Category Archives: 智慧戰爭

Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡?

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源:解放軍報

現代英語:

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語:

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗,透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息,影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心,進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看,認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊,既包括「平時」的認知滲透,也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而,認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線;同時,根據政治或軍事目的需要,其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此,認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念,並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基,具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面,但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中,圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈,成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知,奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗,也是舉國之志的對抗,政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中,透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導,培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情,舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基,是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知,奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導,建構戰爭認知思維體系,引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向,推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成,調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落,是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度,對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知,奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向,在認定事物、判定是非方面,人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落,透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播,圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中,不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同,是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎,它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化,是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一,也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理,調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散,提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力,但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生;國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性,為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機,而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎,結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控,對社會穩定有直接影響,是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理,漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人,如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的,那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位,也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理,不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞,也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒,為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中,需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理,影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中,個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引,如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等,對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取,是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等,有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象,從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開,與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐,具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰,「攻」「防」行動同步開展,武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效,「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮,是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志,迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等,透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志,透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策;針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量,以武力打擊震懾主導,綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段,動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式;針對社會面支撐力量,透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心,透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒,透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線,凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線,防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量,透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情,透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相,透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念,透過樹立典型調動士氣等等;針對支撐力量,透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳,建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感,透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理,透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營,消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍,為己方陣營拓展提供支撐,是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取,雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主,但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散,常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變,進而影響到政治層面的決策,為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外,戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務,即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期,隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散,人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期,需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效,方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中,隨著槍砲聲的消散,新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響,不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按:王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源:http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

Chinese Military Discussion on “Intelligent Public Opinion Warfare”

現代英語語言:

Author: Sun Yixiang, Yu Yuanlai
Abstract: The development and application of artificial intelligence technology has greatly changed the information dissemination and public opinion ecology, and also spawned the birth of “intelligent public opinion warfare”. Looking forward to the continued development of national discourse power and the technical competition behind the public opinion game of major powers, this article proposes the concept of “intelligent public opinion warfare” and interprets and analyzes its development prospects, application strategies and capacity building, aiming to explore the new frontiers, new games and new tactics of public opinion warfare in the era of intelligence, and provide theoretical reference for us to win the future public opinion battlefield.

Keywords: “intelligent public opinion warfare”; development prospects; application strategies; capacity building

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” is a new concept proposed based on the evolution of intelligent warfare forms and the development prospects of public opinion warfare. It is a new type of public opinion offensive and defensive action that uses new technologies and new applications in the field of artificial intelligence to spread political issues, derive discourse ecology, promote ideology, and influence public opinion. Its essence is to improve the speed, accuracy, intensity and breadth of information dissemination through the deep integration of disruptive technologies such as intelligent robots, deep learning, and algorithm recommendations with 5G, social media, big data, and the Internet of Things, thereby enabling traditional public opinion warfare to break through the “technical bottleneck” in core links such as situational awareness, target locking, information push, and effect evaluation, changing the phenomenon of weak targeting, limited aggregation, and weak controllability in some previous operations. It greatly exerts the “soft kill” effectiveness of attacking the mind and affecting cognition in response to the key and difficult problems such as high dependence on human intelligence and energy. The in-depth analysis of “intelligent public opinion warfare” aims to explore the new frontiers, new games, and new tactics of the development of public opinion warfare, and provide theoretical references for our army to build a new type of public opinion warfare force and win the future public opinion battlefield.

I. The development prospect of “intelligent public opinion warfare”

The essence of artificial intelligence is the simulation of human thinking. Its greatest advantage is to simulate, extend, and expand human intelligence. [1] Public opinion warfare takes media information attack and confrontation as its basic form, aiming to influence and persuade the target opponent and change his mental cognition. Its main “weapon platform” is various media for disseminating information. With the increasing maturity of artificial intelligence technology, the traditional media’s collection, writing, editing and broadcasting technologies have gradually been replaced by robot writers, algorithm recommendations, automatic broadcasting, audio-visual fitting, immersive news, etc. The subversive transformation of “weapon platforms” has also profoundly affected the development of public opinion warfare, making traditional public opinion warfare rapidly move towards a computable, modelable and predictable intelligent era. Various signs show that current intelligent technologies such as social robots, deep fakes, and big data analysis have been fully utilized in many major international events, and their influence on public opinion is becoming increasingly powerful.

(I) Artificial intelligence leads new changes in communication methods

Although current intelligent robots cannot fundamentally replace people as the main body of information dissemination, the information production and dissemination model of “artificial templates + automated data filling” and intelligent recommendation algorithms have become a bridge for more accurate docking between media and audiences. In addition, the in-depth popularization of software and hardware such as smart phones, smart chips, smart writing, virtual anchors, and AI editing has led to the global media industry actively seeking how to perfectly combine professional advantages with the efficient capabilities of artificial intelligence. For example, the robot Heliograf used by The Washington Post can automatically generate stories based on real-time data sources to provide audiences with personalized news. The robot Blossomblot used by the New York Times can screen and disseminate potential hot articles by analyzing social media data. [2] There are also writing software such as Kuaibi Xiaoxin used by Xinhua News Agency, Dreamwriter of Tencent, and Xiaomingbot of Toutiao. It is precisely based on the strong drive of technologies such as artificial intelligence, mobile Internet, big data, and blockchain that today’s media ecology has begun to develop from all-media and integrated media to smart media. [3] News push methods represented by algorithms and news production methods represented by robot news have become new features and changes in the development of the global communication field.

(II) Intelligent media gives new efficiency to public opinion manipulation

As an online social information dissemination system that combines artificial intelligence and human intelligence, intelligent media can create topics, attract fans, increase traffic, and continuously increase the influence and control of public opinion by creating virtual opinion leaders, analyzing user preferences with algorithms, innovating content distribution rules, and automatically publishing information in batches. At the same time, it can also carry out continuous and in-depth ideological penetration and public opinion influence, and intervene in the basic judgment and general cognition of the public. For example, during the 2016 US presidential election, Facebook used algorithms to construct user portraits and design software programs to predict and interfere with voters’ voting intentions and behaviors, and conduct political manipulation. It is precisely because of the remarkable characteristics of these intelligent media news production, personalized news release, on-the-spot news experience, and sensory interactive feedback that the “post-truth”, “information cocoon”, “echo chamber effect”, “spiral of silence”, “group polarization” and other phenomena in the public opinion field have become more prominent under human manipulation, which also provides new ways to win for all parties fighting in the public opinion battlefield. At present, in the process of producing massive press releases, intelligent media has developed into an important force for spreading political and military issues and conducting public opinion manipulation. According to the report of the “Computational Propaganda Research Project” of the Oxford Internet Institute, as of 2019, more than 50 countries in the world have found the use of robot water army to manipulate public opinion.

(III) Modern warfare highlights the new prospect of controlling public opinion with intelligence

Modern warfare has expanded from the tangible battlefield of the traditional physical domain to the intangible battlefield of the information domain and cognitive domain. Artificial intelligence technology gives state institutions great potential to manipulate public opinion quickly, cheaply and on a large scale, which also leads to the continued intensification of threats and challenges brought by new forms of warfare such as hybrid warfare and multi-domain warfare. Using intelligent communication means to efficiently spread emotional cognition, values ​​and opinions that are beneficial to oneself has become an important “booster” for achieving political and military goals in modern warfare. In this regard, former US Secretary of Defense Mark Esper once said: “The country that takes the lead in using artificial intelligence will have a decisive advantage on the battlefield for a long time in the future, so we must do it first.” For a long time, the US military has used a large number of false identities (i.e. “vests”) of “online virtual identity management” software to participate in chats or post on major social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter to create pro-American remarks. Due to the low error rate and fully automated production, these robot water armies quickly became an important tool for influencing public opinion. In 2014, the US government also invested 760 million yuan to hire advertising companies to implement intelligent public opinion warfare specifically to combat targets such as al-Qaeda and the Somali Youth Party. In recent years, from major public opinion crises in Venezuela, Iran and other countries to the Syrian War and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, it has become the norm to use social robots, deep fakes, virtual propaganda and other intelligent communication technologies and means to influence public opinion, and the “intelligent public opinion war” has gradually moved from behind the scenes to the front stage, showing a strong momentum of controlling public opinion with intelligence and winning with public opinion.

  1. Application strategy of “intelligent public opinion war”

The mechanism of “intelligent public opinion war” is: with the help of machine learning, deeply explore the audience’s emotions and prejudices, screen and lock the most susceptible audiences, and then use algorithms to produce massive persuasive content, which is then flooded, disseminated and forwarded in batches by online news aggregators, corporate customer service robots, etc., thereby destroying the original international discourse system and communication ecology, and achieving the purpose of manipulating public opinion. The subject, object, topic, content, means and other key elements of its public opinion war are highly dependent on the empowerment and efficiency of intelligent technology. Nowadays, major countries are actively seeking to seize the dominant discourse power and win the initiative in the war of public opinion through intelligent “technological gap”. The main strategies used are:

(I) Cultivating virtual communication subjects

The implementation subjects of traditional public opinion warfare include not only propaganda departments, media organizations, think tanks, but also press spokespersons, opinion leaders and ordinary netizens. Intelligent technology has expanded this subject to a large number of “human-machine mobs” such as writing robots, dialogue robots, virtual bloggers and water armies, and has shown a blowout trend worldwide. According to the US “Capsule” website, the “2016 Machine Traffic Report” released by the Internet security company IMPV stated that they analyzed the access records of 100,000 domain names worldwide and found that about 52% of the Internet traffic came from “automated programs”, that is, robots. The Pew Research Center in the United States also found in a 2018 survey that 66% of the 1.2 million Twitter posts linking to 2,315 popular websites collected from various social media platforms were shared by robots. There is also the “troll army” created by Russia, which deploys a large number of robot virtual accounts. Its Internet Research Bureau can push out 25,000 tweets within 24 hours. These emerging forces have led to the continued intensification of the “asymmetric” situation of public opinion wars between countries. Studies have shown that people’s ideas are easily influenced by the information they see online, and the comments made by robots on social networks can often have an important impact on their ideas.

(II) Deeply dig and lock in the target audience

The target audience is the target of public opinion wars, and quickly identifying the social characteristics, position tendencies and lifestyles of the target audience will help improve the ability to target attacks based on the cultural psychology of the audience, and actively shape and change the group cognition of the target object. The “cloud brain” built with intelligent algorithms can deeply analyze the user’s reception needs and interest trends, summarize behavioral models, depict user portraits, discover internal laws, and determine the most accurate content, best time, and best path for information push, thereby improving the accuracy and effectiveness of precise segmentation and differentiated communication. At the same time, by grasping the differentiated needs of the target audience through intelligent technology, it is also possible to realize the intelligent construction of different communities and circles from content production to distribution, so as to match the value orientation of different audience groups and meet their personalized needs. Such communication advantages help to better integrate diverse and scattered viewpoints and quickly gather the leading opinions of public opinion. At present, in addition to intelligent social media, smart cars, smart shopping platforms, etc. have become important platforms for user information collection. According to the data provided by these platforms, it is easy to draw key social structures, human maps, as well as key influencers and opinion leaders, which also makes the target of public opinion war more accurate and more efficient.

(III) Automatic aggregation of hot topics

Setting topics is an important link in strengthening public opinion control. Intelligent technology strengthens the mining, aggregation and sharing functions of hot topics in massive information, so that the human factors in the fermentation process of public opinion continue to rise, and the breeding and development of public opinion are more likely to develop in the direction expected by the manipulator. On the one hand, big data mining news clues can quickly refine, edit and publish topics that attract public attention and trigger public discussion. For example, the US NewsWhip uses big data mining technology to scan major global social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram every two minutes to capture what events are the hottest and what content is more popular. It then analyzes the development trends of these contents and converts them into actionable suggestions to help media professionals plan topics based on clues. [4] On the other hand, intelligent communication media can enable different information products such as audio, video, images, and text to be freely matched and shared in the form of data information flow on wearable devices, cloud terminals, websites, and related social media, which further intensifies the aggregation and influence of hot public opinion.

(IV) Using algorithms to generate content

As the “ammunition” of public opinion warfare, information content has a distinct direction, pertinence, and strong topicality. Its planning, production, and packaging are mainly based on political and military objectives, rather than pure news value or commercial value. As the node between data information and artificial intelligence, algorithms play a key role in constructing traffic entrances and capturing user stickiness. For example, the algorithm distribution mechanism used by most current news apps and social media platforms can capture and analyze natural information such as the user’s age, gender, occupation, and cultural level, as well as behavioral information such as contact duration, contact frequency, and contact motivation during reading, through machine learning, to achieve accurate user portraits. At the same time, various “news materials” are collaged according to instructions and pushed to these pre-targeted target audiences in a targeted manner. In the process of bringing high-quality experience and meeting individual needs, it will also aggravate the “information cocoon effect”, trapping these audiences in the “cocoon”. Under the influence of a large amount of homogeneous content, their thoughts and cognition will change subtly. For this reason, the article “Artificial Intelligence and National Security” issued by the US Congress in November 2020 mentioned that it is necessary to create a complete “digital life model” to match and combine the target audience’s shopping records, credit reports, professional resumes, subscriptions, etc., to form a comprehensive behavioral profile of them, so as to better serve the influence action.

(V) Implement deep fake deception interference

The battlefield of public opinion has always been a combination of reality and fiction, and the flexible use of various “fog” and “traps” is a common means of winning for all parties in the game. In recent years, the hot deep fake technology, as a new means of information tampering and replacement based on deep learning, can generate highly realistic and difficult to identify information products through voice simulation, face synthesis, video generation and other methods, which also makes it a “throat-locking” trick in the battlefield of public opinion. For example, in 2018, the American online news media “Buzz Feed” made a fake video of Obama insulting Trump by grafting the voice and mouth shape of comedian Jordan Peele. Once it was launched on YouTube, it received 4.8 million hits. This video used artificial intelligence face-changing technology. In addition to face-changing videos, deep fakes are also often used for portrait synthesis. Compared with traditional character images and video synthesis, it has significant characteristics such as low cost, low operation difficulty, and short time required. This also makes the use of deep fake technology to create negative videos of politicians, false orders from military commanders, violent terrorist information and other “new rumors” emerge in an endless stream in today’s public opinion field. For this purpose, the US military has also specially carried out the research and development of projects such as “Trojan Horse in Artificial Intelligence” and “Reliable Guarantee of Artificial Intelligence for Deception”.

  1. Capacity Building of “Intelligent Public Opinion Warfare”

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” is not only a contest of technology, but also a contest of capabilities. Although “weak artificial intelligence” technology is still widely used in the field of public opinion warfare, with the rapid development of science and technology, the capabilities of artificial intelligence will continue to increase, and public opinion warfare will also usher in a new era of intelligence. Looking forward to the major strategic opportunities for the development of artificial intelligence in my country, the continued development of national discourse power and the practical needs of responding to the attacks of the United States and the West on our public opinion warfare, it is necessary to strengthen multidisciplinary integration research, cross-exploration from multiple perspectives, and actively promote the transformation, upgrading and rapid development of “intelligent public opinion warfare” in technology, theory, practice, etc.

(I) Increase the technical research and development of “intelligent public opinion warfare”

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” must not only compete with people’s hearts, but also compete with machines. To this end, it is necessary to take policy as the guide and science and technology as the driving force to step up the research and development of intelligent technology in the field of international communication and public opinion attack and defense. First, we will vigorously solve the outstanding problems in media applications, such as framework bias, machine cognitive bias, and machine communication ambiguity, and fully activate the deep integration of artificial intelligence with 5G, social media, big data, the Internet of Things, virtual reality and other technologies in information production, presentation, and dissemination.
The first is to create a new driving force in the field of “all-media journalists + algorithm engineers” and “killer” weapons for public opinion warfare to meet the actual needs of public opinion games in the intelligent era. The second is to strengthen the in-depth application of artificial intelligence technology in media interviews, writing, editing, and even robot hosting and broadcasting, deeply integrate the content production advantages accumulated by traditional media for a long time with intelligent technology, and comprehensively use text, audio and video, animation, live broadcast, data illustration and other forms to innovate the attractiveness and communication power of public opinion propaganda content; at the same time, distinguish different target objects to formulate specific communication strategies, improve the information product structure, enrich product formats, and accurately and segmentally influence the ideological cognition of each specific target group.

(II) Deepen the theoretical research on “intelligent public opinion warfare”

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” must not only solve the relationship between “construction” and “use”, but also grasp the laws of “root” and “end”, and focus on strengthening the exploration and dissection of the connotation mechanism, and effectively provide scientific theoretical guidance for promoting “intelligent public opinion warfare”. First, from the perspective of “public opinion + technology”, study how public opinion warfare can empower and increase efficiency. We must not only think about the problem from the perspective of competing with the enemy for the cognitive domain and the right to speak in public opinion, but also grasp the development trend of artificial intelligence communication technology, integrate advanced technical means into key links such as public opinion war situation perception, target selection, information dissemination, and effect evaluation, and deeply explore the winning mechanism, operational command, and capacity building of “intelligent public opinion war”. Second, from the perspective of “tactics + algorithm”, study how public opinion war can be fought intelligently. We must focus on the characteristics of the future public opinion battlefield such as “unmanned, invisible”, “brain-like, brain-controlled”, “actuarial, cloud computing”, and strengthen the application of advanced concepts such as intelligent game, cloud brain victory, visual expression, and asymmetric checks and balances; at the same time, summarize the superb strategies of struggles in the fields of military, politics, and public opinion in ancient and modern times, China and foreign countries, especially the experience and losses of using intelligent technology to carry out public opinion wars in recent years around the world, inherit in criticism, develop in innovation, and continuously improve the strategies and tactics that adapt to the development needs of “intelligent public opinion war” and have Chinese characteristics.

(III) Promote the practical application of “intelligent public opinion war”

The battlefield of public opinion is also wartime in peacetime, and it is still the same in the intelligent era. We must focus on daily life and the ubiquitous public opinion game to increase the intensity of tempering. First, optimize the overall layout and practical capabilities of intelligent public opinion dissemination, and gradually eliminate the “time difference” and “technical gap” with the capacity building and tactics of the United States and the West. Especially in the current situation where the United States and Western countries use the new crown pneumonia epidemic, the South China Sea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Xinjiang and other issues to intensively use intelligent means to smear and attack me, we must constantly sum up experience, find ways and improve our capabilities in actual combat. Second, accurately grasp the technical means and strategic methods of hostile forces at home and abroad to penetrate and break through my public opinion space, and promptly cut off the internal and external coordination and transmission channels of anti-China forces, and prevent the spread of politically harmful information and the cognitive influence on me. Third, we will increase the comprehensive use of national defense mobilization, administrative law, public opinion guidance and other means, integrate the propaganda, public security, diplomacy, intelligence, military and other departments, and cooperate with the media, think tanks, international communication public relations companies, opinion leaders, etc., and actively reserve combat power for the “intelligent public opinion war” by seeking the first mover advantage in all directions.

Notes:

[1] Chen Changfeng, Huo Jie. People-oriented: The application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of news communication [J]. News and Writing, 2018(8):54.

[2] Wan Ke. The application practice and enlightenment of artificial intelligence in American and British news media [J]. China Media Technology, 2017(7):19-20.

[3] Li Peng, Zhi Media. The new stage of media integration and transformation [N]. People’s Daily Online, 2019-04-19.

[4] Xinhua News Agency. “Media Transformation and Development in the Era of Artificial Intelligence” Research Group. The specific application of artificial intelligence in the entire chain of news communication [J]. China Journalist, 2020(2):19.

(Author’s unit: Political College of National Defense University. This article is a phased result of the research project of the National Social Science Fund.)

現代國語:

作者:■孫亦祥 餘遠來
摘 要:人工智慧技術的發展運用,大大改變了資訊傳播、輿論生態,也催生了「智慧化輿論戰」的誕生。前瞻國家話語權的續存發展和大國輿論博弈背後的技術較量,本文提出了「智能化輿論戰」概念,並圍繞其發展圖景、運用策略和能力構建進行闡釋分析,旨在探究智能化時代輿論戰發展的新疆域、新賽局和新戰法,為我制勝未來輿論戰場提供理論參考。

關鍵字:「智能化輿論戰」;發展圖景;運用策略;能力建構

「智能化輿論戰」是基於智慧化戰爭形態演變和輿論戰發展前景而提出的新概念,是利用人工智慧領域新技術新運用擴散政治議題、衍生論述生態、推廣意識形態、影響公眾意見的一種全新輿論攻防行動。其實質是透過智慧機器人、深度學習、演算法推薦等顛覆性技術運用與5G、社群媒體、大數據、物聯網等深度融合來提升資訊傳播的速度、精度、強度和廣度,進而使傳統輿論戰在態勢感知、目標鎖定、資訊推送和效果評估等核心環節得以突破“技術瓶頸”,改變以往有的作戰中靶向性不強、聚合力有限、可控性偏弱等現象,對於人的智力、精力依賴程度高等重難點問題,大幅發揮攻心奪志、影響認知的「軟殺傷」效能。對於「智能化輿論戰」的深入分析,旨在探索輿論戰發展的新疆域、新博弈和新戰法,為我軍打造新質輿論戰力量,制勝未來輿論戰場提供理論參考。

一、「智能化輿論戰」的發展圖景

人工智慧的本質是人類思維的模擬,它的最大優勢是模擬、延伸和擴展人的智慧。 [1]而輿論戰以媒介訊息攻擊與對抗為基本形式,旨在影響、說服目標對手,改變其精神認知,它的主要「武器平台」就是傳播訊息的各類傳媒。伴隨人工智慧技術的日益成熟,傳統媒體的採、寫、編、播技術開始逐步被機器人寫手、演算法推薦、自動播報、聲像擬合、沉浸式新聞等替代,「武器平台」的顛覆性變換也深刻影響輿論戰的發展形態,使傳統輿論戰開始朝著可計算、可建模、可預測的智慧化時代快速邁進。各種跡象表明,當前社交機器人、深度偽造、大數據分析等智慧化技術已在許多國際重大事件中充分運用,其輿論影響日益強大。

(一)人工智慧引領傳播方式新變化

儘管目前智慧機器人還不能從根本上替代人成為傳播訊息的主體,但是「人工模板+自動化資料填充」的訊息生產傳播模式,以及智慧推薦演算法已成為媒體與受眾間更精準對接的橋樑紐帶。加之智慧型手機、智慧晶片、智慧寫稿、虛擬主播、AI剪輯等軟硬體的深入普及,導致全球傳媒產業都在積極尋求如何將專業優勢與人工智慧的高效能力進行完美結合。如《華盛頓郵報》所使用的機器人Heliograf,可根據即時資料來源自動產生故事,並為受眾提供個人客製化新聞。 《紐約時報》所使用的機器人Blossomblot,可透過分析社群媒體資料來篩選傳播潛在的熱文等。 [2]還有國內新華社使用的快筆小新、騰訊的Dreamwriter、今日頭條的Xiaomingbot等寫作軟體。正是基於人工智慧、行動互聯網、大數據、區塊鏈等技術的大力驅動,現今的媒體生態已由全媒體、融媒體開始向智媒體發展。 [3]以演算法為代表的新聞推送方式和以機器人新聞為代表的新聞生產方式已成為全球傳播領域發展的新特色新變化。

(二)智能傳媒賦予輿論操控新效能

智慧媒體作為一種人工智慧與人類智慧協同的線上社會資訊傳播系統,透過創建虛擬意見領袖、演算法分析使用者偏好、革新內容分發規則、自動大量發布資訊等手段,在製造話題、吸引粉絲、提升流量,不斷加大輿論影響力控制力的同時,還能進行持續深入的思想滲透和輿論影響,幹​​預社會公眾的基本判斷和普遍認知。如2016年美國大選期間,Facebook透過演算法建構用戶畫像並設計軟體程序,從而預測和乾涉選民的投票意向和行為,進行政治操控等。正是由於這些智慧媒體新聞生產的機器化、新聞發布的個人化、新聞體驗的臨場化、互動回饋的感測化等顯著特點,使得輿論場的「後真相」「資訊繭房」迴聲室效應」「沉默的螺旋」「群體極化」等現像在人為操控下變得更為突出,這也為廝殺輿論戰場的各方提供了新的製勝途徑。目前智慧傳媒在生產大量新聞稿的過程中,已發展成為傳播政治軍事類議題,並進行輿論操控的重要力量。根據牛津大學網路研究所「計算宣傳研究計畫」報告稱,截至2019年,全球已有50多個國家發現運用機器人水軍操縱輿論的情況。

(三)現代戰爭凸顯以智制輿新前景

現代戰爭已從傳統物理域有形戰場拓展到資訊域、認知域的無形戰場。而人工智慧技術賦予國家機構迅速、廉價、大規模操縱輿論的巨大潛能,也導致混合戰、多域戰等新型戰爭形態帶來的威脅挑戰持續加劇。借助智慧化傳播手段高效傳播有利於己的情感認知、價值觀念和意見傾向,已成為現代戰爭政治軍事目標實現的重要「助推器」。對此美國前國防部長馬克·埃斯珀曾說:「率先使用人工智慧的國家,將在未來很長時期的戰場上擁有決定性優勢,因此我們必須首先做到。」長期以來,美軍利用「在線虛擬身分管理」軟體的大量虛假身分(即「馬甲」),在Facebook、Twitter等各大社群網站上參與聊天或發文以製造親美言論。由於出錯率低、生產完全自動化,這些機器人水軍很快就轉變為影響輿論的重要工具。 2014年美國政府也出資7.6億元聘請廣告公司,專門為打擊蓋達組織、索馬利亞青年黨等目標而實施智能化輿論戰。近年來,從委內瑞拉、伊朗等多個國家遭遇的重大輿論危機事件到敘利亞戰爭、巴以衝突來看,利用社交機器人、深度偽造、虛擬宣傳等智能化傳播技術與手段來影響公眾輿論已成常態,而「智能化輿論戰」也逐漸從幕後走向前台,並呈現出以智駕馭輿、以輿制勝的強勁勢頭。

二、「智能化輿論戰」的運用策略

「智慧化輿論戰」的作用機制是:藉助機器學習深度挖掘受眾情感、偏見並篩選、鎖定最易受影響的受眾,然後利用演算法生產大量說服性內容,並由網路新聞聚合器、企業客服機器人等進行批量灌水、散佈和轉發,從而破壞原有的國際話語體系和傳播生態,達到操控輿論的目的。其輿論戰的實施主體、客體,以及議題、內容、手段等關鍵要素都高度依賴智慧化技術的賦能增效。在當今,各主要國家都在積極謀求透過智慧化「技術差」來搶佔優勢話語權,贏得輿論戰主動權,主要運用策略有:

(一)培塑虛擬傳播主體

傳統輿論戰的實施主體既有宣傳部門、媒體機構、智庫,也有新聞發言人、意見領袖和一般網友等。而智慧化技術讓這個主體拓展到了寫稿機器人、對話機器人、虛擬部落客和水軍等大批“人機烏合之眾”,並在全球範圍內呈現井噴之勢。據美國“膠囊裡”網站報道,互聯網安全公司IMPV發布的《2016年機器流量報告》稱,他們通過對全球10萬個域名網站訪問記錄分析發現,其中約52%的互聯網流量來自“自動化程序” ,即機器人。美國皮尤研究中心2018年調查也發現,它們從各類社群媒體平台收集到的連結至2315個流行網站的120萬則Twitter貼文中,有66%為機器人所分享。還有俄羅斯打造的“巨魔大軍”,部署有海量機器人虛擬帳號,其互聯網研究局在24小時內就能推出2.5萬條推文。這些異軍突起的新興力量,導致各國間進行輿論戰的「非對稱」態勢持續加劇。有研究顯示,民眾的想法很容易受到他們在網路上所看到的資訊的影響,而社群網路上的機器人發表的言論往往能夠對他們的想法施加重要的影響。

(二)深挖鎖定目標受眾

目標受眾是輿論戰的靶標,而快速識別目標受眾的社會特性、立場傾向和生活方式等,將有助於提高基於受眾文化心理的靶向打擊能力,積極塑造和改變目標對象的群體認知。以智慧演算法建構的「雲端大腦」能夠深刻解析使用者接收需求和興趣動向,總結行為模型、描繪使用者畫像、發現內在規律,並確定訊息推送的最準內容、最佳時機、最優路徑,提高精準分眾、差異傳播的準確率和致效強度。同時,透過智慧技術掌握目標受眾的差異化需求,也能夠對不同社群、圈群實現從內容生產到分發的智慧化構建,以契合不同受眾群體的價值傾向,滿足他們的個人需求。這樣的傳播優勢有助於更好地整合多元、分散觀點,快速匯聚輿論主導意見。目前除智慧社交媒體外,智慧汽車、智慧購物平台等都已成為用戶資訊收集的重要平台。根據這些平台提供的數據很容易繪製出關鍵性社會結構、人文地圖,以及關鍵影響者和輿論意見領袖,這也使得輿論戰的標靶變得更精準,致效率變得更高。

(三)自動聚合熱點議題

設定議題是強化輿論控制的重要環節,智能化技術強化了海量資訊中的熱點議題挖掘、聚合和分享功能,從而使輿論發酵過程中的人為因素持續攀升,輿論的滋生發展更容易朝操控者所期待的方向發展。一方面,大數據挖掘新聞線索,能夠快速提煉、編輯和發布吸引公眾眼球,引發眾議的議題。如美國NewsWhip(新聞鞭)透過大數據挖掘技術,可以每兩分鐘掃描一次Facebook、Twitter、Instagram等全球主要社群媒體,來捕捉什麼事件是當下最熱門的,怎樣的內容更受歡迎,然後分析這些內容的發展趨勢並轉化為可操作的建議,幫助媒體人根據線索進行選題策劃。 [4]另一方面,智慧化傳播介質能夠讓音訊視訊、影像、文字等不同資訊產品得以以資料資訊流的形態在穿戴式裝置、雲端終端、網站及相關社交媒介中進行自由配對與分享,這也進一步加劇了熱點輿論的聚合力影響力。

(四)利用演算法生成內容

資訊內容作為輿論戰的“彈藥”,具有鮮明的指向性、針對性和強烈的話題度,它的策劃、製作和包裝主要基於政治、軍事目標的考量,而非單純的新聞價值或商業價值。而演算法作為資料資訊與人工智慧的節點,發揮建構流量入口、捕捉用戶黏性的關鍵作用。如當前大多數新聞App和社群媒體平台使用的演算法分發機制,其透過機器學習,抓取和分析用戶的年齡、性別、職業、文化水平等自然訊息,以及閱讀時的接觸時長、接觸頻率、接觸動機等行為訊息,可以實現對使用者的精準畫像。同時,根據指令拼貼各種“新聞素材”,有針對性地推送給這些預先鎖定的目標受眾。在帶來優質體驗、滿足個性需求的過程中,也會加劇“資訊繭房效應”,使這些受眾困於“繭房”之中,在大量同質化內容的灌輸影響下,思想認知發生潛移默化的改變。正因如此,美國國會於2020年11月頒發的《人工智慧與國家安全》一文中提及,要透過創造完整的“數位生活模型”,將目標受眾的購物記錄、信用報告、職業簡歷、訂閱等匹配組合,對其形成綜合性的行為簡介,從而更好地服務於影響力行動。

(五)實施深偽欺騙幹擾

輿論戰場向來虛實結合,各種「迷霧」「陷阱」的靈活運用是博弈各方慣用的製勝手段。近年來,大熱的深度偽造技術,作為基於深度學習的一種新型信息篡改與替換手段,透過語音模擬、人臉合成、視頻生成等方法可以生成高逼真且難以甄別的信息產品,這也使其成為了輿論戰場的「鎖喉」招數。如2018年美國網路新聞媒體「嗡嗡餵」透過嫁接喜劇演員喬丹皮爾的聲音和嘴型,製作了一段奧巴馬辱罵川普的假視頻,YouTube一經上線就獲得了480萬次的點擊量,這段影片運用的就是人工智慧換臉技術。除換臉影片外,深度偽造也常被用於人像合成,與傳統的人物影像、影片合成相比,它具有使用成本低、操作難度小、所需時間短等顯著特點,這也使得利用深度偽造技術製造政治人物負面影片、軍隊指揮官虛假命令、暴力恐怖訊息等「新型謠言」在當今輿論場層出不窮。美軍為此也特別進行了「人工智慧中的特洛伊木馬」「面向欺騙的人工智慧可靠保障」等項目的研發。

三、「智能化輿論戰」的能力建構

「智能化輿論戰」既是技術的較量,也是能力的比拼。儘管目前輿論戰領域普遍應用的還是「弱人工智慧」技術,但是隨著科技的快速發展,人工智慧的能力將不斷增強,輿論戰也必將迎來全新的智慧化時代。前瞻我國人工智慧發展的重大戰略機遇,國家話語權的續存發展和應對美西方對我輿論戰攻擊的現實需要,必須加強多學科的融合研究,多視角的交叉探索,積極推動「智能化輿論戰」在技術、理論、實踐等方面的轉型升級、快速發展。

(一)加大「智能化輿論戰」的技術研發

「智能化輿論戰」不僅要與人心博弈,更要與機器較量,為此必須以政策為導向、科技為牽引,加緊推動智能化技術在國際傳播和輿論攻防領域的研究攻關。一是大力破解媒體應用方面依然存在的框架偏差、機器認知偏差、機器交流歧義等多方面突出問題,全面激活人工智能與5G、社交媒體、大數據、物聯網、虛擬實境等技術的深度融合和在資訊生產、呈現、傳播等面向的全新驅動力,系統打造「全媒體記者+演算法工程師」與輿論戰「殺手鐧」武器,以因應智慧化時代輿論博弈的現實需求。二是加強人工智慧技術在媒體採訪、寫稿、編輯,甚至機器人主持播報諸多領域的深化運用,將傳統媒體長期累積的內容製作優勢與智慧科技深度融合,綜合運用文字、影音、動漫、直播、數據圖解等形式,創新輿論宣傳內容的吸引力傳播力;同時區分不同目標對象制定特定傳播策略,完善資訊產品結構、豐富產品業態,精準化、分眾化影響各特定目標群的思想認知。

(二)深化「智慧化輿論戰」的理論攻關

「智能化輿論戰」既要解決好「建」與「用」的關係,也要把握好「本」與「末」的規律,要注重加強內涵機理的探索解剖,切實為推進「智能化輿論戰”提供科學的理論指導。一是從「輿論+技術」的角度出發,研究輿論戰如何賦能增效。既要站在與敵爭奪認知域、輿論話語權的高度思考問題,又要掌握人工智慧傳播技術的發展趨勢,將先進技術手段融入輿論戰態勢感知、目標選擇、資訊傳播、效果評估等重點環節,深入探索「智慧化輿論戰」的致勝機制、運籌指揮與能力建構等。二是從「戰法+演算法」的角度出發,研究輿論戰如何智慧作戰。要聚焦未來輿論戰場「無人、無形」「類腦、控腦」「精算、雲算」等特點,強化智能博弈、雲腦制勝、可視化表達、非對稱制衡等先進理念的運用;同時總結古今中外軍事、政治、輿論諸領域鬥爭的高超謀略,尤其是全球範圍內近年運用智能技術開展輿論戰的經驗得失,在批判中繼承,在創新中發展,不斷完善適應“智能化輿論戰”發展需要且具有中國特色的謀略戰法。

(三)推動「智能化輿論戰」的實戰運用

輿論戰場的平時也是戰時,智慧化時代依然如此,必須立足日常、著眼無時無所不在的輿論博弈加大錘煉砥礪力度。一是優化智慧化輿論傳播的整體佈局和實戰能力,逐步消除與美西方能力建設和戰法運用的「時間差」「技術差」。特別在當前美西方國家利用新冠肺炎疫情、南海、台灣、香港、新疆等問題,密集使用智能手段對我進行輿論抹黑攻擊的情況下,要在實戰應對中不斷總結經驗、尋找辦法、提升能力。二是精準掌握境內外敵對勢力向我輿論空間進行滲透突破的技術手段與策略手法,及時斬斷反華勢力內外策應傳導渠道,阻遏政治有害資訊傳播及對我實施認知影響。第三是加大國防動員、行政法、輿論引導等手段的綜合運用,宣傳、公安、外交、情報、軍事等部門的一體聯動,以及媒體、智庫、國際傳播公關公司、意見領袖等的配合與協作,透過全方位謀求先發之勢,為「智能化輿論戰」積極儲備戰力。

註 釋:

[1]陳昌鳳、霍婕.以人為本:人工智慧技術在新聞傳播領域的應用[J].新聞與寫作,2018(8):54.

[2]萬可.美英新聞媒體人工智慧應用實務及啟示[J].中國傳媒科技,2017(7):19-20.

[3]李鵬、智媒體.媒體融合轉型新階段[N].人民網,2019-04-19.

[4]新華社.「人工智慧時代媒體變革與發展」主題組.人工智慧在新聞傳播全鏈條中的具體應用[J].中國記者,2020(2):19.

(作者單位:國防大學政治學院。本文為國家社科基金計畫研究階段性成果。)

中國軍事原文來源:http://www.81.cn/rmjz_203219/jsjz/2022nd1q_227501/yldzgzyj_227505/10145288.html

Chinese Intelligent Warfare is Accelerating and Advancing

中國智能化戰爭正在加速推進

中國軍網 國防部網. 2022年3月17日 星期四

現代英語:

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually become a hot topic. History has repeatedly proved that the evolution of war forms will lead to profound changes in the winning mechanism. In today’s era when information warfare is developing in depth and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge, the armies of major countries in the world have made great efforts to promote military intelligence, and many of these trends are worthy of attention.

Strengthen top-level design

Outlining a “roadmap” for intelligent warfare

Driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, intelligent military transformation is developing in depth. The United States, Russia, Japan and other countries have regarded artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and have made early arrangements, strengthened top-level design and planning guidance, and explored the direction of military application of artificial intelligence.

The U.S. military has detailed the current status and development plan of artificial intelligence in documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, “Integrated Roadmap for Unmanned Systems, Fiscal Year 2017-2042”, and “American Artificial Intelligence Initiative: First Annual Report”, and has elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In 2021, the U.S. military pointed out in its “U.S. Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Posture: Assessment and Improvement Recommendations” that the U.S. military should consider three guiding questions in developing artificial intelligence: what is the current state of artificial intelligence related to the U.S. military; what is the current situation of the U.S. military in artificial intelligence; and what internal actions and potential legislative or regulatory actions may enhance the U.S. military’s artificial intelligence advantage.

Russia has invested a lot of resources to maintain a balance with the United States in the competition for the application of artificial intelligence in the military field. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the first Defense Ministry meeting of the year that artificial intelligence will greatly promote changes in the military field, and the Russian Federation Armed Forces must accelerate the research and development of artificial intelligence application technologies such as robots, intelligent individual systems, and intelligent weapon modules, so as to form core technical capabilities and battlefield competitive advantages as soon as possible. Documents such as “Special Outline for the Research and Development of Future Military Robot Technology and Equipment before 2025”, “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, and “The Development Status and Application Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field” have established a series of mechanisms at the national level for the Russian military to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.

The Japanese government has also issued an “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” to lead the research and development of artificial intelligence technology and industrial development. In the “Robotics and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan formulated by the United Kingdom, the application of artificial intelligence in battlefield construction is emphasized. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense released “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”, which explores how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

Innovative combat concepts

Promoting the “Thinking First” Approach to Intelligent Warfare

The innovation of operational concepts has an ideological driving effect on the development of military science and technology and the evolution of war forms. In the past, people’s understanding and grasp of war mainly came from the summary of practical experience, and operational concepts were empirical concepts. In the future era of intelligent warfare, operational concepts are not only empirical concepts, but also the conception, design and foresight of operations.

The U.S. Army has proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”, which requires deep integration and close coordination of combat capabilities in various domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and network. To this end, the U.S. Army has successively issued white papers such as “Multi-Domain Warfare: The Development of Synthetic Arms in the 21st Century (2025-2040)”, “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Warfare (2028)”, and “Using Robotics and Autonomous Technologies to Support Multi-Domain Warfare”. In March 2021, the U.S. Department of the Army issued the document “Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Preparing to Win in Competition and Conflict”, indicating that “multi-domain warfare” has become a “flag” leading the transformation and development of the U.S. Army. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, which aims to create a highly decentralized and highly adaptable “kill net” composed of different combat functional units, based on advanced computer technology and network technology. The U.S. Department of Defense strongly supports the concept of “joint all-domain operations”. In March 2020, the U.S. Air Force took the lead in writing “joint all-domain operations” into the doctrine to explore how the Air Force can play a role in “joint all-domain operations”.

The Russian military proposed the concept of “charge disintegration”. “Disintegration” is one of the most important operational concepts in Russia at present. The Russian electronic warfare forces set the goal of making the enemy’s information, charge, electronic warfare and robot systems ineffective, and believe that this goal will “determine the fate of all military operations”. Disrupting the command and control of enemy forces and weapon systems and reducing the efficiency of enemy reconnaissance and use of weapons are the primary tasks of electronic warfare. At present, the Russian military is considering forming 12 types of electronic warfare forces. The Russian military also proposed the concept of “non-nuclear containment system”, the core of which is to use non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons to contain opponents. The non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons it defines include all ballistic missiles equipped with non-nuclear warheads, as well as strategic bombers and long-range air-based and sea-based cruise missiles. In addition, the Russian military also proposed the concept of “hybrid warfare”, hoping to use artificial intelligence systems to seek battlefield information advantages.

The British Ministry of Defense has proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration” and will develop a new command and control system with intelligent capabilities to achieve comprehensive, persistent, accurate and rapid battlefield perception and force coordination.

Focus on technology research and development

Shaping the Intelligent Warfare Operational Model

The key to the effectiveness of artificial intelligence is the combination with other technologies, which is also described as the “AI stack”. Various technologies interact to produce a combined effect, thereby enhancing the capabilities and effects of each technology. In the intelligent warfare supported by artificial intelligence technology, the collaborative combat mode of “man-machine integration, cloud brain control”, the cluster combat mode of “mixed formation, group intelligence”, and the cognitive combat mode of “intelligence-led, attacking with intelligence first” will constantly update people’s understanding of war.

Focus on the research and development of innovative projects. The US military is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence chips in existing weapons and equipment systems, adding “intelligent brains” to weapons to enable them to have human-like thinking and autonomous interaction capabilities. In October 2021, the US Navy launched the “Beyond Plan”, which is regarded as the “current highest priority”. It aims to accelerate the delivery of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools by building a military Internet of Things for maritime operations, integrating manned and unmanned joint formations, supporting a new intelligent naval architecture, enhancing large-scale firepower killing, and realizing intelligent distributed operations of the navy. In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also carried out cognitive electronic warfare projects such as “Adaptive Electronic Warfare Behavior Learning”, “Adaptive Radar Countermeasures”, and “Communications under Extreme Radio Frequency Spectrum Conditions”, and developed a prototype of a cognitive radar electronic warfare system. The Russian Ministry of Defense’s Intelligent Technology and Equipment Research and Experimental Center cooperated with the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences to develop and test autonomous intelligent algorithms including drone swarm command and control, and also jointly developed an object automatic recognition software system based on neural network principles with the National Aviation System Research Institute.

Establish innovative R&D institutions. The continuous emergence of new technologies is an inexhaustible driving force for the vigorous development of military intelligence. High-level military intelligence construction cannot be separated from the technical research and development of professional institutions. Some countries and militaries have established R&D centers, focusing on innovative development from a technical level. The U.S. Department of Defense has established a joint artificial intelligence center, which is planned to be built into a national key laboratory to lead the promotion of hundreds of artificial intelligence-related projects and ensure the efficient use of artificial intelligence-related data and information to maintain the United States’ technological advantage in this field. Russia has established an artificial intelligence and big data alliance, a national artificial intelligence center, and a robotics technology research and experimental center under the Ministry of Defense, mainly conducting theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology. France has established an innovative defense laboratory, the United Kingdom has set up an artificial intelligence laboratory, and India has established an artificial intelligence task force to explore related technologies.

Strengthen equipment research and development and deployment. In recent years, many countries have attached great importance to the research and development of intelligent weapons and equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have continued to emerge. At present, the US Air Force has begun to practice the combat concept of “man-machine collaboration, man in the loop” on the F-35 fighter. The US XQ-58A “Valkyrie” stealth drone previously mainly carried out man-machine collaborative operations with F-35 and F-22 fighters. In April 2021, the stealth drone successfully launched the ALTIUS-600 small drone system, further enhancing its manned and unmanned collaborative combat capabilities. Russia is focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, command and decision-making, firepower strikes, combat support and other fields, and is developing and deploying intelligent equipment. It plans to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems in weapons and equipment to more than 30% by 2025. Russia’s ground unmanned combat weapons, represented by the “Uranus” series and “Platform-M” and “Argo” models, are developing rapidly. Among them, the Nerekhta unmanned combat vehicle can be equipped with remote-controlled machine guns and rocket launchers. In addition to the combat capabilities of ordinary armored vehicles, it also has transportation and reconnaissance functions. In addition, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces plan to officially deploy an unmanned aerial formation with strong combat capabilities in 2035.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文:

■賈珍珍 丁 寧 陳方舟

隨著人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭逐漸成為備受矚目的焦點話題。歷史多次證明,戰爭形態的演進將引發致勝機理的深刻改變。在資訊化戰爭向縱深發展、智慧化戰爭初露端倪的當今時代,世界主要國家軍隊紛紛下大力推動軍事智慧化,其中的諸多動向值得關注。

加強頂層設計

勾勒智能化戰爭“路線圖”

在新一輪科技革命與產業革命推動下,智慧化軍事變革正向縱深發展。美國、俄羅斯、日本等國紛紛把人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術,並事先佈局,加強頂層設計和規劃引領,探索人工智慧的軍事應用方向。

美軍在《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》《人工智慧與國家安全》《2017至2042財年無人係統綜合路線圖》《美國人工智慧計畫》:在首個年度報告》等文件中,詳述了人工智慧的發展現狀和發展規劃,並將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。 2021年,美軍在發布的《美國防部人工智慧態勢:評估與改進建議》中指出,美軍發展人工智慧應考慮三個指導性問題:與美軍相關的人工智慧現處於何種狀態;美軍目前在人工智慧方面的態勢如何;哪些內部行動以及潛在的立法或監管行動可能會增強美軍的人工智慧優勢。

俄羅斯投入大量資源,以維持與美國在人工智慧軍事領域應用競爭的平衡。 2021年,俄總統普丁在年度首場國防部會議上表示,人工智慧將大幅推動軍事領域變革,俄國聯邦武裝力量要加速機器人、智慧單兵系統和武器智慧化模組等人工智慧應用技術的研發工作,早日形成核心技術能力和戰場競爭優勢。 《2025年前未來軍用機器人技術裝備研發專題綱要》《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《人工智慧在軍事領域的發展現狀以及應用前景》等文件,從國家層面為俄軍推動人工智慧軍事應用確立了一系列機制。

日本政府也推出了《人工智慧戰略》,旨在引領人工智慧技術研發和產業發展。在英國制定的《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃中,強調了人工智慧在戰場建設中的應用。 2021年1月,澳洲國防部發布《打好人工智慧戰爭:未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》,這份文件探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

創新作戰概念

推動智慧化戰爭“思想先行”

作戰概念創新對軍事科技發展、戰爭形態演變具有思想牽引作用。過去人們對戰爭的認識與掌握,主要源自於對實踐經驗的歸納總結,作戰概念即經驗概念。未來智慧化戰爭時代,作戰概念不僅是經驗概念,更是對作戰的構想、設計與前瞻。

美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念,要求陸、海、空、天、電磁、網路等各域作戰能力深度整合與密切協同。為此,美陸軍先後發布《多域戰:21世紀合成兵種的發展(2025至2040)》《美國陸軍多域戰(2028)》《運用機器人與自主技術支援多域戰》等白皮書。 2021年3月,美陸軍部發布文件《陸軍多域轉型:準備在競爭和衝突中取勝》,顯示「多域戰」已成為引領美陸軍轉型發展的一面「旗幟」。美國防高級研究計畫局提出「馬賽克戰」概念,旨在打造一種由不同作戰功能單元構成的、以先進電腦技術與網路技術為基礎的、高度分散、具有高度適應性的「殺傷網」。美國防部大力支持「聯合全域作戰」概念。 2020年3月,美空軍率先將「聯合全域作戰」寫入條令,探討空軍如何在「聯合全域作戰」中發揮作用。

俄軍提出「指控瓦解」概念。 「瓦解」是當前俄羅斯最重要的作戰概念之一,俄軍電子戰部隊把使敵人的訊息、指控、電子戰和機器人系統失效作為目標,認為這一目標將「決定所有軍事行動的命運」。擾亂敵方部隊和武器系統的指揮和控制,降低敵方偵察和使用武器的效率,是進行電子戰的首要任務。目前,俄軍正在考慮組建12種類型的電子戰部隊。俄軍也提出「非核武遏制體系」概念,核心是使用非核武進攻性戰略武器來遏制對手。其所定義的非核武攻擊性戰略武器既包括所有裝備非核彈頭的彈道飛彈,也包括戰略轟炸機和遠程空基、海基巡航飛彈。此外,俄軍也提出「混合戰爭」概念,希望利用人工智慧系統謀求戰場資訊優勢。

英國防部提出「多域融合」概念,將發展具備智慧化能力的新型指控系統,以實現全面、持久、準確、快速的戰場感知與力量協同。

注重技術研發

塑造智慧化戰爭作戰模式

人工智慧發揮效用的關鍵是與其他多種技術的組合,這種組合也被描述為「人工智慧堆疊」。各種技術透過互動的方式產生組合效應,進而提升每項技術所產生的能力與效果。在人工智慧技術支援的智慧化戰爭中,「人機一體、雲腦控制」的協同作戰模式,「混搭編組、群體智慧」的集群作戰模式,「智慧主導、攻智為上」的認知作戰模式等,將不斷更新人們對戰爭的認知。

聚焦創新專案研發。美軍正在大力推廣人工智慧晶片在現有武器裝備系統中的應用,為武器加上“智慧大腦”,使之具備類人思考和自主互動能力。 2021年10月,美海軍推出被視為“當前最高優先事項”的“超越計劃”,旨在通過構建海上作戰軍事物聯網,整合有人無人聯合編隊,加速交付人工智能和機器學習工具,支撐全新的智慧化海軍架構,提升大規模火力殺傷、實現海軍智慧化分散式作戰。此外,美國防高級研究計畫局也進行了「自適應電子戰行為學習」「自適應雷達對抗」「極端射頻頻譜條件下的通訊」等認知電子戰項目,研發出認知雷達電子戰系統原型機。俄國防部智慧技術裝備科研試驗中心與俄聯邦科學院控制問題研究所合作,開發測試了包括無人機群指揮控制在內的自主智慧演算法,也與國家航空系統科研所共同開發基於神經網路原理的物體自動辨識軟體系統。

組成創新研發機構。新技術的不斷湧現是軍事智慧化蓬勃發展的不竭動力,高水準的軍事智慧化建設離不開專職機構的技術研發。一些國家和軍隊組成研發中心,注重從技術層面創新發展。美國國防部建立了聯合人工智慧中心,計劃將該中心打造成國家級重點實驗室,用於領導數百個與人工智慧相關的項目,確保對人工智慧相關數據資訊的高效利用,以保持美國在該領域的技術優勢。俄羅斯組成了人工智慧和大數據聯盟、國家人工智慧中心和隸屬國防部的機器人技術科研試驗中心,主要進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論和應用研究。法國成立了創新國防實驗室,英國設立了人工智慧實驗室,印度組成了人工智慧特別工作小組,進行相關技術探索。

加強裝備研發列裝。近年來,多國重視研發智慧武器裝備,無人飛行器、無人戰車、無人艦艇、無人潛航器等不斷湧現。目前,美空軍已開始在F-35戰機上實踐「人機協同,人在迴路」的作戰理念。美XQ-58A「女武神」隱身無人機先前主要與F-35和F-22戰機進行人機協同作戰,2021年4月該隱身無人機成功投放ALTIUS-600小型無人機系統,進一步提升了其有人無人協同作戰能力。俄羅斯正聚焦偵察監視、指揮決策、火力打擊、作戰支援等多個領域,展開智慧裝備研發和列裝工作,計畫到2025年將無人作戰系統在武器裝備中的比例提高到30%以上。以“天王星”系列和“平台-M”“阿爾戈”等型號為代表的俄地面無人作戰武器發展迅速。其中,Nerekhta無人戰車可搭載遙控機槍和火箭發射器,除擁有一般裝甲車的戰鬥力外,還兼具運輸和偵察功能。此外,日本自衛隊計劃在2035年正式部署具有較強作戰能力的無人空中編隊。

(作者單位:國防科技大學)

中國軍事資料來源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/17/content_311555.htm

How the Chinese Military Identify Key Targets for Cognitive Domain Operations

中國軍隊如何辨識認知域作戰的關鍵目標

現代英語:

Cognitive domain combat targets refer to the specific role of cognitive domain combat. In cognitive domain combat, compared with combat targets, combat targets solve the problem of precise aiming, that is, to let commanders understand and grasp the precise coordinates of what to hit, where to hit, and to what extent. Only by deeply understanding the connotation and characteristics of cognitive domain combat targets can we accurately find key targets through appearances and thus seize the initiative in future combat.

Cognitive focus that influences behavioral choices

The cognitive focus is the “convergence point” of the cognitive subject’s multi-dimensional thinking cognition in war activities. As a dynamic factor, it affects the cognitive process and behavioral results. Generally speaking, the cognitive factors that affect individual behavioral choices in war activities mainly include political attribute cognition, interest-related cognition, group belonging cognition, risk loss cognition, emotional orientation cognition, war morality cognition, etc. For war activities and groups or individuals who pay attention to war activities, the cognitive focus that affects their attitudes, tendencies and behaviors is not the same. Judging from the local wars and regional conflicts in the world in recent years, there are obvious differences in the cognitive focus of different groups or individuals. Politicians pay more attention to political attribute cognition and interest-related cognition, those who may intervene in the war pay more attention to risk loss cognition and interest-related cognition, ordinary people pay more attention to interest-related cognition and emotional orientation cognition, and people in other countries outside the region generally pay more attention to war morality cognition and group belonging cognition because their own interests will not be directly lost. In combat practice, foreign militaries are good at targeting the cognitive focus of different objects, accurately planning topics, and pushing related information to induce specific behavioral choices. For example, before the Gulf War, the Hill Norton public relations company fabricated the non-existent “incubator incident” by using Naira, the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, as a “witness” to show the “inhumanity” of the Iraqi army, induce the American people’s ethical and moral cognition, and then support the US government to send troops to participate in the Gulf War.

Style preferences that constrain command decisions

Cognitive style directly affects decision-making behavior preferences. Cognitive style refers to the typical way of individual cognition, memory, thinking, and problem solving. According to the preference of command decision-making style, commanders can be divided into calm cognitive style and impulsive cognitive style. Commanders with calm cognitive style pay attention to accuracy but not speed in the decision-making process. The quality of the decisions they make is high, but they are prone to fall into the comparison and analysis of various intelligence information sources and overemphasize the accuracy and objectivity of information analysis. Commanders with calm cognitive style are often easily disturbed by the diverse and diverse information stimulation in battlefield cognitive offensive and defensive operations, and their mental energy is easily disturbed and dissipated, which may lead to missed opportunities. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style pay attention to speed but not accuracy. The decision-making reaction speed is fast, but the quality is not high. They are easily emotional and prone to conflict with team members. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style are also prone to over-interpret the ambiguous external security environment, and constantly look for “evidence” to strengthen and verify individual erroneous thinking, narrowing individual attention and leading to command decision-making deviations. In combat practice, foreign armies pay more attention to analyzing the decision-making style of commanders of combat opponents, and then select specific information to influence them psychologically. For example, during the U.S. invasion of Panama, when besieging the hiding place of Panamanian President Noriega, the U.S. military repeatedly played rock and heavy metal music, and used language that stimulated and humiliated Noriega to carry out cognitive and psychological attacks on him, causing Noriega to gradually collapse physically and mentally.

Backdoor channel to control thinking and cognition

Once a computer is infected with a “Trojan” virus, it will send a connection request to the hacker control terminal at a specific time. Once the connection is successful, a backdoor channel will be formed, allowing the hacker to control the computer at will. Similarly, the human brain also has a cognitive “backdoor” and may be controlled by others. Cognitive psychologists have found that by sending information to the target object’s audio-visual perception channel, carefully pushing information content that the target object recognizes and accepts, catering to the target object’s existing experience memory, conforming to the target object’s thinking habits, and stimulating the target object’s emotional pain points, it is possible to control and interfere with the target object’s cognition and promote its instinctive emotional and behavioral reactions. With the support of cutting-edge cognitive science and technology, using the two modes of automatic start and control processing of brain information processing, the target object can easily fall into a “cognitive cocoon”. In cognitive domain operations, by immersing individuals in massive amounts of artificially constructed information, and continuously providing them with “evidence” to prove that their judgments and cognitions are “correct”. Over time, the individual’s cognitive vision becomes smaller and smaller, and the ability to perceive the external environment gradually decreases. Eventually, they will not be able to see the truth of the matter and will be immersed in the “cognitive cocoon” and unable to extricate themselves. When foreign militaries conduct operations in the cognitive domain, they often target their opponents’ cognitive biases on a certain issue and continuously push situational information and intelligence information through various channels to support their opponents’ so-called “correct cognition,” causing errors and deviations in their opponents’ command decisions.

Sensory stimuli that induce attention

Effective perceptual stimulation is the first prerequisite for attracting the attention of the target object. The human brain will perceive and react to stimuli within the perceptual range. Cognitive psychology experimental research has found that information such as dynamic, dangerous, relevant, survival safety, and contrast between before and after is more likely to attract the attention of the human brain. In the era of intelligence, the psychological cognitive process of the target object often follows the law of “attracting attention, cultivating interest, actively searching, strengthening memory, actively sharing, and influencing others”. In combat, foreign troops often use exclusive revelations, intelligence leaks, authoritative disclosures, on-site connections, and other methods, and cleverly use exaggeration, contrast, association, metaphor, suspense, and contrast to push information that subverts common sense, cognitive conflicts, and strong contrasts to attract the attention of the target object. For example, the “Lin Qi rescue incident” created by the US military in the Iraq War and the “Gaddafi Golden Toilet” in the Libyan War mostly choose stories familiar to the audience as the blueprint, hiding the purpose and embedding the viewpoint in the story plot, which attracted the attention of the general public. In addition, the human brain will also process stimuli outside the perceptual range. In recent years, the military of Western countries has attached great importance to the research of subthreshold information stimulation technology, and has developed subthreshold visual information implantation technology, subthreshold auditory information implantation technology, subthreshold information activation technology, subconscious sound manipulation technology of the nervous system, etc., continuously expanding the application scope of neurocognitive science and technology in the military field.

Meta-value concepts that give rise to cognitive resonance

In cognitive theory, cognitive resonance refers to information that can cross the cognitive gap between the two parties and trigger the ideological and psychological resonance and cognitive empathy of both parties, thereby achieving the deconstruction and reconstruction of the other party’s cognitive system. In cognitive domain warfare, this cognitive energy-gathering effect is not a simple concentration of power, but an internal accumulation of system synergy. Under the diffusion and dissemination of modern information media, this cognitive resonance effect can spread rapidly to all parts of the world in a short period of time, and produce secondary indirect psychological effects or more levels of derivative psychological effects, presenting a state of cumulative iteration. Once it exceeds the psychological critical point, it will present a state of psychological energy explosion, thereby changing the direction or outcome of the event. The targets that can induce this cognitive resonance are mainly value beliefs, moral ethics, common interests, etc. In war, if one party touches or violates human meta-values, common emotional orientation, etc., it is very easy to induce collective condemnation, bear the accusation of violating human morality, and fall into a moral trough. For example, a photo during the Vietnam War shows a group of Vietnamese children, especially a 9-year-old girl, running naked on the road because of burns after being attacked by US napalm bombs. In 1972, this photo caused a huge sensation after it was published, setting off an anti-war wave in the United States and even the world, and accelerating the end of the Vietnam War.

Cognitive gaps in a split cognitive system

In daily life, seemingly hard steel is very easy to break due to the brittleness of the material due to factors such as low temperature environment, material defects, and stress concentration. The same is true for the cognitive system. Cognitive gaps refer to the cracks, pain points, weaknesses, and sensitive points in the cognitive thinking of the target object, which are mainly manifested as the individual’s worry that he is unable to cope with or adapt to the environment, and under the influence of anxiety, cognitive vulnerability is formed. The experience of security threats, the looseness of group structure, the confusion of beliefs and ideals, and the loss of voice of authoritative media will all cause cognitive conflicts and tearing of the target object. In cognitive domain operations, sometimes seemingly powerful combat opponents hide a large number of thinking cracks and psychological weaknesses behind them. Often a news event can shake the cognitive framework of the combat opponent and puncture the cognitive bubble. In addition, this cognitive psychological conflict will also cause moral damage and psychological trauma to individuals. In recent years, the U.S. and Western countries’ troops carrying out overseas missions have faced “enemies disguised as civilians” that appear anytime and anywhere, and their uncertainty about the battlefield environment has continued to increase. They generally lack the perception of the significance of combat, and are filled with guilt and sin. A large number of soldiers developed post-traumatic stress disorder, the number of self-harm on the battlefield, post-war suicides and crimes increased sharply, and the number of suicides among veterans of the war even exceeded the number of deaths on the battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Political Science Academy of National Defense University)

國語中文:

引言

認知域作戰標靶是指認知域作戰的具體作用指向。在認知域作戰中,相較於作戰對象,作戰標靶解決的問題是精確瞄準,也就是讓指揮官了解掌握具體打什麼、往哪裡打、打到什麼程度的精準座標問題。只有深刻理解認知域作戰標靶的內涵特點,才能透過表象準確找到關鍵標靶,以便在未來作戰中掌握先機。

影響行為選擇的認知重心

認知重心是戰爭活動中認知主體多元思維認知的“匯聚點”,作為一種能動因素影響認知進程和行為結果。一般而言,影響戰爭活動中個人行為選擇的認知因素,主要包含政治屬性認知、利益關聯認知、群體歸屬認知、風險損失認知、情緒定向認知、戰爭道德認知等。對於戰爭活動以及關注戰爭活動的群體或個體而言,影響其態度、傾向和行為的認知重心並不相同。從近年來的世界局部戰爭和地區衝突來看,不同群體或個體關注的認知重心有著明顯差異,政治人物更加關注政治屬性認知和利益關聯認知,戰爭可能介入者更關注風險損耗認知和利益關聯認知,一般民眾更關注利益關聯認知和情感定向認知,而域外他國民眾由於自身利益不會受到直接損失,普遍更關注戰爭道德認知和群體歸屬認知。外軍在作戰實踐中,善於針對不同對象的認知重心,精準策劃主題,推送關聯訊息,誘發特定的行為選擇。如同在海灣戰爭前,希爾·諾頓公關公司炮製了根本不存在的“育嬰箱事件”,就是利用科威特駐美大使的女兒娜伊拉“做證”,展現伊拉克軍隊的“慘無人道”,誘發美國民眾的倫理道德認知,進而支持美國政府派兵參加海灣戰爭。

制約指揮決策的風格偏好

認知風格直接影響決策行為偏好。認知風格是指個體認知、記憶、思考、解決問題的典型方式。根據指揮決策風格偏好,指揮家可以分為冷靜型認知風格和衝動型認知風格。冷靜型認知風格的指揮者在決策過程中重視準確但不重視速度,作出的決策品質較高,但容易陷入對各類情報資訊來源的比對分析,過度強調資訊分析的準確客觀。冷靜型認知風格的指揮在戰場認知攻防行動中,常常容易受到紛繁多元的信息刺激幹擾,心智精力容易被擾亂和耗散,進而可能貽誤戰機。衝動型認知風格的指揮者重視速度但不重視準確度,作出的決策反應速度較快,但品質不高,且容易情緒激動,易與團隊成員發生衝突。衝動型認知風格的指揮者也容易將模稜兩可的外在安全環境進行過度曲解,並不斷尋找「證據」強化和驗證個體錯誤思維,使個體注意力變窄,導致出現指揮決策偏差。外軍在作戰實務中,比較著重分析作戰對手指揮官決策風格,進而選擇特定資訊對其進行心理影響。如美軍入侵巴拿馬戰爭中,在圍攻巴拿馬總統諾列加躲藏處時,美軍反複播放搖滾和重金屬音樂,運用刺激和羞辱諾列加的語言對其進行認知打擊和心理進攻,使諾列加身心逐漸崩潰。

控制思維認知的後門通道

電腦一旦中了「木馬」病毒,會在特定時間向駭客控制端發送連線請求,一旦連線成功就會形成後門通道,使得駭客可以隨心所欲地控制電腦。與之相似,人類大腦也存在認知“後門”,也可能被他人控制。認知心理學家研究發現,透過給目標對象視聽感知通道發送訊息,精心推送目標對象認可的、接受的信息內容,迎合目標對像已有的經驗記憶,順應目標對象思維習慣,刺激目標對象的情感痛點,就可以控制干擾目標物認知,促進其產生本能情緒行為反應。在尖端認知科學技術的支撐下,運用大腦資訊加工的自動啟動和控制加工兩種模式,目標物很容易陷入「認知繭房」之中。認知域作戰中,透過讓個體沉浸在人為構設的海量資訊之中,並源源不斷地為其提供「證據」用來佐證其判斷和認知是「正確」的。長此以往,個體的認知視野就變得越來越小,對外在環境的感知能力逐漸降低,最終會看不到事情的真相,沉湎於「認知繭房」中無法自拔。外軍在認知域作戰中,常常針對作戰對手對某一問題的認知偏差,持續透過多種管道推送佐證作戰對手自以為「正確認知」的態勢訊息和情報訊息,使作戰對手指揮決策出現失誤和偏差。

誘發關注的感知覺刺激

有效的知覺刺激是引發目標對象關注的首要前提。人類大腦對感知覺範圍內的刺激會有所察覺,並做出各種反應。認知心理學實驗研究發現,動態、危險、利害關係人、生存安全、前後反差等類別資訊更容易引起人類大腦的注意。在智慧化時代,目標對象的心理認知過程往往遵循「引起注意、培養興趣、主動搜尋、強化記憶、主動分享、影響他人」的規律。外軍在作戰中,常運用獨家爆料、情報外洩、權威揭露、現場連線等方式,巧用誇張、對比、聯想、比喻、懸念、襯託等手法,推播顛覆常識、認知衝突、對比強烈等訊息,來引發目標對象注意。例如伊拉克戰爭中美軍塑造的“營救女兵林奇事件”,利比亞戰爭中的“卡扎菲黃金馬桶”,大多選擇受眾對象熟知的故事為藍本,藏目的、寓觀點於故事情節,吸引了廣大民眾的注意力。此外,人類大腦也會對感知覺範圍外的刺激進行加工。近年來,西方國家軍隊非常重視知覺閾下資訊刺激技術的研究,開發發展了閾下視覺訊息植入技術、閾下聽覺訊息植入技術、閾下訊息啟動技術、神經系統潛意識聲音操控技術等,不斷擴大神經認知科學技術在軍事領域的應用範圍。

催生認知共振的後設價值概念

認知理論中,認知共振是指跨越雙方認知鴻溝,能夠引發雙方思想心理與認知共鳴共感的訊息,進而實現對對方認知體系的解構與重建。在認知域作戰中,這種認知聚能效應不是簡單意義上的力量集中,而是體系合力的內在累積。在現代資訊傳媒的擴散傳播作用下,這種認知共振效應能在短時間內迅速擴散到全球各地,並產生二次間接心理效應或更多層次的衍生心理效應,呈現出一種累積迭代的狀態,一旦超過心理臨界點,即呈現出心理能量爆發狀態,從而改變事件走向或結果。能夠誘發這種認知共振的靶標,主要有價值信念、道德倫理、共通利益等。戰爭中,若某一方觸及或違反人類元價值觀、共同情感指向等,則極易誘發集體聲討,承擔違背人類道德的指責,陷於道義低谷。如越戰期間的一張照片,畫面呈現的是遭遇美軍凝固汽油彈襲擊後,一群越南孩子特別是一名9歲女孩在公路上因為燒傷而裸體奔跑。 1972年,這張照片刊登後引發巨大轟動,掀起美國乃至全球的反戰浪潮,加速了越戰的結束。

分裂認知體系的認知縫隙

日常生活中,看似堅硬的鋼鐵,受低溫環境、材質缺陷、應力集中等因素影響,非常容易因材料脆性而斷裂,認知體係也是如此。認知縫隙是指目標對象認知思考中的裂縫、痛點、弱點與敏感點,主要表現為個體擔心自己沒有能力應對或無法適應環境的想法,並在焦慮情緒的作用下,構成認知脆弱性。安全威脅的經驗、團體結構的鬆散、信念理想的迷惘、權威媒介的失聲等,都會使得目標物出現認知上的衝突與撕裂。認知域作戰中,有時看似強大的作戰對手,背後卻潛藏著大量的思維裂隙與心理弱點,往往一個新聞事件就能動搖作戰對手的認知框架,刺破認知泡沫。此外,這種認知心理衝突也會使個體產生道德損傷和心理創傷。近年來,執行海外任務的美西方國家軍隊面對隨時隨地出現的“偽裝成平民的敵人”,對戰場環境的不確定感不斷提升,普遍缺乏作戰意義感知,進而內心充滿內疚與罪惡。大量士兵產生戰爭創傷後壓力障礙,戰場自殘自傷、戰後自殺與犯罪人數激增,參戰老兵自殺人數甚至超過戰場死亡人數。

(作者單位:國防大學政治學院)唐國東

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年3月23日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/23/content_336888.htm

China’s Emphasis on Accelerating the Advancement of Military Intelligence

中國重視加速軍事情報進步

現代英語:

Today, the world’s science and technology is brewing new breakthroughs. With the man-machine war as a symbol, the development of artificial intelligence has made significant progress and is accelerating its development into the military field, which will inevitably have an impact on the war situation and even a subversive impact. Therefore, our military must accelerate the promotion of military intelligence construction and accelerate the forging of an intelligent army.

Create intelligent theory. Create the basic theory of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the concept connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat style, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanism, characteristic laws, etc. of intelligent warfare; continuously innovate the tactics of intelligent warfare, such as intelligent cluster warfare, precise second-kill warfare, cognitive control warfare, intelligent ambush warfare, etc.; study and master the basic technical theories of intelligent warfare, including the perception and understanding of highly complex battlefield environments, human-machine hybrid intelligence in human-machine collaborative operations, etc. These theories are the cornerstone of the intelligent warfare theory system. In the future, the war theory with “algorithm-centric warfare” as the core is very likely to replace the war theory with “network-centric warfare” as the core.

Reshape the intelligent form. Military organization is the link between military technology and combat theory, and is the lever for exerting the overall combat effectiveness of the army. In the future intelligent warfare, along with the pace of new military reforms, the development trend of military organization will be built and developed in the direction of “globally distributed, networked matrix” leadership and management system, “algorithm-supported, human-machine integration” combat command system, “small and flexible, modular cluster” scale structure, and “military integration, military and civilian integration, traditional forces as the main body, intelligent forces as the backbone, unmanned and adaptive” force composition. The organizational structure of future intelligent warfare will be to form small, multi-functional, intelligent, new joint combat forces of different types and purposes according to different levels of strategy, campaign, and tactics and different military services.

Develop intelligent weapons. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent warfare system operations and intelligent weapons and equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall coordination, compile a roadmap for the development of intelligent weapons and equipment systems, and develop intelligent unmanned combat equipment systems that match operations and support, covering land, sea, air, space, and network space domains, in a planned, focused, and step-by-step manner, and with high, medium, and low-end, large, medium, and small, long, medium, and short ranges, and enhance the system integration of various services and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent operations, and focus on the research and development of weapons and equipment systems for anti-enemy intelligent unmanned operations to ensure that we can effectively conduct intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontations with the enemy.

Innovate intelligent training. At present, the concept and method of intelligent combat are constantly updated, and the training mode has changed from “mechanical + information” dominated to “intelligent +” dominated. Artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, can realistically simulate the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. Exploring new models of intelligent training and improving intelligent combat capabilities will become an important part of future military training and preparation. In particular, intelligent warfare and unmanned combat should be included in the training outline and carried out on a regular basis.

Cultivate intelligent talents. Talent is the first resource. The cultivation of artificial intelligence talents is the foundation for strengthening the country’s intelligent infrastructure. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of complexity, advancement, and humanization. It has the characteristics of decentralized combat command, de-division of combat processes, de-stratification of talent structure, high-end skill operation, research-based working methods, and fuzzification of the front and rear. Correspondingly, it also requires intelligent military talents to have the characteristics of talent group, advanced skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Therefore, to build an intelligent army and win intelligent warfare, it is first necessary to have a large number of specialized technical talents and command talents in the field of artificial intelligence.

Deepen intelligent integration. Breakthroughs in the core key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “national heavy weapon” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. In the tide of the intelligent era, we must focus on achieving integrated breakthroughs in the following disruptive technologies: around algorithm support, develop intelligent data mining technology for massive intelligence information and intelligent planning technology; around machine combat, develop intelligent chip technology and autonomous unmanned system technology; around intelligent decision-making, develop explainable high-reliability auxiliary decision-making technology, human-computer interaction and intelligent fusion technology; around extreme combat, develop intelligent cluster combat coordination technology and energy and information intelligent confrontation technology. Therefore, the research and development of core key technologies of military intelligence should not only carry out cross-disciplinary and cross-domain collaborative innovation, but also connect the development of social intelligence with that of military intelligence, draw on the mature technologies and successful experiences of social intelligence development, vigorously strengthen the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and promote the rapid embedding of various artificial intelligence technologies into combat elements and processes.

國語中文:

當今世界科技正醞釀著新的突破,以人機大戰為標志,人工智慧發展取得重大進展,並加速向軍事領域發展,這必將對戰爭形態產生沖擊甚至顛覆性影響。因此,我軍必須加速推進軍事智慧化建設,加速鍛造智慧化軍隊。

創建智能化理論。創造智慧化戰爭基礎理論,深入研究智能化戰爭的概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰樣式、攻防行動、制勝機理、特點規律等內容;不斷創新智能化戰爭的戰法,如智能集群戰、精確秒殺戰、認知控制戰、智能伏擊戰等;研究掌握智能化戰爭的技術基礎理論,包括高復雜戰場環境的感知與理解、人機協同作戰的人機混合智能等。這些理論是智慧化戰爭理論體系的基石。未來以「演算法中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論,極有可能取代以「網絡中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論。

重塑智能化形態。軍隊組織是聯結軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶,也是發揮軍隊整體作戰效能的槓桿。在未來智慧化戰爭中,伴隨著新軍事變革的步伐,軍隊組織的發展趨勢,將按照領導管理體制「全局分散式、網絡矩陣式」、作戰指揮體制「演算法支撐、人機融合」、規模結構「小型靈巧、模塊集群」、力量編成「軍種融合軍民一體、傳統部隊為主體、智慧部隊為骨幹的無人化、自適應」方向建設發展。未來智慧化戰爭的體制編制將依戰略、戰役、戰術不同層次和不同軍兵種,組建不同類型、不同用途的小型多能智能化新型聯合作戰部隊。

發展智能化武器。應著眼於智慧化戰爭體係作戰和智慧化武器裝備體系建設的雙重需要,搞好頂層設計和整體統籌,編制智能化武器裝備體系發展路線圖,按計劃、有重點、分步驟地研製高中低端、大中小型、遠中近程,覆蓋陸、海、空、天和網絡等空間領域,作戰與保障相配套的智能化無人作戰裝備體系,增強各軍兵種和作戰、保障等各種智能化武器裝備的體系融合度。與此同時,應著眼無人和反無人、智能與反智能作戰需要,注重研發反敵智能化無人作戰的武器裝備系統,確保能夠有效地與敵進行智能化無人攻防對抗。

創新智能化訓練。當前,智慧化作戰理念、作戰方式不斷更新,訓練模式由「機械+資訊」主導型向「智慧+」主導型轉變。人工智慧技術能夠創造出更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境,能夠逼真地演繹作戰進程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰構想。探索智慧化訓練新模式,提升智慧化作戰能力,將成為未來練兵備戰的重要內容。特別是將智慧化戰爭和無人化作戰納入訓練大綱,常態化展開進行。

培養智能化人才。人才是第一資源。人工智慧人才的培養是加強國家智慧化基礎建設的根本。智慧化戰爭具有複雜性、超前性、類人化等特徵,存在作戰指揮去中心化、作戰過程去分工化、人才結構去分層化、技能操作高端化、工作方式研究化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點,相應也要求智慧化軍事人才具有人才群體性、技能精尖性、知識復合性、思維創新性、決策智能性等特點。因此,建設智慧化軍隊,打贏智慧化戰爭,首要是擁有一大批人工智慧領域的專門技術人才和指揮人才。

深化智能化融合。人工智慧核心關鍵技術的突破,是應對智慧化戰爭威脅和挑戰的「國之重器」。在智慧時代的浪潮中,要重點在以下顛覆性技術上取得融合突破:圍繞演算法支撐發展海量情報資訊智慧數據挖掘技術、智慧規劃技術;圍繞機器主戰發展智慧晶片技術、自主無人系統技術;圍繞智慧決策發展可解釋高可信賴輔助決策技術、人機互動與智慧融合技術;圍繞極限作戰發展智慧集群作戰協同技術、能量與資訊智慧對抗技術。因此,軍事智慧化核心關鍵技術的研發,不僅要開展跨學科、跨領域協作創新,還要使社會智能化與軍事智能化發展對接並軌,借鑒社會智能化發展的成熟技術和成功經驗,大力加強軍民融合深度發展,推動各類人工智慧技術快速嵌入作戰要素、作戰流程。

來源:解放軍報 作者:李明海 責任編輯:喬楠楠 2019-10-08 10:39:28

中國軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4852388.html

Developing the Strategy and Tactics of People’s War

軍事論壇丨發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

來源:解放軍報 作者:李銀祥 宋文超 責任編輯:劉上靖 2022-11-15

Chairman Xi Jinping clearly pointed out in his report to the 20th CPC National Congress that we should develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war. Looking back at the glorious course of the People’s Army in strengthening its military and winning victory, one of the red lines running through it is that it has always insisted on proposing and implementing a complete set of strategies and tactics of people’s war under the leadership of the Party. To win future wars, we must keep a close eye on changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, continue to carry forward the fine traditions of our army, develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, and make the magic weapon for defeating the enemy and winning the battle powerful on the modern battlefield.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war have always been an important magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy and win victory.

Developing the people’s war strategy and tactics is not only a profound insight into the internal laws of our army’s victory over the enemy, but also a far-reaching plan for building a strong country and a strong army. It has important strategic value for achieving the goal of building the army for the centenary as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war are the concentrated embodiment of the Marxist art of directing war. Marxism believes that the masses are the creators of history and the decisive force driving historical progress. Starting from this basic viewpoint and fundamental standpoint, the strategy and tactics of people’s war profoundly explain the basic principles of people’s war, such as soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, the decisive factor in victory or defeat in war is people, not things, and the need to organize, mobilize and arm the broad masses of the people. Our army was born in the flames of war. Faced with extremely cruel objective conditions, the Chinese Communists represented by Comrade Mao Zedong insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxist people’s war with the reality of China’s revolutionary war and created a people’s war strategy and tactics with flexibility as its prominent feature. Its essence is “you fight yours and I fight mine”, aiming to make the best use of strengths and attack weaknesses, and seize and master the initiative in the war. This concentratedly embodies the Marxist art of guiding war, shining with the truth of scientificity, people-orientedness, practicality and openness to development.

The strategy and tactics of the people’s war are the winning code for the party to lead the practice of all military struggles. Since our party built the people’s army, it has created a complete set of strategies and tactics of the people’s war based on the cruel reality that the enemy is strong and we are weak, and the enemy is big and we are small. From the “sixteen-character formula” during the Red Army period, to the “protracted war” during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, from the “ten military principles” during the War of Liberation, to the “piecemeal” during the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, and then to the continuous adjustment of military strategic guidelines after the founding of New China. The People’s Army learned war from war, explored its laws from practice, and adhered to and developed this winning code in keeping with the times. During the war years, it created one war miracle after another in which the few defeated the many and the weak defeated the strong. In peacetime, it firmly defended national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and wrote a glorious chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war directing in the world’s military history.

Actively developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is an inherent requirement for building a world-class military. “The importance of a country depends on the victory of its army.” The ultimate measure of whether an army is a world-class army is its military strength. The strategy and tactics of people’s war are both the way for our army to win and the way for it to grow stronger. To accelerate the building of a world-class military and a strong strategic deterrence system, we must adhere to and develop this unique advantage, strengthen research on opponents and the enemy, proactively understand the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of modern warfare, innovate the people’s war strategy and tactics in line with the times, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, give full play to the strategic function of military power in shaping the security situation, curbing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars, and effectively complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is the inevitable choice for our army to win future wars. The war situation is evolving rapidly, but the nature of war has not changed, and the fundamental law that the deepest root of war power lies among the people has not changed. The wars we will face in the future are mainly wars to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. They are in line with the fundamental interests of all Chinese people and are just actions that follow the trend of the times. They will continue to receive the support of the vast majority of the people and the people of the world. Adhering to and developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war will surely become an important way and inevitable choice for our army to win future wars and check and balance powerful enemies.

Scientifically grasp the contemporary connotations of the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics

The people’s war strategy and tactics are living theories and practices, not rigid dogmas. They must proactively adapt to the requirements of the development of the times and inject new contemporary connotations into them in order to maintain their strong vitality.

Adhere to the just war, establish the broadest united front, and fight a good political and military battle. Pay attention to guiding the war from a political perspective and consolidate the political foundation for victory. This is the basic experience of the Party in winning the war and the core of the strategy and tactics of the people’s war. In today’s era, the connection between the military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on the war are becoming increasingly prominent. In developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must always uphold the role of the Party Central Committee in coordinating the overall situation and all parties, mobilize, unite and organize the broadest masses of the people to participate in and support the war; strengthen the political and organizational functions, and strengthen the ideological, organizational and will preparation of the whole Party, the whole army and the whole people to cope with and win the war; strengthen political diplomacy and the struggle for international public opinion and law, form the broadest united front in support of a just war, firmly occupy the moral high ground, give full play to the combined effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes, and coordinate and fight well the political and military battles.

Adhere to active defense, highlight activeness, and attach importance to offensive operations. Active defense is the product of people’s war, and practicing active defense is the fundamental requirement of the strategy and tactics of people’s war. In the future, the progress of war will accelerate, and it may be possible to achieve strategic goals in one battle or battle, and often the first battle will be the decisive battle. In developing the people’s war strategy and tactics, we must persist in organically combining defense, counterattack and offense, place greater emphasis on internal and external counterattacks at the strategic level, comprehensively utilize elite combat forces at the outset of the war, implement a resolute and powerful strategic counterattack that combines internal and external lines, form a high-pressure counterattack posture and pressure, inflict the greatest pain and fear on the enemy, and achieve the strategic objectives of using offense to assist defense, strike later but arrive first, quickly defeat the enemy, contain the enemy as quickly as possible, and win the war.

Adhere to asymmetric checks and balances, you fight yours, I fight mine, and use what we can to defeat what we cannot. This is the soul and essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics, a high-level summary and vivid description of the laws of war and war guidance, revealing the war guidance laws and combat guidance methods of defeating the enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raising the flexible and maneuverable strategy and tactics to a new level. Compared with the past, the modern war combat system is huge, with many nodes, and there are many “vital points” that are vulnerable to attack, which provides an opportunity to implement “using what we can to defeat what we cannot”. In developing the strategies and tactics of the people’s war, we must follow the winning mechanisms of modern warfare, fully recognize the inherent weaknesses of information-based and intelligent warfare, conduct in-depth research on the opponent’s weaknesses and fatal points, innovate core operational concepts, intensify the training of new-domain and new-quality operational capabilities and means, and refine tactics such as dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. We must not fight according to the enemy’s routines, but focus on the enemy’s weaknesses and strike according to our army’s strengths, and create new winning advantages by “using the capable to defeat the incapable.”

Adhere to the principle of accumulating small victories into big ones and be good at concentrating forces to fight and destroy. Our army has been in an overall disadvantageous position for a long time in the revolutionary war. In the local area, we use the strong against the weak and accumulate small victories into big ones, which is the key to defeating the strong enemy. Compared with the past, modern war operations are often carried out in multiple dimensions and domains, providing a broader space for the implementation of “accumulating small victories into big ones”. In developing the strategies and tactics of the people’s war, we must strengthen the concept of “dispersed in appearance but concentrated in spirit, dispersed in form but united in strength”, dynamically concentrate and unite the various combat forces distributed in the multi-dimensional battlefield, and through the fusion of efficiency and instant optimization, implement local rapid concentrated energy attacks and wide-area guerrilla raids, and carry out devastating blows and destructive attacks on key points of enemy distribution. This will not only have a heavy hammer effect, but also continuously consume the enemy, causing the opponent to gradually lose the initiative on the battlefield.

Adhere to the principle that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, and consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. The army wins battles with the people as its backing. At the beginning of the founding of the army, our party regarded the revolutionary war as a struggle of the masses, emphasized that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can the war be carried out, and created a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics, which is the winning code for the people’s army to remain invincible. The confrontation under the conditions of informatization and intelligence is more clearly manifested as a system confrontation based on the overall strength of the country. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must constantly consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, exert comprehensive efforts in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, culture, and diplomacy, build a strong war capability and war potential that can achieve both strategic quick victory and strategic persistence, and plunge the enemy into the vast ocean of people’s war.

Vigorously promote the development and innovation of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era

In the new era, the connotation of the people’s war strategy and tactics has undergone great changes. It is necessary to strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose, strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen simulation exercises and testing in order to gather the driving force for innovation and development.

Strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party and gather the great power of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The Party’s leadership is the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and an important guarantee for the embodiment and implementation of the people’s war strategy and tactics. We must uphold the Party’s leadership and mobilize and organize the people as a whole. Actively explore the people’s war strategy and tactics in the fields of financial warfare, cyber warfare, and cognitive warfare. Organize the people to carry out intelligence warfare, harassment warfare, ambush warfare, etc. in a timely manner to flexibly contain and consume the enemy.

Strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose and consolidate the foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The secret of the victory of the people’s war lies in its sincere pursuit of the interests of the masses and winning the trust and support of the broad masses of the people. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our army and the strategic foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era. The people’s army must stand firmly on the people’s side, always put the people first, rely closely on the people, continuously benefit the people, firmly rooted in the people, and always maintain the nature, purpose, and character of the people’s army.

Strengthen the drive of scientific and technological innovation and enhance the driving force for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. With the entry of high-tech such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology into the military field, the technological content of war has undergone a qualitative leap. It is necessary to innovate and develop the people’s war strategy and tactics supported by information and intelligent technology, continue to promote the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence, and innovate and create the “key” of “using the capable to defeat the incapable”, so that “wisdom victory” will become the main feature of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era, and form a new era of people’s war strategy and tactics with contemporary leadership and unique characteristics.

Strengthen simulation and exercise testing to improve the quality and effectiveness of the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. In the information age, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong sense of three-dimensionality and reality based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. Officers and soldiers can “experience” war several times in virtual reality before the war begins, and strengthen their understanding of the real battlefield such as equipment performance, enemy and our situation, and the rhythm of war. This provides a testing platform for whether the strategy and tactics are correct. In developing the people’s war strategy and tactics, special attention should be paid to the use of simulation, exercises and other war pre-practice means, conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis, and further improve them in practice.

國語中文:

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

■李銀祥 宋文超

引言

習主席在黨的二十大報告中明確指出,發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。回望人民軍隊強軍制勝的光輝歷程,貫穿其中的一條紅線,就是始終堅持在黨的領導下,提出和實施一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術。打贏未來戰爭,必須緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變,賡續傳承好我軍優良傳統,發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威現代戰場。

人民戰爭戰略戰術始終是我軍克敵制勝的重要法寶

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,既是對我軍克敵制勝內在規律的深刻洞察,也是對強國強軍的高遠謀劃,對於如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標,加快把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊具有重要的戰略價值。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術的集中體現。馬克思主義認為,人民群眾是歷史的創造者,也是推動歷史進步的決定性力量。人民戰爭戰略戰術從這一基本觀點和根本立場出發,深刻闡釋了兵民是勝利之本,戰爭勝負的決定因素是人不是物,以及必須組織、動員和武裝廣大人民群眾等人民戰爭的基本原理。我軍在戰火中誕生,面對異常殘酷的客觀條件,以毛澤東同志為代表的中國共產黨人,堅持把馬克思主義人民戰爭基本原理與中國革命戰爭實際相結合,創造了以靈活機動為顯著特點的人民戰爭的戰略戰術,其精髓是“你打你的、我打我的”,旨在力求揚長擊短,奪取和掌握戰爭主動權。這集中體現了馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術,閃爍著科學性、人民性、實踐性和發展開放性的真理光芒。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是黨領導全部軍事鬥爭實踐的製勝密碼。我們黨締造人民軍隊以來,立足於敵強我弱,敵大我小的殘酷現實,創立了一整套人民戰爭的戰略戰術。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”,到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”,從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”,到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”,再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整。人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭,從實踐中探索規律,與時俱進地堅持和發展這個制勝密碼,戰爭年代創造了一個又一個以少勝多、以弱勝強的戰爭奇跡,和平時期堅決捍衛國家主權、安全和領土完整,在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的光輝篇章。

積極發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是全面建成世界一流軍隊的內在要求。 「凡國之重也,必待兵之勝也。」衡量一支軍隊是不是世界一流軍隊,最終要看其軍事實力。人民戰爭戰略戰術既是我軍的製勝之道,也是發展壯大之道。加速建成世界一流軍隊、建立強大的戰略威懾體系,必須堅持和發展這一特有優勢,加強對手研究、敵情研究,前瞻認識現代戰爭特點規律和製勝機理,與時俱進創新人民戰爭戰略戰術,堅定靈活展開軍事鬥爭,充分發揮軍事力量塑造安全態勢,遏止危機沖突,打贏局部戰爭的戰略功能,切實完成好黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是我軍打贏未來戰爭的必然選擇。戰爭形態加速演變,但戰爭的本質沒有變,戰爭偉力之最深厚根源存在於民眾之中這一根本規律沒有改變。我們未來面對的戰爭,主要是捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰爭,符合全體中國人民的根本利益,是順應時代潮流的正義之舉,必將繼續得到最廣大人民群眾和世界人民的支持。堅持並發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必將成為我軍打贏未來戰爭、制衡強敵的重要途徑和必然選擇。

科學掌握人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的時代內涵

人民戰爭戰略戰術,是活的理論與實踐,不是死板的教條,必須主動順應時代發展要求,注入新的時代內涵,才能維持強大旺盛的生命力。

堅持正義戰爭,建立最廣泛的統一戰線,打好政治軍仗。注重從政治高度指導戰爭,夯實制勝的政治基礎,是黨奪取戰爭勝利的基本經驗,也是人民戰爭戰略戰術的核心要義。在當今時代,軍事和政治的聯繫更加緊密,在戰略層面的相關性和整體性日益增強,政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制日益突出。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,必須始終堅持黨中央統攬全局、協調各方的作用,動員、團結、組織最廣大人民參與、支持戰爭;增強政治功能和組織功能,強化全黨全軍全國人民應對戰爭、打贏戰爭的思想準備、組織準備、意志準備;加強政治外交和國際輿論法理鬥爭,形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛統一戰線,牢牢佔領道義制高點,發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能,統籌打好政治軍仗。

堅持積極防禦,突顯積極性,重視攻勢作戰。積極防禦是人民戰爭的產物,實行積極防禦是人民戰爭戰略戰術的根本要求。未來戰爭進程加快,可能一場戰役或戰鬥就能達成戰略目的,往往是首戰即決戰。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要堅持將防禦、反攻和進攻有機結合,更加強調戰略層次的內外線反擊,在戰爭伊始就綜合運用精銳作戰力量,實施內外線結合、堅決凌厲的戰略反擊,形成高壓反擊態勢和壓力,最大限度地打痛打怕敵人,達到以攻助防、後發先至,速戰制敵、盡快遏制、打贏戰爭的戰略目的。

堅持非對稱制衡,你打你的,我打我的,以能擊不能。這是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓,是對戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律的高度概括和生動描述,揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法,把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。相較於以往,現代戰爭作戰體系龐大、節點眾多,存在許多易受攻擊的“命門”,為實施“以能擊不能”提供了契機。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理,充分認清資訊化智能化戰爭本身的固有弱點,深入研究對手的軟肋和死穴,創新核心作戰概念,加緊鍛造新域新質作戰能力手段,錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等戰法,不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打,在「以能擊不能」中創造新的製勝優勢。

堅持積小勝為大勝,善於集中力量打殲滅戰。我軍在革命戰爭中長期處於全局劣勢的地位,局部上以強對弱、積小勝為大勝,是戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往,現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開,為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要強化「貌散而神聚,形散而力合」的概念,將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來,透過效能融合、即時聚優,實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾,對敵分佈的要點實施殲滅性打擊、破壞性襲擊,這既有重錘效應,又能不斷消耗敵人,使對手逐步喪失戰場主動權。

堅持兵民是勝利之本,鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力。軍隊打勝仗,人民是靠山。建軍伊始,我們黨就把革命戰爭視為群眾的鬥爭,強調只有動員和依靠群眾才能進行戰爭,並創造了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術,這是人民軍隊立於不敗之地的製勝密碼。資訊化智能化條件下的對抗,更鮮明地表現為以國家整體實力為基礎的體系對抗。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,要不斷鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力,在政治、軍事、經濟、文化、外交等多維度全面發力,構建起既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力,陷敵於人民戰爭的汪洋大海。

大力推動新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展創新

新時代,人民戰爭戰略戰術的內涵發生了很大變化,必須加強黨的集中統一領導,加強踐行根本宗旨,加強科技創新驅動,加強模擬演訓檢驗,才能匯聚起創新發展的前行力量。

加強黨的集中統一領導,匯聚人民戰爭戰略戰術磅礴偉力。黨的領導是中國特色社會主義制度的最大優勢,也是人民戰爭戰略戰術得以體現和實施的重要保證。必須堅持黨的領導,把人民群眾整體動員起來、組織起來。積極探索金融戰、網絡戰、認識域作戰等領域的人民戰爭戰略戰術。適時組織人民群眾開展情報戰、襲擾戰、伏擊戰等,靈活牽制、消耗敵人。

加強踐行根本宗旨,夯實人民戰爭戰略戰術發展根基。人民戰爭的製勝奧秘,就在於它真心實意地為群眾謀利益,贏得了廣大人民群眾的信賴和支持。全心全意為人民服務是我軍的根本宗旨,也是新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的戰略根基。人民軍隊必須站穩人民立場,始終堅持人民至上,緊緊依靠人民,不斷造福人民,牢牢植根人民,永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

加強科技創新驅動,增強人民戰爭戰略戰術發展動力。隨著人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等高新技術進入軍事領域,戰爭的科技含量已發生質的飛躍,必須創新發展以資訊化智慧化技術為支撐的人民戰爭戰略戰術,持續推進機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展,創新創造“以能擊不能”的“密鑰”,讓“智勝”成為新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的主要特徵,形成具有時代性引領性獨特性的新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

加強模擬演訓檢驗,提升人民戰爭戰略戰術發展質效。在資訊時代,利用虛擬現實技術可基於實際的戰場環境,以及任務背景創造具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景,官兵在戰爭開始前就可以在虛擬現實中數次「親歷」戰爭,加強對裝備性能、敵我情況、戰爭節奏等真實戰場的了解,這就給戰略戰術正確與否提供了檢驗平台。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術,應特別重視運用模擬、演習等戰爭預實踐手段,對其進行定性與定量分析,並在實務上進一步加以完善。

中國軍事資料來源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926888.html?big=fan

Chinese Military Considerations for the Effective Use of Evidence in Public Opinion Warfare During Cognitive Domain Operations

中國軍事在認知域作戰中有效運用證據進行輿論戰的思考

翻譯成現代英文:

 In the operational chain of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, the collection and application of evidence is a fundamental link of great value, and is an important starting point for the preparation of cognitive domain construction at all levels. Combining the special background of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain to study evidence, accurately grasp its characteristics and laws, continuously study strategies and usage, and improve the effective application of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, it is of great reference significance for our army to fight the proactive battle of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain in the future.

Keywords: cognitive domain; public opinion warfare; evidence

With the formation of the three major operational dimensions of the modern information battlefield, namely the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, cognitive domain operations have received increasing attention in the context of future intelligent hybrid warfare. Cognitive domain operations refer to a type of operations that directly acts on the brain’s cognition through special means to influence its emotions, motivations, judgments and behaviors, and even achieve the purpose of controlling the brain. As a cognitive carrier, the brain may become the main battlefield of future wars, and the right to control the brain will soon become the key to cognitive domain operations and the highest level of war control. In this sense, cognitive domain operations are cognitive confrontation actions that influence the decision-making and behavior of the target audience by influencing their cognition in order to achieve the strategic goals of national security. In the meantime, evidence has become an important factor affecting cognition, and evidence game is a basic link that must be paid attention to in planning and implementing public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. According to the general consensus of the legal community, evidence refers to the basis for determining the facts of an event in accordance with the rules of litigation. The evidence of public opinion warfare referred to in this article is derived from this. It can be seen that only by grasping evidence more accurately and timely and using evidence more prudently and appropriately can we more effectively destroy the enemy’s cognition, consolidate our own cognition, and shape the cognition of neutral forces, and provide effective support for the comprehensive victory of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain.

1. A deep understanding of the three values ​​of evidence in the public opinion war in the cognitive domain is the prerequisite for the effective use of evidence

Information is the basic “ammunition” of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. As one of the ammunition, evidence has great value and can be examined from the following three dimensions.

1. Evidence is an indispensable cognitive weapon in the public opinion war in the cognitive domain and has fighting value.

To examine the evidence of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is to explore the essence of fact-finding in public opinion warfare from the cognitive level. The cognitive domain takes the human brain as the main combat space. Evidence, as a trace left by a certain “past fact”, undoubtedly exists regardless of whether people can find it. However, some evidence is specially proposed and emphasized at certain times, and its purpose must be to prove certain facts, cater to certain views, and influence certain attitudes. In fact, it is the process of proving the subject’s own cognition shaping, viewpoint presentation and value dissemination. With the help of the cognitive justification theory of contemporary epistemic evidentialism, it is demonstrated that there is an unignorable logical connection between belief attitude and cognitive justification: the epistemological rationality of belief attitude depends on the quality of evidence possessed by the believer at that time. It can be said that the value of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is highly consistent with the weapon context of informationized cognitive warfare. High-quality evidence can influence cognition in a high-quality manner and is an indispensable and irreplaceable weapon of struggle. This “basis of proof” is not only a spear and a sharp sword to strike and change the enemy’s cognition and make cognitive attacks in the public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, but also a solid shield to guide and consolidate one’s own cognition and make cognitive protection.

(II) Evidence is the basis for the value guidance of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and has guiding value

Authenticity is the essential characteristic of facts, but not the essential characteristic of evidence. Evidence is not equivalent to objective facts. It can be said that there are no false facts, but there are false evidence. According to the rules of evidence law, facts proved by evidence are possible facts, not necessarily inevitable. The result it produces may be a “wrong” result, but this so-called “wrong” is still a legitimate result in legal procedures. To be precise, although it is wrong, it is legitimate. Based on this dialectical logic, the evidential facts recognized by public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain are not equivalent to objective facts in themselves, and there may be differences between the evidential facts and objective facts. Evidence may be true or false, or half true and half false. It does not pursue an absolutely true and correct result, but a “legitimate” result that can influence cognition. Through these cognitive elements presented in the form of evidence, because of the “legitimate” label, they are more persuasive and authoritative, and have the guiding value of influencing cognition and behavior.

(III) Evidence is the basis for completing the special mission of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and has winning value

As the basis for completing the special mission of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, the winning value of evidence should not be underestimated. First, the effective use of evidence can minimize the deviation in factual characterization of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. By sorting out and integrating evidence materials, making clear logical connections between scattered and multi-perspective evidence, constructing a chain of evidence that is favorable to us and pointing to clear factual characterization, we can accurately associate and interpret objective facts. Preventing cognitive bias and passive public opinion caused by unclear and inaccurate factual characterization can improve the accuracy and clarity of fact identification. Secondly, the effective use of evidence can minimize the strategic decision-making cost of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. As the saying goes, words are not enough. Without the effective support of evidence, public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain will be separated from the objective basis for the generation of combat effectiveness and become a complete self-talk. Its strategic decision-making efficiency will inevitably decrease and the decision-making cost will inevitably soar. Third, the effective use of evidence can minimize the legal risk of public opinion in the cognitive domain. The main sources of legal risks in the cognitive domain of public opinion are the deviation of values, the lack of legitimacy, and the indifference of humanitarianism… In this regard, through scenario pre-setting, targeted evidence lists, active storage of evidence materials, and reasonable and rational construction of the use of evidence, we can achieve a certain degree of risk warning, risk avoidance, and risk resolution.

2. Accurately grasping the three major shifts of evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain is the key to the effective use of evidence

Compared with the physical and information domains, evidence in the cognitive domain presents distinct characteristics in the public opinion war. In terms of the purpose of proof, it guarantees the realization of policy and strategic goals and serves the political intention of the public opinion war in the cognitive domain; in terms of the means of proof, truth and falsehood are often intertwined, creating many situations where the truth and falsehood are unclear; in terms of the content of proof, it must be able to clearly, conclusively and promptly prove the justice and legality of our actions and the meaninglessness and illegality of the enemy. It is mainly reflected in three changes.

1. Shifting from “restoring the truth” to “influencing cognition” and highlighting cognitive attributes with goal orientation

In the public opinion war under the cognitive domain, the fundamental purpose of evidence has shifted from “approaching the truth, restoring facts, and promoting objective scene reconstruction” to “influencing the cognition of the target audience and realizing national security interests”. From the initial objective basis for reflecting the battlefield situation to the powerful weapon of public opinion war under the cognitive domain, it is neither simply an objective fact to be proved nor just a material and means to prove facts. Evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain must have a clear position. Before proving, it is necessary to first clarify whose point of view is proved? Whose facts are proved? Whose interests are protected? It is absolutely impossible to be value-free without its basic position. Evidence serves political purposes and strategic intentions, guides the target audience to move towards the established cognitive goals, and accepts, identifies, and shapes the corresponding argumentation conclusions. Its collection and use are all determined by strategic determination, combat intentions, and battlefield situation. Whether it is true or false, good or bad, it must serve the overall strategic situation and needs to be judged in combination with combat effectiveness.

2. Shifting from “raw collection” to “scientific compilation” to assist cognitive decision-making with intelligent means

Cognition is the process of actively processing information, including three links: information input, processing and output. Corresponding to the evidence action of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, it is to collect evidence, analyze and compile evidence, and make decisions and use evidence. It must be recognized that the public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain in the digital era is essentially a strategic action to manipulate information and shape cognition in the public opinion field, and the quality requirements of evidence materials are more stringent. If there is insufficient understanding of evidence, and evidence collection is simply regarded as taking photos and recording scenes, it is far from meeting the requirements of the new digital cognitive domain public opinion battlefield environment. It must be assisted by intelligent means and transformed into scientific evidence collection, analysis and compilation. Scientific evidence can, to a certain extent, get rid of human dependence on experience consciousness, eliminate the ambiguity, fragmentation and one-sidedness of human cognition under certain conditions, and assist cognitive domain combat commanders to make more accurate command decisions. In reality, there is indeed a phenomenon that the evidence is true, but the cognition generated is false. Only through a series of intelligent compilation work such as collection, classification, compilation, comparison, verification, reasoning, judgment, and integration of evidence information perceived across the entire domain, and using the scientific presentation of evidence to influence cognition in a targeted manner, can the process of evidence information fusion and command decision-making results be made corresponding and unified, making accurate decision-making the key to winning the war of public opinion in the cognitive domain.

3. Shift from “objective presentation” to “emotional resonance” to prove quality and improve cognitive effectiveness

In the cognitive domain, it is far from enough to simply record objective phenomena as evidence in the public opinion war. It also needs to have special guidance and appeal in order to form a strong communication power and influence, aiming to stimulate certain emotions of the target audience and trigger specific cognition. It is necessary to shift from “objective presentation” to “emotional resonance”. Only by awakening the empathy experience of the target audience through sophisticated and appropriate evidence presentation can the expected proof effect be produced. For example, a bloody knife cannot directly support or oppose any proposition by itself. Unless someone perceives the knife, forms a feeling state, and associates it with other evidence, it can produce a proof effect. Therefore, the evidence of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must be perceptible. Whether it is true evidence or false evidence, these evidences are not responsible for restoring the truth of the facts, nor are they used only to prove the legality or illegality of a certain action or behavior. They are intended to shock the target audience with thoughts and generate emotional waves, and play cognitive effects such as shaking the morale of the army, inspiring morale, gaining support from many people, inspiring sympathy, guiding public opinion, and breaking the enemy’s spirit, ensuring that the reason can be said and spread. Otherwise, no matter how good the proof logic is, its effectiveness will be greatly reduced due to the lack of communication and appeal, and it may even be ineffective in the fierce cognitive game.

3. Innovative evidence in the three ways of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is the path to effective use of evidence

In the public opinion war in the cognitive domain, evidence is sometimes an offensive weapon, sometimes a means of deterrence, and sometimes a tool for bargaining… How to cleverly deploy troops and gain the initiative on this battlefield? It is necessary to judge the situation, deeply study the techniques, present accurately, and implement them purposefully, systematically, and strategically. According to the logical order of evidence participation from weak to strong, the understanding of evidence from shallow to deep, and the evidence tactics from passive to active, there are three ways to use evidence: objective, directional, and strategic.

1. Attaching importance to the objective use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain

Evidence has incomparable persuasiveness, and public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must attach importance to speaking with evidence. The most basic approach is to solidly promote the objective collection and use of evidence. First, it is necessary to discover and extract evidence from a large amount of materials to preliminarily solve the problem of evidence admissibility. Secondly, the evidence collected must withstand the test and judgment of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain to solve the problem of evidence availability. The basic logical line of evidence collection and use is: objectively obtain evidence materials – based on the acquired evidence materials, sort out, match, integrate, and analyze which existing evidence materials can prove objective facts that have an impact on cognition – solve the problem of “what can be proved”. If objective evidence collection is not done well, it is easy for the enemy to take it out of context, generalize, and even confuse right and wrong. On the one hand, through the objective presentation of original evidence, the illegality and provocation of the other party’s behavior are exposed, the legitimacy and justice of our actions are explained, the truth of the incident is intuitively and powerfully clarified, and the psychological defense of the other party is effectively disintegrated, the other party’s fighting will is shaken, and a strong psychological offensive and deterrence effect is formed; on the other hand, it effectively boosts our military morale, inspires fighting spirit, and enhances psychological protection in the cognitive battlefield. In short, we must strive to objectively make good use of “real evidence that can gain the initiative” and expose “false evidence in the hands of evidence dealers.”

2. Strengthening the guiding use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain

It is necessary to fully realize that the probative value of evidence needs to be realized through interpretation, which leaves sufficient space for guiding the collection and use of evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain. On the basis of the objective collection and use of evidence, through more proactive reverse thinking, another logical line of evidence collection and use can be found: first clarify what facts need to be proved in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain – then consider how to compile and interpret the existing evidence materials in a biased manner according to the demand orientation – solve the problem of “how to interpret and use the evidence materials”. Under the demand-oriented role, by actively presetting the facts to be proved, consciously do a good job of evidence association and effectiveness interpretation. It can be said that the process of compiling objective original evidence is the process of evidence interpretation. Scattered evidence materials, after being fully interpreted and compiled with subjective intentions, will form a closed evidence chain with directionality. These directional evidence products guide the audience from “seeing” evidence to “understanding” evidence, which is a weapon that can influence the generation of combat effectiveness in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain. In fact, the party with a stronger ability to interpret evidence selfishly is often more able to dominate the development of the battle.

3. Strategic Use of Evidence in Public Opinion Warfare under the Design Cognitive Domain

The ultimate target of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is cognitive ability, and the dominant factor for winning the battle will naturally shift to cognition. Therefore, the high-skilled use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must be achieved with the help of the systematic vision and strategic thinking of strategists. The logical line of evidence collection and use here is: consider evidence as an indispensable key element of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and incorporate it into the overall strategic planning link – preset a list of key evidence according to different scenarios – actively create conditions to obtain key evidence – solve the problem of “how to achieve the strategic intention and combat determination of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain from the evidence level”. Under special conditions, even through sophisticated arrangements, with active and proactive “creative design” to lay out the fog of evidence, prompt the enemy to reveal its shortcomings, expose its weaknesses, and make actions and reactions that are beneficial to us, forming a complete and conclusive chain of evidence, so as to achieve the purpose of releasing special information, propaganda against the enemy’s mind, political and diplomatic hints, etc., consume the enemy’s cognitive ability, disrupt its thinking, interfere with its judgment, and hinder its actions. In particular, we must develop an awareness of strategies and tactics in the game of evidence in the context of cognitive domain public opinion warfare, select, choose, combine, assemble, switch among various types of evidence… flexibly deploy and skillfully present them, give full play to the potential of evidence use, contain, curb, and counter enemy actions, and expand our own space for action. The key to applying evidence well lies in one’s heart.

(Author’s unit: Political Science Academy of National Defense University)

中國軍事資料來源:

在認知域下輿論戰的作戰鏈上,證據的採集與運用是有重大價值的基礎環節,也是目前各級認知域建設準備的重要發力點。結合認知域下輿論戰的特殊背景來研究證據,準確掌握其特徵規律,不斷深研謀略用法,提高認知域下輿論戰證據的有效運用,對我軍打好未來認知域下輿論戰主動仗具有重要藉鏡意義。

關鍵字:認知域;輿論戰;證據

隨著現代資訊化戰場物理域、資訊域和認知域三大作戰維度的形成,認知域作戰在未來智慧化混合戰爭背景下越來越受到關注。認知域作戰指透過特殊手段直接作用於大腦認知,以影響其情緒、動機、判斷和行為,甚至達成控制大腦目的的一種作戰樣式。大腦作為認知載體,或將成為未來戰爭主戰場,制腦權即將成為認知域作戰的關鍵所在,是戰爭制權的最高層次。從這個意義上講,認知域作戰是為實現國家安全戰略目的,透過影響目標受眾認知來影響其決策和行為的認知對抗行動。此間,證據已然成為影響認知的重要因素,證據賽局是規劃實施認知域下輿論戰必須重視的基礎環節。依照法學界普遍的共識,證據是指依照訴訟規則認定事件事實的依據。本文所指的輿論戰證據由此引申而來。可見,只有更精準及時掌握證據、更穩妥適當地運用證據,才能更有效地摧毀敵方認知、鞏固己方認知、塑造中立力量認知,為認知域下輿論戰的全面勝利提供有效支撐。

一、深刻認識證據在認知域下輿論戰中的三大價值,是證據有效運用的前提

資訊是認知域下輿論戰的基本「彈藥」。證據作為彈藥之一,具有巨大價值,可從以下三個維度來檢視。

(一)證據是認知域下輿論戰不可或缺的認知武器,具有鬥爭價值

檢視認知域下輿論戰的證據,就是要從認知層面來探究輿論戰事實認定的本質。認知域以人腦為主要作戰空間。證據,作為某種「過去事實」留下的痕跡,不管人們能否發現,它們無疑都是存在的。但某些證據在某些時候被特別提出和強調,其目的必然是為了佐證某些事實、迎合某些觀點、影響某些態度,其實就是論證主體自身認知塑造、觀點呈現和價值傳播的過程。借助當代認知證據主義(Epistemic Evidentialism)的認知證成理論,論證信念態度與認知證成之間存在著不可忽視的邏輯聯繫:信念態度在認識論上的合理程度,取決於相信者當時所擁有的證據的品質。可以說,認知域下輿論戰的證據價值與資訊化認知作戰的武器脈絡高度契合,高品質的證據能夠高品質影響認知,是不可或缺不可取代的鬥爭武器。這種“證明的根據”,在認知域下輿論戰中,既是打擊、改變敵方認知,做好認知攻擊的長矛利劍;也是引導、鞏固己方認知,做好認知防護的堅固盾牌。

(二)證據是認知域下輿論戰價值引導的證明根據,具有導向價值

真實性是事實的本質特性,卻不是證據的本質特性。證據不等同於客觀事實。可以說,沒有假的事實,卻有假的證據。依據證據法則,以證據證明的事實,是一種可能性的事實,不一定具有必然性。它所產生的結果,有可能是“錯誤”的結果,但這種所謂的“錯誤”,在法律程序上仍然是一種正當化的結果。準確地說,它雖然是錯的,但卻是正當的。基於這種辯證的邏輯,認知域下輿論戰認可的證據事實,本身並不等同於客觀事實,其證據事實與客觀事實之間可以存在差異。證據可能是真是假,也可能半真半假,它追求的並不是絕對真實正確的結果,而是一種能夠影響認知的「正當化」結果。透過這些以證據方式呈現出來的認知要素,因為有「正當化」標籤,更具說服力和權威性,具有影響認知和行為的導向價值。

(三)證據是認知域下輿論戰完成特殊使命的基礎,具有致勝價值

作為認知域下輿論戰完成特殊使命的基礎,證據的致勝價值不容小覷。首先,證據的有效運用能夠使認知域下輿論戰在事實定性上偏差最小化。透過對證據素材進行梳理整合,對零散的、多重視角下的證據做明確的邏輯性關聯,構設於我有利的證據鏈和指向明確的事實定性,藉此對客觀事實進行精確性關聯與有效性解讀。防止因事實定性不明、不準造成的認知偏差和輿論被動,能夠提高事實認定的準確性和清晰度。其次,證據的有效運用能使認知域下輿論戰的策略決策成本最小化。所謂口說無憑,脫離了證據的有效支撐,認知域下輿論戰就脫離了戰鬥力生成的客觀基礎,淪為徹頭徹尾的自說自話,其戰略決策效率必將降低,決策成本必將飆升。第三,證據的有效運用能夠使認知域輿論法理風險最小化。認知域輿論法理風險的主要來源是價值觀的背離、合法性的缺失、人道主義的漠視……對此,透過情境預設,有的放矢地列出證據清單,積極儲備證據素材,做好證據運用的合情合理化構建,就能夠實現一定程度的風險預警、風險規避和風險化解。

二、準確掌握證據在認知域下輿論戰中的三大轉向,是證據有效運用的關鍵

相對於物理域、資訊域環境下,證據在認知域下輿論戰呈現鮮明的個性特徵。在證明目的上,保障政略與戰略目標實現,服從服務於認知域下輿論戰的政治意圖;在證明手段上,往往真偽交織,製造許多真真假假、真偽不明的情況;在證明內容上,要能明晰、確鑿、及時地證明我方行動的正義、合法和敵人的無義、非法。主要體現在三個轉變。

(一)從“還原真相”轉向“影響認知”,以目標導向凸顯認知屬性

認知域下輿論戰,證據的根本目的從「接近真相、還原事實、促進客觀情境再現」轉向了「影響目標受眾認知,實現國家安全利益」。從最初反映戰場情況的客觀根據,到認知域下輿論戰的強大武器,它既不單純是用來證明的客觀事實,也不僅僅是用來證明事實的材料和手段。認知域下輿論戰的證據必然是帶有鮮明立場的。證明前先要明確證明誰的觀點?佐證誰的事實?維護誰的利益?絕不可能脫離其基本立場而價值無涉,證據以服務政治目的和戰略意圖為己任,引導目標受眾向既定認知目標邁進,接受、認同、塑造相應的論證結論。其採集與運用,都是由戰略決心、作戰意圖、戰場態勢來決定的,到底是真是假,是好是壞,都必須服從服務於戰略大局,需要結合作戰效果加以評判。

(二)從「原始採集」轉向“科學整編”,以智慧手段輔助認知決策

認知是對資訊進行積極加工的過程,包括資訊輸入、加工和輸出三個環節。對應到認知域下輿論戰的證據行動中,就是收取採集證據、研判整編證據和決策運用證據。必須體認到,數位時代認知域下輿論戰,實質是在輿論場上進行資訊處理與認知塑造的戰略行動,對證據素材的品質要求更嚴苛。如果對證據認識不足,把取證簡單看作為是拍照錄影、記錄現場,已經遠遠不能適應新的數位化認知域輿論戰場環境的要求了。必須以智慧手段為輔助,向科學的證據蒐集、研判整編轉化。科學的證據,可以在一定程度上擺脫人類對經驗意識的依賴,消除人在一定條件下認知的模糊性、零散性和片面性,輔助認知域作戰指揮員進行更精準的指揮決策。現實中確實存在證據為真,但產生的認知卻為假的現象。只有透過對全局感知的證據資訊進行收集、分類、彙編、對比、驗證、推理、判斷、整合等一系列智能整編工作,以證據的科學呈現來定向影響認知,才能將證據信息融合的過程和指揮決策結果相對應、統一,使精準決策成為認知域下輿論戰制勝的關鍵。

(三)從“客觀呈現”轉向“情感共振”,以證明品質提升認知效能

認知域下輿論戰證據,僅作為客觀現象的簡單記錄是遠遠不夠的,還需要具有特殊的引導性、感染力,以便形成較強的傳播力和影響力,意在激發目標受眾的某種情感、引發特定認知,要從「客觀呈現」轉向「情感共振」。只有透過精巧適度的證據呈現來喚醒目標受眾的同理心體驗,才能產生預期的證明效果。例如,一把帶血的刀,其本身並不能直接支持或反對任何命題,除非有人感知到了這把刀,形成了感覺狀態,並將其與其他證據相關聯,才能產生證明效力。所以,認知域下輿論戰的證據必須是要能夠感知的。無論是真證據或假證據,這些證據不以還原事實真相為己任,也並非僅用來證明某行動或行為的合法性或非法性,其意在使目標受眾受到思想衝擊、產生情感波瀾,起到如動搖軍心、激勵士氣、得道多助、激發同情、引導輿論、破敵銳氣等認知效果,確保有理說得出、說了傳得開。否則再好的證明邏輯也會因傳播力、感染力的缺失,導致證明效果大打折扣,甚至在激烈的認知賽局中無法產生效能。

三、創新證據在認知域下輿論戰的三種用法,是證據有效運用的路徑

認知域下輿論戰,證據有時是進攻的武器、有時是嚇阻的手段、有時是博弈的工具……如何巧妙地在這片沙場上排兵布陣、贏取主動?必須審時度勢、深研技法、精準呈現,有目的、有計畫、有策略、成系統地實施。依照證據參與度由弱到強、對證據認識由淺入深、證據戰法由被動到主動的邏輯順序,有客觀性、導向性、謀略性三種運用證據的方式。

(一)重視認知域下輿論戰證據的客觀性運用

證據有著不可比擬的說服力,認知域下輿論戰必須重視用證據說話。最基礎的做法是紮實推進證據的客觀性採集與運用。首先,需要在海量素材中發現並提取證據,初步解決證據可採性的問題。其次,採到的證據要經得起認知域下輿論戰實踐檢驗和評判,解決證據可用性的問題。基礎的證據採、用的邏輯線是:客觀取得證據素材—基於取得的證據素材,梳理、配對、整合,分析現有證據素材能夠證明哪些是對認知產生影響的客觀事實—解決「能夠證明什麼」的問題。客觀取證做不好,就容易被敵方斷章取義,以偏概全,甚至混淆是非。一方面,透過原始證據的客觀呈現,揭露對方行為的非法性、挑釁性,闡釋我方行動的合法性、正義性,直觀有力地澄清事件真相,有效瓦解對方心理防線、動搖對方戰鬥意志,形成強大的心理攻勢與嚇阻效能;另一方面,有效提振我方軍心士氣、激發戰鬥精神,增強認知戰場的心理防護。總之,要力求在客觀上用好“能夠贏取主動的真證據”,揭露“證據販子手裡的假證據”。

(二)加強認知域下輿論戰證據的導向運用

要充分認識到,證據的證明價值需要透過解讀來實現,這給認知域下輿論戰的取證、用證留下了充分的引導空間。在證據的客觀性採集與運用基礎上,透過更主動的逆向思考,可以發現另外一條證據採、用的邏輯線路:先釐清在認知域下輿論戰中需要證明哪些事實—再根據需求指向,考慮如何對既有證據材料進行傾向性整編和解讀—解決「如何闡釋、利用證據素材」的問題。在需求導向作用下,透過主動預設想要證明的事實,有意識做好證據關聯和有效性解讀。可以說,客觀性原始證據整編的過程就是證據闡釋解讀的過程。零散的證據素材,經過注入主觀意圖的充分解讀和整編組合,就會形成帶有指向性的閉合證據鏈。這些導向證據產品引導受眾從「看見」證據到「看懂」證據,就是能夠影響認知域下輿論戰戰鬥力生成的武器。事實上,對證據利己性解讀能力較強的一方,往往更能主導戰局發展。

(三)設計認知域下輿論戰證據的謀略性運用

認知域下輿論戰最終打擊的目標是認知能力,作戰制勝的主導要素會自然地向認知轉移。因此,證據在認知域下輿論戰的高技巧運用,必須藉助戰略家的系統眼光和謀略思維來實現。這裡證據採、用的邏輯線是:把證據視為認知域下輿論戰不可或缺的關鍵要素納入整體策略規劃環節—依據不同場景預設關鍵證據清單—主動製造條件來取得關鍵證據—解決「如何從證據層面實現認知域輿論戰的戰略意圖和作戰決心」的問題。在特殊條件下,甚至可以透過精巧的安排,以積極主動的「創意設計」佈設證據迷霧,促使敵方自揭其短,暴露弱點,做出於我有利的動作反應,形成完整確鑿的證據鏈條,以達成特殊訊息釋放、對敵攻心宣傳、政治外交暗示等目的,消耗敵方認知能力,打亂其思維、幹擾其判斷、阻礙其行動。特別要形成認知域輿論戰背景下的證據博弈謀略戰法意識,在各類證據間選擇、取捨、組合、拼搭、切換……靈活投放、巧妙呈現,充分發揮證據運用的潛能,牽制、遏止、反制敵方行動,拓展己方行動空間,可謂運用之妙,存乎一心。

(作者單位:國防大學政治學院)

中國軍事資料來源: http://www.81.cn/rmjz_203219/jsjz/2022nd3q_239302/bktg_239303/1016888.html

Chinese Military Considers Metaverse the New Frontier for Future Cognitive Warfare

中國軍方認為元宇宙是未來認知戰的新領域

現代英語翻譯:

●The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but also reacts to the real world.

●Parallel with the real world, reaction to the real world, and integration of multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse.

●The metaverse provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society.

● Strengthening the follow-up research on the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare and highlighting the exploration of the mechanism of the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare will help enrich and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but reacts to the real world. When virtual technologies such as digital, Internet, augmented reality and modern communications, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies develop to a certain stage, the metaverse will emerge. Being parallel to the real world, reacting to the real world, and integrating multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural law of human understanding and transformation of the world. It directly acts on human thinking and cognition but is not bound by the essential attributes of thinking and cognition, which determines that it carries the operating laws of the real world, provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex systems in reality, and a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. At the same time, it is itself a complex cognitive body, so it has immeasurable cognitive warfare application value.

The basic mechanism of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

The difference between the metaverse and other technologies is that it builds a complete digital world. Its operation is not supported by a single or a few technologies, but by a complex high-tech complex. This complex is built by humans, is a product of cognition, and continues to develop and evolve with the development of human cognitive practice. Its cognitive application has a unique regular mechanism.

System enhancement mechanism. The digital world constructed by the metaverse is itself a highly developed cognitive world. In this special cognitive world, technology not only exists as an additional role such as support and guarantee, but also directly participates in the shaping of cognition itself as a basic element of cognition. In other words, the technology that constitutes the metaverse itself has a distinct cognitive background, which not only supports the operation of cognition but also realizes the self-construction, revolution and transcendence of cognition; it not only provides a series of necessary technical services, but also creates a holographic technical soil for human cognition to operate independently and fight independently. The effect of the metaverse on cognition is not one-dimensional, but full-dimensional; not single-line, but full-system; not independent, but immersive; not fragmentary, but continuous; not cyclical, but full-life process. How far the thinking cognition develops, how far the metaverse develops, and thus it can shape people’s thinking cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly. Therefore, humans have used high technology to create “Avatar”, a complex system combining man and machine, and have also created a life form on “Pandora” that can think independently, recognize itself, and think and act on its own. This life form, which was created by humans and is independent of humans, has achieved self-improvement and development in the new universe.

The mechanism of mutual construction of technology and knowledge. Unlike the one-way effect of individual technologies such as artificial intelligence and information networks on thinking and cognition, the metaverse provides a space for mutual construction of technology and cognition, and influence and counter-influence. In this space, we can simulate, demonstrate, simulate, and verify the process and results of this two-way mutual construction and promotion, so as to understand cognition more accurately and efficiently, improve cognitive warfare methods, and directly engage in real cognitive confrontation. The metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenes, where cognitive warfare can be promoted efficiently, enhanced at a fast pace, and presented in a panoramic manner. It is reported that the US military uses virtual technology to verify the performance of new weapons and equipment, test the effectiveness of the use of new tactics, and conduct combat simulation training, relying on the deployment of forces, combat terrain, human characteristics, and other scenes similar to actual combat constructed in virtual spaces such as the metaverse. At the same time, more and more countries and armies are conducting direct cognitive attacks and defenses with their opponents through virtual spaces, confusing their minds, misleading their directions, and eroding their will.

Active reflection mechanism. As a virtual existence parallel to the real world, the metaverse is not a simple digital copy of the three-dimensional space, but has its own operating rules and can actively act on the real world. This active action is the focus of the cognitive application of the metaverse. The metaverse space game reflects the characteristics of cognitive warfare. The war results deduced in the metaverse through virtual simulation may directly affect the real world, extending to the conscious cognitive competition game through sensory touch, thereby winning the dominant position in cognitive warfare. In the cognitive perspective, the metaverse is both a new cognitive space and the main battlefield of cognition, as well as an extended domain of cognition and a new cognitive component. At present, the military of many countries uses sandbox operations, war games and even computer simulations to formulate and test strategies and tactics, revise the application of tactics, improve training methods, and improve weapons and equipment. This is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to reality. With the continuous development and integration of the metaverse technology group, cognitive confrontation will inevitably shift more and faster from the real world to a hybrid world combining virtuality and reality.

The basic characteristics of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

Existence determines consciousness, and technology drives creation. The metaverse has many characteristics, such as parallelism with the real world, initiative in the real world, and comprehensiveness that integrates multiple technologies. These prominent characteristics determine the different characteristics and laws of its effects on thinking and cognition.

Cross-domain construction. The formation, development and evolution of cognition are rarely determined by a single factor, but are often the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. The metaverse originates from the real world and is presented in the virtual space. It has the characteristics of multi-domain interconnection that runs through the real and virtual worlds. As the saying goes, “a lot of gossip can melt gold, and accumulated criticism can destroy bones.” This cross-domain characteristic that spans different fields and opens up related spaces can best influence and shape people’s thinking and cognition from different angles. The most typical case is that game developers are increasingly focusing on using virtual stories based on historical facts and real feelings to attract and infect people. The United States has used this cross-domain shaped surreal “real” experience to spread values. At present, the most representative “metaverse” themed science fiction work is “Ready Player One” directed by Spielberg. The play focuses on depicting the era background of the birth of the “metaverse” and the huge contrast between the real status and virtual status of the protagonist. Through the plot and special effects shots, it delicately portrays the real sense of human participation, thereby spreading the American ideology, especially the values ​​of gaining wealth, status, love and friendship through “bloodless” struggle in the virtual world.

Integrated influence. The important fulcrums of cognitive warfare are strategy and technology. With the development of science and technology and the progress of society, the proportion of technology in cognitive warfare is increasing and its role is becoming more and more prominent. It can be said that cognitive warfare without scientific and technological support is cognitive warfare without power, and cognitive warfare with advanced technology is more likely to win. As a complex system integrating multiple cutting-edge technologies, the metaverse has a natural advantage in the use of cognitive warfare. Many people, including adults, are deeply trapped in the virtual world and indulge in online games. It is very important that the virtual space gives game operators a super-time and space experience and a sense of achievement. If martial arts novels are fairy tales for adults, then the metaverse, which can “do whatever you want”, creates a super fairy tale world, which has an immeasurable impact on people’s thinking, cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns.

Compromising influence. A big difference between the metaverse and other technical means is that it constructs a virtual world that originates from the real world but reacts to the real world. In this complex domain space, people’s thinking and cognition go back and forth between the real world and the virtual space, verify each other, repeatedly confirm, and constantly correct, thereby generating new thinking and cognition, and exerting a dynamic influence on both worlds. This two-way interactive compromising influence, on the one hand, is conducive to the formation and development of correct thinking and cognition, making the cognition of the real world more imaginative with the wings of the virtual world’s thoughts, and at the same time, it also makes the cognition of the virtual space find the material support of the real world and become more scientific. On the other hand, if it is not operated properly, it is likely to cause great safety hazards and ethical problems. In recent years, the U.S. military has relied on artificial intelligence and virtual technology to remotely control drones to attack opponents, which is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to the real world. This attack is far away from the tragic scene of face-to-face fighting, which greatly dilutes the drone operator’s awe of life and lowers the threshold for remotely controlling the opponent. At the same time, due to the imperfect reconnaissance and identification technology, incidents of accidental shooting, injury, and killing of civilians, friendly forces, and even their own troops often occur.

The basic style of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

Metaverse cognitive warfare is based on reality and leads future development. It involves both the virtual and real worlds, penetrates multiple fields, covers multiple technologies, and has a variety of combat styles. There is great uncertainty, but it is not without rules. Comprehensive analysis shows that there are three basic styles.

Platform confrontation. In terms of its relationship with human thinking and cognition, the metaverse itself is a complex cognitive actor, a derivative of human thinking and cognition, and an important component and platform of cognitive warfare. When hostile countries and armies regard the metaverse as an important position for cognitive warfare, cognitive offensive and defensive operations between different camps within the metaverse exist in reality. On this platform, all technologies, resources and forces of the metaverse are integrated and operated with thinking and cognition as the center. Metaverse operations are prominently manifested as cognitive offensive and defensive operations aimed at disrupting, delaying, blocking, destroying and eliminating the existence and operation of the opponent’s metaverse. In this field, whoever has higher-end strategic planning, more flexible tactical application, more advanced technical force and more solid material support will be able to gain the initiative in metaverse cognitive warfare.

System attack. The metaverse is a cognitive system composed of a series of cutting-edge technologies, and systemicity is its inherent attribute and vitality guarantee. Advanced technologies such as digital foundation, efficient communication, blockchain identity authentication, holographic AR imaging, artificial intelligence, and high-performance Internet constitute a unified body with tight structure, functional coupling, and complete system. The components are indispensable for the formation and development of thinking cognition and offensive and defensive confrontation. It is difficult to imagine that the metaverse still has the possibility of existence without the support of advanced technology groups such as high-level digitization, high-quality communication, and high-speed computing. Using superior forces to force or use asymmetric tactics to attack and block the key nodes and technological operation chains of the opponent’s metaverse system, hinder its operation, suppress its functions, and destroy its existence is an important style and efficient path of metaverse cognitive warfare.

Divert the flow. An important value and significance of the existence and development of the metaverse lies in serving and supporting the related activities of the real world. Under normal circumstances, the metaverse can demonstrate, display, review and predict the related activities of the real world in a digital form. Once the communication between the virtual and real worlds is disturbed or the self-operation of the metaverse is disordered, it is easy to cause the situation reflected to be untrue, the information analyzed to be distorted, the conclusions derived to be invalid, and the suggestions provided to be wrong, causing the related activities of the real world to deviate. It is based on this that we can concentrate our efforts on inducing attacks on the internal operation of the opponent’s metaverse or the communication technology devices of the two worlds, and use extremely confusing and deceptive information and scenes to divert the flow, confuse their cognition, interfere with their judgment, and mislead their decision-making. Therefore, we should strengthen the tracking research on the cognitive warfare of the role of the metaverse, highlight the exploration of the cognitive warfare mechanism of the role of the metaverse, and strengthen and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語:

●元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。

●與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合,是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。

●元宇宙提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式,以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。

●加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究,突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索,將有助於豐富促進認知戰理論建構。

元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。當數位、網路、擴增實境等虛擬技術和現代通訊、區塊鏈、人工智慧等技術發展到一定階段,元宇宙就橫空出世。與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合,是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運作符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律,其直接作用於人的思維認知但又不拘泥於思維認知的本質屬性,決定其本身承載了現實世界的運作規律,提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段,同時它本身就是一個複雜的認知體,因而具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本機制

元宇宙相對於其他技術的差異在於構築了一個完整的數位世界,支撐其運作的不是單一或幾個技術,而是一個複雜的高科技複合體。這個複合體是人構築的,是認知的產物並隨人類認知實踐的發展不斷發展演變,其認知運用具有獨特的規律機制。

體系增強機理。元宇宙構築的數位世界本身就是一個高度發展的認知世界,在這個特殊的認知世界裡,科技不僅以支撐和保障等附加角色存在,也直接作為認知的基本元素參與認知本身的塑造。也就是說構成元宇宙的技術本身俱有鮮明的認知底色,既支撐了認知的運作又實現了認知的自我建構、革命與超越;既提供了一系列必要的技術服務,又打造了一個人類認知自我運作、獨立作戰的全息技術土壤。元宇宙對認知的作用不是單向度的,而是全維度的;不是單線的,而是全系統的;不是獨立式的,而是沉浸型的;不是片段的,而是持續型的;不是周期階段型的,而是全壽命流程的。思維認知發展有多遠,元宇宙發展就有多遠,因而能夠更全面更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知。於是,人類既用高科技打造了「阿凡達」這個人機結合的複雜系統,同時也打造了一個在「潘朵拉星球」上能夠自主思維、自我認知、自行思想與行動的生命體,這個產生於人又獨立於人的生命體在新的宇宙空間中實現了自我完善與發展。

技知互構機理。與人工智慧、資訊網路等單一技術對思考認知的單向作用不同,元宇宙提供了一個技術與認知作用與反作用、影響與反影響的互構空間。在這個空間裡,我們能夠模擬、展示、模擬、驗證這種雙向互構共促的過程與結果,進而更加精準高效地認識認知、改進認知戰方式,同時也可以直接進行真刀真槍的認知對抗。元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間,在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進、快節奏增強、全景式呈現。據悉,美軍將虛擬技術運用於新武器裝備性能驗證、新戰法運用效果檢驗及作戰模擬訓練等,依託的就是在元宇宙等虛擬空間中構建的兵力佈置、作戰地形、人文特徵等近似實戰的場景。同時,也有越來越多的國家和軍隊透過虛擬空間與對手進行直接的認知攻防,迷茫其心智,誤導其方向,銷蝕其意志。

能動反射機理。元宇宙作為與現實世界平行的虛擬存在,不是簡單地將三維空間數位化複製,而有著自身運行規則並能動作用於現實世界,這種能動作用即是元宇宙認知運用的著力點。元宇宙空間博弈體現認知戰特點,透過虛擬模擬在元宇宙中推演出的戰爭結果,可能直接作用於現實世界,透過感官觸覺延伸到意識認知的爭奪博弈,從而贏得認知戰主導權。在認知視域下,元宇宙既是認知的新空間也是認知的主戰場,既是認知的延伸域也是認知的新構件。目前,不少國家軍隊透過沙盤作業、兵棋推演甚至電腦模擬模擬來發展和檢驗戰略戰術、修訂戰法運用、完善訓練方法、改進武器裝備,就是虛擬世界反作用於現實的典型案例。隨著元宇宙技術群不斷發展融合,認知對抗必將更多、更快由現實世界向虛實結合的混合世界發展轉進。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本特徵

存在決定意識,技術驅動創造。元宇宙具有與現實世界的平行性、對現實世界的能動性、融多種技術於一體的綜合性等諸多特徵。這些突出特徵,決定其作用於思考認知的不同特徵規律。

跨領域構塑。認知的形成發展演變很少由單一因素決定,往往是多種因素綜合作用的結果。元宇宙源自現實世界、呈現於虛擬空間,具有貫穿現實與虛擬的多域連結特徵。所謂“眾口鑠金,積毀銷骨”,這種跨越不同領域、打通關聯空間的跨域特質,最能從不同角度影響和塑造人的思維認知。最典型的案例就是遊戲開發商越來越注重用建立在歷史事實和現實感受基礎上的虛擬故事吸引人感染人。美國已將這種跨領域塑造的超現實「真實」體驗用於價值觀的傳播。目前最具代表性的「元宇宙」主題科幻作品是史匹柏導演的《頭號玩家》,該劇聚焦於描繪「元宇宙」誕生的時代背景及主角的現實地位與虛擬地位之間的巨大反差,透過故事情節和特效鏡頭細膩地刻畫人類的真實參與感,從而傳播在虛擬世界裡透過「不流血」的鬥爭也能獲得財富、地位、愛情和友誼的美式意識形態特別是價值觀。

融合式影響。認知戰運作依託的重要支點是謀略和技術,隨著科技的發展和社會的進步,技術之於認知戰構成所佔比重越來越大、作用越來越突出。可以說,缺乏科技支撐的認知戰是缺乏力量的認知戰,有先進科技加持的認知戰獲勝的可能性更大。元宇宙作為融多種前沿科技於一體的複雜系統,在認知戰運用上具有天然優勢。不少人包括成年人深陷虛擬世界、沉湎網路遊戲,很重要的是虛擬空間賦予遊戲操盤手的超時空體驗和成就快感。如果說武俠小說是成人的童話,那麼可以「隨心所欲」縱橫馳騁的元宇宙,則打造了一個超級童話世界,其對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等的影響不可限量。

折衝性浸染。元宇宙與其他技術手段的一個很大不同,在於其建構的是一個源自現實世界但又反作用於現實世界母體的虛擬世界。在這個複雜領域空間中,人的思維認知在現實世界與虛擬空間之間往來折衝、相互印證、反覆確認、不斷修正進而產生新的思考認知,並對兩個世界都產生施動性影響。這種雙向互動的折衝性浸染,一方面有利於正確思維認知的形成與發展,使現實世界的認知插上虛擬世界思想放飛的翅膀而更富想像力,同時也使虛擬空間的認知找到現實世界的物質支撐而更科學。另一方面如果操作不當,很可能產生極大的安全隱患和倫理問題。這些年美軍依賴人工智慧和虛擬技術遙控的無人機攻擊對手,就是虛擬世界反作用於現實世界的典型案例。這種攻擊因遠離面對面搏殺的慘烈現場,極大淡化了無人機操作員對生命的敬畏,降低了其遙控攻擊對手的門檻。同時,由於偵察辨識技術不完善,誤擊誤傷誤殺平民、友軍甚至自己軍隊的事時有發生。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本樣式

元宇宙作用認知戰基於現實基礎、引領未來發展,涉及虛實兩界、貫通多個領域、涵蓋多種技術,作戰樣式多種多樣,有很大的不確定性,但並非無規律可循。綜合分析,基本樣式有以下三種。

平台對抗。元宇宙就其與人的思維認知的關係而言,本身就是一個複雜的認知行為體,是人類思維認知的衍生品,也是認知戰的重要構件和平台。當敵對國家和軍隊都將元宇宙視為認知戰的重要陣地時,元宇宙內部不同陣營間的認知攻防作戰就會現​​實存在。在這個平台上,元宇宙的一切技術、資源和力量都以思維認知為中心來整合運作。元宇宙作戰突顯為以擾亂、遲滯、阻擋、摧毀、消滅對手元宇宙存在和運作為目的的認知攻防作戰。在這個領域中,誰的戰略運籌更高端、戰術運用更靈活、技術力量更先進、物質支撐更堅實,誰就能取得元宇宙認知戰主動權。

體系破襲。元宇宙是由一系列前沿技術所構成的認知系統,而體系性則是其固有屬性和活力保證。數位基礎、高效通訊、區塊鏈身分認證、全像AR成像、人工智慧、高效能互聯網等先進科技,構成結構緊密、功能耦合、體系完整的統一體,其中構件對思維認知的形成發展與攻防對抗缺一不可。很難想像缺乏高階階數位化、高品質通聯、高速度計算等先進技術群的支撐,元宇宙還有存在的可能性。運用優勢力量高壓強製或以非對稱戰法攻擊和阻斷對手元宇宙體系的關鍵節點和科技運行鏈條,阻遏其運作、壓制其功能、摧毀其存在,是元宇宙認知戰的重要樣式和高效路徑。

曲嚮導流。元宇宙存在發展的一個重要價值和意義在於服務支持現實世界關聯活動。正常情況下,元宇宙能夠以數位形式全景展示、展示、複盤和預測現實世界的相關活動。一旦虛實兩個世界的通聯受擾受阻或元宇宙內部自運行失序,很容易導致其反映的情況失實、分析的信息失真、推導的結論失效、提供的建議失策,使現實世界的關聯活動跑偏走向。正是基於此,可集中力量對對手元宇宙內部運作或兩個世界的通聯技術裝置進行誘導攻擊,用極具迷惑性欺騙性的信息和場景曲嚮導流,迷茫其認知,幹擾其判斷,誤導其決策。因此,應加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究,突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索,強化促進認知戰理論建構。

(作者單位:軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院)

中國軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/03/content_310888.htm

Chinese Military Values Attack & Defense as the Important Focus of Combat in Cognitive Domain Operations

中國軍隊把攻防當作認知域作戰作戰的重要著力點

現代英語翻譯:

Value attack and defense is an important way to conduct cognitive domain operations from a strategic level. Usually, value attack and defense is achieved by intervening in people’s thinking, beliefs, values, etc., in order to achieve the purpose of disintegrating the enemy’s consensus, destroying the enemy’s will, and then gaining comprehensive control over the battlefield. Accurately grasping the characteristics, mechanisms, and means of value attack and defense is crucial to gaining future cognitive domain combat advantages.

Characteristics of the cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense refers to the intervention and influence on relatively stable cognitive results by inducing deep logical thinking and value judgment changes of individuals or groups, in order to reconstruct people’s cognitive abilities such as will, thinking, psychology, and emotions. Value attack and defense mainly has the following characteristics:

Soft confrontation. Traditional warfare mainly relies on violent means to weaken and disintegrate the enemy’s military capabilities, and usually has a high intensity of war. Cognitive domain warfare will no longer be limited to hard confrontations such as siege and conquest, but will focus more on infiltration and counter-infiltration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control around value positions. By competing for the dominance of cognitive domain confrontation, the combat effectiveness of the physical domain and information domain will be further stimulated, thereby seizing the initiative on the battlefield and even achieving the effect of defeating the enemy without fighting. In practice, value offense and defense often focus on the cultural traditions, values ​​and social psychology of a country or nation, and ultimately achieve the purpose of destroying the enemy’s will, cognitive manipulation, and mental control.

Full-dimensional release. Modern warfare is increasingly characterized by being holistic, multi-domain, and all-time. Cognitive domain warfare aims to influence battlefield effects by intervening in human consciousness, and the relative stability of consciousness determines that people’s worldviews, beliefs, and other values ​​are generally relatively stable. Therefore, value offense and defense need to be carried out in a long-term, uninterrupted, holographic, and full-dimensional manner. From a temporal perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between peace and war, and is always at war, constantly accumulating and gradually releasing combat effectiveness; from a spatial perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between the front and rear of combat, and is carried out in all directions in tangible and intangible spaces; from a field perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between military and non-military, and occurs not only in the military field, but also in the political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural fields, showing the characteristics of full-domain coverage.

Empowered by science and technology. Cognitive domain warfare is a technology-intensive and complex system engineering. The full-process penetration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain science, and quantum computing is triggering iterative upgrades and profound changes in cognitive domain warfare. Intelligent tools fundamentally enhance the ability of cognitive domain combatants to manipulate and interfere with the opponent’s thinking. Human-machine hybrid as a new means and new style of combat power will change the main body of future wars. Autonomous confrontation and cloud brain victory may become the mainstream attack and defense mode. In recent years, NATO has launched cognitive electronic warfare equipment aimed at changing the opponent’s value cognition and behavior through information attack and defense. Technological development has also triggered a cognitive revolution. The rapid spread of information has further accelerated the differences in public value cognition. Cognitive islands have exacerbated the value gap between different subjects. The social structure changes brought about by intelligence are profoundly changing the political and cultural pattern. From this point of view, in future cognitive domain warfare, it is crucial to grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological innovation and master key core technologies to seize the initiative on the battlefield.

The mechanism of cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense is a high-level confrontation in cognitive domain operations, and the target of action is people’s deep cognition. Consciousness is the reflection of social existence in the brain. The regulation of social existence, the guidance of public consciousness and the change of human brain function can strengthen or reverse human consciousness. If you want to win the opponent in the attack and defense confrontation, you must follow the laws of thinking and cognition and grasp the winning mechanism of value attack and defense.

Impacting the value “protection zone”. Occupying the commanding heights of values ​​is the logical starting point for conducting value offense and defense. Social consciousness is often composed of relatively stable core values ​​and peripheral auxiliary theories. Various theories such as economy, politics, religion, and culture can be constructed and adapted to protect core values ​​from external shocks, and therefore also bear the impact and challenge of other values. In the eyes of foreign militaries, value offense and defense is to continuously impact the “protection zone” of the opponent’s ideology through cultural infiltration, religious conflict, strategic communication and other means, in conjunction with actions in the physical and information domains. This often requires seizing the values, political attitudes, religious beliefs, etc. that affect the opponent’s cognition, disrupting their social group psychology, inducing value confusion, shaking their will to fight, destroying cultural identity, and even changing and disintegrating their original cognitive system, so as to instill or implant new values ​​that are beneficial to themselves in order to achieve combat objectives.

Ignite the “trigger point” of conflict. Cognitive domain warfare involves multiple categories such as history and culture, political system, national sentiment, and religious beliefs. The main body of the war has also expanded from simple military personnel to ordinary people. It will become an important means of cognitive domain warfare to stimulate cognitive conflicts among ordinary people by hyping up topic disputes and public events. In recent local conflicts, it is not uncommon for the warring parties to ignite national sentiments through purposeful narratives, trigger political crises and thus affect the war situation. In future wars, some countries will use hot and sensitive events to detonate public opinion, rely on network technology to gather, absorb, mobilize, accurately manipulate and induce ordinary people, thereby promoting general conflicts to rise to disputes of beliefs, disputes of systems, and disputes of values. It will become the norm.

Control the cognitive “fracture surface”. Cognitive space, as an existence at the conceptual level, is composed of the superposition of the subjective cognitive spaces of all combat individuals. It is a collection of differentiated, differentiated, and even conflicting values. However, ideology has a “suturing” function. Through cognitive shaping and discourse construction, it can effectively “suturing” the broken cognition, condense the scattered values, and form a relatively stable cognitive system. After World War II, France had carried out effective cognitive “suturing” on the trauma of defeat. It used a whole set of independent narrative logic to explain how the war provided France with “new opportunities”, which greatly condensed the political identity of the French people with the government. In the battle for value positions in cognitive domain operations, we should focus on the cognitive fracture surface within the enemy, find the cognitive connection points between the enemy and us, and “suturing” the cognition, so as to unite the forces of all parties to the greatest extent and isolate and disintegrate the enemy.

The main means of cognitive domain in value attack and defense

Value attack and defense expands cognitive confrontation from public opinion, psychology and other levels to thinking space, and from the military field to the overall domain, thus achieving a blow to the enemy’s deep political identity. At present, the world’s military powers are strengthening strategic pre-positioning, aiming at the profound changes in target subjects and tactics, changing combat thinking, and actively controlling the initiative of cognitive domain operations.

Aiming at deep destruction. Cognitive domain warfare directly affects people’s brain cognition, and is easier to achieve deep strategic intentions than physical domain warfare. In particular, once the “high-level cognition” of people’s language level, thinking level, and cultural level is broken through, it will help to strategically reverse the battlefield situation and achieve the political purpose of the war. Based on this, cognitive domain warfare often begins before the war, by intervening in the opponent’s internal and foreign affairs, shaking its ideological and value foundations, etc.; during war, it focuses on influencing the enemy’s war decision-making, campaign command, and combat implementation. The value judgment, attack or weaken the decision-making ability and resistance will of combatants, etc. All hostile parties try to “maintain their own world while increasing the destructive pressure of the opponent” in order to achieve decision-making advantages by competing for cognitive advantages, and then achieve the goal of action advantages.

Centered on ordinary individuals. In the future, the subjects of cognitive domain operations will no longer be limited to military personnel. Broadly speaking, individuals who can communicate and disseminate information may become participating forces. Compared with elites in the social field, ordinary people are more likely to accept and disseminate diverse values, and their cognitive space is more likely to be manipulated. At present, online media is becoming the main channel for information exchange and dissemination in the social field, and the purpose of cognitive shaping can be achieved through targeted information guidance and information delivery. Foreign military practices have proved that with the help of cognitive shaping of ordinary individuals, progressive infiltration and cognitive interference can be caused from bottom to top, causing a deviation in the consciousness and ideas between ordinary people and social decision-makers, and failing to reach an effective consensus in key actions.

In the form of protracted warfare. Unlike the direct attack and destruction of “hard” targets in the physical domain military struggle, the potential target of cognitive domain warfare is human cognition. The value attack and defense is aimed at changing the concepts, beliefs, will, emotions, etc. of the combat targets, which often requires subtle influence and step-by-step operations. Effective cognitive offense is generally launched in the combat preparation stage and runs through the entire war. By collecting the opponent’s cognitive situation, decision-making habits, thinking patterns, etc., targeted actions such as creating a situation and changing the atmosphere are carried out. Therefore, cognitive domain warfare needs to strengthen the overall design, especially focusing on coordinating multiple forces, and strengthening pre-positioned preparations in multiple positions such as public opinion field creation and diplomacy, so as to form an overall combat force.

現代國語:

價值攻防是從戰略層面進行認知域作戰的重要方式,通常價值攻防是透過幹預人的思維、信念、價值觀等,以達成瓦解敵方共識,摧毀敵方意志,進而掌控戰場綜合控制權的目的。精確掌握價值攻防的特性、機制、手段,對奪取未來認知域作戰優勢至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的特點

價值攻防是指透過引發個體或群體的深層邏輯思辨、價值判斷改變,完成其對相對穩定的認知結果的干預和影響,以期重構人的意志、思維、心理、情感等認知能力。價值攻防主要有以下幾個特點:

軟性對抗。傳統戰爭主要依賴暴力手段來削弱瓦解敵方的軍事能力,通常具有較強的戰爭強度。認知域作戰將不再侷限於攻城略地等硬性對抗,而更著重於圍繞價值陣地展開滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制,透過爭奪認知域對抗的主導權,進一步激發物理域和資訊域的作戰效能,從而奪取戰場主動,甚至達到不戰而屈人之兵的效果。在實踐中,價值攻防往往著眼於一個國家、民族的文化傳統、價值觀念和社會心理展開,最終達到對敵方意志摧毀、認知操縱、精神控制的目的。

全維度釋放。現代戰爭日益呈現總體性、多域性、全時性特徵。認知域作戰旨在透過幹預人的意識進而影響戰場效果,而意識的相對穩定決定了人的世界觀、信仰等價值觀念一般情況下往往較為穩固,因此價值攻防需要長期的、不間斷的、全息全維度地進行。從時間上看,價值攻防模糊了平戰邊界,常態在戰、隨時在戰,持續積累、逐步釋放作戰效能;從空間上看,價值攻防模糊了作戰前後方界限,在有形空間與無形空間全方位展開;從領域上看,價值攻防模糊了軍事與非軍事的界限,不僅發生在軍事領域,也存在於政治、經濟、外交、文化等領域,呈現出全局覆蓋的特徵。

科技賦能。認知域作戰是一項技術密集的複雜系統工程。人工智慧、腦科學、量子運算等新興技術手段全流程滲透,正在引發認知域作戰的迭代升級與深刻變革。智慧化工具從根本上增強了認知域作戰人員操縱對手思想和乾預對手思維的能力,人機混合作為作戰力量新手段新樣式將改變未來戰爭主體,自主對抗、雲腦制勝或成為主流攻防模式。近年來,北約推出的認知電子戰設備,旨在透過資訊攻防來改變對手價值認知及行為。科技發展也引發了認知革命,資訊的快速傳播進一步加速了大眾價值認知差異,認知孤島加劇了不同主體之間的價值鴻溝,智能化帶來的社會結構變遷則深刻改變著政治文化格局。從這點出發,在未來認知域作戰中,牽住科技創新的“牛鼻子”,掌握關鍵核心技術,對於奪取戰場主動至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的機理

價值攻防是認知域作戰的高階對抗,作用對象指向的是人的深層認知。意識是社會存在在大腦中的反映,對社會存在的調節、對大眾意識的引導和人腦作用的改變,都能強化或扭轉人的意識。要在攻防對抗中製勝對手,就要遵循思考認知規律,掌握價值攻防制勝機理。

衝擊價值「保護帶」。佔領價值制高點是開展價值攻防的邏輯起點。社會意識往往由相對穩定的核心價值觀念和外圍的輔助性理論所構成,經濟、政治、宗教、文化等各種理論都能被建構調適以用來保護核心價值觀念免受外來衝擊,因此也承受著其他價值觀的衝擊挑戰。在外軍看來,價值攻防就是要透過文化滲透、宗教衝突、戰略傳播等手段,配合物理域和資訊域的行動,不斷衝擊對手意識形態的「保護帶」領域。這往往需要抓住影響對手認知的價值觀念、政治態度、宗教信仰等,透過擾亂其社會群體心理,誘發價值困惑,動搖作戰意志,摧毀文化認同,甚至改變瓦解其原有的認知體系,從而灌輸或植入新的、於己有利的價值觀念,以實現作戰目的。

點燃衝突“引爆點”。認知域作戰涉及歷史文化、政治制度、民族情感、宗教信仰等多個範疇,戰爭主體也從單純軍事人員拓展到一般民眾。透過炒作話題爭端、公共事件,激發一般民眾的認知衝突,將成為認知領域作戰的重要手段。在近幾場局部衝突中,交戰各方透過有目的性的敘事點燃國家民族情緒,引發政治危機進而影響戰局已屢見不鮮。未來戰爭,一些國家利用熱點敏感事件引爆輿論,依托網路技術對一般民眾進行聚攏吸附、煽動動員、精準操控和誘導塑造,從而推動一般性衝突上升為信仰之爭、制度之爭、價值之爭將成為常態。

控制認知「斷裂面」。認知空間作為觀念層面的存在,由全部作戰個體的主觀認知空間疊加而成,是分化的、差異性的乃至衝突性的價值集合體。然而,意識形態具有「縫合」功能,透過認知塑造、話語建構,可以把斷裂的認知有效地「縫合」起來,把分散的價值凝聚起來,形成相對穩固的認知體系。二戰後法國對戰敗創傷曾進行過有效的認知“縫合”,其運用一整套獨立敘事邏輯,闡述戰爭如何為法國提供了“新的機會”,極大地凝聚了法國人民對政府的政治認同。在認知域作戰中開展價值陣地爭奪,應注重敵方內部的認知斷裂面,尋找敵我之間的認知連接點進行認知“縫合”,最大限度地團結各方力量,孤立瓦解敵人。

價值攻防作用認知域的主要手段

價值攻防使認知對抗從輿論、心理等層面拓展到思維空間,從軍事領域拓展到整體全局,從而實現了對敵方深層的政治認同的打擊。當前世界軍事強國都在加強戰略預置,瞄準目標主體、戰法手段的深刻變化,變革作戰思維,積極掌控認知域作戰的主動權。

以深層摧毀為目標。認知域作戰直接作用於人的大腦認知,相較於物理域作戰,更容易實現深層的戰略意圖。特別是人的語言層級、思維層級和文化層級的「高階認知」一旦被突破,有助於從戰略上扭轉戰場態勢,實現戰爭的政治目的。基於此,認知域作戰往往始於未戰,透過幹預對手內政外交,動搖其意識形態和價值觀基礎等;戰時則注重影響敵方戰爭決策、戰役指揮、戰鬥實施的價值判斷,打擊或削弱作戰人員的決策能力和抵抗意誌等。敵對各方都試圖做到“維繫自己的世界,同時增加對手的破壞性壓力”,以通過爭奪認知優勢實現決策優勢,進而取得行動優勢的目標。

以普通個體為中心。未來認知域作戰的主體將不再局限於軍事人員,廣義上講,可以進行資訊交流傳播的個體都可能成為參戰力量。相較於社會領域的精英,一般民眾更容易接受和傳播多元價值,其認知空間被操縱的機率更大。目前,網路媒體正成為社會領域資訊交流傳播的主要管道,透過有針對性的訊息引導、訊息傳遞,進而達到認知塑造的目的。外軍實踐證明,借助對一般個體的認知塑造,可以造成從下到上的遞進滲透和認知幹擾,使一般民眾與社會決策層之間的意識觀念產生背離,在關鍵行動中無法達成有效共識。

以持久作戰為形式。與物理域軍事鬥爭直接打擊摧毀「硬」目標不同,認知域作戰的潛在目標為人的認知,價值攻防指向的是改變作戰對象的觀念、信念、意志、情感等,往往需要潛移默化、步步為營。有效的認知進攻一般在作戰準備階段就發起,並貫穿戰爭始末,透過收集對手的認知態勢、決策習慣、思考模式等情況,有針對性地進行營造態勢、改變氛圍等行動。因此,認知域作戰更需要加強整體設計,尤其要注重協調多方力量,在輿論場營造、外交等多個陣地多點強化預置準備,進而形成整體作戰合力。

中國軍事資源:https://www.163.com/dy/article/HDOT8JIM0511DV4H888.html

Chinese Government Mandate for Military Cognitive Confrontation : Focus on Cognitive Domain Penetration Emphasizing Multi-domain Operations

中國政府對軍事認知對抗的要求:著重認知域滲透,強調多域作戰

現代英語翻譯:

Introduction

From the battlefield of “bows, horses, and swords” in the cold weapon era to the three-dimensional battlefield of land, sea, and air in the industrial era, and then to the integrated battlefield covering multiple domains such as physics, information, and cognition in the information and intelligent era, one of the core logics of the evolution of war forms is to continuously enter new domains and integrate multiple domains. Cross-domain aggregation of combat effectiveness has become a war-winning mechanism with certain basic and decisive characteristics. In this process, the cognitive domain has increasingly become a new battlefield that infiltrates and affects multi-domain operations, as well as a new commanding height that determines the success or failure of the war.

The cognitive domain has become the key to seizing comprehensive control

In modern warfare, the cognitive domain has become the key to seizing comprehensive control. War practice shows that the cognitive domain has increasingly become the focus of planning modern warfare and achieving multi-domain integrated linkage victory.

The cognitive domain advantage supports the doubling of multi-domain combat effectiveness. In modern warfare, destroying the enemy and preserving oneself in the physical domain, fighting for the right to control land, sea, air, and space; blocking the enemy and connecting oneself in the information domain, fighting for the right to control the network and information, are all deeply related to the advantages and active position of the cognitive domain. In the game of system-to-system confrontation, once the opponent is suppressed and the initiative is taken in the cognitive domain, decision-making interference can be formed on the key nodes of the enemy’s command chain, kill chain, and support chain, so that the actions in the physical domain and information domain can obtain asymmetric benefits of “four ounces to move a thousand pounds”, thereby improving the input-output ratio of operations, enhancing the speed and efficiency of local victory leading to global victory, and reducing the subsequent constraints of military strikes in the economic and social life fields.

The planning and implementation of multi-domain combat operations should pay attention to the role of the cognitive domain. Modern warfare is significantly complex, and the elements of multi-domain operations are interconnected, the impact is transmitted in multiple directions, and the risks are superimposed on each other. Every action or even a detail of a multi-domain combat operation will trigger a chain reaction in the cognitive domain at the decision-making issues, military morale, public opinion, social confidence, and international public opinion levels of both sides, thereby quickly, suddenly, and unexpectedly affecting the overall situation of the war, and even causing a “butterfly storm” that changes the internal and foreign affairs of the warring parties and even the long-term development trend of the country. In planning and implementing physical domain and information domain operations, we must not only focus on shaping the situation and creating conditions in the cognitive domain, but also accurately control the direction and size of the release of effectiveness in the cognitive domain in accordance with the need to seize control of the brain, heart, and intelligence. The dynamic changes in the number of enemy annihilation, the temporary gains and losses of a city or a place, etc., are increasingly losing their significance as indicators for evaluating the direction of the war. The overall impact of military operations on the war situation increasingly needs to be evaluated and considered from the perspectives of the changes in international and domestic public cognition and the psychological impact on specific objects.

The material and technical conditions for the cognitive domain to trigger multi-domain integration are becoming increasingly mature. The leapfrog development of information-based intelligent cognitive perception technology has made the cognitive domain game confrontation rapidly develop from absolute “uncalculated” and “uncontrollable” to a considerable degree of “calculated” and “controllable”. The decision-making support of technologies such as big data and intelligent algorithms supports the deep integration of different combat forces in the cognitive domain and the command and coordination of multi-dimensional forces, strengthens the consistency and coordination of forces, means and actions in politics, economy, diplomacy, culture and military, and brings the operability of designing multiple domains, commanding multiple domains and controlling multiple domains with a focus on the cognitive domain. The widespread use of weapons and equipment such as drones and precision-guided bombs also provides realistic and feasible tactical options for precise strikes through combat operations. The rapid popularization of intelligent communication technologies such as precise profiling, intelligent distribution, social media live broadcast, robot writing, and virtual reality, and the cross-integration and development of neuroscience, cognitive science and intelligent technology have made it convenient and efficient to plan and implement “X+ cognitive attack and defense” and realize integrated joint operations.

Cognitive domain penetration affects the winning path of multi-domain aggregation

Cognitive domain penetration affects the integrated linkage of multiple domains. It is not a simple “1+1”, but the energy of multi-domain actions is instantly optimized in the cognitive domain, so as to continuously inject the emergence effect that is beneficial to oneself into the overall situation of the war. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the innovative design of combat planning and implementation paths to ensure that multi-domain convergence and victory are achieved under the influence of cognitive domain penetration.

Deepen the understanding of multi-domain tasks with cognitive domain combat needs. Focusing on the overall national strategy, clarify the cognitive domain combat needs, and calculate and determine the combat tasks of each domain based on this. Establish the must-hit targets and avoidance targets of firepower strikes, the first targets and the last targets, the open targets and the hidden targets, the heavy targets and the light targets, etc., and focus on the effectiveness of destroying the morale of the combat opponent. Establish the goals, timing, and intensity of channel control, and focus on the deprivation of the combat opponent’s social mobilization capabilities, international communication capabilities, etc., and the support effectiveness for our information release and external propaganda. Establish the focus of intelligence information collection, and focus on the ability to grasp the combat opponent’s cognitive domain combat power, describe the characteristics of cognitive attack and defense targets in fine granularity, and dynamically grasp the international and domestic public opinion and social trends.

Guide multi-domain action design with cognitive domain combat tasks. Focusing on the questions of “who, what kind of cognitive impact, and to what extent”, the cognitive domain combat tasks in different combat phases and different combat scenarios are subdivided, and based on this, the overall planning and detailed design of what actions to organize in each domain, what opportunities to seize, what forces to invest, what tactics to adopt, and how various actions are connected and crossed are carried out. The reason why the “Four-sided Chu Song” was able to disintegrate the powerful Chu army was first because the Han army completed the military encirclement of the Chu army, and secondly, it used the clever idea of ​​the captives singing Chu songs at night. In fact, different action timings, different task forces, different weapons and equipment, different tactics selections, and even different action names convey very different information, and the intensity of cognitive impact generated is also significantly different. It requires careful consideration and scientific research and judgment to strive to maximize efficiency and optimize the effect. When loading cognitive attack and defense actions for fire strikes, network attack and defense, electronic countermeasures, defensive operations, special operations and other actions, different imagination and creative thinking levels, different technical understanding, application and innovation, and the final effect achieved is even more different.

Organize multi-domain collaborative support with cognitive domain combat actions. Cognitive domain combat operations involve multiple participants and various action styles. Normal operations require coordinated support from forces and firepower, such as precision strikes, seizing key areas, and demonstrating momentum. In special cases, coordinated support from strategic forces, such as the display of cutting-edge weapons and equipment and the organization of major exercises and drills, is also required. Throughout the entire operation, specific personnel and specific combat units, such as commanders speaking publicly and media embedded reports, are also required to coordinate support. Intelligence data, channel bandwidth, forensic information, and technical equipment are also indispensable. To this end, it is necessary to mobilize multi-domain forces and resources throughout the entire process, in real time, systematically, and accurately, so that military warfare, psychological warfare, and intellectual warfare can leverage each other’s strengths and support each other, forming a chess game and playing a combination of punches.

Focus on deepening the understanding of the concept of cognitive domain penetration and influence on multiple domains

Establishing the status of cognitive domain penetration and influence on multi-domain operations and promoting integrated linkage victory is a deep-level conceptual revolution, which requires strengthening various supporting constructions to create conditions and lay the foundation.

Strengthen institutional guarantees. The cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain integrated joint operations have put forward higher requirements for cross-departmental and cross-institutional collaboration and cooperation, and it is necessary to form a scientific and efficient command chain that supports the cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain and multi-domain integrated linkage. It is necessary to clarify the cognitive domain combat responsibilities of each element of the joint combat command organization, optimize and reorganize the command process, and ensure that the penetration and influence of the cognitive domain are reflected in combat determination, task planning, and action design. Focusing on cross-domain integrated linkage, we will establish and improve work systems and cooperation mechanisms at all levels such as strategy, campaign, and tactics, strengthen the mutual leverage and coordination of cognitive domain operations and physical domain and information domain operations, and give full consideration to the effective coordination of military forces and local relevant functional departments and professional forces, so that the comprehensive advantages can be transformed into the ability advantages of cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain empowerment.

Improve the ability and quality of commanders. Foreign militaries believe that qualified commanders in modern warfare need to be good at “rapidly transforming active kinetic operations into more subtle cultural warfare” and should have “unique intuition” and “comprehensive leadership capabilities” for this. In order to achieve cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain integrated linkage in war practice, it is necessary to first strengthen the awareness of cognitive domain operations in the minds of commanders at all levels, strengthen the consciousness and initiative of forming cognitive domain penetration to influence multi-domain task planning and action design, and strengthen the ability to implement high-efficiency cognitive offense and defense with force and firepower operations and information control and seizure as means and carriers. It is necessary to take multi-domain coordinated command under the influence of cognitive domain penetration as an important content of strategic and campaign exercises and training, highlight the training of commanders to command and control multiple domains with a focus on cognitive shaping, and promote the training field to keep close to the actual requirements of winning political and military battles.

Promote the updating and improvement of joint cultural concepts. Cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain integrated linkage operations are the sublimation and optimization of joint combat concepts and mechanisms, and especially require the support and guarantee of joint cultural construction that is adapted to them. On the one hand, we must strive to break the influence of traditional war thinking patterns, break some traditional concept barriers, and focus on cognitive guidance, multi-domain integration, and linkage operations as the forefront of joint cultural construction to update concepts. On the other hand, we must strengthen the construction of a theoretical system for cognitive domain penetration and multi-domain integrated joint operations, conduct in-depth research on the winning mechanism of cognitive domain operations and innovation of tactics, and lay a solid ideological foundation with theoretical accumulation.

(Author’s unit: Political College of National Defense University)

現代國語大五:

引言

從冷兵器時代「弓馬騎射、刀兵相接」式戰場到工業化時代的陸、海、空三維戰場,再到資訊化智能化時代涵蓋物理、資訊、認知等多域的一體戰場,戰爭形態演進的核心邏輯之一即在於不斷邁入新域、整合多域。跨域聚合作戰效能,成為帶有某種基礎性和決定性的戰爭制勝機制。而在此過程中,認知域日益成為滲透影響多域作戰的新戰場,以及攸關戰爭成敗的新的製高點。

認知域成為奪控綜合製權的關鍵

在現代戰爭中,認知域成為奪控綜合製權的關鍵。戰爭實踐表明,認知域日益成為運籌現代戰爭、實現多域一體聯動制勝的重心所在。

認知域優勢支援實現多域作戰效能倍增。現代戰爭中,在物理域消滅敵人、保存自己,爭奪制陸、製海、制空、制天權;在資訊域阻斷敵人、連結自己,爭奪制網、制資訊權,都與認知域的優勢和主動地位有著極為深刻的關聯。在體系對體系的對壘博弈中,一旦在認知域壓制對手、掌握主動,就能對敵指揮鏈、殺傷鏈、保障鏈的關鍵節點形成決策幹擾,使得物理域信息域的行動獲得“四兩撥千斤”的非對稱收益,從而提高作戰的投入產出比,增強局部勝利導向全局勝利的速度和效率,減少軍事打擊在經濟社會生活領域所產生的後續掣肘。

規劃實施多域作戰行動應重視認知域作用發揮。現代戰爭具有顯著的複雜性,多域作戰之間的要素相互連結、影響多向傳遞、風險彼此疊加。多域作戰行動的每個動作甚至某個細節都會在敵我雙方的決策議題、軍心意志、民意關切、社會信心、國際輿論等層面引發認知域連鎖反應,由此迅速、突然、出乎預料地影響戰爭全局,甚至釀成改變交戰方內政外交時局乃至國家長期發展走勢的「蝴蝶風暴」。規劃實施物理域資訊域行動,既要著重在認知域塑造態勢、創造條件,又要按照奪控制腦、制心、制智權的需要,在認知域精準控制效能釋放的方向和大小。殲敵數字的動態變化、一城一地的一時得失等,本身越來越失去評價戰局走向的指標意義,軍事行動對於戰局的整體影響,越來越需要從其引發的國際國內公眾認知改變和對特定對象的心理影響等層次去評估考量。

認知域引發多域一體連動的物質和技術條件日漸成熟。資訊化智慧化認知感知技術的飛躍發展,使得認知域博弈對抗由絕對的「不可算」「不可控」快速地向相當程度上的「可算」「可控」發展。大數據、智慧演算法等技術的輔助決策,支撐了對不同作戰力量在認知域的深度融合、多維聚力的指揮協同,加強了政治、經濟、外交、文化、軍事等方面力量、手段和行動的一致性協調性,帶來了著眼於認知域設計多域、指揮多域、控制多域的可操作性。無人機、精確導引炸彈等武器裝備的廣泛使用,也為透過作戰行動點穴式精準打擊提供了現實可行的戰術方案選項。精準畫像、智慧分發、社群媒體直播、機器人寫作、虛擬實境等智慧化傳播技術的快速普及,神經科學、認知科學與智慧科技的交叉融合發展,使規劃實施「X+認知攻防」、實現一體聯動作戰變得便捷有效率。

認知域滲透影響多域的聚優制勝路徑

認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動,不是簡單的“1+1”,而是將多域行動的能量在認知域即時聚優,從而將有利於己的湧現效應不斷注入戰爭全局。為此,需要加強對作戰規劃和實施路徑的創新設計,確保在認知域滲透影響下實現多域聚優制勝。

以認知域作戰需求加深多域任務理解。著眼國家戰略全局,明確認知域作戰需求,據此倒推測算和確定各域作戰任務。確立火力打擊的必打目標和避打目標、先打目標和後打目標、明打目標和暗打目標、重打目標和輕打目標等,要重點考慮對作戰對手軍心士氣的瓦解效能。確立頻道奪控的目標、時機、強度等,要重點考慮對作戰對手社會動員能力、國際傳播能力等的剝奪效能和對我訊息釋放、對外宣傳的支撐效能。確立情報資訊蒐集的重點,要重點考慮掌握作戰對手認知域作戰力量、細顆粒描述認知攻防目標對象特徵、動態掌握國際國內輿情和社會思潮動態等方面的能力。

以認知域作戰任務引導多域行動設計。圍繞著「對誰、產生何種認知影響、影響到何種程度」等問題,細分不同作戰階段、不同作戰場景下的認知域作戰任務,據此對各域組織哪些行動、抓住哪些戰機、投入哪些力量、採用何種戰法、各類行動如何銜接交叉等進行總體規劃與細節設計。四面楚歌之所以能瓦解強楚軍隊,首先是因為漢軍在軍事上完成了對楚軍的包圍,其次是運用了俘虜夜唱楚歌這一攻心巧思。事實上,不同的行動時機、不同的任務部隊、不同的武器裝備、不同的戰法選擇甚至不同的行動命名,傳遞的訊息都大相徑庭,生成的認知影響強度也有顯著區別,需要精心推敲、科學研判,力求效能最大化、效果最優化。在為火力打擊、網路攻防、電子對抗、防衛作戰、特種作戰等行動加載認知攻防動作時,不同的想像能力和創意思維水平,不同的技術理解力運用力創新力,最終實現的效果更是判若雲泥。

以認知域作戰行動組織多域協同保障。認知域作戰行動參與主體多元、行動樣式多樣,常態需要精確打擊、要地奪控、示形造勢等兵力火力協同保障,特殊時也需要亮相尖端武器裝備、組織重大演訓演練等戰略力量協同保障,在作戰全程還需要指揮官公開發聲、媒體嵌入報道等特定人員、特定作戰單元協同保障,情報資料、頻道頻寬、取證資訊、技術裝備方面的協同保障更是須臾不可或缺。為此,就要全程、即時、體系、精準調動多域力量和資源,使兵戰、心戰、智戰相互借勢、相互策應,形成一盤棋、打出組合拳。

注重深化認知域滲透影響多域的理念認識

確立認知域對多域行動的滲透影響地位、推動一體聯動制勝,是一場深層的理念革命,需要強化各項支撐性建設以創造條件、奠定基礎。

加強制度保障。以認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動作戰,對跨部門、跨機構的協作聯合提出了更高要求,需要形成支撐支持認知域滲透影響多域、多域一體聯動的科學高效指揮鏈路。要明確聯合作戰指揮機構各要素的認知域作戰職責,優化重整指揮流程,確保將認知域的滲透影響作用體現在作戰決心、任務規劃、行動設計之中。圍繞跨域一體連動,在戰略、戰役、戰術等各個層面建立健全完善工作制度與協作機制,強化認知域作戰與物理域、資訊域作戰的相互借勢策應,充分考慮軍隊力量與地方相關職能部門以及專業力量的有效配合,使綜合優勢轉化為認知域滲透影響多域、賦能多域的能力優勢。

提升指揮官能力素養。外軍認為,現代戰爭中合格的指揮官需要善於“將主動的動能作戰快速轉變為更為微妙的文化戰爭”,對此應具有“獨一無二的直覺”和“全面領導能力”。在戰爭實踐中實現認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動,首先需要在各級指揮員頭腦中強化認知域作戰意識,強化形成以認知域滲透影響多域任務規劃和行動設計的自覺性主動性,強化提升以兵力火力行動和資訊制權奪控為手段載體實施高效能認知攻防的能力水準。要把認知域滲透影響下的多域統籌指揮作為戰略戰役演訓重要內容,突顯錘鍊指揮員著眼認知塑造來指揮多域、控制多域的能力,促進演訓場不斷貼近打贏政治軍事仗的現實要求。

推動聯合文化理念更新與完善。認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動作戰是對聯合作戰理念和機制的昇華和優化,特別需要與之相適應的聯合文化建設支撐保障。一方面,要著力破除傳統戰爭思維定式影響,打破一些傳統觀念壁壘,把認知引導、多域一體、聯動作戰作為聯合文化建設的前沿重點抓好理念更新。另一方面,要加強認知域滲透影響多域一體聯動作戰的理論體系建設,深入展開認知域作戰制勝機理研究與戰法創新,以理論累積打牢思想根基。

(作者單位:國防大學政治學院)

2023-01-19 14:35 解放軍報 濮端華 李習文 肖飛

中國政府原文來源: