Monthly Archives: May 2026

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Chinese Military Innovating Training Concepts, Upgrading Training Methods, Reshaping the Combat Training Landscape

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中國軍隊創新訓練理念，升級訓練方式，重塑作戰訓練格局

現代英語：

China Military Network and Ministry of National Defense Network

Sunday, May 10, 2026

This newspaper reports (by reporter Fan Enda and special correspondent Qi Xucong): New artillery pieces sharpen the plateau, drones patrol the skies, data links are connected across the entire region, and fire units precisely lock onto the “enemy”… Not long ago, on the plateau training ground, a brigade of the Tibet Military Region focused on generating new combat capabilities and carried out various training exercises in an orderly manner.

New forces are rapidly joining the ranks, new equipment is constantly being deployed, and new tactics are being implemented continuously. In recent days, reporters visited several training grounds on the plateau front and saw that various units are focusing on actual combat needs, continuously innovating training concepts, upgrading training methods, and reshaping the training landscape. A vibrant picture of military training and preparation is unfolding, and new combat capabilities are rapidly accumulating and being generated on the plateau front.

From “waiting for instructions” to “seizing the opportunity,” officers and soldiers of the 1st Battalion of a Rocket Force brigade abandoned traditional training methods and conducted more than 10 combat-oriented training courses in a continuous, track-like manner, consciously pursuing and practicing the spirit of the plateau rocket troops with the belief that “every second faster means a greater chance of victory.” From “passive adaptation” to “active adaptation,” an Air Force unit, in combination with the special plateau environment, specifically modified the key systems of its fighter jets, accurately matching the characteristics of the plateau and the actual mission, and focusing on refining courses such as extreme maneuverability, low-altitude penetration, and ground attack, maximizing the combat potential of the equipment.

Upgrading training methods and leveraging technology to activate a “new engine” for combat effectiveness. Inside a simulated training chamber, soldiers of a regiment of the Xinjiang Military Region “drive” equipment vehicles across the high plateau, with weather, time of day, and road conditions changing randomly, immersing themselves in honing their combat skills. On the training ground of a detachment of the Tibet Armed Police Corps, infrared drones conduct aerial reconnaissance and precise positioning, while intelligent robot dogs launch assaults. Unmanned equipment is deeply integrated with individual combat, building a solid and efficient security barrier through intelligent training. Various units are exploring new paths to generate new combat capabilities, continuously promoting the new “intelligent+” training model, and pushing plateau training towards intelligent and refined training.

At a certain location, the Gambala radar station of an air force unit utilized technological means to achieve a remote, controlled duty mode, with soldiers’ positions lowered more than a thousand meters. No longer distracted by harsh environments, they can devote more energy to combat readiness and combat capability enhancement, routinely conducting network-based combat exercises and live-fire training, resulting in a significant improvement in the unit’s rapid mobility and early warning capabilities.

Reshaping the training landscape and fostering systemic collaboration to generate new momentum for victory. An air force unit actively integrated into the system, engaging in confrontations with visiting fighter jet units and sparring with various types of drones. They honed their anti-interference skills through electromagnetic warfare and continuously improved their combat capabilities through repeated realistic training exercises. A brigade of the Xinjiang Military Region regularly conducted joint exercises and training with neighboring air force units, streamlining command and control, sharing air situation data, and achieving full-element coordinated firepower strikes and integrated counterattacks. All units abandoned the concept and practice of “fighting alone,” proactively breaking down barriers between services and removing obstacles to collaboration, thus promoting overall quality improvement and comprehensive efficiency enhancement in the generation of new combat capabilities.

Once, this snowy plateau was a daunting “forbidden zone of life”; now, it has become a “training ground” for troops to deepen and solidify their training and combat readiness. Through numerous exercises and assaults, the troops stationed on the plateau are targeting the laws governing the generation of new combat capabilities, constantly breaking down conventional thinking, and making solid efforts towards innovation and strength, exploring methods and paths to liberate and develop new combat capabilities. “Although it’s high-altitude, oxygen-deficient, and the environment is harsh here, our confidence in winning battles is growing stronger!” said a plateau soldier.

現代國語：

中國軍網 國防部網

2026年5月10日 星期日

本報訊 記者范恩達、特約記者齊旭聰報道：新型火炮礪劍高原，無人機巡弋長空，數據鏈路全域貫通，火力單元精准鎖“敵”……前不久，高原練兵場上，西藏軍區某旅聚焦新質戰斗力生成，有序開展各項訓練。

新力量加速入列，新裝備不斷列裝，新戰法持續落地……連日來，記者踏訪高原一線多個演訓場看到，各部隊聚焦實戰需求，持續革新訓練理念、升級訓練手段、重塑訓練格局，一幅火熱的練兵備戰圖景鋪展開來，新質戰斗力在高原一線加速集聚生成。

從“等指令”到“搶時機”，火箭軍某旅一營官兵摒棄傳統訓法，以賽道式連貫展開10余個實戰化課目訓練，用“速度快一秒、勝算多一分”的自覺追求踐行高原火箭兵精神；從“被動適應”到“主動適配”，空軍某部結合高原特殊環境，針對性改裝戰機關鍵系統，精准匹配高原特點和任務實際，專攻精練極限機動、低空突防、對地打擊等課目，最大限度挖掘裝備作戰潛能。

升級訓練手段，科技賦能激活戰力“新引擎”。模擬訓練艙內，新疆軍區某團官兵“駕駛”裝備車輛翻越高原達阪，天候、時段、路況隨機切換，沉浸式錘煉打贏本領；武警西藏總隊某支隊訓練場上，紅外無人機臨空偵察、精准定位，智能機器狗沖鋒突擊，無人裝備與單兵作戰深度耦合，以智能化練兵構築起堅固高效的安全屏障……各部隊探索新質戰斗力生成路徑，持續推開“智能+”練兵新模式，推動高原訓練向智能精訓跨越。

某點位上，空軍某部甘巴拉雷達站運用科技手段實現異地遠程遙控值勤模式，官兵戰位下沉千余米。不再為對抗惡劣環境分心，他們把更多精力投入戰備值勤和戰斗力提升上，常態開展聯網對抗、實裝實訓，部隊快速機動能力和預警能力明顯提升。

重塑訓練格局，體系聯動凝聚勝戰“新動能”。空軍某部主動融入體系，與前來駐訓的殲擊機部隊互為對手展開對抗，與各型無人機過招較量，在電磁攻防中不斷錘煉反干擾硬功，在一次次實戰化訓練中持續提升實戰能力；新疆軍區某旅攜手空軍友鄰部隊常態開展聯演聯訓，打通指揮鏈路、共享空情態勢，實現火力打擊全要素聯動、一體化抗擊……各部隊摒棄“各自為戰、單打獨斗”的觀念做法，主動打破軍兵種壁壘、打通協同堵點，推動新質戰斗力生成整體提質、全面增效。

曾經，這片雪域高原是令人望而生畏的“生命禁區”；如今，這裡已成為牽引部隊練兵備戰走深走實的“礪兵高地”。在一場場演訓、一次次沖鋒中，駐高原各部隊瞄准新質戰斗力生成規律，不斷打破思維定式，向新向強扎實用力，探尋解放和發展新質戰斗力的方法路徑。“這裡雖然高寒缺氧、環境艱苦，但我們的勝戰底氣越來越足！”一名高原戰士說。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/

#Artificial #Intelligence, #collaborative warfare, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #cyber #warfare, #drone #warfare, #Information Support Force, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #馬賽克 #戰爭, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 認知域戰, 認知戰, 量子計算戰爭

China to Accelerate Improvement of New-type Combat Capabilities

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中國將加快提升新型作戰能力 

現代英語：

New-type combat capabilities are a completely new type of combat capability formed based on emerging technologies and operational concepts. With the rapid development of technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data, new types of combat forces are emerging in endless succession, growing rapidly in scale, and being widely and diversely applied, directly affecting and determining the quality and effectiveness of the generation of new-type combat capabilities. Understanding the inherent characteristics of new-type combat capabilities, grasping their generation mechanisms, and clarifying their development requirements are of great significance for accelerating the improvement of the construction level of new-type combat capabilities and ensuring that we can seize the initiative and gain the upper hand in future wars.

Recognizing the intrinsic characteristics of high-quality combat capability

New-type combat capabilities are a product of the development of warfare and technological progress. They aim for high efficiency and high quality, with technological innovation as their internal engine and leading lever. They are a new type of capability that drives and leverages the leapfrog development of all elements of advanced combat capabilities.

Strengthening the system. New-type combat capability is a new type of combat capability generated by changes in the constituent elements of combat capability. Driven by intelligent technology, the constituent elements of new-type combat capability are constantly expanding, including not only traditional elements but also new elements such as information networks, data resources, and intelligent algorithms. The generation of new-type combat capability has expanded from the traditional approach of improving the performance of individual weapon and equipment platforms through the input of human and material resources to the methods of self-overlapping or mutual overlapping of new and traditional elements, and new elements empowering traditional elements, bringing about a fusion transformation of the entire combat system. This “system empowerment” leads to qualitative changes in the quality, scale, and function of “lethality.”

Deepening human-computer interaction. The means, methods, and effects of combining humans with weaponry directly affect the quality and effectiveness of combat capability formation. Developing new types of combat capabilities can guide the optimal combination of humans and weaponry, and this combination, in turn, accelerates the development of new types of combat capabilities. With the deepening application of technologies such as large-scale models and parallel simulations, decision support systems are becoming more intelligent, weaponry performance is becoming more advanced, and human-computer interaction is becoming more convenient and efficient. Through high-intensity simulated training and combat-oriented exercises, the collaborative combat capability between humans and weaponry will be greatly enhanced, providing a driving force for the incubation of new types of combat capabilities.

Multi-dimensional Expansion. New-type combat capabilities are breaking through traditional land, sea, and air combat domains, continuously expanding into the far seas, polar regions, cyberspace, and electromagnetic domains, and deeply integrating from the purely physical domain to the physical and information domains. Through cross-domain interaction, various resources and potentials are transformed into real capabilities, aggregating combat energy from different dimensions to form a coordinated, powerful, and complementary combat system, amplifying the multiplier effect of new-type combat capabilities. Recent local wars around the world demonstrate that new-type combat forces, represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, and unmanned intelligence, are showing tremendous power on the modern battlefield.

Grasp the mechanism of new combat capability generation

The mechanism for generating new-type combat power is to solidify the foundation of combat power through revolutionary enhancement of basic element capabilities, to connect the combat power release chain through cross-domain integration of new elements, and to promote the emergence of combat power through networked and innovative configuration of all elements, thereby achieving a significant improvement in all-element combat power.

Revolutionary enhancements to fundamental capabilities are crucial for building a solid foundation for new-type combat power. People, weaponry, and the integration of people and weaponry are the three basic elements constituting combat power. Under new historical conditions, revolutionary enhancements to these fundamental capabilities are a vital foundation for forming new-type combat power. People are the most active and dynamic element of combat power. Currently, officers and soldiers possess diverse knowledge structures, strong learning and acceptance abilities, higher levels of thinking, more refined professional skills, and stronger innovation capabilities, making them the creators driving the generation of new-type combat power. Weaponry is the material carrier of new-type combat power. With the development of advanced military technologies, the emergence of various new types of weaponry, such as ultra-long-range, precision, intelligent, and stealthy weapons, forms the hardware foundation for generating new-type combat power. The integration of people and weaponry is the engine driving the generation of combat power. In intelligent warfare, weapons and equipment are not only tools in the hands of military personnel, but also an integral part of military personnel. Under a more scientific system and organizational structure, more precise management and support, and more advanced command and control, combat effectiveness is enhanced through human-machine interaction, human-machine collaboration, and human-machine integration.

By integrating new elements across domains, we can connect the chains for releasing new combat capabilities. The characteristics of generating and releasing new combat capabilities are the seamless and rapid integration of these chains. Promoting the comprehensive release of new combat capabilities requires focusing on new combat capability elements and new combat forces, accelerating the closure of single chains such as intelligence chains, command chains, lethality chains, and support chains, and the integration of multiple chains. On the one hand, new elements drive the high-quality closure of single chains. New elements such as data, algorithms, and networks are integrated into traditional combat chains. Through organic combination with traditional combat forces and elements, they optimize chain construction, resource allocation, and capability matching, shortening chain closure time and improving chain operational efficiency, thus providing new growth points for the generation of new combat capabilities. On the other hand, new force elements expand the hinges of multi-link collaborative systems. By using new force elements to remove bottlenecks in multi-link connections and increase the number of nodes for multi-link integration, various resources and potentials can be connected through cross-domain link closures. This aggregates the operational energy advantages of different dimensions, creating a joint combat system with interconnected, networked, deeply hinged, and collaboratively operating multi-link systems, thereby promoting the full release of new combat capabilities.

Achieving a new type of combat capability network through innovative configuration of all elements. The generation and development of new-type combat capabilities involves multiple aspects, including technological innovation, theoretical innovation, and institutional and mechanism innovation. To advance the construction of new-type combat capabilities, it is necessary to grasp the development characteristics of cross-integration and mutual support among different fields and technologies, focus on the innovative configuration of combat capability elements, optimize the configuration structure of combat capability elements, and improve the configuration mechanism of combat capability elements, so as to promote the formation of a situation of breakthroughs in multiple points and collective emergence. We must rely on an intelligent combat management system that enables real-time situational awareness, efficient information processing, rapid and autonomous decision-making, precise coordinated operations, and automatic control of weapons and equipment. This system will allow combat elements to be “plug and play” and “dynamically reconfigured,” rapidly forming a structure that conforms to battlefield realities and combat missions. It will ensure the rapid integration of combat methods, the rapid formation of combat forces, the rapid execution of combat actions, and the rapid delivery of combat resources. This will foster new efficiencies in command and control, precision strikes, and information offense and defense, significantly improving the efficiency of combat power generation and forming a new type of combat power network that is reconfigurable in resources, adaptable in links, and fully covers capabilities.

Clarify the requirements for the development of new-type combat capabilities

New-type combat capabilities are the result of revolutionary breakthroughs in military technology and profound changes in the combat capability generation model. They have both the characteristics and laws of traditional combat capability generation, as well as their unique essential attributes and generation methods. We should deeply grasp the dialectical relationship and internal logic of their generation and development, and clarify their development requirements.

Efforts should be focused on the integration of traditional and new combat capabilities. Traditional combat capabilities are the prerequisite and foundation for the formation and development of new-type combat capabilities, while new-type combat capabilities are the integration and upgrading of traditional combat capabilities. Vigorously developing new-type combat capabilities does not mean completely abandoning traditional combat capabilities; on the contrary, the stronger traditional combat capabilities are, the better new-type combat capabilities can develop. On the one hand, we should closely follow the trends of technological development and changes in the form of warfare, study new mechanisms, grasp new characteristics, plan and lay out in a forward-looking manner, accelerate the systematic construction of new-type weapons and equipment, accelerate the improvement of military personnel’s ability to apply new-type capabilities, scientifically increase the proportion of new-type combat forces in new domains, and expand new tracks for the generation of new-type combat capabilities. On the other hand, we should firmly safeguard the fundamental strength and base of traditional combat capabilities, give full play to the advantages of traditional equipment, mechanisms and technologies, and accumulate strength in connecting new equipment, integrating new mechanisms and aggregating new technologies, so as to achieve a high-low combination, tiered connection and mutual promotion of “new” and “old” to enhance overall combat capabilities.

Seeking practical results in “element integration.” Technological innovation is a core element in developing new-type combat capabilities, but it is not the only one. Vigorously developing new-type combat capabilities requires not only occupying the high ground of technological innovation but also emphasizing the integrated and coordinated development of technology with systems, management, and other elements. On the one hand, we should highlight the “driving and leading” role of technological innovation, fully strengthen our confidence and determination in independent innovation, target cutting-edge fields, accelerate research on the military applications of new and disruptive technologies, and accurately identify the “key points” and “catalytic domains” that technological innovation empowers combat patterns and weaponry. On the other hand, we must pay attention to the “integration and coordination” effect of multiple elements. We must fully recognize the role and status of both technological and non-technical factors in promoting the formation and development of new combat capabilities, and focus on using technological breakthroughs to drive the upgrading of tactics and methods, the optimization of combat forces, the improvement of management mechanisms and support models, and systematically promote the comprehensive and balanced development of new combat capabilities through the integration and coordination of multiple factors.

We must maintain our momentum in the “fast and slow combination.” The formation and development of new-type combat capabilities is a long-term process, characterized by inheritance and gradualism. It requires a balanced approach, considering the relationships between primary and secondary priorities, immediate needs and long-term development, and effectively employing a “fast and slow combination.” On the one hand, we should emphasize the creation of asymmetric “speed.” We must closely follow the evolution of warfare and advancements in military technology, closely monitor the development trends of adversaries’ weaponry and combat styles, target their vital weaknesses, quickly identify the “window of opportunity” for creating asymmetric advantages with new-domain, new-type forces, accelerate forward-looking planning and transformation, and strive to create “trump cards” in weaponry to achieve leapfrog development in combat capabilities. On the other hand, we must focus on achieving high-quality “stability.” With a view to matching national strategic needs and aligning with the war preparation process, we must adhere to starting from the actual war situation, scientifically and rationally formulate top-level plans for the development of new-type combat capabilities, highlight the tackling of key issues such as technological shortcomings and capability weaknesses that have long constrained the generation of combat capabilities, lay a solid foundation for the development of new-type combat capabilities, provide development conditions, accumulate development momentum, and promote the high-quality and steady development of new-type combat capabilities.

(Author’s affiliation: Strategic Assessment and Consulting Center, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

新質戰鬥力是依托新興科技手段和作戰理念所形成的一種全新戰鬥力。隨著人工智慧、大數據等科學技術的飛速發展，新型作戰力量的類型層出不窮、規模極速增長、運用廣泛多樣，直接影響和決定新質戰鬥力的生成質效。認清新質戰鬥力內在特色、掌握其生成機理、明晰其發展要求，對於加快提升新質戰鬥力建設水平，確保在未來戰爭中搶佔先機、贏得主動具有重要意義。

認清新質戰鬥力內在特點

新質戰鬥力是戰爭發展和技術進步的產物，其以高效能、高質量為目標，以科技創新為內在引擎和主導槓桿，是牽引並撬動先進戰鬥力全要素躍升的新型能力。

強體系賦能。新質戰鬥力是戰鬥力構成要素改變所產生的新生戰鬥力。在智慧化技術的推動下，新質戰鬥力的構成要素不斷拓展，不僅包括傳統要素，還包括資訊網絡、數據資源、智慧演算法等新型要素。新質戰鬥力的生成，由傳統的通過人力物力等資源投入，改善武器裝備單個平台性能，向通過新型要素和傳統要素的自疊加或互疊加、新型要素賦能傳統要素等方式拓展，帶來整個作戰體系的聚變轉化，以“體系賦能”引起“殺傷力”質量、規模、功能等質變。

深人機互動。人與武器裝備的結合手段、結合方式、結合效果，直接影響戰鬥力形成質效。發展新質戰鬥力可以牽引人與武器裝備形成最佳結合，這種結合同時促進新質戰鬥力加速發展。隨著大模型、平行模擬等技術深化應用，決策支援系統更為智慧化，武器裝備性能更為先進，人機互動更為便捷高效，透過高強度的模擬化訓練和實戰化演練，人與武器裝備的協同作戰能力將大為增強，為孵化新質戰鬥力提供了動力源泉。

多維域拓展。新質戰鬥力突破傳統的陸海空等作戰領域，不斷向遠海、極地、網絡、電磁等領域拓展，從單純的物理域向物理域資訊域等深度融合拓展。透過跨域互動將各類資源與潛能轉化為現實能力，聚合不同維域的作戰能量，形成整體連結、強強融合、優勢互補的作戰體系，放大新質戰鬥力倍增效應。從世界近幾場局部戰爭實踐看，以戰略預警、資訊控制、演算法攻防、無人智慧等為代表的新質作戰力量，在現代戰場上正顯現出巨大威力。

掌握新質戰鬥力生成機理

新質戰鬥力的生成機理，是以基本要素能力革命性提升夯實戰鬥力基石，以新型要素跨域融合貫通戰鬥力釋放鏈路，以全要素網絡化創新配置促進戰鬥力湧現，達到全要素戰鬥力大幅提升的效果。

以基本要素能力革命性提升，築牢新質戰鬥力基石。人、武器裝備以及人與武器裝備的結合，是戰鬥力構成的三個基本要素。在新的歷史條件下，基本要素能力革命性提升，是形成新質戰鬥力的重要基礎。人是戰鬥力要素中最活躍、最能動的要素。當前，官兵知識結構多元、學習接受能力強，具備更高的思維層次、更精的專業技能、更強的創新能力，是推動新質戰鬥力生成的創造者。武器裝備是新質戰鬥力產生的物質承載。隨著軍事高新技術發展，超遠程、精確化、智慧化、隱身化等各種新型武器裝備的出現，是推動新質戰鬥力生成的硬體基礎。人與武器裝備的結合是推動戰鬥力生成的引擎。智慧化戰爭中，武器裝備不僅是軍事人員手中的工具，也是同軍事人員的結合體，在更科學的體制編制結構下，更精準的管理保障下，更為高超的指揮控制下，以人機交流、人機協作、人機共融的形態提升戰鬥力。

以新型要素跨域融合，貫通新質戰鬥力釋放鏈路。鏈路貫通閉合、快速高效融合是新質戰鬥力生成釋放的特點。促進新質戰鬥力全面釋放，需以新型戰鬥力要素及新質作戰力量為主線，加速情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈、保障鍊等單鏈路閉合、多鏈路貫通融合。一方面，新型要素推動單鏈路優質閉合。數據、演算法、網路等新型要素融入傳統作戰鏈路，透過與傳統作戰力量、作戰要素有機結合，優化鏈路構建、資源調度、能力匹配，縮短鏈路閉合時間、提高鏈路運行效率，為新質戰鬥力生成提供了新增長點。另一方面，新型力量要素拓展多鏈路協同體系鉸鏈。通過新型力量要素打通多鏈路貫通堵點、增加多鏈路融合節點，以跨域鏈路閉合將各類資源和潛能連接在一起，聚合不同維域的作戰能量優勢，打造多鏈路相互耦合、網狀輻射、深度鉸鏈、協同運行的聯合作戰體系，促進新質戰鬥力全面釋放。

以全要素創新配置，實現新質戰鬥力網系湧現。新質戰鬥力的生成與發展，事關科技創新、理論創新、體制機制創新等多個面向。推動新質戰鬥力建設，要掌握不同領域與各項技術之間交叉融合、相互支撐的發展特徵，聚焦戰鬥力要素的創新配置、優化戰鬥力要素配置結構、完善戰鬥力要素配置機制，推動形成多點突破、群體迸發的局面。要依托態勢實時感知、資訊高效處理、快速自主決策、精準協同作戰和武器裝備自動控制的智能化作戰管理系統，實現作戰要素“即插即用”“動態重組”，快速形成符合戰場實際和作戰任務的結構編成，確保作戰手段“快融”、作戰力量“快組”、作戰行動“快打”、作戰資源“快打”，催生指揮控制、精確打擊和信息攻防對抗體系新效能，大幅提升戰鬥力生成效率，形成資源可重組、鏈路自適應、能力全覆蓋的新質戰鬥力網。

明晰新質戰鬥力發展要求

新質戰鬥力生成軍事技術革命性突破、戰鬥力生成模式深度變革共同作用的結果，其既有傳統戰鬥力生成的特點和規律，更有其特殊的本質屬性和生成方式，應深刻把握其生成發展的辯證關系和內在邏輯，明晰其發展要求。

在「新舊結合」上下功夫。傳統戰鬥力是形成和發展新質戰鬥力的前提與基礎，新質戰鬥力是傳統戰鬥力的融合升級。大力發展新質戰鬥力並不代表全面拋棄傳統戰鬥力，相反只有傳統戰鬥力越堅實，新質戰鬥力才可能發展越好。一方面，應緊跟科技發展與戰爭形態變化趨勢，研究新機理、掌握新特徵，前瞻性謀劃佈局，加速推進新質武器裝備體系化建設，加緊提升軍事人員新質能力運用素養，科學提升新域新質作戰力量比重，拓展新質戰鬥力生成新賽道。另一方面，應牢牢守住傳統戰鬥力這個基本面、基本盤，發揮傳統裝備、傳統機制、傳統技術的優勢，在銜接新裝備、融入新機制、聚合新技術上積蓄力量，實現「新」「舊」高低搭配、梯次銜接、相互促進，提升整體作戰能力。

在「要素融合」上求實效。科技創新是發展新質戰鬥力的核心要素，但不是唯一要素。大力發展新質戰鬥力，不僅要佔領科技創新高地，還要重視科技與制度、管理等多要素融合協調、一體聯動。一方面，應突顯科技創新的「驅動引領」作用，充分堅定自主創新的信心決心，瞄準前沿領域，加速新型技術、顛覆性技術軍事應用研究，找準科技創新賦能作戰樣式、武器裝備的「關鍵點」「催化域」。另一方面，要注重多要素的「融合協調」效應。充分認識技術與非技術要素在推動新質戰鬥力形成發展中的地位作用，注重以技術突破帶動戰法打法升級、作戰力量優化、管理機制健全和保障模式完善，在多要素融合協調中體系化推進新質戰鬥力全面均衡發展。

在「快慢組合」上使長勁。新質戰鬥力的形成發展是一個長期過程，具有繼承性、漸進性等特徵，需要統籌好主與次、先與後、現實急需與長遠發展等關系，打好「快慢組合拳」。一方面，應突顯塑造非對稱的「快」。緊跟戰爭形態演變、軍事科技進步，緊盯對手武器裝備、作戰樣式發展動向，瞄準對手要害命門，快速找到以新域新質力量塑造非對稱優勢的“窗口期”，加緊前瞻佈局、加快轉化應用，著力打造武器裝備“撒手鐧”，實現戰鬥力跨越式發展。另一方面，要注重謀求高品質的「穩」。著眼與國家戰略需求相匹配、與戰爭準備進程相銜接，堅持從戰爭實際出發，科學合理制定新質戰鬥力建設發展頂層規劃，突出長期制約戰鬥力生成的技術短板、能力弱項等矛盾問題攻關，為新質戰鬥力夯實發展基礎、提供發展條件、積蓄發展後勁，推動質戰力穩步發展。

（作者單位：軍事科學院戰略評估諮詢中心）

季　明　許珺怡　時鵬翔

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/

#Chinese #Quantum #technology, #quantum computing warfare, quantum computing warfare, 量子計算戰爭

China’s Quantum Technology: A Frontier Force in Future Warfare

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中國的量子技術：未來戰爭的前衛力量

現代英語：

In this era of rapid technological advancement, quantum technology is emerging as a cutting-edge force in future warfare. With groundbreaking advancements in quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing, scientists are redefining the rules of future warfare. The introduction of quantum technology not only provides unprecedented computing power but also opens up entirely new possibilities for information transmission and encrypted communication. The parallel processing capabilities of quantum computing challenge tasks that traditional computers cannot accomplish, such as decrypting complex codes and optimizing complex systems. Meanwhile, the security of quantum communication surpasses traditional encryption methods, becoming a shining jewel in the field of information transmission.

With the development of quantum technology, future wars will no longer be just traditional firepower confrontations, but also contests in the quantum realm. The outcome will no longer be determined solely by the comparison of troop strength, but more by the differences in technological innovation. Quantum technology is bound to play a key role in future wars, and its advantages in information processing, communication security, and sensing technology will provide a new dimension for military strategy.

The basic principles of quantum technology

The fundamental principles of quantum technology originate from quantum mechanics, the theory describing the behavior of particles in the microscopic world. Wave-particle duality, a core concept in quantum mechanics, states that microscopic particles possess both particle and wave properties. This characteristic allows quantum systems to exhibit unique superposition states under certain conditions, meaning multiple possible states exist simultaneously. On the other hand, quantum entanglement is a special quantum state characterized by a close correlation between two or more particles. Changing the state of one particle immediately affects the other, even if they are far apart. This phenomenon provides unprecedented security for quantum communication; any interference with one particle instantly alters its quantum state, preventing potential eavesdroppers from stealthily intercepting information. The military applications of quantum technology will bring unprecedented changes to future warfare, propelling the military field towards higher levels of technological application.

Current Status of Quantum Technology Development

Quantum technology, as a cutting-edge field, has been developing rapidly since the 21st century. In quantum computing, numerous tech giants such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft have invested heavily in developing practical quantum computers. In 2021, Google announced it had achieved “quantum supremacy,” completing for the first time a task that a classical computer could not accomplish in a reasonable amount of time using its quantum processor. However, achieving large-scale quantum computing still faces many challenges, including the stability of qubits, error rates, and the maintenance of quantum entanglement. Despite this, research institutions and companies worldwide continue to invest in the development of quantum computing and expect significant breakthroughs in the coming years.

In practical applications, quantum technology has already achieved breakthroughs in several fields. For example, IBM’s quantum computer is now accessible to external users via cloud services, enabling researchers and developers to conduct experiments and develop applications. Furthermore, quantum computing is being used for optimization problems, such as portfolio optimization in finance and route optimization in logistics. In communications, the United States has made breakthroughs in experimental intercity quantum communication networks, achieving long-distance quantum key distribution. Quantum sensing technology has also shown potential in medical imaging, enabling higher-precision imaging and facilitating early disease detection and treatment.

Innovations and Prospects of Quantum Technology in the Military Field

The continuous development of quantum technology has opened up entirely new possibilities for military intelligence and data processing. The parallel processing capabilities of quantum computing enable the military to analyze large-scale intelligence data more quickly and solve complex optimization problems, thereby improving the efficiency of military decision-making. In fact, some countries have already begun testing and applying quantum computing in the military field, attempting to introduce it into command and control systems to address increasingly complex security challenges.

Quantum Radar and Stealth Detection. With the widespread application of stealth technology in modern warfare, traditional radar systems are proving inadequate in target detection. Quantum radar, as a cutting-edge technology, has the potential to surpass traditional radar. Utilizing the properties of quantum entanglement and quantum superposition, it can achieve high-precision target detection, meaning that on the future battlefield, enemy stealth aircraft may have nowhere to hide. Traditional radar systems use classical physics principles to send and receive electromagnetic waves, analyzing the returned signals to detect the target’s position and velocity. Quantum radar, however, utilizes quantum effects such as quantum superposition and entanglement to achieve higher precision and stealth. Quantum radar can detect targets by entangled with specific quantum states and then sending photons of these entangled states. Due to the special correlation properties of entangled states, quantum radar systems theoretically offer higher resolution and sensitivity than traditional radar, exhibiting stronger anti-jamming capabilities and making targets easier to detect.

The Military Security of Quantum Communication. As a crucial application of quantum technology, quantum communication holds immense potential in the military field. Its unique feature lies in utilizing the principles of quantum entanglement and the no-cloning property. Through quantum key distribution, communicating parties can create a strictly confidential key. Any unauthorized eavesdropping will cause the quantum state to collapse, instantly detected. This irreversible quantum measurement characteristic ensures absolute security of communication, protecting it from attacks using traditional cryptography. Therefore, quantum communication provides highly secure and defensive communication methods for critical areas such as military command and intelligence transmission, effectively preventing enemy eavesdropping and decryption of communication information. The application of quantum communication can significantly improve the communication security level of the military, preventing enemy eavesdropping and information interception, and providing more reliable communication support for combat operations.

Quantum computers possess revolutionary advantages in the military field. Their unique ability lies in efficiently processing massive amounts of data and solving complex problems, thereby accelerating military simulations, cryptography, and strategic optimization. Their parallel computing capabilities make it possible to complete tasks that traditional computers cannot accomplish in a very short time, such as optimizing troop deployments, simulating battlefield scenarios, and decoding cryptographic systems. Some analysts suggest that quantum computers can drive the development of machine learning, and advancements in machine learning can improve pattern recognition and machine-based target identification. This, in turn, could drive the development of more precise and lethal autonomous weapon systems, even enabling weapons to autonomously select and strike targets without manual or remote control by humans. Quantum computers can also decrypt classified or controlled unclassified information stored on encrypted media, thereby obtaining sensitive information related to military operations.

Quantum sensing technology offers unique military advantages. By utilizing the properties of quantum superposition and entanglement, quantum sensing technology can improve the sensitivity and accuracy of sensors. In military applications, this translates to more precise target detection and identification capabilities. Quantum sensing technology can be used to manufacture more precise and stable gyroscopes and accelerometers, which is crucial for the accuracy of navigation systems and ballistic missiles. The relatively stable performance of quantum sensing devices is less susceptible to external environmental interference, thus improving the reliability of military equipment. Quantum sensing technology can also be applied to measure weak magnetic and electric fields, aiding in the detection of hidden electronic devices, missiles, and submarines, which is of great significance for electronic warfare and anti-submarine warfare.

The Military Potential of Quantum Entanglement in Remote Control. In modern warfare, remote communication and control systems are crucial for the military. Quantum entanglement is a remarkable quantum phenomenon through which two or more particles form a special entangled state. Even if they are separated by vast distances, a change in the state of one particle immediately affects the other. This non-local property brings unique advantages to the military field. In remote control, establishing entangled states enables instantaneous, zero-delay information transmission, making remote control systems more sensitive and efficient. This is of great value for applications requiring real-time response, such as military equipment and missile systems, improving the accuracy and speed of military operations. Simultaneously, by utilizing entangled states to transmit information, commanders can monitor the status of remote equipment in real time and quickly adjust tactical strategies. This is significant for the precise control of military equipment and the real-time adjustment of missile systems, greatly improving the efficiency and real-time nature of remote control. In remote control systems, quantum entanglement provides an absolutely secure communication method, as any eavesdropping on the transmission will cause the quantum state to collapse, ensuring the confidentiality of remote control communications.

In summary, the innovations of quantum technology in the military field have brought numerous advantages to the armed forces. The application of quantum technology improves the efficiency of military intelligence and data processing. Through parallel processing, it enables faster resolution of complex optimization problems, enhancing the speed of military decision-making. Quantum key distribution technology helps prevent enemy eavesdropping and information interception, providing reliable communication support for combat operations. Furthermore, the application of quantum radar and quantum sensing technologies improves the sensitivity and accuracy of military target detection, demonstrating potential advantages in areas such as stealth aircraft detection, submarine detection, and mine identification. Meanwhile, quantum entanglement plays an irreplaceable role in remote control. Therefore, it is evident that quantum technology brings tremendous innovation to the military field and is bound to play a crucial role in future warfare, becoming an indispensable and vital cutting-edge force.

現代國語：

在這個科技快速發展的時代，量子科技正嶄露頭角，成為未來戰爭的前沿力量。隨著科學家在量子計算、量子通訊和量子感測領域的巨大突破，這些突破重新定義未來戰爭規則。量子技術的引入不僅提供前所未有的運算能力，也為資訊傳輸和加密通訊帶來全新的可能性。量子運算的平行處理能力，挑戰傳統電腦所不能企及的任務，如解密複雜密碼和最佳化複雜系統。同時，量子通訊的安全性超越了傳統加密方法，成為資訊傳輸領域的一顆璀璨明珠。

隨著量子技術的發展，未來戰爭將不再僅僅是傳統的火力對抗，還有在量子領域的較量，決定勝負的不再僅僅是兵力的對比，更多的是技術創新的差異，量子技術勢必在未來戰爭中扮演關鍵角色，其在信息處理、通信保密和感知技術方面的優勢將為軍事戰略提供新的層面。

量子技術的基本原理

量子技術的基本原理源自於量子力學，這是描述微觀世界中粒子行為的理論。波粒二象性是量子力學的核心概念，指出微觀粒子既具有粒子性質又具有波動性質，這一特性使得量子系統在某些情況下能夠表現出獨特的疊加態，即同時存在多種可能狀態。另一方面，量子糾纏是一種特殊的量子態，表現為兩個或多個粒子之間存在緊密的關聯，改變一個粒子的狀態將立即影響到另一個粒子，即便它們之間的距離很遠，這種現象為量子通信提供前所未有的安全性，任何對其中一個粒子的干擾行為都會立即改變量子狀態，使得潛在的監聽者無法悄無聲息地竊取信息。量子科技的軍事應用將為未來軍事戰爭帶來前所未有的變革，推動軍事領域朝向更高層次的科技應用邁進。

量子技術的發展現狀

量子技術作為一個前沿領域，自21世紀以來一直處於快速發展的階段。在量子運算方面，多家科技巨頭如IBM、Google、微軟等公司都投入大量資源，致力於研發實用的量子電腦。谷歌在2021年宣布實現了“量子霸權”，即首次利用其量子處理器完成了一個經典電腦無法在合理時間內完成的任務。然而，實現大規模量子計算仍面臨許多挑戰，包括量子位元的穩定性、錯誤率以及量子糾纏的維持。儘管如此，全球的研究機構和公司對於量子運算的發展仍持續投入，並預計未來幾年內會取得重大突破。

在實際應用方面，量子技術已經在某些領域取得了一些突破。例如，IBM的量子電腦已經透過雲端服務向外部用戶提供訪問，使得研究者和開發者能夠進行實驗和應用開發。另外，量子運算被用來最佳化問題，例如在金融領域用於投資組合最佳化、物流中的路徑最佳化等。在通訊領域，美國已經在實驗性的城市間的量子通訊網路上取得突破，實現長距離的量子金鑰分發。量子感測技術也在醫療成像領域展現了潛力，利用量子感測技術可以獲得更高精度的成像，有助於早期疾病的檢測和治療。

量子技術在軍事領域的創新與前景

量子技術的不斷發展為軍事情報和資料處理提供了全新的可能。量子運算的平行處理能力使得軍方能夠更快速地分析大規模的情報數據，解決複雜的最佳化問題，進而提升軍事決策的效率。實際上，一些國家已經開始在軍事領域測試和應用量子運算，試圖將其引入指揮和控制系統，以應對日益複雜的安全挑戰。

量子雷達與隱身偵測。隨著隱身技術在現代戰爭中的廣泛應用，傳統雷達系統在目標偵測上顯得力不從心。量子雷達作為一種前沿技術，具有超越傳統雷達的潛力，其利用量子糾纏和量子疊加的特性，可以實現對目標的高精度探測，這意味著在未來戰場上，敵方的隱身飛機可能無處可藏。傳統雷達系統使用經典物理原理來發送和接收電磁波，透過分析返回的訊號來檢測目標的位置和速度，而量子雷達則利用量子疊加態和糾纏態等量子效應，以實現更高的精度和隱藏性。量子雷達可以透過將目標與特定的量子態進行糾纏，然後發送這些糾纏態的光子來實現探測。由於糾纏態的特殊關聯性質，量子雷達系統在理論上提供比傳統雷達更高的解析度和靈敏度，在偵測目標時具有更強的抗干擾性，使得目標更容易被偵測到。

量子通訊的軍事保密性。量子通訊作為量子技術的重要應用，在軍事領域具有巨大的潛力，其獨特之處在於利用量子糾纏原理和不可克隆性質，透過量子密鑰分發，通信雙方可以創建一組嚴格保密的密鑰，任何未經授權的竊聽都會導致量子態的塌縮，立刻被察覺，這種不可逆的量子測量特性確保通信的絕對安全性，使其免受傳統密碼學攻擊的威脅。因此，量子通訊為軍事指揮、情報傳輸等關鍵領域提供高度安全、防禦性極強的通訊手段，有效防範敵方對通訊訊息的窺探與破解。量子通訊的應用可以大幅提高軍隊的通訊安全水平，防範敵方的監聽和資訊截取，為作戰行動提供更可靠的通訊保障。

量子電腦在軍事領域具備革命性的優勢。量子電腦的獨特能力在於高效處理大規模數據和解決複雜問題，加速軍事模擬、密碼破解和戰略優化。它的平行運算特性使得在極短時間內完成傳統電腦無法勝任的任務成為可能，例如最佳化兵力部署、模擬戰場情境、解碼密碼體係等。一些分析人士提出，量子電腦可以推動機器學習的發展，而機器學習的進步可以推動改進模式識別和基於機器的目標識別，這反過來又可以推動更精確的致命性自主武器系統的發展，甚至武器能夠在人類不用手動或遠程控制的情況下，自主選擇和打擊目標。量子電腦還可以解密儲存在加密媒體上的機密或受控的非機密訊息，從而獲得與軍事行動有關的敏感資訊。

量子感測技術獨特的軍事優勢。透過利用量子疊加和糾纏的特性，量子感測技術能夠提高感測器的靈敏度和精度。在軍事應用中，這意味著更精準的目標探測和辨識能力。量子感測技術可用於製造更精密和穩定的陀螺儀和加速度計，這對於導航系統和彈道飛彈的準確性至關重要，量子感測設備的性能相對更為穩定，不容易受到外部環境幹擾，從而提高軍事設備的可靠性。量子感測技術還可以應用於測量微弱的磁場和電場，有助於發現隱藏的電子設備、飛彈和潛艇等，這對電子戰和反潛作戰具有重要意義。

量子糾纏在遠端控制中的軍事潛力。在現代戰爭中，遠端通訊和控制系統對於軍隊來說至關重要。量子糾纏是一種神奇的量子現象，透過這個現象，兩個或多個粒子之間形成了一種特殊的糾纏狀態，即使它們在空間上相隔千里，一個粒子的狀態改變會立即影響到另一個粒子，這個非局域性質為軍事領域帶來了獨特的優勢。在遠端控制方面，透過建立糾纏態，可以實現即時、無延遲的資訊傳遞，使得遠端控制系統更加靈敏和高效，這對於軍事裝備、飛彈系統等需要即時響應的應用場景具有極大的價值，提高軍事操作的準確性和迅速性。同時透過利用糾纏態傳遞訊息，指揮官可以即時掌握遠程裝備的狀態，並迅速調整戰術策略，這對於軍事裝備的精準操控、飛彈系統的即時調整等方面具有重要意義，極大提升遠端控制的效率和即時性。在遠端控制系統中，量子糾纏提供一種絕對安全的通訊手段，因為任何對傳輸的竊聽都將導致量子態的崩潰，確保遠端控制通訊的保密性。

總的來說，量子技術在軍事領域的創新為軍隊帶來了多方面的優勢。量子技術的應用提升了軍事情報和資料處理的效率，透過並行處理能夠更快速地解決複雜的最佳化問題，提高軍事決策的迅捷性，透過量子金鑰分發技術防範敵方監聽和資訊截取，為作戰行動提供可靠的通訊保障。此外，量子雷達和量子感測技術的應用提高了軍事目標探測的靈敏度和精度，例如在隱身飛機探測、潛艇探測、地雷識別等方面展現出潛在的優勢，同時量子糾纏也在遠端控制中發揮著不可替代的作用。由此可見，量子技術為軍事領域帶來巨大創新，勢必在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用，成為未來戰爭一支不可忽視的重要前沿力量。

 作者： 远望智库开源情报中心 朱海涛 李华建 李俊霖    发布时间： 2024-03-06

中國原創軍事資源：

#collaborative warfare, #cross-domain collaborative operations, #cyber #warfare, #informatization, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #mosaic #warfare

China’s Violence of War Shifts from Annihilation to Domination of the Enemy

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中國的戰爭暴力從殲滅戰轉向對敵方的征服戰

現代英語：Military Academy

Editor’s Note: In today’s world, war looms large, with open and covert conflicts erupting one after another, revealing new connotations of war. The theory of war discusses the superstructure of violence, taking conflict as its object of study, exploring the roots, purposes, forms, and methods of political, military, economic, and social conflicts; the theory of violence studies the means and behavioral basis of war, taking confrontation as its object of study, exploring the nature, forms, laws, and violence of weapons and their use in confrontation. The theory of war is supported by the theory of violence, and the theory of violence is guided by the theory of war; the two complement each other, driving the evolution of the art of war. On July 24th of this year, this journal published Professor Lin Dong’s article “Comprehensive War Changes the Form of Conflict,” proposing a new theory of war. Here, this journal has invited Professor Lin Dong to write another article, “War Violence: From Annihilating the Enemy to Dominating the Enemy,” elaborating on the new theory of violence corresponding to the new theory of war, for our readers.

War is the highest form of violence, and violence is its most essential characteristic. As humanity entered the 21st century, driven by both technological advancements and pressing needs, war and violence entered a more advanced stage—the era of dominant violence.

1. The inevitability of the shift in war violence from annihilating the enemy to dominating the enemy

In the 21st century, information and intelligent technologies are reshaping the space and means of violence in warfare, triggering a differentiation in the application of violence. While novice war players are still reveling in the ever-evolving violence of conquering cities and territories, skilled war players have already devised new forms of violence that allow them to manipulate the enemy without firing a single shot. Once the opponent falls into the trap of being controlled, no matter how many battles they win, it will all be in vain, ultimately returning them to square one, or even leading to utter ruin.

The purpose of dominating violence is to enable oneself to strike the enemy and render their strikes ineffective. The ultimate goal of victory, pursued by both sides in war throughout history—to subdue the enemy without being subdued—is characterized by the asymmetry of violent confrontation. Information and intelligent technologies have solved the complexities of controllable and coordinated warfare, making war no longer like it was during World War II, where “the war machine, once started, was difficult to stop.” Violence has become a political tool that can be manipulated and used with ease. Especially under informationized and intelligent conditions, the controllability and deprivation of violence in war provide the conditions for dominating violence. The side possessing advanced technology can dominate the battlefield and control the course of war through non-contact warfare, achieving its war objectives by deterring, dismantling, and dismantling the enemy’s tools of violence. Thus, violent confrontation manifests as the deprivation or restraint of the opponent’s violence, allowing oneself to successfully evade enemy attacks.

The essence of dominating violence lies in the shift from annihilating the enemy to dominating the enemy, a shift determined by the emphasis on economic objectives in modern warfare. Engels pointed out, “Violence is merely a means; on the contrary, economic interests are the ends. The ends are far more ‘fundamental’ than the means used to achieve them.” Fundamentally, modern warfare pursues social values ​​and economic interests, leading to the expansion of war violence from direct to indirect violence. Simply put, victory can be achieved without physically destroying the enemy. Firstly, it involves the precise use and control of violence. The controllability of violence is developing towards precision, which is not only a political necessity to reduce collateral damage but also an economic necessity to lower the cost of war. It is also a requirement for quickly controlling the battlefield, effectively dominating the enemy, and seizing victory—a distinctive feature of modern warfare. Secondly, it has evolved from inflicting violence to deterring violence. Traditional violent confrontation emphasizes victory through battlefield combat, while dominating violence seeks to deter and dismantle the effectiveness of enemy violence. By displaying force and refusing the enemy’s use of force, it instills fear of war or renders the war machine inoperable, thereby achieving war objectives with minimal use of violence. Currently, the US military’s concepts of deterrence warfare and decapitation strikes are based on this idea. Thirdly, bloodless violence is comparable to bloody violence. The greatest advantage of bloodless violence is that it not only significantly reduces the cost of using violence but also increases the asymmetry of its use, leading to unexpected changes in the course of battle.

The dominant principle governing violence has shifted from the traditional greater use of violence to the optimal use of violence, leading to a decrease in the brutality of war. Since the end of the Cold War, casualties in modern warfare have decreased dramatically. From the Gulf War to the Iraq War, the total number of deaths on both sides dropped from less than 100,000 to less than 20,000, while the Vietnam War saw nearly 1.7 million deaths. However, the driving force behind this sharp decline in war casualties is not a decrease in the lethality of war, but rather strategic needs, primarily economic needs, as the economy has always been the root of war. Taking the Iraq War as an example, the United States sought oil resources; therefore, its purpose in launching the war was to establish an Iraq that aligned with American interests. “Destroying” Iraq or plunging it into chaos would only exacerbate the destructive nature of the war, increase the cost of post-war reconstruction, and amplify hostility, making post-war stability maintenance more difficult. Simultaneously, the overall decline in the brutality of war is also attributed to the progress in the world’s moral views on war since World War II, resulting in restrictions on the use of violence in war, with media playing a role in public opinion oversight. Thus, the violence of war was precisely used and released after precise planning and design. Unprecedented high-intensity military strikes could be carried out under the principle of minimizing (sufficient) collateral damage and not causing large-scale casualties. Instead of causing mass casualties among the enemy, the strikes quickly rendered the enemy unable to resist, which is equivalent to turning surgical strikes into minimally invasive surgery to reduce the aftereffects of war.

2. Dominating the enemy’s thinking is becoming the direct course of war.

Dominating the enemy evolved from deterring the enemy, but it is not a new concept. From Sun Tzu’s “the best strategy is to subdue the enemy by their plans” to the tactics of “leading the enemy by the nose,” there is a wealth of ideas about domination. However, in the past, due to a lack of weapons and technology, dominating the enemy was indirect. Today, the informatization and intelligentization of weapons are transforming the idea of ​​dominating the enemy into a direct approach to warfare.

Lethal violence plays a dominant role in military force, exhibiting a dual-track pattern of bloodshed and non-bloodshed in manned combat spaces, moving from physically eliminating the enemy to dominating them physiologically and psychologically. From cold weapons to firearms, all are physical violence that injures the body, belonging to the category of bloodshed violence. After carpet bombing reached its peak, it was constrained by the laws of war, shifting towards precision strikes to reduce unnecessary casualties. At the same time, demonstrating force remains an effective political tool; nuclear deterrence acts as a strategic stabilizer, and precision strikes enhance the effectiveness of conventional deterrence. However, precision violence is not “merciful violence,” and battlefield pressure is greater than ever before.

During World War I, biological and chemical weapons emerged, with bacteriological and chemical warfare entering the battlefield, causing massive casualties and ecological damage, and were banned by the Hague Convention. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, hegemonic powers have continued to pursue biological and chemical warfare, and terrorism has used these weapons as the best tool of violence against humanity. Therefore, some scholars consider the 21st century the century of biological warfare. With technological advancements, the controllability of the lethality of biological agents has greatly increased. In 2002, Russia used biogas for the first time in the anti-terrorism battlefield during a hostage crisis, marking the entry of non-lethal weapons into conventional warfare. With the rapid development of non-lethal weapons, the focus has shifted from gunpowder-based killings to controlling and destroying biological (physiological) systems, thereby disabling combat effectiveness. In particular, non-lethal weapons are more cost-effective compared to lethal weapons such as aircraft, warships, and tanks. With simplified manufacturing techniques, olfactory weapons, rubber bullets, traps, biological reagents, stun grenades, and laser blinding weapons have been deployed, driving lethal violence towards a soft-kill approach. Modern deterrence warfare and effects-based operations demonstrate that making the enemy afraid to use weapons or unable to use weapons on the battlefield can lead to easier victories. During the Iraq War, the United States successfully used deterrence warfare to intimidate and deceive Saddam Hussein, preventing him from using the Scud missiles that posed a threat to U.S. forces.

Intelligent warfare is shifting from force-intensive to weapon-intensive battlefields. Higher-dimensional spaces such as cyberspace, outer space, and electromagnetic spectrum are replacing land, sea, and air as the dominant operational spaces. These spaces are nearly unmanned, and with massive political, economic, and military critical infrastructure such as oil pipelines, storage facilities, and transportation hubs becoming the focus of attack, weapons of mass destruction are breaking free from the constraints of manned battlefields and turning towards destroying weapon systems and combat platforms. This shift from lethal violence to destructive violence has led to an unlimited increase in war violence. From the Gulf War to the Iraq War, the US military used cluster bombs and depleted uranium munitions to strike Iraqi military and political infrastructure and armored convoys, breaking the nuclear threshold to some extent and opening a new direction for the development of weapons of mass destruction. From the US military’s use of graphite bombs to attack urban power systems in the Kosovo War to the damage and paralysis of Iranian nuclear facilities by a virus attack, electromagnetic pulse weapons, space weapons, and cyber weapons have demonstrated enormous power. Although destructive weapons are strictly controlled and do not directly target humans, they aim to destroy operational systems, infrastructure, and even the enemy’s survival environment, thereby forcing the enemy to submit. What warrants particular attention is that nuclear strikes, restricted by the laws of war, are moving away from cities and civilians, and even densely populated manned battlefields, but are shifting towards sparsely populated unmanned battlefields, such as space, the deep sea, and isolated islands.

With the development of informatization and intelligentization, the information and cognitive domains have become new battlegrounds for penetrating the economy and society. Information tools and cognitive tools have naturally become new tools of violence, mainly manifested in the forms of cyber violence, economic violence, and cultural violence, which have emerged rapidly and forcibly altered the judgments, positions, and decisions of adversaries at the strategic and social levels. Cyber ​​warfare involves artificially creating false data or tampering with big data to induce adversaries to make incorrect judgments and decisions; economic violence has evolved into economic sanctions, financial warfare, and technological decoupling warfare, attacking adversaries’ stock markets and banking systems, disrupting adversaries’ supply chains through legal and coercive commercial means, and hindering adversaries’ development and innovation; cultural violence leverages digital networks to push traditional public opinion warfare into public diplomacy and global media warfare, thereby influencing the positions of the international community and the global public.

In short, in the era of dominant violence, the violence of war has shifted, expanding from lethal violence to destructive and coercive violence.

3. Just wars and unjust wars follow different paths of dominant violence.

In the 21st century, the violent nature of war has not changed; violence remains the primary act of war, and without violence, there can be no war. In the era of cold weapons, violence manifested as the clash of swords; in the era of firearms, it evolved into the smoke of gunpowder; and in the nuclear age, the violence of war has expanded infinitely. To this day, humanity as a whole still lives in a relatively peaceful era of insecurity under the threat of nuclear weapons.

Marx’s assertion that “violence is the midwife of every old society that gives birth to a new one” remains a tenet of just war. However, advancements in warfare and the globalization of warfare have elevated the structural transformation of violence in just war from a natural process to a conscious one. First, we must not allow the pursuit of efficiency in war to obscure our historical perspective, recognizing that only just war can achieve complete victory. Wars are always categorized as just or unjust, and informationized and intelligent warfare is no exception. Second, modern warfare practice has provided both tactical and technical lessons for promoting the development of just war theory and negative examples for political and strategic critique. A profound realization is that the US military’s promotion of low-casualty, low-cost warfare efficiency has given the world a strong impression of swift military victories. However, the US spent trillions of dollars on post-war reconstruction in Afghanistan and Iraq, yet still could not avoid the eventual withdrawal. Such lessons are ancient, and modern warfare continues to repeat them. The secret it reveals is that the pursuit of efficiency in informationized and intelligent warfare has not changed the fundamental principle that only just war can win peace. The U.S. military achieved military dominance through its superior combat power and, to some extent, economic dominance from before the start of the war until the end of the major combat operations. However, without just political leadership, its rapid victories based on information superiority were still short-lived, unsustainable, and politically unsuccessful military victories. Therefore, developing informationized and intelligent warfare along a just path is both determined by the political nature of the just side and a prerequisite for the just side to win.

Just wars differ from unjust wars, which are frequently waged for hegemonic gain. Just wars are typically acts of self-defense, driven by necessity, aiming to deter further and larger conflicts through a single act of violence, thus serving an educational purpose against violence. In 1958, the People’s Liberation Army’s shelling of Kinmen, evolving from all-weather attacks aimed at eliminating enemy manpower to shelling every other day, then to shelling without targeting individuals, and finally to notifying the enemy before shelling, represents a transformation from lethal violence to destructive violence, and finally to coercive violence. This served the war’s objectives of deterring, educating, and uniting the enemy, fully demonstrating the wisdom and courage of just wars. The view of violence in just wars can be summarized by “one central principle and two basic points”—the central principle is using just violence to curb unjust violence. This is fundamentally different from the pursuit of maximizing violence and the inhumane tendencies of unjust wars. One fundamental point is the development of self-defense violence, advocating the development of weapons to destroy weapons. Dominating the enemy requires emphasizing the development of violence capable of stopping violence itself, expanding military force in a direction where lethality and destructiveness are controllable, moving from lethal to non-lethal, and from environmentally destructive to environmentally minimal. Another fundamental point is the forceful, justified, and restrained use of force, not seeking to maximize its use, but rather selecting the methods of its application to dominate the enemy, and defining the laws of force in its specific application.

A just war advocates using lethal and destructive violence supplemented by coercive violence, moving from focusing on destroying the enemy’s tools of violence to deterring and preventing the enemy from using them, demonstrating a higher level of dominance over violence. Fundamentally, a just war is about defending one’s own territory and maritime borders, and highly values ​​the need for post-war environmental and social governance. It should be recognized that the US military dropped large quantities of depleted uranium, thermobaric, and graphite bombs in cities in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, and Iraq, and established virus laboratories in other countries, causing long-term damage to urban environments and people’s livelihoods; its invisible destruction is enormous. Unjust wars, under the guise of reducing “bloodshed politics,” expand from inflicting external wounds to inflicting irreparable internal damage, abusing non-lethal violence, such as using audio weapons beyond reasonable limits, rupturing eardrums and causing hearing loss—more cruel than gunpowder-based killings, bringing terror rather than deterrence. Compared to the destructive and lethal nature of unjust wars, the violent structure of a just war is centered on coercion. First, we must strive to deter the enemy from launching its war machine, based on large-scale military declarations and pressure, demonstrating invincible strength and the determination to not withdraw until the objective is achieved. This will advance the deterrence strategy to a new level of dominance, showcasing the effectiveness of war preparations and deterring the enemy from taking desperate measures. Second, we must use limited lethal and destructive violence to prevent the enemy from operating its war machine, forcing it to abandon violent resistance. This method of depriving or hindering the enemy from using weapons is far less costly than destroying their weapons, more effective than destroying their troops and equipment, and more suitable for just wars. Third, we must use coercive violence as the main force, based on a protracted approach, and win an overwhelming strategic posture through flexible economic warfare, cyber warfare, and cognitive warfare.

Looking to the future, only just wars can bring about progress in the civilization of warfare. This is because the progress of the civilization of warfare depends on the warring parties’ understanding and choice of violence. History has proven that the dominant role of absolute violence in unjust wars is temporary and unreliable. While it provides conditions for the inevitable victory of just wars, the excessive abuse of violence simultaneously creates asymmetrical pressure on the just warring parties to exercise restraint. Therefore, just wars need to combine violence and non-violence to exert a dominant role, giving new support to the “inevitable victory of just wars” in the era of intelligent globalization. Just wars employ relative violence to achieve victory, aiming to create conditions for a political solution through limited but long-term military and economic control. This involves mobilizing the people of both sides and the international community to prevent the enemy from using the war machine, winning through containment, and containing through victory. It seeks to use violence efficiently and at low cost, achieving political victory with minimal casualties, minimal damage, and minimal cost.

(Author: Lin Dong, Professor at the National Defense University)

現代國語：

【講武堂】

編者按：當今世界，戰爭風雲籠罩，明戰暗戰此起彼伏，蘊藏戰爭新內涵。戰爭論講暴力之上層建筑，以沖突為研究對象，探究政治軍事經濟社會沖突的根源、目的、形態和方式﹔暴力論則研究戰爭之手段與行為基礎，以對抗為研究對象，探究武器和運用武器進行對抗的性質、形式、法則和暴烈程度。戰爭論以暴力論為支撐，暴力論則以戰爭論為指導，二者相輔相成，推動戰爭藝術的演化。今年7月24日，本刊發表了林東教授的文章《綜合戰爭改變沖突形態》提出了一種新戰爭論，這裡，本刊再請林東教授撰寫《戰爭暴力從消滅敵人走向支配敵人》一文，闡述與新戰爭論相對應的新暴力論，以饗讀者。

戰爭是暴力的最高形式，暴力是戰爭的最本質特征。人類進入21世紀，在技術推動和需求牽引雙雙作用之下，戰爭暴力進入了一個高級階段——支配暴力時代。

1、戰爭暴力從消滅敵人向支配敵人轉變的必然性

21世紀，信息化智能化技術正在刷新戰爭暴力的空間和手段，觸發暴力應用層次分化。當初級戰爭玩家還陶醉於攻城克地的暴力日新月異之中，高明的戰爭玩家已經布局不費一兵一卒而調動敵人於股掌之中的全新暴力，而對手一旦掉入受支配的陷阱，無論打贏多少場戰役戰斗，都是做無用功，終回原點，甚至萬劫不復。

支配暴力目的是使自己能打擊敵人，並使敵人的打擊失靈。歷來戰爭雙方所追求的至高戰勝境界——致人而不致於人，其最大特點就是暴力對抗的不對等性。信息和智能技術解決了戰爭手段可控與協調等復雜性問題，使戰爭不再像二戰時期那樣“戰爭機器一經啟動就難以停止”，暴力手段成了可以駕馭並游刃有余的政治工具。尤其是在信息化智能化條件下，戰爭暴力的可控性、可剝奪性為支配暴力提供了條件，掌握高技術的一方通過實施非接觸作戰主宰戰場和主導戰爭進程，通過威懾、瓦解和解除敵人的暴力工具來達到戰爭目的，從而使暴力對抗呈現為剝奪或掣肘對手的暴力，並使自己成功避開敵人的打擊。

支配暴力本質是從消滅敵人向支配敵人轉移，是現代戰爭凸顯經濟目的所決定的。恩格斯指出：“暴力僅僅是手段，相反地，經濟利益是目的。目的比用來達到目的的手段要‘基礎性’得多。”從根本上講，現代戰爭追求社會價值和經濟利益，導致戰爭暴力從直接暴力向間接暴力拓展。簡單地說，不需要從肉體上毀滅敵人而贏得勝利，一是精確使用和控制暴力。暴力的可控性向精確化方向發展，這不僅是減少附帶損傷的政治需要，也是降低戰爭成本的經濟需要，還是快速控制戰局，有效支配敵人，奪取戰爭勝利的效益需求，這已成為現代戰爭發展的鮮明特點。二是從施與暴力發展到遏制暴力。傳統的暴力對抗強調通過戰場搏斗來取勝，而支配暴力則追求威懾、拆解敵人暴力的效力，通過顯示武力和拒止敵人使用武力的方式，使敵人畏懼戰爭或無法運作戰爭機器，從而以最少量地施與暴力，來達到戰爭目的。目前看，美軍發明的震懾戰、斬首戰都是基於這樣的觀念產生的。三是不流血的暴力與流血的暴力相媲美。不流血的暴力的最大優勢是不僅能大幅度減輕暴力運用的成本，而且能提高暴力運用的非對稱性，使戰局發生奇變。

支配暴力的法則從傳統更多地使用暴力變為最佳使用暴力，從而導致戰爭暴烈性有所下降。冷戰結束以來，現代化戰爭造成的傷亡驟然減少了。從海灣戰爭到伊拉克戰爭，戰爭雙方死亡總數從不到10萬人下降到不足2萬人，而越南戰爭死亡總數則是近170萬人。但導致戰爭傷亡銳減的動因並不是戰爭殺傷力在減小，而是戰略上的需要，首先是經濟上的需要，經濟歷來是戰爭的本源。以伊拉克戰爭為例，美國要獲得的是石油資源，因此它發起戰爭的目的是建立符合美國利益的伊拉克，“打爛”伊拉克或者伊拉克陷入混亂隻能加劇戰爭的破壞程度，增加戰后重建的成本，並擴大敵對情緒增加戰后維穩的困難。同時，戰爭暴烈性的總體下降還歸因於二戰以來世界人民在戰爭道義觀上的進步，產生了對戰爭暴力使用的限制，其中媒體傳播起到了輿論監督作用。由此，戰爭暴力在精確規劃和計劃之后被精確地使用了、被精確地釋放了，前所未有的高強度軍事打擊，能夠在最少（足夠）並不導致大面積附帶損傷的原則下進行，不再使敵人大量死去，而是使敵人快速失去抵抗意志和抵抗能力，相當於外科手術式打擊轉向微創手術，以減小戰爭后遺症。

2、支配敵人的思想正在變成直接的戰爭路線

支配敵人是從威懾敵人發展而來的，但並非新概念。從孫子的“上兵伐謀”到“牽著敵人鼻子走”的戰略戰術，都蘊含著豐富的支配思想，但過去缺乏武器和技術條件，支配敵人的方式是間接的。而今，武器的信息化智能化，正在把支配敵人的思想變成直接的戰爭路線。

殺傷性暴力發揮武力支配作用，在有人作戰空間呈現流血和不流血雙軌模式，從肉體上消滅敵人邁向從生理和心理上支配敵人。從冷兵器到火器，都是物理暴力殺傷肌體，屬於流血的暴力，當地毯式轟炸發展到頂峰后受到戰爭法制約，轉向精確殺傷，減少不必要的殺傷。同時，顯示武力仍是有效的政治工具，核威懾起著戰略穩定器作用，精確殺傷提升常規威懾效力。但精確暴力並非“仁慈的暴力”，戰場壓力超過以往任何時期。

在第一次世界大戰期間，生化武器興起，細菌戰、毒氣戰進入戰場，導致大規模傷亡並破壞生態環境，被《海牙公約》禁止。但進入21世紀以來，霸權主義仍在謀求生化戰爭，而恐怖主義更是把生化武器作為反人類的最佳暴力工具，因此，21世紀被一些學者認為是生物戰的世紀。隨著科技的進步，生物戰劑殺傷力可控性大大增強，2002年俄羅斯在處置人質危機事件中首次將生物氣體用於反恐戰場，標志著非致命性武器走進了常規戰爭。隨著非致命性武器大發展，從火藥殺傷肌體邁向控制、破壞生物（生理）系統，從而使戰斗力失能。尤其是非致命性武器的造價與飛機、軍艦、坦克等致命性武器相比具有高性價比，隨著制造技術簡易化，嗅覺武器、橡皮子彈、捕捉器、生物試劑、眩暈彈、激光致盲武器列裝，它們帶動殺傷性暴力朝著軟殺傷方向發展。現代震懾戰和基於效果作戰實踐表明，戰場上使敵人不敢使用武器和使用不了武器，可以贏得更容易。伊拉克戰爭期間，美國成功地運用震懾戰來恫嚇和欺騙薩達姆，使其一直未能啟用對美軍有威脅的飛毛腿導彈。

智能化戰爭從兵力密集型戰場轉向武器密集型戰場，網絡、太空、電磁空間等高維度空間取代陸海空成為主導性作戰空間，這些空間近乎無人化，加上輸油管道、倉儲、交通樞紐等體積龐大的政治經濟軍事關鍵基礎設施成為打擊重心，推動大規模殺傷性武器突破有人戰場的羈絆，轉向破壞武器系統和作戰平台。殺傷性暴力轉向破壞性暴力，導致戰爭暴力仍在無限增長。從海灣戰爭到伊拉克戰爭，美軍使用集束炸彈、貧鈾彈打擊伊拉克軍政基礎設施和裝甲車隊，一定程度上打破了核門檻的禁忌，開啟了大規模殺傷性武器發展的新方向。自美軍科索沃戰爭使用石墨炸彈攻擊城市供電系統起，到伊朗核設施受到病毒攻擊而毀傷癱瘓，電磁脈沖武器、太空武器、網絡武器顯示出巨大威力。破壞性武器雖然嚴格控制，不直接針對人體，但卻力圖破壞作戰體系、基礎設施甚至是敵人的生存環境，從而迫使敵人屈服。尤需警惕的是，核打擊因戰爭法限制而遠離城市和平民，甚至兵力密集的有人戰場，但轉向人員稀少的無人戰場，太空、深海和孤立的島嶼。

隨信息化智能化發展，信息域認知域成為深入經濟社會的新戰場，信息工具和認知工具也自然成為新暴力工具，其主要以網絡暴力、經濟暴力、文化暴力等形式展現出來並異軍突起，強制性改變對手戰略層和社會層的判斷、立場和決策。網絡戰人為制造假數據或篡改大數據，誘導對手做出錯誤判斷和決策﹔經濟暴力演化出經濟制裁、金融戰、科技脫鉤戰，打擊對手股市和銀行系統，以法律和強制性商業手段中斷對手供應鏈，遲滯對手發展創新﹔文化暴力借助數字網絡推動傳統輿論戰邁向公共外交戰和全球傳媒戰，從而影響國際社會和全球公眾的立場。

總之，在支配暴力時代，戰爭的暴烈性發生了轉移，即從殺傷性暴力向破壞性暴力、強制性暴力拓展。

3、正義戰爭與非正義戰爭走不同的支配暴力路線

21世紀，戰爭的暴力本質並未改變，暴力仍是戰爭的主要行為，沒有暴力就談不上戰爭。在冷兵器時代暴力表現為刀光劍影，在火器時代發展成硝煙彌漫，到了核時代戰爭暴力走向無限擴大，至今，人類總體上仍處於核威脅下不安全的相對和平年代。

馬克思關於“暴力是每一個孕育著新社會的舊社會的助產婆”的論斷，至今仍是正義戰爭信條。但戰爭手段的進步和戰爭時空全球化的展開，使正義戰爭的暴力結構性轉變從自然過程上升到自覺過程中來。首先，不為戰爭的效益觀掩蓋戰爭的歷史觀，認清隻有正義的支配才能取得戰爭的徹底勝利。戰爭總是分正義和非正義兩類，信息化智能化戰爭也不例外。其次，現代戰爭實踐既為我們推動發展正義戰爭理論提供了戰術技術上的經驗借鑒，同時也提供了政治和戰略上批判的反面教材。一個深刻認識是，美軍宣揚的小傷亡、低成本戰爭效益觀，給世界帶來了軍事速勝的深刻印象。但美國在阿富汗、伊拉克這兩個國家花上萬億美元來搞戰后重建，還是無法避免最終撤軍走人的結局。這樣的教訓古已有之，現代戰爭又繼續重演，它揭示的奧秘是，信息化智能化戰爭的效益觀並沒有改變隻有正義戰爭才能贏得和平的規律。美軍憑借強大的戰斗力做到了軍事上的支配，從戰爭發起前到主要戰事結束期間也在一定程度做到經濟支配，但沒有正義的政治統領，其信息優勢下的快速制勝仍然是短暫的、不能維持的、政治失敗的武力勝利。因此，開辟信息化智能化戰爭在正義方向上的發展路線，既是正義方政治性質所決定，同時也是決定正義方打贏的前提條件。

正義戰爭與非正義戰爭牟取霸權利益而頻繁發動戰爭不同，通常是被迫採取戰爭自衛行動，並力爭通過一次性暴力的釋放來阻止更多更大的戰爭，從而達成反暴力的教育作用。1958年，中國人民解放軍炮擊金門，從消滅敵人有生力量的全天候打擊轉向隔日炮擊，再轉向不打人的炮擊，再轉向炮擊前通知敵人，就是從殺傷性暴力到破壞性暴力，再到強制性暴力的轉換過程，起到震懾敵人、教育敵人、團結敵人的戰爭目的，充分展示了正義戰爭的大智大勇。正義戰爭的暴力觀可以用“一個中心兩個基本點”來概括——以正義暴力遏制非正義暴力是中心，這與非正義戰爭追求暴力最大化及其反人類傾向有本質區別。一個基本點是發展自衛的暴力，主張發展消滅武器的武器，支配敵人更要強調發展那些能夠制止暴力的暴力，立足朝殺傷力、破壞力可控的方向拓展武力，從致命性向非致命性方向拓展，從環境破壞大向環境破壞小方向拓展。另一個基本點是有力有理有節地使用武力，不求最大化地使用武力，而是圍繞支配敵人選擇武力的運用方式，並在具體運用中界定武力法則。

正義戰爭主張以殺傷性暴力、破壞性暴力輔助強制性暴力，從重在摧毀敵人暴力工具邁向遏制和拒止敵人使用暴力工具，展示更高的支配暴力境界。從根本上講，正義戰爭是保衛自己的國土、海疆，高度重視戰后環境和社會治理需要。應看到美軍在南聯盟、阿富汗和伊拉克城市扔下了大量貧鈾彈、溫壓彈和石墨彈，在他國建立病毒實驗室，對城市環境和民生的傷害是長遠的，其隱形的破壞是巨大的。這種非正義戰爭以降低“流血的政治”為名，從制造外傷向制造不可修復的內傷拓展，濫用非致命性暴力，如音頻武器超過合理的度，震裂耳膜，導致聽覺喪失，比火藥殺傷更殘忍，帶來的不是威懾而是恐怖。相比於非正義戰爭突出破壞性和殺傷性，正義戰爭暴力結構則以強制性為中心。一是力求遏制敵人啟動戰爭機器，立足大規模的武力宣示和施壓，顯示不可戰勝的實力和不達目的不收兵的決心，將威懾戰略推進到支配戰略的新思路，把戰爭准備的實效顯示出來，懾止敵人鋌而走險﹔二是以有限殺傷性暴力、破壞性暴力釋放拒止敵人運行戰爭機器，使敵人放棄暴力抵抗，這種用剝奪或掣肘敵人使用武器的方式比摧毀敵人武器代價要小得多，比摧毀敵人兵力兵器更有效，更適用於正義戰爭。三是以強制性暴力為主體，立足持久，以富有彈性的經濟戰、網絡戰、認知戰贏得壓倒性戰略態勢。

展望未來，隻有正義戰爭才能帶來戰爭文明的進步。因為，戰爭文明是否進步取決於戰爭方對暴力的認知和選擇。歷史証明，非正義戰爭奉行絕對暴力的支配作用是暫時的、不可靠的，為正義戰爭必勝提供了條件，但同時超限濫用暴力對正義戰爭方的克制暴力構成非對稱的犧牲壓力。為此，正義戰爭有必要把暴力和非暴力綜合起來發揮支配作用，使“正義戰爭必勝”在智能化全球化時代獲得新支撐。正義戰爭施展相對暴力制勝，立足以有限但長期的軍事和經濟扼控為政治解決創造條件，發動敵我雙方的人民和國際社會，制止敵人使用戰爭機器，在遏制中打贏，在打贏中遏制，追求高效益、低代價的暴力運用，以最小傷亡、最小破壞、最小成本達成政治勝利。

（作者：林東，系國防大學教授）

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/