情報時代中國軍隊組織變革新趨勢
現代英語：
In the era of intelligence, new scenarios and new forms such as digital twins and “human-machine intelligence” have emerged in large numbers and have been deeply applied in the military field, giving rise to a comprehensive upgrade of the war form. This upgrade is mainly manifested in the integration of combat forces, the operation mode of battlefield energy, and the dominant factors in the generation and release of combat power. Facing intelligent warfare, the organizational form of the military has accelerated its transformation and presented a new development trend.
Generate new system emergence
System science believes that when several interacting parts form a system in a certain way, they can produce new overall characteristics such as properties, characteristics, behaviors, functions, etc. that only the system as a whole has, but not the parts or the sum of the parts; and once the system is reduced to unrelated parts, these new overall characteristics will no longer exist. This characteristic that only the whole has, but the isolated parts and their sum do not have, is the overall emergence. In the confrontation of military systems in the intelligent era, emergence is mainly presented in two ways: one is the formation of swarm intelligence. That is, a single low-intelligence, relying on the group to form a high-intelligence collective behavior. This phenomenon is produced in a self-organized way after each individual in the system obeys local rules and continuously interacts. In recent years, supported by artificial intelligence technology, swarm intelligence has developed rapidly. In the military field, drone “swarm” tactics and unmanned boat “school of fish” tactics are typical applications in this regard. Another way is to form “human-machine” advanced intelligence. That is, through the effective combination and reliable operation of man and machine, a higher level of intelligence based on the “man-machine” combination is formed. This is a new intelligence that is higher than human intelligence, robots, and artificial intelligence.
In fact, the emergence phenomenon is not uncommon in human military activities, especially in military organizations with clear and stable operating rules and a strong sense of common goals and beliefs. An army with a highly consistent collective identity can play a reliable role in mutual support and self-organization and self-coordination in combat operations, and then burst out with new capabilities that far exceed the sum of the individual capabilities within the organization. Entering the era of intelligence, the system’s emergence has taken on new forms and connotations. An important trend in the transformation of the military’s organizational form is to promote the realization of highly autonomous “man-machine” collaboration by improving functional elements and setting up scientific structures, so that the entire system can burst out with new functions that are not possessed by the accumulation of elements.
Forming new intelligent bonding force
The prominent feature of information warfare is the formation of “information structural power”. That is, due to the embedding of information platforms, the information chain movement based on information systems, data chains, and sensors has broken the originally closed and separated state between combat elements, allowing the military system to form a new structure and trigger a nonlinear leap in combat power. On the information battlefield, people and weapons, weapons and weapons, people and platforms, etc., all rely on information systems to establish effective connections to achieve efficient flow of data and information. The effectiveness of commanders in investigating the situation and judging the enemy has been greatly improved, and the realization method and iteration rhythm of command intentions have undergone a qualitative leap. This revolution in the interactive method from sensors to shooters is ultimately reflected in the overall upgrade of the combat power of the military system and combat system.
Entering the era of intelligence, the connotation of “information structural power” has undergone a fundamental change. Based on the widespread use of artificial intelligence technologies such as big data and big models, problems such as “information redundancy” and “decision-making delays” that have troubled commanders in the information age have been alleviated. The “cloud brain” decision-making and planning, the “human-machine” coordination of command and control, and the automation of action coordination have made the overall intelligence of the entire combat system higher. The reason why new models and methods such as “autonomous decision-making”, “order-based coordination” and “unmanned strikes” can be realized is the result of “wisdom” empowerment on the intelligent battlefield. The effective “glue” from the integration of several unit intelligent agents into a consensus-based, large-scale comprehensive intelligent agent is a higher level of intelligent bonding. To accelerate the transformation of the military’s organizational structure, we must establish scientific working and driving mechanisms on the basis of improving its structure and functions, build an autonomous, intelligent and efficient system link, allow the vitality of all combat power elements to compete and burst forth, and allow all sources of the military’s modernization to flow fully.
Reflecting the overall new quality of combat capability
New-quality combat power is a brand-new combat capability that is fundamentally supported by new-quality combat forces and is different from traditional combat capabilities in terms of mechanism, logic, and generation method. Therefore, simply designating a certain type of force as a new-quality force does not necessarily lead to the formation of new-quality combat capabilities. Just like using rifles as cold weapons, large combat platforms as vehicles, and network forces for attacking and defending cities, although from the external appearance, the elements of combat force composition and personnel ratios have changed greatly, the way people interact with weapons, the way weapons are used, and the way unit combat power is generated and released have not changed in essence, and they are far from being called new-quality combat power.
New quality combat power comes from the new combat capability of new combat forces, from the effective integration of a series of new combat capabilities, and from the new capabilities generated by the integration and innovation of new capabilities. Whether comprehensive and systematic new quality combat power can be generated is an important criterion for judging whether the modernization of organizational form for intelligent warfare is effective. To accelerate the transformation of the organizational form of the military, it is necessary to generate new “information structure power” within the military system through the optimization of system structure, operation mechanism, and energy form, and then use it to emerge a new and revolutionary system combat power.
Give full play to the structural frame support
Structure determines function. In engineering structures, the structural framework mainly refers to the key support for the balance of the beam-column system and the stability of the structure. This concept is transferred to organizational form management, and is mainly used to describe the link relationship and the action space for the effective interaction of various elements in the military organization. To give full play to the structural framework support of the organizational form involves two aspects: static support and dynamic support. The so-called static support is to focus on forming a scientific military organization force structure and to set up a scientific military organization structural framework as much as possible. It involves the scientific configuration of various elements in the combat power system, which is specifically manifested in three aspects. The first is the ratio of combat elements and force units. For example, the composition ratio of the military services in the combat system, or the ratio of military services, the ratio of offense and defense, the ratio of personnel and equipment, etc. The second is the distribution of combat elements and force units. It mainly refers to the scientific deployment of combat forces on the battlefield, the distribution and configuration of various combat elements within the troops, and the evolution and development of the battlefield situation. The third is the hierarchical setting and morphological design of the system. Including the hierarchy of the army, the level of integration, the command system, the command method, etc. Dynamic support emphasizes that the structural support of an organization is also a specific organizational operational capability, including the ability of the military organization to operate efficiently and exert its effectiveness under the established configuration framework, and also the ability of the organization to quickly adapt and respond to changes in the external environment and adjustments in internal needs. This capability is more reflected in the macro governance structure, business process system, talent team and resources of the military organization. To accelerate the transformation of the military organization’s form, it is necessary to lay the foundation for the effective interaction of various elements in the organization and the realization of organizational functions by building a scientific and reasonable framework structure.
Improve autonomous iterative growth
Autonomous iterative growth capability refers to the ability of military organizations to achieve orderly development and active growth through active and continuous self-adjustment and optimization in the face of ever-changing war situations, external environments, and competitive pressures. The diversity and integration of combat power, the sequentiality and integration of combat power generation, and the jointness and nonlinearity of combat power release all put forward new and higher requirements for the autonomous iterative growth capability of military organizations. First, we must have a keen ability to perceive the environment. We must be able to detect defects or shortcomings in a timely manner, accurately judge the problems and risks that may result, and scientifically determine the timing and methods of intervention; second, we must have reliable innovation and correction capabilities. The ability to face problems with an open mind, analyze problems with effective mechanisms, and study problems with innovative ideas, and then propose feasible, reliable and highly consensus-based correction plans; third, the ability to execute efficiently. The ability to achieve the specific goals of evolutionary correction with full enthusiasm and high consensus, and to promote growth and optimization with a proactive attitude, so that each individual can implement with full trust when facing innovative and revolutionary adjustments. Facing the future intelligent warfare, promoting the transformation of the military organization is to focus on improving the iterative growth capability of the military organization. In the whole process of promoting the construction of institutional mechanisms, force structures and legal systems, we should simultaneously think about building a scientific consultation and evaluation mechanism for major decisions, building a sound supervision, feedback and correction mechanism, forming a benign innovation incentive mechanism, and promptly dealing with key and difficult issues with a dynamic perspective and a development vision.
In short, the transformation of the military organization is a process of adapting to the development of technology, following the development of the war form, actively optimizing and innovating the combat power form, and constantly liberating and developing combat power. The advanced military organization form should include static contents such as “appearance” and “structure”, and on this basis, it should effectively streamline business processes, improve operating mechanisms, and stimulate organizational dynamics, so that the military organization can achieve comprehensive transformation and transformation in terms of structure, mechanism, function, etc., and fully adapt to the requirements of the era of future intelligent warfare.
(Author’s unit: College of Military Management, National Defense University)
Source: China Military Network – People’s Liberation Army Daily Author: Zhou Hui Editor: Sun Zhiying Release: 2024-06-18 07:xx:xx
現代國語：
智能化時代，數字孿生、“人-機智能”等新場景新樣態大量出現並在軍事領域深度應用，催生戰爭形態全面升級。這一升級，集中表現為作戰力量整合方式、戰場能量運行模式，以及戰斗力生成和釋放的主導要素都在發生全新變化。面向智能化戰爭，軍隊組織形態加快變革轉型，呈現出全新的發展態勢。
生成新的體系湧現力
系統科學認為，相互作用的若干部分按照某種方式組成系統，能夠產生出只有系統整體才具有而部分或部分總和所不具有的屬性、特征、行為、功能等新的整體特性；而一旦把系統還原為互不相干的各個部分，這些新的整體特性就不復存在。這種整體才具有、孤立的部分及其總和不具有的特征，就是整體湧現性。智能化時代的軍事體系對抗，湧現性主要通過兩種方式呈現：一種方式是形成集群智能。即單個低智能，依托群體形成高智能的集體行為。這一現象通過系統中每個個體都遵從局部規則並不斷進行交互之後，以自組織的方式產生出來。近年來，在人工智能技術的支撐下，集群智能迅速發展。在軍事領域，無人機“蜂群”戰術、無人艇“魚群”戰術等，便是這方面的典型應用。另一種方式是形成“人-機”高級智能。也就是通過人與機器的有效結合、可靠運行，形成基於“人-機”組合的更高級智能。這是一種既高於人類智能，也超過機器人、人工智能的全新智能。
其實，湧現現象在人類軍事活動中並不鮮見，特別是在運行規則明確且穩定，共同目標感、信念感非常強烈的軍事組織之中，體現得更加明顯。集體認同高度一致的軍隊，能在作戰行動中發揮出可靠的互補支撐和自組織自協同作用，進而爆發出遠超過組織內個體能力之和的全新能力。進入智能化時代，體系湧現力有了新的形式和內涵，軍隊組織形態變革的重要趨勢，就是要通過完善功能要素、設置科學結構，促進實現“人-機”高度自主協同，使整個體系爆發出要素累加所不具備的全新功能。
形成新的智能黏合力
信息化戰爭的顯著特征，是形成了“信息結構力”。即由於信息平台的嵌入，基於信息系統、數據鏈、傳感器的信息鏈式運動，打破了作戰要素之間原本封閉、割裂的狀態，使軍事系統形成新的結構，引發戰斗力的非線性躍升。信息化戰場上，人與武器、武器與武器、人與平台等，都依托信息系統建立有效連接，實現數據信息的高效流轉。指揮人員查情判敵的有效性大大提升，指揮意圖的實現方式和迭代節奏發生了質的飛躍，這種從傳感器到射手的交互方式革命，最終體現為軍事體系和作戰系統的戰斗力整體升級。
進入智能化時代，“信息結構力”的內涵發生了本質變化。基於大數據、大模型等人工智能技術的廣泛運用，信息化時代困擾指揮員的“信息冗余”“決策延遲”等問題得以緩解。決策籌劃“雲腦”化、指揮控制“人-機”協同化、行動協調自動化，使得整個作戰體系的綜合智能化程度更高。“自主化決策”“接單式協同”“無人化打擊”等新模式新方式之所以能夠實現，正是智能化戰場上“智慧”賦能的結果。而從若干個單元智能體融合集成為一個有共識的、龐大的綜合智能體，其有效“黏合劑”就是更高級的智能黏合力。加快推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要在完善結構和功能的基礎上，設置科學的工作機制和動力機制，構建自主智能高效的系統鏈接，讓一切戰斗力要素的活力競相迸發，讓一切軍隊現代化建設的源泉充分湧流。
體現整體新質戰斗力
新質戰斗力是以新質作戰力量為基本支撐，從機理上、邏輯上、生成方式上都不同於傳統作戰能力的全新作戰能力。因此，僅憑人為指定某類型部隊為新質力量，並不會必然形成新質作戰能力。如同將線膛槍僅當作冷兵器、將大型作戰平台僅當作運載工具、將網絡部隊用於攻城守地，雖然從外在表象上看，作戰力量組成要素、人員比例都有了大的變化，但人與武器的交互方式、武器運用方式、單元戰斗力生成和釋放方式都沒有發生本質改變，都遠不能稱之為新質戰斗力。
新質戰斗力來源於新型作戰力量的新型作戰能力，來源於一系列新型作戰能力的有效集成，來源於新能力融合創新之上生成的全新能力。能否生成綜合性的、體系化的新質戰斗力，是面向智能化戰爭進行組織形態現代化建設是否有效的重要判斷標准。加快推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要通過體系結構優化、運行機制優化、能量形式優化，在軍事系統內生成新的“信息結構力”，進而借助它湧現出全新的、具有革命性的體系戰斗力。
發揮構型框架支撐力
結構決定功能。構型框架，在工程結構學中主要指建築物梁柱系統平衡和結構穩定的關鍵支撐；將這一概念遷移至組織形態管理中，主要用以描述軍隊組織中各要素賴以有效互動的鏈接關系和鏈接關系賴以存在的作用空間。發揮組織形態的構型框架支撐力，涉及靜態支撐力和動態支撐力兩個方面。所謂靜態支撐力，就是著眼形成科學的軍隊組織力量結構，盡可能設置科學的軍隊組織構型框架，涉及戰斗力體系中各要素的科學配置問題，具體表現在三個方面。一是作戰要素和力量單元的比例。比如，軍兵種在作戰體系中的構成比例，或者軍種內部的兵種比例、攻防比例、人裝比例等。二是作戰要素和力量單元的分布。主要是作戰力量在戰場的科學部署，部隊內部各種作戰要素的分布配置情況，以及戰場態勢的演進發展等。三是系統的層次設置與形態設計。包括軍隊的層級、一體化水平、指揮體制、指揮方式等。而動態支撐力，則強調組織的結構支撐力也是一種具體的組織運行能力，包括軍隊組織在既定的構型框架之下能夠高效運行、發揮效能的能力，也包括組織在面對外部環境變化和內部需求調整時能夠快速適應和應對的能力。這種能力更多體現在軍隊組織的宏觀治理結構、業務流程制度、人才隊伍和資源等方面。加快推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要通過構建科學合理的框架結構，為組織中各個要素有效互動進而實現組織功能奠定基礎。
提升自主迭代生長力
自主迭代生長能力，是軍隊組織在面對不斷變化的戰爭形態、外部環境和競爭壓力時，能夠通過主動的、持續的自我調整和優化，實現有序發展和主動成長的能力。戰斗力構成的多樣化、集成性，戰斗力生成的時序性、融合性，戰斗力釋放的聯合性、非線性，都對軍隊組織的自主迭代生長能力提出了新的更高要求。一是要有敏銳的環境感知能力。能夠及時察覺缺陷或弊端，准確研判可能導致的問題和風險，科學確定介入的時機和方式；二是要有可靠的創新糾偏能力。能夠以開放的心態正視問題，有效的機制解析問題，創新的思路研透問題，進而提出可行可靠且有高度共識的糾偏方案；三是要有高效的執行力。能夠以飽滿的熱情和高度的共識達成進化糾偏的具體目標，以積極主動的心態促進生長和優化，使得每個個體在面對革新性、革命性調整時，能夠飽含信任地貫徹執行。面向未來智能化戰爭，推進軍隊組織形態變革，就是要著眼提升軍隊組織的迭代生長能力，在推進體制機制、力量結構和法規制度建設的全過程中，同步思考構建科學的重大決策咨詢評估機制，構建完善的監督反饋糾偏機制，形成良性的創新激勵機制，以動態的視角、發展的眼光及時處理重難點問題。
總之，軍隊組織形態變革是適應技術發展變化、順應戰爭形態發展，主動優化革新戰斗力形態，不斷解放和發展戰斗力的過程。先進的軍隊組織形態既要包括“外形”“結構”等靜態內容，還應在此基礎之上，切實理順業務流程、完善運行機制、激發組織動力，進而使軍隊組織從結構、機制、機能等各方面全面實現變革轉型，全面適應未來智能化戰爭的時代要求。
（作者單位：國防大學軍事管理學院）
資料來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：週暉 編輯：孫志英 發布：2024-06-18 07:xx:xx