cognition decisions should be ahead of action and faster than the enemy. After the Zunyi Conference, Mao Zedong, with his keen perception of the enemy and our situation and scientific decision-making, commanded the Red Army to cross the Chishui River four times, cross the Jinsha River skillfully, seize the Luding Bridge, cross the snow-capped mountains, meet at Maogong, cross the grassland with difficulty, meet at Jiangtaibao… escaped the encirclement and blockade of the Kuomintang army and won the great victory of the Long March. The goal was to know the enemy first and move faster than the enemy. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the Volunteer Army’s highly concealed actions of marching, fighting, eating, living and hiding made the “United Nations Army” with modern reconnaissance equipment almost “blind” and “deaf”, greatly limiting its mobility and firepower advantages. The goal was to play to its strengths and avoid its weaknesses, hide the truth and show the false. Facts show that mastering the right to control cognition means mastering the initiative in action, which can fully contain the enemy, seek benefits and avoid harm, and defeat the enemy first.

The right to control cognition is a strong support for the right to control firepower. The so-called “speed is the essence of war” and “use speed to defeat the slow”, this “speed” not only refers to the rapid action of the troops, but also refers to the rapid firepower attack, and the latter is even more important than the former. In order to achieve fast action, fast response, and fast attack, we must take the initiative to detect the enemy, know the enemy, and predict the enemy. This requires thinking and cognition to be better than the enemy and faster than the enemy. During the Second World War, radar was widely used and became a weapon to expand human cognition. The Battle of Britain was the first large-scale air battle in the UK to deal with the bombing of the German Air Force. On September 15, 1940, the British Air Force intercepted more than 800 German aircraft with more than 300 fighters. With the help of radar, they took the initiative to detect enemy aircraft and occupy a favorable firing position. In the end, at the cost of losing more than 20 fighters, more than 180 German aircraft were shot down, which greatly dampened the morale of the German army and forced Nazi Germany to postpone the “Sea Lion Plan” to invade Britain indefinitely. Modern warfare has entered the “instant kill” era of discovery and destruction. Being one step faster in thinking and cognition means discovering and attacking the enemy one step faster, and the chances of defeating the enemy are greatly improved.

Strive to seize new advantages in cognitive power

Controlling cognition is an important magic weapon for winning modern wars. Adhering to the dual efforts of wisdom and technology, taking multiple measures, seizing the commanding heights of thinking and cognition, and seizing the control of combat cognition are becoming important aspects for the military of various countries to seize the initiative in war and gain combat advantages.

Deeply promote the innovation of the theory of control and cognitive power. As a new operational concept, control and cognitive power is in the initial exploration stage and has huge room for innovation and development. The army that can take the lead in the innovation of the concept of control and cognitive power, the exploration of mechanisms, the revelation of laws, the transformation and application of combat effectiveness, etc., will be able to seize the initiative in the competition for control and cognitive power. Therefore, we must truly take the innovation of the theory of control and cognitive power operations as an important support for seizing comprehensive battlefield control, seeking new advantages in our army’s cognitive operations, and thus winning modern wars, as an important part of the party’s military guidance theory innovation and the construction and application of new forces, and as an important part of building a world-class army in an all-round way. We must integrate high-quality resources and forces, increase investment, and produce more high-quality research results. Timely follow up and study typical cases of cognitive operations at home and abroad, conscientiously summarize practical experience from all aspects, combine the specific reality of our army, increase theoretical innovation, and form a theoretical system that is contemporary, leading, and unique as soon as possible.

Focus on the research and development of cognitive power technology. Science and technology are core combat power, core cognitive power, and core elements of cognitive power. The advantage of cognitive power is also mainly reflected in cognitive technology. In today’s world, military powers such as the United States and Russia attach great importance to cognitive warfare-related technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain control technology, brain control technology, situational awareness technology, and high-performance communication technology. They have increased their investment and made great efforts to seek innovative breakthroughs and seize the initiative. This requires us to effectively strengthen our initiative, consciously put cognitive technology innovation in an important position in the strategy of strengthening the country and the army through science and technology, actively carry out basic theoretical innovation and independent innovation of core technologies, and achieve what you don’t have, what you have, I am better, and what you are better, and firmly grasp our destiny in our own hands. At the same time, we should adapt to my country’s national conditions, military conditions and technical realities, explore innovative ways that suit us, form characteristic technical routes, strive to master asymmetric technologies, and form “killer skills” that can defeat the enemy at critical moments.

Solidly carry out the drills of tactics and methods of controlling cognitive power. Hard training produces elite soldiers. The formation of cognitive power depends not only on theoretical innovation and technological research and development, but also on the specialization and refinement of technical tactics and tactics. We must insist on incorporating cognitive operations into daily combat readiness drills, into specific combat action plans, simulate important combat operations, preset actual combat scenarios, and practice hard and intensively in an environment close to actual combat, so as to form the actual combat capability of real combat and real preparation, good attack and defense, and control and clever control. Timely summarize the successful experiences and beneficial practices formed in actual combat training and actual combat, reveal the internal mechanisms and characteristics and laws that run through them, form operational normative measures, and incorporate them into combat regulations. Strengthen the construction of basic elements such as training facilities, equipment, and venues, build a number of characteristic training venues based on the existing comprehensive training grounds, and carry out base-based specialized training. Strengthen training evaluation, formulate a capability indicator system, build an evaluation process system, and adopt scientific evaluation methods to improve the quality of training.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語：

人作為戰爭的決定性因素，其思維認知層次決定人的作用發揮並最終決定戰爭制權歸屬，也就是說，掌握了製認知權很大程度上也就掌握了戰爭主動。想方設法掌控制認知權，進而奪取戰場綜合控制權，實現以最小的代價獲取最大的勝利，是現代戰爭的重要製勝機理。

戰爭對抗深層是思維認知的對抗

思維認知作為人類認識世界、改造世界的強大武器，是戰爭對抗的最根本依賴、最深層力量。戰爭對抗歸根結底是人與人、人群與人群及其物化形態武器裝備思維認知力的競爭與對抗。

思維認知決定決策品質。在戰爭運行「OODA」閉環鏈路中，決策無疑居於中心位置，扮演關鍵角色。而決策的本質是思維認知，思維認知的優勢根本上決定戰爭決策的優勢甚至可以抵銷其他方面的劣勢。陳毅在總結華東作戰情況時曾說，我軍愈往上比愈強，「如旅以上戰役組織比人家強，縱隊更強，野戰司令部又更強，到統帥部的戰略指導更不知比他高明多少倍」。這種「愈往上比愈強」的組織領導與戰略指導，彰顯的就是思維認知上的優勢，進而形成戰爭決策的優勢。所謂“運籌帷幄，決勝千裡”“兵熊熊一個，將熊熊一窩”，決策正確是最大的優勢，決策失誤是最致命的失誤。以思維認知優勢奪取戰爭決策優勢，是製勝戰爭的首要因素。

思維認知左右戰略戰術。戰略戰術是達到戰爭目的所需採取的策略方法。不同的思維認知決定不同的戰略戰術，不同的戰略戰術導致不同的戰爭結果。大革命初期，由於認知不足和經驗缺乏，我們黨簡單套用蘇聯革命經驗，以薄弱的力量同國民黨反動派爭奪中心城市，結果一再受挫；毛澤東將馬克思主義基本原理與中國革命具體實際相結合，提出「農村包圍城市，武裝奪取政權」正確革命道路，並開創性總結實施遊擊戰爭戰略戰術，讓中國革命迎來曙光。 「持久戰」的策略方針，就是基於對抗日戰爭性質和中日兩國國情正確認知及對「亡國論」「速勝論」等錯誤思想的批判後得出的科學結論。事實表明，正確的戰略戰術離不開正確的思維認知，思維認知質量決定戰略戰術質量，而思維認知力是戰鬥力重要構成要素。

思維認知影響軍心士氣。 “革命理想高於天”，我軍在長期的革命戰爭中之所以能以少勝多、以弱勝強，不斷從勝利走向勝利，很重要的在於對革命前途的堅定信念和對客觀規律的正確認知。所謂兵敗如山倒，第二次世界大戰北非戰場，充滿反戰情緒的義大利法西斯軍隊經常不戰而降，主動向美英軍隊繳械投誠，根本是不知為何而戰為誰而戰。一支對前途命運和未來充滿疑惑甚至絕望的軍隊，斷不會產生高昂的士氣和強大的戰鬥力，更不可能在與強敵對抗中勝出。只有將思維認知建立在對革命理想堅定執著和對前途命運清醒認知基礎上的軍隊，才能產生戰勝一切艱難困苦的勇氣和力量。

制認知權是戰場綜合製權的基石

戰場制權是戰爭中敵對雙方對戰場態勢及其走向結果的控制權，包括制認知權、制資訊權、制火力權、制行動權等主要因素。思維認知作為戰爭賽局的內核，是其他制權的要樞、綜合製權的基石。掌握了製認知權就掌握了戰場制權的關節，抓住了製認知權就抓住了走向勝利的「命門」。

制認知權是製資訊權的重要歸宿。資訊作為資訊化智慧化戰爭運作的基本資源，其控制利用的一個重要目的在於為思維認知提供基礎支撐。思維認知只有建立在充分的資訊取得和佔有基礎之上，才能形成深入的分析、準確的研判、科學的決策，推動指揮員定下決心，組織部隊開展行動。膾炙人口的草船借箭、空城計等之所以成功，利用的就是敵對雙方對戰場資訊掌握的不透明、不對稱。伊拉克戰爭中美軍利用在資訊技術上的優勢，對還處於機械化發展水平的伊拉克軍隊實施資訊單向透明的降維打擊，伊軍指揮決策因資訊劣勢處處受制於人，很快就輸掉了戰爭。現代戰爭在某種意義上是基於制資訊權的製認知權博弈，透過爭奪資訊制權進而掌控認知制權，是掌控戰場綜合製權進而贏得戰爭的基本邏輯。

制認知權是製行動權的先導引領。思想是行動的先導。沒有正確的思維認知就沒有正確的決策行動。所謂“謀定而後動”，這個“謀”，主要是指思維認知決策要先於行動、快於敵人。遵義會議後，毛澤東以對敵我形勢的敏銳感知和科學決策，指揮紅軍四渡赤水、巧渡金沙江、飛奪瀘定橋、翻越雪山、會師懋功，艱難過草地、會師將台堡… ……跳出國民黨軍的圍追堵截，贏得長徵的偉大勝利，打的就是先敵而知、快敵而動。在抗美援朝戰爭中，志願軍走打吃住藏行動高度隱蔽，令擁有現代化偵察裝備的“聯合國軍”幾乎成了“瞎子”“聾子”，極大限制了其機動和火力優勢發揮，打的就是揚長避短、隱真示假。事實顯示，掌握了認知制權就掌握了行動主動，就能充分牽制敵軍，趨利避害、先機制敵。

制認知權是製火力權的強力支撐。所謂“兵貴神速”“以快打慢”，這個“速”不僅僅指部隊行動迅速，更指火力打擊快速，甚至後者比前者更重要。而要做到快動、快反、快打，就要先機偵敵、知敵、料敵。這就要求思維認知優於敵人、快於敵人。第二次世界大戰期間，雷達廣泛應用成為拓展人類認知的利器。英國首次成規模用於應對德國空軍轟炸的不列顛空戰。 1940年9月15日，英國空軍以300餘架戰機攔截來犯的800餘架德軍飛機，在雷達幫助下先機發現敵機，先機佔據有利開火位置，最終以損失20多架戰機的代價擊落180多架德軍飛機，極大挫傷了德軍士氣，迫使納粹德國無限期推遲入侵英國的「海獅計畫」。現代戰爭已進入發現即摧毀的「秒殺」時代，在思維認知上快人一步，就意味著發現敵人、攻擊敵人快其一步，制敵勝算就極大提升。

努力奪取制認知權新優勢

制認知權是製勝現代戰爭的重要法寶。堅持智謀和技術雙向發力、多措並舉，搶佔思維認知制高點，奪取作戰認知控制權，正成為各國軍隊搶佔戰爭主動權、贏取作戰優勢的重要面向。

深入推進制認知權理論創新。制認知權作為新作戰概念，正處於起步探索階段，具有巨大創新發展空間。哪支軍隊能夠在製認知權概念創新、機理探索、規律揭示、戰鬥力轉化運用等方面走在前面，哪支軍隊就能在製認知權爭奪上搶佔先機。所以，要切實將製認知權作戰理論創新作為奪取戰場綜合製權、謀求我軍認知作戰新優勢進而製勝現代戰爭的重要支撐，作為黨的軍事指導理論創新和新質力量建設與運用的重要內容，作為全面建成世界一流軍隊的重要組成部分，整合優質資源力量，加大投入力度，多出高質量研究成果。及時跟進研究國內外認知作戰典型戰例，認真總結各方面實踐經驗，結合我軍具體實際，加大理論創新力度，儘早形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的理論體系。

突顯抓好制認知權技術研發。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，也是核心認知力，更是製認知權的核心要素。制認知權的優勢也主要體現在認知技術上。當今世界，美俄等軍事強國對諸如人工智慧、腦控技術、控腦技術、態勢感知技術、高性能通聯技術等與認知戰相關的技術都高度重視，紛紛加大投入力度，下大力謀求創新突破，努力搶佔先機。這就要求我們切實強化主動意識，自覺把認知技術創新放在科技強國強軍戰略的重要位置，積極搞好基礎理論創新和核心技術自主創新，做到你無我有、你有我優、你優我精，把命運牢牢掌握在自己手中。同時，適應我國國情和技術實際，探索適合自己的創新路子，形成特色技術路線，努力掌握非對稱技術，形成關鍵時刻能夠克敵制勝的「必殺技」。

札實開展制認知權戰法演練。苦練出精兵。制認知權的形成，既靠理論創新和技術研發，也靠技戰術和戰法的專攻精練。要堅持將認知作戰納入日常戰備演練，納入具體作戰行動計劃，模擬重要作戰行動，預設實戰場景，在近似實戰的環境中苦練精訓，形成真打實備、能攻善守、能控巧製的實戰能力。及時總結實戰化演訓和實戰中形成的成功經驗和有益做法，揭示貫穿其中的內在機理和特點規律，形成操作性規範措施，納入作戰條令條例。加強訓練設施、器材、場地等基本要素建設，依托現有綜合訓練場打造若干特色訓練場所，開展基地化專業化訓練。加強訓練評估，制定能力指標體系，建構評估流程體系，採用科學評估方法，提升訓練品質水準。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍隊政治工作研究院）

延伸閱讀：

《元宇宙：未來認知戰的新高地》

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4909888.html

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Chinese Military Analysis of Winning Mechanisms of Modern Warfare and Emerging Combat Concepts

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中國軍事對現代戰爭制勝機制與新興作戰概念的分析

現代英語翻譯：

he winning mechanism of war refers to the winning rules, paths, methods and means of war. Driven by scientific and technological progress, changes in weapons and equipment, changes in the purpose of war and other factors, the winning mechanism of modern war has also changed accordingly. President Xi Jinping pointed out profoundly: “Modern warfare has indeed undergone profound changes. These changes may seem dazzling, but there are rules behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed.” Today, the world’s military powers, led by the United States, are stepping up research on operational concept design. In-depth analysis of the connotation and characteristics of emerging operational concepts, excavation of their internal logic, and identification of the winning mechanism of modern warfare are of great significance for seizing the opportunities of new military changes in the world and winning future wars.

Using cognitive warfare to create cognitive leadership advantages

Cognitive warfare focuses on confrontation at the level of consciousness and thinking. By transmitting selectively processed information, it influences decision-making, changes values, and competes for people’s support, thereby guiding the war situation to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself and not to the enemy. Cognitive warfare is an offensive and defensive operation launched by both sides in the cognitive field. The core of the confrontation is the struggle for dominance in the ideological field. The focus is on strengthening cognitive attacks while taking into account cognitive defense.

Dominance in the ideological field is the core of cognitive warfare. First, it is to guide political cognition. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition. The struggle for dominance in the ideological field has become the core of the cognitive confrontation between the enemy and us, with the focus on shaping political beliefs, war attitudes and values ​​that are beneficial to oneself. Political cognitive guidance aims to portray the legitimacy of political parties, the rationality of governing ideas, and the health of the political ecology, to consolidate or destroy political consensus, to strengthen or shake political beliefs, to expand or disintegrate political camps, to cultivate recognition or negation of political positions, beliefs, and ideas, and to lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and unfavorable to the enemy.

The second is to guide value cognition. The guidance of war cognition aims to shape the nature, character, and legal basis of war, guide all parties to make value judgments on the justice and legitimacy of war, influence the direction of public opinion on supporting or opposing war, and regulate the strength of people’s willingness to assume war obligations. The guidance of value cognition aims to launch a fierce competition around the judgment and orientation of value concepts, and seek general emotional recognition in society by spreading ethics, morality, right and wrong, good and evil, and the beauty and ugliness of human nature.

War cognitive guidance aims to shape

The nature, character, and legal basis of war

The focus of cognitive warfare is to force cognition and win the hearts and minds of the people. Cognitive attack is the focus of cognitive warfare. Focusing on the content and methods of the attack, taking targeted attacks is of great significance for shaping the enemy’s wrong cognition and forming a situation that is beneficial to us. From the perspective of content, coercive cognition should focus on the psychological activities of social groups. By shaping cognitive differences, we seek to create antagonistic psychology between different nationalities, races, regions, classes, and groups, accumulate dissatisfaction with the regime from all walks of life, undermine the unity and stability within the country, and induce social unrest and division. From the perspective of methods, we should focus on “wartime” psychological attacks on the basis of “peacetime” cognitive coercion.

The targets of cognitive attacks during wartime include not only the forces participating in the war, but also the forces supporting the war. For the forces participating in the war, we should target the commanders at all levels of the enemy, and weaken their will to resist and interfere with their command decisions through cognitive manipulation, information deception, inducements and persuasion to surrender, so as to achieve the goal of disintegrating the enemy army; for the forces supporting the war, we should widely use radio, broadcasting, new media and other media to publicize major battle results, the enemy’s defeat and escape, tragic battlefield scenes and other content, so as to induce panic and war-weariness among the people and weaken the enemy’s war potential.

Building a strong defense line, gathering hearts and controlling the situation are the foundations of cognitive warfare. The focus of cognitive warfare is attack, while the foundation is defense. While strengthening cognitive attacks on the enemy, we should also focus on cognitive defense. The focus of cognitive defense is to build a strong defense line and stabilize the overall situation. For the participating forces, we should focus on giving full play to the advantages of political work, carry out extensive political mobilization, inspire the spirit of bravery and fearlessness, bravely killing the enemy, and the will to defend the country and sacrifice their lives, actively carry out meritorious service and set up typical examples to boost military morale; for social support forces, we should widely publicize the justice and legitimacy of the war, continuously strengthen patriotism education, inspire the sense of responsibility and sense of crisis of the whole people, and gather hearts and souls.

In addition, we should take positive and effective actions to maximize the support of the international community. Although the support of the international community is mainly obtained through political and diplomatic activities, actively carrying out humanitarian assistance and widely disseminating our own positions, attitudes and values ​​can often promote the change of the attitude of the international community and create favorable conditions for winning the broadest support from the international community.

Establishing strategic initiative advantage through hybrid warfare

Hybrid warfare is a war that uses a variety of means such as politics, economy, diplomacy, science and technology, culture, and military, and combines cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, economic warfare, scientific and technological warfare, and covert conventional military operations to disrupt the situation, destroy the opponent’s war potential, and ultimately achieve strategic goals. In the competition between the strong and the weak, the effective use of hybrid warfare can not only shape a favorable strategic situation and hedge against the strategic competition of major powers, but also achieve the excellent effect of defeating the enemy without fighting and establish a strategic initiative advantage.

Hybrid warfare is the comprehensive use of diverse means

Defeat the weak with the strong, and win without fighting . War is a large-scale and fierce military struggle between countries or political groups using armed forces to achieve certain political goals. This traditional war style uses military hard power competition as the main means of struggle. Although it can quickly and intuitively achieve strategic goals, it is very likely to lead to a passive situation of “hurting the enemy by 1,000 and losing 800 of our own”, and it is easy to attract international condemnation and comprehensive sanctions. Especially in the competition between the strong and the weak, the strong side has an absolute advantage, which is not only reflected in the military field, but also in many fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy, science and technology, and culture. Therefore, unconventional hybrid warfare supported by military strength shows more and more flexible and diverse possibilities of use. Making good use of hybrid warfare means that on the basis of mastering our own advantages and the enemy’s disadvantages, we give priority to non-military means such as politics, diplomacy, economy, and public opinion that can play to our strengths and avoid weaknesses, and use our own strengths to attack the enemy’s weaknesses, pursuing “less fighting” or “no fighting” to win.

Use the strong to counter the strong, and hedge against the competition among major powers. The world today is in a period of great development and great change, and the relations between major powers have entered a new stage of all-round struggle. In order to maintain its unilateral hegemonic status, some military powers have stepped up efforts to win over and divide, deliberately provoked disputes, and continuously used hybrid warfare to contain and suppress competitors, exacerbating the tension of competition among major powers. In the confrontation between the strong and the strong, if you want to avoid being at a disadvantage, you must pick up the weapon of hybrid warfare and give the enemy a taste of its own medicine. We must actively establish the concept of hybrid warfare thinking, understand the characteristics and laws of the enemy’s hybrid warfare, and flexibly use hybrid warfare strategies on the basis of comparing and mastering the advantages and disadvantages of the enemy and ourselves, and properly strengthen strategic prevention and response on the basis of ensuring equal countermeasures, so as to change the passive and unfavorable situation, seek strategic balance, and strive for strategic victory.

Use the weak to defeat the strong and create a favorable situation. The strong wins and the weak loses is a basic rule. If the weak side wants to take the initiative or reverse the decline, it must not fight the strong with the weak or fight against the stone with the egg. Actively adopting a hybrid warfare strategy is an excellent choice. Especially in the context of the accelerated evolution of the global integration process, the links between countries are closer, involving political, economic, social, cultural, military and many other fields. The exchanges are becoming closer, which also provides important practical support for the use of hybrid warfare. Although the weak side is in a disadvantaged position in overall strength, it can rely on its strengths in certain areas and insist on “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and plan and layout with flexible and proactive struggle strategies to trap and disturb the enemy, so that the enemy cannot play all its advantages, so as to change the situation of the comparison of strong and weak forces, strive for strategic balance, or strive for a strategic opportunity window for national security development and create favorable conditions.

Gaining system advantage through joint all-domain warfare

Since the US Army proposed multi-domain warfare (MDB) in 2016, the US military has successively proposed a number of joint combat concepts, from multi-domain operations (MDO), to all-domain operations (ADO), and then to joint all-domain operations (JADO). The essence of the concept of joint all-domain operations is the deep joint operations of multiple services, with the aim of achieving multi-domain coordination and cross-domain integration in all fields such as land, sea, air, space, network, and electricity, and winning modern wars with system advantages.

Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) is

An important supporting concept of the Joint Global Domain Operations concept

Cross-domain coordination is the cornerstone of victory in joint all-domain warfare. Unlike traditional joint operations that pursue the coordination between various services, joint all-domain operations pursue the coordination between various combat domains. Through multi-domain coordination and cross-domain coordination, we seek overall advantages over the enemy and achieve system victory. It is mainly manifested in the following two points: On the one hand, it is asymmetric checks and balances. Emphasis on asymmetric operations, avoid “tit-for-tat” head-on confrontation with opponents of equal strength in traditional combat fields, emphasize strengths and avoid weaknesses, give play to advantages in key fields such as network, electromagnetic and space, make good use of advantages in new fields such as artificial intelligence and biosecurity, and use advantages in key and critical fields to support joint operations to win. On the other hand, it is system checks and balances. The key to achieving cross-domain coordinated operations is to deeply integrate the space, network, and electromagnetic fields with traditional land, sea and air battlefields through joint all-domain command and control, ensure that joint task forces can efficiently use various combat capabilities in the six major combat domains of land, sea, air, space, network and electricity, replace “capability superposition” with “capability integration”, target the enemy’s shortcomings, and integrate the system to produce an overall effect that is better than the sum of its parts.

Prioritized decision-making is the magic weapon for defeating the enemy in joint all-domain warfare. The key to defeating the enemy in joint all-domain warfare is to ensure the advantage of one’s own decision-making and prioritize decision-making. The first is to gain information advantage. Joint all-domain command and control can integrate intelligence information from various domains, form a comprehensive and detailed battlefield situation map through correlation analysis and fusion integration, support commanders’ comprehensive situation awareness, and achieve information advantage.

The second is to establish decision-making advantages. Based on comprehensive and detailed battlefield situation information, with the support of intelligent decision-making assistance, commanders can make scientific and rapid decisions, form plans, and give priority to implementing efficient actions. Different from the traditional OODA theory of “achieving combat advantages by accelerating the OODA cycle”, the joint global command and control is committed to establishing a more efficient “DA cycle”, that is, by establishing an adaptive feedback process between decision-making (D link) and action (A link), determining actions based on decisions, and in turn adjusting decisions in a timely manner based on feedback from action results, and constantly accelerating this cycle, ensuring that while improving their own decision-making efficiency, the enemy is put into a “decision-making dilemma” to achieve the purpose of disturbing and defeating the enemy, thereby establishing decision-making advantages.

Finally, the use of advanced intelligent algorithms strengthens this advantage. Data processing algorithms make situational awareness and intelligence analysis more insightful, intelligent game algorithms make combat planning and auxiliary decision-making more creative, and autonomous control algorithms make force organization and task implementation more executable. It can be said that advanced intelligent algorithms are deeply integrated into all links of the kill chain of observation, judgment, decision-making, attack and evaluation, making the decision-making advantage of joint global operations further highlighted.

Agile command and control is an important support for joint global warfare. Joint global command and control is an important support for joint global operations to achieve agile and efficient command and control. Traditional command and control methods are difficult to achieve cross-domain integration of battlefield perception data, difficult to meet the requirements of cross-service integrated command and control, and difficult to cope with the complexity and timeliness of future operations. Joint global command and control aims to connect all sensors and shooters in real time, ensure seamless communication within the land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network combat domains, within each service, between services, and between allies, coordinate military operations, and strive to build a “network of networks” that supports unmanned intelligent operations.

On the one hand, cross-domain integrated command and control is realized. Joint global command and control focuses on realizing end-to-end information conversion and communication across services, evolving from a linear, static, chimney-style kill chain to a global interconnected kill network. Each service can flexibly call on sensors and strike platforms that are not built by itself, greatly enriching the reconnaissance means and strike options of a single service, while reducing target selection errors and significantly accelerating the OODA loop.

On the other hand, it can make decisions and take actions faster than the opponent. Joint global command and control greatly improves the perception and judgment capabilities in the OODA link through global multi-dimensional intelligence collection and efficient autonomous situation fusion. At the same time, it adopts a mesh communication structure with multi-path synchronous transmission to replace the traditional highly centralized communication nodes, optimize information distribution and sharing, speed up the effective information flow rate, make decisions and take actions before the enemy, and achieve the goal of defeating the enemy with speed.

原創現代國語：

战争制胜机理，是指战争的制胜规律、路径以及方式方法。受到科技进步的推动、武器装备的变革、战争目的的变化等因素的制约，现代战争制胜机理也随之发生变化。习主席深刻指出：“现代战争确实发生了深刻变化。这些变化看上去眼花缭乱，但背后是有规律可循的，根本的是战争的制胜机理变了。”今天，以美国为首的世界军事强国都在加紧作战概念设计研究。深入分析新兴作战概念内涵特点，挖掘其内在逻辑，找准现代战争制胜机理，对于把握世界新军事变革机遇，打赢未来战争，意义重大。

以认知战塑造认知先导优势

认知战聚焦意识思维层面的对抗，通过传递选择性加工后的信息，影响决策判断、改变价值观念、争夺人心向背，进而引导战争态势向利于己而不利于敌的方向发展。认知战是敌我双方在认知领域展开的攻防作战，对抗的核心是意识形态领域主导权的争夺，重点是加强认知攻击，同时兼顾认知防御。

主导意识形态领域是认知战的核心。一是引导政治认知。意识形态决定了认知的理性根基。围绕意识形态领域主导权的争夺成为敌我认知对抗的核心，重点是塑造有利于已的政治信念、战争态度和价值观念。政治认知引导旨在对政党合法性、执政理念合理性、政治生态健康性等内容的刻画，凝聚或破坏政治共识、坚定或动摇政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治阵营，培植对政治立场、信仰、理念等的认同或否定情感，铺设利己、不利于敌的政治认知布局。

二是引导价值认知。战争认知引导旨在塑造战争本质、性质、法理依据等内容，引导各方对战争正义性、合法性的价值评判，影响助战或反战舆论走向，调控民众承担战争义务意愿的强弱。价值认知引导旨在围绕价值观念评判与取向展开激烈争夺，通过传播伦理道德、是非善恶、人性美丑等内容，谋求社会普遍情感认同。

战争认知引导旨在塑造

战争本质、性质、法理依据等

迫诱认知攻心夺志是认知战的重点。认知攻击是认知战的重点，围绕攻击内容和方法，采取有重点的进攻，对于塑造敌方错误认知，形成有利于我之态势，意义重大。从内容上看，迫诱认知应重点围绕社会群类心理开展造势活动。通过塑造认知差异谋求不同民族、不同种族、不同地域、不同阶层、不同群体之间的对立心理，积累社会各界对政权当局的不满情绪，破坏国家内部的团结稳定，诱发社会动荡分裂。从方法上看，应在“平时”认知迫诱的基础上，聚焦“战时”攻心夺志。

战时认知攻击的对象不仅包括参战力量，还包括战争支持力量。针对参战力量，应靶向瞄准敌各级指挥员，通过认知操控、信息欺骗、利诱劝降等方式，削弱其抵抗意志，干扰其指挥决策，达成瓦解敌军目的；针对战争支持力量，应广泛运用电台、广播、新媒体等媒介，宣传重大战果、敌方溃败逃散、惨烈战场画面等内容，诱发民众恐慌厌战情绪，削弱敌战争潜力。

筑牢防线凝心控局是认知战的根基。认知战的重点是攻，而基础是守。在加强对敌方认知攻击的同时，还应重点做好认知防御。认知防御的重点是筑牢防线、稳控大局。针对参战力量，应注重发挥政治工作优势，广泛开展政治动员，激发官兵英勇无畏、奋勇杀敌的精神传承和保家卫国、舍身忘死的意志品质，积极开展立功受奖树立典型榜样，鼓舞军心士气；针对社会支撑力量，应广泛宣传战争正义性、合法性，不断强化爱国主义教育，激发全民责任意识和忧患意识，凝心聚魂。

此外，还应采取积极有效的行动，最大限度争取国际社会的支持。国际社会的支持，虽然主要依靠政治、外交活动争取，但积极开展人道主义救援，广泛传播己方立场态度与价值理念，往往能够推动国际社会态度的转变，为争取最广泛的国际社会支持创造有利条件。

以混合战确立战略主动优势

混合战争是综合运用政治、经济、外交、科技、文化、军事等多样化手段，将网络战、舆论战、经济战、科技战以及隐蔽的常规军事行动结合起来，搅局乱局，破坏对手战争潜力，以最终达成战略目的的战争。在强弱对抗竞争中，有效运用混合战争，不仅可以塑造有利战略态势，对冲大国战略竞争，而且能够达成不战而屈人之兵的绝佳效果，确立战略主动优势。

混合战争是多样化手段的综合运用

以强胜弱，不战屈人之兵。战争，是国家或者政治集团之间为了达成一定的政治目的，使用武装力量进行的大规模激烈交战的军事斗争。这种传统战争样式以军事硬实力比拼作为主要斗争手段，虽然能够快捷直观地达成战略目的，但极有可能出现“伤敌一千自损八百”的被动局面，且容易招致国际舆论谴责和全面制裁。特别是在强弱对抗竞争中，强者一方本就占据绝对优势，这不仅体现在军事领域，而且体现在政治、经济、外交、科技、文化等诸多领域。因此，以军事实力为支撑的非常规混合战争展现出愈发灵活多样的运用可能性。善用混合战争，就是在掌握我之优势、敌之劣势的基础上，优先选用政治、外交、经济、舆论等能够扬长避短的非军事手段，以已之长攻敌之短，追求“少战”或“不战”而屈人之兵。

以强对强，对冲大国竞争。当今世界正处于大发展大变革时期，大国关系进入全方位角力新阶段，有的军事强国为维护其单级霸权地位，加紧拉拢分化，蓄意挑起争端，并不断运用混合战争手段遏制打压竞争对手，加剧大国竞争紧张局势。在强与强的力量对抗中，要想不落下风，就必须拿起混合战争这个利器，以彼之道还施彼身。要积极确立混合战争思维理念，摸清搞透敌混合战争特点规律，在对比掌握敌我底数优长的基础上，灵活运用混合战争策略，以我之优势对敌之劣势，在确保对等反制的基础上，妥善加强战略防范与应对，以此改变被动不利局面，谋求战略均势，争取战略胜势。

以弱胜强，塑造有利态势。强胜弱败是基本法则。弱势一方要想占据主动或是扭转颓势，断然不能以弱碰硬、以卵击石，积极采取混合战争策略不失为一种绝佳选择。尤其是在全球一体化进程加速演进背景下，各国之间的联系更加紧密，涉及政治、经济、社会、文化、军事等诸多领域间的往来愈发密切，这也为混合战争运用提供了重要现实支撑。弱势一方虽然总体实力处于劣势地位，但可凭借某些领域的优长，坚持“你打你的，我打我的”，以灵活主动的斗争策略谋篇布局，困敌、扰敌，使敌无法发挥全部优势，以此改变强弱力量对比态势，努力争取战略均势，或是为国家安全发展争取战略机遇窗口期，创造有利条件。

以联合全域战赢得体系优势

自2016年美陆军提出多域战（MDB）以来，美军先后提出多个联合作战概念，从多域作战（MDO），到全域作战（ADO），再到联合全域作战（JADO），美军作战概念如雨后春笋般相继涌现。联合全域作战概念的本质是多军种深度联合作战，目的是实现陆、海、空、天、网、电等全领域的多域协同与跨域融合，以体系优势制胜现代战争。

联合全域指挥控制（JADC2）是

联合全域作战概念的重要支撑概念

跨域协同是联合全域战的制胜基石。与传统联合作战追求各军种之间的联合不同，联合全域作战追求的是各作战域之间的联合，通过多域联合、跨域协同，谋求整体对敌优势，实现体系制胜。主要表现为以下两点：一方面是非对称制衡。强调非对称作战，避免与实力相当的对手在传统作战领域展开“针尖对麦芒”的以硬碰硬，强调扬长避短，发挥网络、电磁和太空等关键领域优势，善用人工智能、生物安全等新型领域优势，以关键要害领域优势，支撑联合作战获得胜利。另一方面是体系制衡。实现跨域协同作战的关键是通过联合全域指挥控制将太空、网络、电磁领域与传统陆海空战场进行深度融合，确保联合任务部队在陆、海、空、天、网、电六大作战域内高效运用各种作战能力，以“能力集成”取代“能力叠加”，瞄准敌方短板弱项，体系融合发力，产生优于各部分总和的整体效果。

优先决策是联合全域战的克敌法宝。联合全域作战克敌的关键是确保己方决策优势，优先决策。首先是赢得信息优势。联合全域指挥控制能够融合来自各域的情报信息，通过关联分析、融合集成形成全面详实的战场态势图，支撑指挥员全面态势感知，实现信息优势。

其次是确立决策优势。指挥员基于全面详实的战场态势信息，在智能化辅助决策支持下，科学快速定下决心，形成方案计划，并优先落实高效行动。不同于“通过加快OODA循环以达成作战优势”的传统OODA理论，联合全域指挥控制致力于建立更为高效的“DA循环”，即通过在决策（D环节）和行动（A环节）之间建立自适应的反馈过程，依据决策确定行动，反过来根据行动结果反馈及时调整决策，并不断加速这一循环，确保在提高自身决策效率的同时，使敌陷入“决策困境”，达到扰敌、制敌目的，以此确立决策优势。

最后，先进智能算法的运用强化了这一优势。数据处理算法让态势感知和情报分析更有洞察力，智能博弈算法让作战筹划和辅助决策更有创造力，自主控制算法让兵力编组和任务实施更有执行力。可以说，先进智能算法深度融入观察、判断、决策、打击和评估杀伤链的各个环节，使得联合全域作战决策优势进一步凸显。

敏捷指控是联合全域战的重要支撑。联合全域指挥控制是联合全域作战实现敏捷高效指挥控制的重要支撑。传统的指控手段难以实现战场感知数据的跨域集成，难以满足跨军种一体化指挥控制要求，也难以应对未来作战的复杂性和时效性。而联合全域指挥控制旨在将所有传感器与射手实时地连接起来，确保在陆、海、空、天、电、网各作战域内，各军种内部、各军种间以及盟友之间，实现无缝通信，协调一致开展军事行动，努力构建支撑无人化智能化作战的“网络之网络”。

一方面，实现跨域一体化指挥控制。联合全域指挥控制聚焦实现跨军种的端到端信息转换与通信，从线性、静态、烟囱式的杀伤链向全域互联的杀伤网演进，各军种能够灵活调用非自身建制的传感器和打击平台，极大丰富了单一军种的侦察手段和打击选项，在降低目标选取失误的同时，显著加快OODA环。

另一方面，比对手更快完成决策和行动。联合全域指挥控制通过全域多维情报收集、高效自主态势融合，极大提升OODA链路中的感知和判断能力。同时，采用多路径同步传输的网状通信结构取代传统高度集中的通信节点，优化信息分发共享，加快有效信息流转速率，先敌决策，先敌行动，实现以快制敌。

版权声明：本文刊于2024年 4 期《军事文摘》杂志，作者：陈志华，如需转载请务必注明“转自《军事文摘》”。 

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