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Chinese Military Fifth Generation Command Information System and Its Intelligent Technology

04/30/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊第五代指揮資訊系統及其智慧化技術

現代英語：

Modern war presents the explosive growth of battlefield information and new combat style. With the continuous emergence of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and edge computing, a new generation of command information system is coming. Based on the international fourth generation command information system, this paper imagines the overall architecture of the fifth generation command information system, expounds the technical characteristics of its knowledge center, intelligent enabling, cloud edge integration, independent evolution and resilience adaptation, analyze its key technologies, continuously improves the battlefield information advantage, and transforms to the battlefield cognitive advantage, decision-making advantage and action advantage.

Abstract

Key words

command information system ; artificial intelligence ; edge computing ; situation processing ; planning and decision ; action control

Cite this article

Download CitationsZHANG Zhi-hua , WANG Fan . The Fifth Generation Command Information System and Its Intelligent Technology. Command Control and Simulation . 2021, 43(5): 1-7 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-3819.2021.05.001

Previous Article Next Article In his report to the 19th CPC National Congress, President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on network information systems”

^[ 1 ] . This statement indicates that future wars will be based on networked and intelligent system operations. The fifth-generation command information system will focus on intelligence, strengthen battlefield information advantages, and strive for battlefield cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages, and action advantages. According to relevant reports, the international command information system has gone through four stages of development

^[ 2 ] and is evolving towards the fifth-generation command information system. The system architecture is developing towards intelligence, knowledge, cloud edge, and service. The fourth-generation system in the world mainly uses networking, service, and cloud to build an overall coordinated command information system

^[ 2 ] , which meets the needs of coordinated operations to a certain extent and achieves information advantages. However, with the explosive growth of battlefield information, it is difficult to transform the system information advantage into the commander’s cognitive and decision-making advantages. With the emergence of new combat styles such as unmanned combat and cyber warfare, in order to adapt to the complexity and nonlinear characteristics of combat command, the command information system must break through cognitive technology and provide accurate battlefield situation cognition and planning and decision-making capabilities. The fifth-generation command information system is envisioned to be centered on artificial intelligence, edge computing, and cloud brain technology to enhance battlefield cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages, and action advantages, support combat command to move from the information domain to the cognitive domain, and realize capabilities such as information knowledge, intelligent decision-making, agile command and control, multi-domain collaboration, and edge services.

1 New Concept of Command and Control

1.1 Intelligent command and control

Intelligent command and control is to use artificial intelligence methods to achieve the transformation from “information-based, network-centric” to “intelligent, knowledge-centric”, and assist commanders in solving perception, understanding, and cognitive problems in the command field. The system architecture and technical architecture of the command information system will change. The system will apply corresponding intelligent technologies around functional domains such as situation, command, control, and support to improve the cognitive and decision-making efficiency of combat command. Foreign militaries pay great attention to the intelligent application of combat command. Since 2007, the US DARPA has published three white papers on national and military development strategies for artificial intelligence, and has launched plans such as “Deep Green”

^{[ 3 ⇓ – 5 ]} , “The High-Tech Holy Grail of the Third Offset Strategy”, and “Commander’s Virtual Staff”. In the field of intelligence perception and tactical decision-making, it has launched artificial intelligence projects such as “Insight”, “Xdata”, “Deep Learning”, “Deep Text Search and Filtering”, “Distributed Battlefield Management”, “Human-Machine Collaboration”, “Mind’s Eye”, “Trace”, “Human-Machine Collaboration”, “X-Plan”, “Cognitive Electronic Warfare”, and “AlphaAI Air Combat”, realizing the ability to deeply understand battlefield intelligence, predict situation cognition, and automatically generate and deduce tactical plans. Since then, the U.S. military has also set up projects such as “Autonomous Negotiation Formation”, “Big Dog”, and “Hummingbird” to improve the manned and unmanned collaborative control capabilities. Overall, the U.S. military currently has the world’s leading level of intelligent combat command. In addition, Germany, France, Russia and other countries have also conducted extensive research in intelligent information perception and processing, intelligent autonomous unmanned combat platforms, etc., and have achieved fruitful research results

^{[ 6 ⇓ – 8 ]} .

1.2 Tactical Edge Command and Control

With the development of military technology, traditional large-scale cluster combat methods are gradually transformed into small-scale asymmetric combat. Combat activities at the tactical edge will play an important role in war. The tactical edge is also known as the “first tactical mile”

^[ 9 ] . It is far away from the command center and has limited communication, computing, and service resources. It is usually composed of combat platforms, tactical units, and special forces. In order to gain information and decision-making advantages, command units at all levels use ubiquitous networks, micro-clouds, and other technologies to achieve information and resource sharing. Mobile computing devices at the tactical edge use fog computing methods to integrate into larger combat units and form micro-clouds under self-organizing networks. The large amount of situation information obtained by the tactical edge is calculated, stored, and shared in the tactical micro-cloud, which simplifies the scale of interaction with the command center, improves the timeliness of information interaction, and solves the problem of insufficient service capabilities at the tactical frontier in the past.

1.3 Multi-Domain Battle Command and Control

In 2016, the U.S. Army proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”

^[ 10 ] , taking “synchronous cross-domain firepower” and “all-domain mobility” as core elements, promoting the high integration of combat elements, enhancing all-domain strike capabilities, and attempting to eliminate the “anti-access/area denial” capabilities of China, Russia and other countries. It mainly has the following three characteristics

^[ 10 ] . First, the combat domain is expanded in multiple dimensions, enabling the U.S. Army to deploy forces from the ground to multiple combat domains such as sea, air, electricity, and the Internet, and has the ability to integrate with other services. Second, the combat elements are highly integrated, and the various services and combat functional domains can share information, coordinate tactics, and synchronize actions, which promotes the transformation of joint services to the integration of combat capability elements. Third, the command chain is developing in a flat direction, and the command mechanism is efficient and flexible. It is necessary to have centralized planning and decentralized execution, and to share information and instructions with various command nodes and individual soldiers, extend the tactical command chain, and realize rapid, multi-line, and multi-domain combat command.

1.4 Mosaic Combat Command and Control

In 2017, DARPA proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”

^{[ 11-12 ] , which takes into account both ” threat-based” and “capability-based” equipment construction methods, and} flexibly combines sensors, command and control nodes, combat platforms, and cooperative manned and unmanned systems in multiple combat domains on demand to form a mission system. System integration uses a building block approach to dynamically link dispersed fine-grained systems together to form a combat system similar to a “mosaic block”. “Mosaic warfare” uses intelligent decision-making tools to provide distributed situational awareness and adaptive planning and control, assist in combat mission planning, and implement distributed combat management. “Mosaic warfare” requires the replacement of fixed combat force composition with adaptive system reorganization, and the combat command has a resilient and adaptable information system that can customize physically dispersed mixed combat units on demand and meet various dynamic and collaborative combat requirements

^{[ 12 ⇓ – 14 ]} .

2. Transformation of the Characteristics of the Fifth Generation Command Information System

1) The system shifts from network-centric to knowledge-centric. The network-centric approach brings battlefield information advantage, which is then transformed into cognitive advantage and decision-making advantage. The information sharing between systems shifts to knowledge-centric intelligence sharing, which promotes the transformation of the entire command system into decision-making and action advantage.2) The cloud architecture is transformed into cloud-edge-end integration. Expand the original cloud resource sharing capabilities

^[ 2 ] and extend them to the platforms, teams, and individual soldiers at the tactical edge, realize the integrated hybrid service capabilities of the battlefield center cloud, mobile cloud, and edge micro-cloud in a mobile environment, and enhance the tactical frontier resource service capabilities.3) Transformation from scheduled integration to resilient adaptability. Currently, the system is deployed and operated according to preset rules. When the mission changes, it must be regulated according to the pre-planned plan. In the future, battlefield systems are vulnerable to attacks and paralysis, requiring the system to have the ability to self-reconstruct, resilient and adaptable when disturbances occur to ensure that the core mission ^is^{uninterrupted}

^[ 13-14 ] .4) Transformation from computational intelligence to cognitive intelligence. Intelligence is manifested in computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence, and cognitive intelligence. Currently, computational intelligence provides a tactical deterministic solution method. In the future battlefield, intelligent technology must be used to improve the accuracy and real-time degree of cognition in terms of massive intelligence processing, situational awareness, and decision-making reasoning.5) Performance changes from fixed fixed to autonomous learning evolution. The system’s algorithm and performance are generally determined and fixed during the design period, and performance improvement is achieved through upgrading and transformation. Intelligent systems have the ability of self-learning and self-evolution, and can learn algorithms for situational awareness and intelligent decision-making online to improve system performance.6) Construction shifts from capability-based to knowledge-based. Command information systems are generally constructed based on capability elements, and system integration is integrated based on capability elements. Intelligent systems pay more attention to the intellectual construction of the system, focusing on the construction of system knowledge, rules, algorithms, and data.7) The interaction mode will shift to human-machine fusion intelligent interaction. Human-machine fusion intelligent perception, anthropomorphic interaction, intention-oriented intelligent human-machine interface interaction, wearable human-machine fusion computing, and fusion and linkage interaction will become the main interaction mode of future systems, and the human-machine control system will progress towards human-machine fusion.8) The separation of combat and training has shifted to the integration of combat, training, exercise and research. The fifth-generation command information system tightly couples combat command and tactical training, and has parallel simulation and reasoning capabilities. It can not only update intelligent algorithms, but also conduct combat and tactics confrontation research, obtain tactical data, and promote algorithm learning. Exercise training has developed from war game simulation to battlefield virtual game.

3 Overall Architecture Concept

The overall architecture of the future fifth-generation command information system should be a command information system that is knowledge-centric, human-machine integrated, intelligently empowered, cloud-edge integrated, autonomously evolving, and resilient and adaptable. The following article mainly describes the overall system from the perspectives of system architecture, service architecture, and technical architecture

^[ 15 ] . The system architecture mainly refers to the composition of the system’s logical elements and their relationships, the service architecture describes the integration model of information and computing resources between systems, and the technical architecture describes the system’s technical reference model.

3.1 System Architecture Concept

The system is changing from “information-based, network-centric” to “intelligent, knowledge-centric”, while extending to the tactical edge. Based on the original system integration, the system integrates knowledge and algorithms, applies intelligent technology in functional domains such as situation, command, control, and support, and improves the cognition and decision-making efficiency of combat command. The system architecture is envisioned as follows:

Figure 1 Conceptualization of the fifth-generation command information system architecture

第五代指揮資訊系統架構概念

The fifth-generation system expands the functional domain of parallel deduction and learning training on the basis of functional elements such as situational awareness, command decision-making, action control, support and guarantee, and information services to meet the needs of combat branch evaluation and algorithm learning. In terms of situational awareness, it covers computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence, and cognitive intelligence, mainly completing battlefield intelligence processing and target identification, understanding and predicting the situation, having state and momentum, and improving information advantage; in terms of command decision-making, it is mainly based on cognitive intelligence, which can machine tactical reasoning, generate plans and plans, and improve decision-making level; in terms of action control, it is mainly based on computational intelligence and cognitive intelligence, completing task monitoring and temporary tactical control, and providing action optimization strategies based on knowledge reasoning, such as command guidance, firepower coordination, and unmanned cluster intelligent control; in terms of comprehensive guarantee, it is mainly based on computational intelligence, completing the optimal allocation of battlefield resources under prior knowledge and rules; in terms of parallel deduction and learning training, it combines command and control with simulation training, trains personnel and algorithms in peacetime, and conducts parallel plan deduction in wartime.In addition, the fifth-generation system has an autonomous evolving learning mechanism: first, autonomous learning within the node to optimize the algorithm and knowledge base; second, the nodes share intelligent algorithms and knowledge through the command cloud to collaboratively complete the evolution. Each node can upload the learned algorithms and knowledge to the command cloud to update the algorithms and knowledge of the knowledge center; third, the system issues instructions to tactical nodes, weapon nodes, detection nodes, and combat support nodes, and collects execution feedback. These feedback results can be used to learn and evolve the algorithm.Between the fifth-generation systems, based on the original comprehensive integration based on the cloud/end architecture, an integrated sharing method for knowledge and intelligent algorithms has been added. Each command information system uploads intelligent algorithms and knowledge rules to the knowledge center for plug-and-play sharing by heterogeneous nodes such as battlefield detection, command, and weapons. The command information system can obtain existing intelligent knowledge from the knowledge center and conduct secondary learning and training in combination with its own battlefield data to improve algorithm capabilities. The command cloud will eventually form an intelligent knowledge center for the battlefield, and a battlefield knowledge network will be formed between the intelligent command information systems.

3.2 Concept of cloud-edge-device service architecture

In the future, ubiquitous network connections will extend from command units to various squads, individual soldiers, and platforms at the tactical edge. The fifth-generation command information system will use fog computing and distributed computing technologies to build tactical mobile clouds, squad micro-clouds (Cloudlet), and individual task group pico-clouds (Pico-Cloud) based on cloud architecture technology

^{[ 9 , 16 ]} , forming tactical frontier mobile cloud service capabilities, realizing the hybrid service capabilities of battlefield centralized combat clouds, mobile tactical clouds, and edge micro-clouds and pico-clouds, forming an integrated resource service structure of “cloud, edge, and end”, and quickly building command chains and strike chains.

Concept of cloud-edge-end service architecture of the fifth-generation command information system

第五代指揮資訊系統雲端端服務架構構想

The cloud-edge-end integrated service capability supports the fifth-generation system to achieve dynamic aggregation and release of combat resources through “cloud deployment, cloud aggregation, cloud attack, and cloud dissipation”, thereby improving the combat effectiveness of the entire system

^[ 17 ] . The centralized combat cloud is deployed in the command center in a fixed cloud manner

^[ 16 ] to provide services for various combat nodes; air, land, and sea tactical clouds provide information, algorithms, computing, and storage services under mobile conditions for aircraft, ships, armored forces, and other forces at the tactical frontier, thereby improving the resource sharing level at the tactical frontier

^{[ 9 , 16 , 18-19 ] ; in tactical edge military operations, micro-clouds and pico – clouds are constructed. Micro-clouds are deployed in fog computing on vehicles, aircraft, and boats within one hop of the} communication distance of the frontier contact unit, expanding the tactical information processing and sharing capabilities of the frontier unit personnel. When individual soldiers and units cannot access micro-clouds, mobile ad hoc networks and distributed computing technologies can be used to construct pico-clouds to support dynamic information aggregation and resource sharing end-to-end under weak connections at the tactical edge, thereby extending the command chain.

3.3 Technical Architecture Concept

The fifth-generation command information system will extend the war from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, and will change the way of command and control. Its technical architecture is as follows:

Technical architecture of the fifth-generation command information system

第五代指揮資訊系統技術架構

The fifth generation command information system adds tactical edge services and intelligent computing environments based on the networked computing environment of the fourth generation command information system, which is compatible with the system architecture and meets the intelligent requirements of the system. The tactical edge service computing environment provides micro-cloud and pico-cloud basic computing, storage, and information service platforms for weakly connected terminals; the intelligent computing environment provides intelligent services for situation, decision-making, control, and human-computer interaction.The intelligent technology environment layer includes the following five parts. The intelligent computing hardware platform is equipped with AI acceleration processors such as GPU, FPGA, and TPU to adapt to the computing power required by deep learning. Some algorithms use brain-like chips with neuron processing mechanisms or solidified dedicated intelligent computing chips; the intelligent data management platform mainly manages data, samples, cases, models, and knowledge; the deep learning framework integrates the runtime library and basic algorithm library of deep learning and reinforcement learning; the traditional artificial intelligence computing framework includes traditional algorithm support libraries such as spark and bigflow for search and solution, data mining, and parallel processing; intelligent services include application-oriented intelligent algorithm service libraries, such as intelligent interactive recognition, valuation network calculation, and strategy network calculation services, which provide solution interfaces for application development.The intelligent application layer mainly provides functional elements such as intelligent situational awareness, planning and decision-making, action control and information services, human-computer interaction, learning and training. It is the system’s main functional interface for users and the core problem that intelligence needs to solve.The fifth-generation system technology architecture model mentioned above mainly uses cloud computing and intelligent technology support services to achieve the sharing of situations, instructions, algorithms and knowledge between systems, and supports system autonomous evolution, algorithm upgrades and knowledge updates. System intelligence can be divided into levels 0 to 4

^[ 20 ] . Level 0: full manual control; Level 1: computing intelligence, deterministic complex tactical calculations and information automation processing; Level 2: having certain perceptual intelligence, able to understand, evaluate and predict battlefield situations; Level 3: having cognitive intelligence, able to provide machine decision-making and decision-making deduction capabilities; Level 4: having human-machine integration and symbiosis capabilities, and the core algorithm can self-learn and self-evolve. At present, the intelligence level of the fourth-generation system is generally at level 1, and situation understanding and command decisions are still controlled by humans. The intelligence of the fifth-generation system can reach the fourth level through three stages. The first stage is to realize the ability to perceive, understand and evaluate the battlefield situation; the second stage is to build a knowledge base of tactics and enable machine decision-making based on rules, knowledge and algorithms; the third stage is to realize machine self-learning and self-evolution of core tasks, and have the function of autonomous decision-making, reaching a highly intelligent level of human-machine integration

^[ 20 ] .

4 Key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept

^{The key technologies of the fifth-generation command information system mainly solve the above – mentioned problems of intelligence, cloud –} edge-end integration, and system resilience and adaptability. The key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept is the following

Key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept

系統關鍵技術及智慧化理念

The key technologies of the fifth-generation command information system cover all aspects of the command and control OODA loop, and can support the system’s intelligence, resilience, and edge command and control requirements in terms of detection, decision-making, control, and strike, thereby building a precise perception chain, rapid control chain, precise strike chain, and agile service chain, extending to the tactical edge and improving command effectiveness.

1) Situational Awareness Machine Analysis TechnologyIntelligence compilation and analysis technology.

Use big data, deep learning, knowledge graphs and other technologies to perform intelligent information correlation matching, text semantics intelligent analysis, and public opinion intelligent search and extraction to obtain valuable intelligence from massive, multi-source, and heterogeneous battlefield information.

Multiple target rapid recognition technology. Using deep learning methods, a multi-layer CNN convolutional neural network is constructed, and sample feature parameter learning is used to complete feature extraction and rapid target recognition of optical, infrared, electromagnetic, and acoustic information.Situation recognition and understanding technology. Analyze the enemy’s combat intentions and combat capabilities, use the reinforcement learning valuation network technology to simulate the commander’s situation recognition process, and combine the CNN nonlinear battlefield situation fitting ability to establish a mapping from situation images to situation understanding

Situation machine prediction and assessment technology. Based on situation understanding, the enemy’s tactical behavior is estimated. First, the strategy network is used to obtain the enemy’s activity rules, and then the parallel deduction method is used to perform multi-branch situation deduction. Finally, a prediction network is constructed to predict the situation.

2) Operational planning machine decision-making technology.

Combat mission space and strategy modeling technology. Modeling the state and action strategy of the combat mission space and determining the description method of the mission state, strategy, and feedback are the basis for deep reinforcement learning to make decisions.Mission planning machine decision-making technology. Use operations optimization to complete target analysis and task allocation. Use deep reinforcement learning and swarm intelligence algorithms to machine plan force composition, firepower configuration, and collaborative paths. Tactical planning tends to be rule-based reasoning and easy to break through; campaign planning tends to be knowledge-based reasoning based on experience, involving the art of command, and is more difficult to break through.

Parallel simulation technology for combat plans. With reference to the parallel simulation technology of the “deep green” system the Monte Carlo search tree and game test method are used to simulate enemy combat behavior, rehearse and evaluate the action process, and accumulate feedback reward and punishment functions for learning, training, and decision optimization.

Intelligent generation technology of combat plans. Using intelligent perception algorithms such as natural language understanding, voice command recognition, and sketch recognition, combined with the extraction of elements from the task model, the knowledge graph is used to automatically extract the plan to generate combat plans and command sequences .

Rapid decision-making technology on the spot. Based on the current situation, using the learning data accumulated by the game platform, automatically matching the most appropriate plan adjustment, making dynamic decisions on the plan based on Monte Carlo tree search and transfer learning algorithms, reverse reinforcement learning, and enhancing the generalization ability of the plan.3) Intelligent motion control technologySituation-based improvisation control technology. According to the effects and deviations of combat operations, the resources, paths, and coordination modes of the mission are dynamically adjusted, and parallel simulation multi-branch deduction and reinforcement learning technology are used to correct the deviations, thus realizing tactical “feedforward” control .

Swarm intelligence collaborative control technology. Promote the maximization of the overall effectiveness of battlefield intelligent bodies in collaborative operations, use ant colony and bee colony control algorithms and deep reinforcement learning methods to build a global tactical value network, establish an effect feedback model, and perform strategic control based on the value network.Firepower collaborative control technology. Improve the speed and accuracy of friend-or-foe identification, firepower allocation, and collaborative dispatch, use swarm intelligence and deep reinforcement learning algorithms to automatically plan, coordinate and optimize the strike chain, and have a certain degree of autonomous decision-making ability.

4) Manned/unmanned collaborative command technology.

Multi-domain cluster system autonomous collaborative machine planning technology. Use branch search solution, knowledge reasoning, and deep reinforcement learning to plan and allocate collaborative tasks for manned/unmanned systems, and use swarm intelligence optimization algorithms to plan collaborative trajectories for unmanned and manned platforms.Multi-domain cluster system autonomous collaborative command and control technology. It monitors the missions of unmanned clusters and provides autonomous collaborative command and guidance. It uses swarm intelligence algorithms to detect conflicts and avoid collisions among multiple unmanned platforms, and coordinates grouping, routing, and load.

5) Intelligent information service technology.

Intelligent battlefield information sharing technology uses reinforcement learning and semantic association technology to analyze users’ information needs and preferences, generate information needs based on users’ differentiated characteristics, and intelligently push tactical information to users.

6) Human-machine fusion intelligent interaction technology.

Human-computer fusion intelligent perception interaction technology. Construct multi-channel human-computer interaction methods including sketches, spoken language, gestures, head postures, expressions, eye movements, etc., and provide natural, sensitive, accurate and anthropomorphic interaction strategies . Intention-oriented intelligent human-computer interface technology. Using FCM fuzzy cognitive interactive reasoning technology, infer the user’s interactive intention, and organize the interactive interface output by integrating different means such as spoken language, gestures, sketches, and natural language according to the user’s interface needs and interaction preferences.Smart wearable human-machine fusion technology. It uses edge computing technology and new human-machine interaction methods such as voice, gestures, eye movements, brain-computer interfaces, and augmented reality to provide soldiers with smart wearable devices that have a collaborative, integrated, and linked human-machine interaction mode.

7) Virtual gaming and training evaluation technology.

The combat virtual game technology builds a game confrontation test platform, conducts combat knowledge modeling, and uses parallel simulation, branch decision, differential confrontation and other technologies to conduct red-blue confrontation, which not only trains tactics and methods, but also collects tactical data.Machine training and evaluation technology uses the data accumulated by the game platform and the experience of personnel to model, adopts small sample transfer learning technology to train and optimize the algorithm, replays the real data afterwards, performs transfer learning optimization on the decision model, and updates the decision plan.

8) System resilience adaptive reconstruction technology.

Environmental perception and autonomous fault detection technology. Under soft and hard damage, it can detect the main faults and analyze abnormal correlations, predict the occurrence of faults that affect task execution, evaluate the impact of faults on tasks, and realize active perception and rapid location of system resources and faults.System self-healing and reconstruction intelligent technology. When key nodes of the system fail, an adaptive mechanism is used to reallocate resources, achieve capacity regeneration, and continuously ensure the completion of core tasks. The system changes from a fault repair method with preset rules and manual participation to an intelligent system reconstruction method.

9) Tactical edge computing technology.

Mobile micro-cloud service platform technology. Deployed in fog computing mode on vehicles, aircraft, and boats within one hop of the enemy, it provides shared processing capabilities for combat teams and expands the tactical information processing capabilities of team members.Pi-cloud resource sharing technology under weak connection ad hoc network. Based on the individual soldier ad hoc network, the Pi-cloud is constructed using distributed computing technology to support end-to-end autonomous collaborative information sharing and resource sharing between individual soldier mobile devices under weak connection to meet tactical edge needs.

5 Development ideas and ideas

1) Gradually progress in stages, starting with the easy and then moving on to the difficult. In the first stage, image, voice, gesture, face recognition, and natural language understanding are applied to intelligence analysis; in the second stage, deep learning and reinforcement learning are applied to situational awareness and command decision-making; in the third stage, cloud computing is used to realize a knowledge-centered, intelligently empowered system.

2) Select intelligent algorithms for application. Focusing on the application of deep learning in situation and deep reinforcement learning in planning and decision-making, select appropriate tactical backgrounds to verify intelligent algorithms. Tactical-level planning of paths, firepower, tasks, etc. can be used as breakthroughs.

3) Strengthen the construction of knowledge engineering in the field of combat command. Expert rules, military regulations, and actual combat data are the basis of intelligent command. The existing combat rules should be modeled and represented in a knowledge-based manner, and the input and output mapping relationship between knowledge representation and deep learning should be established. The research on knowledge learning and knowledge reasoning methods should be strengthened .

4) Establish a virtual confrontation game platform to accumulate data. Intelligent algorithms require a large number of learning samples. The ways to accumulate samples are: Establish a confrontation game platform to conduct war games, human-machine confrontation, and red-blue confrontation to accumulate data; Collect tactical data from actual combat exercises and build models as training samples.

6 Conclusion

This paper proposes the overall and intelligent concept of the fifth-generation command information system, constructs a new generation of command information system architecture with “intelligent empowerment, human-machine integration, cloud-edge integration, autonomous evolution, cloud-intelligence sharing, and resilience and adaptability”, analyzes its key technologies and capability characteristics, and attempts to achieve cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages, and action advantages based on the fourth-generation system in the world .

There are not many technical verifications for the fifth-generation system in the world, so we should not rush for quick success and still need to conduct sufficient research.

現代國語：

現代戰爭呈現戰場資訊爆炸性成長與新型作戰形態。隨著人工智慧、邊緣運算等新技術的不斷湧現，新一代指揮資訊系統呼之欲出。本文在國際第四代指揮資訊系統的基礎上，構想了第五代指揮資訊系統的整體架構，闡述了其知識中心化、智慧賦能、雲邊融合、自主演進和彈性適配的技術特徵，分析了其關鍵技術，不斷提升戰場資訊優勢，並向戰場認知優勢、決策優勢和行動轉化。

習主席在中國共產黨十九大報告中明確指出,「加速軍事智能化發展,提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」[1]。這個論述指明了未來戰爭將是基於網路化、智慧化的體係作戰,第五代指揮資訊系統將以智慧化為核心,強化戰場資訊優勢,爭取戰場認知優勢、決策優勢與行動優勢。據相關通報,國際上指揮資訊系統經歷了四個階段的發展過程[2],正在向第五代指揮資訊系統演化,系統體系結構向智慧化、知識化、雲端端、服務化發展。國際上第四代系統主要以網路化、服務化、雲端化等手段建構了整體協同的指揮資訊體系[2],一定程度上滿足協同作戰需求,實現了資訊優勢。但隨著戰場資訊的爆發式增長,系統資訊優勢很難轉化為指揮的認知與決策優勢,隨著無人作戰、賽博作戰等新型作戰樣式的出現,為了適應作戰指揮的複雜性、非線性特徵,指揮資訊系統須突破認知技術,提供準確的戰場態勢認知與籌劃決策能力。第五代指揮資訊系統設想以人工智慧、邊緣運算、雲腦技術為核心,提升戰場認知優勢、決策優勢與行動優勢,支援作戰指揮由資訊域邁向認知領域、實現資訊知識化、決策智慧化、指控敏捷化、協同多域化、服務邊緣化等能力。
1 指揮控制新理念
1.1 智能化指揮控制
智慧化指揮控制就是利用人工智慧方法,實現從「資訊化、網路中心」轉變為「智慧化、知識中心」,輔助指揮者解決指揮領域的感知、理解、認知問題。指揮資訊系統的系統架構、技術架構都會改變。系統圍繞著態勢、指揮、控制、保障等功能域進行相應的智慧技術應用,提升作戰指揮的認知與決策效能。外軍十分關注作戰指揮智能化應用,美軍DARPA從2007年至今,發布了3份關於人工智能國家及軍事發展戰略白皮書,分別開展了“深綠”[3⇓-5]、“第3次抵消戰略的高科技聖杯”、“指揮官虛擬參謀”等計劃,在情報感知與戰術決策領域啟動了“Insight”、Xdata” 「分散式戰場管理」、「人機協作」、「Mind’sEye」、「Trace」、「人機協作」、「X-Plan」、「認知電子戰」、「AlphaAI空戰」等人工智慧專案,實現戰場情報深度理解、態勢認知預測及戰術方案自動生成與推演能力。此後,美軍也設置了「自主協商編隊」、「大狗」、「蜂鳥」等項目,提升有人與無人協同控制能力。整體而言,美軍目前具備全球領先的智慧化作戰指揮水準。此外,德、法、俄等國也紛紛在智慧化資訊感知與處理、智慧自主無人作戰平台等方面進行了大量研究,取得了豐碩的研究成果[6⇓-8]。
1.2 戰術邊緣指揮控制
隨著軍事科技的發展,傳統大規模集群作戰方式逐漸轉換為小範圍的非對稱作戰,戰術邊緣的作戰活動在戰爭中將扮演重要角色。戰術邊緣又稱為「第一戰術英里」[9],它遠離指揮中心,通信、計算、服務資源受限,通常由作戰平台、戰術分隊、特種單兵組成,為了獲得信息與決策優勢,各級指揮單元利用泛在網絡、微雲等技術,實現信息與資源共享。戰術邊緣的移動計算設備,採用霧計算方法,整合為更大的作戰單元,形成自組網下的微雲,戰術邊緣獲取的大量態勢信息,在戰術微雲進行計算、存儲、共享,簡化了與指揮中心的交互規模,提升了信息交互時效,解決以往戰術前沿服務能力不足的問題。
1.3 多域戰指揮控制
2016年美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念[10],將「同步跨域火力」與「全域機動」作為核心要素,推動作戰要素高度融合,增強全域打擊能力,試圖消除中俄等國的「反介入/區域拒止」能力,主要具備以下三個特徵[10]。一是作戰領域向多維擴展,使美陸軍能夠從地面向海、空、電、網等多個作戰域投送力量,具備與其他軍種融合能力。二是作戰要素高度融合,各軍兵種及作戰功能域之間能夠共享資訊、統籌戰術、同步行動,推動了軍種聯合向作戰能力要素融合轉變。三是指揮鏈向扁平方向發展,指揮機制高效靈活,既要集中計劃、分散執行,又要向各指揮節點和單兵共享信息和指令,延伸戰術指揮鏈,實現快速、多線、多域作戰指揮。
1.4 馬賽克作戰指揮控制
2017年,DARPA提出「馬賽克戰」的概念[11-12],兼顧「基於威脅」與「基於能力」的裝備建設方法,將多作戰域的感測器、指控節點、戰鬥平台以及相互協作的有人、無人系統進行按需靈活組合,形成任務系統。系統整合採用搭積木的方式,將分散的細粒度系統動態連結在一起,構成類似「馬賽克區塊」的作戰體系。「馬賽克戰」,借助智慧化決策工具,提供分散式態勢感知與自適應規劃、控制,輔助進行作戰任務規劃,實施分散式作戰管理。「馬賽克戰」要求以自適應體系重組取代固定式作戰力量編成,作戰指揮具有韌性適變的資訊體系,能面向任務、按需定制物理分散的混合編成的作戰單元,滿足各種動態、協同作戰需求[12⇓-14]。
2 第五代指揮資訊系統特徵轉變
1) 體係由網路中心轉變為知識中心。以網絡為中心帶來戰場資訊優勢,並向認知優勢、決策優勢轉變,系統間由資訊共享走向以知識為中心的智力共享,促進整個指揮體係向決策及行動優勢轉變。
2) 雲端架構轉向雲端端一體化。拓展原有的雲端資源共享能力[2],向戰術邊緣的平台、分隊、單兵延伸,實現移動環境下戰場中心雲、移動雲、邊緣微雲的一體化混合服務能力,提升戰術前沿資源服務能力。
3) 預定整合向韌性適變轉變。目前系統依預設規則部署運作,任務變更時,須依預先方案進行調控。未來戰場系統易受攻擊而癱瘓,要求系統在發生擾動時,具備自重構韌性適變能力,保證核心任務不間斷[13-14]。
4) 由計算智能轉變為認知智能。智能化表現在計算智能、感知智能、認知智能,目前計算智能提供了戰術確定性求解方法,未來戰場須在海量情報處理、態勢認知與決策推理等方面透過智能化技術提升認知的精準度、實時度。
5) 性能由固化既定轉變為自主學習演化。系統的演算法、性能一般在設計期就被決定與固化,性能的提升透過升級改造完成。智慧化系統具備自學習、自演化能力,可在線上進行態勢感知、智慧決策的演算法學習,提升系統效能。
6) 建設由基於能力轉變為基於知識。指揮資訊系統一般基於能力要素進行建構,系統整合以能力要素進行綜合整合,智慧化系統,更加關注系統的智力建構,聚焦系統的知識、規則、演算法、資料的建構。
7) 互動方式向人機融合智慧互動轉變。人機融合智能感知、擬人化交互、面向意圖的智能人機界面交互、可穿戴的人機融合計算協同於一體、融合聯動的交互模式,將成為未來系統主要交互模式,以人禦機的系統向人機融合進展。
8) 戰訓分離轉變為戰訓演研一體化。第五代指揮資訊系統將作戰指揮與戰術訓練緊密耦合,具有平行模擬、推理能力,既能更新智慧演算法,也可進行戰法對抗研究,取得戰術資料,促進演算法學習。演習訓練由兵棋推演向戰場虛擬賽局發展。
3 總體架構設想
未來第五代指揮資訊系統的整體架構應該是知識中心、人機融合、智慧賦能、雲邊一體、自主演化、韌性適變的指揮資訊系統。下文主要圍繞系統架構、服務架構、技術架構等主要視角對系統總體進行闡述[15],其中系統架構主要指系統邏輯要素組成及其關係,服務架構描述系統之間的資訊與計算資源的整合模式,技術架構描述了系統的技術參考模型。
3.1 系統架構設想
該系統從「資訊化、網路中心」轉變為「智慧化、知識中心」,同時向戰術邊緣延伸。系統綜合整合在原有基礎上,進行知識與演算法的共享整合,在態勢、指揮、控制、保障等功能域進行智慧化技術應用,提升作戰指揮的認知與決策效能。系統架構設想如圖1所示。

圖1 第五代指揮資訊系統架構設想

第五代系統在態勢感知、指揮決策、行動控制、支援保障、資訊服務等功能要素基礎上,擴展平行推演與學習訓練功能域,滿足作戰分支評估及演算法的學習需求。在態勢認知方面,涵蓋了計算智能、感知智能與認知智能,主要完成戰場情報處理及目標識別,對態勢進行理解、預測,有態有勢,提升信息優勢;指揮決策方面,以認知智能為主,能夠機器戰術推理、生成方案與計劃,提升決策水平;行動控制方面,以計算智能與認知智能為主,能夠完成任務監控及臨機戰術控制,提供知識推理的行動優化策略,例如指揮引導、火力協同、無人集群智能控制;綜合保障方面,以計算智能為主,在先驗知識與規則下,完成戰場資源的優化調配;平行推演與學習訓練方面,將指控與仿真訓練結合起來,平時訓練人員以及算法
此外,第五代系統具有自主演化的學習機制:一是節點內自主學習,優化演算法與知識庫;二是節點間透過指揮雲共享智慧演算法與知識,協同完成演化,各節點可將學習後的演算法與知識上傳至指揮雲,更新知識中心的演算法及知識;三是系統向戰術學習、武器節點、偵測節點運作保障
第五代系統之間,在原有基於雲/端架構的綜合集成基礎上,增加了面向知識與智能算法的集成共享方式,各指揮信息系統將智能算法與知識規則上傳到知識中心,供戰場探測、指揮、武器等異構節點進行即插即享,指揮信息系統可以從知識中心獲取已有的智能知識,結合其二次戰場數據提升自身的戰場數據進行學習能力。指揮雲最終形成戰場的智慧知識中心,各智慧化指揮資訊系統之間形成戰場知識網。
3.2 雲端邊端服務架構設想
未來泛在網路連結將從指揮單元向戰術邊緣的各類分隊、單兵、平台延伸。第五代指揮資訊系統將利用霧運算、分散運算技術,在雲端架構技術基礎上建構戰術移動雲、分隊微雲(Cloudlet)、單兵任務組皮雲(Pico-Cloud)[9,16],形成戰術前沿移動雲服務能力,實現戰場集中作戰雲、移動戰術雲、邊緣微皮鏈雲的混合服務能力,前沿移動雲服務能力,實現戰場集中作戰雲、移動式戰術雲、邊緣微皮鏈雲的混合服務能力,形成「雲、邊、指揮」結構的快速構建能力。如圖2所示。

圖2 第五代指揮資訊系統雲端端服務架構設想

雲端端一體化服務能力支援第五代系統以「雲端部署、雲端聚合、雲端攻擊、雲端消散」等方式,實現作戰資源動態聚、釋能,提升整個體係作戰效能[17]。集中式作戰雲採用固定雲的方式部署在指揮中心[16],為各類作戰節點提供服務;空中、陸上、海上戰術雲為戰術前沿的飛機、艦艇、裝甲等兵力提供移動條件下的信息、算法、計算、存貯服務,提升了戰術前沿的資源共享水平[9,16,18-19];微雲及皮雲,微雲以霧計算方式部署在距離前沿接敵分隊通信一跳距離的車、機、艇上,擴展前沿分隊人員的戰術信息處理與共享能力,當單兵及分隊無法訪問微雲時,可利用移動自組網與分散計算技術構建皮雲,支持戰術邊緣弱連接下,端到端的信息匯聚到端的信息匯聚到端。
3.3 技術架構設想
第五代指揮資訊系統將戰爭從物理域、資訊域延伸到認知域,將改變指控方式,其技術架構如圖3。

圖3 第五代指揮資訊系統技術架構設想

第五代指揮資訊系統在第四代指揮資訊系統的網路化運算環境基礎上,增加戰術邊緣服務、智慧運算環境,既相容系統的架構,又滿足系統的智慧化要求。戰術邊緣服務運算環境為弱連結終端提供微雲及皮雲的基礎運算、存貯、資訊服務平台;智慧化運算環境為態勢、決策、控制、人機互動提供智慧服務。
智慧科技環境層包括以下五部分內容。智慧型運算硬體平台,配置了GPU、FPGA、TPU等AI加速處理器,適應深度學習所要求的運算能力,個別演算法採用神經元處理機制的類腦晶片或固化的專用智慧運算晶片;智慧資料管理平台,主要進行資料、樣本、案例、模型、知識的管理;深度學習架構,整合了深度學習、強化學習的運行庫及基本演算法庫;傳統人工智慧計算框架,包括了spark、bigflow等用於搜尋求解、資料探勘、平行處理等方面的傳統演算法支援庫;智慧服務,包含了面向應用的智慧演算法服務庫,如智慧交互辨識、估值網計算、策略網計算等服務,為應用開發提供求解介面。
智慧應用層,主要提供智慧化態勢認知、規劃決策、行動控制及資訊服務、人機互動、學習與訓練等功能要素,是系統主要面向使用者的功能介面,是智慧化要解決的核心問題。
上述的第五代系統技術架構模型,主要利用雲端運算與智慧化技術的支援服務,實現系統間的態勢、指令及演算法與知識的共享,同時支援系統自主演化、演算法升級、知識更新。系統智能化可分為0~4級[20]。 0級,完全人工控制;1級,實現計算智能,實現確定性的複雜戰術計算與資訊自動化處理;2級,具有一定感知智能,能夠理解、評估、預測戰場態勢;第3級:具有認知智能,能提供機器決策及決策推演能力;4級,具有人機融合與共生能力,核心算法能夠自學習、自演化。目前第四代系統的智慧化水準一般處於1級,態勢理解、指揮決策仍由人把控。第五代系統的智能化可經過三個階段達到第4級,第一階段實現戰場態勢感知、理解與評估能力;第二階段構建戰法知識庫,能基於規則、知識、算法實現機器決策;第三階段實現核心任務的機器自學習、自演化,具備自主方案決策功能,達到人機融合的高度智能化水平[20]。
4 系統關鍵技術及其智慧化設想
第五代指揮資訊系統的關鍵技術主要解決上述智慧化、雲端端整合、系統韌性適變問題。系統關鍵技術及其智慧化設想如圖4所示。

圖4 系統關鍵技術及其智慧化設想

第五代指揮資訊系統的關鍵技術涵蓋指控OODA環的所有面向,能夠支撐系統從探測、決策、控制、打擊等方面的智能、韌性、邊緣指控要求,從而構建精準感知鏈、快速控制鏈、精確打擊鏈、敏捷服務鏈,向戰術邊緣延伸,提升指揮效能。
1) 態勢感知機器分析技術
情報整編分析技術。利用大數據及深度學習、知識圖譜等技術進行資訊智能關聯匹配、文本語義智能分析、輿情智能搜索與提取,從海量、多源、異構的戰場信息中獲取有價值情報。
多元目標快速辨識技術。利用深度學習方法,建構多層CNN卷積神經網路,採用樣本特徵參數學習完成光學、紅外線、電磁、聲學資訊進行特徵提取與目標快速辨識。
態勢認知與理解技術。對敵進行作戰意圖、作戰能力分析,利用強化學習的估值網絡技術,模擬指揮員態勢認知的過程,結合CNN非線性戰場態勢擬合能力,建立態勢圖像到態勢理解的映射[22]。
態勢機器預測與評估技術。在態勢理解基礎上,對敵戰術行為進行預估,先利用策略網絡獲得敵方活動規律,再採用平行推演方法,進行多分支態勢推演,最後構建預測網絡進行態勢預測。
2) 作戰規劃機器決策技術
作戰任務空間及策略建模技術。對作戰任務空間的狀態及行動策略進行建模,確定任務狀態、策略、回饋的描述方法,是深度強化學習進行決策的基礎。
任務規劃機器決策技術。利用運籌優化完成目標分析、任務分配。利用深度強化學習、群體智慧演算法對兵力編成、火力配置、協同路徑進行機器規劃。戰術規劃偏向規則推理,易突破;戰役規劃偏向基於經驗的知識推理,涉及指揮藝術,較難突破。
作戰方案平行推演技術。參考「深綠」系統平行模擬技術[23],採用蒙特卡羅搜尋樹及博弈試驗方法,模擬敵作戰行為,對行動流程進行預演與評估,累積回饋賞罰函數,供學習訓練、最佳化決策。
作戰計劃智慧生成技術。利用自然語言理解、語音指令辨識、草圖辨識等智慧感知演算法,結合任務模型的要素提取,利用知識圖譜將方案進行自動提取生成作戰計畫與指令序列[24]。
臨機快速決策技術。基於當前態勢,利用博弈平台累積的學習資料,自動配對最適當的預案調整,基於蒙特卡羅樹搜尋及遷移學習演算法對計畫進行動態決策,反向強化學習,增強計畫泛化能力。
3) 行動控制智慧化技術
基於態勢的臨機行動控制技術。根據作戰行動的效果及偏差,對任務的資源、路徑、協同模式進行動態調整,利用平行模擬多支推演與強化學習技術進行糾偏,實現戰術「前饋式」的控制[4]。
群體智慧協同控制技術。促進戰場智能體協同作戰全局效能最大化,利用蟻群、蜂群控制演算法及深度強化學習方法,建構全局戰術價值網絡,建立效果回饋模型,根據價值網絡進行策略控制。
火力協同控制技術。提升敵我辨識、火力分配、協同調度的速度與精度,利用群智能及深度強化學習演算法自動規劃、協調優化打擊鏈,具備一定自主決策能力。
4) 有人/無人協同指揮技術
多域叢集系統自主協同機器規劃技術。利用分支搜尋求解、知識推理、深度強化學習進行有人/無人系統的協同任務規劃與分配,利用群智能最佳化演算法規劃無人、有人平台的協同軌跡。
多域集群系統自主協同指揮控制技術。對無人群集的巡航進行任務監控及自主協同指揮引導,利用群體智慧演算法進行多無人平台任務衝突偵測及避碰控制,進行編組、路徑、載重等調配。
5) 智慧化資訊服務技術
戰場資訊智慧共享技術,利用強化學習及語意關聯技術分析使用者的資訊需求及偏好,產生基於使用者差異化特徵的資訊需求,為使用者智慧推送戰術資訊。
6) 人機融合智慧化互動技術
人機融合智慧感知互動技術。建構多通道包含草圖、口語、手勢、頭勢、表情、眼動等多方式的人機互動手段,提供自然、靈敏、精準、擬人化的互動策略[5]。
面向意圖的智慧人機介面技術。利用FCM模糊認知互動推理技術,推理使用者的互動意圖,根據使用者的介面需求與互動喜好,整合不同的口語、手勢、草圖、自然語言等手段,組織互動介面輸出。
智慧穿戴式人機融合技術。採用邊緣運算技術,利用語音、手勢、眼動、腦機介面、擴增實境等新人機互動方式,為單兵提供智慧穿戴裝置,具備協同一體、融合連動的人機互動模式。
7) 虛擬博弈與訓練評估技術
作戰虛擬賽局技術建構賽局對抗試驗平台,進行作戰知識建模,利用平行模擬、分支決策、微分對抗等技術,進行紅藍對抗,既訓練戰術、戰法,又採集戰術資料。
機器訓練與評估技術,利用博弈平台累積的資料以及人員的經驗建模,採用小樣本遷移學習技術進行演算法的訓練與優化,對真實資料事後重播,對決策模型進行遷移學習優化,更新決策方案。
8) 系統韌性適變重建技術
環境感知與自主故障偵測技術。在軟硬毀傷下,進行主故障檢測、異常關聯分析,預測影響任務執行的故障發生,評估故障對任務的影響,實現對系統資源及故障的主動感知與快速定位。
系統自癒重構智慧技術。當系統關鍵節點失效時,採用適變機制,重新分配資源,實現能力再生,持續保障核心任務完成。由預置規則、人工參與的故障修復方式轉變為智慧化的系統重構方式。
9) 戰術邊緣運算技術
行動微雲服務平台技術。以霧運算方式部署在距離接敵一跳距離的車、機、艇上,為作戰分隊提供共享處理能力,擴展分隊人員的戰術資訊處理能力。
弱連接自組網下的皮雲資源共享技術。在單兵自組網基礎上,採用分散運算技術建構皮雲,支援弱連接下,端到端自主協同的資訊共享與單兵移動設備之間資源共用,滿足戰術邊緣需求。
5 發展思路設想
1) 分階段先易後難循序漸進。第一階段將圖像、語音、手勢、臉譜辨識及自然語言理解等應用到情報分析中;第二階段將深度學習、強化學習應用到態勢認知、指揮決策中;第三階段利用雲端運算實現知識中心,智慧賦能的系統[6]。
2) 選取智慧演算法進行應用。圍繞深度學習在態勢方面的應用、深度強化學習在規劃決策方面的應用,選取合適的戰術背景,對智能演算法進行驗證,可選用戰術層面的路徑、火力、任務等規劃作為突破口[25]。
3) 強化作戰指揮領域知識工程建設。專家規則、軍事條例、實戰資料是指揮智能化的基礎,對現有作戰規則進行知識化建模與表示,建立知識表示與深度學習的輸入、輸出映射關係,加強知識學習、知識推理的方法研究[4]。
4) 建立虛擬對抗博弈平台累積資料。智慧演算法需要大量學習樣本,樣本累積途徑有:①建立對抗賽局平台進行兵棋推演、人機對抗、紅藍對抗,累積資料;②收集實戰演習的戰術資料,進行建模作為訓練樣本[21]。
6 結束語
本文提出了第五代指揮資訊系統的總體及智慧化設想,建構了「智慧賦能、人機融合、雲邊一體、自主演化、雲智共享、韌性適變」的新一代指揮資訊系統架構,對其關鍵技術、能力特徵進行分析,試圖在國際上第四代系統的基礎上[2],實現認知優勢、決策優勢、行動優勢。國際上用於第五代系統的技術驗證不多,不可急功近利,仍需充分研究。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.zhkzyfz.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1673-3819.2021.05.00881

#intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Establishing normative guidelines for the management of Internet military information dissemination – three highlights of the “Internet Military Information Dissemination Management Measures”

02/28/2025 admin Leave a comment

建立網路軍事資訊傳播管理的規範指引－《網路軍事資訊傳播管理辦法》三大亮點

現代英語：

Establishing normative guidelines for the management of military information dissemination on the Internet

——Interpretation of the three highlights of the “Internet Military Information Dissemination Management Measures”

Strengthening the management of Internet military information dissemination is related to the overall situation of national defense and military construction, and to the image and reputation of the people’s army. The promulgation of the “Internet Military Information Dissemination Management Measures” (hereinafter referred to as the “Measures”) has established normative guidelines for the management of Internet military information dissemination. Its implementation will surely provide a strong legal guarantee for promoting the rule of law in cyberspace, regulating the order of Internet military information dissemination, and better promoting the healthy development of Internet military media. The “Measures” not only aims to solve the practical problems of Internet military information dissemination in recent years, but also looks forward to the future trend of military information dissemination. Overall, there are three highlights:

Improved the opening standards of platforms and columns

Once military-related, confidential or negative information is disseminated, it will inevitably damage national security and the image of the military. The key to managing this kind of network chaos is to correct the source and effectively regulate the source of information dissemination. The Measures clearly regulate the opening of military website platforms, military columns on website platforms, military accounts, etc. First, Internet military information service providers must obtain licenses and perform filing procedures in accordance with the law to ensure the authenticity of their identities. Second, Internet military information service providers are encouraged and supported to establish or clearly be responsible for editing agencies for military information services, and to be equipped with full-time editors and content reviewers appropriate to the scale of services to ensure the professionalism of their capabilities. Such standardization can further improve the effectiveness of Internet military information dissemination management and effectively enhance the quality and level of Internet military media.

List of positive and negative aspects of the content being spread

In the digital age, online public opinion has become an important force in shaping social concepts and behaviors, with both the supply and dissemination of positive information and the spread of illegal and negative information. The Measures aim to turn the Internet, the biggest variable, into the biggest increment in promoting the development of the cause of strengthening the military, and refine and clarify the positive list of Internet military information dissemination content, mainly involving 11 aspects of information, including the promotion of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military, the promotion of the nature, purpose, glorious history, fine traditions and style of the People’s Army, and the reflection of the achievements of national defense and military modernization. At the same time, the Measures also detailed and clarified a list of 12 negative aspects, including harmful information that endangers national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and undermines the absolute leadership of the Party over the military and the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Through these regulations, Internet military information service providers and users can be effectively guided to maintain a good military-related public opinion environment, maintain a good image of the People’s Army, and safeguard national security and military interests.

Standardized the supervision chain of military accounts

Military information is highly sensitive, professional, and confidential, and must be handled by professionals. In response to the current problems of low registration thresholds for a large number of military accounts, arbitrary release of military information that disrupts the order of communication, the Measures regulate the conditions for identifying military accounts, and clarify the verification and reporting of military accounts. These requirements are in line with the national policy requirements for doing a good job in the classification and filing of mobile Internet accounts, which is conducive to further clarifying the responsibilities of website platforms and improving the pertinence and accuracy of military account supervision.

(Authors: Liang Baowei, Lu Wei, etc.)

現代國語：

為互聯網軍事資訊傳播管理立起規範指引

——解讀《網路軍事資訊傳播管理辦法》的三大亮點

加強網路軍事資訊傳播管理，關系國防與軍隊建設大局，關係人民軍隊形象聲譽。《互聯網軍事資訊傳播管理辦法》（以下簡稱《辦法》）的出台，為互聯網軍事資訊傳播管理立起了規範指引，其貫徹施行必將為推進網絡空間法治化，規範互聯網軍事信息傳播秩序，更好促進互聯網軍事媒體健康發展提供有力法治保障。《辦法》既著眼解決近年互聯網軍事資訊傳播的現實問題，又前瞻性考慮未來軍事資訊傳播趨勢。總的看有三大亮點：

完善了平台和欄目等的開辦規範

涉軍涉密或負面訊息一旦傳播必然損害國家安全和軍隊形象。治理這種網絡亂象，關鍵是要正本清源，從資訊傳播的源頭加以有效規範。《辦法》對軍事網站平台、網站平台軍事欄目、軍事帳號等的開辦作出明確規範。一是互聯網軍事資訊服務提供者需依法取得許可並履行備案手續，以保證其身分的真實性。二是鼓勵並支持網路軍事資訊服務提供者設立或明確負責軍事資訊服務的編輯機構，配備與服務規模相適應的專職編輯人員和內容審核人員，保證其能力的專業性。這樣規範，可以進一步提高網路軍事資訊傳播管理實效，有效提升網路軍事媒體的品質和水準。

列出了傳播內容的正負面清單

網絡輿論在數位時代已成為塑造社會觀念和行為的重要力量，既有正面訊息的供給傳播，也有違法和不良資訊的擴散蔓延。《辦法》著眼於把互聯網這個最大變量變為推動強軍事業發展的最大增量，細化明確了互聯網軍事信息傳播內容的正面清單，主要涉及11個方面的信息，包括宣傳習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想和習近平強軍思想，弘揚人民軍隊性質宗旨、光輝歷史、優良傳統和現代作風，反映國防和軍隊現代化成就等。同時，《辦法》也細化明確了12個面向的負面清單，包括危害國家主權、安全和領土完整，詆毀黨對軍隊絕對領導和軍委主席負責制等有害資訊。通過這些規定，能夠有效引導網路軍事資訊服務提供者和使用者維護良好涉軍輿論環境，維護人民軍隊良好形象，維護國家安全和軍事利益。

規範了軍事賬號的監管鏈條

軍事資訊敏感度、專業性和涉密性強，必須由專業的人做專業的事。針對當前大量軍事賬號註冊門檻低、隨意發布軍事信息擾亂傳播秩序等問題，《辦法》對軍事賬號認定條件作了規範，同時對軍事賬號的核驗報送予以明確。這些要求符合國家關於做好移動互聯網賬號分類備案工作的政策要求，有利於進一步明晰網站平台主體責任，提高軍事賬號監管的針對性和精準性。

（作者：梁寶衛、陸巍等）

中國原創軍事資源：

http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/qwfb/yw_214049/16368575.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese People’s Liberation Army Accelerates into Era of Three-dimensional Warfare – Deploying the Air Assualt Force

02/16/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國人民解放軍加速進入立體戰爭時代－部署空中突擊部隊

現代英語：

Transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional attack and defense

●From “able to fly” to “good at fighting”

The Army’s air assault force is showing its strength

PLA Daily reporter Kang Zizhan and special correspondent Zhang Shengtao reported: 10 years ago, Liu Zhenhua, as a pilot of the Army Aviation Force, was rated as an excellent pilot mainly for his excellent personal flying skills; now, as a pilot of the Army Air Assault Force, his compulsory training courses have added ground force combat formation, tactics and tactics application, etc. In the past 10 years, the upgrade of the “capability baseline” of Liu Zhenhua, a pilot of an Army Air Assault Brigade, is the result of the Army’s low-altitude combat force’s leap from “able to fly” to “good at fighting”.

On the eve of August 1, 2016, President Xi Jinping emphasized during his inspection of the newly established Army Headquarters that we must accelerate the transformation of the Army from a new starting point in accordance with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and three-dimensional offense and defense, and strive to build a strong, modernized new Army.

A year later, the military parade to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held at the Zhurihe Joint Training Base. The Chinese Army Air Assault Brigade made its debut in a new combat formation and was reviewed by President Xi.

Air assault, surging. Since its establishment, the Army Air Assault Force has conducted military exercises in all areas, covering mountains, dense forests, deserts, and grasslands. Iron wings are flying, eagles are lined up, ground forces and air forces are integrated within the organization, and energy is released within the system, giving the military exercise field a new look.

In the heart of the Central Plains, air-ground coordination has given birth to a new landscape. In the staff competition, the pilot won the championship; in the flight planning, the infantry squad leader served as the staff. Snipers “train in the air” and pilots “learn on the ground”. The air and ground subjects are integrated into the training, and the air and ground forces are truly combined and fight together.

When the pilots found the “enemy” target on the prairie, they did not choose to attack it head-on, but used the information system to send coordinates in the air and call for support from the ground advance forces to attack the “enemy” target. From the ground calling for air support to the air calling for ground support, the “call change” witnessed the expansion of the officers and soldiers’ battlefield vision.

In the northwest desert, an air assault brigade of the Army was ordered to carry out cross-domain maneuvers, flying and fighting along the way, and taking turns to use a series of new tactics such as surpassing attack operations, leapfrog assault operations, and key point control operations, showing the sharp edge of the Army’s new air assault combat force…

Following the footsteps of the Army’s airborne assault troops’ military exercises, one new battle scene after another comes into view: “One Tree High” is no longer “riding alone”, but a “synthetic eagle group” composed of multiple aircraft types, with modules organized and each performing its own duties; approaching the front line, firepower strikes are no longer the first choice, and the “electronic iron fist” is the first to be swung; commanders sit in the “air command post” to plan air-ground coordinated operations… The changes in the low-altitude battlefield highlight the strong battlefield adaptability and combat effectiveness of the air assault force.

At the beginning of the new year of 2022, President Xi signed the Central Military Commission’s Order No. 1 of 2022, issuing a mobilization order to the entire army to start training, requiring all levels of the army to vigorously promote system training. As a symbolic force in the army’s transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional offense and defense, the air assault force has shown many new changes in system training.

An airborne assault brigade of the Army joined hands with an Air Force unit to study the subject of assault infantry guiding Air Force fighters to carry out fire strikes; cooperated with multiple forces of the Joint Logistics Support Force to explore an integrated peacetime and wartime support model; and conducted joint training with a unit of the Strategic Support Force to enhance the unit’s electromagnetic interference and anti-interference capabilities… The airborne assault force system has more and more “close partners” in training, the “circle of friends” of new combat forces is getting bigger and bigger, and the unit’s actual combat capabilities continue to improve.

New forces contain new mechanisms, and new mechanisms give birth to new forces. President Xi stressed the need to strengthen the construction of new combat forces and increase the proportion of new quality combat power. During the adjustment and reform, the Army’s air assault force came into being, eliminating the geographical separation between air and ground, blurring the spatial concepts of frontier and depth, and updating the combat concepts of air and ground arms. The Chinese military’s land warfare pattern is being reshaped.

From looking at the battlefield head-on to looking down on the battlefield, and then to three-dimensionally perceiving the battlefield, the air assault force has demonstrated the huge potential of a new type of combat force, and the Army is accelerating into the era of three-dimensional combat.

“This is an unprecedented opportunity, but also an unprecedented challenge.” Tang Hongyi, the battalion commander of an air assault brigade of the army, led the officers and soldiers to transform from mountain infantry to air assault infantry. On the journey of reforming and strengthening the army, he dared not slack off for a moment, “Each generation has its own mission and responsibility. We must run the ‘first leg’ of air assault force construction and run the ‘our leg’ of the army’s transformation and development well.”

Short review

Accelerate transformation and molting to take off

■Kang Zizhan

Fly far and molt. The new army badge has a pair of “wings of soaring” on both sides, implying that the new army is “flying”. From the Army Aviation Corps to the Air Assault Corps, the transformation and reshaping of the army’s low-altitude forces is the result of the new world military revolution, and ahead is the strategic direction of the Chinese Army’s accelerated transformation.

President Xi has repeatedly stressed the need to strive to build a strong, modern, and new army. In today’s world, military technology is changing with each passing day, and the forms of war and winning mechanisms are constantly changing. The rise of the Army’s air assault force tells us that the system combat effectiveness of a force does not only come from the external system structure, but more depends on whether multiple forces can be effectively integrated; it is not difficult for new equipment to form combat effectiveness, but it is difficult to create a new “sword method” that adapts to the system. The new combat force should have a new charging posture, be brave to take the lead, forge ahead, and accelerate on the road of transformation.

Extraordinary achievements require extraordinary people. President Xi pointed out: “Now, the responsibility of strengthening the military has historically fallen on our shoulders. To shoulder this burden, we must dare to take on the responsibility. This is not only the expectation of the Party and the people, but also the political character that contemporary revolutionary soldiers should have.” In the new era of reforming and strengthening the military, the new army will take off and will surely write new glory on the journey of strengthening the military.

現代國語：

●從平面作戰向立體攻防轉型

●從「能飛」向「善打」跨越

陸軍空中突擊力量嶄露頭芒

陸軍某空中突擊旅組織飛行訓練。李春國攝

解放軍報訊記者康子湛、特約記者張聖濤報道：10年前，劉振華作為陸航部隊飛行員，被評為優秀飛行員的主要標準，是個人飛行技術過硬；如今，他作為陸軍空中突擊部隊飛行員，訓練必修課又增加了地面力量作戰編組、戰術戰法運用等內容。 10年間，陸軍某空中突擊旅飛行員劉振華「能力基準」升級的背後，是陸軍低空作戰力量從「能飛」到「善打」的跨越。

2016年八一前夕，習主席在新組成的陸軍機關視察時強調，要按照機動作戰、立體攻防的戰略要求，在新的起點上加快推進陸軍轉型建設，努力建設一支強大的現代化新型陸軍。

一年後，慶祝中國人民解放軍建軍90週年閱兵在朱日和聯合訓練基地隆重舉行。中國陸軍空中突擊旅以戰鬥隊形全新亮相，接受習主席檢閱。

空中突擊，狂飆突起。組成以來，陸軍空中突擊部隊全域演兵，足跡遍佈高山、密林、大漠、草原。鐵翼飛旋、群鷹列陣，地面兵力和空中力量在建制內融合、體系內釋能，演兵場上面貌一新。

中原腹地，空地協同催生新景觀。參謀比武，飛行員一舉奪冠；飛行籌劃，步兵班長當參謀。狙擊手在“空中練”，飛行員在“地面學”，空中課目和地面課目融合組訓，空地兵力真正合在一起、打到一處。

莽原之上，飛行員發現「敵」目標，並未選擇迎面打擊，而是在空中利用資訊系統發送座標，呼叫地面先遣力量支援攻擊「敵」目標。從地面呼叫空中支援到空中呼叫地面支援，「呼叫變遷」見證官兵戰場視野的拓展。

西北大漠，陸軍某空中突擊旅受命實施跨域機動，飛一路、打一路，超越攻擊作戰、蛙跳突擊作戰、要點奪控作戰等一系列新戰法輪番上陣，顯示陸軍空中突擊新型作戰力量銳利鋒芒…

循著陸軍空中突擊部隊演兵足跡追尋，一幕幕嶄新的戰鬥場景躍入眼簾：“一樹之高”不再“走單騎”，而是多機型組成“合成鷹群”，模組編組、各司其職；抵近前沿，火力打擊不再是首選，率先揮出的是“電子鐵拳”；

2022年新年伊始，習主席簽署中央軍委2022年1號命令，向全軍發布開訓動員令，要求全軍各級大力推進體系練兵。空中突擊部隊作為陸軍由平面作戰向立體攻防轉型的一支標誌性力量，體系練兵呈現許多新變化。

陸軍某空中突擊旅與空軍某部攜手，精研突擊步兵引導空軍戰機實施火力打擊課題；與聯勤保障部隊多支力量配合，探索平戰一體保障模式；與戰略支援部隊某部開展聯訓，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「典型力量」越來越多，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「新實戰夥伴」越來越多，作戰部隊中越來越持續作戰能力的「親密力量」大兵作戰。

新力量蘊含新機理，新機理催生新力量。習主席強調，要加強新型作戰力量建設，增加新質戰鬥力比重。在調整改革中，陸軍空中突擊部隊應運而生，消除了空與地的地理隔間、模糊了前沿與縱深的空間概念、更新了空中與地面兵種的作戰理念，中國軍隊陸戰格局正在重塑。

從平視戰場到俯瞰戰場，再到立體感知戰場，空中突擊力量展現出新型作戰力量的巨大潛力，陸軍加速邁進立體作戰時代。

「這是前所未有的機遇，也意味著前所未有的挑戰。」陸軍某空中突擊旅營長唐鴻毅，帶領官兵從山地步兵轉型為空中突擊步兵。行進在改革強軍征程上，他一刻也不敢懈怠，「一代人有一代人的使命擔當，我們要跑好空中突擊力量建設的‘第一棒’，跑好陸軍轉型發展的‘我們這一棒’」。

短評

加速轉型換羽騰飛

■康子湛

遠飛當換羽。新式陸軍胸標兩側插上了一對“起飛之翼”，蘊含著新型陸軍“飛起來”的寓意。從陸航部隊到空中突擊部隊，陸軍低空力量的轉型重塑，背後是世界新軍事變革的風雷激盪，前方是中國陸軍加速轉型的戰略方向。

習主席多次強調，要努力建立強大的現代化新型陸軍。當今世界，軍事科技日新月異，戰爭形態、致勝機制不斷變化。陸軍空中突擊部隊的起飛歷程啟示我們：一支部隊的體係作戰效能，不只來自外在的體系結構，更多取決於多種力量能否有效融合；新裝備形成戰鬥力不難，難的是創出適應體系的新「劍法」。新型作戰力量更應有新的衝鋒姿態，勇為人先、銳意進取，跑出轉型路上的加速度。

蓋有非常之功，必待非常之人。習主席指出：「現在，強軍的責任歷史地落在了我們肩上，要挑起這副擔子，必須敢於擔當，這既是黨和人民的期望，也是當代革命軍人應有的政治品格。」在改革強軍的新時代，新型陸軍換羽騰飛，必將在強軍征程上書寫新的榮光。

資料來源：解放軍報作者：康子湛張聖濤責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-07-19 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/lj/4915990888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Professor Chen Yingwen China National University of Defense Technology Describes Military Internet of Things: Everything is Connected, Attacking & Winning from Thousands of Miles Away

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

國防科技大學陳英文教授闡述軍事物聯網：萬物互聯，千里之外也能攻打

現代英語：

In mid-July 2021 World Internet of Things Expo held a press conference and revealed that the expo is scheduled to be held in Wuxi in early September. At that time, the expo will be themed “Intelligently Connecting Everything and Leading the Future with Digital”, focusing on showcasing the latest achievements in the global Internet of Things field.

The Internet of Things is changing people’s daily lives, quietly changing the form of modern warfare, and promoting the development of intelligent warfare.

Professor Chen Yingwen from the National University of Defense Technology tells you about the military Internet of Things——

Everything is connected, winning thousands of miles away

■Feng Zijian, Qu Shenghui, Qi Xucong

Schematic diagram of military Internet of Things technology simulation.

A “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world

The so-called Internet of Things can be simply understood as an Internet that connects everything. If the Internet is a “dialogue” in the virtual world, then the Internet of Things is a “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world.

The application of the Internet of Things had already appeared in wars under the name of “sensor networks” more than half a century before it attracted people’s attention.

In the 1960s, the “Ho Chi Minh Trail” on the Vietnam battlefield was covered with tens of thousands of “tropical tree” vibration sensors. These sensors are like a dense “spider web”, waiting for the “prey” to arrive. Whenever a person or vehicle passes by, the sensor detects the vibration generated by the target and records data such as its direction and speed.

At this time, tens of thousands of kilometers away, in an infiltration surveillance center code-named “Task Force Alpha”, US military technicians were receiving and processing relevant information sent back by the “sensor network”. Once a Vietnamese military convoy was discovered passing by, the command center would send instructions to the US troops stationed in Vietnam, instructing fighter planes to fly over the target and carry out bombing.

Due to the limited technology at the time, the sensors could only work for a few weeks. The “spider web” carefully built by the US military ultimately failed to prevent the Vietnamese army from transporting troops and supplies.

Although this “cooperative” combat method between humans and objects did not achieve any good results in history, it has prompted Western countries led by the United States to conduct in-depth research on Internet technology and continuously explore the interconnection between humans and objects, and objects and objects. Its highly informationized advantages are highlighted in many areas of military applications.

After decades of development, some military powers have successively developed a series of military sensor network systems, including the “Smart Dust” system for collecting battlefield information, the “Lumbas” system for remotely monitoring the battlefield environment, the “Sand Straight Line” system for monitoring the movement of weapon platforms, and the “Wolf Pack” system specifically for detecting electromagnetic signals.

Among them, the detection element of the “smart dust” system is only the size of a grain of sand, but it can realize all functions such as information collection, processing and sending, thereby enhancing the ability to control information during combat.

No combat entity will become an “island”

In the world of the Internet of Things, every grain of “sand” will have its network address. For the military Internet of Things, no operational entity will become an “island”.

During the first Gulf War, many weapons and equipment transported by the US military could not be found, resulting in a large waste of war resources. The reason is that the containers transporting weapons and equipment were not clearly marked, and personnel were unable to track the location of the transported weapons and equipment, which led to the loss of a large number of weapons and equipment.

Twelve years later, during the Iraq War, the US military installed radio frequency microchips on every container shipped to the Gulf region, and placed readers and writers according to transportation and storage needs, thereby achieving full tracking of personnel, equipment, and materials, greatly improving the effectiveness of military logistics support.

Foreign research data revealed that compared with the Gulf War, the Iraq War’s sea transport volume decreased by 87%, air transport volume decreased by 88.6%, combat equipment reserves decreased by 75%, and strategic support equipment mobilization decreased by 89%.

In fact, from the moment the electronic tags are attached and the sensing systems are installed, the originally silent equipment becomes like an organic life form that can sense and communicate with each other. Through the transformation of the Internet of Things technology, each combat entity such as combat personnel and combat equipment has become a “network node”. Through perception and communication with each other, the battlefield situation is clearer and combat operations are more efficient.

Take the personnel assessment network established by the Australian Department of Defense as an example: during combat, commanders can assess the physical functions and conditions of soldiers through sensors worn by soldiers, and then combine them with satellite positioning information to obtain the physical function status of all personnel. Commanders can use this as a basis for allocating troops, which can greatly improve the efficiency of battlefield decision-making.

Military IoT technology will play a big role in future battlefields

In today’s world, there are more and more similar military news——

In June 2016, the US military launched an airstrike using drones, killing 16 Taliban members; in September of the same year, Turkish security forces killed 6 terrorists under the guidance of their domestically produced drones.

In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the Middle East in 2020, a video released by Azerbaijan made many people feel the power of networked and intelligent weapons: after the drone discovered the enemy tank, it aimed and fired…

From sensing the battlefield situation to locking onto the target and then launching an attack on the target, the reason behind unmanned equipment becoming the main offensive entity is the huge support of military Internet of Things technology. This huge intelligent information network is like the “clairvoyance” and “super hearing” on the battlefield, allowing combat personnel to sit firmly in the “central military camp” and win the battle thousands of miles away.

“Everything is connected, and victory can be won thousands of miles away.” This is the development trend of military Internet of Things technology and an important feature of future intelligent warfare. In the era of the Internet of Everything, the military Internet of Things will connect several individual combat entities into intelligent combat groups and generate a smart combat system. In the future, it will only be necessary to give the smart combat system clear combat objectives, and military combat personnel will not have to participate in its execution process.

At present, the development of military Internet of Things technology still has a long way to go before it can realize the Internet of Everything, but we should be aware that when smart nodes reach a certain scale, the military Internet of Things will achieve a qualitative leap.

In future battlefields, military Internet of Things technology will surely play a big role in achieving victory through “connection”.

現代國語：

今年7月中旬，2021世界物聯網博覽會組委會召開新聞發布會透露，此次博覽會預定9月上旬在無錫舉行。屆時，博覽會將以「智聯萬物數領未來」為主題，集中展現全球物聯網領域的最新成果。

物聯網，改變人們的日常生活，也悄悄改變現代戰爭形式，推動智慧化戰爭發展進程。

國防科技大學教授陳穎文為您講述軍事物聯網—

萬物互聯，決勝千里之外

■馮劍曲晟暉齊旭聰

軍用物聯網技術模擬示意圖。

連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”

所謂物聯網，我們不妨將其簡單理解為物物相連的互聯網。如果說互聯網是虛擬世界中的一種“對話”，那麼物聯網則是連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”。

物聯網應用，早在受到人們關注前的半個多世紀，就已在戰爭中以「傳感器網絡」之名現身。

上世紀60年代，越南戰場的「胡志明小徑」上，佈滿了數以萬計的「熱帶樹」振動傳感器。這些傳感器就像密密麻麻的「蛛網」一般，等待著「獵物」到來。每當有人員或車輛經過時，傳感器就會探測到目標產生的震動，並記錄其方向和速度等數據。

此時，數萬公裡之外，一家代號為「阿爾法特混部隊」的滲透監視中心裡，美軍技術人員在接收和處理著「傳感器網絡」回傳的相關資訊。一旦發現越軍車隊經過，指揮中心就會向駐紮在越南的美軍發出指令，讓戰機飛臨目標實施轟炸。

當時技術有限，傳感器實際工作時間只能維持幾週時間。美軍處心積慮搭建的這張“蛛網”，最終未能阻止越南軍隊對兵力和物資的運送。

雖然歷史上這次人與物「協同」的作戰方式並未取得什麼好的效果，卻推動了以美國為首的西方國家深入研究互聯技術，不斷探索人與物、物與物之間的互聯互通。其高度資訊化優勢，在軍事應用的多個領域凸顯出來。

經過幾十年發展，一些軍事強國先後研製出收集戰場資訊的「智慧微塵」系統、遠程監視戰場環境的「倫巴斯」系統、偵聽武器平台運動的「沙地直線」系統、專門偵收電磁信號的「狼群」系統等一系列軍事傳感器網絡系統。

其中，「智慧微塵」系統的探測元件只有沙粒大小，卻能實現資訊收集、處理和發送等全部功能，從而提升了作戰過程中的製資訊權能力。

沒有一個作戰實體會成為“孤島”

在物聯網世界裡，每一粒「沙子」都將擁有它的網路位址。對軍事物聯網來說，沒有一個作戰實體會成為「孤島」。

在第一次海灣戰爭中，美軍運送的許多武器裝備無從查找，造成了大量戰爭資源浪費。究其原因，是由於運送武器裝備的集裝箱標誌不清，人員對於傳送的武器裝備位置無法跟踪，進而導致武器裝備的大量遺失。

12年後，在伊拉克戰爭中，美軍給運送到海灣地區的每一個集裝箱均加裝了射頻微型晶片，並依據運輸和存儲需要安放了讀寫器，從而實現了對人員、裝備、物資的全程跟踪，使得軍事物流保障的有效性大大提高。

國外研究資料揭露，相較於海灣戰爭，伊拉克戰爭的海運量減少87%，空運量減少88.6%，戰役裝備儲備減少75%，戰略支援裝備動員量減少89%。

實際上，從貼上電子標簽、裝上感知系統的那一刻起，原本靜默的裝備就像一個有機生命體，它們可以相互感知和交流。透過對物聯網技術的改造，作戰人員、作戰裝備等每一個作戰實體都成了一個“網絡節點”，相互間通過感知與交流，讓戰場態勢更加清晰，也使得作戰行動更加高效。

以澳洲國防部所建立的人員評估網為例：作戰期間，指揮人員可通過士兵身上穿戴的傳感器，對士兵身體的機能與狀態進行評估，再結合衛星定位的位置信息，可獲得全體人員身體機能的態勢情況。指揮人員以此為依據進行兵力分配，可大幅提升戰場決策效率。

軍事物聯網技術在未來戰場上大有作為

當今世界，類似軍事新聞越來越多——

2016年6月，美軍利用無人機發動空襲，擊斃16名塔利班成員；同年9月，土耳其安全部隊在其國產無人機的指引下擊斃了6名恐怖分子。

在2020年中東地區的納卡沖突中，阿塞拜疆發布的一段視頻，讓許多人感受到了網絡化、智能化武器的力量：無人機發現敵方坦克後，瞄準、發射…

從感知戰場態勢到鎖定目標、再到對目標展開攻擊，無人裝備成為進攻主體的背後，是軍事物聯網技術的巨大支撐。這個龐大的智慧化資訊網絡，就如同戰場上的“千裡眼”“順風耳”，讓作戰人員穩坐“中軍帳”，就能決勝於千里之外。

「萬物互聯，決勝千里之外。」這是軍事物聯網技術的發展趨勢，也是未來智慧化戰爭的重要特徵。在萬物互聯的時代，軍事物聯網會將若干單一作戰實體連接成為智慧作戰群，生成智慧作戰體系。未來，只需給智慧作戰體係明確作戰目的，軍隊作戰人員不必參與其執行過程。

當前，軍事物聯網技術的發展距離萬物互聯還有很長一段路要走，但應清醒看到，當智慧節點達到一定規模後，軍事物聯網就會形成質的飛躍。

未來戰場，軍事物聯網技術必將大有作為，實現以「聯」制勝。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：馮子劍曲晟暉齊旭聰責任編輯：楊紅
2021-08-27 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10081763888.html?big=fan

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Metaverse-enabled Military Training Accelerating for China’s People’s Liberation Army

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

元宇宙協助中國人民解放軍軍事訓練加速發展

現代英語：

Hou Chunmu and Wang Yong

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, and provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of Cognitive Metaverse Empowered Military Training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecology of military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things have accelerated their development. Technology giants have laid out the metaverse, and human real life has migrated to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtual and real are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war has dominated the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war situation has accelerated its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to the intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment has become more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has constructed a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel interactions occur. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and changes in the form of intelligent warfare have compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the accelerated transformation and upgrading of military training, greater attention to the impact of technological development and changes on warfare, and the use of the “new engine” of training and warfare to achieve “accelerated” preparations.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models. Some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies to military training. For example, the United States has successively released the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy and the Department of Defense Transformation Plan, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. It has also simultaneously formulated the Training Transformation Strategic Plan and the Training Transformation Implementation Plan, and proposed the concept of a comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and gaming environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are moving towards universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarifying the Advantages of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

The emergence of new concepts in military training. Only by leading the opponent in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” has organically connected training with actual combat, and upgraded to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent drive, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. In the future, the metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by both. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific, powerful and solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognition, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an innovative model of intelligent military training theory with the characteristics of the times, allowing the metaverse to empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new military training model. The combat style determines the training mode, and intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. First, it can build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing power support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. Second, it can carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new forms of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new types of military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” into “scientists” and “technicians.”

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, a Metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment will be built. The platform will have functions such as new weapon and equipment design demonstration, weapon and equipment performance test, weapon and equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the Metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline for weapons and equipment to go from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, realizing the intelligence multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasping the Key Points of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse is a new thing, and its maturity has yet to be verified. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development trends and technological trends of the metaverse, and scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”. In the context of the integration of intelligence, informatization and mechanization, we should give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse, such as enabling trainees to undergo immersive experiential training, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the Metaverse has reintegrated existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, proposed an overall innovative concept, and provided comprehensive application scenarios, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training Metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and research and development of the Metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may create a vast virtual war space, recreate the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be built, military training concepts should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management support, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. A dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse should be built to fully support strategic, campaign, and tactical training as well as war simulations. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, we will achieve the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, diversified iteration, and new intelligent ecology”.

Attach importance to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the Metaverse brings innovative opportunities to intelligent military training, but the potential risks associated with the technology itself cannot be ignored. The Metaverse is a huge technology group, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of various emerging technologies in the construction process, the complexity and confidentiality in the application process will be the unknown factors for the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

現代國語：

侯春牧　王　勇

閱讀提示

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙為軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論與實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的可持續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更加明顯，智能化作戰浮出水面。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正在被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和環境到綜合培訓環境到綜合培訓中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極發展各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合集成的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間開展「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突出優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提高軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的集成運用，運用過程中的復雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範和風險挑戰的未知數。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：侯春牧　王勇責任編輯：於雅倩出版：2024-01-16 06:50

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280522.html

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China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligence

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

現代英語：

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for my country’s economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and the long-term goal of basically achieving socialist modernization by 2035. In terms of national defense and military construction, the plenary session communiqué emphasized accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence. This strategic requirement is of great significance for improving the strategic capabilities of our military to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and ensuring the realization of the struggle goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army by 2027 and the basic realization of national defense and military modernization by 2035.

1. Fully understand the importance of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is based on the understanding and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military. In his report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on the network information system”. On the eve of the August 1st Army Day this year, President Xi presided over the 22nd collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on strengthening national defense and military modernization, and put forward the strategic idea of ”accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence”. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized and deployed this, and incorporated it into the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 Vision Goals for implementation, which will greatly accelerate the pace of our military modernization.

On April 8, 2020, soldiers from the Sarang Border Defense Company of a border defense regiment of the Ali Military Sub-district in Tibet used drones to scout the terrain. Photo by Liu Xiaodong/Guangming Photo

In today’s world, driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution, a new wave of military revolution is coming. Artificial intelligence, quantum information, big data, cloud computing and other cutting-edge technologies are accelerating their application in the military field. Various unmanned combat platforms and intelligent weapon equipment systems have appeared in large numbers and put into modern battlefields. The form of war is rapidly evolving towards intelligent warfare after cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war and information war. Recently, the armed conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia has presented the world with a textbook drone war. People have seen drones destroying chariots, tanks and artillery as easily as “roll calling” on the Internet. This may become another sign of the advent of intelligent warfare.

According to relevant data, at present, at least more than 70 countries in the world are developing unmanned intelligent military platforms, and some military powers are stepping up the intelligent upgrade of their armed forces. In 2019, the United States announced the “National Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, and launched the implementation of intelligent strategies at the national, military, and service levels. Nearly 80% of its “Third Offset Strategy” against China and Russia is closely related to artificial intelligence technology. The United States has already developed or used a large number of smart bombs, smart missiles, drones, robot soldiers, etc. The US military plans to achieve unmanned intelligentization of 60% of its ground combat platforms by 2030.

If our army wants to achieve modernization and remain invincible, it must stand at the forefront of the new military revolution and accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. The white paper “my country’s National Defense in the New Era” released by the Chinese government last year pointed out: “China’s military transformation with Chinese characteristics has made significant progress, but the task of mechanization construction has not been completed, the level of informationization needs to be improved urgently, and military security faces the risk of technological surprise and the widening of the technological gap. The level of military modernization is still far behind the national security needs and the world’s advanced military level.” At present, the intelligent development of our army has just started, and the development of mechanization and informationization is not sufficient. However, compared with the previous military revolutions led by the West, the technological gap of our army in the new round of military revolution is not large. We must seize the opportunities of the times, conform to the current development status of our army, and accelerate the integration of intelligence while promoting mechanization and informationization.

2. Correctly understand the connotation of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

From the perspective of the process of technology promoting combat effectiveness, mechanical technology amplifies human skills, information technology extends human perception, and artificial intelligence technology expands human intelligence. Mechanization, informationization, and intelligence are essentially amplification and efficiency enhancement of human ability to control war. Although these three empowerment methods are simple and complex, backward and advanced, and single-dimensional and multi-dimensional, they are inseparable from each other and are reflected as an inseparable unity in advanced equipment. Their development is like the first generation of jet fighters focusing on breakthroughs in engines, the second generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in aerodynamics, the third generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in system integration, and the fourth generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in intelligence. It is a process of mutual penetration, gradual progression, orderly dependence, and inclusiveness. Without the former “one transformation”, there would be no latter “two transformations”. Intelligence is a higher form of development and undoubtedly needs to be accelerated, but this does not mean that mechanization and informationization can be avoided, because if mechanization and informationization are skipped and the focus of construction is fully shifted to intelligence, intelligence will become a “castle in the air”, and haste makes waste.

In a certain sea area, multiple types of carrier-based aircraft of the Liaoning aircraft carrier are arrayed on the deck. Xinhua News Agency

Intelligence represents advanced combat effectiveness, is the development direction of future military construction and war, and is the leader in accelerating the integration of the “three transformations”. We must take advantage of the direction of intelligence to seek a generational advantage in military construction and future operations. Informatization is the leading factor. Informatization plays a connecting role between intelligence and mechanization, and is in a dominant position in the integration of the “three transformations”. At present, information capabilities still play a major role in the generation of combat effectiveness of our army, and the informatization of weapons and equipment is still in the main aspect. We should aim at intelligence to accelerate the upgrading and transformation of informatized weapons and equipment, form an equipment system with informatized weapons and equipment as the backbone, and improve the system combat capability based on information systems. Mechanization is the foundation. Mechanization is the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization. Intelligent technology and information technology have greatly improved the accuracy and reaction speed of weapons, but to achieve “accurate, far and fast” is inseparable from a strong combat platform and power capability, and to “hit hard” depends on the improvement of weapon power. Our army’s mechanization foundation is not strong, and it still owes a “debt” for mechanization development in the information age. It is necessary to promote the construction of new mechanization at the same time.

To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, with the focus on accelerating intelligent development, we must have a strong sense of opportunity and urgency. We cannot wait until mechanization and informatization are fully developed and then advance intelligent development step by step. Instead, we must seize the opportunities of the scientific and technological revolution and take extraordinary measures to promote intelligence.

3. Find the focus of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Among all the reasons for backwardness, backwardness in ideology is the most fundamental. After studying the success and failure of military reforms in history, British military expert Liddell Hart said that the only thing more difficult than instilling new ideas in a soldier is to remove his old ideas. Those who can successfully keep up with the pace of changes in the form of war and successfully push forward military reforms all regard changing old ideas and establishing new ideas as their top priority. To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, we must have a brainstorming and conceptual revolution. We must have the courage to break through the mindset of mechanized warfare and even information warfare, establish ideas and concepts that are compatible with intelligent warfare, strengthen system thinking, data thinking, and algorithmic thinking, break the mindset of “winning by quantity and scale”, and firmly establish the concept of “winning by quality and efficiency”; break the mindset of “labor-intensive development” and firmly establish the concept of “intelligence-intensive development”; break the mindset of “passive use of weapons and equipment” and firmly establish the concept of “machine autonomous dominance”; break the mindset of “relying only on manned platforms for combat”, and firmly establish the concept of “unmanned, human-machine integrated platform combat”, etc., use new ideas and concepts to open up ideas for integrated development and seek ways to accelerate development.

The core of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to accelerate the development of intelligence, and the key factor is to promote scientific and technological innovation. Whether it is hardware represented by physical entities such as combat platforms, weapons and ammunition, or software centered on combat data, algorithms, and models, all require strong scientific and technological innovation to support. Science and technology are core combat power and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Under the great changes that have not been seen in a century, the United States has put pressure on us in all fields, especially in the field of high-tech, increasing its blockade and containment of us. Scientific and technological innovation has never had such a profound impact on the overall national and military strategy as it does today, and has never had such a profound impact on the construction and development of our army as it does today. We must vigorously implement the strategy of strengthening the army with science and technology, put national defense scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, insist on demanding combat power from scientific and technological innovation, and realize the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading.

The key to accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to strengthen the support of talents. Fundamentally speaking, it is a challenge of intelligence and cutting-edge technology. In particular, with the in-depth development of intelligence, the relationship between people and weapons will inevitably be reshaped, and there will inevitably be leapfrog requirements for people’s quality. The human factor in future wars will be concentrated in the talent factor. The strength of talents determines the success or failure of development. We must implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents, highlight the construction of key talent teams such as joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents. We must implement the “Decision on Accelerating the Construction of a Three-in-One New Military Talent Training System” recently issued by the Central Military Commission, give full play to the main channel role of military academy education, adhere to the battlefield and the troops, update the education concept, deepen the teaching reform, and take the connotation-based development path with improving the quality of talent training as the core. We must give full play to the melting pot role of the troops’ training practice, focus on promoting knowledge transformation and capability generation, and let officers and soldiers practice skills and talents in promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations” and military struggle preparation, and experience the wind and rain and be tempered in completing urgent, difficult and dangerous tasks. We must give full play to the role of military vocational education as a large classroom, focus on improving professional literacy, professional quality, and job skills, and expand and consolidate the knowledge and ability base of new military talents through continuous learning and in-depth specialized research.

Guangming Daily (November 8, 2020, p. 05)

現代國語：

【講武堂】

作者：吳志忠（軍事科學院軍隊政治工作創新發展研究中心研究員）

黨的十九屆五中全會對十四五時期我國經濟社會發展和二〇三五年基本實現社會主義現代化遠景目標作了戰略部署。在國防和軍隊建設方面，全會公報強調加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。這項戰略性要求對於提高我軍捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰略能力，確保二〇二七年實現百年建軍奮鬥目標、二〇三五年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化具有重要意義。

1.充分認識加快「三化」融合發展的重要性

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，是基於對習近平強軍思想的領悟落實。習主席在黨的十九大報告中就指出，「加速軍事智能化發展，提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。今年八一建軍節前夕，習主席在主持中共中央政治局就加強國防和軍隊現代化建設舉行的第二十二次集體學習時，提出“加快機械化信息化智能化融合發展”這一戰略思想，黨的十九屆五中全會對此作了進一步強調部署，並納入十四五規劃和二〇三五遠景目標中加以實現以實現現代化，這必將加快發展步伐。

2020年4月8日，西藏阿里軍分區某邊防團薩讓邊防連官兵利用無人機偵察地形。劉曉東攝/光明圖片

當今世界，在新一輪科技革命推動下，新一輪軍事革命浪潮撲面而來，人工智慧、量子資訊、大數據、雲計算等前沿科技加速運用軍事領域，各種無人作戰平台和智慧化武器裝備系統大量出現並投入現代戰場，戰爭形態繼冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭之後智能化戰爭快速演變。最近，阿塞拜疆和亞美尼亞兩國的武裝沖突，給世人呈現出一場頗具教科書意義的無人機戰爭，人們在網絡上看到無人機像「點名」一樣輕松擊毀戰車、坦克、火砲，這或許成為智能化戰爭來臨的又一時代標志。

據有關資料，目前世界上至少有70多個國家在發展無人智慧化軍用平台，部分軍事強國加緊推進軍隊智慧化升級。 2019年，美國公佈《國家人工智慧戰略》《國防部人工智慧戰略》等，啟動實施國家、軍隊、軍種層面智慧化戰略，其針對中俄的“第三次抵消戰略”，有接近80%的項目與人工智能技術密切相關，美已經大量開發或使用靈巧炸彈、智能導彈、無人機、機器人士兵等，美軍計劃到2030年60%的智能化地面作戰。

我軍要實現現代化、立於不敗之地，就必須站立新軍事革命的潮頭，加速推進機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。我國政府去年發布的《新時代的中國國防》白皮書指出：「中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展，但機械化建設任務尚未完成，信息化水平亟待提高，軍事安全面臨技術突襲和技術代差被拉大的風險，軍隊現代化水平與國家安全需求相比差距還很大，與世界先進軍事水平相比差距還很大。差距並不大，我們要把握好時代機遇，契合我軍發展現狀，在推進機械化資訊化時加快融入智能化。

2.正確理解加速「三化」融合發展的內涵

從技術推動戰鬥力生成歷程看，機械技術放大人的技能，資訊化技術延伸人的感知，人工智慧技術拓展人的智能，機械化資訊化智能化本質上是對人駕馭戰爭的能力放大增效。這三種賦能方式雖然有簡單與復雜、落後與先進、單維與多維差別，但三者之間你中有我、我中有你，在先進裝備上體現為不可分割的統一體，其發展如同第一代噴氣式戰鬥機重在突破發動機、第二代戰鬥機重在突破空氣動力、第三代戰鬥機重在突破系統上、相互影響推進過程。沒有前“一化”就沒有後“兩化”，智能化是發展的更高形態，無疑需要加快發力，但這絕不意味著可以不要機械化信息化，因為如果跳過機械化信息化，把建設重點全面轉向智能化，智能化就會成為“空中樓閣”，反而欲速則不達。

在某海域，遼寧艦多型艦載機列陣甲板。新華社發

智慧化代表先進戰鬥力，是未來軍隊建設和戰爭的發展方向，是加快「三化」融合發展的龍頭，要以智慧化「化」出來的方向優勢，謀取軍隊建設和未來作戰的代差勝勢。資訊化是主導。資訊化在智慧化和機械化之間，起著承上啟下的作用，在「三化」融合發展過程中處於主導地位。目前，資訊能力在我軍戰鬥力生成模式中仍然起著主要作用，武器裝備資訊化建設還處於主要方面，我們應瞄準智能化加快推進信息化武器裝備升級改造，形成以信息化武器裝備為骨幹的裝備體系，提高基於信息系統的體係作戰能力。機械化則是基礎。機械化是智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎和載體。智慧技術、資訊技術大大提高了武器的命中精度和反應速度，但要實現「打得準、打得遠、打得快」離不開強有力的作戰平台和動力能力，而要「打得狠」則要依靠武器威力的提升。我軍機械化底子還不厚，進入資訊化時代仍欠機械化發展的“賬”，有必要同時推進新型機械化建設。

加速「三化」融合發展，重點在於加速智慧化發展，要有強烈的機遇意識與緊迫感，不能等機械化資訊化充分發展後，再按部就班推進智慧化發展，而必須抓住科技革命機遇，採取超常措施推進智慧化。

3.找準加快「三化」融合發展的著力點

在一切落後所導致的原因中，思想觀念的落後最為根本。英國軍事家利德爾·哈特在研究歷史上軍事變革的成敗後說，唯一比向軍人灌輸新觀念更難的是去除他的舊觀念。能成功跟上戰爭形態變化步伐，成功將軍事變革推向前進的，無不把改變舊觀念、樹立新觀念作為首要任務。加速「三化」融合發展，必須來一場頭腦風暴和觀念革命，要勇於突破機械化戰爭乃至信息化戰爭的思維定勢，樹立與智能化戰爭相適應的思想觀念，強化體系思維、數據思維、算法思維，破除「以數量規模取勝」的思維定勢，牢固的設備確立“支持質量支持”的被動理念；主導」的理念；破除「僅依靠有人平台作戰」的思維定勢，穩固確立「無人、人機融合平台作戰」的理念等，用新的思想觀念打開融合發展思路，謀取加快發展出路。

個人資料圖片

加速「三化」融合發展的核心是加速智慧化發展，關鍵因素是推進科技創新，無論是作戰平台、武器彈藥等物理實體為代表的硬件，還是以作戰數據、演算法、模型等為核心的軟件，無不需要強大的科技創新作支撐。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性因素。在百年未有之大變局下，美對我實施全領域施壓，尤其在高新技術領域加大對我封鎖遏制。科技創新從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家和軍事戰略全局，從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響我軍建設發展。我們必須大力實施科技強軍戰略，把國防科技創新放在更突出的位置，堅持向科技創新要戰鬥力，實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑轉變。

加快「三化」融合發展的要害的是強化人才支撐，從根本上說是智能力和前沿科技的挑戰，特別是隨著智能化深入發展，人與武器的關係必將重塑，對人的素質必然有跳躍式要求，未來戰爭中人的因素，將集中體現為人才因素，人才的強弱決定著發展的成敗。我們要深入實施人才強軍戰略，突顯強化聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高水準戰略管理人才等重點人才隊伍建設。要貫徹落實中央軍委最近剛剛印發的《關於加快推進三位一體新型軍事人才培養體系建設的決定》，發揮軍隊院校教育的主渠道作用，堅持面向戰場、面向部隊，更新教育理念，深化教學改革，走以提高人才培養質量為核心的內涵式發展道路。要發揮部隊訓練實踐的大熔爐作用，聚焦促進知識轉化、能力生成，讓官兵在推進「三化」融合發展和軍事鬥爭準備中練本領、長才幹，在完成急難險重任務中經風雨、受歷練。要發揮軍事職業教育的大課堂作用，圍繞提升職業素養、專業品質、崗位技能，在持續學習、專項深研中，拓展夯實新型軍事人才知識與能力基礎。

《光明日報》（ 2020年11月08日 05版）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ss_208539/9932394888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰

AI integrated into Chinese Armed Forces: PLA Strategic Support Force Developed Artificial Intelligence Innovation Capabilities

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

人工智慧融入中國軍隊：解放軍戰略支援部隊發展人工智慧創新能力

現代英語：

Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) technology has advanced by leaps and bounds in recent years . All major powers have developed advanced AI capabilities and attempted to effectively integrate AI into their armed forces. Beijing has also released an ambitious plan to make China a global leader in advanced artificial intelligence by 2030. Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping also reiterated at the 20th Party Congress that China should attach equal importance to the development of artificial intelligence and “intelligent warfare.”

Although China’s strategic goals in the field of artificial intelligence are clear, how it will integrate artificial intelligence into the People’s Liberation Army remains opaque. But at least the recently established PLA Strategic Support Force (SSF) provides some clues: the organization has been given an innovative mission and is responsible for integrating multiple “strategic functions.” To effectively understand the Strategic Support Force, we need to explore whether it will have a “game-changing” impact in future conflicts, where mastery of the information domain and effective integration of artificial intelligence may determine victory or defeat.

The PLA’s “Joint Operationality”: Strategic Support Force

The PLA underwent major reforms in 2015, partly motivated by the need to shift the PLA’s force focus from land territorial defense to extended force projection to ensure China’s strategic interests in areas such as space, cyber warfare and the far seas. A key element of these reforms is the creation of the Strategic Support Force, which concentrates tasks in these broad areas.

The Strategic Support Force (SSF) is tasked with integrating many “strategic” functions and capabilities previously dispersed across the PLA, including space, cyber, information, and psychological warfare. Today, the Strategic Support Force consists of two departments covering these functions: the Space Systems Department, which is responsible for all space-related missions; and the Cyber Systems Department, which undertakes the PLA’s broad information warfare activities.

The ultimate goal of the Strategic Support Force is to gain information advantage, achieve decision-making advantage, and thus achieve ultimate victory. Analysts recently concluded that its mission is likely to support the pursuit of information superiority and can be divided into two categories: providing strategic information superiority and support capabilities to the PLA’s top leadership, including counter-space operations and offensive cyber warfare, and providing information support services to theater military commands.

The Strategic Support Force appears to be designed to enhance the PLA’s “jointness,” or its ability to conduct joint operations. Historically, the PLA has faced challenges integrating joint operations due to the difficulty in innovating and implementing new command and control and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Because the information support provided by the Strategic Support Force is likely to include “intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance to achieve operational and strategic objectives”, some experts believe that the Strategic Support Force plays a key role in improving the overall joint combat effectiveness of the PLA.

The SSF also appears to have several mechanisms in place to develop or acquire technology in order to carry out its mission effectively. While the SSF is not the only agency within the PLA with this function, the SSF is responsible for more AI-related equipment contracts than any other service in the PLA. For example, the Strategic Support Force has made significant investments in artificial intelligence innovation, leveraging citizen partnerships to acquire new technologies such as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, autonomous vehicles, information and electronic warfare, simulation and training, and target identification.

On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency — On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency

PLA Artificial Intelligence Innovation

The U.S. National Security Council pointed out in its 2022 final report that “while artificial intelligence will be widely used in all fields, the large amount of data associated with space, cyber, and information operations makes these application cases particularly suitable for priority integration of AI technology in war simulations, exercises, and experiments.” This is exactly the area where the Strategic Support Force operates.

Many of the Strategic Support Force’s functions involve processing a variety of diverse, large volumes of rapidly changing information flows at speeds exceeding human capacity, making them excellent candidates for the application of artificial intelligence. For example, AI can help create and maintain situational awareness and can be used for prediction by collecting, integrating and analyzing information. AI can also be used to analyze the consequences and planning of potential actions and conduct war simulations.

However, actual command decisions are made by the theater military command or the Joint Chiefs of Staff. At the same time, the development of AI for decision-support applications may be the responsibility of other PLA components, such as the National University of Defense Technology and the Academy of Military Sciences, rather than the Strategic Support Force. Nevertheless, in providing information support to these decision makers, the Strategic Support Force is likely to play an important role in human-machine interface interaction with such artificial intelligence systems, thereby effectively supporting decision making.

At the same time, of the twelve major military applications currently being developed by the PLA, at least five are closely related to the missions of the Strategic Support Force, namely smart satellites, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance software, automated cyber attack software, cognitive electronic software, and possible automated vehicles, including:

Space Battle
Cyber Warfare
Electronic warfare

Schematic diagram. The picture shows facial recognition technology demonstrated at the "Security China" held in Beijing, China in 2018. Photo/Associated Press

While many applications of AI within the SSU mission area can be identified today, the most important long-term impacts may be difficult to predict. Furthermore, the AI plans proposed in China’s national white paper are not consistent with actual innovation progress.

In fact, most of China’s major investments in AI appear to be business-related and have little to do with military missions. Some assessments suggest that previous estimates of China’s current AI capabilities may be overstated. This means that it is not possible to immediately see the effective integration of artificial intelligence into the PLA’s mission areas, but the Strategic Support Force does have the mission of gaining information advantages to achieve decision-making advantages and ultimate victory.

As for artificial intelligence, it means that the Strategic Support Force must integrate artificial intelligence applications to make up for the PLA’s weaknesses in ensuring and utilizing information advantages. But this does not mean that the Strategic Support Force will become the focus of the PLA’s overall artificial intelligence innovation.

While many of the SSF’s missions are amenable to AI and there may be synergies between missions for applying AI, it is unclear which applications the SSF will use, whether these synergies are feasible, and whether the SSF has the capability to execute them. There will inevitably be a certain degree of prioritization in innovation for specific AI applications that are differentiated across different tasks.

China is determined to become a global leader in artificial intelligence and apply its technology to military missions to suppress U.S. advantages in the Indo-Pacific region. In many ways, the SSF has the advantages to achieve these goals, including a relaxed policy environment that promotes innovation, the SSF’s clear innovation responsibilities, and senior leadership support for “smartness.” The SSF also builds partnerships with China’s high-tech commercial sector and academia. These efforts are consistent with China’s military-civil fusion agenda, which aims to overcome barriers that prevent the People’s Liberation Army from acquiring resources from the commercial sector.

Schematic diagram. Photo/Associated Press

Obstacles to the Strategic Support Force’s Implementation of the PLA’s Innovation Plan

However, the Strategic Support Force also faces huge obstacles in implementing the People’s Liberation Army’s innovation-driven plan. The SSF and the PLA as a whole will face several challenges in AI applications, including attracting and retaining high-quality high-tech talent and mainland China’s inability to domestically develop and manufacture advanced logic and memory chips that are critical to developing cutting-edge AI—a clear weakness now that the United States has disrupted its supply of high-end semiconductors. In addition, research institutions in the United States and other Western countries are now increasingly cautious about collaborating with Chinese researchers in fields such as artificial intelligence, which have significant military potential.

The PLA’s limited combat experience has led to a lack of relevant “real and empirical” data, which may hinder the development of decision-making support artificial intelligence systems. More importantly, unless the PLA focuses on understandable, trustworthy AI, the use of AI systems with opaque operations, uncertain effective areas, and uncertain failure modes could cause serious damage.

For the national army , although there may be some limitations and uncertainties in the military application of artificial intelligence, with the continuous development and maturity of artificial intelligence technology, its application potential in the military field is still huge. As technology advances, we can expect to see more artificial intelligence systems introduced into military applications to improve operational efficiency and combat effectiveness.

However, to ensure that artificial intelligence technology can be robustly applied to military missions, it is necessary to strengthen technology research and development and testing, ensure the safety and reliability of the system, and rationally plan and manage the use of artificial intelligence technology. Only in this way can we better utilize artificial intelligence technology to enhance the information-based combat effectiveness of our military and achieve stronger and more robust combat capabilities.

現代國語：

近年來人工智能（Artificial Intelligence, AI）技術突飛猛進，所有主要大國都發展先進的AI能力，並試圖將AI有效地融入武裝力量。北京亦發佈雄心勃勃之計畫，要求2030年將中國建設成為全球先進人工智能強國。中共領導人習近平亦於第20次黨代表大會再次強調，中國應於人工智慧領域發展與「智慧戰爭」並重。

雖然中國大陸於人工智能領域的戰略目標明確，但其如何將人工智能融入解放軍仍然是不透明的。但至少，最近成立的解放軍戰略支援部隊（Strategic Support Force, SSF）提供了一些線索：該組織賦予了創新任務，負責整合多種「戰略功能」。為了有效理解戰略支援部隊，探究它是否將在未來衝突中產生「改變遊戲規則」的影響，其中掌握資訊領域和有效整合人工智能可能決定勝負。

解放軍的「聯合作戰性」：戰略支援部隊

2015年解放軍軍隊進行重大改革，部分動機是將解放軍武力重點從陸地領土防禦轉向延伸武力投射，以確保中國在太空、網絡戰和遠海等領域的戰略利益。這些改革的主要關鍵要素即為成立戰略支援部隊，集中了這些廣泛領域中的任務。

戰略支援部隊（SSF）的任務是整合先前分散在解放軍各部隊的許多「戰略」職能和能力，包括太空、網絡、資訊與心理戰等。如今，戰略支援部隊由兩個部門組成，涵蓋了這些職能：太空系統部門，負責所有與太空有關的任務；網路系統部門，承擔解放軍廣義的資訊戰活動。

戰略支援部隊最終目標是獲得資訊優勢，實現決策優勢，從而取得最終勝利。分析家最近得出結論，其任務很可能是支援追求資訊優勢，並可分為兩類：為解放軍最高層領導提供戰略資訊優勢和支援能力，包括反太空行動和攻擊性網絡戰，以及向戰區軍事指揮部提供資訊支援服務。

戰略支援部隊設計似乎旨在提升解放軍的「聯合作戰性」，或其進行聯合作戰的能力。歷史上，因新的指揮掌控與情報、監視和偵察能力的創新和實施方面實存在困難性，解放軍在整合聯合作戰方面面臨挑戰。因戰略支援部隊提供的資訊支援很可能包含「情報、監視和偵察，以實現作戰和戰略目標」，一些專家認為戰略支援部隊在提高解放軍整體聯合作戰性方面起到了關鍵作用。

為了有效遂行任務，戰略支援部隊似乎還擁有若干機制來開發或取得技術。雖然戰略支援部隊並非解放軍內唯一承擔此功能的機構，戰略支援部隊負責與人工智能相關的裝備合約比解放軍的任何一個服務都要多。例如戰略支援部隊在人工智慧創新方面進行了大量投資，利用公民合作夥伴關係來獲取情報、監視和偵察、自主車輛、資訊與電子戰、模擬與訓練、以及目標識別等新技術。

2015年12月31日，中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。圖／新華社
2015年12月31日，中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。圖／新華社

解放軍人工智慧創新

美國國家安全委員會於2022年最終報告中指出，「雖然人工智能將在所有領域普遍應用，但與空間、網絡和信息作戰領域相關的大數據量，使得這些領域的應用案例特別適合優先整合AI技術應用於戰爭模擬、演習和實驗。」而這正是戰略支援部隊所運營的領域。

戰略支援部隊許多功能涉及處理各種多樣、大量和快速變化之信息流，處理速度超過人類容量，都是應用人工智能的絕佳候選領域。例如，人工智慧可以幫助創建和維持態勢感知，透過收集、整合和分析信息，也可用於預測；另人工智能還可於分析潛在行動的後果與規劃、進行戰爭模擬。

然而實際指揮決策則由戰區軍事指揮部或聯合參謀部負責。同時，用於決策支援應用的人工智慧的開發可能由其他解放軍組成部分，如中國國防科技大學和軍事科學院，並非由戰略支援部隊負責。儘管如此，在為這些決策者提供資訊支援方面，戰略支援部隊很可能在與此類人工智慧係統進行人機界面互動發揮重要作用，並進而有效支援決策制定。

與此同時，解放軍刻正開發的十二個主要軍事應用中，至少五個與戰略支援部隊的任務密切相關，分別是智慧衛星、情報、監視和偵察軟件、自動化網絡攻擊軟件、認知電子軟件以及可能的自動化車輛，包含：

太空戰
對於太空戰，解放軍可能探索應用人工智能，內含用於管理大規模衛星；與在地球觀測資料集分析（處理和目標識別衛星圖像）；認知無線電技術，一種「智慧」無線電技術，旨在藉由自主切換頻道來避免干擾和擁擠，從而使空間通訊更加高效；自主衛星操作，以彌補有限的帶寬和延遲與減輕地面衛星操作員的工作負荷。

網路戰
網路戰，即為網路安全和電子戰都依賴於即時處理大量資料以識別威脅並更新防禦措施。如藉由人工智能引導對敵對網絡的指引，亦可同時支援技術偵察和網絡攻擊。此任務處於戰略支援部隊的職責範圍內，此部隊的創立旨在鞏固解放軍在網路安全和電子戰方面的聯繫。自動化還可以提高網絡防禦的速度和規模，減輕先前解放軍面臨的限制。

電子戰
人工智能亦可協助電子戰，增強電子戰系統的自主性。如人工智能可以識別和分類雷達或通訊系統的信號，檢測和分類幹擾器，提高幹擾信號的到達方向估計，開發高效的抗干擾協議與即時更新防禦措施（認知電子戰）。

示意圖。圖為2018年中國北京舉行的「安全中國」（Security China）上展示的人臉辨識技術。圖／美聯社

雖然目前可確定戰略支援單位任務範圍內許多人工智能的應用，但最重要的長期影響可能難以預測。此外，中共國家白皮書中提出的人工智慧計劃並非與實際的創新進展一致。

實際上，中共於人工智能大部分重要投資似乎與商業相關，與軍事任務關係不大。一些評估先前關於中國當前人工智能能力的估計可能過於誇大。意謂不可能立即看到人工智能有效整合於解放軍的任務領域，但戰略支援部隊確實賦予提取信息優勢以實現決策優勢和最終勝利的任務。

至於人工智能方面，意謂戰略支援部隊必然整合人工智能應用，以彌補解放軍在確保和利用資訊優勢方面之弱點。但這不意謂戰略支援部隊將成為解放軍整體人工智慧創新的焦點。

儘管戰略支援部隊的許多任務均適用於人工智能，而且在任務之間可能存在應用人工智能的協同效應，但目前尚不清楚戰略支援部隊將使用哪些應用，這些協同效應是否具有可行性，與戰略支援部隊是否有能力執行。對於在不同任務中具有差異的特定人工智慧應用，創新中必然會存在一定程度的優先考慮。

中國決心成為全球人工智慧領域領導者，並將其技術應用於軍事任務，以壓制美國在印太地區的優勢。在許多方面，戰略支援部隊都具備説明實現這些目標的優勢，包括寬鬆的政策環境促進創新、戰略支援部隊明確的創新職責以及高層領導對「智慧化」的支持。戰略支援部隊也與中國的高科技商業部門和學術界建立合作關係。這些努力與中國的軍民融合協議一致，旨在克服妨礙解決中國人民解放軍從商業部門獲取資源屏障。

戰略支援部隊執行解放軍創新計畫的障礙

不過戰略支援部隊在執行中國人民解放軍創新驅動計畫時，亦面臨巨大障礙。戰略支援部隊和解放軍總體上將在人工智能應用面臨一些挑戰，包括吸引和留住高素質高科技人才，與中國大陸無法於國內研發和製造對開發尖端人工智能至關重要的先進邏輯和存儲芯片——這是目前美國已中斷對高端半導體的供應所導致的明顯弱點。此外，美國和其他西方國家的研究機構現在對與具有重大軍事潛力的人工智能等領域的中國研究人員進行合作越來越謹慎。

根據解放軍有限的戰鬥經驗，導致了相關「實踐實證」資料匱乏，可能妨礙發展決策支援人工智慧系統。更重要的是，除非解放軍專注於可理解、值得信賴的人工智能，否則使用具有不透明操作、不確定有效區域和不確定故障模式的人工智能係統可能會造成嚴重損害。

對於國軍而言，儘管人工智能於軍事應用可能存在一些限制和不確定性，但隨著人工智能技術的不斷發展和成熟，其在軍事領域的應用潛力仍然巨大。隨著技術的進步，我們有望看到更多人工智慧係統被引入軍用應用中，提高作戰效率和戰鬥力。

然而，要確保人工智能技術能夠穩健地應用於軍事任務中，需要加強技術研發和測試，確保系統的安全性和可靠性，以及合理規劃和管理人工智能技術的使用。只有這樣，我們才能更好地利用人工智慧技術來提升國軍資訊化戰鬥力，並實現更強大、更穩健的作戰能力。

中國原創軍事資源：https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/123525/7360758884

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Uncertainty – Fog of War and the Way to Win in Modern Warfare for China’s Military

02/01/2025 admin Leave a comment

不確定性－戰爭迷霧與中國軍隊在現代戰爭中的勝利之道

現代英語：

Wars in different eras have different characteristics, and the “fog of war” that accompanies them is constantly changing. Often when people feel that they have basically seen the way to win through multi-faceted exploration, the next war presents new uncertainties. Local wars such as the Syrian War and the India-Azerbaijan conflict have demonstrated the multifaceted and complex nature of modern warfare from different perspectives. It can be seen that although traditional firepower warfare is still on the stage, the characteristics of intelligence have already emerged; although the combat type is still an offensive and defensive struggle, the combat guidance, environmental conditions, and specific methods of play have undergone profound changes. Wars are accelerating their evolution towards intelligence. The battlefield space has expanded from land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet to space, polar regions, deep sea, and cognitive confrontations. The game competition has changed from military confrontation to multi-dimensional competitions such as politics, economy, science and technology, and public opinion. The participating forces have developed from the two warring parties to global attention and multi-dimensional intervention. Information intelligence has moved from auxiliary support to comprehensive dominance, full penetration, and full coverage. The combat unit has evolved from scale optimization to small, micro, and sophisticated, and the form is scattered and capable. Intelligence and hybrid have become basic trends. In the face of evolving wars and new uncertainties, we need to be sensitive to change and respond proactively, accumulate momentum and forge ahead in the midst of change, so as to achieve leadership and surpass others and seize the opportunity to win.

Enhance the hybrid nature of war based on the “pan-variability”. War is the continuation of politics and has never been a simple military confrontation. In the era of intelligence, visible struggles and invisible struggles coexist, battlefields with gunpowder smoke and silent battles coexist, and gray areas, hybrid warfare, and marginal conflicts coexist. In the face of fierce and complex competitive game situations, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a hybrid warfare system with military as the cornerstone. First, enrich strategic options. Closely follow the characteristics of the times, strengthen the exploration of the characteristics and laws of non-military confrontation and the construction of power means, implement relevant preparations, and form comprehensive advantages. Secondly, enhance invisible strength. Attach importance to geopolitical, cultural, psychological and other aspects of research, and form an effective discourse system through think tank exchanges, academic promotion, cultural integration, legal construction, media propaganda and other means to influence the other party’s cognition in a silent way. Thirdly, unite the forces of peace. Take the construction of a united front in the new era as an important means of hybrid confrontation, unite all forces that can be united, and enhance international influence and appeal.

Enhance the flexibility of tactics based on the “smart change” of the battlefield. Looking at recent local wars and conflicts, due to factors such as the regional dimension and the strength of both sides, the traces of traditional warfare are still relatively obvious, but intelligent and unmanned warfare has irreversibly come to the fore. It can be foreseen that comprehensive intelligent warfare is not far away, the extension range of weapons and equipment will be farther and wider, the combat perspectives of the opposing sides will be larger and wider, and the degree of hinge fusion between the physical domain, network domain, and cognitive domain will be deeper. The battlefield with deep “smart change” calls for concepts and tactics that are adapted to it. We should accelerate the promotion of intelligent thinking, intelligent technology, and intelligent network aggregation and empowerment to form a flexible closed link with fast perception, fast decision-making, fast judgment, fast action, and fast feedback, based on “OODA” and the kill chain to beat the slow with the fast and change with change. Relying on intelligent computing power and intelligent algorithms, we design wars in advance, build various models, and innovate tactics and training methods in peacetime. In wartime, we analyze the battle situation in real time, keenly seize opportunities, and make precise decisions and actions. We use “military + technology”, “theory + experiment”, and “algorithm + tactics” to integrate the art of strategy with intelligent technology to achieve a combination of the strange and the orthodox, take the lead in rapid changes, and win by intelligence.

Enhance the plasticity of forces based on the “micro-change” of units. One of the important characteristics of modern warfare is that large systems support elite combat, and combat units are becoming increasingly miniaturized, integrated, and modular. We must focus on the combat unit, the end of combat effectiveness, and forge a “sharp knife” and “sharp blade” that is small, fine, micro, and strong to adapt to intelligent warfare. On the one hand, strengthen its ability to integrate into the system and connect all parties, rely on ubiquitous access to information networks, and achieve decentralized combat and energy concentration through flexible matching and rapid reorganization; on the other hand, strengthen its independent decision-making and improvisation capabilities, improve robustness and self-recovery, and be able to survive, respond to emergencies, and fight in extreme situations. It is possible to explore the formation of a “micro-unit” concept force, implement a flexible organization, do not fix the number of personnel, and do not restrict the field. Advanced combat theories, new combat formations, and new weapons and equipment can be tested and verified in advance, so as to explore ways to achieve cloud combat, cloud joint, cloud energy gathering, and self-combination at the end of the strike chain.

Enhance strategic bottom line based on deterrence “evolution”. Deterrence has a long history like war. With the in-depth application of intelligent technology and weapons and equipment, the connotation and extension, force means, form and effect of deterrence are changing. Although traditional nuclear deterrence is still the cornerstone of bottom line, new deterrence capabilities have been quietly formed, requiring higher determination, strength, wisdom, and strategy. Focusing on the role of deterrence in blocking the enemy invisibly in peacetime, controlling the situation at the key in times of crisis, and winning the final victory in wartime, we should focus on strengthening the strong and making up for the weak, opening up new areas, and long-term strategy to maximize the strategic value of deterrence. First, we should give equal importance to conventional and unconventional, accelerate the development of new weapons and new forces, and achieve the predetermined deterrence intention through actual combat training and actual combat deployment, supplemented by the expression and transmission of strategic will. Secondly, we should continue to study new combat concepts and new combat theories, and promote the transformation of theories from “soft” to “hard” through academic exchanges, think tank collisions, and multi-track and multi-layer confrontations, and transform them into real deterrence. Thirdly, accelerate the transformation of science and technology into the military field, increase research efforts in cloud computing, blockchain, quantum technology, etc., and strive to form a potential deterrent to opponents.

現代國語：

郭呈淵趙中其

不同時代的戰爭有不同的特點，而與之相伴的「戰爭迷霧」也在不斷變幻。往往當人們透過多方探索、感覺已經基本看清其中的勝利之道時，下一場戰爭又呈現出新的不確定性。敘利亞戰爭、亞阿衝突等局部戰爭，從不同側面展示了現代戰爭的多面性、複雜性。可以看到，傳統火力戰雖仍在舞台之中，但智慧化特徵已然顯現；作戰類型雖仍為攻防爭奪，但作戰指導、環境條件、具體打法已深刻變化。戰爭正加速向智慧化演進，戰場空間由陸、海、空、天、電、網向太空、極地、深海、認知等全域對抗拓展，博弈比拼由軍事對決向政治、經濟、科技、輿論等多維較量轉變，參與力量由交戰雙向全球關注、多元介入方向發展，資訊智能由輔助支撐向全面主導、全程貫穿、全域覆蓋邁進，作戰單元由規模集優向小微精尖、形散能聚演化，智能、混合成為基本趨勢。面對嬗變中的戰爭和新的不確定性，需要敏銳知變、積極應變，於變中蓄勢、變中進取，實現領先超越、搶得制勝先機。

基於戰爭「泛變」增強超限混合性。戰爭是政治的延續，從來不是單純的軍事對抗。智能化時代，看得見的爭鬥和看不見的鬥爭並存，有硝煙的戰場和無聲息的爭戰同在，灰色地帶、混合戰爭、邊緣衝突相伴而生。面對激烈複雜的競爭賽局態勢，需要加速建構以軍事為基石的混合戰爭體系。首先，豐富戰略選項。緊貼時代特點，加強非軍事抗衡特點規律探究和力量手段建設，實化相關準備，形成綜合優勢。其次，提升隱形實力。重視做好地緣、文化、心理等面向研究，透過智庫交流、學術推廣、文化交融、法律建構、媒介宣傳等方式，形成有效話語體系，在潤物無聲中影響對方認知。再次，團結和平力量。把建構新時代統一戰線作為混合對抗的重要手段，團結一切可以團結的力量，增強國際影響力和感召力。

基於戰場「智變」增強戰法彈性。縱觀近幾場局部戰爭與衝突，囿於地域維度、雙方實力等因素，傳統作戰痕跡仍較為明顯，但智能化、無人化已不可逆轉地走向前台。可以預見，全面智慧化戰爭並不遙遠，武器裝備的延伸範圍將更遠更廣，對抗雙方的交戰視角將更大更寬，物理域、網絡域、認知域鉸鏈融合程度更深。深度「智變」的戰場，呼喚與之相適應的理念、戰法，應加快推進智能化思維、智能化技術、智能化網絡聚合增能，形成快感知、快決策、快判斷、快行動、快反饋的彈性閉合鏈路，基於「OODA」和殺傷鏈以快打慢、以變制變。依托智能算力、智能演算法，平時超前設計戰爭、建構多種模型、創新戰法訓法，戰時即時研判戰情、敏銳捕捉戰機、精準決策行動，運用“軍事+科技”“理論+試驗” “演算法+打法”，融合謀略藝術與智慧技術，實現奇正結合、搶先快變、以智制勝。

基於單元「微變」增強力量可塑性。大體系支撐精兵作戰是現代戰爭的重要特色之一，作戰單元變得日益微型化、整合化、模組化。要扭住作戰單元這一戰鬥力末端，鍛造適應智慧化戰爭、小而精、微而強的「尖刀」「利刃」。一方面，強化其融入體系、連結各方的能力，依托泛在接取的資訊網絡，透過靈活搭配、快速重組，實現分散作戰、集效聚能；另一方面，強化其自主決策、臨機應變能力，提高魯棒性和自恢復性，在極端情況下能生存、能應急、能作戰。可探索組成「微單元」概念部隊，實行彈性編制，不固定員額、不限制領域，超前試驗論證先進作戰理論、新式作戰編組、新型武器裝備，為實現打擊鏈條末端雲作戰、雲聯合、雲聚能、自組合運用摸索路子。

基於威懾「衍變」增強戰略保底性。威懾與戰爭一樣歷史悠久。隨著智慧化技術和武器裝備的深入運用，威懾的內涵外延、力量手段、形式效果等都在改變。雖然傳統的核威懾仍是保底基石，但新的威懾能力已在悄悄形成，對決心、實力、智慧、謀略等要求更高。著眼發揮威懾平時阻敵於無形、危時控勢於關鍵、戰時決勝於最後的作用，應注重固強補弱、開拓新域、長期經略，實現威懾戰略價值最大化。首先，堅持常規與非常規並重，加速發展新型武器、新質力量，透過實戰化演訓、實戰化部署，輔以謀略意志表達傳遞，達成預定威懾企圖。其次，持續研究新作戰概念、新作戰理論，透過學術交流、智庫碰撞和多軌多層對抗，推動理論由“軟”變“硬”，轉化為現實威懾力。再次，加速科技向軍事領域轉化進程，在雲端運算、區塊鏈、量子科技等方面加強研究力度，努力形成對對手的潛在嚇阻。

中国军网国防部网

2022年9月16日星期五

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/16/content_324164888.htm

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Create a New Situation for China’s National Defense and Chinese Military Modernization

02/01/2025 admin Leave a comment

開創中國國防與軍隊現代化建設新局面

現代英語：

National Defense University Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee is a very important meeting held at a critical period of comprehensively promoting the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization. It focuses on studying and deploying the issues of further comprehensively deepening reform and promoting Chinese-style modernization, and makes strategic deployments for continuously deepening national defense and military reforms, drawing a blueprint for the new journey of relaying reforms to strengthen the military and constantly creating a new situation in national defense and military modernization. All levels of the military should earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, unify their thoughts, wills and actions, and thoroughly implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, so as to provide strong guarantees for achieving the goal of building the army for 100 years as scheduled and basically realizing national defense and military modernization.

Reform is a key move in designing and shaping the future of the military

Reform and opening up are the most prominent features and the most magnificent aura of contemporary China. The military field is the field with the most intense competition and confrontation, and it is also the field with the most innovative vitality and the most need for reform and innovation. Whether a military can possess an unremitting spirit of reform and a pioneering and enterprising spirit of innovation is an important indicator of its ability to win. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the only way to strengthen the military. The driving force for strengthening the military lies in reform, the way out lies in reform, and the future also lies in reform.

The strength of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation, and the victory of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation. The history of the growth and development of the People’s Army is a history of reform and innovation. From the establishment of a complete set of principles and systems for building the army under the absolute leadership of the Party during the Agrarian Revolution, to the implementation of the policy of streamlining the military during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression; from the establishment of five major field armies during the War of Liberation, to the repeated adjustments to the system and organization after the founding of New China, to the massive reduction of millions of troops in the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization… The People’s Army has been fighting and reforming, building and reforming, and has become stronger and stronger. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” of the Red Army period, to the “Protracted War” of the Anti-Japanese War, from the “Ten Military Principles” of the Liberation War, to the “piecemeal” of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, to the continuous adjustment of military strategic policies after the founding of New China… The People’s Army learned war from war, explored laws from practice, and wrote a vivid chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war leadership in the history of world military. Along the way, reform and innovation have always been an important magic weapon for our army to grow from small to large, from weak to strong, and continuously from victory to victory. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of a strong military, the only way to strengthen the military, and a key move to determine the future of the military. At present, it is a period of hard struggle to achieve the goal of building the army for 100 years. In order to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests with stronger capabilities and more reliable means, and to provide strategic support for comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization, it is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military.

Only reformers can make progress, and only innovators can become strong. President Xi Jinping stressed that “the new military revolution has provided us with a golden opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard to not only keep up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.” In today’s world, the new military revolution is surging, the intelligent warfare form is gradually showing its true face in the practice of war, and the new military technology and weapons and equipment system are further affecting the rules of war. All these require us to maintain a keen sense of reform and cutting-edge innovative thinking, base ourselves on the actual development of our army, focus on the needs of preparing for war, think deeply about the new force structure and winning logic necessary to win modern wars, rely on reform to continuously optimize the military system, improve the effectiveness of military governance in line with actual combat requirements, and go all out to fight a tough battle to achieve the goal of building the army for the centenary.

Comprehensively deepening reform has achieved great changes in the People’s Army in the new era

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as its core has, with great political courage and wisdom, pushed forward the theory and practice of reform of socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new breadth and depth. In the new era and new journey, we must insist on deepening reform to gain creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness, and insist on the unchanged direction, unswerving path and unreduced efforts, and continuously push forward the modernization of national defense and the army with better strategies, higher efficiency and faster speed, and resolutely complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Grasp the overall changes in deepening national defense and military reforms. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, and taken the Party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era as its guide. It has comprehensively implemented the strategy of reform and strengthening the army, and has thoroughly resolved the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long constrained national defense and army building, promoted the reform of the leadership and command system, the reform of the scale structure and force composition, and the reform of military policies and systems, and achieved historic achievements in deepening the reform of national defense and the army. The People’s Army has achieved an overall revolutionary reshaping; the new system, structure, pattern, and appearance have made our army’s winning advantage more prominent, its innovative vitality continuously released, and its morale more uplifting. Practice has fully proved that as long as we unswervingly continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military, we will be able to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the military.

Adhere to the ideological guidance of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. President Xi’s series of important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which are directional, fundamental, and overall, have profoundly clarified the contemporary significance, essential attributes, fundamental guidance, goals and tasks, core requirements, important directions, strategic measures, and scientific methods of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. To carry out the reform of national defense and the military to the end, we must adhere to Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as the general guidance and general compliance, and consistently use Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military to arm the minds of officers and soldiers, further unify thoughts, deepen understanding, and use it to guide reform practice, further work on resolving deep-seated contradictions and problems, promote the implementation of reform arrangements, and realize the determination and intentions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi at a high standard.

Advancing national defense and military modernization requires continued reform

President Xi stressed: “On the road ahead, the People’s Army must be brave in reform and good at innovation, and never become rigid or stagnant at any time or under any circumstances.” The People’s Army is a strong backing for national security. The deeper the reform goes, the more it must take responsibility, move forward steadily and courageously, and there must be no slackness or rest. It is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the army to provide security guarantees and strategic support for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization.

The cause of strengthening the military is inspiring, and the goal of strengthening the military inspires fighting spirit. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for deepening the implementation of the strategy of reform and strengthening the military. This is not only a call to action for continued reform and attack, but also a drumbeat for determination to strengthen the military. We must focus our efforts on implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, and continuously push forward the cause of strengthening the military in the new era. The mission is imminent, and the goal calls. The goal of strengthening the military depicts the goal map, roadmap and development map for strengthening and revitalizing the military. It is the soul and main line that runs through the deepening of national defense and military reform. The promotion of reform must not deviate from the goal of strengthening the military for a moment or a single moment. The goal of strengthening the military must always be used to measure, regulate and correct, providing a strong impetus for advancing the modernization of national defense and the military.

A strong country must have a strong military, and a strong military must reform. National defense and military modernization are important components of China’s modernization. Further deepening reform and promoting China’s modernization will inevitably put forward new and higher requirements for deepening national defense and military reform. On the one hand, with the increase in the breadth and depth of the practice of China’s modernization, the new progress of comprehensively deepening reform requires our military construction to accelerate and build high quality in improving quality and efficiency. We must uphold the core position of innovation in our military construction and promote national defense and military modernization through reform and innovation. On the other hand, with the practice of modern warfare, especially the militarization of artificial intelligence, the profound changes in the internal mechanism of war and the mode of winning, etc., all require national defense and military reform to seize the opportunity and act in response to the times, and make greater efforts to enhance our military’s joint combat capability based on the network information system and the all-domain combat capability. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made major strategic arrangements around the continued deepening of national defense and military reforms, and proposed a number of important reform measures involving the optimization and adjustment of systems, mechanisms, and institutions, which are highly contemporary, forward-looking, and targeted. All levels of the military must earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, focus on improving the leadership and management system and mechanism of the People’s Army, deepen the reform of the joint combat system, deepen cross-military and local reforms, and constantly create a new situation in strengthening and revitalizing the army.

We should follow the general trend of reform and gather strong forces. To thoroughly implement the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, we need unity of purpose and unity of purpose. We should persist in using the Party’s innovative theories to unite our hearts and minds and strengthen our foundations, arm our heads with Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, unify our thoughts and actions with the decisions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, and take on the responsibility of thoroughly implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military with a high degree of historical consciousness and a strong sense of mission, further consolidate the consensus on reform, strengthen the will to reform, and enhance the confidence in reform. We should focus on summarizing and applying the successful experience of national defense and military reform, deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of reform and strengthening the military, use reform to solve the problems encountered in development, and continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the military to break through obstacles. Party members and cadres in the military, especially leading cadres, must be good promoters and doers of reform, take the lead in tackling tough problems with practical actions, work hard and fast, and make great strides forward in the journey of building a world-class military in an all-round way.

(Written by: Tang Junfeng)

現代國語：

國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心

黨的二十屆三中全會是在以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期召開的一次十分重要的會議，重點研究部署進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化問題，對持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出戰略部署，為新征程接力推進改革強軍、不斷開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面繪就了藍圖。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神，統一思想、統一意志、統一行動，深入實施改革強軍戰略，為如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、基本實現國防和軍隊現代化提供有力保障。

改革是設計和塑造軍隊未來的關鍵一招

改革開放性是當代中國最顯著的特徵、最壯麗的氣象。軍事領域是競爭和對抗最激烈的領域，也是最具創新活力、最需改革創新的領域。能否具備永不停頓的改革精神和開拓進取的創新精神，是衡量一支軍隊打贏能力的重要標志。深化國防和軍隊改革是強軍興軍必由之路，強軍興軍動力在改革，出路在改革，前途也在改革。

人民軍隊的力量來自改革創新，人民軍隊的勝利來自改革創新。人民軍隊成長發展史，就是一部改革創新史。從土地革命戰爭時期創立黨對軍隊絕對領導一整套建軍原則制度，到抗日戰爭時期實行精兵簡政；從解放戰爭時期組建五大野戰軍，到新中國成立後多次調整體制編制，再到改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期百萬大裁軍……人民軍隊邊戰邊改，邊建邊改，愈改愈強。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”，再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整……人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭，從實踐中探索規律，在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的生動篇章。一路走來，改革創新始終是我軍從小到大、由弱到強，不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要法寶。深化國防與軍隊改革，是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求，是強軍興軍的必經之路，也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。當前，實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標到了吃勁奮鬥的攻堅期，以更強大的能力、更可靠的手段捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益，為以中國式現代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐，必須持續深化防衛和軍隊改革。

惟改革者進，惟創新者強。習主席強調指出：「新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇，我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為，不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代，還要力爭走在時代前列。」當今世界，新軍事革命風起雲湧，智慧化戰爭形態在戰爭實踐中漸顯真容，新的軍事技術和武器裝備體系進一步影響戰爭規則，這些都要求我們必須保持敏銳的改革意識、前沿的創新思維，立足我軍發展實際，聚焦備戰打仗需求，深入思考打贏現代戰爭所必需的全新力量結構、制勝邏輯，依靠改革持續優化軍事體系，對標實戰化要求提高軍事治理效能，全力以赴打好實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

全面深化改革成就新時代人民軍隊偉大變革

黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央以巨大的政治勇氣和智慧，把中國特色社會主義改革理論和改革實踐推進到新的廣度和深度。新時代新征程，必須堅持向深化改革要創造力、凝聚力、戰鬥力，堅持方向不變、道路不偏、力度不減，以更優策略、更高效益、更快速度把國防和軍隊現代化不斷推向前進，堅決完成黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

把握深化國防和軍隊改革的整體性變革。黨的十八屆三中全會以來，人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，深入貫徹習近平強軍思想，以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領，全面實施改革強軍戰略，深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進領導指揮體制改革、規模結構和力量編成改革、軍事政策制度改革，深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就，人民軍隊實現整體性革命性重塑；體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新，使我軍制勝優勢更加彰顯、創新活力不斷釋放、精神面貌更為昂揚。實踐充分證明，只要堅定不移持續深化國防和軍隊改革，就一定能開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面。

堅持深化國防和軍隊改革的思想引領。習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革的一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想，深刻闡明了深化國防和軍隊改革的時代意義、本質屬性、根本引領、目標任務、核心要求、重要指向、戰略舉措和科學方法。把國防和軍隊改革進行到底，必須堅持習近平強軍思想這個總指導總遵循，一以貫之地用習近平強軍思想武裝官兵頭腦，進一步統一思想、深化認識，用以指導改革實踐，進一步向破解深層次矛盾問題發力，推動改革部署落實，高標準實現黨中央、中央軍委會和習主席的決心意圖。

推進國防和軍隊現代化需要持續深化改革

習主席強調：「前進道路上，人民軍隊必須勇於改革、善於創新，任何時候任何情況下都永不僵化、永不停滯。」人民軍隊是國家安全的堅強後盾，改革越到深處，就越要擔當作為、蹄疾步穩、奮勇前進，不能有任何停一停、歇一歇的懈怠。必須持續深化國防和軍隊改革，為以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業提供安全保障和戰略支撐。

強軍事業催人奮進，強軍目標激勵鬥志。黨的二十屆三中全會對深入實施改革強軍戰略作出戰略部署，這既是繼續改革攻堅的動員號令，也是矢志強軍的催徵戰鼓。凝心聚力實施改革強軍戰略，把新時代強軍事業不斷推向前進。使命在即，目標召喚。強軍目標描繪了強軍興軍的目標圖、路線圖和展開圖，是貫穿深化國防和軍隊改革的靈魂和主線，推進改革一時一刻、一絲一毫都不能偏離強軍目標，必須始終用強軍目標來衡量、規範和校正，為推進國防和軍隊現代化提供強大動力。

強國必強軍，強軍必改革。國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分。進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化，必然對深化國防和軍隊改革提出新的更高要求。一方面，隨著中國式現代化的實踐廣度和深度的增加，全面深化改革的新進展需要我軍建設在提質增效中跑出加速度、建出高質量。要堅持創新在我軍建設中的核心地位，以改革創新推進國防和軍隊現代化。另一方面，隨著現代戰爭實踐特別是人工智慧的軍事化運用，戰爭內在機理、制勝模式的深刻轉變等，都要求國防和軍隊改革乘勢而為、應時而動，在提升我軍基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力等方面下更大功夫。黨的二十屆三中全會圍繞持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出重大戰略部署，提出多項重要改革舉措，涉及體制、機制、制度等方面的優化調整，具有很強的時代性、前瞻性、針對性。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神，著力完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制、深化聯合作戰體系改革、深化跨軍地改革，不斷開創強軍興軍新局面。

順應改革大勢，匯聚強大合力。深入實施改革強軍戰略，需要上下齊心、眾志成城。要堅持用黨的創新理論凝心鑄魂、強基固本，用習近平強軍思想武裝頭腦，把思想和行動統一到黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策上來，以高度的歷史自覺和強烈的使命擔當深入實施改革強軍戰略，進一步凝聚改革共識、堅定改革意志、增強改革信心。要注重總結運用國防和軍隊改革成功經驗，深入把握改革強軍的特點規律，用改革解決發展中遇到的問題，不斷推動國防和軍隊現代化破障前行。軍隊黨員幹部尤其領導幹部要當好改革的促進派和實干家，以實際行動帶頭攻堅、真抓實幹、緊張快幹，在全面建成世界一流軍隊的征程上闊步前行。

（執筆：湯俊峰）

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：湯俊峰責任編輯：張碩發布：2024-07-29 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16327611888.html

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Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare Research Cannot be separated from Dialectical Thinking

02/01/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事智能化戰爭研究離不開辯證思維

現代英語：

●The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it also requires great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence.

●The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative.

Accelerating the development of military intelligence is a strategic task proposed in the report of the 19th CPC National Congress. It is a powerful tool to promote the modernization of national defense and the army and realize the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era. It is also a major measure to aim at the future war situation and seize strategic opportunities. When conducting research on intelligent warfare, we should adhere to dialectical thinking, prevent research from “deviating from reality to virtuality”, “generalizing from a single case”, and “focusing on technology rather than theory”. Only by scientifically analyzing the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare can we truly promote in-depth and practical research.

To prevent “decoupling from reality and turning to virtuality”, we need to use scientific methodology and epistemology to analyze the problem

Intelligent warfare is a highly informationized war conducted in the physical and cognitive domains through the extensive use of intelligent weapons and equipment and the corresponding combat styles and methods. It is essentially not out of the scope of informationized warfare. The trend of unmanned warfare in recent local wars only has some characteristics of intelligent warfare, and is far from being an intelligent war in the true sense. At present, there is a wave of research on artificial intelligence in all walks of life, but to some extent, there is also a phenomenon of exaggeration and exaggeration. Some people also believe that intelligent warfare will give rise to geopolitical changes, and the traditional physical space control will be replaced by “intelligence control” with artificial intelligence as the core. This view inevitably has a tendency to virtualize cognition. To this end, intelligent warfare should be rationally studied and understood using scientific methodology and epistemology.

System theory perspective. Intelligent warfare is an advanced stage of information warfare, and is essentially still a system confrontation based on information systems. Whether it is human-machine collaborative operations, real-time perception of the entire battlefield, or brain-machine integrated decision-making, the characteristics it exhibits are all conscious behaviors of the various elements of the military system with “winning the war” as the ultimate goal. The understanding of military intelligence cannot stop at “technology-only theory” and “weapon-only theory”, but should focus on the mutual connection and action characteristics between the various elements of the military system, and explore its triggering mechanism, internal laws and implementation path.

Global thinking. Qian Xuesen believes that war is an organic whole composed of many parts and cannot be separated. In all human social practices, there is no activity that emphasizes the global concept and the overall concept more than directing war, and emphasizes starting from the overall situation, using all forces rationally, and ultimately achieving the overall final effect. This is true for directing war and studying war. Intelligent warfare not only refers to the intelligence of weapons and equipment, but also includes a series of intelligence such as intelligence analysis, command and control, military training, and logistics support. Only by conducting all-round research and thinking on the relevant elements can we have a global understanding of intelligent warfare. Global thinking also requires us to consider military intelligence in the context of achieving the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era and the overall national strategy, and to grasp the dialectical relationship between short-term and long-term, key and urgent needs, and actual military needs and overall military modernization.

Engineering design. To win future wars, we must have the ability to design future wars. We should use engineering thinking to classify and plan the operational concepts, operational styles, and force use of future intelligent warfare, and put forward practical military needs, phased development goals, and methods based on the current development stage of our army and targeting powerful enemies. We can follow the idea of ”proposing theories – developing concepts – experimental simulations – actual military exercises” to promote innovative breakthroughs in military theories based on intelligent warfare, incorporate them into operational regulations, and integrate them into actual combat training.

Avoid generalizing from a single example, and grasp the opposites of contradictions with the unity of opposites thinking

The ancients said: “The way to win or lose, to be safe or dangerous, is the way.” The “way” here includes not only the fundamental view of war, but also the speculative understanding of the laws of winning war. Intelligent warfare research should go beyond the limitations of one-sided descriptions such as “algorithmic warfare”, “unmanned warfare” and “self-adaptation”, and use dialectical thinking to fully understand and grasp the relationship between the various elements of future wars.

The relationship between people and weapons. With the widespread use of drones, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned submarines, etc. in the military, “war between people” will be largely replaced by “war between machines”. The realization of combat means such as autonomous coordination and autonomous decision-making has reshaped the combat process, and the combat style with unmanned operations as a prominent feature has rewritten the rules of the battlefield. Despite this, the decisive role of people in war has not changed, but the way they act is significantly different from before. As Engels said, “It is people, not guns, who win the battle… Guns will not move by themselves, and they need a brave heart and a strong hand to use them.” Intelligent weapons undoubtedly play an important role in war, but the subject of war is still people, and people are always the most active factor in war. The use of intelligent weapons does not mean that the role of humans has declined, but rather that some of the functions of humans have been transferred and materialized into weapons. Weapons extend the human body and brain, and stimulate human creativity and initiative. Intelligent weapons cannot replace the important role of fighting spirit. The superposition of indestructible political beliefs, overwhelming heroism, the bloody spirit of daring to fight and win, as well as superb strategies and flexible strategies and tactics, these dynamic factors make it possible to win when the enemy and our strength are equal, and to have the possibility of defeating the strong with the weak when we are at a disadvantage.

The relationship between offense and defense. The application of artificial intelligence in the military field is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it greatly improves combat effectiveness, but on the other hand, it is also necessary to pay great attention to the potential weaknesses and loopholes of artificial intelligence. Intelligent warfare mainly relies on powerful algorithms and interconnected networks. Once they are attacked, fatal errors occur, or they are reversely controlled, the advantage may turn into a disadvantage. The U.S. Department of Defense has now established a special agency to assess the potential risks of military intelligence and countermeasures. While promoting military intelligence, we should pay special attention to strengthening information protection and risk management, and simultaneously develop “anti-artificial intelligence technology” to establish a two-way advantage of both offense and defense.

The relationship between inheritance and innovation. Artificial intelligence has promoted major changes in the war situation, but it has not changed the general sense of the war guidance rules and war winning mechanism. No matter how the future war is fought, we must not abandon or deviate from the precious war experience and theoretical guidance accumulated by our army in long-term practice. We must still adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”, uphold the principle of asymmetric strategic checks and balances, and attach importance to giving full play to people’s subjective initiative. On the other hand, we must follow the general trend of military reform, keep a close eye on the forefront of war development, promote military innovation with a sense of urgency and accelerate the application and transformation of results.

To prevent “focusing on technology and neglecting science”, it is necessary to promote technological and theoretical innovation by integrating science and technology.

An advanced army needs advanced military theory to guide it. The emergence of intelligent warfare is first of all due to the promotion of the new scientific and technological revolution, but it is inseparable from the scientific guidance of advanced military theory, especially Marxist military theory. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to comprehensively promote the modernization of military theory, which is an inevitable requirement for realizing the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era, and is also the meaning of intelligent warfare research. To this end, we must conscientiously implement the development idea of integrating theory and technology, and promote the simultaneous innovation of technology and theory in deepening problem research.

Conceptual integration. Modern military theories are increasingly characterized by actual combat-driven, interdisciplinary, and systemic support. To promote the integration of science and technology, we must first break through the barriers of concepts and ideas. We should adhere to the complex research approach of overall planning, system design, and system integration, based on the evolution of war forms and the actual national and military conditions and development stages, and coordinate the promotion of technological breakthroughs, concept development, tactics innovation, combat power generation and other theoretical innovations to provide scientific guidance and theoretical support for winning future wars. We should strengthen research on the winning mechanism, combat guidance, and combat style of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the military organization form caused by intelligent warfare, especially the series of changes in organizational system, scale structure, combat organization, tactical principles, combat support, and force application, so as to make ideological and theoretical preparations for a new round of military reforms.

Integration of disciplines. Intelligent warfare research not only involves the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, but also involves multiple fields such as algorithms and materials, and multiple disciplines such as physics, chemistry, electronics, and biology, and involves a wide range of fields such as war ethics and international law. In order to achieve the integration of science and technology, technical workers are required to break away from the shackles of pure engineering thinking, establish strategic thinking and global awareness, master scientific methodology and epistemology, and use dialectical thinking to lead technology research and development. Theoretical researchers should break the boundaries of disciplines, step out of the small circle of pure academic research, actively promote the interaction between scientific research institutions and colleges, troops, and technology research and development departments, strive to achieve original results in the basic field of artificial intelligence, and enrich the theory of intelligent warfare. Make good use of data, focus on actual combat, adhere to the “three aspects”, and effectively play the leading and guiding role of theory on technology.

現代國語：

要點提示

●人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍，一方面極大提高了作戰效能，另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。

●智慧武器的運用不表示人的作用下降了，而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體，也延伸了人的大腦，激發了人的創造性和能動性。

加速軍事智慧化發展是黨的十九大報告提出的戰略任務，是推進國防和軍隊現代化建設、實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的有力抓手，是瞄準未來戰爭形態、搶抓戰略機遇的重大舉措。在進行智慧化戰爭研究時，應堅持辯證思維，防止研究“脫實向虛”“以偏概全”“重技輕理”，科學分析智能化戰爭的特點規律，才能真正推動研究走深走實。

謹防“脫實向虛”，需用科學方法論和認識論分析問題

智慧化戰爭是透過廣泛使用智慧武器裝備及與其相適應的作戰樣式、作戰方法，在物理域和認知域進行的高度資訊化的戰爭，本質上沒有脫離資訊化戰爭範疇。近期局部戰爭中所呈現的無人化作戰趨勢，僅僅是具備了智慧化戰爭的某些特點，還遠遠不是真正意義上的智慧化戰爭。當前各界掀起一股研究人工智慧的熱潮，但某種程度上也存在著拔高和誇大的現象。還有人認為，智慧化戰爭催生地緣政治異變，傳統的實體空間制權將被以人工智慧為核心的「制智權」取代。這種觀點不免帶有認識虛化的傾向。為此，應以科學方法論、認識論來理性研究和認識智能化戰爭。

系統論視角。智能化戰爭是資訊化戰爭的高級階段，本質上仍是基於資訊系統的體系對抗，無論是人機協同作戰、戰場全局實時感知，還是腦機一體決策，其展現出的特點莫不是軍事體系諸要素以「勝戰」為終極牽引而湧現的自覺行為。對軍事智能化的認識不能停留於“唯技術論”“唯武器論”，而應著眼軍事體系諸要素間的相互聯繫和作用特性，探究其觸發機理、內在規律和實現路徑。

全局性思維。錢學森認為，戰爭是由許多部分構成的、不可分離的有機整體。在人類全部的社會實踐活動中，沒有比指導戰爭更強調全局觀念、整體觀念，更強調從全局出發，合理地使用全部力量，最終求得全局最終效果的了。指導戰爭如此，研究戰爭也是如此。智慧化戰爭不僅指武器裝備的智慧化，更包含情報研判、指揮控制、軍事訓練、後勤保障等一系列的智慧化，只有對有關諸要素進行全方位研究與思考，方能對智能化戰爭有全局性認識。全局性思維也要求我們將軍事智能化放在實現黨在新時代的強軍目標和國家戰略大局下通盤考量，把握短期與長期、重點與急需、現實軍事需求與整體軍事現代化的辯證關系。

工程化設計。打贏未來戰爭，必須有設計未來戰爭的能力。應運用工程化思維對未來智能化戰爭的作戰概念、作戰樣式、力量運用等進行分類規劃和層次化設計，立足我軍現有發展階段，瞄準強敵，提出切合實際的軍事需求以及階段性發展目標和方法手段。可依照「提出理論—發展概念—實驗模擬—實兵演習」的思路，推動基於智慧化作戰的軍事理論實現創新突破，進入作戰條令，融入實戰化訓練。

力避“以偏概全”，需以對立統一思維把握矛盾對立面

古人雲：“以決勝敗安危者，道也。”這裡的“道”，不僅包含對戰爭的根本看法，也包含對戰爭制勝規律的思辨性認識。智慧化戰爭研究應超越「演算法戰」「無人化」「自適應」等片面所描述的限制，以辯證思維完整理解與掌握未來戰爭各要素間的相互關系。

人與武器的關系。隨著無人飛機、無人戰車、無人潛艇等在軍事上的廣泛運用，「人與人的戰爭」將在很大程度上被「機器與機器的戰爭」所取代，自主協同、自主決策等作戰手段的實現使作戰流程得以重塑，以無人化為突顯標志的作戰樣式使戰場規則重新改寫。盡管如此，人在戰爭中的決定性作用並未改變，只是作用方式與以往相比出現重大不同。正如恩格斯所稱，「贏得戰鬥勝利的是人而不是槍……槍是不會自己動的，需要有勇敢的心和強有力的手來使用它。」智能武器在戰爭中無疑發揮重要作用，但戰爭主體依舊是人，人永遠是戰爭中最活躍的因素。智慧武器的運用不顯示人的作用下降了，而是人的部分功能被轉移物化在武器之中了。武器延長了人的肢體，也延伸了人的大腦，激發了人的創造性和能動性。智慧武器也無法取代戰鬥精神的重要角色。堅不可摧的政治信念、壓倒一切的英雄氣概、敢打必勝的血性精神，以及高超的謀略和靈活的戰略戰術，這些能動性因素的疊加，使在敵我實力相當時有製勝的把握，在居於劣勢時有以弱勝強的可能。

進攻與防禦的關系。人工智慧運用於軍事領域是柄雙刃劍，一方面極大提高了作戰效能，另一方面也需要高度重視人工智慧潛在的弱點和漏洞。智慧化戰爭主要依賴強大的演算法和互聯互通的網絡，一旦受到攻擊、出現致命錯誤或遭反向控制，優勢將可能轉化為劣勢。美國國防部目前已成立專門機構，評估軍事智慧化的潛在風險及應對措施。在推動軍事智慧化的同時，我們應特別注意加強資訊防護和風險管控，同步發展“反人工智慧技術”，以確立攻防兼備的雙向優勢。

傳承與創新的關系。人工智慧推動戰爭形態發生重大變化，但並未改變一般意義上的戰爭指導規律和戰爭制勝機理。不管未來戰爭怎麼打，都不能丟棄或偏離我軍在長期實踐中積累的寶貴戰爭經驗和理論指導，仍要堅持“你打你的，我打我的”，秉持非對稱戰略制衡原則，重視發揮人的主觀能動性。另一方面，要順應軍事變革大勢，緊盯戰爭發展前沿，以時不我待的緊迫感推動軍事創新並加快成果應用轉化。

防止“重技輕理”，需以理技融合推動技術與理論創新

先進的軍隊需要先進的軍事理論作指導。智能化戰爭的出現首先源自於新科技革命的推動，但離不開先進軍事理論尤其是馬克思主義軍事理論的科學指導。黨的十九大報告提出要全面推進軍事理論現代化，這是實現黨在新時代的強軍目標的必然要求，也是智慧化戰爭研究的題中之義。為此，要認真貫徹好理技融合的發展思路，在深化問題研究中推動技術與理論同步創新。

觀念融合。現代軍事理論日益呈現出實戰牽引、學科交叉、體系支撐的特徵，要推動理技融合，首先需要打破觀念和思想藩籬，應秉持整體謀劃、體系設計、系統集成的複合型研究思路，立足戰爭形態演變與國情軍情實際與發展階段，協調推進技術突破、概念研發、戰法革新、戰鬥力生成等多面向理論創新，為打贏未來戰爭提供科學引領與理論支撐。應加強研究智能化戰爭的製勝機理、作戰指導、作戰樣式，深入研究智能化戰爭引發的軍隊組織形態，尤其是組織體制、規模結構、戰鬥編成、戰術原則、作戰保障、力量運用等方面的系列變化，為迎接新一輪軍事變革做好思想與理論準備。

學科融合。智慧化戰爭研究不僅涉及人工智慧在軍事領域的運用，還涉及演算法、材料等多領域和物理、化學、電子、生物等多學科，涉及戰爭倫理、國際法等廣泛領域。為實現理技融合，要求技術工作者要擺脫單純工程思維的羈絆，樹立戰略思維和全局意識，熟練掌握科學方法論和認識論，用辯證思維統領技術研發。理論研究者要打破學科界限，走出純學術研究的小圈子，積極推動科研機構與院校、部隊、技術研發部門的互動，力爭在人工智慧基礎領域取得原創性成果，同時豐富智能化戰爭理論。善用數據說話，向實戰聚焦，堅持“三個面向”，切實發揮理論對技術的引領和指導作用。

來源：解放軍報作者：馬榮升責任編輯：楊一楠 2019-07-04 14:xx

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4845177.html

Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949

Category Archives: 中國解放軍敘事戰爭

Chinese Military Fifth Generation Command Information System and Its Intelligent Technology

Abstract

Key words

Cite this article

1 New Concept of Command and Control

1.1 Intelligent command and control

1.2 Tactical Edge Command and Control

1.3 Multi-Domain Battle Command and Control

1.4 Mosaic Combat Command and Control

2. Transformation of the Characteristics of the Fifth Generation Command Information System

3 Overall Architecture Concept

3.1 System Architecture Concept

3.2 Concept of cloud-edge-device service architecture

3.3 Technical Architecture Concept

4 Key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept

5 Development ideas and ideas

6 Conclusion

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