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How Chinese Military Will Achieve Precise Strikes in Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊如何在認知域作戰中實現精準打擊

現代英語：

How to achieve precise strikes in cognitive domain operations

■Bu Jiang Jiang Rilie

introduction

Currently, driven by intelligent technology, cognitive domain operations are showing new characteristics such as precise perception, precise prediction and precise calculation. Studying and grasping the connotation mechanism of precision strikes in cognitive domain operations to ensure clear operational targets, personalized information generation, and precise information delivery will be more conducive to seizing the commanding heights and initiative in future cognitive domain operations.

Accurately establish combat goals

The establishment of operational goals is often the primary issue of concern in cognitive domain operations. With the continuous application of artificial intelligence, big data and other technologies, the party with a technological advantage is often able to quickly and efficiently collect cognitive data of different dimensions, levels and modalities, thereby discovering the weaknesses and sensitivities of the opponent’s cognitive system. point and detonation point.

Massive “data sources” refine target clarity. Today, as the Internet becomes more popular, cognitive data is growing exponentially. With the support of big data, psychometric and other technologies, target portraits are gradually evolving rapidly towards accurate portraits and intelligent portraits. According to foreign statistics, as of July 2022, the global Internet penetration rate reached 69%, and the Internet has become an essential platform for users’ daily lives. With the help of the Internet, both combatants can widely and quickly realize target object cognitive data collection and cognitive situation awareness, providing support for analyzing the target object’s political beliefs, values, national sentiments, public opinion positions, etc. It is reported that in foreign elections in recent years, foreign data analysis companies have captured social media user data, established character analysis models, accurately portrayed voters’ personalities and cognitive characteristics, and on this basis pushed suggestive campaigns to swing voters. advertising, thereby influencing their electoral decisions.

Dynamic “tag pool” improves target recognition rate. Labeling usually refers to the abstract classification and generalization of certain characteristics of a specific group or object. In cognitive domain operations, labeling is an important process to achieve classification and visualization of cognitive data. In the face of massive user data, establishing a mature and reliable label system is a prerequisite for sorting out, analyzing, and making good use of cognitive data. Using the label system to filter useless data and mine potential value information can provide information for presetting combat scenarios in the cognitive domain. Direct frame of reference. The development of the labeling system should be based on the logical starting point of cognitive domain operations, and ultimately comes down to the application of cognitive domain operations. For the target object, the transfer of interests, changes in personality, and changes in emotion are real-time and dynamic. The establishment of a “tag pool” can sense the cognitive dynamics of the target object in real time and accurately improve the target recognition rate.

Intelligent “algorithm library” shows target relevance. If data is compared to the “fuel” of cognitive domain operations, algorithms are the “engine” and an important source of power for cognitive precision strikes. In a certain sense, cognitive domain operations are “confrontation of data or algorithms.” Through intelligent algorithms, we can deeply mine the multi-dimensional correlation data of the target object’s behavior, build an accurate target portrait, and then combine it with machine learning algorithms to build a prediction model to automatically match and associate cognitive information with the target object, at the right time and at the right place. Deliver cognitive information in an appropriate manner to change the target object’s cognition. As analyzed by some foreign research institutions, with 10 likes, the algorithm can know you better than your colleagues; with 150 likes, the algorithm will know you better than your parents; with 300 likes, the algorithm will know you better than your closest partner you.

Accurately generate information “ammunition”

Designing information “ammunition” that conforms to the target’s thinking habits and perception style is the key to improving the cognitive domain killing effect. The development and application of intelligent science and technology provides a convenient means to achieve “private customization” of cognitive information themes, content and forms, making it possible to instantly and forcibly change the decisions and actions of target objects.

Information theme planning based on target value orientation. Cognitive information theme is the central idea represented by the information and the core of the information content. From legal advice, military deterrence, conflict and separation, and emotional summons, to moral guidance, war mobilization, behavioral instructions, and motivational incentives, different information themes exert different influences. Practice shows that the theme of cognitive information must be planned closely around the target object. According to the different value orientations shown by different combat stages and different target objects, the information theme must be optimized in a timely manner so that the information “ammunition” can satisfy the target object to the maximum extent. needs. According to the analysis of foreign research institutions, foreign election campaign advertisements in recent years are often inseparable from the support of big data. Accurately designing different advertising themes for voters with different values ​​​​can resonate with voters’ values.

Information content design based on target mindset. In the Internet era, the life trajectory, geographical location, hobbies, social relationships, etc. of the target object are all recorded on the Internet, making it possible to accurately create an “information cocoon” that caters to the target object’s way of thinking. Driven by big data technology, the interaction trajectories of target objects in the virtual world can also be easily captured, perceived and calculated. With the assistance of multimedia content intelligent generation systems, information similar to the target’s thinking habits can be generated in batches, causing the target to be trapped in an “information cocoon”. The scope of information acceptance narrows, and the perception of the outside world gradually decreases, and then falls into cognitive confusion. Know the trap. In recent years, many “color revolutions” that have occurred around the world are inseparable from the support of cognitive control. Some Western countries use “deep forgery” technology to instill false information in target objects that conforms to their way of thinking, creating anti-intellectual, The information environment stupefies the people, forming cognitive biases and inducing them to deny their own national and cultural values, thereby creating anti-government sentiments.

Information form selection based on target perceptual characteristics. Psychology believes that the formation and change of the cognitive subject’s attitude needs to go through three processes of “attention-understanding-acceptance”. Whether the target object can be affected by the dissemination of information, attracting attention is the first step. Information form is an important carrier to attract the attention of the target audience, and its form design is crucial to improving the acceptance, dissemination and infectivity of information “ammunition”. Through big data technology, we can mine the national emotions, customs and habits, religious beliefs, personal preferences and other characteristics of the target object, and scientifically judge the perceptual characteristics such as information receiving habits. On this basis, we can comprehensively use text, language, video, image and other information carriers to integrate Color, layout and other elements can cause strong stimulation to the target object’s senses. Since 2011, some Syrian anti-war activists have produced a number of anti-war propaganda short films from the perspectives of children and women and spread them on the international Internet, arousing strong responses from international public opinion. This internationally accepted information carrier meets the aesthetic needs of the public, avoids differential interpretation by the audience, and can often achieve unexpected results.

Accurately deliver information

Cognitive information delivery follows the laws of information dissemination. In order to achieve the effect of precise cognitive attack, it is necessary to deal with issues such as delivery objects, delivery channels, and delivery timing.

Extract cognitive features and filter information delivery objects. The profiling technology supported by big data makes it possible to extract the cognitive characteristics of target objects. Through the cognitive characteristic library, objects with similar characteristics can be screened out from groups of different races, different parties, different occupations, etc., thereby upgrading the traditional extensive screening method. , so that the information “ammunition” is more closely matched with the target object, thereby improving the pertinence and accuracy of cognitive attacks. In recent years, Cambridge Analytica has used machine learning methods to classify Facebook users according to five personality types: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and emotional instability, and established a linear regression of the five personality traits. model to establish a “target” for precise delivery of campaign advertisements. This move has many implications for the world. In the future, cognitive domain operations, based on the extensive collection of users’ cognitive characteristics, will place more emphasis on accurately dividing groups, and carry out targeted campaigns based on the differences in values ​​and behavioral habits of different groups. information delivery and behavior prediction.

Follow social habits and match information delivery channels. The deep popularization of the Internet has brought about tremendous changes in the way information is disseminated, and the ways in which people receive information are becoming more diversified and diversified. According to data from foreign research institutions, there are currently more than 4.62 billion social media users worldwide, and social media platforms have become the main battlefield in the cognitive domain. In the many “color revolutions” that have occurred in recent years, social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, controlled by Western countries, have played an important role in spreading public opinion, organizing protests, and mobilizing the public. It is reported that in similar operations, Facebook is often used to determine the schedule, Twitter is used to coordinate actions, and YouTube is used to spread the word widely. Future operations in the cognitive domain will place great emphasis on focusing on the target’s social habits and characteristics, fully understanding the target’s social circle and life circle, and selecting information delivery methods from multiple channels, including online and offline, military and civilian, to ensure the effectiveness of cognitive information. Delivery rate.

Track cognitive dynamics and accurately deliver information at the right time. Changes in cognition do not happen overnight. Blindly pursuing high rhythm and achieving goals in an instant will have the opposite effect. Therefore, cognitive domain operations must grasp the rhythm and intensity of “time immersion”, select the correct delivery time based on the cognitive dynamics of the target object, and gradually seek to expand the effect advantage. Before the target object has formed a preliminary understanding of a certain event, it is necessary to actively seize the priority of information release, carry out information “bombing” as soon as possible, and strive to “preemptively strike first.” In addition, during the public opinion fermentation stage of the incident, the subject’s cognition has not yet been completely solidified. At this time, by repeatedly disseminating a specific information, the purpose of subtly reconstructing the subject’s cognition can also be achieved.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文：

如何實現認知域作戰精準打擊

■卜江　蔣日烈

引言

目前，在智慧化技術的推動下，認知域作戰正呈現出精確感知、精確預測和精確計算等全新特徵。研究掌握好認知域作戰精準打擊的內涵機理，從而確保作戰目標清晰化、資訊生成個性化、資訊投射精準化，將更有利於奪取未來認知域作戰制高點和主動權。

精準確立戰目標

作戰目標的確立往往是認知域作戰關注的首要問題。隨著人工智慧、大數據等技術的不斷應用，佔據技術優勢的一方往往能夠快速、有效率地採集不同維度、不同層級、不同模態的認知數據，進而發現對手認知體系的薄弱點、敏感點和爆燃點。

海量「資料來源」細化目標清晰度。在網路深入普及的今天，認知數據正呈指數級增長，目標畫像在大數據、心理測量等技術的支撐下，正逐漸朝著精準畫像、智慧畫像的方向快速演進。根據國外統計數據顯示，截至2022年7月，全球互聯網滲透率達69%，互聯網已成為用戶日常生活的必備平台。借助互聯網，作戰雙方能夠廣泛快速地實現目標對象認知數據收集和認知態勢感知，為分析目標對象的政治信念、價值觀念、民族情感、輿論立場等提供支撐。據悉，在近年的國外大選中，國外數據分析公司就曾透過抓取社群媒體用戶數據，建立人物分析模型，精準刻畫選民性格、認知特徵，在此基礎上對搖擺選民推送暗示性競選廣告，從而影響其選舉決策。

動態「標簽池」提升目標辨識率。貼標簽通常是指對某一類特定群體或物件的某項特徵進行的抽象分類和概括。在認知域作戰中，貼標簽是實現認知資料分類與可視化的重要過程。面對海量的用戶數據，建立一套成熟可靠的標簽體係是梳理分析、用活用好認知數據的前提，利用標簽體系過濾無用數據，挖掘潛在價值信息，能夠為認知域作戰場景預設提供直接參考框架。標簽體系的開發要基於認知域作戰這個邏輯起點，最終歸結於認知域作戰應用。對於目標對象來講，興趣的遷移、性格的改變、情感的變化是即時動態的，建立「標簽池」能夠即時感知目標對象的認知動態，精準提升目標辨識率。

智慧“演算法庫”顯現目標關聯性。如果將數據比作認知域作戰的“燃料”，演算法則是“引擎”，是認知精準打擊的重要動力源。從一定意義上講，認知域作戰是「數據或演算法的對抗」。透過智慧演算法，可以深度挖掘目標對象行為的多維關聯數據，構建精準目標畫像，再結合機器學習演算法構建預測模型，將認知資訊與目標對象進行自動匹配關聯，在合適的時間、合適的地點，以合適的方式投送認知訊息，從而改變目標對象認知。正如國外一些研究機構分析發現，透過10個點贊，演算法可以比同事更了解你；150個點贊，演算法將比你父母更了解你；300個點贊，演算法將比最親密的伴侶更了解你。

精準生成資訊“彈藥”

設計符合目標對象思維習慣和感知風格的訊息“彈藥”，是提升認知域殺傷效果的關鍵所在。智慧科學技術的發展運用，為實現認知資訊主題、內容和形式的「私人客製化」提供了便捷手段，即時、強制地改變目標對象決策和行動成為可能。

基於目標價值取向的資訊主題策劃。認知資訊主題是資訊所表現的中心思想，是資訊內容的核心。從法理勸告、軍事威懾、矛盾離間、情感召喚，到義理引導、戰爭動員、行為指示、動機激勵，不同的訊息主題發揮不同的影響作用。實踐表明，認知訊息的主題必須緊緊圍繞目標對像做策劃，針對不同作戰階段、不同目標對象所表現出來的不同價值取向，及時優化信息主題，才能使信息“彈藥”最大限度地滿足目標對象的需求。根據國外研究機構分析，近年來的國外大選競選廣告背後往往離不開大數據的支撐，針對不同價值觀的選民精準設計不同廣告主題，可以引起選民價值共鳴。

基於目標思維方式的資訊內容設計。在互聯網時代，目標對象的生活軌跡、地理位置、興趣愛好、社交關係等都被網絡所記錄，精準打造迎合目標對象思維方式的「資訊繭房」成為可能。在大數據技術驅動下，目標對像在虛擬世界中的互動軌跡也很容易被捕捉、被感知和被計算。在多媒體內容智慧生成系統等輔助下，可大量產生與目標對象思維習慣類似的訊息，致使其陷於「訊息繭房」之中，訊息接受範圍變窄，對外界的感知度逐漸降低，進而陷入認知陷阱。近年來，全球發生的多起「顏色革命」背後都離不開認知控制的支撐，一些西方國家利用「深度偽造」技術，向目標對象灌輸符合其思維方式的虛假信息，製造反智化、愚民化資訊環境，形成認知偏差，誘導其否定自身民族文化價值理念，進而產生反政府情緒。

基於目標感知特性的資訊形式選擇。心理學認為，認知主體的態度的形成與改變需經過「注意力-了解-接受」三個過程，目標對象能否受到訊息傳播的影響，吸引註意是第一步。資訊形式作為引起目標對象注意的重要載體，其形式設計對提高訊息「彈藥」的接受度、傳播力、感染性至關重要。透過大數據技術可以挖掘目標對象民族情感、風俗習慣、宗教信仰、個人喜好等特徵，科學判斷訊息接受習慣等感知特性，在此基礎上綜合運用文本、語言、視頻、圖像等資訊載體，加以融入色彩、佈局等元素，可以給目標感官造成強烈刺激。自2011年以來，一些敘利亞反戰人士以兒童、婦女等視角，製作出多部反戰宣傳短片在國際互聯網上傳播，引起國際社會輿論強烈反響。這種國際通用的資訊載體，符合大眾審美需求，避免了受眾差異性解讀，往往能達到意想不到的效果。

精準實現資訊投送

認知訊息投送遵循資訊傳播規律，要達到認知精準打擊效果，需要處理好投送對象、投送管道、投送時機等問題。

提取認知特徵，篩選訊息傳遞對象。大數據支撐的畫像技術使提取目標對象認知特徵成為可能，透過認知特徵庫，可以從不同種族、不同黨派、不同職業等群體中篩選出具有相似特徵的對象，從而升級傳統的粗放篩選方式，讓資訊「彈藥」與目標對象更加匹配，從而提高認知攻擊的針對性和精準性。近年來，劍橋分析公司曾使用機器學習方法，依照經驗開放型、盡責型、外向型、親和型、情緒不穩定型五類人格對臉書用戶進行分類，建立了五種人格特質的線性回歸模型，為精準投送競選廣告立起「標靶」。此舉對世人的啟示是多方面的，未來認知域作戰，在廣泛蒐集用戶認知特徵的基礎上，將更加強調精準劃分群體，依據不同群體的價值觀念和行動習慣的差異，進行有目的地信息投送和行為預測。

遵循社交習慣，匹配資訊投送管道。互聯網的深度普及使資訊的傳播方式正發生巨大變革，人們接受資訊的方式更加多樣化、多元化。根據國外調研機構數據顯示，目前全球社群媒體用戶超過46.2億，社群媒體平台成為認知域作戰主戰場。在近年來發生的多起「顏色革命」中，臉書、推特、優兔等社群媒體在西方國家操縱下，在輿論傳播、組織抗議、動員民眾等方面發揮了重要作用。據悉，在類似行動中臉書往往用來確定日程，推特用來協調行動，優兔用來廣泛傳播。未來的認知域作戰，十分強調著眼目標對象社交習慣和特點，充分掌握目標對象的社交圈、生活圈，從線上線下、軍用民用等多渠道選擇信息投送方式，從而確保認知信息的送達率。

追蹤認知動態，把準資訊投送時機。認知的改變，並非一蹴而就，一味地追求高節奏、瞬間達成目的反而會起到反面效果。因此，認知域作戰要掌握好「時間沉浸」的節奏與力度，根據目標對象認知動態選準投送時間，逐步漸進地謀求擴大效果優勢。在目標對像對某一事件還未形成初步認知前，要積極搶佔信息的發布優先權，第一時間進行信息“轟炸”，力求“先發製人、先入為主”。此外，在事件的輿論發酵階段，主體的認知還未徹底固化，此時透過不斷重復傳播某個特定訊息，也可以達到潛移默化地重構主體認知的目的。

（作者單位：國防科技大學）

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16209631.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

China’s Military: “Changes” of Combat Guidance, Revolution in Military Affairs, Achieving Superiority

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中國軍隊：作戰指導“變”，軍事革命，取得優勢

現代英語：

At present, the war situation is evolving into an informationized war with intelligent characteristics, and the mechanism of winning the war has also undergone profound changes. Actively analyzing the new mechanisms of winning the informationized war, such as information dominance, overall linkage, precise energy release, and system destruction, and accurately revealing its internal laws, is of great significance for innovating the combat guidance of local informationized wars with intelligent characteristics.

The dominant factor for victory has shifted from energy dominance to information dominance, and combat guidance has shifted from focusing on manpower and firepower to focusing on “information + firepower”

Human warfare has gone through a long process from force dominance, firepower dominance to information dominance. In the agricultural era, wars were mainly won by human combat, and the combat performance was mainly a “physical battle” of conquering cities and territories. Force dominance was the basis for winning the war. In combat guidance, the size of the force was exchanged for the improvement of combat effectiveness, advocating more the better and using more to defeat fewer. In the industrial era, firepower gradually occupied a dominant position. The war was mainly manifested in a “firepower battle” to destroy the enemy’s war material base and annihilate the enemy’s living forces. Firepower dominance was the basis for winning the war. The mechanism for winning the war is to release energy from materials and win by scale. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on concentrating superior forces and firepower to destroy the enemy.

In information warfare, information becomes the “blood” and “nerves” of the combat system, penetrating into all aspects such as reconnaissance intelligence, command and control, joint strikes, and comprehensive support. The combat is mainly manifested in “information firepower warfare”, and information dominance is the foundation for winning the war. At this stage, information concentration and information empowerment are important winning mechanisms. The integration of information and firepower has changed the traditional combat method of simply competing in scale and firepower, and greatly improved the speed and accuracy of firepower strikes. Whoever has a strong ability to obtain, process, transmit, use and control information, and whoever has a high degree of integration between information and firepower, will win the war. The result of information dominance is the precise focus and rapid release of firepower. Therefore, in terms of combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on gaining information superiority, paralyzing and controlling the enemy through information attacks and firepower strikes, and using information-led, “information + firepower”-based system confrontation advantages to gain combat victory. In the early morning of April 14, 2018, the US, UK and France dispatched an EA-6B electronic warfare aircraft to carry out “deceptive + repressive” interference on the Syrian air defense missile system, and launched 105 missiles in coordination, attacking and destroying many important targets in Damascus in the form of information firepower warfare.

The winning form has changed from force coordination to overall linkage, and combat guidance has changed from pursuing joint operations among various services to pursuing multi-domain joint operations.

Wars have always focused on winning with overall power. In mechanized joint operations, due to the constraints of information technology, the various forces cannot achieve a high degree of battlefield information sharing and common perception of battlefield situations. The combat functions of the army, navy, air force and other services are difficult to break through the constraints of spatial factors. The degree of jointness in operations is not high. Although there are joint combat forms, it emphasizes that two or more military forces cooperate with each other and work closely in different combat spaces, so as to achieve complementary advantages and coordinated attacks on the enemy. The winning form is mainly manifested in the coordination of forces. The combat effectiveness mainly depends on the extreme release of the energy of each combat force and the physical superposition of effects, and the pursuit is “linear concentration”. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on implementing joint operations of various services in two-dimensional or three-dimensional spatial forces. Through careful pre-war planning and impromptu coordination during the war, various services and combat platforms can achieve strong coordination and cooperation to form overall power.

Informatized joint operations, the battlefield has expanded from land, sea and air to space, network and electronics, the combat domain has extended from the physical domain to the information domain and cognitive domain, the combat space is full and multi-dimensional, the virtual and the real are dependent and integrated, the action range of various services has broken through the inherent spatial limitations, and combat activities are no longer achieved by the various services in their own activity space through external coordination and cooperation with other services, but have evolved into breaking the boundaries between services and aggregating the advantages of each domain to achieve it. Overall linkage has become the basic form of victory. All combat forces have moved from simple “cooperation” to deep “integration”, and formed a combat system of “dispersed deployment in space, coordinated in time, and integrated in multiple domains in energy release”, which has changed combat actions from loose coordination and linear superposition of combat effects in the past to today’s overall linkage and amplification of combat effectiveness index, and finally achieved an asymmetric advantage over the enemy. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on multi-domain joint operations, emphasizing the complementary advantages of cross-domain advantages and seeking overall combat advantages. It is mainly supported by the network information system, coordinating and utilizing multi-dimensional space combat forces such as land, sea, air, space, network and electricity to achieve the integration of air and ground, sea and air, and multiple forces, and highly integrating network warfare, electronic warfare, etc. with troop and firepower operations. It also relies on the system to quickly and accurately maneuver and concentrate forces to carry out concentrated energy strikes on important targets of the enemy’s combat system, transforming the information advantage, speed advantage and firepower advantage formed by the joint efforts of multiple domains into an action advantage to defeat the enemy and quickly achieve the combat objectives.

The winning method has changed from extensive energy release to precise energy release, and combat guidance has changed from seeking large-scale destruction and depletion of the opponent’s strength to seeking precise control of the battle situation.

During the mechanized warfare period, due to insufficient information acquisition capabilities and limited command and control means, there was a lot of “fog” in the war, and the low accuracy of weapons strikes led to the inability to effectively control energy release. Usually, carpet bombing and saturation attacks were used to increase the probability of killing, and the scale of troops and firepower was exchanged for the improvement of combat effectiveness. The winning method was extensive energy release, following the law of quantitative change to qualitative change. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis was placed on consuming the opponent’s strength through large-scale killings and achieving strategic goals in exchange for military victory.

In the information warfare period, the “fog” of war still exists, but because information technology is integrated into the combat system, each combat system uses information to achieve real-time rapid response, which greatly improves the detection accuracy, positioning accuracy, and strike accuracy, so that the “fog” of war is minimized as much as possible. In particular, the development and application of network information systems have made it possible to make precise plans, select targets, use forces, strike at key points, make precise assessments, control actions, and provide precise guarantees. In combat, long-range precise strikes such as beheading, acupuncture, and surgical operations are usually used to directly hit the enemy’s key points. The winning method is mainly precise energy release, which follows the principles of systems theory and cybernetics. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on elite troops and quick decisions, so as to achieve combat objectives at the lowest cost, fastest speed, and lowest risk. A small-scale precision combat operation may achieve the same combat effectiveness as a large-scale war in the past. In modern warfare, precision warfare is not only a military means of application, but also has important political significance, because human life, property and the environment on which human beings depend for survival can be protected as much as possible under this combat method, rather than using unlimited violence, making precise control of the battle situation an important combat guide.

The path to victory shifted from destroying the enemy and seizing territory to destroying the system, and combat guidance shifted from emphasizing annihilation warfare to emphasizing system destruction warfare.

During the mechanized warfare period, the way to win the war mainly depends on destroying the enemy and seizing the territory. The direct purpose of the war is to destroy the enemy, often by destroying a large number of enemy manpower, seizing or occupying enemy territory, and forcing the enemy to surrender. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on the idea of ​​annihilation warfare. In the Battle of Verdun during World War I, the German and French armies deployed nearly 2 million troops, with more than 700,000 casualties, becoming a terrible “meat grinder”.

In the information warfare period, the destruction of the enemy’s manpower is still of great value in winning the war, and the number of casualties is still an important variable in the effectiveness and tolerance of war. In several local wars in this century, the US military pursued the so-called “zero casualties”, which also shows the sensitivity of casualties in war, and on the other hand, it also reflects the importance of destroying the enemy’s manpower. However, the connection and integration of information, the updating of weapons and equipment, and the improvement of combat methods have made the confrontation between the two sides manifest as a confrontation between systems. The overlap of tactical objectives, campaign objectives and even strategic objectives is getting higher and higher. The large-scale destruction of the enemy’s manpower is no longer a necessary condition for winning the war. The way to win the war usually relies on system destruction, and the direct purpose of combat is to scare and control the enemy. The side with system advantage mainly achieves victory in the war by precisely striking the key nodes and key systems that support the operation of the enemy’s war system and combat system. Therefore, in combat guidance, more emphasis is placed on the idea of ​​system destruction warfare, with information as the main guide and system as the support, and the enemy’s “Achilles’ heel” is precisely struck. Through the collapse effect of the system, the purpose of disintegrating the system and winning the hearts and minds is achieved. During the Kosovo War, NATO carried out air strikes for 78 days. The casualties of the Yugoslav army were not many, but because the high-value targets in the combat system, such as the command information system, transportation hubs, energy bases, and power facilities, were hit hard, the war potential of the Yugoslavia was greatly weakened, and the will of the military and civilians to fight was gradually destroyed, leading to the defeat of the war. The limited purpose of information warfare makes the warring parties usually directly target the weaknesses of the opponent’s system to carry out precise destruction, making small-scale and clever system confrontation operations more popular, with few casualties, but can also achieve combat objectives.

國語中文：

■李海濱 霍雲超

引言

當前，戰爭形態正演進為具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭，戰爭制勝機理也隨之發生深刻變化。積極研析資訊化戰爭制勝所蘊含的資訊主導、整體聯動、精確釋能、體系破擊等新機理，準確揭示其內在規律，對於創新具有智能化特徵的信息化局部戰爭作戰指導具有重要意義。

制勝主導因素由能量主導向資訊主導轉變，作戰指導從注重兵力火力主戰轉變為註重「資訊+火力」主戰

人類戰爭經歷了從兵力主導、火力主導到資訊主導的漫長過程。農業時代的戰爭，主要依靠人力搏擊制勝，作戰表現形式主要是攻城略地的“體力戰”，兵力主導是戰爭制勝的根本。在作戰指導上，以兵力規模換取作戰效能的提高，主張多多益善、以多擊少。工業時代的戰爭，火力逐漸佔據主導地位，戰爭的表現形式主要是摧毀敵戰爭物質基礎、殲滅敵有生力量的“火力戰”，火力主導是戰爭制勝的根本。戰爭制勝機理是以物釋能、規模製勝。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調集中優勢兵力火力殲敵。

在資訊化戰爭中，訊息成為作戰體系的“血液”和“神經”，滲透到偵察情報、指揮控制、聯合打擊、綜合保障等各個環節，作戰的表現形式主要是“信息火力戰”，信息主導是戰爭制勝的根本。此階段，資訊聚能、資訊賦能是重要的製勝機理，資訊火力的融合，改變了單純拼規模、拼火力的傳統作戰方法，大大提高了火力打擊的速度與精準度。誰獲取、處理、傳輸、利用和控制資訊的能力強，誰的資訊與火力的融合度高，誰就能在戰爭中獲勝。資訊主導的結果是火力的精確聚焦與快速釋放。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調奪取資訊優勢、透過資訊攻擊和火力打擊癱敵控敵，以資訊主導、「資訊+火力」主戰的體系對抗優勢換取作戰勝勢。 2018年4月14日凌晨，美英法聯軍出動1架EA-6B電子戰飛機對敘利亞防空飛彈系統實施「欺騙性+壓制性」幹擾，配合發射了105枚導彈，以資訊火力戰的方式襲擊並摧毀了大馬士革許多重要目標。

制勝形式由力量協同向整體聯動轉變，作戰指導從追求諸軍兵種聯合作戰轉變為追求多域聯合作戰

戰爭歷來注重整體威力製勝。機械化聯合作戰，由於受資訊技術水準的製約，各力量之間不能實現戰場資訊高度共享、戰場態勢共同感知，陸、海、空等諸軍兵種的作戰功能難以突破空間因素制約，在作戰上彼此聯合度還不高，雖有聯合作戰形式，但強調兩個以上軍種力量在不同作戰空間相互配合、密切協同，從而實現優勢互補、協調一致地打擊敵人。制勝形式主要表現為力量協同，作戰效能主要依靠各作戰力量能量的極限釋放和效果的物理疊加，追求的是「線性聚力」。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調實施諸軍兵種二維或三維空間力量上的聯合作戰，透過戰前周密計劃和戰中臨機協同，使各軍兵種、各作戰平台得到有力的協同配合從而形成整體威力。

資訊化聯合作戰，戰場由陸海空向天網電拓展，作戰域由物理域向資訊域、認知域延伸，作戰空間全局多維，虛與實依存、融合，諸軍兵種的行動範圍已突破固有空間限制，作戰活動已不再是諸軍兵種在自身活動空間通過與其他軍兵種的外部協調聯合來實現，而是演變為打破軍兵種界限、聚合各域的優勢來實現，整體聯動成為製勝的基本形式。各作戰力量已從簡單的“聯合”走向深度的“融合”，並形成“空間上分散部署，時間上協調一致，能量釋放上多域一體”的作戰體系，使作戰行動由過去的鬆散配合、作戰效果線性疊加，變為現今的整體聯動、作戰效能指數放大，最終達成對敵的非對稱優勢。因此，在作戰指導上，更突顯多域聯合作戰，強調以跨領域優勢互補，謀求整體作戰優勢。主要以網絡資訊體係為支撐，統籌運用陸海空天網電等多維空間作戰力量，達成空地一體、海空一體、多種力量一體，網絡戰、電子戰等與兵力、火力行動高度融合，並依托體系快速精確機動聚力，對敵作戰體系重要目標實施聚能打擊，將多域聯合形成的資訊優勢、速度優勢和火力優勢，轉化為製敵的行動優勢，並迅速達成作戰目的。

制勝方法由粗放釋能向精確釋能轉變，作戰指導從謀求大規模殺傷消耗對手實力轉變為謀求精確控制戰局

機械化戰爭時期，由於資訊獲取能力不足，指揮控製手段有限，使戰爭中存在許多“迷霧”，加之武器打擊精度不高，導致能量釋放無法得到有效控制。通常以地毯式轟炸、飽和式攻擊增加殺傷機率，以兵力火力的規模換取作戰效能的提升，制勝方法屬粗放釋能，遵循的是由量變到質變的規律。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調透過大規模殺傷力消耗對手實力，以軍事勝利換取戰略目標的實現。

在資訊化戰爭時期，戰爭「迷霧」仍然存在，但由於資訊科技融入作戰體系，各作戰系統借助資訊實現即時快速響應，大大提高了探測精度、定位精度、打擊精度，使戰爭「迷霧」盡可能降到最低。特別是網絡資訊體系的發展運用，使精確籌劃、精選目標、精用力量、精打要害、精準評估、精控行動、精細保障成為可能。作戰中，通常以斬首式、點穴式、外科手術式等遠程精確打擊方式直擊敵要害，制勝方法主要是精確釋能，遵循的是系統論、控制論的原理。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調精兵精打、速決作戰，以最小代價、最快速度和最低風險達成作戰目的。小規模的精確作戰行動可能會達到以往大規模戰爭的作戰效能。在現代戰爭中，精確作戰不僅是一種軍事手段的運用，更具有重要的政治意義，因為人的生命財產和人類賴以生存的環境在這種作戰方式下可以得到盡可能多的保護，而不是無限制地使用暴力，致使精確控制戰局成為重要的作戰指導。

制勝途徑由殲敵奪地向體系破擊轉變，作戰指導從強調殲滅戰轉變為強調體系破擊戰

機械化戰爭時期，戰爭制勝的途徑主要靠殲敵奪地，作戰的直接目的是將敵人消滅，往往通過大量殲滅敵有生力量、奪取或占領敵方領土，迫使敵人從意誌上屈服。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調殲滅戰思想。一戰時期的凡爾登戰役，德法雙方軍隊共投入兵力近200萬人，傷亡人數達70多萬，成為可怕的「絞肉機」。

在資訊化戰爭時期，殲滅敵有生力量對戰爭制勝仍有重要價值，人員傷亡數字仍是戰爭效益和戰爭承受力的重要變數。本世紀的幾場局部戰爭，美軍追求所謂的“零傷亡”，也說明傷亡數字在戰爭中的敏感性，從另一方面也反映出殲滅敵人有生力量的重要性。但資訊的連結與融合，以及武器裝備的更新、作戰方法的改進，使對抗雙方表現為體係與體系的對抗，戰術目的、戰役目的甚至是戰略目的的重合度越來越高，大量殲滅敵有生力量不再是取得戰爭勝利的必要條件，戰爭制勝的途徑通常靠體系破擊，作戰的直接目的是懾敵控敵。具有體系優勢的一方，主要透過精確打擊支撐敵戰爭體系和作戰體系運作的要害節點和關鍵系統，癱體攻心奪志即意味著作戰的勝利。因此，在作戰指導上，更強調體系破擊戰思想，以信息為主導、以體係為支撐，精打敵“阿喀琉斯之踵”，通過體系的坍塌效應，達成瓦解體系、攻心奪志的目的。在科索沃戰爭中，北約實施了78天的空襲作戰，南聯盟軍隊傷亡並不多，但由於作戰體系中的指揮資訊系統、交通樞紐、能源基地、電力設施等高價值目標遭到重點打擊，南聯盟的戰爭潛力被大大削弱，軍民的戰爭意志逐漸被摧毀，導致戰爭失敗。資訊化戰爭目的的有限性，使得交戰雙方通常直接瞄準對方的體系弱點實施精確破擊，使小打、巧打的體系對抗作戰更加流行，人員傷亡很小，但同樣能達成作戰目的。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李海濱 霍雲超 責任編輯：劉上靖 2023-02-02 06:54:53

國防部原文來源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4931741.html

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How the Chinese Military Identify Key Targets for Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊如何辨識認知域作戰的關鍵目標

現代英語：

Cognitive domain combat targets refer to the specific role of cognitive domain combat. In cognitive domain combat, compared with combat targets, combat targets solve the problem of precise aiming, that is, to let commanders understand and grasp the precise coordinates of what to hit, where to hit, and to what extent. Only by deeply understanding the connotation and characteristics of cognitive domain combat targets can we accurately find key targets through appearances and thus seize the initiative in future combat.

Cognitive focus that influences behavioral choices

The cognitive focus is the “convergence point” of the cognitive subject’s multi-dimensional thinking cognition in war activities. As a dynamic factor, it affects the cognitive process and behavioral results. Generally speaking, the cognitive factors that affect individual behavioral choices in war activities mainly include political attribute cognition, interest-related cognition, group belonging cognition, risk loss cognition, emotional orientation cognition, war morality cognition, etc. For war activities and groups or individuals who pay attention to war activities, the cognitive focus that affects their attitudes, tendencies and behaviors is not the same. Judging from the local wars and regional conflicts in the world in recent years, there are obvious differences in the cognitive focus of different groups or individuals. Politicians pay more attention to political attribute cognition and interest-related cognition, those who may intervene in the war pay more attention to risk loss cognition and interest-related cognition, ordinary people pay more attention to interest-related cognition and emotional orientation cognition, and people in other countries outside the region generally pay more attention to war morality cognition and group belonging cognition because their own interests will not be directly lost. In combat practice, foreign militaries are good at targeting the cognitive focus of different objects, accurately planning topics, and pushing related information to induce specific behavioral choices. For example, before the Gulf War, the Hill Norton public relations company fabricated the non-existent “incubator incident” by using Naira, the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, as a “witness” to show the “inhumanity” of the Iraqi army, induce the American people’s ethical and moral cognition, and then support the US government to send troops to participate in the Gulf War.

Style preferences that constrain command decisions

Cognitive style directly affects decision-making behavior preferences. Cognitive style refers to the typical way of individual cognition, memory, thinking, and problem solving. According to the preference of command decision-making style, commanders can be divided into calm cognitive style and impulsive cognitive style. Commanders with calm cognitive style pay attention to accuracy but not speed in the decision-making process. The quality of the decisions they make is high, but they are prone to fall into the comparison and analysis of various intelligence information sources and overemphasize the accuracy and objectivity of information analysis. Commanders with calm cognitive style are often easily disturbed by the diverse and diverse information stimulation in battlefield cognitive offensive and defensive operations, and their mental energy is easily disturbed and dissipated, which may lead to missed opportunities. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style pay attention to speed but not accuracy. The decision-making reaction speed is fast, but the quality is not high. They are easily emotional and prone to conflict with team members. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style are also prone to over-interpret the ambiguous external security environment, and constantly look for “evidence” to strengthen and verify individual erroneous thinking, narrowing individual attention and leading to command decision-making deviations. In combat practice, foreign armies pay more attention to analyzing the decision-making style of commanders of combat opponents, and then select specific information to influence them psychologically. For example, during the U.S. invasion of Panama, when besieging the hiding place of Panamanian President Noriega, the U.S. military repeatedly played rock and heavy metal music, and used language that stimulated and humiliated Noriega to carry out cognitive and psychological attacks on him, causing Noriega to gradually collapse physically and mentally.

Backdoor channel to control thinking and cognition

Once a computer is infected with a “Trojan” virus, it will send a connection request to the hacker control terminal at a specific time. Once the connection is successful, a backdoor channel will be formed, allowing the hacker to control the computer at will. Similarly, the human brain also has a cognitive “backdoor” and may be controlled by others. Cognitive psychologists have found that by sending information to the target object’s audio-visual perception channel, carefully pushing information content that the target object recognizes and accepts, catering to the target object’s existing experience memory, conforming to the target object’s thinking habits, and stimulating the target object’s emotional pain points, it is possible to control and interfere with the target object’s cognition and promote its instinctive emotional and behavioral reactions. With the support of cutting-edge cognitive science and technology, using the two modes of automatic start and control processing of brain information processing, the target object can easily fall into a “cognitive cocoon”. In cognitive domain operations, by immersing individuals in massive amounts of artificially constructed information, and continuously providing them with “evidence” to prove that their judgments and cognitions are “correct”. Over time, the individual’s cognitive vision becomes smaller and smaller, and the ability to perceive the external environment gradually decreases. Eventually, they will not be able to see the truth of the matter and will be immersed in the “cognitive cocoon” and unable to extricate themselves. When foreign militaries conduct operations in the cognitive domain, they often target their opponents’ cognitive biases on a certain issue and continuously push situational information and intelligence information through various channels to support their opponents’ so-called “correct cognition,” causing errors and deviations in their opponents’ command decisions.

Sensory stimuli that induce attention

Effective perceptual stimulation is the first prerequisite for attracting the attention of the target object. The human brain will perceive and react to stimuli within the perceptual range. Cognitive psychology experimental research has found that information such as dynamic, dangerous, relevant, survival safety, and contrast between before and after is more likely to attract the attention of the human brain. In the era of intelligence, the psychological cognitive process of the target object often follows the law of “attracting attention, cultivating interest, actively searching, strengthening memory, actively sharing, and influencing others”. In combat, foreign troops often use exclusive revelations, intelligence leaks, authoritative disclosures, on-site connections, and other methods, and cleverly use exaggeration, contrast, association, metaphor, suspense, and contrast to push information that subverts common sense, cognitive conflicts, and strong contrasts to attract the attention of the target object. For example, the “Lin Qi rescue incident” created by the US military in the Iraq War and the “Gaddafi Golden Toilet” in the Libyan War mostly choose stories familiar to the audience as the blueprint, hiding the purpose and embedding the viewpoint in the story plot, which attracted the attention of the general public. In addition, the human brain will also process stimuli outside the perceptual range. In recent years, the military of Western countries has attached great importance to the research of subthreshold information stimulation technology, and has developed subthreshold visual information implantation technology, subthreshold auditory information implantation technology, subthreshold information activation technology, subconscious sound manipulation technology of the nervous system, etc., continuously expanding the application scope of neurocognitive science and technology in the military field.

Meta-value concepts that give rise to cognitive resonance

In cognitive theory, cognitive resonance refers to information that can cross the cognitive gap between the two parties and trigger the ideological and psychological resonance and cognitive empathy of both parties, thereby achieving the deconstruction and reconstruction of the other party’s cognitive system. In cognitive domain warfare, this cognitive energy-gathering effect is not a simple concentration of power, but an internal accumulation of system synergy. Under the diffusion and dissemination of modern information media, this cognitive resonance effect can spread rapidly to all parts of the world in a short period of time, and produce secondary indirect psychological effects or more levels of derivative psychological effects, presenting a state of cumulative iteration. Once it exceeds the psychological critical point, it will present a state of psychological energy explosion, thereby changing the direction or outcome of the event. The targets that can induce this cognitive resonance are mainly value beliefs, moral ethics, common interests, etc. In war, if one party touches or violates human meta-values, common emotional orientation, etc., it is very easy to induce collective condemnation, bear the accusation of violating human morality, and fall into a moral trough. For example, a photo during the Vietnam War shows a group of Vietnamese children, especially a 9-year-old girl, running naked on the road because of burns after being attacked by US napalm bombs. In 1972, this photo caused a huge sensation after it was published, setting off an anti-war wave in the United States and even the world, and accelerating the end of the Vietnam War.

Cognitive gaps in a split cognitive system

In daily life, seemingly hard steel is very easy to break due to the brittleness of the material due to factors such as low temperature environment, material defects, and stress concentration. The same is true for the cognitive system. Cognitive gaps refer to the cracks, pain points, weaknesses, and sensitive points in the cognitive thinking of the target object, which are mainly manifested as the individual’s worry that he is unable to cope with or adapt to the environment, and under the influence of anxiety, cognitive vulnerability is formed. The experience of security threats, the looseness of group structure, the confusion of beliefs and ideals, and the loss of voice of authoritative media will all cause cognitive conflicts and tearing of the target object. In cognitive domain operations, sometimes seemingly powerful combat opponents hide a large number of thinking cracks and psychological weaknesses behind them. Often a news event can shake the cognitive framework of the combat opponent and puncture the cognitive bubble. In addition, this cognitive psychological conflict will also cause moral damage and psychological trauma to individuals. In recent years, the U.S. and Western countries’ troops carrying out overseas missions have faced “enemies disguised as civilians” that appear anytime and anywhere, and their uncertainty about the battlefield environment has continued to increase. They generally lack the perception of the significance of combat, and are filled with guilt and sin. A large number of soldiers developed post-traumatic stress disorder, the number of self-harm on the battlefield, post-war suicides and crimes increased sharply, and the number of suicides among veterans of the war even exceeded the number of deaths on the battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Political Science Academy of National Defense University)

國語中文：

引言

認知域作戰標靶是指認知域作戰的具體作用指向。在認知域作戰中，相較於作戰對象，作戰標靶解決的問題是精確瞄準，也就是讓指揮官了解掌握具體打什麼、往哪裡打、打到什麼程度的精準座標問題。只有深刻理解認知域作戰標靶的內涵特點，才能透過表象準確找到關鍵標靶，以便在未來作戰中掌握先機。

影響行為選擇的認知重心

認知重心是戰爭活動中認知主體多元思維認知的“匯聚點”，作為一種能動因素影響認知進程和行為結果。一般而言，影響戰爭活動中個人行為選擇的認知因素，主要包含政治屬性認知、利益關聯認知、群體歸屬認知、風險損失認知、情緒定向認知、戰爭道德認知等。對於戰爭活動以及關注戰爭活動的群體或個體而言，影響其態度、傾向和行為的認知重心並不相同。從近年來的世界局部戰爭和地區衝突來看，不同群體或個體關注的認知重心有著明顯差異，政治人物更加關注政治屬性認知和利益關聯認知，戰爭可能介入者更關注風險損耗認知和利益關聯認知，一般民眾更關注利益關聯認知和情感定向認知，而域外他國民眾由於自身利益不會受到直接損失，普遍更關注戰爭道德認知和群體歸屬認知。外軍在作戰實踐中，善於針對不同對象的認知重心，精準策劃主題，推送關聯訊息，誘發特定的行為選擇。如同在海灣戰爭前，希爾·諾頓公關公司炮製了根本不存在的“育嬰箱事件”，就是利用科威特駐美大使的女兒娜伊拉“做證”，展現伊拉克軍隊的“慘無人道”，誘發美國民眾的倫理道德認知，進而支持美國政府派兵參加海灣戰爭。

制約指揮決策的風格偏好

認知風格直接影響決策行為偏好。認知風格是指個體認知、記憶、思考、解決問題的典型方式。根據指揮決策風格偏好，指揮家可以分為冷靜型認知風格和衝動型認知風格。冷靜型認知風格的指揮者在決策過程中重視準確但不重視速度，作出的決策品質較高，但容易陷入對各類情報資訊來源的比對分析，過度強調資訊分析的準確客觀。冷靜型認知風格的指揮在戰場認知攻防行動中，常常容易受到紛繁多元的信息刺激幹擾，心智精力容易被擾亂和耗散，進而可能貽誤戰機。衝動型認知風格的指揮者重視速度但不重視準確度，作出的決策反應速度較快，但品質不高，且容易情緒激動，易與團隊成員發生衝突。衝動型認知風格的指揮者也容易將模稜兩可的外在安全環境進行過度曲解，並不斷尋找「證據」強化和驗證個體錯誤思維，使個體注意力變窄，導致出現指揮決策偏差。外軍在作戰實務中，比較著重分析作戰對手指揮官決策風格，進而選擇特定資訊對其進行心理影響。如美軍入侵巴拿馬戰爭中，在圍攻巴拿馬總統諾列加躲藏處時，美軍反複播放搖滾和重金屬音樂，運用刺激和羞辱諾列加的語言對其進行認知打擊和心理進攻，使諾列加身心逐漸崩潰。

控制思維認知的後門通道

電腦一旦中了「木馬」病毒，會在特定時間向駭客控制端發送連線請求，一旦連線成功就會形成後門通道，使得駭客可以隨心所欲地控制電腦。與之相似，人類大腦也存在認知“後門”，也可能被他人控制。認知心理學家研究發現，透過給目標對象視聽感知通道發送訊息，精心推送目標對象認可的、接受的信息內容，迎合目標對像已有的經驗記憶，順應目標對象思維習慣，刺激目標對象的情感痛點，就可以控制干擾目標物認知，促進其產生本能情緒行為反應。在尖端認知科學技術的支撐下，運用大腦資訊加工的自動啟動和控制加工兩種模式，目標物很容易陷入「認知繭房」之中。認知域作戰中，透過讓個體沉浸在人為構設的海量資訊之中，並源源不斷地為其提供「證據」用來佐證其判斷和認知是「正確」的。長此以往，個體的認知視野就變得越來越小，對外在環境的感知能力逐漸降低，最終會看不到事情的真相，沉湎於「認知繭房」中無法自拔。外軍在認知域作戰中，常常針對作戰對手對某一問題的認知偏差，持續透過多種管道推送佐證作戰對手自以為「正確認知」的態勢訊息和情報訊息，使作戰對手指揮決策出現失誤和偏差。

誘發關注的感知覺刺激

有效的知覺刺激是引發目標對象關注的首要前提。人類大腦對感知覺範圍內的刺激會有所察覺，並做出各種反應。認知心理學實驗研究發現，動態、危險、利害關係人、生存安全、前後反差等類別資訊更容易引起人類大腦的注意。在智慧化時代，目標對象的心理認知過程往往遵循「引起注意、培養興趣、主動搜尋、強化記憶、主動分享、影響他人」的規律。外軍在作戰中，常運用獨家爆料、情報外洩、權威揭露、現場連線等方式，巧用誇張、對比、聯想、比喻、懸念、襯託等手法，推播顛覆常識、認知衝突、對比強烈等訊息，來引發目標對象注意。例如伊拉克戰爭中美軍塑造的“營救女兵林奇事件”，利比亞戰爭中的“卡扎菲黃金馬桶”，大多選擇受眾對象熟知的故事為藍本，藏目的、寓觀點於故事情節，吸引了廣大民眾的注意力。此外，人類大腦也會對感知覺範圍外的刺激進行加工。近年來，西方國家軍隊非常重視知覺閾下資訊刺激技術的研究，開發發展了閾下視覺訊息植入技術、閾下聽覺訊息植入技術、閾下訊息啟動技術、神經系統潛意識聲音操控技術等，不斷擴大神經認知科學技術在軍事領域的應用範圍。

催生認知共振的後設價值概念

認知理論中，認知共振是指跨越雙方認知鴻溝，能夠引發雙方思想心理與認知共鳴共感的訊息，進而實現對對方認知體系的解構與重建。在認知域作戰中，這種認知聚能效應不是簡單意義上的力量集中，而是體系合力的內在累積。在現代資訊傳媒的擴散傳播作用下，這種認知共振效應能在短時間內迅速擴散到全球各地，並產生二次間接心理效應或更多層次的衍生心理效應，呈現出一種累積迭代的狀態，一旦超過心理臨界點，即呈現出心理能量爆發狀態，從而改變事件走向或結果。能夠誘發這種認知共振的靶標，主要有價值信念、道德倫理、共通利益等。戰爭中，若某一方觸及或違反人類元價值觀、共同情感指向等，則極易誘發集體聲討，承擔違背人類道德的指責，陷於道義低谷。如越戰期間的一張照片，畫面呈現的是遭遇美軍凝固汽油彈襲擊後，一群越南孩子特別是一名9歲女孩在公路上因為燒傷而裸體奔跑。 1972年，這張照片刊登後引發巨大轟動，掀起美國乃至全球的反戰浪潮，加速了越戰的結束。

分裂認知體系的認知縫隙

日常生活中，看似堅硬的鋼鐵，受低溫環境、材質缺陷、應力集中等因素影響，非常容易因材料脆性而斷裂，認知體係也是如此。認知縫隙是指目標對象認知思考中的裂縫、痛點、弱點與敏感點，主要表現為個體擔心自己沒有能力應對或無法適應環境的想法，並在焦慮情緒的作用下，構成認知脆弱性。安全威脅的經驗、團體結構的鬆散、信念理想的迷惘、權威媒介的失聲等，都會使得目標物出現認知上的衝突與撕裂。認知域作戰中，有時看似強大的作戰對手，背後卻潛藏著大量的思維裂隙與心理弱點，往往一個新聞事件就能動搖作戰對手的認知框架，刺破認知泡沫。此外，這種認知心理衝突也會使個體產生道德損傷和心理創傷。近年來，執行海外任務的美西方國家軍隊面對隨時隨地出現的“偽裝成平民的敵人”，對戰場環境的不確定感不斷提升，普遍缺乏作戰意義感知，進而內心充滿內疚與罪惡。大量士兵產生戰爭創傷後壓力障礙，戰場自殘自傷、戰後自殺與犯罪人數激增，參戰老兵自殺人數甚至超過戰場死亡人數。

（作者單位：國防大學政治學院）唐國東

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年3月23日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/23/content_336888.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, Strategic Support Forces, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設

Chinese Military Analysis of Developing Intelligent Command Information Systems

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中國軍隊發展智慧指揮資訊系統的分析

現代英語：

The prelude to the era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nerve” of future intelligent combat command and control, and are the supporting means of intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of intelligent command information system research and development, and exploring the key points of intelligent command information system development can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems and win the initiative in future intelligent combat.

Clarify the key points of developing intelligent command information system

Intelligent command information system is the inevitable choice for the development of war form towards information-based intelligent warfare, the inevitable result of the development of scientific and technological revolution, and the era’s call for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information system will help to guide the construction direction of intelligent command information system and establish the long-term goal of system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of war. In the future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation is changing rapidly and the battlefield environment is complex and severe. In order to take the initiative on the battlefield, “control of intelligence” has become a new commanding height, and the intelligent command information system is undoubtedly an important means of supporting future combat command and action. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of war to intelligence, and is an important support for intelligent warfare to gain the initiative and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent combat requires a combat command concept that is compatible with it, and the intelligent command information system is an important support for the implementation of the combat command concept, and is the soil for the innovation and development of the intelligent combat command concept. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formation, data-driven command activities, open development command mode, and intelligent force-focused command process are inseparable from the support of the intelligent command information system. The intelligent command information system will serve as the extension of the human brain, breaking through the physiological limits of the human body and realizing the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about major changes in the combat victory mechanism. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods change from “combat networks + precision-guided weapons” in the information age to “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age, and the basic combat style will evolve from “network-centric warfare” to “cognitive-centric warfare” accordingly.

Grasp the key points of intelligent command information system research and development

The command information system is a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade of the command information system is imminent. We should highlight the key points of functional research and development and create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super-brainization” assists decision-making. In the future intelligent warfare, the amount of battlefield information data is huge and complex and changeable. Commanders are easily trapped in the “sea of ​​information” during the command process, resulting in information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making technology and “cloud brain” and “digital staff”, a new decision-making model based on the collaboration of “human brain + artificial intelligence” is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence, as an extension of the human brain, assist the commander’s work, and develop war decisions from simple human brain decisions to “human brain + artificial intelligence” super-brainized command decisions.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent combat, the space will be multi-dimensional, the forces will be diversified, the styles will be diverse, and the pace will be accelerated. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of battlefield situations will become the basis for commanders to make decisions, and multi-domain integration and intelligent dynamic presentation of full-dimensional battlefield situations will become an inevitable requirement for the construction and development of command information systems. The command information system’s perception, understanding, integration and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future war situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces to cognitive and social domains, realizing “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent warfare will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the intelligent information and communication system must be connected to the command and control platform and the weapon platform. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, the intelligent information and communication system plays a linking and lubricating role in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an intelligent information network with full-dimensional coverage and uninterrupted connection to support the connection and control of intelligent equipment, form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network anti-destruction, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities, so as to ensure intelligent collaborative operations between platforms and exert the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been used in large numbers and have played an important role in determining the direction of war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis of intelligent warfare, and have formed disruptive combat styles based on this, such as invasive lone wolf warfare, manned/unmanned collaborative system sabotage warfare, unmanned system formation independent warfare, and drone swarm cluster warfare. Although unmanned warfare is led by humans, it gives machines a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby realizing unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be more intelligent and be able to conduct autonomous and coordinated combat according to the purpose of the operation.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the “intellectual power” struggle on the battlefield and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security technologies, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and strengthen intelligent traceability and countermeasure capabilities to effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key to the development of intelligent command information system

The development of intelligent command information system is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of mind and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information system, we must change the traditional idea of ​​adding hardware, building a large “network”, collecting and storing various types of data, break through the inherent hierarchical settings, create an open and service-oriented system, aim at the needs of intelligent combat command and action, and explore and study the key points of the development of intelligent command information system.

Innovative concepts. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, combine actual needs, and explore a development path with its own characteristics. We must break the traditional “building chimneys” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of command information systems, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system development ideas that combine research, construction and use, formulate short-term, medium-term and long-term development strategies, and standardize the direction of system construction and development; adhere to iterative upgrades and optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems such as command control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information confrontation and comprehensive support, to ensure the continuous and healthy development of intelligent command information systems.

Focus on the key. Focusing on the construction of key capabilities of intelligent command information systems is an important support for intelligent warfare to gather intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to intelligent warfare to gain the “right to win”. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the internal driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of the next generation of computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; deeply explore the deeper and wider dimensional information value in massive combat data resources, and seek to gain the upper hand.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-domain, multi-disciplinary, multi-departmental and multi-unit integrated and coordinated project. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collective wisdom, pioneering and innovation, aiming at strategic forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, and insist on high-tech promotion and intelligent combat demand. Carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, levels, and forms, continuously break through innovation, iterative upgrades, and make the intelligent command information system more complete and smarter.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the era of innovation and development of artificial intelligence in the world. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is booming, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application and broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to achieve the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. We must study and formulate general technical standards, demolish barriers, break the ice, facilitate military-civilian cooperation, and realize the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. We must cultivate and shape new military talents through collaboration, so that they can constantly adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

國語中文：

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開，具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”，是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建設是軍事智慧化發展的內在要求，只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點，探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津，才能更好地推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程，贏得未來智慧化作戰制勝先機。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇，是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建設方向，確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰，戰場形勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境復雜嚴酷，要想在戰場上取得主動，「制智權」成為新的製高點，而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智慧化發展可助推戰爭形態朝向智能化演變，是智能化作戰贏得先機、謀求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智能化創新。未來智慧化作戰，需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托，是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐，智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延，突破人體生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術與智慧技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化，智慧超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網絡＋精確制導武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網＋有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網絡中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物，隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用，指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發點，打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

“超腦化”輔助決策。未來智能化作戰，戰場資訊數據量龐大且複雜多變，指揮員在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫，影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數字參謀」的出現，以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限，作為人腦的外延，輔助指揮員工作，使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智能化作戰，空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出，全面靈動地掌握戰場態勢成為指揮員決策的基礎，多域一體、智能動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對諸如目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測，正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域，實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網絡通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台，而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管，智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑作用。因此，要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡，支撐智慧化裝備的連結和控制，形成網絡結構智能優化、網絡抗毀智能重組以及智能抗干擾能力，以確保平台間智能化的協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。近期世界局部沖突中，無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用，引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎，並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式，如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導，並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協同被破壞將成為常態，無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧，要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊，資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此，應主動作為，積極制定及完善網絡防護策略，豐富入侵檢測能力及認證識別手段，加強資訊安全高新技術運用，強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力，建強智能化溯源反制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展，要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集儲存各類數據的思路，突破固有層級設定，打造開放式、服務型系統，瞄準智慧化作戰指揮與行動需要，探索研究智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引，借用軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路，結合實際需求，探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法，堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃，統一介面、協議和標準，形成開放式、可持續發展的系統架構佈局；堅持研建用相結合的系統研發思路，制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化完善策略，不斷提升指揮控制、情報偵察、通信、資訊對抗和綜合保障等各分系統智能化水平，確保智能化指揮資訊系統持續健康發展。

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設，是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托，是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐，也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力要求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢；加快量子計算機等為代表的下一代計算機研發，為智能化指揮信息系統提供更強的算力支持；深度挖掘海量作戰資料資源中更深層次、更廣維度資訊價值，謀求制勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一，是一個多領域、多學科交叉，多部門、多單位參與的大融合大聯動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神，瞄準傳感器、量子信息、網絡通信、集成電路、關鍵軟件、大數據、人工智能、區塊鍊等戰略性前瞻領域，堅持高新技術推動、智慧化作戰需求拉動，開展多領域、多層次、多形式深度研究交流，不斷突破創新、迭代升級，使智慧化指揮資訊系統功能更加完善、更加智慧。

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展，必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果，融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。當前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢，人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準，拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作，實現技術成果共享連結。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求，充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4917788.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 解放軍展望未來戰爭發展, 認知域戰

China’s Emphasis on Accelerating the Advancement of Military Intelligence

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中國重視加速軍事情報進步

現代英語：

Today, the world’s science and technology is brewing new breakthroughs. With the man-machine war as a symbol, the development of artificial intelligence has made significant progress and is accelerating its development into the military field, which will inevitably have an impact on the war situation and even a subversive impact. Therefore, our military must accelerate the promotion of military intelligence construction and accelerate the forging of an intelligent army.

Create intelligent theory. Create the basic theory of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the concept connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat style, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanism, characteristic laws, etc. of intelligent warfare; continuously innovate the tactics of intelligent warfare, such as intelligent cluster warfare, precise second-kill warfare, cognitive control warfare, intelligent ambush warfare, etc.; study and master the basic technical theories of intelligent warfare, including the perception and understanding of highly complex battlefield environments, human-machine hybrid intelligence in human-machine collaborative operations, etc. These theories are the cornerstone of the intelligent warfare theory system. In the future, the war theory with “algorithm-centric warfare” as the core is very likely to replace the war theory with “network-centric warfare” as the core.

Reshape the intelligent form. Military organization is the link between military technology and combat theory, and is the lever for exerting the overall combat effectiveness of the army. In the future intelligent warfare, along with the pace of new military reforms, the development trend of military organization will be built and developed in the direction of “globally distributed, networked matrix” leadership and management system, “algorithm-supported, human-machine integration” combat command system, “small and flexible, modular cluster” scale structure, and “military integration, military and civilian integration, traditional forces as the main body, intelligent forces as the backbone, unmanned and adaptive” force composition. The organizational structure of future intelligent warfare will be to form small, multi-functional, intelligent, new joint combat forces of different types and purposes according to different levels of strategy, campaign, and tactics and different military services.

Develop intelligent weapons. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent warfare system operations and intelligent weapons and equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall coordination, compile a roadmap for the development of intelligent weapons and equipment systems, and develop intelligent unmanned combat equipment systems that match operations and support, covering land, sea, air, space, and network space domains, in a planned, focused, and step-by-step manner, and with high, medium, and low-end, large, medium, and small, long, medium, and short ranges, and enhance the system integration of various services and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent operations, and focus on the research and development of weapons and equipment systems for anti-enemy intelligent unmanned operations to ensure that we can effectively conduct intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontations with the enemy.

Innovate intelligent training. At present, the concept and method of intelligent combat are constantly updated, and the training mode has changed from “mechanical + information” dominated to “intelligent +” dominated. Artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, can realistically simulate the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. Exploring new models of intelligent training and improving intelligent combat capabilities will become an important part of future military training and preparation. In particular, intelligent warfare and unmanned combat should be included in the training outline and carried out on a regular basis.

Cultivate intelligent talents. Talent is the first resource. The cultivation of artificial intelligence talents is the foundation for strengthening the country’s intelligent infrastructure. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of complexity, advancement, and humanization. It has the characteristics of decentralized combat command, de-division of combat processes, de-stratification of talent structure, high-end skill operation, research-based working methods, and fuzzification of the front and rear. Correspondingly, it also requires intelligent military talents to have the characteristics of talent group, advanced skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Therefore, to build an intelligent army and win intelligent warfare, it is first necessary to have a large number of specialized technical talents and command talents in the field of artificial intelligence.

Deepen intelligent integration. Breakthroughs in the core key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “national heavy weapon” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. In the tide of the intelligent era, we must focus on achieving integrated breakthroughs in the following disruptive technologies: around algorithm support, develop intelligent data mining technology for massive intelligence information and intelligent planning technology; around machine combat, develop intelligent chip technology and autonomous unmanned system technology; around intelligent decision-making, develop explainable high-reliability auxiliary decision-making technology, human-computer interaction and intelligent fusion technology; around extreme combat, develop intelligent cluster combat coordination technology and energy and information intelligent confrontation technology. Therefore, the research and development of core key technologies of military intelligence should not only carry out cross-disciplinary and cross-domain collaborative innovation, but also connect the development of social intelligence with that of military intelligence, draw on the mature technologies and successful experiences of social intelligence development, vigorously strengthen the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and promote the rapid embedding of various artificial intelligence technologies into combat elements and processes.

國語中文：

當今世界科技正醞釀著新的突破，以人機大戰為標志，人工智慧發展取得重大進展，並加速向軍事領域發展，這必將對戰爭形態產生沖擊甚至顛覆性影響。因此，我軍必須加速推進軍事智慧化建設，加速鍛造智慧化軍隊。

創建智能化理論。創造智慧化戰爭基礎理論，深入研究智能化戰爭的概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰樣式、攻防行動、制勝機理、特點規律等內容；不斷創新智能化戰爭的戰法，如智能集群戰、精確秒殺戰、認知控制戰、智能伏擊戰等；研究掌握智能化戰爭的技術基礎理論，包括高復雜戰場環境的感知與理解、人機協同作戰的人機混合智能等。這些理論是智慧化戰爭理論體系的基石。未來以「演算法中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論，極有可能取代以「網絡中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論。

重塑智能化形態。軍隊組織是聯結軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶，也是發揮軍隊整體作戰效能的槓桿。在未來智慧化戰爭中，伴隨著新軍事變革的步伐，軍隊組織的發展趨勢，將按照領導管理體制「全局分散式、網絡矩陣式」、作戰指揮體制「演算法支撐、人機融合」、規模結構「小型靈巧、模塊集群」、力量編成「軍種融合軍民一體、傳統部隊為主體、智慧部隊為骨幹的無人化、自適應」方向建設發展。未來智慧化戰爭的體制編制將依戰略、戰役、戰術不同層次和不同軍兵種，組建不同類型、不同用途的小型多能智能化新型聯合作戰部隊。

發展智能化武器。應著眼於智慧化戰爭體係作戰和智慧化武器裝備體系建設的雙重需要，搞好頂層設計和整體統籌，編制智能化武器裝備體系發展路線圖，按計劃、有重點、分步驟地研製高中低端、大中小型、遠中近程，覆蓋陸、海、空、天和網絡等空間領域，作戰與保障相配套的智能化無人作戰裝備體系，增強各軍兵種和作戰、保障等各種智能化武器裝備的體系融合度。與此同時，應著眼無人和反無人、智能與反智能作戰需要，注重研發反敵智能化無人作戰的武器裝備系統，確保能夠有效地與敵進行智能化無人攻防對抗。

創新智能化訓練。當前，智慧化作戰理念、作戰方式不斷更新，訓練模式由「機械+資訊」主導型向「智慧+」主導型轉變。人工智慧技術能夠創造出更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境，能夠逼真地演繹作戰進程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰構想。探索智慧化訓練新模式，提升智慧化作戰能力，將成為未來練兵備戰的重要內容。特別是將智慧化戰爭和無人化作戰納入訓練大綱，常態化展開進行。

培養智能化人才。人才是第一資源。人工智慧人才的培養是加強國家智慧化基礎建設的根本。智慧化戰爭具有複雜性、超前性、類人化等特徵，存在作戰指揮去中心化、作戰過程去分工化、人才結構去分層化、技能操作高端化、工作方式研究化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點，相應也要求智慧化軍事人才具有人才群體性、技能精尖性、知識復合性、思維創新性、決策智能性等特點。因此，建設智慧化軍隊，打贏智慧化戰爭，首要是擁有一大批人工智慧領域的專門技術人才和指揮人才。

深化智能化融合。人工智慧核心關鍵技術的突破，是應對智慧化戰爭威脅和挑戰的「國之重器」。在智慧時代的浪潮中，要重點在以下顛覆性技術上取得融合突破：圍繞演算法支撐發展海量情報資訊智慧數據挖掘技術、智慧規劃技術；圍繞機器主戰發展智慧晶片技術、自主無人系統技術；圍繞智慧決策發展可解釋高可信賴輔助決策技術、人機互動與智慧融合技術；圍繞極限作戰發展智慧集群作戰協同技術、能量與資訊智慧對抗技術。因此，軍事智慧化核心關鍵技術的研發，不僅要開展跨學科、跨領域協作創新，還要使社會智能化與軍事智能化發展對接並軌，借鑒社會智能化發展的成熟技術和成功經驗，大力加強軍民融合深度發展，推動各類人工智慧技術快速嵌入作戰要素、作戰流程。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李明海 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2019-10-08 10:39:28

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4852388.html

Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China’s Military Metaverse: A New Frontier for Future Cognitive Warfare

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中國軍事元宇宙：未來認知戰爭的新領域

現代英語：

　●The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but also reacts to the real world.

　　●Parallel with the real world, reaction to the real world, and integration of multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse.

　　●The metaverse provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society.

　　● Strengthening the follow-up research on the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare and highlighting the exploration of the mechanism of the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare will help enrich and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

　　The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but reacts to the real world. When virtual technologies such as digital, Internet, augmented reality and modern communications, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies develop to a certain stage, the metaverse will emerge. Being parallel to the real world, reacting to the real world, and integrating multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural law of human understanding and transformation of the world. It directly acts on human thinking and cognition but is not bound by the essential attributes of thinking and cognition, which determines that it carries the operating laws of the real world, provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex systems in reality, and a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. At the same time, it is itself a complex cognitive body, so it has immeasurable cognitive warfare application value.

　　The basic mechanism of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

　　The difference between the metaverse and other technologies is that it builds a complete digital world. Its operation is not supported by a single or a few technologies, but by a complex high-tech complex. This complex is built by humans, is a product of cognition, and continues to develop and evolve with the development of human cognitive practice. Its cognitive application has a unique regular mechanism.

　　System enhancement mechanism. The digital world constructed by the metaverse is itself a highly developed cognitive world. In this special cognitive world, technology not only exists as an additional role such as support and guarantee, but also directly participates in the shaping of cognition itself as a basic element of cognition. In other words, the technology that constitutes the metaverse itself has a distinct cognitive background, which not only supports the operation of cognition but also realizes the self-construction, revolution and transcendence of cognition; it not only provides a series of necessary technical services, but also creates a holographic technical soil for human cognition to operate independently and fight independently. The effect of the metaverse on cognition is not one-dimensional, but full-dimensional; not single-line, but full-system; not independent, but immersive; not fragmentary, but continuous; not cyclical, but full-life process. How far the thinking cognition develops, how far the metaverse develops, and thus it can shape people’s thinking cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly. Therefore, humans have used high technology to create a complex system combining man and machine called “Avatar”, and have also created a life form on “Pandora” that can think independently, recognize itself, and think and act on its own. This life form, which was created by humans and is independent of humans, has achieved self-improvement and development in the new universe.

　　The mechanism of mutual construction of technology and knowledge. Unlike the one-way effect of individual technologies such as artificial intelligence and information networks on thinking and cognition, the metaverse provides a space for mutual construction of technology and cognition, and the effect and counter-effect. In this space, we can simulate, demonstrate, simulate, and verify the process and results of this two-way mutual construction and promotion, so as to understand cognition more accurately and efficiently, improve cognitive warfare methods, and directly engage in real cognitive confrontation. The metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenes, where cognitive warfare can be promoted efficiently, enhanced at a fast pace, and presented in a panoramic manner. It is reported that the US military uses virtual technology to verify the performance of new weapons and equipment, test the effectiveness of the use of new tactics, and conduct combat simulation training, relying on the deployment of troops, combat terrain, human characteristics, and other scenes similar to actual combat constructed in virtual spaces such as the metaverse. At the same time, more and more countries and armies are conducting direct cognitive attacks and defenses with their opponents through virtual spaces, confusing their minds, misleading their directions, and eroding their will.

　　Active reflection mechanism. As a virtual existence parallel to the real world, the metaverse is not a simple digital copy of the three-dimensional space, but has its own operating rules and can actively act on the real world. This active action is the focus of the cognitive application of the metaverse. The metaverse space game reflects the characteristics of cognitive warfare. The war results deduced in the metaverse through virtual simulation may directly affect the real world, extending to the conscious cognitive game through sensory touch, thereby winning the dominant position in cognitive warfare. In the cognitive perspective, the metaverse is both a new cognitive space and the main battlefield of cognition, as well as an extended domain of cognition and a new cognitive component. At present, the military of many countries uses sandbox operations, war games and even computer simulations to formulate and test strategies and tactics, revise the application of tactics, improve training methods, and improve weapons and equipment. This is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to reality. With the continuous development and integration of the metaverse technology group, cognitive confrontation will inevitably shift more and faster from the real world to a hybrid world combining virtuality and reality.

　　The basic characteristics of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

　　Existence determines consciousness, and technology drives creation. The metaverse has many characteristics, such as parallelism with the real world, initiative in the real world, and comprehensiveness that integrates multiple technologies. These prominent characteristics determine the different characteristics and laws of its effects on thinking and cognition.

　　Cross-domain construction. The formation, development and evolution of cognition are rarely determined by a single factor, but are often the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. The metaverse originates from the real world and is presented in the virtual space. It has the characteristics of multi-domain interconnection that runs through the real and virtual worlds. As the saying goes, “a lot of gossip can melt gold, and accumulated criticism can destroy bones.” This cross-domain characteristic that spans different fields and opens up related spaces can best influence and shape people’s thinking and cognition from different angles. The most typical case is that game developers are increasingly focusing on using virtual stories based on historical facts and real feelings to attract and infect people. The United States has used this cross-domain shaped surreal “real” experience to spread values. At present, the most representative “metaverse” themed science fiction work is “Ready Player One” directed by Spielberg. The play focuses on depicting the era background of the birth of the “metaverse” and the huge contrast between the real status and virtual status of the protagonist. Through the plot and special effects shots, it delicately portrays the real sense of human participation, thereby spreading the American ideology, especially the values, that wealth, status, love and friendship can be obtained through “bloodless” struggle in the virtual world.

　　Integrated influence. The important fulcrums of cognitive warfare are strategy and technology. With the development of science and technology and the progress of society, the proportion of technology in cognitive warfare is increasing and its role is becoming more and more prominent. It can be said that cognitive warfare without scientific and technological support is a cognitive warfare without power, and cognitive warfare with advanced technology is more likely to win. As a complex system integrating multiple cutting-edge technologies, the metaverse has a natural advantage in the use of cognitive warfare. Many people, including adults, are deeply trapped in the virtual world and indulge in online games. It is very important that the virtual space gives game operators a super-time and space experience and a sense of achievement. If martial arts novels are fairy tales for adults, then the metaverse, which can be “as one pleases”, creates a super fairy tale world, which has an immeasurable impact on people’s thinking, cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns.

　　Compromising influence. A big difference between the metaverse and other technical means is that it constructs a virtual world that originates from the real world but reacts to the real world. In this complex domain space, people’s thinking and cognition go back and forth between the real world and the virtual space, verify each other, repeatedly confirm, and constantly correct, thereby generating new thinking and cognition, and exerting a dynamic influence on both worlds. This two-way interactive compromising influence, on the one hand, is conducive to the formation and development of correct thinking and cognition, making the cognition of the real world more imaginative with the wings of the virtual world’s thoughts, and at the same time, it also makes the cognition of the virtual space find the material support of the real world and become more scientific. On the other hand, if it is not operated properly, it is likely to cause great safety hazards and ethical problems. In recent years, the U.S. military has relied on artificial intelligence and virtual technology to remotely control drones to attack opponents, which is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to the real world. This attack is far away from the tragic scene of face-to-face fighting, which greatly dilutes the drone operator’s awe of life and lowers the threshold for remotely controlling the opponent. At the same time, due to the imperfect reconnaissance and identification technology, incidents of accidental shooting, injury, and killing of civilians, friendly forces, and even their own troops often occur.

　　The basic style of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

　　Metaverse cognitive warfare is based on reality and leads future development. It involves both the virtual and real worlds, penetrates multiple fields, and covers a variety of technologies. There are many different combat styles, and there is great uncertainty, but there are rules to follow. Comprehensive analysis shows that there are three basic styles.

　　Platform confrontation. In terms of its relationship with human thinking and cognition, the metaverse itself is a complex cognitive actor, a derivative of human thinking and cognition, and an important component and platform of cognitive warfare. When hostile countries and armies regard the metaverse as an important position for cognitive warfare, cognitive offensive and defensive operations between different camps within the metaverse exist in reality. On this platform, all technologies, resources and forces of the metaverse are integrated and operated with thinking and cognition as the center. Metaverse operations are prominently manifested as cognitive offensive and defensive operations aimed at disrupting, delaying, blocking, destroying and eliminating the existence and operation of the opponent’s metaverse. In this field, whoever has higher-end strategic planning, more flexible tactical application, more advanced technical force and more solid material support will be able to gain the initiative in metaverse cognitive warfare.

　　System attack. The metaverse is a cognitive system composed of a series of cutting-edge technologies, and systemicity is its inherent attribute and vitality guarantee. Advanced technologies such as digital foundation, efficient communication, blockchain identity authentication, holographic AR imaging, artificial intelligence, and high-performance Internet constitute a unified body with tight structure, functional coupling, and complete system. The components are indispensable for the formation and development of thinking cognition and offensive and defensive confrontation. It is difficult to imagine that the metaverse still has the possibility of existence without the support of advanced technology groups such as high-level digitization, high-quality communication, and high-speed computing. Using superior forces to force or use asymmetric tactics to attack and block the key nodes and technological operation chains of the opponent’s metaverse system, hinder its operation, suppress its functions, and destroy its existence is an important style and efficient path of metaverse cognitive warfare.

　　Divert the flow. An important value and significance of the existence and development of the metaverse lies in serving and supporting the related activities of the real world. Under normal circumstances, the metaverse can demonstrate, display, review and predict the related activities of the real world in a digital form. Once the communication between the virtual and real worlds is disturbed or the self-operation of the metaverse is disordered, it is easy to cause the situation reflected to be untrue, the information analyzed to be distorted, the conclusions derived to be invalid, and the suggestions provided to be wrong, causing the related activities of the real world to deviate. It is based on this that we can concentrate our efforts on inducing attacks on the internal operation of the opponent’s metaverse or the communication technology devices of the two worlds, and use extremely confusing and deceptive information and scenes to divert the flow, confuse their cognition, interfere with their judgment, and mislead their decision-making. Therefore, we should strengthen the tracking research on the cognitive warfare of the role of the metaverse, highlight the exploration of the cognitive warfare mechanism of the role of the metaverse, and strengthen and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

　　(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

國語中文：

●元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。

●與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。

●元宇宙提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。

●加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機理探索，將有助於豐富及促進認知戰理論建構。

元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發達的虛擬世界。當數位、網路、擴增實境等虛擬技術和現代通訊、區塊鏈、人工智慧等技術發展到一定階段，元宇宙就橫空出世。與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運作符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，其直接作用於人的思維認知但又不拘泥於思維認知的本質屬性，決定其本身承載了現實世界的運作規律，提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，同時它本身就是一個複雜的認知體，因而具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本機理

元宇宙相對於其他技術的不同在於構築了一個完整的數位世界，支撐其運作的不是單一或幾個技術，而是一個複雜的高科技複合體。這個複合體是人構築的，是認知的產物並隨人類認知實踐的發展不斷發展演變，其認知運用具有獨特的規律機制。

體系增強機制。元宇宙構築的數位世界本身就是一個高度發展的認知世界，在這個特殊的認知世界裡，科技不僅以支撐和保障等附加角色存在，也直接作為認知的基本元素參與認知本身的塑造。也就是說構成元宇宙的技術本身俱有鮮明的認知底色，既支撐了認知的運作又實現了認知的自我建構、革命與超越；既提供了一系列必要的技術服務，又打造了一個人類認知自我運作、獨立作戰的全息技術土壤。元宇宙對認知的作用不是單向度的，而是全維度的；不是單線的，而是全系統的；不是獨立式的，而是沉浸型的；不是片段的，而是持續型的；不是周期階段型的，而是全壽命流程的。思維認知發展有多遠，元宇宙發展就有多遠，因而能夠更全面更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知。於是，人類既用高科技打造了「阿凡達」這個人機結合的複雜系統，同時也打造了一個在「潘朵拉星球」上能夠自主思維、自我認知、自行思想與行動的生命體，這個產生於人又獨立於人的生命體在新的宇宙空間中實現了自我完善與發展。

技知互構機理。與人工智慧、資訊網路等單一技術對思考認知的單向作用不同，元宇宙提供了一個技術與認知作用與反作用、影響與反影響的互構空間。在這個空間裡，我們能夠模擬、展示、模擬、驗證這種雙向互構共促的過程與結果，進而更加精準高效地認識認知、改進認知戰方式，同時也可以直接進行真刀真槍的認知對抗。元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間，在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進、快節奏增強、全景式呈現。據悉，美軍將虛擬技術運用於新武器裝備性能驗證、新戰法運用效果檢驗及作戰模擬訓練等，依託的就是在元宇宙等虛擬空間中構建的兵力佈置、作戰地形、人文特徵等近似實戰的場景。同時，也有越來越多的國家和軍隊透過虛擬空間與對手進行直接的認知攻防，迷茫其心智，誤導其方向，銷蝕其意志。

能動反射機理。元宇宙作為與現實世界平行的虛擬存在，不是簡單地將三維空間數位化複製，而有著自身運行規則並能動作用於現實世界，這種能動作用即是元宇宙認知運用的著力點。元宇宙空間博弈體現認知戰特點，透過虛擬模擬在元宇宙中推演出的戰爭結果，可能直接作用於現實世界，透過感官觸覺延伸到意識認知的爭奪博弈，從而贏得認知戰主導權。在認知視域下，元宇宙既是認知的新空間也是認知的主戰場，既是認知的延伸域也是認知的新構件。目前，不少國家軍隊透過沙盤作業、兵棋推演甚至電腦模擬模擬來發展和檢驗戰略戰術、修訂戰法運用、完善訓練方法、改進武器裝備，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實的典型案例。隨著元宇宙技術群不斷發展融合，認知對抗必將更多、更快由現實世界向虛實結合的混合世界發展轉進。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本特徵

存在決定意識，技術驅動創造。元宇宙具有與現實世界的平行性、對現實世界的能動性、融多種技術於一體的綜合性等諸多特徵。這些突出特徵，決定其作用於思考認知的不同特徵規律。

跨領域構塑。認知的形成發展演變很少由單一因素決定，往往是多種因素綜合作用的結果。元宇宙源自現實世界、呈現於虛擬空間，具有貫穿現實與虛擬的多域連結特徵。所謂“眾口鑠金，積毀銷骨”，這種跨越不同領域、打通關聯空間的跨域特質，最能從不同角度影響和塑造人的思維認知。最典型的案例就是遊戲開發商越來越注重用建立在歷史事實和現實感受基礎上的虛擬故事吸引人感染人。美國已將這種跨領域塑造的超現實「真實」體驗用於價值觀的傳播。目前最具代表性的「元宇宙」主題科幻作品是史匹柏導演的《頭號玩家》，該劇聚焦於描繪「元宇宙」誕生的時代背景及主角的現實地位與虛擬地位之間的巨大反差，透過故事情節和特效鏡頭細膩地刻畫人類的真實參與感，從而傳播在虛擬世界裡透過「不流血」的鬥爭也能獲得財富、地位、愛情和友誼的美式意識形態特別是價值觀。

融合式影響。認知戰運作依託的重要支點是謀略和技術，隨著科技的發展和社會的進步，技術之於認知戰構成所佔比重越來越大、作用越來越突出。可以說，缺乏科技支撐的認知戰是缺乏力量的認知戰，有先進科技加持的認知戰獲勝的可能性更大。元宇宙作為融多種前沿科技於一體的複雜系統，在認知戰運用上具有天然優勢。不少人包括成年人深陷虛擬世界、沉湎網路遊戲，很重要的是虛擬空間賦予遊戲操盤手的超時空體驗和成就快感。如果說武俠小說是成人的童話，那麼可以「隨心所欲」縱橫馳騁的元宇宙，則打造了一個超級童話世界，其對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等的影響不可限量。

折衝性浸染。元宇宙與其他技術手段的一個很大不同，在於其建構的是一個源自現實世界但又反作用於現實世界母體的虛擬世界。在這個複雜領域空間中，人的思維認知在現實世界與虛擬空間之間往來折衝、相互印證、反覆確認、不斷修正進而產生新的思考認知，並對兩個世界都產生施動性影響。這種雙向互動的折衝性浸染，一方面有利於正確思維認知的形成與發展，使現實世界的認知插上虛擬世界思想放飛的翅膀而更富想像力，同時也使虛擬空間的認知找到現實世界的物質支撐而更科學。另一方面如果操作不當，很可能產生極大的安全隱患和倫理問題。這些年美軍依賴人工智慧和虛擬技術遙控的無人機攻擊對手，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實世界的典型案例。這種攻擊因遠離面對面搏殺的慘烈現場，極大淡化了無人機操作員對生命的敬畏，降低了其遙控攻擊對手的門檻。同時，由於偵察辨識技術不完善，誤擊誤傷誤殺平民、友軍甚至自己軍隊的事時有發生。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本樣式

元宇宙作用認知戰基於現實基礎、引領未來發展，涉及虛實兩界、貫通多個領域、涵蓋多種技術，作戰樣式多種多樣，有很大的不確定性，但並非無規律可循。綜合分析，基本樣式有以下三種。

平台對抗。元宇宙就其與人的思維認知的關係而言，本身就是一個複雜的認知行為體，是人類思維認知的衍生品，也是認知戰的重要構件和平台。當敵對國家和軍隊都將元宇宙視為認知戰的重要陣地時，元宇宙內部不同陣營間的認知攻防作戰就會現​​實存在。在這個平台上，元宇宙的一切技術、資源和力量都以思維認知為中心來整合運作。元宇宙作戰突顯為以擾亂、遲滯、阻擋、摧毀、消滅對手元宇宙存在和運作為目的的認知攻防作戰。在這個領域中，誰的戰略運籌更高端、戰術運用更靈活、技術力量更先進、物質支撐更堅實，誰就能取得元宇宙認知戰主動權。

體系破襲。元宇宙是由一系列前沿技術所構成的認知系統，而體系性則是其固有屬性和活力保證。數位基礎、高效通訊、區塊鏈身分認證、全像AR成像、人工智慧、高效能互聯網等先進科技，構成結構緊密、功能耦合、體系完整的統一體，其中構件對思維認知的形成發展與攻防對抗缺一不可。很難想像缺乏高階階數位化、高品質通聯、高速度計算等先進技術群的支撐，元宇宙還有存在的可能性。運用優勢力量高壓強製或以非對稱戰法攻擊和阻斷對手元宇宙體系的關鍵節點和科技運行鏈條，阻遏其運作、壓制其功能、摧毀其存在，是元宇宙認知戰的重要樣式和高效路徑。

曲嚮導流。元宇宙存在發展的一個重要價值和意義在於服務支持現實世界關聯活動。正常情況下，元宇宙能夠以數位形式全景展示、展示、複盤和預測現實世界的相關活動。一旦虛實兩個世界的通聯受擾受阻或元宇宙內部自運行失序，很容易導致其反映的情況失實、分析的信息失真、推導的結論失效、提供的建議失策，使現實世界的關聯活動跑偏走向。正是基於此，可集中力量對對手元宇宙內部運作或兩個世界的通聯技術裝置進行誘導攻擊，用極具迷惑性欺騙性的信息和場景曲嚮導流，迷茫其認知，幹擾其判斷，誤導其決策。因此，應加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索，強化促進認知戰理論建構。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://appapi.81.cn/v5/public/jfjbshare/?itemid=284_416888&type=3

Asymmetric Warfare, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 認知戰

Communist China’s Emphasis On the Evolution of Warfare

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共產中國對戰爭演變的重視

2019年12月12日10:20 | 資料來源：解放軍報

現代英語：

What is the driving force behind the evolution of war forms, and what laws can be followed? To answer this question well and analyze the evolution trend of contemporary war forms, we should first start from the characteristics of the times, grasp the social motivations that promote its development from an overall perspective, and then examine the breadth, depth, magnitude, and intensity of the effects of various influencing factors, so as to make scientific judgments. At present, human society is in a historical period where the scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are strongly intersecting, and the war forms and combat methods are likely to undergo subversive changes.

A new round of global technological revolution is the fundamental driving force behind the evolution of contemporary warfare

Science and technology is a revolutionary force that has played a driving role in history. It is also the original driving force for the development of war and the basic basis for understanding the development of war. Engels once pointed out: “Once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the way of warfare.” At the beginning of this century, the scientific community predicted that the “scientific silence” has lasted for more than 60 years since the second half of the 20th century, and the historical cycle of technological revolution is approaching. In recent years, a new round of scientific and technological revolution is ready to take off. Original breakthroughs in some major scientific issues such as the structure of matter, the evolution of the universe, the origin of life, and the nature of consciousness are opening up new frontiers and new directions. Some major disruptive technological innovations are creating new industries and new formats. Information technology, biotechnology, manufacturing technology, new material technology, and new energy technology have penetrated into almost all fields, driving a major collective technological change characterized by green, intelligent, and ubiquitous. The military field is the most sensitive field to the development of science and technology. Every major scientific and technological progress and innovation will cause a profound change in the form of war and the way of warfare. With the brewing of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, emerging strategic military technologies, especially disruptive military technologies, are emerging in a concentrated manner, and the driving force for military development is unprecedentedly strong. At present, the “perception revolution” caused by the Internet of Things technology, the “computing revolution” caused by cloud computing, the “prediction revolution” caused by big data, the “communication revolution” caused by quantum technology, the “material revolution” caused by nanotechnology, the “behavior revolution” caused by artificial intelligence technology, and the “strike revolution” caused by military aerospace, new aviation, electromagnetic launch, directed energy weapons, deep-sea development, unmanned combat systems, and smart ammunition are developing in a coordinated manner, converging and integrating, accelerating the comprehensive reshaping of combat means, showing unprecedented transformation and subversion, and becoming the “first driving force” for the evolution of war forms and combat methods.

Global strategic adjustments and intensified competition among major powers provide the background for the evolution of contemporary warfare

At present, the international situation is at a new turning point. Various strategic forces are accelerating their differentiation and combination, and the international system has entered a critical period of accelerated evolution and profound adjustment. The collective rise of emerging market countries and the accelerated rise and fall of international strategic power have posed a great impact on the international governance structure dominated by the West. Hegemonism and power politics are becoming increasingly unpopular. The social economy and comprehensive national strength of the West, represented by the United States, have grown slowly, and the internal centripetal force and cohesion have declined. Many populists have risen, politics have turned right, and social contradictions have surged. Under the general trend of gradually losing comprehensive advantages, some countries rely more on military means. After Trump came to power, he significantly increased the defense budget under the condition of tight financial resources. The budget for fiscal year 2018 was US$692 billion, an increase of more than 10%; the total amount of the Department of Defense’s proposal for fiscal year 2019 reached US$716 billion, an increase of 12% over the application for fiscal year 2018. The new US national security strategy clearly lists Russia and China as strategic competitors. Moreover, the U.S. military has a tradition of seeking absolute military superiority through technological advantages. It is currently promoting a military transformation with intelligence as the main direction. The fundamental purpose is to use artificial intelligence, a disruptive technology that “changes the future war situation”, to reshape the military system, seek to form a new generation gap, seize the initiative in future wars, obtain the “core competitiveness” of the 21st century, and ensure the absolute military superiority of the U.S. military in the next few decades. The U.S. military’s approach will inevitably stimulate the military of other countries to take preventive measures and intensify military competition. The extensive and profound development and changes in the military field must be “one of the important contents of the world’s great development, great change, and great adjustment”, providing a strong impetus for the evolution of war forms and combat methods.

A new round of industrial revolution lays a new social foundation for the evolution of contemporary warfare

The scientific and technological revolution leads to the industrial revolution, which triggers the reshaping of the material production base and social organization. War and military are human practices rooted in the social production base. The arrival of a new round of industrial revolution will provide new support for the new military revolution and the evolution of war. At present, the integration of new generation information technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and mobile Internet with robots and intelligent manufacturing technologies is accelerating, the chain of scientific and technological innovation is more flexible, technology updates and results transformation are faster, and industrial renewal is accelerating, making social production and consumption shift from industrialization to automation and intelligence. Social productivity will be greatly improved again, and labor productivity will achieve a big leap. Germany’s Industry 4.0, the United States’ “re-industrialization”, and the corresponding policies of other major countries will promote the arrival of a new round of industrial revolution and promote the comprehensive spread of scientific and technological revolution from the technical field to the entire economic field and even the entire society. In the military field, the traditional “waterfall-type” sequential R&D model of weapons and equipment will be replaced by an intelligent, real-time, personalized, and collaborative parallel R&D model, which will greatly shorten the R&D production cycle and improve efficiency. New production tools and production methods will also greatly improve the production efficiency of weapons and equipment. For example, the benefits of digital manufacturing exceed those of traditional methods by more than an order of magnitude; the raw materials required by 3D printing technology are only one-tenth of the original, the production efficiency is doubled, the cycle is doubled, and the energy consumption is far lower than the traditional method. The new round of industrial revolution will greatly improve the efficiency of research and development, production and procurement of war tools, accelerate metabolism, and provide social and material support for the rapid evolution of war forms.

Forward-looking military theories provide powerful catalysts and guidance for the evolution of contemporary warfare

Military theory and military technology are known as the “twin engines” of military development, and they are also a strong driving force for the evolution of war forms. At present, the speed of innovation of war and combat concepts in major countries in the world is accelerating, and the innovation intensity is unprecedented. They have made forward-looking outlines and designs for future war forms, guiding the development of war and the direction of military construction. The US military has always attached great importance to the guidance of military theory, and even proposed that “one theory guides one war, and one war eliminates one theory.” In recent years, the US military and academic circles have successively proposed a series of innovative strategies and combat concepts, which are dazzling. For example, in 2009, Air Force Chief of Staff Schwartz and Navy Chief of Operations Roughead jointly signed a memorandum proposing the “Air-Sea Battle” concept; in January 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that it would replace the “Air-Sea Battle” concept with “Global Public Domain Intervention and Joint Mobility”; in November 2014, then-U.S. Secretary of Defense Hagel clearly proposed the “National Defense Innovation Initiative” with the third “offset strategy” as its connotation to accelerate the military transformation of the U.S. military; in 2012, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff proposed the concept of “joint electromagnetic spectrum operations” in the “JP3-13.1 Joint Electronic Warfare Ordinance”; in 2014, a U.S. think tank launched “Robots on the Battlefield II – Clusters of the Future”, proposing “UAV swarm operations” ” concept; since 2013, retired US Air Force Lieutenant General DePutula and others have successively proposed a series of concepts such as “combat cloud”, “combat cloud”, “campaign cloud” and “cloud combat”; in early 2015, the US Navy surface ship force proposed the “distributed lethality” combat concept; in October 2016, the US Army Association proposed “multi-domain warfare” and officially included it in the Army’s regulations in November of the same year; in April 2017, Robert Walker, former Deputy Secretary of Defense of the United States, proposed the concept of “algorithmic warfare”, which is essentially an “intelligent +” war based on artificial intelligence… These war and combat concepts are both joint and military, both strategic and tactical and technical, and many have been incorporated into regulations, entered into practice and research and development. For example, the third “offset strategy” attaches great importance to artificial intelligence and autonomous capabilities, incorporates them into the combat network, attempts to make “unmanned and autonomous systems play a core role” and usher in “war in the robot era”, and envisions the full realization of intelligence in combat platforms, information systems and command and control by 2050, thereby forming a new overwhelming technological advantage. These innovative theories will have a strong and lasting impact on the development direction of future war forms and combat methods.

New war practices provide a stage for exploring paths for the evolution of contemporary war forms

Entering the new century, especially in recent years, some new changes have occurred in human war practice, from which we can see some clues of the evolution of future war forms. For example, on the land battlefield, cluster warfare with ground unmanned systems as the main body has entered the battlefield and has begun to show its edge. At the end of 2015, the Russian army used the “Andromeda-D” automated command system in Syria to command 6 “Platform-M” and 4 “Argo” combat robots. With the support of self-propelled artillery groups and several drones, it carried out the world’s first ground combat with combat robot clusters as the main body and successfully completed the combat mission. For example, from the evening of January 5 to the early morning of January 6, 2018, Syria time, the Russian Khmeimim Air Force Base and Tartus Naval Base in Syria were attacked by 13 drones of Syrian militants. The Russian army responded with electronic attacks and firepower strikes in time, successfully controlled 6 drones, and another 7 drones were destroyed by the Russian air defense forces. In addition, through “pre-practice”, it can also be used to rehearse and preview the future war forms and combat methods in advance. For example, in April 2017, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense jointly held the Military Academy Swarm Drone Challenge with the Air Force Academy, West Point Military Academy, and the Naval Academy, exploring and testing key technical tactics and related tactics of drone swarms. In the recent practice and pre-practice of many related wars, the embryonic form of future warfare is taking shape and growing.

國語中文：

引言

戰爭形態演進的動力是什麼，有什麼規律可循？回答好這個問題，分析當代戰爭形態演進趨勢，首先應從時代特徵出發，對推動其發展的社會動因從整體上加以把握，繼而考察各類影響因素作用的廣度、深度、幅度、烈度，從而作出科學判斷。目前，人類社會正處於科技革命、產業革命與軍事革命強勢交會的歷史時期，戰爭形態和作戰方式很可能發生顛覆性變化。

新一輪全球科技革命是當代戰爭形態演進的根本動因

科學技術是一種在歷史上起推動作用的革命性力量，也是推動戰爭發展的原始動力和認知戰爭發展的基本依據。恩格斯曾指出：「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。」在本世紀初，科學界就預測，自20世紀下半葉以來「科學的沉默」已達60餘年，迫近爆發技術革命的歷史週期。近年來，新一輪科技革命蓄勢待發，物質結構、宇宙演化、生命起源、意識本質等一些重大科學問題的原創性突破正在開闢新前沿新方向，一些重大顛覆性技術創新正在創造新產業新業態，資訊科技、生物技術、製造技術、新材料技術、新能源技術廣泛滲透到幾乎所有領域，帶動了以綠色、智慧、泛在為特徵的群體性重大技術變革。軍事領域是對科技發展最敏感的領域，每一次重大科技進步和創新都會引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變革。隨著新一輪科技革命的醞釀形成，新興的戰略性軍事技術特別是顛覆性軍事技術正在集中湧現，對軍事發展的推動力空前強勁。當前，物聯網技術引發的“感知革命”，雲端運算等引發的“計算革命”，大數據引發的“預測革命”，量子科技引發的“通信革命”，奈米技術引發的“材料革命”，人工智慧技術引發的“行為革命”，以及軍事航太、新型航空、電磁發射、定向能武器、深海開發、無人作戰系統、智慧彈藥等引發的“打擊革命”，協同發展、匯聚融合，正在加速作戰手段的全面重塑，展現出空前的變革性與顛覆性，成為戰爭形態與作戰方式演進的「第一推動力」。

全球戰略調整與大國競爭加劇為當代戰爭形態演進提供時代背景

目前，國際情勢正處於新的轉折點，各種戰略力量加速分化組合，國際體系進入加速演變和深刻調整的關鍵時期。新興市場國家群體性崛起，國際戰略力量對比消長加快，對西方主導的國際治理格局構成極大衝擊，霸權主義和強權政治越來越不得人心。以美國為代表的西方社會經濟和綜合國力成長緩慢，內部向心力凝聚力下降，多國民粹抬頭、政治右轉、社會矛盾激增。在綜合優勢逐漸喪失的大趨勢下，一些國家對軍事手段更加倚仗。川普上台後，在財力吃緊的情況下大幅增加國防預算。 2018年財政年度預算為6,920億美元，增幅10%以上；2019財年國防部提案總額達7,160億美元，比2018財年申請金額增加12%之多。美國新國家安全戰略，明確將俄羅斯、中國列為戰略競爭對手。而且，美軍素有透過技術優勢謀求絕對軍事優勢的傳統，目前正在推動一場以智慧化為主要方向的軍事變革，根本目的是利用人工智慧這項「改變未來戰局」的顛覆性技術重塑軍事體系，尋求形成新的代差，掌握未來戰爭主動權，獲取21世紀“核心競爭力”，確保美軍在未來幾十年內的絕對軍事優勢。美軍的做法必然刺激其他國家軍隊採取防範措施，加劇軍事競爭。軍事領域廣泛而深刻的發展變化，必然是“世界大發展、大變革、大調整的重要內容之一”，為戰爭形態和作戰方式的演進提供了強勁動力。

新一輪產業革命為當代戰爭形態演進奠定新的社會基礎

科技革命導致產業革命，產業革命引發物質生產基礎與社會組織方式的重塑。戰爭和軍事是植根於社會生產基礎的人類實踐，新一輪產業革命的到來將為新的軍事革命和戰爭演進提供新的支撐。目前，大數據、雲端運算、行動互聯網等新一代資訊科技同機器人、智慧製造技術相互融合步伐加快，科技創新鏈條更加靈巧，技術更新和成果轉化更加快捷，產業更新換代不斷加快，使社會生產和消費從工業化向自動化、智慧化轉變，社會生產力將再次大幅提高，勞動生產力將實現大躍進。德國工業4.0、美國“再工業化”，以及其他主要國家的相應政策，將促成新一輪產業革命的到來，促使科技革命由技術領域向整個經濟領域乃至整個社會的全面擴散。軍事領域，傳統的武器裝備「瀑布型」順序式研發模式，將被智慧化、即時化、個人化、協作化的平行研發模式所取代，極大縮短研發週期、提高效益。新的生產工具和生產方法也將大大提高武器裝備生產效率。例如，採用數位製造帶來的效益超出傳統手段一個數量級以上；採用3D列印技術所需原料只有原來的十分之一，生產效率成倍提高，週期成倍縮短，能源消耗也遠低於傳統方式。新一輪產業革命，將大幅提升戰爭工具的研發生產和採購效率，加速新陳代謝、騰籠換鳥速度，為戰爭形態快速演進提供社會物質支撐。

前瞻性軍事理論為當代戰爭形態演進提供強力催化引領

軍事理論與軍事技術並稱軍事發展的“雙引擎”，同樣也是推動戰爭形態演進的強勁動力。目前，世界主要國家有關戰爭和作戰概念推陳出新的速度加快，創新密集度前所未有，對未來戰爭形態進行了前瞻性勾勒設計，引導著戰爭發展走向和軍隊建設方向。美軍歷來高度重視軍事理論的引領，甚至提出「一個理論指導一場戰爭、一場戰爭淘汰一種理論」。近年來，美國軍界、學術界先後提出一系列創新戰略和作戰概念，讓人目不暇給。如2009年，美空軍參謀長施瓦茨、海軍作戰部長拉夫黑德聯合簽署備忘錄，提出「空海一體戰」作戰概念；2015年1月，美國防部又宣布以「全球公域介入和機動聯合”取代“空海一體”作戰概念；2014年11月，美時任國防部長哈格爾明確提出以第三次“抵消戰略”為內涵的“國防創新倡議”，加快推進美軍軍事變革；2012年，美參聯會在《JP3－13.1聯合電子戰條令》中提出「聯合電磁頻譜作戰」概念；2014年，美一智庫推出《戰場上的機器人Ⅱ－未來的集群》，提出「無人機蜂群作戰」概念；2013年以來，美空軍退役中將德普圖拉等人先後提出「作戰雲」「戰鬥雲」「戰役雲」「雲作戰」等系列概念；2015年初，美海軍水面艦艇部隊提出「分散式殺傷」作戰概念；2016年10月，美陸軍協會提出「多域戰」並於同年11月正式列入陸軍條令；2017年4月，美國防部原常務副部長羅伯特·沃克提出「演算法戰」概念，實質是基於人工智慧的「智慧+」戰爭……這些戰爭和作戰概念，既有聯合的也有軍兵種的，既有戰略層面也有戰術技術層面的，有許多已經納入條令、進入實務和研發環節。如，第三次“抵消戰略”高度重視人工智慧和自主能力，將其納入作戰網絡，企圖使“無人和自主系統扮演核心角色”、迎接“機器人時代的戰爭”，並設想2050年前在作戰平台、資訊系統和指揮控制方面全面實現智慧化，藉此形成新的壓倒性技術優勢。這些創新理論，將對未來戰爭形態和作戰方式發展方向產生強勁持久的引領。

新的戰爭實踐為當代戰爭形態演進提供探索路徑的舞台

進入新世紀，特別是近幾年來，人類戰爭實踐出現一些新的變化，從中可以看出未來戰爭形態演化的一些端倪。例如，在陸戰戰場，以地面無人系統為主體的集群作戰已經走上戰場並初露鋒芒。 2015年底，俄軍在敘利亞使用「仙女座-D」自動化指揮系統指揮6部「平台-M」和4部「阿爾戈」作戰機器人，在自行火砲群、數架無人機的支援下，實施了世界首次以戰鬥機器人集群為主的地面作戰，順利完成作戰任務。再如，敘利亞時間2018年1月5日晚至6日清晨，俄駐敘赫梅米姆空軍基地和塔爾圖斯海軍基地遭到敘武裝分子13架無人機的集群式攻擊，俄軍及時採取電子攻擊和火力打擊應對，成功控制6架無人機，另有7架無人機被俄防空部隊摧毀。此外，透過「預實踐」也可為未來戰爭形態和作戰方式提前彩排預演。如2017年4月，美國國防部高級研究計畫局（DARPA）與空軍學院、西點軍校、海軍學院共同舉辦了軍事院校集群無人機挑戰賽，探索試驗了無人機集群關鍵技術戰術和相關戰法。在近期許多相關戰爭的實踐與預實踐中，未來戰爭形態的萌芽正在形成壯大。

中國軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/1212/c1011-3158888.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military’s Three Core Focuses on Understanding Winning Mechanisms of Information Warfare

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中國軍隊三大核心聚焦資訊戰制勝機制

2016-11-22 03:03

現代英語：

Naval Command College Research Group

The winning mechanism of war is the most prominent and core characteristic of war. The winning mechanism of informationized war mainly includes three core contents: winning by information advantage, winning by structural destruction and winning by joint action.

Winning with information advantage

In the information age, wars are won mainly by information. Information is the first element of modern warfare, information resources are the first resource of modern warfare, and information advantage is the first advantage of modern warfare, and it determines the victory of the war.

The core of winning with information advantage is the right to control information. War is conducted under the guidance of information, which is implemented according to the law of events turning into information, information turning into situation, situation turning into cognition, cognition turning into decision, and decision turning into action. Information supports command and control, and dominates combat operations and the course of war. Only by gaining the right to control information can we seize the initiative and freedom on the battlefield.

Ways to achieve victory with information advantage. First, information flow leads material flow and energy flow, and information advantage multiplies cognitive power, control power and attack power, thereby regulating the course, direction, target and action of war. Second, information system leads weapon platform, combat force, unit and element are in the loop, the loop is under human control, under the guidance of information system, material energy can produce geometric series “fusion” and extremely precise “energy release”, so that combat power will have a qualitative leap. Then realize long-range rapid precision strike, system structure fixed point destruction and paralysis, and multi-method comprehensive victory. Third, cyberspace is based on physical space, penetrates physical space, transcends physical space and dominates physical space. Occupying the new field and new height of cyberspace warfare will gain new means and advantages of information warfare, and then evolve new concepts, new tactics and new ways to win in combat. Fourth, advanced technology, high-tech equipment, brilliant achievements and public opinion propaganda can have a strong deterrent and striking effect on the enemy’s psychology, fully disintegrate the enemy’s political will, resistance determination and public confidence, and then achieve all-round victory.

Structural destruction wins

Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The essence of system confrontation is a holistic and comprehensive confrontation. The formation, development and function of any overall comprehensive capability depends on the structure of the system.

The structure of the system determines the function, and the function generates the capability. Structural damage causes the system elements to be missing and the relationships to be out of order, which destroys the technical structure and system structure, and causes the loss of the organizational structure and functional structure, making it impossible to generate system capabilities.

The core of winning by structural destruction is network control. Network energy gathering, network energy empowerment, and network energy empowerment are the major functions of the network, which are based on the inherent characteristics of the information network system and the combat system. The first is network energy gathering. Through the network, various information is gathered together, and combat forces, units and elements are integrated into an organic whole. This whole is actually a collection of information energy, energy energy, and material energy, forming a full-factor advantage of information, energy, and material. The second is network energy empowerment. The combat forces, units, and elements in the system obtain all kinds of required information and support and coordination through the network, and have capabilities that they did not originally have, thereby improving their combat effectiveness. The third is network energy empowerment. In the combat system, target information, guidance information, coordination information, and command information are distributed to combat forces and units through the network, so that they are integrated into the system from the original passive listeners and executors, and become equal participants, executors, and advisers in the system, forming a flat charge. To control the network is to destroy the foundation and remove the fuel from under the cauldron, so that the combat system cannot gather energy; to break the network is to destroy the “hub”, cut off the flow of information, and make it impossible for the combat system to empower and authorize.

The strength of a system is based on its structure, the benefits of a system depend on its structure, and the strength of a system also lies in its structure. If you knock out the key nodes, the system will collapse; if you hit the vital point, the system will collapse. First, destroy the technical structure. The technical structure refers to the network structure, data structure, and software structure in the system. By destroying the key nodes of the network structure, destroying the software system of the network, destroying the database and information nodes, the various elements in the system cannot be interconnected and become a mess. Second, destroy the system structure. The combat system based on the information network is composed of a reconnaissance and early warning system, a command and control system, a precision strike system, an information confrontation system, and an integrated support system. Destroying the reconnaissance and early warning system will make the system “blind” and “deaf”. Destroying the command and control system will knock out the “vital point”, making the system leaderless and out of order. Destroying the integrated support system will make the system lose its support and become a water without a source and a tree without roots. Third, destroy the overall structure. The power structure, organizational structure, operation structure, and functional structure are the core of the overall structure. Destroying the power structure will cause the system elements to be missing, destroying the organizational structure will cause the system to be disordered, and destroying the operation structure will cause the system to malfunction, ultimately achieving the purpose of destroying the functional structure.

Joint action wins

Joint operations are the organic integration of combat forces, units, and element functions, which maximizes the combat effectiveness of the system. There is no joint operation without war, no war without joint operation, and no victory without joint operation. This has become the basic consensus of the world’s military powers and is an inevitable trend in future wars.

The connotation of joint operations is technology + tactics, system + system, plan + autonomy, action + support, discovery + destruction. It is a vivid manifestation of 1+1>2, the combination of combat operations, the integration of combat functions, and the concentrated release of combat effectiveness.

The core of winning joint operations is force control. Mechanized warfare pursues firepower, mobility, protection and support. Informationized warfare pursues the system’s reconnaissance and early warning capabilities, command and control capabilities, precision strike capabilities, information confrontation capabilities, and comprehensive support capabilities.

The implementation of joint operations must follow the rigid requirements of combat planning and the internal logic of “situation map”, “combat process”, “combat list”, “combat planning”, “autonomous action” and “effectiveness evaluation”. The first is the situation map that concerns the overall situation. Use a picture to fully present the battlefield situation. The second is a strict combat process, that is, the action process of detection, control, attack and evaluation, the command process of target discovery, target determination and action control, and the information process of information acquisition, transmission and processing. The third is a clear combat list, that is, the task list, target list and strike list. The task list is the clarification and summary of the combat tasks of the combat forces, units and elements. The target list is the batch numbering and sorting of the enemy’s targets. The strike list is the sorting and allocation of the strike targets according to the threat level of the enemy’s targets. The fourth is a detailed combat plan, that is, force planning, firepower planning, and information planning. It is a deepening, refinement and concretization of the combat plan, and it is also a substitute for the extensive combat plan. The fifth is flexible autonomous action, that is, self-organization, self-coordination, and self-action. It is the highest realm of joint action and the development of coordinated operations and contract operations, which enables temporary groups to effectively organize and coordinate and smoothly implement joint operations. The “three selfs” are organized and implemented in strict accordance with the combat process, based on the task list and strike list, and in accordance with the combat plan. Without the above prerequisites, it is impossible to achieve a real joint action. The sixth is a complete evaluation system to conduct timely and accurate evaluation of battlefield combat effectiveness and strike effects, providing a basis for subsequent combat planning.

In joint operations, the goal is the premise, calculation is the key, and precision is the core, and combat calculations run through the entire combat process, among which “one picture” is the preliminary calculation, “three processes” are the actuarial calculation, “three lists” are the in-depth calculation, three plans are the detailed calculation, three autonomies are the planning, and performance evaluation is the settlement.

國語中文：

海軍指揮學院主題組

戰爭制勝機理是戰爭最突出、最核心的特質。資訊化戰爭制勝機制主要包含資訊優勢制勝、結構破壞制勝和聯合行動制勝三個核心內容。

資訊優勢制勝

資訊時代的戰爭，主要靠資訊制勝。資訊是現代戰爭的第一要素，資訊資源是現代戰爭第一資源，資訊優勢是現代戰爭的第一優勢，決定戰爭勝勢。

資訊優勢制勝的核心是製資訊權。戰爭在資訊主導下進行，主導是依照事件轉化為資訊、資訊轉化為態勢、態勢轉化為認知、認知轉化為決策、決策轉化為行動的規律實施的。資訊支撐著指揮控制，主導作戰行動和戰爭進程。只有取得制資訊權，才能掌握戰場主動權、自由權。

資訊優勢制勝的實現途徑。一是以資訊流主導物質流、能量流，以資訊優勢倍增認知力、控制力和攻擊力，進而調控戰爭的進程、方向、目標和行動。二是資訊系統主導武器平台，作戰力量、單元、要素在迴路中，迴路在人的控制中，在資訊系統的引導下，使物質能產生幾何級數“聚變”和極其精準的“能量釋放” ，使戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。進而實現遠程快速精確打擊、體系結構定點毀癱、多法綜合製勝。第三是網路空間基於實體空間、滲透物理空間、超越實體空間、主導實體空間。佔領網路空間作戰這個新領域、新高點，便獲得了資訊作戰新手段、新優勢，進而演化出作戰制勝的新觀念、新戰法、新途徑。四是先進技術、高新裝備、輝煌戰果、輿論宣傳都能對敵方心理產生強大的威懾和打擊作用，充分瓦解敵方的政治意志、抵抗決心和民眾信心，進而實現全方位勝利。

結構破壞制勝

現代戰爭是體系與體系的對抗，體系對抗實質是整體性對抗、綜合性對抗，而任何一個整體綜合能力的形成、發展和發揮作用，都在於體系的結構。

體系的結構決定功能，功能產生能力。結構破壞就是造成體係要素缺失、關係失序，使技術結構、系統結構破壞，組織結構、功能結構喪失，無法產生體系能力。

結構破壞制勝的核心是製網。網能聚能、網能賦能、網能賦權，這是網路的重大作用，是基於資訊網路體系、作戰體系的內在特徵。一是網能聚能。透過網路把各種資訊聚在一起，把作戰力量、單元和要素融合為有機整體。這個整體其實就是資訊能、能量能、物質能的集合體，形成了資訊、能量、物質的全要素優勢。二是網能賦能。體系內的作戰力量、單元、要素，透過網路獲得各種所需的資訊和支援配合，具備了自身原來不具備的能力，因而提高了其作戰效能。三是網能賦權。在作戰體系內，透過網路給作戰力量、單元分配目標訊息、引導訊息、協同訊息、指令訊息，使之由原來的被動聽令者、執行者融入體系，成為體系內平等的參與者、執行者、建議者，形成扁平化的指控。制網就是破根基，釜底抽薪，使作戰體係不能聚能；破網就是毀“中樞”，切斷資訊流，使作戰體係不能賦能、賦權。

體系之堅基礎在結構，體系之利取決於結構，體系之肋也在於結構。打掉關鍵節點，體係不攻自破；打準命門，體系土崩瓦解。一是破壞技術結構。技術結構指的是體系中網路結構、資料結構和軟體結構。透過破壞網路結構的關鍵節點、毀癱網路的軟體系統、破壞資料庫和資訊節點，使體系中的各要素無法互聯互通，成為一盤散沙。二是破壞系統結構。基於資訊網路的作戰體係是由偵察預警系統、指揮控制系統、精確打擊系統、資訊對抗系統、綜合保障系統所構成的。毀癱偵察預警系統，就會使體系變成「瞎子」和「聾子」。毀癱指控系統，就打掉了“命門”，使體系群龍無首、運行失序。毀癱綜合保障系統，體係就失去了支撐，成為無源之水、無本之木。三是破壞總體結構。力量結構、組織結構、運作結構、功能結構是整體結構的內核，破壞力量結構就會使體係要素缺失，破壞組織結構就會使體系失序，破壞運作結構就會使體系運作失靈，最終達到破壞功能結構的目的。

聯合行動制勝

聯合作戰是對作戰力量、單元、要素功能的有機融合，使體係作戰效能能最大限度地釋放。無戰不聯、無聯不戰、無聯不勝，已成為世界軍事強國的基本共識，是未來戰爭的必然趨勢。

聯合行動的內涵是技術+戰術、系統+系統、計畫+自主、行動+保障、發現+摧毀，是1+1>2的生動體現，是作戰行動的聯合，是作戰功能的融合，是作戰效能集中釋放。

聯合行動制勝的核心是製力。機械化戰爭追求的是火力、機動性、防護力和保障力。資訊化戰爭追求的是體系的偵察預警能力、指揮控制能力、精確打擊能力、資訊對抗能力、綜合保障能力。

實施聯合行動必須遵循作戰規劃的剛性要求和「態勢圖」「作戰流程」「作戰清單」「作戰規劃」「自主行動」「效能評估」的內在邏輯。一是事關全局的態勢圖。用一張圖把戰場態勢全面呈現出來。二是嚴格的作戰流程，即偵、控、打、評的行動流程，目標發現、目標確定、行動控制的指控流程，資訊取得、傳遞、處理的資訊流程。三是明確的作戰清單，即任務清單、目標清單、打擊清單。任務清單是己方對作戰力量、單元、要素作戰任務的明確和匯總，目標清單是對敵方目標的分批編號和梳理，打擊清單是根據敵方目標的威脅程度，對打擊目標的排序和分配。四是詳盡的作戰規劃，即兵力規劃、火力規劃、資訊規劃。它是對作戰方案的深化、細化和具體化，也是對粗放作戰計畫的替代品。五是靈活的自主行動，即自組織、自協同、自行動，它是聯合行動的最高境界，是協同作戰、合約作戰的發展，使臨時編組進行有效的組織和協同，順利實施聯合行動。 「三自」是嚴格遵循作戰流程，依據任務清單和打擊清單，依照作戰規劃組織實施的，沒有上述的前提條件，就無法實現真正意義上的聯合行動。六是完善的評估體系，對戰場作戰效能和打擊效果進行及時且準確的評估，為後續作戰規劃提供基礎。

聯合行動，目標是前提、計算是關鍵、精準是核心，且作戰計算貫穿作戰全過程，其中「一張圖」是初算、「三個流程」是精算、「三個清單」是深算、三個規劃是細算、三個自主是謀算、效能評估是結算。

資料來源：解放軍報作者：海軍指揮學院研究小組責任編輯：菅琳

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jwzl/2016-11/22/content_73788.htm

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰

Developing the Strategy and Tactics of People’s War

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軍事論壇丨發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

來源：解放軍報 作者：李銀祥 宋文超 責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-11-15

Chairman Xi Jinping clearly pointed out in his report to the 20th CPC National Congress that we should develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war. Looking back at the glorious course of the People’s Army in strengthening its military and winning victory, one of the red lines running through it is that it has always insisted on proposing and implementing a complete set of strategies and tactics of people’s war under the leadership of the Party. To win future wars, we must keep a close eye on changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, continue to carry forward the fine traditions of our army, develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, and make the magic weapon for defeating the enemy and winning the battle powerful on the modern battlefield.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war have always been an important magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy and win victory.

Developing the people’s war strategy and tactics is not only a profound insight into the internal laws of our army’s victory over the enemy, but also a far-reaching plan for building a strong country and a strong army. It has important strategic value for achieving the goal of building the army for the centenary as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army.

The strategy and tactics of people’s war are the concentrated embodiment of the Marxist art of directing war. Marxism believes that the masses are the creators of history and the decisive force driving historical progress. Starting from this basic viewpoint and fundamental standpoint, the strategy and tactics of people’s war profoundly explain the basic principles of people’s war, such as soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, the decisive factor in victory or defeat in war is people, not things, and the need to organize, mobilize and arm the broad masses of the people. Our army was born in the flames of war. Faced with extremely cruel objective conditions, the Chinese Communists represented by Comrade Mao Zedong insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxist people’s war with the reality of China’s revolutionary war and created a people’s war strategy and tactics with flexibility as its prominent feature. Its essence is “you fight yours and I fight mine”, aiming to make the best use of strengths and attack weaknesses, and seize and master the initiative in the war. This concentratedly embodies the Marxist art of guiding war, shining with the truth of scientificity, people-orientedness, practicality and openness to development.

The strategy and tactics of the people’s war are the winning code for the party to lead the practice of all military struggles. Since our party built the people’s army, it has created a complete set of strategies and tactics of the people’s war based on the cruel reality that the enemy is strong and we are weak, and the enemy is big and we are small. From the “sixteen-character formula” during the Red Army period, to the “protracted war” during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, from the “ten military principles” during the War of Liberation, to the “piecemeal” during the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, and then to the continuous adjustment of military strategic guidelines after the founding of New China. The People’s Army learned war from war, explored its laws from practice, and adhered to and developed this winning code in keeping with the times. During the war years, it created one war miracle after another in which the few defeated the many and the weak defeated the strong. In peacetime, it firmly defended national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and wrote a glorious chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war directing in the world’s military history.

Actively developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is an inherent requirement for building a world-class military. “The importance of a country depends on the victory of its army.” The ultimate measure of whether an army is a world-class army is its military strength. The strategy and tactics of people’s war are both the way for our army to win and the way for it to grow stronger. To accelerate the building of a world-class military and a strong strategic deterrence system, we must adhere to and develop this unique advantage, strengthen research on opponents and the enemy, proactively understand the characteristics, laws and winning mechanisms of modern warfare, innovate the people’s war strategy and tactics in line with the times, firmly and flexibly carry out military struggle, give full play to the strategic function of military power in shaping the security situation, curbing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars, and effectively complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war is the inevitable choice for our army to win future wars. The war situation is evolving rapidly, but the nature of war has not changed, and the fundamental law that the deepest root of war power lies among the people has not changed. The wars we will face in the future are mainly wars to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. They are in line with the fundamental interests of all Chinese people and are just actions that follow the trend of the times. They will continue to receive the support of the vast majority of the people and the people of the world. Adhering to and developing the strategy and tactics of people’s war will surely become an important way and inevitable choice for our army to win future wars and check and balance powerful enemies.

Scientifically grasp the contemporary connotations of the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics

The people’s war strategy and tactics are living theories and practices, not rigid dogmas. They must proactively adapt to the requirements of the development of the times and inject new contemporary connotations into them in order to maintain their strong vitality.

Adhere to the just war, establish the broadest united front, and fight a good political and military battle. Pay attention to guiding the war from a political perspective and consolidate the political foundation for victory. This is the basic experience of the Party in winning the war and the core of the strategy and tactics of the people’s war. In today’s era, the connection between the military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on the war are becoming increasingly prominent. In developing the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must always uphold the role of the Party Central Committee in coordinating the overall situation and all parties, mobilize, unite and organize the broadest masses of the people to participate in and support the war; strengthen the political and organizational functions, and strengthen the ideological, organizational and will preparation of the whole Party, the whole army and the whole people to cope with and win the war; strengthen political diplomacy and the struggle for international public opinion and law, form the broadest united front in support of a just war, firmly occupy the moral high ground, give full play to the combined effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes, and coordinate and fight well the political and military battles.

Adhere to active defense, highlight activeness, and attach importance to offensive operations. Active defense is the product of people’s war, and practicing active defense is the fundamental requirement of the strategy and tactics of people’s war. In the future, the progress of war will accelerate, and it may be possible to achieve strategic goals in one battle or battle, and often the first battle will be the decisive battle. In developing the people’s war strategy and tactics, we must persist in organically combining defense, counterattack and offense, place greater emphasis on internal and external counterattacks at the strategic level, comprehensively utilize elite combat forces at the outset of the war, implement a resolute and powerful strategic counterattack that combines internal and external lines, form a high-pressure counterattack posture and pressure, inflict the greatest pain and fear on the enemy, and achieve the strategic objectives of using offense to assist defense, strike later but arrive first, quickly defeat the enemy, contain the enemy as quickly as possible, and win the war.

Adhere to asymmetric checks and balances, you fight yours, I fight mine, and use what we can to defeat what we cannot. This is the soul and essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics, a high-level summary and vivid description of the laws of war and war guidance, revealing the war guidance laws and combat guidance methods of defeating the enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raising the flexible and maneuverable strategy and tactics to a new level. Compared with the past, the modern war combat system is huge, with many nodes, and there are many “vital points” that are vulnerable to attack, which provides an opportunity to implement “using what we can to defeat what we cannot”. In developing the strategies and tactics of the people’s war, we must follow the winning mechanisms of modern warfare, fully recognize the inherent weaknesses of information-based and intelligent warfare, conduct in-depth research on the opponent’s weaknesses and fatal points, innovate core operational concepts, intensify the training of new-domain and new-quality operational capabilities and means, and refine tactics such as dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. We must not fight according to the enemy’s routines, but focus on the enemy’s weaknesses and strike according to our army’s strengths, and create new winning advantages by “using the capable to defeat the incapable.”

Adhere to the principle of accumulating small victories into big ones and be good at concentrating forces to fight and destroy. Our army has been in an overall disadvantageous position for a long time in the revolutionary war. In the local area, we use the strong against the weak and accumulate small victories into big ones, which is the key to defeating the strong enemy. Compared with the past, modern war operations are often carried out in multiple dimensions and domains, providing a broader space for the implementation of “accumulating small victories into big ones”. In developing the strategies and tactics of the people’s war, we must strengthen the concept of “dispersed in appearance but concentrated in spirit, dispersed in form but united in strength”, dynamically concentrate and unite the various combat forces distributed in the multi-dimensional battlefield, and through the fusion of efficiency and instant optimization, implement local rapid concentrated energy attacks and wide-area guerrilla raids, and carry out devastating blows and destructive attacks on key points of enemy distribution. This will not only have a heavy hammer effect, but also continuously consume the enemy, causing the opponent to gradually lose the initiative on the battlefield.

Adhere to the principle that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, and consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. The army wins battles with the people as its backing. At the beginning of the founding of the army, our party regarded the revolutionary war as a struggle of the masses, emphasized that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can the war be carried out, and created a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics, which is the winning code for the people’s army to remain invincible. The confrontation under the conditions of informatization and intelligence is more clearly manifested as a system confrontation based on the overall strength of the country. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must constantly consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, exert comprehensive efforts in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, culture, and diplomacy, build a strong war capability and war potential that can achieve both strategic quick victory and strategic persistence, and plunge the enemy into the vast ocean of people’s war.

Vigorously promote the development and innovation of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era

In the new era, the connotation of the people’s war strategy and tactics has undergone great changes. It is necessary to strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose, strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen simulation exercises and testing in order to gather the driving force for innovation and development.

Strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party and gather the great power of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The Party’s leadership is the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and an important guarantee for the embodiment and implementation of the people’s war strategy and tactics. We must uphold the Party’s leadership and mobilize and organize the people as a whole. Actively explore the people’s war strategy and tactics in the fields of financial warfare, cyber warfare, and cognitive warfare. Organize the people to carry out intelligence warfare, harassment warfare, ambush warfare, etc. in a timely manner to flexibly contain and consume the enemy.

Strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose and consolidate the foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The secret of the victory of the people’s war lies in its sincere pursuit of the interests of the masses and winning the trust and support of the broad masses of the people. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our army and the strategic foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era. The people’s army must stand firmly on the people’s side, always put the people first, rely closely on the people, continuously benefit the people, firmly rooted in the people, and always maintain the nature, purpose, and character of the people’s army.

Strengthen the drive of scientific and technological innovation and enhance the driving force for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. With the entry of high-tech such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology into the military field, the technological content of war has undergone a qualitative leap. It is necessary to innovate and develop the people’s war strategy and tactics supported by information and intelligent technology, continue to promote the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence, and innovate and create the “key” of “using the capable to defeat the incapable”, so that “wisdom victory” will become the main feature of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era, and form a new era of people’s war strategy and tactics with contemporary leadership and unique characteristics.

Strengthen simulation and exercise testing to improve the quality and effectiveness of the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. In the information age, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong sense of three-dimensionality and reality based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. Officers and soldiers can “experience” war several times in virtual reality before the war begins, and strengthen their understanding of the real battlefield such as equipment performance, enemy and our situation, and the rhythm of war. This provides a testing platform for whether the strategy and tactics are correct. In developing the people’s war strategy and tactics, special attention should be paid to the use of simulation, exercises and other war pre-practice means, conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis, and further improve them in practice.

國語中文：

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

■李銀祥 宋文超

引言

習主席在黨的二十大報告中明確指出，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。回望人民軍隊強軍制勝的光輝歷程，貫穿其中的一條紅線，就是始終堅持在黨的領導下，提出和實施一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術。打贏未來戰爭，必須緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，賡續傳承好我軍優良傳統，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威現代戰場。

人民戰爭戰略戰術始終是我軍克敵制勝的重要法寶

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，既是對我軍克敵制勝內在規律的深刻洞察，也是對強國強軍的高遠謀劃，對於如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，加快把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊具有重要的戰略價值。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術的集中體現。馬克思主義認為，人民群眾是歷史的創造者，也是推動歷史進步的決定性力量。人民戰爭戰略戰術從這一基本觀點和根本立場出發，深刻闡釋了兵民是勝利之本，戰爭勝負的決定因素是人不是物，以及必須組織、動員和武裝廣大人民群眾等人民戰爭的基本原理。我軍在戰火中誕生，面對異常殘酷的客觀條件，以毛澤東同志為代表的中國共產黨人，堅持把馬克思主義人民戰爭基本原理與中國革命戰爭實際相結合，創造了以靈活機動為顯著特點的人民戰爭的戰略戰術，其精髓是“你打你的、我打我的”，旨在力求揚長擊短，奪取和掌握戰爭主動權。這集中體現了馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術，閃爍著科學性、人民性、實踐性和發展開放性的真理光芒。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是黨領導全部軍事鬥爭實踐的製勝密碼。我們黨締造人民軍隊以來，立足於敵強我弱，敵大我小的殘酷現實，創立了一整套人民戰爭的戰略戰術。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”，再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整。人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭，從實踐中探索規律，與時俱進地堅持和發展這個制勝密碼，戰爭年代創造了一個又一個以少勝多、以弱勝強的戰爭奇跡，和平時期堅決捍衛國家主權、安全和領土完整，在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的光輝篇章。

積極發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是全面建成世界一流軍隊的內在要求。 「凡國之重也，必待兵之勝也。」衡量一支軍隊是不是世界一流軍隊，最終要看其軍事實力。人民戰爭戰略戰術既是我軍的製勝之道，也是發展壯大之道。加速建成世界一流軍隊、建立強大的戰略威懾體系，必須堅持和發展這一特有優勢，加強對手研究、敵情研究，前瞻認識現代戰爭特點規律和製勝機理，與時俱進創新人民戰爭戰略戰術，堅定靈活展開軍事鬥爭，充分發揮軍事力量塑造安全態勢，遏止危機沖突，打贏局部戰爭的戰略功能，切實完成好黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是我軍打贏未來戰爭的必然選擇。戰爭形態加速演變，但戰爭的本質沒有變，戰爭偉力之最深厚根源存在於民眾之中這一根本規律沒有改變。我們未來面對的戰爭，主要是捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰爭，符合全體中國人民的根本利益，是順應時代潮流的正義之舉，必將繼續得到最廣大人民群眾和世界人民的支持。堅持並發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必將成為我軍打贏未來戰爭、制衡強敵的重要途徑和必然選擇。

科學掌握人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的時代內涵

人民戰爭戰略戰術，是活的理論與實踐，不是死板的教條，必須主動順應時代發展要求，注入新的時代內涵，才能維持強大旺盛的生命力。

堅持正義戰爭，建立最廣泛的統一戰線，打好政治軍仗。注重從政治高度指導戰爭，夯實制勝的政治基礎，是黨奪取戰爭勝利的基本經驗，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術的核心要義。在當今時代，軍事和政治的聯繫更加緊密，在戰略層面的相關性和整體性日益增強，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制日益突出。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須始終堅持黨中央統攬全局、協調各方的作用，動員、團結、組織最廣大人民參與、支持戰爭；增強政治功能和組織功能，強化全黨全軍全國人民應對戰爭、打贏戰爭的思想準備、組織準備、意志準備；加強政治外交和國際輿論法理鬥爭，形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛統一戰線，牢牢佔領道義制高點，發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能，統籌打好政治軍仗。

堅持積極防禦，突顯積極性，重視攻勢作戰。積極防禦是人民戰爭的產物，實行積極防禦是人民戰爭戰略戰術的根本要求。未來戰爭進程加快，可能一場戰役或戰鬥就能達成戰略目的，往往是首戰即決戰。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要堅持將防禦、反攻和進攻有機結合，更加強調戰略層次的內外線反擊，在戰爭伊始就綜合運用精銳作戰力量，實施內外線結合、堅決凌厲的戰略反擊，形成高壓反擊態勢和壓力，最大限度地打痛打怕敵人，達到以攻助防、後發先至，速戰制敵、盡快遏制、打贏戰爭的戰略目的。

堅持非對稱制衡，你打你的，我打我的，以能擊不能。這是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓，是對戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律的高度概括和生動描述，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰體系龐大、節點眾多，存在許多易受攻擊的“命門”，為實施“以能擊不能”提供了契機。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，充分認清資訊化智能化戰爭本身的固有弱點，深入研究對手的軟肋和死穴，創新核心作戰概念，加緊鍛造新域新質作戰能力手段，錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等戰法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在「以能擊不能」中創造新的製勝優勢。

堅持積小勝為大勝，善於集中力量打殲滅戰。我軍在革命戰爭中長期處於全局劣勢的地位，局部上以強對弱、積小勝為大勝，是戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開，為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要強化「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的概念，將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，透過效能融合、即時聚優，實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾，對敵分佈的要點實施殲滅性打擊、破壞性襲擊，這既有重錘效應，又能不斷消耗敵人，使對手逐步喪失戰場主動權。

堅持兵民是勝利之本，鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系與能力。軍隊打勝仗，人民是靠山。建軍伊始，我們黨就把革命戰爭視為群眾的鬥爭，強調只有動員和依靠群眾才能進行戰爭，並創造了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊立於不敗之地的製勝密碼。資訊化智能化條件下的對抗，更鮮明地表現為以國家整體實力為基礎的體系對抗。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要不斷鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力，在政治、軍事、經濟、文化、外交等多維度全面發力，構建起既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力，陷敵於人民戰爭的汪洋大海。

大力推動新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展創新

新時代，人民戰爭戰略戰術的內涵發生了很大變化，必須加強黨的集中統一領導，加強踐行根本宗旨，加強科技創新驅動，加強模擬演訓檢驗，才能匯聚起創新發展的前行力量。

加強黨的集中統一領導，匯聚人民戰爭戰略戰術磅礴偉力。黨的領導是中國特色社會主義制度的最大優勢，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術得以體現和實施的重要保證。必須堅持黨的領導，把人民群眾整體動員起來、組織起來。積極探索金融戰、網絡戰、認識域作戰等領域的人民戰爭戰略戰術。適時組織人民群眾開展情報戰、襲擾戰、伏擊戰等，靈活牽制、消耗敵人。

加強踐行根本宗旨，夯實人民戰爭戰略戰術發展根基。人民戰爭的製勝奧秘，就在於它真心實意地為群眾謀利益，贏得了廣大人民群眾的信賴和支持。全心全意為人民服務是我軍的根本宗旨，也是新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的戰略根基。人民軍隊必須站穩人民立場，始終堅持人民至上，緊緊依靠人民，不斷造福人民，牢牢植根人民，永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

加強科技創新驅動，增強人民戰爭戰略戰術發展動力。隨著人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等高新技術進入軍事領域，戰爭的科技含量已發生質的飛躍，必須創新發展以資訊化智慧化技術為支撐的人民戰爭戰略戰術，持續推進機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，創新創造“以能擊不能”的“密鑰”，讓“智勝”成為新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的主要特徵，形成具有時代性引領性獨特性的新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

加強模擬演訓檢驗，提升人民戰爭戰略戰術發展質效。在資訊時代，利用虛擬現實技術可基於實際的戰場環境，以及任務背景創造具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景，官兵在戰爭開始前就可以在虛擬現實中數次「親歷」戰爭，加強對裝備性能、敵我情況、戰爭節奏等真實戰場的了解，這就給戰略戰術正確與否提供了檢驗平台。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，應特別重視運用模擬、演習等戰爭預實踐手段，對其進行定性與定量分析，並在實務上進一步加以完善。

中國軍事資料來源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926888.html?big=fan

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, 元宇宙, 認知戰

China’s Military Unveils the Metaverse

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中國軍隊推出虛擬宇宙

現代英語翻譯:

As if overnight, “metaverse” suddenly became a hot word, and related concepts formed many hot topics.

With the development of technologies such as extended reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, blockchain, and the iteration of terminal equipment, the construction and evolution of the “metaverse” may far exceed people’s expectations, and a new Internet form of multi-dimensional, full-sensory, immersive human-computer interaction will hopefully become a reality.

What is the Metaverse?

“Metaverse” is a term that comes from the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash. In the novel, humans live in a virtual three-dimensional world through “Avatar” (digital virtual avatar), and the author calls this space “Metaverse”.

From science fiction to reality, people have not yet reached an absolute consensus on “what is the metaverse”. Due to the evolution of the times and technological changes, the “metaverse” is still an evolving concept. “There are a thousand Hamlets in the eyes of a thousand people”. Different participants are constantly enriching its definition in their own way, and the possibilities of the characteristics and forms of the “metaverse” are also constantly changing. However, we can explore a little through the existing presentation of the “metaverse”.

At present, “Metaverse” concept products are mainly concentrated in online games, VR/AR, social networking and other fields.

Online games are generally considered by the industry to be the most likely field to realize the “metaverse” because they have virtual scenes and players’ virtual avatars. Today, game functions have gone beyond the game itself, and the boundaries of games are expanding, and they are no longer just games.

A well-known singer held a virtual concert with his virtual image in the game “Fortnite”, which attracted more than 12 million players from all over the world to participate, breaking the boundary between entertainment and games; due to the impact of the epidemic, the University of California, Berkeley and the School of Animation and Digital Studies of Communication University of China coincidentally rebuilt their campuses in the sandbox game “Minecraft”. Students gathered together with virtual avatars to complete the “cloud graduation ceremony”, realizing the integration of virtual games and real social interactions.

The new generation of “VR social (virtual offline social)” has gradually developed and become popular. It is a fusion of offline social (face-to-face in reality) and online social (through social software such as WeChat). Some well-known VR social platforms provide a free community environment, which not only becomes a place for players’ online activities and virtual face-to-face gatherings, but also becomes a social and cultural phenomenon closely related to the current concept of “metaverse”.

The above-mentioned “metaverse slices” are all important explorations into the construction of the “metaverse”, and they explain in a variety of visible and tangible ways how the “metaverse” will change our real life.

In common research, the following consensus has been formed: “Metaverse” is a new type of Internet application and social form that integrates multiple new technologies and integrates virtual and real. It provides immersive experience based on extended reality technology, generates virtual and real scenes based on digital twins and 3D rendering technology, builds basic software and hardware services based on cloud computing, artificial intelligence and high-speed networks, and builds an economic system based on blockchain technology, closely integrating the virtual world with the real world in economic system, social system and identity system. At the same time, it allows each user to produce and edit content, and has complete self-driving and iteration capabilities.

The development direction of the “metaverse”

Today’s mobile Internet is actually still in a flat information interaction state, presented on mobile terminals through text, sound, pictures, and videos. Although news information, e-commerce, social chat, live video, etc. meet people’s needs for using the Internet, it is obviously impossible to achieve the effect of face-to-face communication and full sensory experience in real life through the mobile phone screen. With the development of society, people need more original and rich experience and interaction.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced people to move their daily lives from offline to online. This forced transformation has led to more thinking, discussion and attention on the “metaverse”. In particular, the core feature of the “metaverse” is the immersive experience, which can turn a plane into a three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, real-time interactive space, greatly enriching and restoring the real physical world and various human relationships. Therefore, people have high hopes for the “metaverse”.

Looking back at the development of information technology and media, humans have continuously changed the way they perceive the world, and later began to consciously transform and reshape the world. From the newspaper era, the radio and television era, to the Internet era, and the mobile Internet era, the tools and platforms under the concept of “metaverse” are becoming increasingly complete, and the path to the “metaverse” is gradually becoming clearer.

Since 2020, Internet giants in various countries have been closely deploying cutting-edge technologies such as extended reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks and blockchain, and the door to the ultimate closed-loop ecosystem of the “metaverse” has been opened little by little. Today, when the “bonus” of mobile Internet users has peaked, many experts and scholars have stated that the “metaverse” will be the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet.

Just as it was difficult to accurately predict the development of the Internet 20 years ago, people cannot accurately predict the future form of the “metaverse”. However, combined with the development trends of related industries today, we can see that: the Internet has changed human life and digitized communication between people, and the “metaverse” will digitize the relationship between people and society; the technologies related to the “metaverse” will show gradual development, single-point technological innovations will continue to appear and merge, and all aspects of the industry will move closer to the ultimate form of the “metaverse”; the “metaverse” will emerge with a large amount of user-generated content, and at the same time, the value of digital assets will be revealed.

In general, the “metaverse” will profoundly change the organization and operation of the existing society through the integration of the virtual and the real, form a new lifestyle with both virtual and real poles, give birth to a new social relationship that integrates online and offline, and give new vitality to the real economy from the virtual dimension.

The future physical “metaverse” will be similar to the scene described in the science fiction movie “Ready Player One”: one day in the future, people can switch identities anytime and anywhere, freely shuttle between the real world and the virtual world, and study, work, make friends, shop, travel, etc. in the “metaverse”. Through immersive experience, the virtual world will be closer to and integrated into the real world.

In this virtual world, there will be self-evolving content and economic systems that will always remain safe and stable to meet the social needs of individuals.

The mediating role of the “metaverse”

“Imagine the ‘metaverse’ as a physical Internet, where you are not just watching content, but you are fully immersed in it.” This is a vivid description. However, as far as the current situation is concerned, the content of these “metaverses” that allow “full immersion” is relatively scarce. It needs more content that can be independently written, self-iterated, and multi-dimensionally attract users to participate in the experience and even participate in the creation.

The “metaverse” is bound to become a brand-new platform for media content production. Content producers can transform the “small universe” into the “big universe” through rich content production. In the short term, the breakthrough of the “metaverse” is immersive content. With the development and penetration of the concept of “metaverse”, the integration of immersive virtual content (such as games, cartoons, etc.) and immersive physical content (such as media, social networking, film and television, etc.) will become higher and higher. In other words, the “metaverse” will play a greater role as a medium.

In September this year, Yu Guoming, a professor at the School of Journalism and Communication of Beijing Normal University, pointed out at the release conference of the “2020-2021 “Metaverse” Development Research Report”: “Today, the role of the media is generally to provide cognitive information, but the role of the media is completing a process from providing cognition to providing experience. The entire media and technology has undergone a huge transformation from cognitive development to experience. Once the goal of “Metaverse” is established, it will play a directional role in communication technology, communication forms, communication methods and even communication effects.” If the “Metaverse” is the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet, then it is a super media channel that will show the ultimate form of media convergence and provide the best immersive experience.

Theoretically, the best communication experience must be based on real scenes. For example, when watching a football game, the ideal situation is to watch it in person on the field. In the “metaverse”, with the development of display interaction, high-speed communication and computing technology, it will become a reality to construct a communication scene that is infinitely close to reality. Users can become “witnesses” and “on-site observers” of news events in a three-dimensional, multi-sensory reception situation.

Therefore, the “metaverse” media can achieve true “multimedia”, and various human senses such as vision, smell, hearing, taste, touch, etc. can play a role, and even fully unfold and cooperate with each other to achieve “immersive” media applications.

Today’s media content is constantly evolving and innovating, and its development trend seems to be moving closer to the concept of “metaverse”. Media content will no longer be limited to flat presentation methods such as TV, computer, and mobile phone screens. Media content production will consider holographic presentation more, pay attention to creating an on-site environment atmosphere, and make users feel immersive. Social interaction will no longer be limited to text messages and comments. Feelings can be expressed instantly with voice and body movements, and face-to-face communication can be virtualized on the spot.

Imagine if news reports could restore the war scene and create a “battlefield metaverse”, making people feel as if they were there and feel in real time the tremendous trauma that war has caused to human civilization. This shock would further stimulate human society’s desire and yearning for peace, and media content would have a stronger influence and dissemination power.

現代國語:

彷彿在一夜之間，「元宇宙」突然成為熱詞，相關概念形成許多熱門話題。

隨著擴展現實、數位孿生、3D渲染、雲端運算、人工智慧、高速網路、區塊鏈等技術的發展及終端設備的迭代，「元宇宙」建設和演變可能遠超人們的預期，多維度、全感官、沉浸式的人機互動新網路形態，將有望成為現實。

何為“元宇宙”

“元宇宙”，英文為“Metaverse”。此字出自1992年的科幻小說《雪崩》。小說中，人類透過“Avatar”（數位虛擬化身），在一個虛擬三維世界中生活，作者稱這個空間為“Metaverse”，即“元宇宙”。

從科幻走進現實，人們對「元宇宙是什麼」還未能達成一個絕對標準的共識。因為時代的演變、技術的變革，“元宇宙”仍是一個不斷發展的概念，“一千個人眼中就有一千個哈姆雷特”，不同參與者以自己的方式不斷豐富著它的定義，“元宇宙」特徵和形態的可能性也在不斷變化。不過，我們可透過「元宇宙」現有的呈現形態來探討一二。

目前，「元宇宙」概念產品主要集中在網路遊戲、VR/AR、社交等領域。

網路遊戲被業界普遍認為是最有可能實現「元宇宙」的領域，因為它本身就具有虛擬場景和玩家的虛擬化身。如今，遊戲功能已超越遊戲本身，遊戲邊界正在擴展，甚至不只是遊戲了。

知名歌手在遊戲《要塞英雄》中，以虛擬形象舉辦一場虛擬演唱會，吸引了全球超過1200萬玩家參與其中，打破了娛樂與遊戲的邊界；因為疫情影響，美國加州大學柏克萊分校、中國傳媒大學動畫與數位學院不約而同地在沙盤遊戲《我的世界》裡重建校園，學生們以虛擬化身齊聚一堂，完成“雲畢業典禮”，實現了虛擬遊戲和現實社交的融合。

新一代「VR社交（虛擬線下社交）」已在逐漸發展和流行。它是線下社交（現實面對面）、線上社交（透過微信等社群軟體）的融合產物。一些知名VR社交平台，提供自由的社區環境，不僅成為玩家線上活動與虛擬面對面聚會的場所，也成了一種與目前「元宇宙」概念密切相關的社會文化現象。

以上這些“元宇宙切片”，都是對建構“元宇宙”的重要探索，用多種看得見、摸得著的方式，詮釋了“元宇宙”將會如何改變我們的現實生活。

在通常研究中，一般形成了這樣的共識：「元宇宙」是整合多種新技術而產生的新型虛實融合的網路應用和社會形態。它基於擴展現實技術提供沉浸式體驗，基於數位孿生和3D渲染技術生成虛實場景，基於雲端運算、人工智慧和高速網路建立基礎軟體硬體服務，基於區塊鏈技術建立經濟體系，將虛擬世界與現實世界在經濟系統、社交系統、身分系統上密切融合。同時，允許每個使用者進行內容生產和編輯，具備完整的自我驅動和迭代能力。

「元宇宙」發展走向

現今的行動互聯網，其實仍是平面資訊互動狀態，透過文字、聲音、圖片、視訊方式在行動終端進行呈現。新聞資訊、電子商務、社群聊天、視訊直播等型態，雖然滿足了人們使用網路的需求，但隔著手機螢幕，顯然無法達到現實生活中面對面交流、全感官體驗所能達到的效果。隨著社會發展，人們需要更原生、更豐富的體驗與互動。

新冠疫情讓人們生活場景從線下更多地移到線上。這種被迫的轉變，讓大家對「元宇宙」有了更多思考、討論和關注。特別是「元宇宙」最核心的特徵，在於沉浸式體驗，它可將一個平面變成一個立體、多維、即時的互動空間，極大地豐富、還原真實物理世界和人類各種關係。因此，「元宇宙」被人們寄予厚望。

縱觀過往資訊科技和媒介的發展歷程，人類不斷改變認知世界的方法，乃至於後來開始有意識地改造和重塑世界。從報業時代、廣播電視時代，到網路時代、行動網路時代，「元宇宙」概念下的工具和平台日益完備，通往「元宇宙」的路徑逐漸清晰。

自2020年以來，各國網路大廠圍繞著擴展實境、數位孿生、3D渲染、雲端運算、人工智慧、高速網路和區塊鏈等前沿科技，展開緊密佈局，通往「元宇宙」終極閉環生態的大門被一點點打開。在行動網路用戶「紅利」已經見頂的今天，不少專家學者表示，「元宇宙」將是下一代網路的終極形態。

如同20年前難以精準預測網路的發展一樣，人們也無法精準預判未來「元宇宙」的形態。但是，結合當今相關產業發展趨勢可以看到：互聯網改變人類生活，將人與人交流數位化，而「元宇宙」將把人與社會關係數位化；「元宇宙」相關技術將呈現漸進式發展，單點技術創新將不斷出現與融合，從產業各方面向「元宇宙」終極形態靠近；「元宇宙」將湧現海量用戶創作內容，同時顯現數位資產價值問題。

概括地說，「元宇宙」將以虛實融合的方式，深刻改變現有社會的組織與運作，形成虛、實兩極的新型生活方式，催生線上、線下一體的新型社會關係，並從虛擬維度賦予實體經濟新的活力。

未來實體化的“元宇宙”，將類似於科幻電影《頭號玩家》裡描述的場景：在未來的某一天，人們可隨時隨地切換身份，自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界，在“元宇宙”中學習、工作、交友、購物、旅遊等。透過沉浸式體驗，讓虛擬世界進一步接近並融入現實世界。

在這個虛擬世界裡，將有自我不斷發展的內容和經濟系統，並且始終保持安全穩定運行，滿足個體的社會需求。

「元宇宙」的媒介作用

「把『元宇宙』想像為一個實體互聯網，你在那裡不只是觀看內容，整個人都身在其中。」這是一個圖像描述。可就現狀而言，這些能讓“整個人都身在其中”的“元宇宙”，內容是相對匱乏的。它需要更多可以獨立成篇、自我迭代、多維立體地吸引使用者參與體驗甚至參與創作的內容。

「元宇宙」勢必成為媒體內容生產的嶄新平台。內容生產者透過豐富的內容生產，可將「小宇宙」演變成「大宇宙」。短期內，「元宇宙」的突破口是沉浸式內容。隨著「元宇宙」概念的發展與滲透，沉浸式虛擬內容（如遊戲、卡通等）與沉浸式實體內容（如媒體、社交、影視等）的融合程度將會越來越高。換句話說，「元宇宙」將發揮更大的媒介作用。

今年9月，北京師範大學新聞與傳播學院教授喻國明在《2020-2021年「元宇宙」發展研究報告》發布會議上指出：「如今媒介所扮演的角色大體上都是認知方面的訊息給予，但媒介的角色正在完成一個從給予認知到給予體驗的過程。甚至傳播效果，都能起到一個定向作用。體驗。

從理論上講，最好的傳播體驗必然是基於真實場景。如看球賽，理想情形是在球場上親身觀看。在「元宇宙」裡，隨著顯示互動、高速通訊和運算技術的發展，建構無限逼近真實的傳播場景將成為現實，使用者能在立體化、多感官接收情境中，成為新聞事件的「目擊者」和「實地觀察者」。

因而，“元宇宙”媒體可實現真正的“多媒體化”，人類的各種感官如視覺、嗅覺、聽覺、味覺、觸覺等，都能發揮作用，甚至完全展開、相互配合，實現“沉浸式”的媒體應用。

當今媒體內容不斷進化和創​​新，其發展趨勢也似乎正在向「元宇宙」概念靠攏。媒體內容將不再侷限於電視、電腦、手機螢幕等平面式的呈現方式，媒體內容製作將更考慮全像化呈現，重視營造現場環境氛圍，使用戶有身臨其境之感。社交也將不再侷限於文字留言評論，可即時用語音、肢體動作來抒發感受，現場虛擬化面對面交流。

設想一下，如果新聞報道能還原戰爭現場，打造“戰場元宇宙”，使人如身臨其境，實時感受到戰爭對於人類文明造成的巨大創傷，這份震撼會更能刺激人類社會對於和平的渴望與嚮往，媒體內容將具備更強大的影響力與傳播力。

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/26/content_303888.htm