Category Archives: China’s Informatization – 中國信息化

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #新興戰爭技術, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Majority of Chinese Military Officers & Soldiers Firmly Emphasize: Seize Historical Opportunity to Build a Strong Network Warfare Capability

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廣大官兵堅定強調：把握歷史機會建構強大網路戰能力

現代英語：

In recent days, the entire army and armed police forces have organized officers and soldiers in various forms to seriously study and discuss the important speech delivered by President Xi at the National Conference on Cybersecurity and Informatization. The officers and soldiers firmly expressed that they must earnestly study and implement the spirit of President Xi’s important speech, keenly seize the historical opportunity of informatization development, strengthen military-civilian integration in the field of cybersecurity and informatization, independently innovate and promote the construction of a cyber power, and make new contributions to winning the decisive battle to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, winning the great victory of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

From April 20 to 21, the National Cybersecurity and Informatization Work Conference was held in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and Director of the Central Cybersecurity and Informatization Commission, attended the meeting and delivered an important speech. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Tao

Seize the historical opportunity to build a strong cyber power

——Officers and soldiers of the entire army and armed police force earnestly studied and implemented President Xi’s important speech at the National Conference on Cybersecurity and Informatization

Beijing, April 23 (People’s Liberation Army Daily) – In recent days, the entire army and armed police forces have organized officers and soldiers in various forms to seriously study and discuss the important speech delivered by President Xi at the National Conference on Cybersecurity and Informatization. The officers and soldiers firmly expressed that they must earnestly study and implement the spirit of President Xi’s important speech, keenly seize the historical opportunity of informatization development, strengthen military-civilian integration in the field of cybersecurity and informatization, independently innovate and promote the construction of a cyber power, and make new contributions to winning the decisive battle to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, winning the great victory of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

“Informatization has brought a golden opportunity to the Chinese nation.” After studying President Xi’s important speech, the cadres of various departments of the CMC and the theater of operations were full of confidence. Many cadres mentioned in the discussion that President Xi’s important speech, starting from the overall situation of the party and the country, systematically explained the rich connotation of the strategic thinking of building a cyber power, scientifically answered a series of directional, overall, fundamental and strategic issues related to the long-term development of the cyber and information industry, pointed out the direction for grasping the historical opportunities of the information revolution, strengthening network security and informatization, and accelerating the construction of a cyber power, and provided a fundamental guideline, which is of great and far-reaching significance.

On December 25, 2015, when President Xi inspected the PLA Daily, he typed on the Weibo and WeChat publishing platforms of the PLA Daily and sent a Weibo to congratulate all officers and soldiers on the New Year; on the eve of the 2017 Spring Festival, when President Xi inspected the “Great Merit Third Company” of a certain army unit, he stopped in front of an electronic screen and listened to the officers and soldiers’ report on their study and education through the “Learning Barracks” mobile phone APP… President Xi’s concern for the military’s cybersecurity work has inspired the officers and soldiers. Everyone said that the Party Central Committee and President Xi attach great importance to the Internet, the development of the Internet, and the governance of the Internet, and have coordinated major issues involving informatization and cybersecurity in the political, economic, cultural, social, and military fields, made a series of major decisions, and put forward a series of major measures to promote the historic achievements of the cybersecurity cause. Officers and soldiers of a certain brigade of the Rocket Force said that the achievements made in the network construction of our country and the army fully demonstrate that the decisions of the Party Central Committee on strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over cybersecurity work and the series of strategic deployments made for cybersecurity work since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China are completely correct.

In recent years, a certain brigade of the 74th Group Army has closely followed the characteristics of young officers and soldiers and actively explored new models of online political work, which has been welcomed by young officers and soldiers. During the discussion, Luo Yingli, an officer of the Propaganda Section of the brigade, said that we must actively promote innovations in online propaganda concepts, content, forms, methods, and means, grasp the timing and effectiveness, and unite and gather the officers and soldiers with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and work tirelessly to achieve the goal of strengthening the army.

During the study and discussion, Li Kangjun, instructor of the second missile company of the air defense battalion of a brigade of the 75th Group Army, said with deep feeling that the newly revised “Internal Affairs Regulations (Trial)” revised the regulations on the use of mobile phones and the Internet, and added new behavioral norms for military personnel such as online shopping and the use of new media. As soldiers, we must firmly establish a correct view of network security and strictly abide by the relevant regulations of the state and the military. Fan Jianli, political commissar of a brigade of the 80th Group Army, said that we must strengthen the network security protection of information infrastructure, strengthen the construction of network security information coordination mechanisms, means, and platforms, strengthen the construction of emergency command capabilities for network security incidents, and actively develop the network security industry to move the checkpoints forward and prevent problems before they occur.

Whoever masters the Internet will seize the initiative of the times; whoever occupies the commanding heights in informatization will be able to seize the initiative, gain advantages, win security, and win the future. Experts from the Academy of Military Sciences, the National Defense University, and the National University of Defense Technology believe that the integration of military and civilian networks is a key and frontier area of ​​military and civilian integration, and is also the most dynamic and potential area of ​​military and civilian integration. We must seize the historical opportunities of the current information technology revolution and the new military revolution, deeply understand the inherent relationship between productivity and combat effectiveness, the market and the battlefield, grasp the working mechanism and laws of the integration of military and civilian networks, and promote the formation of a pattern of deep integration and development of military and civilian networks with full factors, multiple fields, and high efficiency.

Studying President Xi’s important speech has given leaders at all levels a strong sense of mission and urgency. Leaders of a certain air force brigade of the Eastern Theater Command, a certain armed police unit, and the Shenyang Joint Logistics Support Center said that they should actively adapt to the requirements of informatization, strengthen Internet thinking, and continuously improve their ability to grasp the laws of the Internet, guide online public opinion, control the development of informatization, and ensure network security. The Party Committee of a Red Army Corps of the Xinjiang Military Region has decided to include Internet information work in the Party Committee’s key work plan and important agenda, and use the Internet to solve the problems of “difficult, slow, and complicated work” that officers and soldiers strongly reflect.

Talent is the key to promoting the construction of a cyber power. A scientific and technological personnel of a unit of the Strategic Support Force said that in today’s world, network information technology is developing rapidly and has become a competitive highland for global technological innovation. We must continuously improve our own capabilities and qualities, focus on cutting-edge technologies and key core technologies, and work hard to overcome difficulties. A group of people from the Party Committee of a combat support ship detachment of the South China Sea Fleet said that it is necessary to study and formulate an overall plan for the development of talents in the field of cyber security, promote the reform of the talent development system and mechanism, and let the creative vitality of talents compete and burst out, and their wisdom and talents fully flow.

Informatization brings new opportunities for strengthening the military in the new era. During the study and discussion, the officers and soldiers said that they should firmly establish the idea of ​​information-led and system construction, take positive and proactive actions, unswervingly take informatization as the development direction of the modernization of the military, take the network information system as a starting point, promote the leapfrog development of our military’s informatization construction, and comprehensively improve our military’s system combat capabilities.

(Reporter Zhang Kejin of the PLA Daily, special correspondent Wang Xuechao, correspondents Zheng Guangbin, Li Hengjian, Chen Hongjia, Wan Yongkang, Zhang Qiang, Yu Wenbin, Li Yunfeng, Meng Zhuolin, Li Jiahao, Tan Wenwei, Wang Yuting, Cao Zhiguo, Xu Fengfang, Hou Wei, Chen Zhi, Luo Kunkang, Li Guolin, Ma Yixun, Zhao Lei, Yang Guiliang)

現代國語：

來源：中國軍網綜合作者：張科進 等責任編輯：杜汶紋
2018-04-24

連日來，全軍和武警部隊以各種形式組織官兵認真學習討論習主席在全國網路安全和資訊化工作會議上發表的重要講話。廣大官兵堅定表示，要認真學習貫徹落實習主席的重要講話精神，敏銳抓住資訊化發展的歷史機遇，加強網信領域軍民融合，自主創新推進網絡強國建設，為決勝全面建成小康社會、奪取新時代中國特色社會主義偉大勝利、實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢作出新的貢獻。

4月20日至21日，全國網路安全與資訊化工作會議在北京召開。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席、中央網路安全和資訊化委員會主任習近平出席會議並發表重要演講。新華社記者 李濤 攝

抓住歷史機會　建設網絡強國

——全軍和武警部隊官兵認真學習貫徹習主席在全國網路安全和資訊化工作會議上的重要講話

解放軍報北京4月23日電 連日來，全軍和武警部隊以各種形式組織官兵認真學習討論習主席在全國網路安全和資訊化工作會議上發表的重要講話。廣大官兵堅定表示，要認真學習貫徹落實習主席的重要講話精神，敏銳抓住資訊化發展的歷史機遇，加強網信領域軍民融合，自主創新推進網絡強國建設，為決勝全面建成小康社會、奪取新時代中國特色社會主義偉大勝利、實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢作出新的貢獻。

「資訊化為中華民族帶來了千載難逢的機會。」學習習主席的重要講話，軍委機關各部門和各戰區機關幹部信心滿懷。許多幹部在討論中談到，習主席的重要講話，從黨和國家事業全局出發，系統闡釋了網絡強國戰略思想的豐富內涵，科學回答了事關信事業長遠發展的一系列方向性、全局性、根本性、戰略性問題，為把握資訊革命歷史機會、加強網路安全和資訊化工作、加速推進網路強國建設指明了前進方向，提供了根本遵循，具有重大而深遠的意義。

2015年12月25日，習主席視察解放軍報社時，在軍報微博微信發布平台敲擊鍵盤，發出一條微博向全軍官兵祝賀新年；2017年春節前夕，習主席視察陸軍某部「大功三連」時，駐足一塊電子螢幕前，聽取官兵透過「學習軍營」手機APP開展學習教育的報告……習主席對軍隊網信工作的關心讓廣大官兵振奮不已。大家表示，黨中央、習主席高度重視互聯網、發展互聯網、治理互聯網，統籌協調涉及政治、經濟、文化、社會、軍事等領域資訊化和網路安全重大議題，做出一系列重大決策、提出一系列重大舉措，推動網信事業取得歷史性成就。火箭軍某旅官兵說，我們國家和軍隊網絡建設取得的成就充分錶明，黨的十八大以來黨中央關於加強黨對網信工作集中統一領導的決策和對網信工作作出的一系列戰略部署是完全正確的。

近年來，第74集團軍某旅緊貼青年官兵特點，積極探索網路政治工作新模式，受到青年官兵歡迎。討論中，該旅宣傳科幹事羅映力說，我們要積極推進網上宣傳理念、內容、形式、方法、手段等創新，把握好時度效，用習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想和黨的十九大精神團結、凝聚廣大官兵，為實現強軍目標不懈奮鬥。

學習討論中，第75集團軍某旅防空營導彈二連指導員李康君深有感觸地談到，新修訂的《內務條令（試行）》修改了移動電話和互聯網使用管理等方面規定，新增了軍人網絡購物、新媒體使用等行為規範。身為軍人，我們要牢固樹立正確的網路安全觀，嚴格遵守國家和軍隊的相關規定。第80集團軍某旅政委範建立說，我們要加強資訊基礎設施網路安全防護，加強網路安全資訊統籌機制、手段、平台建設，加強網路安全事件緊急指揮能力建設，積極發展網路安全產業，做到關口前移，防患於未然。

誰掌握了互聯網，誰就把握住了時代主動權；誰在資訊化上佔據制高點，誰就能夠掌握先機、贏得優勢、贏得安全、贏得未來。軍事科學院、國防大學、國防科技大學的專家認為，網信軍民融合是軍民融合的重點領域與前沿領域，也是軍民融合最具活力與潛力的領域。我們要抓住當前資訊科技變革和新軍事變革的歷史機遇，深刻理解生產力和戰鬥力、市場和戰場的內在關係，把握網信軍民融合的工作機理和規律，推動形成全要素、多領域、高效益的軍民深度融合發展的模式。

學習習主席重要講話，讓各級領導幹部產生了強烈的使命感和緊迫感。東部戰區空軍某旅、武警某部、瀋陽聯勤保障中心等部隊領導表示，要主動適應資訊化要求、強化網路思維，不斷提升對網路規律的掌握能力、對網路輿論的引導能力、對資訊化發展的駕馭能力、對網路安全的保障能力。新疆軍區某紅軍團黨委研究決定，將網信工作納入黨委重點工作計畫和重要議程，用網路解決官兵反映強烈的「辦事難、辦事慢、辦事繁」等議題。

推動網路強國建設，人才是關鍵。戰略支援部隊某部科技人員表示，當今世界，網路資訊科技發展日新月異，成為全球科技創新的競爭高地。我們要不斷提升自身能力素質，瞄準前緣技術和關鍵核心技術集中力量、刻苦攻關。南海艦隊某作戰支援艦支隊黨委一班人表示，要研究制定網信領域人才發展整體規劃，推動人才發展體制機制改革，讓人才的創造活力競相迸發、聰明才智充分湧流。

資訊化為新時代強軍事業帶來新機會。學習討論中，廣大官兵表示，要牢固確立資訊主導、體系建設的思想，積極主動作為，堅定不移把信息化作為軍隊現代化建設發展方向，以網絡信息體系為抓手，推動我軍信息化建設實現跨越式發展，全面提升我軍體係作戰能力。

（解放軍報記者張科進，特約記者汪學潮，通訊員鄭廣斌、李恆劍、陳洪佳、萬永康、張強、餘文彬、李雲峰、蒙卓霖、李佳豪、譚文偉、王雨婷、曹志國、徐風芳、侯偉、陳陟、羅坤康、李果霖、馬藝訓、趙磊、楊貴良）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/2018qgwlaq/2018-04/24/content_8014888.htm

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, #新興戰爭技術, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military New War Force that Emerges Suddenly the Micro-operation

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異軍突起的中國軍隊新戰爭力量微作戰

現代英語：

War is a violent confrontation. With the development of science and technology and the evolution of war forms, the violence of war has gradually reached its peak in the “big” aspect. Nuclear weapons have been able to destroy the earth many times, which in turn limits the actual combat application of nuclear weapons. However, the violence of war is accelerating in the “small” aspect. The emergence and use of micro-combat equipment and micro-combat forces have increasingly changed our cognition of future warfare. Perhaps a mosquito may be a precision strike weapon in the future.

Micro-operation is the abbreviation for using miniaturized weapons and equipment to conduct operations. It is a new product based on the rapid development of science and technology and an important manifestation of the scientific and technological development level of a country and its military. With the rapid development of high technologies such as electronic information technology, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence technology, more miniaturized, micro-miniaturized, and intelligent weapons and equipment are constantly emerging. The scale of operations has changed from the trend of continuous expansion for thousands of years. Micro-operation has become possible and has become an important development trend of future operations. We must fully recognize the importance of micro-operation, lead the development trend of micro-operation, and seize the initiative in micro-operation.

Micro-operation becomes a new direction of combat development

In the new wave of development of combat methods, micro-combat, with its unique image of being independent and cost-effective, has become a new direction of combat development and has a huge impact on combat development.

The future demand for intelligent warfare will lead to the development of micro-operations. The development of military intelligence has overturned traditional cognition. Its battlefield perception intelligence, autonomous decision-making intelligence, and attack intelligence have undoubtedly become the key to victory. Micro-operations just fit the context of military intelligence development and become a new direction of rapid development driven by the demand for intelligent warfare. Intelligent warfare requires intelligent perception means. The intelligent micro-perception system under micro-operation conditions can provide battlefield intelligence and information that is difficult to obtain with traditional perception equipment. It is reported that the modern new bionic flapping-wing aircraft developed by the University of Toronto in Canada and a company in California, USA, by imitating hummingbirds, has achieved aerial hovering for the first time. In wartime, it can be disguised as a hummingbird and is extremely difficult to be discovered. It has the ability to enter enemy locations and secretly obtain intelligence information. Intelligent warfare is inseparable from intelligent attack methods, and micro-operation provides a wealth of options for this. The “Vector Eagle” multi-mission micro-drone launched by Lockheed Martin of the United States has a total take-off weight of only 1.8 kilograms and a length of about 10 centimeters. It can carry different payloads according to different mission requirements and complete different combat missions such as destruction, interference, and blasting.

Microsystems, micro-bionics, micro-drones and other technologies support the development of micro-warfare. The development of combat forms cannot be separated from the support of technology, and micro-warfare cannot be separated from the support and promotion of the development of microsystems, micro-bionics, micro-drones and other technologies. Microsystems are devices that integrate sensing, driving, execution and signal processing devices in a heterogeneous and heterogeneous manner based on micro-photonics, micro-mechanics, algorithms and architectures to achieve functions. The US DARPA has set up a microsystem technology office to step up the research and development of electronic components based on microelectronics, optoelectronics, micro-electromechanical and micro-energy technologies, integrated technologies based on optoelectronics and magnetism, algorithms and architecture technologies based on programmable architecture, spectrum utilization algorithms, and electronic warfare, as well as technologies such as heat dissipation, safety, self-decomposition, and self-repair. Military bionic technology is also developing from macro to micro. Through micro-bionics, new materials, new equipment, and new tactics urgently needed for micro-combat can be developed. For example, the photon effect of butterfly wing scale powder can be applied to the stealth of micro-weapons and equipment, and the hydrophobic multi-level micro-nano structure of lotus leaves can be used for the drag reduction and self-cleaning of micro-underwater combat systems. Micro-unmanned technology is a miniaturized unmanned combat technology, representing the crystallization of the development frontier and integration of informatization, intelligence, and miniaturization.

The revolution in military effectiveness has raised new questions for micro-operations. Military effectiveness is the best release of efficiency and effectiveness in the new military reform, and micro-operations are the “catalyst” for releasing energy. On the one hand, the economic added value of micro-operations-related technologies is high and can produce a high cost-effectiveness ratio. Due to the use of micro-nano technology, the size of equipment and parts is greatly reduced, and the cost of equipment and parts can be greatly reduced. For example, the chip-level atomic clock will be 100 times smaller than the traditional atomic clock, and the production cost will be greatly reduced; the missile accelerometer and gyroscope manufactured using micro-nano technology are greatly reduced in size, but the price is only 1/50 of the original. On the other hand, micro-operations can achieve combat effects that traditional operations cannot achieve, presenting unique combat results. For example, the VAPR project carried out by the US DARPA aims to develop a revolutionary advanced transient electronic product. In addition to having the basic functions, reliability and durability of traditional electronic products, it starts and stops working through a trigger program. In order to prevent electronic equipment from being left in the battlefield environment for use by the enemy and to prevent the leakage of key technologies, after completing the military mission, this transient electronic product will partially or completely decompose into the surrounding environment.

Micro-operations will have a profound impact on future operations

In the intelligent era of war, the scale of operations has changed from its inherent trend of continuous expansion. Micro-operations, which are based on the use of micro-nano technology and miniaturized equipment, have had a disruptive impact on traditional warfare.

Subverting combat equipment. Micro-combat equipment is highly integrated and miniaturized, with advanced information technology replacing mechanical technology. It is mainly characterized by extremely small size and weight, extremely low energy consumption, extremely fast attack and defense speed, and extremely high combat performance. The millimeter wave radar scanner developed by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany has an effective range of hundreds of meters, and the printed circuit board is tiny. The entire radar is similar in size to a cigarette box. This has revolutionized the appearance of military radar and will subsequently subvert the traditional combat operation mode of millimeter wave radar. MIT recently launched a new computer chip called “Navion” that can be used for micro-drone navigation. The chip is only 20 square millimeters and consumes only 24 milliwatts of power, which is about one thousandth of the energy consumption of a light bulb. It can be integrated into a nano-drone the size of a fingernail to help with navigation, and use a tiny amount of energy to process camera images in real time at a speed of 171 frames per second and perform inertial measurements. Micro-combat equipment developed through miniaturization, weight reduction, and integration is more concealed and more sudden in attack and defense than ever before, which has brought about subversive changes in its use mode and rules.

Subverting the way of fighting. Micro-warfare uses a large number of intelligent, unmanned, and miniaturized combat equipment, and combat personnel are transferred from the front to the rear; some equipment can even achieve fully autonomous intelligent combat, and “people are not in the loop” will become a new way of fighting. Researchers at the City University of Hong Kong have designed a micro-robot that is expected to transport cells in the human body. Its diameter is 500 to 700 microns, and it has successfully achieved the purpose of controlling the movement of micro-robots through magnetic fields inside complex organisms. If this robot is used as a weapon to attack the enemy’s living forces, it can attack various organs in the enemy’s body, such as the brain, eyes, etc., and can quickly make the enemy lose its combat ability, and its combat is extremely covert and sudden. In addition, Harvard University in the United States has developed a robot named Kilobot with a diameter of about 2.5 cm. It relies on its own vibration to achieve self-movement and can form a “team” with other robots of the same type to collaborate to complete tasks, providing more options for typical “swarm” operations in micro-operations.

Subvert the organizational form of the army. Micro-operation has changed the relationship between weapons and equipment and soldiers, and thus subverted the organizational form of the army. First, the number of front-line combat personnel has been greatly reduced. Traditional combat is mainly in the form of direct combination of people and weapons and equipment, and killing on the front line. However, due to the extremely small size of weapons and equipment in micro-operation, the combat is relatively concealed. Weapon equipment operators can operate and assist in decision-making far away from the battlefield. This form of warfare makes the army form more loosely developed, and the boundaries between the front and rear will be more blurred. According to traditional standards, it is more difficult to define and distinguish combat personnel and support personnel. Secondly, military personnel are showing a trend of becoming more professional, highly educated, and highly intelligent, and the organizational form of the military needs to be adjusted accordingly. Micro-operations involve many high-tech fields, including materials science, engineering mechanics, chemistry, aerodynamics, electronics, cybersecurity and information technology, optoelectronics, micro-nano, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, big data, mobile Internet, and quantum, which are all supporting disciplines for micro-operations. The scientific and technological quality requirements for military personnel are not only “broad” but also “deep”. Therefore, the gathering of a large number of high-level talents in the military will become a “new situation”, which will inevitably have a new and significant impact on the organizational form of the military.

Attach great importance to future micro-operations

As the military develops rapidly today, we should fully realize the importance of micro-operations, conduct timely research, drive layout planning with major technological innovation and independent innovation, and take the lead in the field of micro-operations.

Strengthen the basic theoretical tracking of micro-operations and research on applied innovation. Strengthen the basic theoretical research of micro-operations. At present, the micro-operation concepts of developed countries in Europe and the United States are advanced and frequently verified. We should attach importance to the basic theoretical tracking of micro-operations and strive to study and reveal its essence and fill in the gaps. At the same time, we still have a certain emphasis on research and development, but are still insufficient in applied innovative research and transformation of results. We should follow the essential laws of micro-operations, give full play to the role of innovation in driving development, give priority to supporting basic theories, combat experiments, personnel organization, and rear-end support to improve the level of innovation, and use major technological innovations such as artificial intelligence and quantum to consolidate the “foundation” of micro-operations; use independent innovation efforts to narrow the gap in key areas, make up for the “heart, core, and innovation” of micro-operations, and focus on key areas where opponents are holding back and we cannot support them, to ensure leading development.

Vigorously promote the development of micro-operation-related technologies and equipment by taking military-civilian integration as the starting point. Accurately grasp the development direction of micro-operation, take military-civilian integration as the starting point, strengthen the development of related equipment, and form a micro-operation military-civilian integration development organization management system that integrates management, production, learning, and research. Promote the military-civilian sharing of micro-operation technical resources, speed up the formulation of military-civilian compatible micro-operation weapon equipment standards and military-civilian common technical systems, and formulate policies and measures to promote them, so as to reduce the barriers between the military and civilians and ensure the coordinated interaction between military and civilian use. We should speed up the removal of barriers to military-civilian integration in micro-operations-related fields, explore new paths and new models, conduct pilot projects in industries with strong military and civilian versatility and mature technological applications, such as microelectronics and artificial intelligence, and form replicable and popularizable experiences and practices as soon as possible.

Strive to achieve advanced planning and layout of micro-operations. To meet the requirements of future micro-operations, new combat forces can be given micro-operation exercises and experimental tasks, collect relevant data, and provide detailed data to better provide relevant theoretical and practical support for micro-operation planning and layout and pre-practice. Micro-operation-related majors can be created in colleges and universities, and exploration and practice can be strengthened in micro-operation theory research and teaching to provide intellectual support and talent training conditions for micro-operations. We should thoroughly demonstrate the needs of future battlefield construction, continuously improve the construction of battlefield network information system infrastructure, increase mobile communication coverage and bandwidth construction mainly based on satellite communications, and meet the needs of massive information transmission in future micro-operations. We must accelerate the construction of a micro-operation-related standard system and formulate and improve relevant application standards. (Pei Fei, Zhang Dapeng, Li Jinggang)

現代國語：

資料來源：解放軍報 作者：裴飛 張大鵬 李景鋼 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-08-30 08:00
編者按

戰爭是暴力的對抗。隨著科技發展和戰爭形態演化，戰爭暴力在「大」的方面漸趨走到極點，核武已經能夠多次摧毀地球，這反過來也限制了核武的實戰應用；戰爭暴力在「小」的方面卻在加速演變，微型作戰裝備和微型作戰力量的出現和使用已日益改變著我們對未來作戰的認知。或許一隻蚊子未來就可能是精確打擊兵器。

微作戰，是指使用微小型化武器裝備進行作戰的簡稱，是基於科技高速發展的新產物，是一個國家和軍隊科技發展水準的重要體現。隨著電子資訊技術、納米技術、人工智慧技術等高技術的飛速發展，更加小型化、微型化、智慧化的武器裝備不斷湧現，作戰規模一改千百年來不斷擴大的趨勢，微作戰成為可能，並且成為未來作戰的重要發展趨勢。我們要充分認識微作戰的重要性，引領微作戰的發展潮流，掌握微作戰的主動權。

微作戰成為作戰發展新方向

在作戰方式發展的新浪潮中，微作戰以其特立獨行、效費比高的獨特形象示人，成為作戰發展新方向，並對作戰發展產生巨大影響。

未來智慧化戰爭需求牽引微作戰發展。軍事智能化發展顛覆了傳統認知，其戰場感知智能化、自主決策智能化、攻擊智能化無疑成為了勝戰的關鍵，而微作戰恰恰契合了軍事智能化發展的脈絡，成為智能化戰爭需求牽引下高速發展的新方向。智慧化戰爭需要智慧化的感知手段，微作戰條件下的智慧化微感知系統能夠提供傳統感知裝備很難獲得的戰場情報和資訊。據悉，加拿大多倫多大學和美國加州某公司通過模仿蜂鳥研製出的現代新型仿生撲翼機首次實現了空中盤旋，戰時可偽裝成蜂鳥極不容易被發現，具備進入敵方場所秘密獲取情報信息的能力。智能化戰爭還離不開智能化的攻擊手段，微作戰為此提供了豐富的選擇，美國洛-馬公司推出的「向量鷹」多任務微型無人機，起飛總重量只有1.8公斤，長度約10釐米，可依不同任務需求搭載不同荷載，完成破壞、幹擾、爆破等不同作戰任務。

微系統、微仿生、微無人等技術支持微作戰發展。作戰形態的發展離不開技術的支撐，微作戰離不開微系統、微仿生、微無人等技術發展的支撐與推動。微系統是在微光電、微機械、演算法與架構等基礎上，把傳感、驅動、執行和訊號處理等裝置採用異構、異質方法整合而實現功能的裝置。美國DARPA專門成立了微系統技術辦公室，加緊研發以微電子、光電子、微機電和微能源技術為主的電子元件，以光電、磁性為主的整合技術；以可編程架構、頻譜利用演算法、電子戰為主的演算法與架構技術；以及散熱、安全、自分解、自我修復等技術。軍事仿生技術也正由宏觀向微觀發展，通過微仿生可研製微作戰急需的新材料、新裝備和新戰法等，譬如將蝴蝶翅膀鱗粉光子效應應用於微小武器裝備的隱身，將荷葉疏水的多級微納結構用於微小水下作戰系統的減阻自潔等。微無人技術是微小型化的無人作戰技術，代表資訊化、智慧化、微小型化發展前沿和融合的結晶。

軍事效能革命為微作戰提出新命題。軍事效能是新軍事變革中效率、效力的最佳釋放，而微作戰則是釋能的「催化劑」。一方面，微作戰相關技術經濟附加價值高，能產生較高的效費比。由於使用微納技術，大幅縮小了裝備和零件的尺寸，還能大幅降低裝備和零件的成本，比如，晶片級原子鐘將比傳統原子鐘體積縮小100倍，生產成本反而大大下降；利用微納技術製造的導彈加速度計和陀螺儀，體積大大縮小，價格卻僅為原來的1/50。另一方面，微作戰能夠實現傳統作戰無法實現的作戰效果，呈現出獨特的作戰結果。例如，美國DARPA開展的VAPR項目，旨在開發一種革命性的先進瞬態電子產品，除具備傳統電子產品的基本功能和可靠性、耐用性外，其通過觸發程序啟停工作，為避免電子設備遺留在戰場環境中為敵方利用，杜絕關鍵技術洩露，在完成軍事任務後，這種瞬態電子產品會部分或完全分解到周圍環境中。

微戰將深刻影響未來作戰

智慧時代的智慧化戰爭，作戰規模一改不斷擴大的固有趨勢，以微納技術和微小型化裝備運用為基本特徵的微作戰，對傳統作戰產生了顛覆性影響。

顛覆作戰裝備。微作戰裝備高度整合、微小型化，以先進的資訊技術取代了機械技術，主要表現在體積重量極小、能源消耗極少、攻防速度極快、作戰性能極高。德國弗勞恩霍夫研究所研發的毫米波雷達掃描儀，作用距離達數百米，而印製電路板尺寸微小，整部雷達大小與煙盒類似，這使軍用雷達面貌發生革命性改變，隨之將顛覆傳統毫米波雷達的作戰運用方式。麻省理工學院近日推出名為「Navion」的新型電腦晶片，可用於微型無人機導航，該晶片只有20平方毫米，功耗僅為24毫瓦，大約是燈泡耗能的千分之一，可以整合到指甲大小的納米無人機中幫助導航，用微量能耗以171幀/秒的速度實時處理相機圖片以及進行慣性測量。透過縮小、減重、整合等研發出的微作戰裝備比以往更具自身隱蔽性和攻防突然性，使其運用模式和規則等產生了顛覆性變化。

顛覆作戰方式。微作戰由於採用大量智慧化、無人化、微小化作戰裝備，作戰人員從前方轉移至後方；有的裝備甚至能夠實現完全自主智慧化作戰，「人不在迴路中」將成為新的作戰方式。香港城市大學研究人員設計出一種微型機器人，預計在人體內運輸細胞，其直徑為500到700微米，成功實現了在復雜生物體內部通過磁場控制微型機器人運動的目的，這種機器人如用作武器對敵方有生力量實施攻擊，可攻擊敵人身體內各器官，譬如大腦、眼睛等，可快速使敵人失去戰鬥能力，而其作戰極具隱蔽性、突然性。此外，美國哈佛大學開發出直徑約為2.5毫米，名為Kilobot的機器人，依靠自身的振動實現自身移動，能夠與其他同種類型的機器人組成一個“團隊”，共同協作完成任務，為微作戰中典型的「蜂群」作戰提供更多選擇。

顛覆軍隊組織形態。微作戰改變了武器裝備與軍人之間的關系，進而顛覆軍隊的組織形態。首先，一線作戰人員大幅減少。傳統作戰是以人和武器裝備直接結合，在前線進行廝殺為主要形式，而微作戰由於武器裝備尺寸極小，作戰相對隱蔽，武器裝備操作人員可在遠離戰場的後方對其進行操作和輔助決策，這樣的戰爭形態使得軍隊形態呈現更加鬆散的發展態勢，前後方界限將更加模糊，按照傳統標準，作戰人員和保障人員更加難以界定和區分。其次，軍隊人員呈現更專業、高學歷、高智力發展趨勢，軍隊組織形態需要因勢調整。微作戰涉及眾多高科技領域，材料學、工程力學、化學、空氣動力學、電子學、網信科技等學科領域及光電子、微納、人工智慧、雲計算、物聯網、大數據、行動互聯網、量子等都是微作戰支撐學科，對軍事人員科技素質要求不僅是“廣”，還要求“深”，為此，大量高水平人才聚集到軍隊將成為“新情況”，必然對軍隊組織形態產生新的重大影響。

高度重視打好未來微作戰

在軍事發展日新月異的今天，我們應充分認識到微作戰的重要性，緊前研究，以重大技術創新和自主創新帶動佈局規劃，在微作戰領域實現領跑。

加強微作戰基礎理論追蹤與應用創新研究。加強微作戰基礎理論研究。當前，歐美發達國家微作戰理念超前，驗證頻繁，我們應重視微作戰基礎理論追蹤並努力研究揭示其本質，填補空白。同時，我們還存在著一定重視研發而在應用創新研究與成果轉化上尚顯不足的情況，應遵循微作戰的本質規律，充分發揮創新驅動發展作用，優先扶持基礎理論、作戰實驗、編制人員、後裝保障等領域提高創新水平，以人工智慧、量子等重大技術創新夯實微作戰的“底子”；以自主創新努力縮小關鍵領域差距，補好微作戰“心、芯、新”的“裡子”，把對手卡脖子、自己不託底的關鍵領域作為主攻方向，確保引領發展。

以軍民融合為抓手大力提升微作戰相關技術與裝備發展。準確掌握微作戰發展方向，以軍民融合為抓手，加強相關裝備發展，形成管、產、學、研相融合的微作戰軍民融合發展組織管理體系。推進微作戰技術資源軍地共享，加緊制定軍民相容的微作戰武器裝備標準和軍地通用的技術體系，制定政策措施推進，以減少軍民之間的隔閡，保證軍用和民用之間的協調互動。加速破除微作戰相關領域軍民融合壁壘，探索新路徑新模式，在微電子、人工智慧等軍地通用性強、技術運用成熟的行業先行試點，盡快形成可複製可推廣的經驗做法。

努力實現微作戰超前規劃和佈局。適應未來微作戰的要求，可賦予新質作戰力量微作戰演訓和實驗任務，採集相關數據，提供翔實數據，更好地為微作戰規劃佈局和預先實踐提供相關理論和實踐支撐。可在院校創設微作戰相關專業，在微作戰理論研究、教學等方面加強探索與實踐，為微作戰提供智力支撐與人才培養條件。應深入做好未來戰場建設需求論證，不斷提升戰場網絡資訊體系基礎設施建設，加大以衛星通訊為主的行動通訊覆蓋及頻寬建設，滿足未來微作戰海量資訊傳輸的需求。要加快構建微作戰相關標準體系，制定完善相關應用標準。 （裴飛、張大鵬、李景鋼）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4823585888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China to Vigorously Strengthen National Defense Technology Innovation

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中國將大力加強國防科技創新

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen national defense science and technology innovation, accelerate the construction of a military-civilian integrated innovation system, and vigorously improve the national defense science and technology independent innovation capabilities. This profoundly reveals the objective laws of national defense science and technology development, and points out the direction for comprehensively implementing the strategy of developing the military through science and technology in the new era, creating a new situation for strengthening the military, and promoting the modernization of national defense and the military.

In his important speech at the plenary meeting of the People’s Liberation Army and Armed Police Force delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, President Xi Jinping pointed out that we should strengthen national defense science and technology innovation, accelerate the construction of a military-civilian integrated innovation system, and vigorously improve the independent innovation capabilities of national defense science and technology. This important thought profoundly reveals the objective laws of national defense science and technology development, points out the direction for comprehensively implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the military through science and technology in the new era, creating a new situation for strengthening and rejuvenating the military, and promoting the modernization of national defense and the military. It has great historical significance and far-reaching practical significance.

Vigorously improve the independent innovation capabilities of national defense science and technology

Only innovators can win in international military competition. We must place innovation in an important position in the overall development of our military, firmly grasp the strategic basis of independent innovation in national defense science and technology, and significantly improve our independent innovation capabilities in national defense science and technology.

Strengthen basic research and key technology research for national strategic needs. President Xi stressed that real core key technologies cannot be bought with money, relying on imported weapons and equipment is unreliable, and taking the path of importing and imitating will not go far. Only by attaching importance to basic research can we always maintain independent innovation capabilities. We must attach great importance to original professional basic theoretical breakthroughs, strengthen the construction of scientific infrastructure, ensure the continuous advancement of basic, systematic, and cutting-edge technology research and technological development, and strengthen the source supply of independent innovation in national defense science and technology. Attach great importance to the development of strategic cutting-edge technologies, especially disruptive technologies, and strengthen forward-looking, leading, exploratory, and disruptive major technology research and new concept research. We must take the weak links in national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment construction as the main direction for promoting independent innovation, focus on breaking through core key technologies, strive to achieve overtaking on the curve, and realize the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading, so as to seize the strategic commanding heights of national defense science and technology innovation.

Increase the efforts to transform and apply advanced scientific and technological achievements. Exhaust knowledge to gain knowledge, and introspection to gain practical results. President Xi pointed out that only by combining scientific and technological achievements with national needs, people’s demands, and market needs, and completing the three-step jump from scientific research, experimental development, and promotion and application, can we truly realize the value of innovation and achieve innovation-driven development. The purpose of national defense science and technology innovation is application. It must serve the construction of the troops and military struggle preparations, and we must speed up the transformation and application of innovative and breakthrough achievements. The construction of weapons and equipment must be evaluated based on the contribution rate to the combat system, strengthen the guidance of combat needs, implement combat needs throughout the entire process of weapons and equipment development, ensure the actual combat applicability of weapons and equipment, and achieve an organic unity between development and application. The development of national defense science and technology must insist on focusing on actual combat and serving the troops, so that scientific and technological innovation can be well connected and focused with the development of troop construction, and the results of innovation can be transformed into real combat power, promoting the transformation of our military construction towards quality, efficiency and technology intensiveness.

Accelerate the construction of a national defense science and technology innovation system. The 19th CPC National Congress report clearly proposed to strengthen the construction of the national innovation system and enhance strategic scientific and technological strength. The national defense science and technology innovation system should be incorporated into the construction of the national innovation system to enhance the ability of original innovation, integrated innovation, and introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation. Accelerate the construction of innovation infrastructure platforms, promote the military-civilian integration of national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment, and consolidate the basic projects of the national defense science and technology innovation system. Accelerate the training of leading talents in national defense science and technology innovation, build a high-quality new military talent team, focus on training joint combat command talents and new combat force talents, and strengthen the intellectual support of the national defense science and technology innovation system. We will vigorously foster an innovative culture and create an atmosphere of innovation in national defense science and technology that encourages innovation, encourages success, and tolerates failure, so that creativity and innovation will become a trend in the military.

Focus on joint innovation of military and civilian science and technology

The development of military-civilian integration is the only way to achieve the balance between development and security, and the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military. Vigorously carrying out military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation will help promote the transformation of economic development mode and economic structure adjustment, and will help enhance the country’s war potential and national defense strength.

Do a good job in top-level design and strategic planning. The implementation of any strategy must be planned first and planned ahead. Military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation involves the two major systems of the military and the local government and the interests of multiple parties. It is a major strategic project and a long-term and arduous task. We must firmly grasp the focus of strengthening top-level design and draw up a grand blueprint for the military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation system. On the premise of in-depth understanding and grasp of the military-civilian integration strategy, clarify the development status, target orientation, basic principles, etc. of military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation, adhere to scientific coordination, practical guidance, system argumentation, and strengthen legal protection. Comprehensive layout and strategic planning should be carried out to ensure that major national strategic plans, major policies and regulations fully integrate the needs of national defense and military construction, and that the military construction and development plans are aligned with the overall deployment of economic and social development. We should adhere to forward-looking planning, take major scientific and technological projects as the guide, and take the advantages of basic research and strategic high-tech research as the breakthrough point to seize the scientific and technological commanding heights to promote the generation of combat effectiveness and the transformation of economic development methods.

Promote the integrated demonstration and implementation of major scientific and technological projects. The Party Central Committee has determined my country’s long-term strategy for science and technology towards 2030 and decided to implement a number of major scientific and technological projects and engineering projects, which will not only help my country break the situation of being controlled by others in major key core technologies in strategic areas, but also help open up new industrial development directions and cultivate new economic growth points. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Party emphasized the expansion and implementation of major national scientific and technological projects, highlighting key common technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovations. National defense science and technology innovation should pay close attention to the development trends of world military science and technology and weapons and equipment, focus on the country’s major strategic needs, adhere to what to do and what not to do, and timely track, adjust and optimize the deployed major scientific and technological projects and engineering projects to form a systematic layout of succession in stages.

Deepen and expand the military-civilian integration in emerging fields such as ocean, space, cyberspace, biology, and new energy. As the boundaries of scientific exploration become farther and farther, emerging fields such as “three depths and one pole” have become new focuses of strategic competition among major powers. Among them, the deep sea has become a new battlefield with potential opportunities for victory, deep space has become a new strategic fulcrum, the deep blue has opened the “Pandora’s box” of the cyberspace battlefield, and the polar regions have become a battleground for strategic games among powerful countries. Emerging fields are a unified whole of cognitive domain, physical domain, information domain, and industrial domain, and have natural military and civilian attributes. In recent years, countries around the world have generally regarded accelerating the development of military-civilian integration in emerging fields as an important measure to seize the commanding heights of international strategic games. The United States has intensively released the “National Innovation Strategy of the United States” and the “Federal Big Data Research and Development Strategic Plan”, and Russia has issued the “Russian Federation Science and Technology Development Plan”, etc., and has established a military-civilian integration development model in emerging fields. It is necessary to accelerate the formation of a multi-dimensional, coordinated and leapfrog development pattern of military-civilian integration in emerging fields through the joint construction of military and civilian facilities, the sharing of military and civilian technology, and the sharing of military and civilian information, deepen and expand military-civilian integration in emerging fields, and work together to build a strong maritime, aerospace, and cyber power.

Optimize the allocation of technological innovation resources

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration are becoming increasingly prominent. We must rely on team strength to pool wisdom and tackle key problems, and integrate scientific research forces and innovative resources to maximize the advantages of all aspects and form an overall synergy to promote national defense science and technology innovation.

Strengthen open sharing to break the closed monopoly. We must firmly grasp the “hard bones” of national defense science and technology innovation and overcome difficulties, focus on strengthening the overall coordination of scientific and technological innovation, and strive to overcome the fragmentation of resources such as scattered and closed resources, cross-duplication, etc. in scientific and technological innovation activities in various fields, departments, and aspects, and avoid “islands” in innovation. Remove all kinds of visible and invisible fences, break the closed monopoly, do a good job in demand docking, planning docking, and task docking, and accelerate the establishment and improvement of an open and shared platform for innovative resources that organically interacts with all subjects, aspects, and links, and collaborates and is efficient, so as to maximize the realization of co-construction, sharing, and sharing. We must focus on improving the basic system of scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the establishment and improvement of the national science and technology reporting system, innovation investigation system, and national science and technology management information system, and significantly improve the level of open sharing of scientific and technological resources.

Deepen the reform of the defense science and technology system and mechanism. If scientific and technological innovation is compared to the new engine of my country’s development, then reform is the indispensable ignition system to ignite this new engine. The loose connection between science and technology and the economy has been a major chronic disease in my country’s science and technology development for many years. To solve this problem, we must take the reform of mechanisms and policies and systems as the starting point, resolutely demolish barriers, break the ice, remove thresholds, break down institutional barriers and interest shackles, build a systematic and complete science and technology military-civilian integration policy and system system, and promote the deep integration of science and technology with economic and social development. We must break through the barriers of the defense science and technology system and mechanism that restrict the organic integration of production, learning, research and application, improve the defense science and technology innovation service support system, and strengthen the use and protection of defense intellectual property rights. We should speed up the establishment of a scientific and technological decision-making mechanism in which scientific and technological consultation supports administrative decision-making, reform the scientific and technological evaluation system, and improve the resource allocation method and scientific and technological innovation incentive mechanism that conform to the laws of scientific and technological innovation. Only when the wheels of scientific and technological innovation and the wheels of institutional mechanism innovation turn together can the national defense scientific and technological innovation capability be greatly improved.

Tap into the potential for innovation in national defense science and technology. In today’s world of globalization, informatization, and networking, innovation factors are more open and mobile, and scientific and technological innovation is endless. We must improve the national defense science and technology innovation governance system, fully mobilize the initiative of innovation subjects, unleash the vitality of various innovation factors, make good use of all high-quality resources and advanced achievements in society, tap into all potential for scientific and technological innovation, and organically integrate national defense and military construction into the economic and social development system. Against the backdrop of economic and technological globalization, innovative resources are flowing rapidly around the world, and the links between countries are becoming increasingly close. No country can solve all innovation problems in isolation and on its own. We must adhere to open and inclusive independent innovation, and actively absorb innovative resources and achievements that can improve the efficiency of military construction and enhance the combat effectiveness of the military. Deepen international exchanges and cooperation, make full use of global innovation resources, and promote independent innovation in national defense science and technology from a higher starting point.

(Author’s unit: College of Arts and Sciences, National Defense University of Science and Technology)

現代國語：

——學習習主席在十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議上的重要講話
來源：解放軍報 作者：楊愛華 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-03-28 08:39:38
習主席強調，加強國防科技創新，加速建設軍民融合創新體系，大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。這深刻揭示了國防科技發展的客觀規律，為新時代全面實施科技興軍戰略，開創強軍興軍新局面，推進國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了前進方向

習主席在十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議上的重要講話中指出，要加強國防科技創新，加速建設軍民融合創新體系，大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。這一重要思想，深刻揭示了國防科技發展的客觀規律，為新時代全面實施科技興軍戰略，開創強軍興軍新局面，推進國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了前進方向，具有重大歷史意義與深遠現實意義。

大力提升國防科技自主創新能力

國際軍事競爭唯創新者勝，必須把創新擺在我軍建設發展全局的重要位置，牢牢扭轉國防科技自主創新這個戰略基點，大幅提升國防科技自主創新能力。

加強面向國家戰略需求的基礎研究和關鍵技術研究。習主席強調，真正的核心關鍵技術是花錢買不來的，靠進口武器裝備是靠不住的，走引進仿製的路子是走不遠的。只有重視基礎研究，才能永遠保持自主創新能力。必須高度重視原始性專業基礎理論突破，加強科學基礎設施建設，確保基礎性、系統性、前沿性技術研究和技術研發持續推進，加強國防科技自主創新的來源供給。高度重視戰略前沿技術特別是顛覆性技術的發展，加強前瞻性、先導性、探索性、顛覆性的重大技術研究和新概念研究。要把國防科技和武器裝備建設的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向，著力突破核心關鍵技術，爭取實現彎道超車，實現從跟跑並跑向並跑領跑轉變，搶佔國防科技創新戰略制高點。

加大先進科技成果轉化運用力度。窮理以致其知，反躬以踐其實。習主席指出，科技成果只有同國家需要、人民要求、市場需求結合，完成從科學研究、實驗開發、推廣應用的三級跳，才能真正實現創新價值、實現創新驅動發展。國防科技創新的目的在於應用，必須為部隊建設和軍事鬥爭準備服務，抓緊搞好創新性、突破性成果轉化運用。武器裝備建設必須以對作戰體系的貢獻率為評價標準，強化作戰需求牽引，把作戰需求貫徹到武器裝備研製的全過程，確保武器裝備的實戰適用性，實現研製和運用有機統一。國防科技發展必須堅持聚焦實戰、服務部隊，使科技創新同部隊建設發展接好軌、對好焦，把創新成果轉化為實實在在的戰鬥力，推動我軍建設向質量效能型和科技密集型轉變。

加速建構國防科技創新體系。黨的十九大報告明確提出，加強國家創新體系建設，強化戰略科技力量。要把國防科技創新體系納入國家創新體系建設之中，增強原始創新、整合創新和引進消化吸收再創新能力。加速建設創新基礎平台，紮實推動國防科技與武器裝備領域的軍民融合，夯實國防科技創新體系的基礎工程。加速培養國防科技創新領導者才，建設高素質新型軍事人才隊伍，著力培養聯合作戰指揮人才和新型作戰力量人才，強化國防科技創新體系的智力支撐。大力培育創新文化，營造勇於創新、鼓勵成功、寬容失敗的國防科技創新氛圍，讓創造創新在軍營蔚然成風。

突顯抓好軍民科技協同創新

軍民融合發展是實現發展和安全兼顧、富國和強軍統一的必經之路。大力開展軍民科技協同創新，有利於促進經濟發展方式轉變和經濟結構調整，有利於增強國家戰爭潛力和國防實力。

搞好頂層設計和戰略籌劃。任何戰略的實施，都必須規劃先行，超前籌謀。軍民科技協同創新涉及軍地兩大系統和多方利益關系，是一個重大的戰略工程，也是一項長期的艱鉅任務。要緊緊扭住強化頂層設計這個著力重點，擘畫軍民科技協同創新體系的宏偉藍圖。以深入認識與掌握軍民融合戰略為前提，明確軍民科技協同創新的發展現狀、目標指向、基本原則等，堅持科學統籌、實戰牽引、體系論證，強化法治保障。全面佈局、戰略籌劃，使國家重大戰略規劃、重大政策法規充分統合國防和軍隊建設需求，軍隊建設發展規劃計劃與全面落實經濟社會發展總體部署相對接。堅持超前謀劃，以重大科技工程為牽引，以奪取基礎研究和戰略高技術研究優勢為突破口，搶佔推動戰鬥力生成和經濟發展方式轉變的科技制高點。

推動重大科技項目一體論證與實施。黨中央已經確定了我國科技面向2030年的長遠戰略，決定實施一批重大科技項目和工程，這既有利於我國在戰略必爭領域打破重大關鍵核心技術受制於人的局面，也有利於開闢新的產業發展方向，培育新的經濟成長點。黨的十九大報告強調，拓展實施國家重大科技項目，突顯關鍵共性技術、前沿引領技術、現代工程技術、顛覆性技術創新。國防科技創新要密切關注世界軍事科技和武器裝備發展動向，圍繞國家重大戰略需求，堅持有所為、有所不為，對已部署的重大科技項目和工程及時跟踪、滾動調整和優化，形成梯次接續的系統佈局。

深化拓展海洋、太空、網路空間、生物、新能源等新興領域的軍民融合。隨著科學探索的邊界越來越遠，「三深一極」等新興領域已成為大國戰略角逐的新焦點。其中，深海成為潛藏制勝先機的新戰場，深空成為新的戰略支點，深藍已經打開網絡空間戰場的“潘多拉魔盒”，極地成為強國戰略博弈的角斗場。新興領域是認知域、物理域、資訊域、產業域的統一整體，具有天然的軍民通用屬性。近年來，世界各國普遍把加速新興領域軍民融合發展，作為奪取國際戰略博弈制高點的重要舉措。美國密集發布《美國國家創新戰略》《聯邦大數據研究與發展戰略計畫》，俄羅斯推出《俄聯邦科學技術發展計畫》等，紛紛在新興領域確立軍民融合發展模式。要透過設施軍民共建、技術軍民共用、資訊軍民共享等方式，加速形成多維一體、協同推進、跨越發展的新興領域軍民融合發展格局，深化拓展新興領域的軍民融合，合力建設海洋強國、航太強國、網絡強國。

優化科技創新資源配置

隨著科學技術的不斷發展，多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合集成的特徵日益凸顯，必須依靠團隊力量集智攻關，搞好科研力量與創新資源的整合，才能最大限度發揮各方面的優勢，形成推進國防科技創新的整體合力。

強化開放共享打破封閉壟斷。緊緊扭住國防科技創新的「硬骨頭」攻堅克難，著力加強科技創新統籌協調，努力克服各領域、各部門、各方面科技創新活動中存在的資源分散封閉、交叉重復等碎片化現象，避免創新中的「孤島」。清除各種有形無形的柵欄，打破封閉壟斷，搞好需求對接、規劃對接、任務對接，加速建立健全各主體、各方面、各環節有機互動、協同高效的創新資源開放共享平台，最大限度實現共建共用共享。著力完善科技創新基礎制度，加速建立健全國家科技報告製度、創新調查制度、國家科技管理資訊系統，大幅提昇科技資源開放共享水準。

深化國防科技體制機制改革。如果把科技創新比喻成我國發展的新引擎，那麼改革就是點燃這個新引擎不可或缺的點火系。科技與經濟聯係不緊密，是多年來我國科技發展的一大痼疾。解決這個問題，必須以機制和政策制度改革為抓手，堅決拆壁壘、破堅冰、去門檻，破除制度藩籬和利益羈絆，構建系統完備的科技軍民融合政策制度體系，推動科技與經濟社會發展深度融合。要突破束縛產學研發有機結合的國防科技體制機制障礙，健全國防科技創新服務支撐體系，加強國防知識產權運用與保護。加速建立科技諮詢支撐行政決策的科技決策機制，改革科技評價制度，完善符合科技創新規律的資源配置方式、科技創新激勵機制。只有科技創新的輪子與體制機制創新的輪子共同轉動，才能大幅提升國防科技創新能力。

挖掘國防科技創新潛力。在全球化、資訊化、網絡化發展的今天，創新要素更具開放性、流動性，科技創新永無止境。要完善國防科技創新治理體系，充分調動創新主體的積極性，釋放各類創新要素的活力，善於運用社會一切優質資源和先進成果，挖掘一切科技創新潛力，把國防和軍隊建設有機融入經濟社會發展體系。在經濟與科技全球化的大背景下，創新資源在世界範圍內快速流動，國家與國家之間的聯繫日趨緊密，任何一個國家都不可能孤立依靠自己的力量解決所有創新難題。要堅持開放式、包容式自主創新，積極吸收能提升軍隊建設效益、提升軍隊戰鬥力的創新資源與成果。深化國際交流合作，充分利用全球創新資源，在更高起點推進國防科技自主創新。

（作者單位：國防科技大學文理學院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4807982888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知戰

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「無人」戰爭會在中國未來戰爭中發揮主導作用嗎？

中国军网 国防部网 // 2021年3月30日 星期二


現代英語：Editor’s Note: In recent years, in local wars such as the Syrian War and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, a large number of unmanned weapons and equipment have been deployed on the battlefield, announcing to the world that unmanned warfare “has arrived in the future”. New weapon platforms dominated by unmanned technology, such as drones, robots, and unmanned submarines, are influencing the future direction of combat development, and are likely to shake the status of human beings as the protagonists of wars for thousands of years. Will humans be marginalized in future wars? How to explore the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare? Looking forward to your participation in the discussion.

Square

Unmanned combat is the trend

■ Liang Song

Looking ahead to future wars, unmanned battlefields will inevitably evolve to a higher level, the traditional combat system built with humans as the main body will likely be subverted, and future battlefield confrontations will be dominated by unmanned combat systems.

The evolution of war tools determines

In order to achieve superiority over the enemy on the battlefield and to kill people instead of being killed by people, humans always take the lead in applying emerging technologies to the military field, and spare no effort to promote the upgrading and evolution of various war tools and even subversive changes. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution has once again triggered changes in war tools. Its outstanding feature is that human intelligence is constantly embedded in weapon systems in the form of programs, algorithms, rules, etc., and the combination of people and weapons has ushered in a historic change. People and weapon platforms are gradually physically separated, and the autonomy of weapons and equipment has been significantly improved. They have begun to have a series of intelligent features such as calculation, analysis, planning, decision-making, command, and control, thus gradually getting rid of their dependence on human control. In 2016, the Russian army used robot troops in an organized manner on the battlefield in Syria, and captured high ground that was difficult for human soldiers to capture in 20 minutes, becoming the world’s first battle example in which robots were put into the battlefield in an organized manner. Driven by the development of science and technology, human work such as thinking, making decisions, and clicking buttons is also being rapidly replaced by intelligent war tools, and unmanned combat is coming to us in big strides.

Global and multi-dimensional battlefield confrontation traction

Based on the constant pursuit of strategic advantages and interests, human beings continue to expand new fields and explore new spaces, from shallow to deep, from tangible to intangible, from macro to micro, polar regions, deep sea, space… all have been set foot by human beings one by one. At the same time, human beings have also rapidly led wars to new spaces, pushing wars from plane to three-dimensional, from reality to virtuality. Modern wars are increasingly showing the distinctive characteristics of full-domain multi-dimensional integrated confrontation. Compared with traditional spaces such as land, sea, and sky, emerging spaces often exceed the range that human beings can bear physiologically and psychologically. Tangible spaces such as space, polar regions, deep sea, high altitude, and ultra-micro are difficult for humans to reach or even if they reach them, they cannot survive for a long time, and it is even more difficult to carry out operations; virtual spaces such as networks, information, and psychology are everywhere but elusive. Faced with the ever-changing information network world, humans are not only unable to control it by their own abilities, but will also be drowned in the ocean of information. The great expansion of battlefield space and the complex confrontation in all domains and dimensions have put forward urgent requirements for the acquisition and processing of massive information, real-time and accurate command and control, unimpeded access to virtual and real space, and accurate and efficient combat release. Modern warfare has to rely heavily on intelligent unmanned combat systems in all aspects such as reconnaissance, control, attack, and evaluation. Driven by battlefield confrontation and technological development, unmanned combat forces have gradually integrated reconnaissance, attack, and defense functions, covering the entire domains of land, sea, air, space, and the Internet. Clustered, intelligent, and autonomous highly mature robot legions will enter the war stage. The original combat system built with humans as the main body will be gradually deconstructed, and unmanned combat systems will become the main confrontation parties on future battlefields.

Intrinsic drive to reduce casualties

No matter how war develops, its violence cannot be changed. As long as humans are involved in war and on the battlefield, they will inevitably be hurt or even lose their precious lives. Faced with the extremely high risk of war, the nature of seeking benefits and avoiding harm drives humans to find their own “substitutes”. From simple stones and sticks to replace hands and feet, to robots to replace human soldiers, this process continues to spiral and will continue until the “beast” of war disappears from human society. In the context of peace and development becoming the theme of the current era, liberating soldiers from dangerous and boring combat tasks and reducing casualties in war has become an issue that powerful countries attach great importance to. At present, the world’s military powers are making every effort to promote the development and use of intelligent unmanned weapon systems. Various types of drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned boats, etc. are equipped in large numbers in the army, and some have even formed special unmanned combat units. In recent local wars and armed conflicts, unmanned equipment has frequently appeared and shined. Just as a product will become a hot seller once it is recognized by the market, the outstanding performance of unmanned equipment and unmanned combat on the battlefield will also strongly promote their further expansion and iteration. Ultimately, the accumulation of quantity will bring about a qualitative leap, and unmanned combat will be the general trend.

Opposing Side

Unmanned combat still relies on humans

■ Hong Huajie

On future battlefields, although unmanned systems will be ubiquitous, wars originate from people, serve people, and are subordinate to people. People will still be the core of future wars, and unmanned combat will still be dominated by people.

War planning is designed by people

In information-based and intelligent warfare, the role of unmanned weapons and equipment is becoming increasingly prominent, but this does not mean that the role of humans in war is weakening. War is the embodiment of national will and the continuation of politics. No matter how the scale and style change, war is a contest of national will and national spirit dominated by people, and has the essential attributes of serving and being subordinate to politics. The military intelligence of the core key technologies of unmanned combat is essentially intelligence designed by humans. From intelligent environmental perception and target detection represented by deep learning to mission planning, autonomous control and collaborative control, the intelligent system is full of models and algorithms designed by humans. The emergence and development of unmanned weapons and equipment have given weapons the “subjective initiative” given by humans, but this “subjective initiative” can never be compared with human subjective initiative. People are good at thinking, reasoning and other “wisdom” abilities, which play a key role in high-level task planning, complex scenarios and situation analysis. In many cases, people are still irreplaceable, especially as scientific and technological development promotes the expansion of struggle methods to cross-domain and multi-means. Wars need to combine political, economic, diplomatic and other factors to effectively control and adjust the scale, intensity and process of operations. People are needed to carefully grasp the timing of stopping, the scale and intensity of war. With the development of artificial intelligence technology in the future, human intelligence will further extend to intelligent unmanned weapons and equipment, but the situation that weapons and equipment are dependent on and obey people will not change fundamentally.

Battle coordination is led by people

Humans are the initiators of war and the coordinators of the war situation. Unmanned weapons and equipment are essentially “unmanned platforms and manned systems”, with the people on the platform moved to the remote control end. Unmanned weapons and equipment will not set combat objectives and combat methods on their own. They are more like puppets, and humans are behind them controlling the puppets with thin strings. Therefore, unmanned warfare is largely a competition between unmanned weapons and equipment fighting on the front line and command decision-makers relying on intelligent technology to make command decisions at the back end. It is a competition between unmanned equipment systems supported by high technology and a new combat mode. Intelligent systems can make binary judgments on known situations to a certain extent, but the judgment of unknown situations cannot be separated from humans. Although future intelligent weapons can be operated without human on-site control, when intelligent weapons and equipment are put into battle, when to change the direction of attack, how to control the rhythm of war, when to withdraw from the battle, etc., can only be decided by humans in the end. People are always the controllers of equipment and the active factors to give full play to the advantages of equipment. The smarter the weapons and equipment, the more high-level commanders are needed. Therefore, battlefield confrontations can be unmanned, but war control must be human.

War ethics requires people to be the priority

War ethics is the moral cornerstone supporting modern war law. With the large-scale use of unmanned systems in war, human intelligence has begun to be transferred or materialized more to weapons and equipment. The long-range and beyond-visual-range strikes have gradually weakened human resistance to mutual killing. People can carry out combat operations off-site, non-intuitive, and non-contact, which has lowered the threshold for war decision-making and weakened battlefield moral constraints. In 2010, the US military stationed in Afghanistan used drones to track, monitor and analyze a transport convoy for 3 and a half hours, and finally determined that the convoy was providing support to the Taliban and carried out an attack. However, it was later confirmed that the people in the car were not militants, but civilians including women and children. According to estimates by the Brookings Institution in the United States, the ratio of civilian deaths to militants in the US military’s use of drones to combat terrorists in northwestern Pakistan was as high as 10:1. This scenario that may lead to large-scale civilian casualties is something that humans do not want to see. With the continuous advancement of unmanned combat technology, unmanned weapons and equipment need to be constrained by corresponding laws and regulations. The core of the ethical relationship between man and machine in intelligent warfare should be “people-oriented.” Only when humans always truly control the “right to fire” of intelligent weapons and make unmanned weapons and equipment operate according to human ideas can we ensure the correct implementation of human-machine ethical standards.

Reviews

In his book The Inevitable, Kevin Kelly called the changes in the digital field a kinetic energy, which not only emphasized the power of internal evolution, but also indicated the general trend of human social development.

Regarding many issues such as the changes in the war form brought about by military intelligence, especially the intelligent warfare based on unmanned weapons and equipment, it is still difficult to come up with a clear answer based on current combat practices and technical conditions. Facing the rolling wave of intelligence, we do not need to sigh, let alone stand still. Only by focusing on actual combat, letting go of thinking, and gathering wisdom can we strangle the throat of the god of war.

現代國語：

編者按 近年來，在敘利亞戰爭、納卡衝突等局部戰爭中，大批無人化武器裝備投入戰場，向世​​人宣告無人戰爭「未來已來」。無人機、機器人、無人潛航器等以無人技術為主導的新型武器平台正影響未來作戰發展方向，大有撼動千百年來人類戰爭主角地位之勢。未來戰爭中，人類是否會被邊緣化？如何探究智慧化戰爭制勝機制？期待您的參與討論。

正方

無人作戰是大勢所趨

■梁 松

展望未來戰爭，戰場無人化必將向更高層次演進，以人類為主體建構的傳統作戰體系將可能被顛覆，未來戰場對決將由無人作戰體系主導。

戰爭工具的演進法則決定

為了追求戰場上高敵一籌、致人而不致於人，人類總是把新興科技率先運用於軍事領域，不遺餘力地推動各類戰爭工具升級演進甚至顛覆性變革。目前，新一輪科技革命再次引發戰爭工具變革，其突出特點就是人類智慧以程序、演算法、規則等形式不斷嵌入武器系統，人與武器的結合方式迎來歷史性變革，人與武器平台逐漸實現物理分離，武器裝備自主性顯著提升，開始具備計算、分析、規劃、計畫、決策、指揮、控制等一系列智慧化特徵，以逐步擺脫對人類操控的依賴。 2016年，俄軍在敘利亞戰場上成建制使用機器人部隊，20分鐘就攻下了人類士兵難以攻下的高地，成為世界上將機器人成建制投入戰場的首次戰例。在科技發展驅動下，動腦、做決策、點按鈕等人類工作也正被智慧化戰爭工具快速取代，無人作戰正向我們大步走來。

全局多維的戰場對抗牽引

基於對戰略優勢和利益的孜孜以求，人類不斷拓展新領域、探索新空間，從淺近到深遠、從有形到無形、從宏觀到微觀，極地、深海、太空……都一一被人類涉足。同時，人類也迅速將戰爭引向新的空間，推動戰爭從平面走向立體、從現實走向虛擬，現代戰爭日益呈現出全局多維一體化對抗的鮮明特徵。相對於陸地、海洋、天空等傳統空間而言，新興空間往往超越了人類生理、心理可承受的範圍。太空、極地、深海、高寒、超微等有形空間人類本身難以到達或即便到達也無法長期生存，更難以實施作戰；網路、資訊、心理等虛擬空間無所不在卻又難以捉摸，人類面對瞬息萬變的資訊網絡世界，不但僅憑自身的能力無法駕馭，而且必將被淹沒在資訊的海洋之中。戰場空間的極大拓展，全域多維的複雜對抗，對海量資訊的獲取處理、即時精準的指揮控制、虛實空間的無礙進入、精確高效的作戰釋能提出了迫切要求，現代戰爭偵、控、打、評等各環節已得大量依賴智慧化無人作戰系統。在戰場對抗牽引和科技發展驅動下，無人作戰力量逐漸集偵察、打擊、防禦等功能於一體，遍布陸、海、空、天、網等全局，集群化、智能化、自主化高度成熟的機器人軍團將登上戰爭舞台，原有的以人類為主體建構的作戰體系將逐步解構，無人作戰體系將成為未來戰場的主要對決方。

減少人員傷亡的內在驅動

戰爭無論如何發展，都無法改變其暴力性。人類只要涉足戰爭、身臨戰場，就難以避免受傷甚至付出寶貴生命。面對戰爭這一極端高危風險，趨利避害的天性驅動著人類想方設法尋找自己的“替身”，從簡單的石頭、棍棒替代手足，到機器人替代人類士兵，這個過程不斷螺旋式上升，將一直持續到戰爭這頭「野獸」從人類社會消失。在和平與發展成為當今時代主題的大背景下，將士兵從危險枯燥的作戰任務中解放出來，減少戰爭中的傷亡已經成為強國高度重視的問題。目前，世界軍事強國都在不遺餘力地推動智慧化無人武器系統的發展與運用，各類無人機、無人車、無人艇等大量列裝部隊，有的還組建了專門的無人作戰部隊。在近幾場局部戰爭和武裝衝突中無人裝備頻頻亮相、大放異彩。正如一件商品被市場認可就會熱銷一樣，無人裝備和無人作戰在戰場上的出色表現，同樣強勢推動其進一步拓展和迭代，最終量的積累帶來質的飛躍，無人作戰將是大勢所趨。

反方

無人作戰仍以人為主

■洪華傑

在未來戰場上，儘管無人系統將無所不在，但戰爭源自於人、服務於人、從屬於人，人仍將是未來戰爭的核心，無人作戰仍以人為主。

戰爭規劃由人設計

在資訊化、智慧化戰爭中，無人化武器裝備的作用日益凸顯，但不代表戰爭中人的角色在弱化。戰爭是國家意志的體現，是政治的延續。無論規模和樣式如何變化，戰爭均是由人主導的國家意志和國民精神的較量，具有服務於政治、從屬於政治的本質屬性。無人作戰核心關鍵技術的軍事智能，本質上是由人設計的智能，從以深度學習為代表的智能環境感知與目標檢測，到任務規劃、自主控制與協同控制，智能係統的背後充斥著大量人類設計的模型與演算法。無人化武器裝備的出現和發展，使得武器具備了人賦予的“主觀能動性”，然而這種“主觀能動性”永遠也不能夠與人的主觀能動性相提並論。人本身較為擅長思辨、推理等「智慧」層面的能力，這些能力在高層次任務規劃、複雜場景和態勢分析中具有關鍵作用， 在許多情況下，人仍然是不可替代的，特別是科技發展推動鬥爭方式向跨領域、多手段拓展，戰爭需要結合政治、經濟、外交等因素，對作戰規模、強度、進程等進行有效掌握、調節，更是需要人來精心掌握打停時機、戰爭規模和強度。隨著未來人工智慧技術的發展，人的智慧會進一步朝向智慧化無人武器裝備延伸，但武器裝備依附於人、聽命於人的狀況不會根本改變。

戰局協調由人主導

人是戰爭的發起者，同時也是戰局的協調者。無人化武器裝備在本質上是“平台無人，系統有人”，將平台上的人後移到遠端控制端。無人化武器裝備不會自行訂定作戰目標和作戰方式，他們更像是玩偶，而背後用細線操控玩偶的是人類。所以無人化戰爭很大程度上是無人化武器裝備在前線作戰、指揮決策人員在後端依靠智慧技術進行指揮決策的比拼，是高科技支撐下無人裝備體系的較量，是一種新的作戰模式。智慧系統可以在一定程度上對已知情況進行二分式判斷，但是對未知情況的研判離不開人類。雖然未來的智慧化武器可以沒有人類現場操控，但智慧化武器裝備何時投入戰鬥、何時轉換進攻方向、如何把控戰爭節奏、何時撤出戰鬥等等，最終只能由人來決定，人始終是裝備的控制者，是發揮裝備優勢的主動因素，武器裝備越智能，越需要高水準的指揮人員。因此戰場交鋒可以無人，但是戰爭控制必須有人。

戰爭倫理要求以人為主

戰爭倫理，是支撐現代戰爭法的道德基石。隨著戰爭中無人系統的大量投入使用，人的智慧開始更多地轉移或物化到武器裝備上，打擊的遠程化、超視距，使人類對相互殺戮的抵觸排斥逐漸變弱，人可以非現場、非直覺、非接觸地實施作戰行動，帶來戰爭決策門檻降低、戰場道德約束弱化。 2010年，駐阿美軍利用無人機對一運輸車隊進行長達3個半小時的追蹤監測與分析後，最終判定車隊是向塔利班提供支援，並實施了攻擊，但事後證實車內並非武裝分子，而是包括婦女和兒童在內的平民。根據美國布魯金斯學會估算，美軍使用無人機在巴基斯坦西北部地區打擊恐怖分子的行動中，死亡的平民與武裝份子的比例高達10∶1。這種可能導致大規模平民傷亡的場景是人類不願意看到的，隨著無人作戰技術的不斷深入，無人化武器裝備需要相應的法規準則來約束。智能化戰爭中的人機倫理關係的核心應為「以人為主」。只有人始終真正控制智慧武器的“開火權”，使無人化武器裝備依據人類設想作戰，才能確保人機倫理準則正確執行。

點 評

凱文·凱利在其著作《必然》裡把數位領域中的變革稱為一種動能，既強調了一種內在演變的力量，更昭示出人類社會發展的大勢。

圍繞著軍事智慧化帶來的戰爭形態改變等諸多問題，尤其是基於無人化武器裝備的智慧化作戰，人在其中的角色和定位究竟怎樣，就當下的作戰實踐和技術條件而言，還很難得出一個明確的答案。面對滾滾而來的智能化浪潮，我們無須慨嘆，更不能固步自封，立足實戰、放飛思維、凝聚智慧，才能扼住戰神的咽喉。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-03/30/content_286005888.htm

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Higher Education in the Age of Intelligent Warfare

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智慧戰爭時代的中國軍事高等教育

現代英語：

“Military academies are born for war and built for war.” At the opening ceremony of the 2019 military academy presidents’ training, President Xi Jinping proposed the military education policy for the new era, which pointed out the direction for the training of high-quality and professional new military talents in military academies. At present, the war situation is accelerating towards informatization and intelligence. What kind of soldiers are needed to win the future intelligent war and how military higher education can cultivate talents adapted to intelligent warfare are major issues facing us.

Warfare is accelerating towards intelligence

The war form is a stage-by-stage manifestation and state of war history, marked by the technical attributes of the main combat weapons. So far, after experiencing cold weapon war, hot weapon war, and mechanized war, the war form is accelerating towards information-based and intelligent warfare. The increasingly widespread application of advanced technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and brain science in the military field is becoming an important driving force for the new military revolution, giving rise to new unmanned, autonomous, and intelligent war forms, and changing the traditional war winning mechanism. In 2014, a foreign military think tank released a research report titled “20YY: War in the Age of Robots”, which believes that a storm of military reform marked by intelligent armies, autonomous equipment and unmanned warfare is coming. It will develop intelligent combat platforms, information systems and decision support systems, as well as new weapons such as directed energy, hypersonic, bionics, genetics, and nanotechnology. By 2035, an intelligent combat system will be initially established, and by 2050 it will develop to an advanced stage, fully realizing the intelligence and even unmanned nature of combat platforms, information systems, and command and control, and new weapons such as bionics, genetics, and nanotechnology will enter the battlefield, and the combat space will be further expanded to biological space, nano space, and intelligent space.

In recent years, with the continuous deepening of research on the human brain, brain-computer interface technology is becoming more mature. In the future, information exchange between humans and the outside world will no longer be limited to the senses. Chips can also be used to achieve direct information exchange between the brain and the outside world. People and things are fully interconnected. Humans may surpass the Internet and the Internet of Things and enter the intelligent era supported by brain networking. In the era of brain networking, the brain of soldiers is directly connected to combat platforms, information systems, and decision support systems. With the assistance of technologies such as quantum computing and cloud platforms, decisions are made. The targets of attack will be expanded to human thoughts and actions, and matter, energy, information and mind will be integrated. Some domestic experts believe that with the help of artificial intelligence technology, the winning mechanism of future wars will change from “information-led, system confrontation, precise strikes, and joint victory” in information warfare to “intelligence-led, autonomous confrontation, traceability strikes, and cloud brain victory” in intelligent warfare. After matter, energy, and information, cloud intelligence that integrates man and machine will become the key to determining the outcome of wars. This transformation of the form of intelligent warfare is accelerating, and any hesitation may bring unimaginable consequences.

However, it should be noted that no matter how the war develops, people are always the most fundamental factor. The intelligent warfare will change the functions and roles of soldiers, and will place higher demands on the ability and quality of soldiers. Cognitive ability may surpass knowledge and skills to become the core ability of soldiers.

Intelligent warfare requires the comprehensive quality of soldiers to be upgraded and restructured

According to the talent growth cycle, the military personnel currently receiving higher education will become the main force of combat training in more than 10 years, and will also become the first batch of main forces to meet the challenges of intelligent warfare. At present, there are still some deficiencies in the design of talent training goals in our military higher education, and insufficient attention is paid to the ability to adapt to the changing intelligent battlefield in the future. There is still a certain gap between the talent training goals and the needs of intelligent warfare. On July 23, 2020, when President Xi visited the Air Force Aviation University, he emphasized the need to persist in cultivating people with morality and educating people for war, strengthen military soul education, strengthen fighting spirit, and comprehensively lay a solid foundation for the ideological and political, military professional, scientific and cultural, physical and psychological qualities of pilot trainees. In order to implement President Xi’s important instructions and meet the needs of future intelligent warfare, it is urgent to build a higher-level military talent training goal with thinking ability as the core and accelerate the upgrading and reconstruction of the comprehensive quality of the military.

Intelligent warfare is a complex system that integrates multiple fields. Its intelligence-based characteristics and iterative and changing development trend are changing the role of soldiers in war. Soldiers may gradually move from the front stage of war to the backstage, from direct face-to-face combat to human-machine collaborative combat, and from charging and trapping on the front line to planning and designing wars at the back end. To be competent in human-machine collaboration, war planning and design, and other functional roles, in addition to ideological and political and physical and psychological requirements, in terms of military professionalism and scientific culture, soldiers should focus on improving the following five aspects of knowledge and ability: First, a multidisciplinary knowledge structure, mastering the core principles of multiple intelligent warfare-related disciplines such as nature, military, cognitive psychology, and network intelligence, and being able to integrate knowledge across disciplines to guide military practice; second, strong cognitive ability, with logical thinking, critical thinking, and systematic thinking capabilities, and the ability to use scientific methods to analyze, infer, and solve operational problems; third, human-machine collaboration capabilities , deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of intelligent warfare, skillfully use combat platforms, command and control systems, and decision support systems, be able to control a variety of intelligent weapons and equipment, and realize efficient human-machine collaboration; fourth, innovation ability, with keen scientific and technological perception and strong creativity, be able to grasp the forefront of science and technology, innovate combat methods, and master the laws of war development; fifth, self-growth ability, be able to accurately recognize oneself, rationally plan military careers, freely use information means to acquire new knowledge, new technologies, and new methods, constantly improve knowledge structure, enhance cognitive ability, and better adapt to the complex and changeable development of the military revolution.

Finding the Focus of Military Higher Education Reform

At present, the overlapping advancement of informatization and intelligence has brought greater complexity to the talent training work of military academies. It is necessary to meet the actual needs of informationized warfare and lay the foundation for adapting to intelligent warfare. The following tasks should be focused on.

Reconstruct the curriculum system. The curriculum system supports the formation of the knowledge structure of talents. In order to cultivate military talents that meet the needs of intelligent warfare and achieve the training goals of military expertise and scientific culture, we should break the practice of designing a curriculum system based on a single major and establish a “general knowledge + direction” curriculum system. General knowledge courses are based on existing natural science and public courses, and add courses such as mathematical logic, mathematical modeling, critical thinking, network foundations, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, and system engineering to establish a cross-domain and cross-disciplinary horizontal curriculum system, expand the knowledge of students, build a knowledge structure urgently needed for intelligent warfare, and lay a broad knowledge foundation for their lifelong growth. Direction courses are to establish a discipline and professional direction, set up a vertical course system of mathematics and science, professional foundation, and professional positions, build a solid professional background, and cultivate students’ ability to use professional theories to solve complex combat training problems. The “general knowledge + direction” course system helps to build a “T”-shaped knowledge structure and meet the needs of military talents to adapt to the diverse and changing intelligent warfare.

Deepen classroom reform. Educational neuroscience believes that education is the reshaping of students’ brains, and the classroom is the main battlefield for reshaping students’ neural networks. It plays an irreplaceable role in the formation of high-level cognitive abilities required for intelligent warfare. Continuously deepening classroom reform is the current key task of military higher education. It should be noted that a classroom with only knowledge understanding is far from being a good classroom. All human behaviors, thoughts, and emotions are controlled by the brain. Every piece of knowledge, thinking, and emotion corresponds to a specific neural network of the brain. Therefore, classroom reform should focus on students’ learning, follow the cognitive laws of the human brain, start with attracting and maintaining attention, establish a scientific thinking framework, and mobilize students to think actively. Generally, the teaching methods that aim at high-level abilities have a common model – problem-driven heuristic teaching. Commonly used problem-based teaching methods, project-based teaching methods, and inquiry-based teaching methods all belong to this model. Therefore, the main path to promote classroom reform is to develop unknown, novel, and interesting questions and stories for students, design a thinking framework that aims at logical reasoning, critical thinking, reflective ability, creative ability, and learning ability, inspire students to think actively under the guidance of the framework, and then supplement it with the output process of speaking and writing, and finally achieve the goal of internalizing knowledge understanding and forming high-level abilities.

Promote all-round education. Modern educational theory not only regards the classroom as an important battlefield for education, but also regards all time and space outside the classroom as important resources for cultivating students. These time and space outside the classroom not only support classroom teaching and promote the formation of knowledge and ability, but are also important places for cultivating non-intellectual abilities. Colleges and universities should make full use of these time and space, clarify specific training goals, focus on going deep into the troops, getting close to actual combat, and highlighting practicality and creativity, and scientifically design education and training plans. Focus on giving full play to the management and education advantages of military academies, explore and establish a student management model, and promote the cultivation of students’ leadership and management capabilities; continuously enrich the second classroom, build an innovation platform, create more opportunities for independent practice, and enhance students’ innovation capabilities; make full use of various large-scale activities to cultivate students’ competitive awareness and teamwork capabilities; strengthen the construction of management cadres, improve scientific management capabilities, and be able to effectively guide students to carry out time management, goal management, emotional management, psychological adjustment, habit formation, etc., to help students improve their self-management and independent learning capabilities.

In short, education is a systematic project. The above are only three aspects to break through the shortcomings of talent training in the intelligent era. To truly solve the problem, military academies need to carry out systematic reforms to effectively support the achievement of talent training goals in strategic planning, quality management, personnel quality, teaching conditions and other aspects. This requires us to continue to explore and innovate, continuously improve the level of school management and education, and strive to open up a new situation in the construction and development of military academies.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Aviation University)

現代國語：

「軍隊院校因打仗而生、為打仗而建」。在2019年全軍院校長集訓開班式上，習主席提出新時代軍事教育方針，為全軍院校培養高素質、專業化新型軍事人才指明了方向。當前，戰爭形態正加速向資訊化、智慧化發展，打贏未來智能化戰爭需要什麼樣的軍人，軍事高等教育如何培養適應智慧化戰爭的人才等，是擺在我們面前的重大課題。

戰爭形態加速向智慧化發展

戰爭形態是以主戰兵器技術屬性為主要標志的、戰爭歷史階段性的表現形式和狀態。迄今為止，戰爭形態在經歷了冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭之後，正加速向資訊化、智慧化戰爭發展。大數據、物聯網、人工智慧、生物技術、腦科學等先進科技在軍事領域日益廣泛的應用，正成為新軍事革命的重要推手，催生新的無人化、自主化、智慧化戰爭形態，改變著傳統戰爭制勝機理。 2014年，外軍智庫發布名為《20YY∶機器人時代的戰爭》的研究報告，認為以智慧化軍隊、自主化裝備和無人化戰爭為標志的軍事變革風暴正在來臨，其將透過發展智慧化作戰平台、資訊系統與決策支援系統，以及定向能、高超音波、仿生、基因、納米等新型武器，2035年初步建成智慧化作戰體系，2050年將發展到高級階段，全面實現作戰平台、資訊系統、指揮控制智能化甚至無人化，仿生、基因、納米等新型武器走上戰場，作戰空間進一步拓展到生物空間、納米空間、智慧空間。

近年來，隨著人們對人腦研究的不斷深入，腦機介面技術正日趨成熟，未來人類與外部世界的資訊交換將不再局限於感官，還可以透過晶片實現大腦與外界直接的訊息交流，人與人、人與物充分互聯互通，人類或將超越互聯網、物聯網，進入腦聯網支援的智慧時代。腦聯網時代，軍人的大腦與作戰平台、資訊系統、決策支援系統直接相聯，在量子計算和雲平台等技術輔助下開展決策，打擊的對象將拓展到人的思想和行動，物質、能量、訊息與心智融為一體。國內有專家認為，在人工智慧技術的作用下，未來戰爭的製勝機理將由資訊化戰爭的“資訊主導、體系對抗、精確打擊、聯合製勝”，向智能化戰爭的“智能主導、自主對抗、溯源打擊、雲腦制勝」轉變，繼物質、能量、資訊之後，人機融合的雲智能成為決定戰爭勝負的關鍵。這一智慧化戰爭形態的轉變正在加速到來，任何遲疑都可能帶來難以想像的後果。

但應該看到，無論戰爭如何發展，人始終是最根本的要素。智慧化戰爭形態將促使軍人的職能角色發生變化，對軍人的能力素質將提出更高的要求，認知能力或將超越知識、技能成為軍人的核心能力。

智慧化戰爭要求軍人綜合素質升級重構

根據人才成長週期，目前正在接受高等教育的軍人，10多年後將成為部隊作戰訓練主體力量，也將成為迎接智慧化戰爭挑戰的第一批主力軍。當前，我軍高等教育在人才培養目標設計上尚存在一些不足，對適應未來多變的智慧化戰場能力關注不夠，人才培養目標與智慧化戰爭需求還有一定差距。 2020年7月23日，習主席視察空軍航空大學時，強調要堅持立德樹人、為戰育人，加強軍魂教育，強化戰鬥精神，全面打牢飛行學員思想政治、軍事專業、科學文化、身體心理等素質基礎。貫徹習主席重要指示，對標未來智慧化戰爭需求，迫切需要建立以思維力為核心的更高階的軍事人才培養目標，加快軍人綜合素質升級重構。

智慧化戰爭是整合多個領域的複雜巨系統，其智力為本的特徵和迭代多變的發展趨勢，正在改變軍人在戰爭中的角色。軍人或將逐步由戰爭前台走向幕後，由直接面對面作戰轉變為人機協同作戰，由前線沖鋒陷陣轉變為後端籌劃設計戰爭。要勝任人機協同、籌劃設計戰爭等職能作用，除思想政治和身體心理必須達到要求外，在軍事專業和科學文化方面，軍人應重點提升以下五個方面的知識能力素質：一是多學科融合的知識結構，掌握自然、軍事、認知心理、網絡智能等多個智能化戰爭相關學科領域的核心原理，能夠跨學科整合知識，指導軍事實踐；二是強大的認知能力，具有邏輯思維、審辨思維、系統思維能力，能夠運用科學方法分析推理解決作戰問題；三是人機協作能力，深刻掌握智慧化戰爭特點規律，熟練運用作戰平台、指揮控制系統、決策支援系統，能夠操控多樣化智慧武器裝備，實現人機高效協同；四是創新能力，具有敏銳的科技感知力和強大的創造力，能夠掌握科技前沿，創新作戰樣式，掌握戰爭發展規律；五是自我成長能力，能夠準確認知自我，合理規劃軍事職業生涯，自如運用資訊手段獲取新知識、新技術、新方法，不斷完善知識結構，提升認知能力，較好地適應複雜多變的軍事革命發展。

找準軍事高等教育改革著力點

當前，資訊化與智慧化的疊加推進，為軍隊院校人才培養工作帶來更大復雜性，既要滿足現實的資訊化作戰需要，同時又要為適應智慧化戰爭奠定基礎，應著重抓好以下幾項工作。

重構課程體系。課程體系支撐著人才知識結構的形成。為培養滿足智慧化戰爭需求的軍事人才，達成軍事專業、科學文化兩個面向的培養目標，應打破以單一專業為背景設計課程體系的做法，建立「通識+方向」的課程體系。通識課程是在現有自然科學和公共類課程基礎上，增加數理邏輯、數學建模、批判性思維、網絡基礎、人工智慧、認知神經科學、系統工程等課程，建立跨領域跨學科的橫向課程體系，拓展學員的知識面，建構智慧化戰爭急需的知識結構，為終身成長奠定廣博的知識基礎。方向課程是確立一個學科專業方向，設置數理科學、專業基礎、專業崗位的縱向課程體系，構建厚實的專業背景，培養學員運用專業理論解決復雜作戰訓練問題的能力。 「通識＋方向」的課程體系，有助於建構「T」形知識結構，滿足軍事人才適應多樣多變智能化戰爭的需要。

深化課堂改革。教育神經科學認為，教育是對學生大腦的重塑，而課堂是重塑學生神經網絡的主陣地，特別對於智能化戰爭所需的高階認知能力形成具有不可替代的作用，持續深化課堂改革是軍事高等教育當前的關鍵任務。要看到，只有知識理解的課堂遠遠不是一個好課堂。人的一切行為、思想和情感全部由大腦控制，每個知識、思維和情緒都與大腦的特定神經網絡相對應，因此，課堂改革要以學生的學習為中心，遵循人腦的認知規律，以吸引並保持專注為起點，建立科學的思維框架，調動學員主動思考。通常，指向高階能力的教學方法具有一個通用模式——問題驅動的啟發式教學，常用的問題式教學法、項目式教學法、探究式教學法都屬於這一模式。所以，推進課堂改革的主要路徑是發展未知、新奇和學生感興趣的問題和故事，設計指向邏輯推理、審辨思維、反思能力、創造能力以及學習能力的思維框架，啟發學員在框架的指引下主動思考，再輔以講出來、寫出來的輸出過程，最後達成知識理解內化與高階能力形成的目標。

推動全面育人。現代教育理論不僅以課堂作為教育的重要陣地，還把課堂以外的所有時間和空間視為培養學生的重要資源。這些課堂以外的時間和空間不僅支持課堂教學、促進知識能力形成，也是培養非智力能力的重要場所。院校應充分利用這些時間和空間，明確具體的培養目標，以深入部隊、貼近實戰、突出實踐性和創造性為重點，科學設計教育訓練計劃。著重發揮軍隊院校管理育人優勢，探索建立學員管理模式，促進學員領導管理能力的培養；不斷豐富第二課堂，搭建創新平台，創造更多自主實踐機會，提升學員的創新能力；充分利用各種大型活動，培養學員競爭意識及團隊協作能力；加強管理幹部隊伍建設，提昇科學管訓能力，能有效輔導學員開展時間管理、目標管理、情緒管理、心理調節、習慣養成等，幫助學員提升自我管理和自主學習能力。

總而言之，教育是一個系統工程，以上僅是突破智能化時代人才培養短板的三個方面，真正解決問題還需要軍隊院校進行系統化改革，在戰略規劃、質量管理、人員素質、教學條件等諸方面都能夠有效支撐人才培養目標的達成，而這需要我們持續不斷地探索與創新，不斷提高辦學育人水平，並努力開創軍事院校建設發展新局面。

（作者單位：空軍航空大學）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/gfjy_index/jsyxgfs/4885203888.html?big=fan

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍隊, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China’s Military Looking at the Generation of New Quality Combat Power from the Perspective of Intelligent Victory

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從智勝視角看中國軍隊新型優質戰鬥力生成

現代英語：

Intelligent victory is a distinct feature of the times in the “quality” of new quality combat power. With the development of science and technology and the evolution of war forms, intelligent joint operations based on “energy mobility and information interconnection”, supported by “network communication and distributed cloud”, with “data computing and model algorithms” as the core, and “cross-domain command and multi-domain operations” as the path, gradually outline a vivid scene of the application of new quality combat power. The intelligent trend of new quality combat power will trigger a chain breakthrough in the military field and become a key variable in changing the rules of war. To enhance new quality combat power and win future wars, we should “knock on the door” of intelligent operations and explore methods and paths to iteratively generate new quality combat power of intelligent joint operations.

Analyzing the characteristics of new quality combat power based on intelligent winning mechanism

Throughout human history, the mechanisms for winning wars have all left clear marks of the era of technological development. To understand and grasp the new quality of combat power of intelligent joint combat, we should keep up with the development of war forms and analyze its key characteristics.

The battlefield environment is distributed in multiple domains. The battlefield environment is the space for the use of new-quality combat power and the space-time framework for understanding the new-quality combat power of intelligent joint operations. Since the emergence of war, the space-time of war has undergone multiple leaps, including plane, three-dimensional, and invisible space. At present, combat confrontation is unfolding in a fusion space with dimensions including physical domain, information domain, and even biological domain and social domain. In intelligent joint operations, the status of virtual space rises and gradually integrates deeply with physical space. Invisible confrontations such as network, intelligence, and psychology constitute a new space. Establishing a virtual battlefield, realizing virtual-real interaction, and achieving virtual-real control have become new driving forces for joint operations.

Multiple integration of constituent elements. Constituent elements are the inherent characteristics of new-quality combat power and the basic elements of new-quality combat power of intelligent joint operations. Mechanized joint operations are platform-centric operations, with firepower and mobility as the dominant forces. The combination of people, mechanized equipment, and tactics is more of a superposition and accumulation, with the goal of carrying energy with objects and releasing energy with objects. Informatized joint operations are network-centric operations, with information power as the dominant force. The combination of network information, people, informationized equipment, and tactics is more of a linkage and interconnection, with the goal of gathering energy with the network and releasing energy with the network. The dominant force of intelligent joint operations is intelligence. The combat elements of cloud, network, people, equipment, and tactics are integrated through models, algorithms, and data to form a complex system with agile reorganization and autonomous adaptation, realizing the control of energy with intelligence and the control of energy with intelligence.

The mode of action is multi-functional and parallel. The mode of action is the energy release path of the new quality combat power and the key to analyzing the new quality combat power of intelligent joint operations. The use of system architecture and distributed coordination in joint operations has made distributed parallelism emerge in war. In joint operations, the speed of information sharing, mobile response, firepower strikes, and command and control decision-making has been greatly accelerated, and the effectiveness of different combat units can act in parallel. In recent local conflicts and military operations, the granularity of command and operations has become smaller and smaller, but the control range, combat effectiveness, and confrontation intensity have increased exponentially, which is the best example of multi-functional parallelism.

Evaluation and feedback from multiple perspectives. Evaluation and feedback is the iterative starting point for the evolution and improvement of new-quality combat power, the dynamic basis for promoting the development of new-quality combat power in intelligent joint combat, and an easily overlooked link in the generation of new-quality combat power. The high-precision and fast-paced characteristics of intelligent joint combat make multi-perspective evaluation and feedback a rigid need. Among them, the cloud-network-group-end link perspective can review the operating status of cloud platforms, networks, “swarms”, terminals, etc.; the manned and unmanned interaction perspective can judge the technical mechanisms of different interaction stages; the multi-domain aggregated space-time perspective is conducive to comprehensive evaluation and understanding of battlefield situations.

Reconstructing the new quality combat power generation model with system concept

At present, technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing are constantly driving the transformation of the basic elements of joint operations. There is a new trend of development from separation to integration, from single equipment to clusters, and from physical to virtual-real interaction between functional modules such as intelligence, command and control, firepower, and network and electronics. The traditional combat capability generation model is no longer able to adapt to the development, and a new quality combat capability generation model should be reconstructed with new thinking.

Create an intelligent warfare system. Outdated military needs will not produce the best system for future warfare. Concept scenarios should be derived from intelligent technology, linking interactive intelligent components with existing personnel, equipment, tactics, etc. to form an intelligent combat system that includes perception, decision-making, offense and defense, support, and virtual-real interaction. An unchanging combat system will also be difficult to adapt to the rapid evolution of the war situation. An innovation chain of rapid iteration and leapfrogging should be formed to run through the entire process of generating new quality combat power and promote the evolution of the combat system from low-level to high-level.

Build agile combat units. The combat system is a high-intensity confrontation system. The faster the iteration speed in peacetime and the more advanced the construction level, the stronger the survivability in wartime. To build an intelligent joint combat system, we should start with cultivating the initiative and creativity of all individuals to form an agile team that can respond quickly and actively deal with battlefield uncertainties. Military training should fully absorb the lessons learned from recent local wars, change the traditional mode of large-scale linear deployment and group operations, highlight the distributed combat exercises of “breaking the whole into parts”, enhance the system’s anti-destruction ability, and improve stability.

Promote disruptive technological transformation. One of the secrets to the success of military revolution is the “surging” transformation of science and technology to the military. We should focus on advancing the basis of combat readiness with scientific and technological progress, transfer and transform the latest scientific achievements such as game theory, complex system science, and software definition, upgrade and transform the basic platforms of combat software and hardware, and explore the mechanism of system victory with innovative thinking, paradigms, and tools. At the same time, we should accelerate the extension of mature technologies such as mobile Internet and cloud computing to the combat system, accelerate the application of new materials, new energy, and advanced manufacturing to combat platforms, and improve the level of unmanned, bionic, and clustered intelligent combat.

Seek asymmetric checks and balances. Since the 20th century, “selective disclosure” and “cost imposition” have led opponents in the wrong direction and disrupted the rhythm, becoming common means in major countries’ military competition. Simply “fighting hard” according to the discourse system and method system dominated by others is often difficult to play one’s own advantages, and may even fall into the trap set by opponents. We should focus on leveraging our strengths and avoiding our weaknesses, scientifically choose our own combat effectiveness development path, and achieve misaligned competition. We should jump out of the leader’s preset, dynamically benchmark, and iteratively develop. Strengthen criticism and falsification to prevent being confused and misled by opponents.

Promoting the iterative development of new quality combat capabilities through continuous evolution

Whoever can take the lead in building new quality combat capability will gain the upper hand. The intelligent joint combat system is a complex and huge system that is constantly evolving. Its elements are constantly expanding and its environment spans multiple domains. It should follow the mechanism of continuous evolution and improvement, and within the scope of strategic management, take demand as the goal, efficiency as the key, and precision as the guide to promote the iterative development of new quality combat capability.

The generation link is included in strategic management. Intelligent joint operations are the new frontier for advancing war preparations and should be promoted in a coordinated manner according to the strategic management link. In the demand link, we should fully consider the gap between capabilities and needs, and scientifically justify the direction and amount of investment in construction resources; in the planning and budgeting link, we should follow the principle of matching goals and tasks with actual resources, focus on efficiency and implement budget control; in the execution and evaluation link, we should not only promote the top-level institutions to relay and coordinate operations vertically, but also regulate, supervise, and correct each field according to their responsibilities one by one.

The generation process establishes a positive cycle. Intelligent joint operations are in an era of change in which science and technology are developing from information networks to artificial intelligence, combat styles are changing from network-centric warfare to cross-domain autonomous parallel operations, and political, economic, diplomatic and military means are integrated and used. The generation process of new quality combat power should establish a positive cycle of iterative development and continuous evolution. It is necessary to pay attention to the balanced development of the capabilities of each system, as well as to clarify the levels and weights, and gradually achieve the best system and the strongest capabilities through hierarchical modeling and positive cycles.

The output of the generation is closely focused on the game confrontation. Only by keeping a close eye on the military game process can the construction of new quality combat power be targeted and in the right direction. We should focus on system competition, form a system of troops, seek system advantages, produce system results, and strengthen system capabilities in combat theory, equipment development, military training, etc., and avoid shortcomings. We should seek asymmetric checks and balances, neither closed and rigid, nor copy and paste, follow the trend, lead opponents in the key areas of building new quality combat power of intelligent joint operations, and create new advantages to check and balance powerful enemies in the process of actively responding to changes and seeking changes.

The generation efficiency is embedded in the inspection and evaluation. The generation efficiency of the new quality combat capability of intelligent joint operations should be included in the inspection and evaluation system. By analyzing strategic tasks to set operational requirements and new quality combat capability indicators, simulating and deducing the effectiveness of the use of new quality combat capability scenarios through major exercise activities, and testing and measuring new quality combat capability indicators through the design of evaluation model algorithms, evaluation and feedback can be used to support the construction of new quality combat capability of intelligent joint operations.

(Author’s unit: Strategic Assessment and Consulting Center, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

從智慧制勝角度看新質戰鬥力生成

■張宏昌 閻 魁 史 霞

引言

智能製勝，是新質戰鬥力「質」中鮮明的時代特徵。隨著科技發展與戰爭形態演變，以“能量機動和信息互聯”為基礎、“網絡通信和分佈式雲”為支撐、“數據計算和模型算法”為內核、“跨域指揮和多域行動”為途徑的智慧化聯合作戰，逐漸勾勒出新質戰鬥力應用的鮮活場景。新質戰鬥力的智慧化趨勢，將引發軍事領域的鍊式突破，成為改變戰爭規則的關鍵變數。提升新質戰鬥力、打贏未來戰爭，應該向智能化作戰“叩門”，探索迭代生成智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的方法路徑。

按智能製勝機理解析新質戰鬥力特徵

縱觀人類史，戰爭制勝機理無不鮮明留下科技發展的時代烙印。認識掌握智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力，應緊跟戰爭形態發展，解析其關鍵特徵。

戰場環境多域分佈。戰場環境是新質戰鬥力的運用空間，是認識智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的時空框架。自戰爭產生以來，戰爭時空經歷了平面、立體、無形空間等多次飛躍。目前，作戰對抗在包含物理域、資訊域甚至生物域、社會域等維度的融合空間展開。智能化聯合作戰，虛擬空間地位上升並逐漸與物理空間深度融合一體，網電、情報、心理等無形對抗構成全新空間，建立虛擬戰場、實現虛實互動、達成以虛制實成為聯合作戰新的發力端。

構成要素多元整合。構成要素是新質戰鬥力的內涵特徵，是智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的基礎元素。機械化聯合作戰是平台中心戰，主導力量是火力和機動力，人、機械化裝備、戰法的組合方式更多是疊加累積，目的是實現以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化聯合作戰是網絡中心戰，主導力量是資訊力，網絡資訊、人、資訊化裝備、戰法的組合方式更多是鏈接貫通，目的是實現以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化聯合作戰的主導力量是智力，作戰要素雲、網、人、裝備、戰法通過模型、算法、數據多元整合，構成敏捷重組、自主適應的復雜系統，實現以智蠅能、以智制能。

作用方式多能並行。作用方式是新質戰鬥力的釋能途徑，也是解析智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的關鍵所在。體系架構、分佈協同在聯合作戰中的使用，使分佈並行在戰爭中嶄露頭角。聯合作戰中，資訊共享、機動反應、火力打擊、指控決策速度皆大幅加快，不同作戰單元效能可並行作用。在近年來的局部沖突和軍事行動中，指揮和作戰的顆粒度越來越小，但控制範圍、作戰效能、對抗烈度卻成倍增加，就是多能並行的最好例證。

評估反饋多層視角。評估回饋是新質戰鬥力演進提升的迭代起點，是推進智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力發展的動態基礎，也是新質戰鬥力生成中易被忽視的環節。智慧化聯合作戰高精度、快節奏的特徵，讓多層視角評估回饋成為剛需。其中，雲網群端的鏈接視角，可以審視雲平台、網絡、「蜂群」、終端等運行狀況；有人無人的交互視角，能夠判斷不同交互階段技術機制；多域聚合的時空視角，有助於綜合評估認識戰場態勢。

用系統理念重構新質戰鬥力生成模式

目前，人工智慧、雲端計算等技術不斷催生聯合作戰基本要素發生嬗變。情報、指控、火力、網電等功能模塊之間，呈現由分離向融合、單裝向集群、實物為主向虛實互動發展的新趨勢。傳統作戰能力生成模式已難以適應發展，應以新思維重構新質戰鬥力生成模式。

創建智慧化戰爭體系。過時的軍事需求，孕育不出適應未來戰爭的最優體系。應以智慧科技為原點衍生概念場景，連結互動智慧零件和現有人員、裝備、戰法等，形成包含感知、決策、攻防、保障及虛實互動的智慧化作戰體系。一成不變的作戰體系，也難以適應戰爭形態的快速演變。應形成快速迭代、跨越提升的創新鏈，貫穿新質戰鬥力生成全過程，推動作戰體係從低階向高階演化。

打造敏捷性作戰單位。作戰體係是高強度的對抗系統，平時的迭代速度越迅速，建設水準越先進，戰時的生存能力就越強。打造智慧化聯合作戰體系，應以培育所有個體的主動性、創造性為起點，形成能夠快速響應，積極應對戰場不確定性的敏捷團隊。軍事訓練應充分汲取近期局部戰爭中的經驗教訓，改變大規模線式部署、集團作戰的傳統模式，突顯「化整為零」的分散式作戰演訓，增強體系抗毀性，提高穩定性。

推動顛覆性科技轉型。軍事革命的成功密碼之一，是科技向軍事的「浪湧」轉化。應著眼科技進步前移作戰準備基點，遷移轉化博弈論、複雜系統科學、軟件定義等最新科學成果，升級改造作戰軟硬體基礎平台，以創新思維、範式、工具，探尋體系製勝的機理。同時，加速移動互聯、雲端計算等成熟技術向作戰體系延伸，加速新材料、新能源、先進製造等向作戰平台應用，提高無人化、仿生化、群聚化智慧作戰水準。

謀求非對稱制衡優勢。 20世紀以來，「選擇性揭露」「成本強加」等將對手方向帶偏、節奏帶亂，成為大國軍事競爭中的慣用手段。單純依照他人主導的話語體系、方法體系“硬拼”，往往難以發揮自身優勢，甚至還會掉入對手預設的陷阱。應注重揚長避短，科學選擇自身戰鬥力發展路徑，實現錯位競爭。應跳出引領者預設，動態對標、迭代發展。強化批判證偽，防範被對手迷惑誤導。

以持續演化推動新質戰鬥力迭代發展

誰能在新質戰鬥力建設上領先一步，誰就能贏得制勝先機。智能化聯合作戰體係是一個不斷演進的復雜巨系統，其要素不斷拓展、環境跨越多域，應按照持續演化改進的機制，在戰略管理範疇內以需求為目標、以效能為關鍵、以精準為導向，推動新質戰鬥力迭代發展。

生成鏈路納入戰略管理。智慧化聯合作戰是推進戰爭準備的新前沿，應依照戰略管理連結統籌推進。需求環節，充分考慮能力與需求差距，科學論證建設資源投向投量；規劃及預算環節，依目標任務與現實資源匹配原則，著眼效益抓好預算控制執行；執行及評量環節，縱向上既要推進頂層機構接力協同作業，橫向再要調控、監督、糾偏各領域依職責逐一落實。

生成過程建立正向循環。智慧化聯合作戰處於科學技術由資訊網絡向人工智慧發展、作戰樣式由網絡中心戰向跨域自主並行作戰轉變、政治經濟外交與軍事手段融合運用的變革時代，新質戰鬥力生成過程應建立迭代發展、持續演進的正向循環。既注重各系統能力的均衡發展，也要劃清層次、釐清權重，透過分級建模、正向循環，逐步實現體系最優、能力最強。

生成輸出緊盯博弈對抗。只有緊盯軍事博弈過程，新質戰鬥力建設才能有的放矢、找準方向。應著眼體系競爭，在作戰理論、設備發展、軍訓等方面成體係用兵、謀體系優勢、出體系成果、強體系能力，避免短板缺項。要謀求非對稱制衡，既不封閉僵化，也不照抄照搬、跟風炒作，在智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力建設的關鍵領域領先對手，在主動應變求變中打造制衡強敵的新優勢。

產生效能嵌入檢驗評估。智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力生成效能應納入檢驗評估體系。通過分析戰略任務設定作戰需求和新質戰鬥力指標、通過重大演訓活動模擬推演新質戰鬥力運用場景實效、通過設計評價模型算法檢驗度量新質戰鬥力指標，以評估反饋支撐智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力建設。

（作者單位：軍事科學院戰略評估諮詢中心）

來源：解放軍報 作者：張宏昌 閆魁 史霞 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2024-07-16 09

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/16324777888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #中國的耗散戰, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Analysis on the Strategic Application of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事對智慧戰爭戰略應用的分析

現代英語：

An analysis of the use of strategies in intelligent warfare

■Chen Dongheng, Zhong Ya

Reading Tips: “Warfare is the art of deception”. War is a competition of comprehensive strength. Ancient Chinese military strategists have always attached great importance to “strategizing in the tent and winning thousands of miles away”, and all of them regard strategy as the way to victory. War practice shows that as long as war is a confrontation between humans, smart strategies will not withdraw from the battlefield. Today’s battlefield competition is about intelligent skills, and what is fought is smart strategies.

“The best military is to attack the enemy’s strategy, the next best is to attack the enemy’s alliance, the next best is to attack the enemy’s soldiers, and the worst is to attack the city.” Strategy, as a component of combat power and a weapon to win the war, runs through ancient and modern times and transcends national boundaries, and has an important function of influencing and determining the outcome of the war. Although the role of science and technology is more prominent in intelligent warfare, it does not exclude the use of strategy. With the support and guidance of strategy, the combat system is more efficient. In-depth research and mastery of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare will be more conducive to winning the initiative in intelligent warfare.

The status and role of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare

The essence of strategy lies in the intelligent release of power. Scientific strategy application can often defeat the majority with the minority, the big with the small, and the strong with the weak. The battlefield of intelligent warfare presents more transparency, more extended combat space, more diverse means of confrontation, and more complex winning mechanism. This provides a solid material foundation and technical support for the implementation of strategy, and the status and role of strategy are becoming more and more important.

The internal driving force of the army construction and development planning. Demand is the order of the army, and use is the commander of the weapon. How science and technology are innovated, how weapons and equipment are developed, and how the national defense forces are built are often driven by demand and forward-looking planning. For example, in order to make up for the gap between Russia and the United States in terms of overall air defense and anti-missile strength, Russia used “asymmetric” strategies to focus on penetration technology and developed the “Zircon” and “Dagger” hypersonic missiles before the United States. Facts show that the application of strategies mainly focuses on “Tao” and “Fa”. The more reasonable the design and the more scientific the application, the more it can stimulate the motivation, vitality and potential of innovation and creation, and trigger a revolution in science and technology, weapons and equipment, and military construction and combat methods. Only when intelligent warfare, scientific and technological innovation and weapons and equipment development are closely connected with the needs of scientific war strategies can they adhere to the correct direction and be better transformed into actual combat power.

A multiplier of the actual combat effectiveness of the combat system. In the combat power spectrum, strategy, as an important soft power, has the value and significance of providing scientific methodological guidance, appropriate time and opportunity selection and correct path support for the use of military hard power. For example, Iran once used the “dislocation” tactics to launch a large-scale retaliatory air strike against Israel, first using hundreds of cheap drones to attract the consumption of Israel’s expensive air defense system, and then using more advanced high-value ballistic missiles to penetrate, which improved the hit rate to a certain extent. Facts show that when facing an opponent with superior hard power, if the strategy is used properly, it can also achieve miraculous results; and the same hard power may have very different combat effectiveness when using different strategies and tactics. In intelligent warfare, although the “blade” of military hard power is faster, in order to make it more effective, it still needs to rely on more sophisticated strategic “sword skills”.

Dependent variables of hybrid warfare operations. Strategy can not only empower military hard power, but also has a strong direct combat function, and can even defeat the enemy without fighting by “soft killing”. For example, the United States once spent a lot of money to capture the leader of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, but he seemed to have disappeared from the world, and technical means could not determine his exact hiding place. He was finally tracked down by targeting his messenger through strategic use. The United States’ “live broadcast” “Spear of Poseidon” operation attempted to show the strength of the US military by killing Bin Laden to shock the international community. Intelligent warfare is a hybrid warfare, which has entered a new era of global live broadcast, universal participation, and full coverage. More and more countries are adopting strategic methods to enhance their own confidence and strike the opponent’s will to resist, and the strategic “soft kill” combat function is becoming more and more apparent.

Basic mechanism of intelligent warfare strategy application

Intelligent warfare, high-level development of artificial intelligence, rapid iteration, full spectrum penetration, and high-efficiency release, make the application of strategy have more dimensional support and stronger drive, showing a unique operation mechanism.

Cluster operation of strategy application. The application of strategy is based on the underlying logic of war operation and follows the law of evolution of the subject from individual to team and then to system. From a historical perspective, the application of strategy warfare in the cold weapon era relied more on the wisdom and experience accumulation of generals. Natural factors such as geography and weather are the main grasps of strategy operation. The burning of Red Cliff and borrowing arrows from straw boats are vivid footnotes. In the mechanized era, in order to adapt to the increasingly complex composition of military branches and the needs of fast-paced operations, the “General Staff” of senior military institutions dedicated to war planning services came into being. The “General Staff” in the two world wars is a typical representative. In the information age, the use of war strategies mainly relies on the control of information, and information power has become the main support behind strategic planning. In intelligent warfare, the comprehensiveness of technology application, the systematic nature of force planning, and the platform characteristics of game confrontation are more prominent, and the internal requirements are that the subject of strategy implementation should shift to a more powerful systematic platform.

Algorithm-driven strategy application. Strategy is based on strategy. The essence of planning is calculation, calculation of the world situation, calculation of military situation, calculation of development trend, calculation of strength and weakness, calculation of winning advantage… Whether it is calculation by human brain or machine, calculation by generals or calculation by teams, calculation is always the most critical supporting factor. Generally speaking, whoever has stronger computing power, more precise algorithms, and faster calculations can grab the “calculation” machine and win the victory. In the era of intelligent calculation, artificial intelligence participates in strategic decision-making with human-machine hybrid algorithms or machine algorithms, which greatly enhances the efficiency of calculation. It is based on this that major countries have focused on breakthroughs in artificial intelligence to win the future competition. These artificial intelligences, characterized by strong computing power, have great application potential in simulating battlefield situations, simulating war processes, and assisting decision-making and command. Only by guarding against the opponent’s technical aggression, vigorously improving our computing power, and adding the wings of algorithms to traditional strategies can we be invincible in the strategic game confrontation.

Intelligent support for the use of strategies. In intelligent warfare, strategies are based on the rapid development of artificial intelligence and its extensive military applications. It is a two-way “rush” of human strategic wisdom and “technical” wisdom. Now, the generals’ ingenuity and traditional staff work have become increasingly difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Comprehensive intelligent command and decision-making platforms have become an important support for the implementation of strategies. The command and decision-making system of the US military has developed into a large platform that integrates four-layer structural functions, including “intelligence support, information fusion, mission coordination, autonomous decision-making, action deployment, force allocation, situation adjustment, and real-time tracking”, and has become the brain of its “decision-making center warfare”. The Russian Federation Armed Forces Combat Command Center can dispatch and monitor the training and exercises of the entire army in real time, and undertake combat command tasks in low-intensity small-scale conflicts. It can be seen that intelligent support for strategic planning and strategy implementation has gradually taken shape. Intelligent strategic confrontation has put forward higher requirements for the professional integration of strategic subjects, and promoted the deep integration of human biological intelligence and artificial intelligence, which is “human-like intelligence”.

Main ways to use strategies in intelligent warfare

In intelligent warfare, the era background, supporting conditions, and action mechanisms of strategy application have undergone profound changes. The way of implementing strategies must keep pace with the times, strive to combine traditional strategic advantages with new technologies and new forms of warfare, innovate and expand scientific paths to effectively release strategic energy, and strive to plan quickly, plan carefully, and integrate strategy and attack.

Intelligent technology integration releases energy. That is, make full use of intelligent technology to empower and release energy for strategies. Generally speaking, the effective implementation of strategies is inseparable from accurate information perception, rapid personnel mobilization, and efficient force strikes. The innovative application of artificial intelligence enables people to see farther, hear more closely, know more, and calculate faster, making the army gather and disperse more quickly, move more covertly, and release power more rapidly, which is more conducive to the generation of strategies and the achievement of effectiveness. On the one hand, with the help of the rapidity and autonomy of artificial intelligence, the enemy situation can be quickly grasped through intelligent reconnaissance, the decision-making time can be greatly shortened by using machine algorithms, and the optimal strategy can be selected with the help of simulation deduction; on the other hand, relying on artificial intelligence to release and enhance the efficiency of strategies, modern brain control technology, deep fake technology, information confusion technology, public opinion guidance technology, etc., have greatly expanded the space and means of implementing strategies.

Human-machine complementation releases energy. That is, the strengths and weaknesses of human intelligence and machine intelligence complement each other and enhance efficiency and release energy. The biggest advantage of machine intelligence over human intelligence is that it can fight continuously without being affected by biological factors such as will, emotion, psychology, and physical strength. However, the “meta-intelligence” of human intelligence and its ability to adapt to changes are not possessed by machine intelligence. The two intelligence advantages complement each other and aggregate to form a powerful hybrid intelligence, which strongly supports the use of strategies in war. On the one hand, the “machine brain” safely and efficiently makes up for the shortcomings of the human brain; on the other hand, the human brain responds to special situations on the spot. Facts show that the biggest advantage of human intelligence over machine intelligence is that it can make decisions and deal with different situations on the spot, which just makes up for the shortcomings of machine intelligence. Only by combining the two can we form the optimal solution for intelligent calculation and gather the strongest strategic application.

The platform releases energy as a whole. It is to create a modular intelligent system, an integrated intelligent decision-making command action platform that integrates strategy generation and release. Intelligent warfare, every second counts, improves the time sensitivity of target strikes. The intelligent platform comprehensively uses intelligent computing and command automation technology to efficiently process massive data and complex battlefield situations, creating a “super brain” for commanders. It has significant advantages of good functional connection, high stability, fast operation speed, and high combat efficiency. It is a new quality combat force for strategic planning. Relying on the intelligent command and control system, it can make real-time decisions, form a list of time-sensitive targets, and independently solve the combat units and strike platforms that can be summoned and struck the fastest and best. The hardware and software can accurately strike the targets, and accurate strikes on time-sensitive targets can be achieved in real-time decisions, providing more options for assisting war decision-making and command.

(Author unit: Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

試析智慧化戰爭的謀略運用

■陳東恆 鐘 婭

閱讀提示　「兵者，詭道也」。戰爭是綜合實力的比拼和競賽。我國古代兵家歷來重視“運籌帷幄之中，決勝千里之外”，無不把謀略視為取勝之道。戰爭實踐表明，只要戰爭是人類的對抗，智慧謀略就不會退出戰場。今天的戰場比拼，打的是智能技能，拼的更是智慧謀略。

「上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。」謀略作為戰鬥力的構件和製勝戰爭的利器，貫穿古今、超越國界，具有影響和決定戰爭勝負的重要功能。智能化戰爭中雖然科技的角色更突顯，但並不排斥謀略的運用，在謀略的支撐和引領推動下，作戰體系反而效率更高。深入研究掌握智慧化戰爭的謀略運用，更有利於贏得智慧化戰爭的主動權。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的地位作用

謀略的本質在於力量的智慧化釋放。科學的謀略運用常能以少勝多、以小博大、以弱勝強。智慧化戰爭戰場呈現更透明、作戰空間更延展、對抗手段更多樣化、制勝機理更複雜等特點，這為施謀用計提供了堅實物質基礎和技術支撐，謀略的地位作用愈發重要。

軍隊建設發展規劃的內動力。需為軍之令，用為器之帥。科學技術如何創新、武器裝備怎樣發展、國防軍隊怎麼建設，常常由需求牽引、前瞻謀劃。例如，俄羅斯為彌補防空反導整體力量方面與美國的差距，運用「非對稱」謀略在突防技術上發力，先於美國研發出「鋯石」「匕首」高超聲速導彈。事實表明，謀略運用主要著力於“道”和“法”，其設計越合理、運用越科學，越能激發創新創造的動力、活力和潛力，引發科學技術、武器裝備和軍隊建設作戰方式的革命。智慧化戰爭，科技創新和武器裝備開發只有緊密對接科學的戰爭謀略需求，才能堅持正確的方向，更好地轉化為現實的戰鬥力。

作戰體系實戰效能的倍增器。在戰鬥力譜系中，謀略作為重要的軟力量，其存在的價值和意義在於為軍事硬實力運用提供科學的方法論指引、合適的時機場合選擇和正確的路徑支撐。例如，伊朗曾利用「錯置」戰法對以色列發動大規模報復性空襲，先是以數百架廉價無人機吸引消耗以軍昂貴的防空系統，繼而用更先進的高價值彈道導彈突防，一定程度上提高了命中率。事實顯示，面對硬實力佔優的對手，如果謀略運用得當也能收到奇效；而同樣的硬實力運用不同的策略戰法，作戰效能可能大相徑庭。智慧化戰爭，雖然軍事硬實力的「刀鋒」更快，但要使其發揮更大戰鬥效能，還需藉助更高明的謀略「刀法」。

混合戰爭作戰運籌的因變數。謀略不僅能為軍事硬實力賦能，本身還有強大的直接作戰功能，甚至能以「軟殺傷」不戰而屈人之兵。例如，美國曾重金緝拿基地組織頭目本·拉登，但他好像人間蒸發一樣，技術手段無法確定其確切藏身處，最終通過謀略運用盯上其信使才追踪到。而美國「直播」「海神之矛」作戰行動，則企圖透過擊殺賓拉登來展現美軍的強大，以震撼國際社會。智慧化戰爭是混合戰爭，已經進入全球直播、全民參與、全域覆蓋的全新時代，越來越多的國家採取謀略方式增強己方信心、打擊對手抵抗意志，謀略「軟殺傷」的作戰功能越加顯現。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的基本機理

智慧化戰爭，人工智慧的高階位元發展、快速度迭代、全頻譜滲透、高效能釋放，使謀略運用有了更多維的支撐、更強大的驅動，展現出獨特的運行機理。

謀略運用的集群作業。謀略的運用，既基於戰爭運行的底層邏輯，也遵循施動主體從個體到團隊再到體系的流轉演進規律。從歷史上看，冷兵器時代的謀略戰爭運用，更多靠將帥的智謀和經驗積累，地理、天候等自然因素是謀略運籌的主要抓手，火燒赤壁、草船借箭就是其生動註腳。機械化時代，適應日益復雜的軍兵種構成和快節奏作戰需要，專司戰爭謀劃服務的高級軍事機構“參謀部”便應運而生，兩次世界大戰中“總參謀部”就是其中的典型代表。資訊化時代謀略的戰爭運用，依靠的主要是對資訊的掌控，資訊力成為謀略運籌背後的主要支撐力。智慧化戰爭，技術應用的綜合性、力量運籌的體系性、博弈對抗的平台化特徵更加突出，內在要求謀略的施動主體向功能更強大的體系化平台轉進。

謀略運用的演算法驅動。謀略以謀為關鍵。謀的本質是算，算天下大勢、算軍事態勢、算發展趨勢、算強弱勝勢、算制勝優勢……無論是人腦算還是機器算、將帥算還是團隊算，算始終是最關鍵的支撐要素。一般情況下，誰的算力更強、演算法更精、算計更快，誰就能搶得「算」機、贏得勝算。智能化時代的算，人工智慧以人機混合演算法或機器演算法參與謀略決算，極大增強了算的效率。正是基於此，各主要國家紛紛把贏得未來競爭的成長點聚焦到人工智慧突破上。這些以強算力為特徵的人工智慧，在模擬戰場態勢、模擬戰爭進程、輔助決策指揮上有極大應用潛力。謹防對手技術突襲，大力提高我們的算力，為傳統謀略插上演算法的翅膀，才能在謀略博弈對抗中立於不敗之地。

謀略運用的智慧支撐。智慧化戰爭，謀略基於的是人工智慧迅猛發展及其廣泛軍事應用，是人的謀略之智與「技術」之智的雙向「奔赴」。現在，將帥的神機妙算、傳統的參謀作業，已經越來越難以適應智能化戰爭需要，綜合性的智能化指揮決策平台，成為施謀用計的重要支撐。美軍的指揮決策體系，已經發展成為融「情報保障、資訊融合，任務協調、自主決策，行動展開、力量配屬，態勢調整、實時跟踪」等四層結構功能於一體的大平台，成為其「決策中心戰”的大腦。俄羅斯聯邦武裝力量作戰指揮中心，可即時調度監控全軍訓練演習，並在低強度小規模沖突中擔負作戰指揮任務。可見，智慧支撐謀略運籌、策略實施逐步形成。智慧化謀略對抗，對謀略主體的專業化整合性提出了更高要求，推動人的生物智慧與人工智慧這一「類人智慧」深度融合結合。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的主要方式

智慧化戰爭，謀略運用的時代背景、支撐條件、作用機理等發生了深刻變化。施謀用計的方式必須與時俱進，努力把傳統謀略優勢與新的技術、新的戰爭形態結合起來，創新拓展有效釋放謀略能量的科學路徑，致力先知快謀、精謀巧打、謀打融合。

智技融合釋能。就是充分利用智慧科技為謀略賦能釋能。通常而言，謀略的有效實施離不開準確的資訊感知、迅捷的人員調動、高效的力量打擊。人工智慧的創新應用，使人看得更遠、聽得更切、知得更多、算得更快，使軍隊集散更迅速、行動更隱蔽、力量釋放更迅猛，更加有利於謀略生成和謀效達成。一方面，借助人工智慧的快速性、自主性，透過智慧偵察迅速掌握敵情，運用機器演算法極大縮短決策時間，借助模擬推演優選謀略方案；另一方面，依靠人工智慧為謀略釋放增效，現代控腦技術、深度偽造技術、資訊迷茫技術、輿論引導技術等，極大拓展了施謀用計的空間與手段。

人機互補釋能。就是人體智能與機器智能長短互補、增效釋能。機器智能與人體智能相比的最大優勢在於，能不受意志、情緒、心理、體力等生物因素的影響連續作戰。而人體智能的「元智能」及其隨機應變的能力則為機器智能所不具備。兩種智能優勢互補聚合形成強大的混合智能，強力支撐謀略的戰爭運用。一方面，「機腦」安全高效補人腦不足；另一方面，人腦臨機應對處置特殊情況。事實表明，人體智慧相比機器智慧的最大優勢在於面對不同情況能臨機決策處置，這恰好彌補了機器智慧的不足。只有把兩者結合起來，才能形成智慧運算最優解，聚成謀略運用最強能。

平台一體釋能。就是打造模塊化的智慧系統，整合謀略生成、釋放的一體化智慧決策指揮行動平台。智慧化戰爭，分秒必爭，提高了目標打擊時敏感性。智慧化平台綜合運用智慧化計算和指揮自動化技術，高效處理海量數據及復雜戰場態勢，為指揮員打造“超強大腦”，具有功能銜接好、穩定程度高、運行速度快、作戰效率高的顯著優勢，是謀略運籌的新質作戰力量。依托智能化指揮控制系統能夠實時決斷，形成時敏目標清單，自主解算能夠最快召喚、最優打擊的作戰單元、打擊平台，軟硬一體對目標進行精確打擊，在實時決斷中實現對時敏目標的精確打擊，為輔助戰爭決策指揮提供了更多選項。

（作者單位：軍事科學院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16345416888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Aggressively Advancing Human-Machine Collaboration in Unmanned Combat Systems

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中國軍隊積極推進無人作戰系統中的人機協作

肖兴福 

中國軍網 國防部網 //2022年3月29日 星期二

現代英語：

At present, the widespread use of unmanned equipment in the military field is accelerating the evolution of war forms towards intelligence, and unmanned combat has also developed into an important combat style of intelligent warfare. However, it should be clearly seen that unmanned combat, from technical development to combat application, cannot be separated from the role of people, and people are still the “master switch” of the entire chain of unmanned combat. Therefore, unmanned combat is essentially still manned, and more attention should be paid to the construction of manned combat in unmanned combat.

From the perspective of operational design, the mission task is assigned by the mission tasker.

Equipment is the material basis of war, but people are the initiators and controllers of war. The role of any equipment in war is given by commanders and fighters at all levels. From the overall perspective of combat design, war involves multiple fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy, culture, and multiple levels such as strategy, campaign, and tactics. Winning a war requires the support of advanced equipment and technology, and more importantly, it requires all-round control of the war situation. Unmanned equipment is suitable for undertaking persistent and high-risk tasks because of its characteristics such as long-lasting endurance, concealed action, high mobility, low cost, and its advantages such as adaptability to extreme environments and flexible use. However, when encountering extremely complex combat environments, extremely fierce confrontations, and rapid changes in fighters that require real-time comprehensive weighing and decision-making, unmanned systems still need to be human-led, implement complex command and control, and control unmanned equipment to complete designated combat tasks. Therefore, although unmanned equipment has become a development trend in modern warfare, its dependence on and obedience to people will not change. It is necessary to accurately grasp the advantages and disadvantages of unmanned equipment, increase research in unmanned command and control theory, unmanned combat knowledge system, etc., to form a rich and complete combat theory system, drive the development of unmanned equipment, promote the formation of unmanned combat systems, and play a greater role in limited combat scenarios, thereby playing a good role as a “multiplier” of combat capabilities.

From the perspective of equipment research and development, unmanned systems are designed by humans.

Humans are the designers of unmanned equipment, especially in the intelligent software that empowers unmanned equipment. It is the core of unmanned equipment’s ability to perform various tasks, and it is also the embodiment of the designer’s wisdom. Although the artificial intelligence algorithms used in many core software have a certain self-learning ability and improve the autonomy of unmanned equipment, the choice of such self-learning strategies is still set by humans according to task requirements and specific scenarios. At present, various types of drones, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have a certain ability to “think like humans”, but they are subject to the limitations of artificial intelligence algorithms, big data, and existing computer architectures. They cannot be separated from human thinking and input points set by humans. For a long time, the role of humans will still be the decisive factor in the development of unmanned equipment and warfare. Therefore, no matter to what extent informatization and intelligence develop, intelligent systems cannot completely replace humans, and the development of unmanned equipment is still dominated by humans. Manned/unmanned collaboration, human-machine coexistence, and intelligent integration are inevitable and feasible stages in the development of intelligent warfare. We must give full play to the “machine”‘s fast speed, high precision, fatigue resistance, and structured “computing” advantages, and give full play to the “human”‘s creativity, flexibility, initiative, and unstructured “calculation” advantages, integrate machine intelligence with human intelligence, learn from each other’s strengths and weaknesses, complement each other, and produce collective wisdom.

From the perspective of combat use, there are people everywhere in the circuit

The intelligent system of unmanned equipment can fully support command and control, combat operations, combat support and other aspects, so that the combat system capabilities can be rapidly improved. However, if we look deeply into the entire unmanned system operation process, it completes the “man-unmanned platform-man” loop, and achieves the combat purpose through the complementary advantages of man and machine. Any advanced unmanned equipment requires combatants to plan tasks in advance, and operators to monitor and control online to ensure that its technical characteristics are brought into play. In other words, the beginning of the loop comes from human program design and thinking introduction. The task process requires human decision-making, control, monitoring and intervention. The completion of the task requires people to evaluate the applicability and combat effectiveness of unmanned equipment and constantly adapt to new combat needs. Therefore, people are still the dominant players in the entire combat use process. If the effectiveness of unmanned equipment is to be maximized, it is necessary to implement systematic professional training for the pioneers of manned/unmanned integrated operation-people. For new combat force talents, especially unmanned combat personnel, we should set up professional training institutions, integrate teaching resources, improve supporting teaching equipment, increase artificial intelligence courses, and improve talent retention mechanisms in accordance with the concept of diversified channels, integrated design, multi-functionality, and hierarchical training. At the same time, we will draw on advanced training concepts and methods from foreign militaries, and comprehensively use simulation, computer networks, virtual reality and other technologies to carry out practical military training to cultivate compound unmanned combat talents with solid theoretical foundation, high equipment technology level, and excellent practical operation skills.

From the perspective of innovation in tactics, capability improvement depends on people.

The development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, unmanned and anti-unmanned systems, and hypersonic weapons has led to new characteristics of modern warfare, such as great depth, long distance, and non-contact. Unmanned, invisible, and silent warfare have begun to emerge, and the future combat concepts and combat styles will undergo profound changes. The maturity of unmanned equipment has accelerated the development of new combat concepts such as wide-area distributed combat, cross-domain collaborative combat, and unmanned cluster combat into actual combat. The advantage of unmanned equipment is that there is no one on the front-end platform, but the limitation is that there is no one, and it is impossible to independently design and summarize new combat concepts and tactics. In fact, it is all done by people to study the essence and laws of a certain type of combat problem, extract common characteristics and abstractly summarize them, and then guide the solution of such combat problems. Specifically, the new combat concept is based on the research and judgment of combat conditions such as historical, current and future technological development, threat judgment, geopolitical situation, combat opponents, battlefield environment, etc., and all of these are the condensation and crystallization of human wisdom. Therefore, in the face of the complex and changeable future battlefield environment, in order to make unmanned equipment play the best combat effectiveness, it is inseparable from the innovation of combat concepts and tactics. Based on changes in the battlefield environment and targeting different combat styles, we should conduct forward-looking designs on force deployment, timing of use, methods of action, and support methods, scientifically predict the development trend of unmanned combat, promote the mutual development of equipment technology and changes in combat methods, and explore and form a combat capability construction path that is mutually verified, closed-feedback, and rollingly developed through “conceptual design-combat experiment-equipment research and development.”

From the perspective of technological development, unmanned technology is controlled by humans.

At present, people generally believe that unmanned and intelligent applications can be competent for various tasks as long as the technology is mature, but in fact, the operating rules of computers are still limited to the von Neumann serial computing architecture, and there has not yet been a revolutionary product combining biotechnology and artificial intelligence. For example, “AlphaGo” with deep learning capabilities can quickly generate astronomical numbers of various response plans in the game with human Go masters, and is almost invincible, but its intelligent foundation is Go with relatively simple rules; the US Department of Defense’s ground-based simulated air combat project, the air combat intelligent agent it developed defeated human ace pilots in human-machine confrontation, but it can only be achieved in the simple battlefield environment of the simulator. It can be seen that the current development of the intelligent field is to be able to perform tasks purposefully in terms of selection and decision-making, while war is a dynamic game process. The intelligent solutions used by unmanned equipment are only in the background assumption situation, and the “water has no constant shape” war mode requires soldiers to respond more flexibly. Therefore, we must attach great importance to the decisive role of people in scientific and technological progress, scientifically grasp the development trend of informationized and intelligentized warfare, clarify the ideas of technological development, and actively explore and form an unmanned equipment technology research and development system and development path suitable for the characteristics of the military in accordance with the methods and steps of overall demonstration, key research, pilot verification and promotion and application.

From the perspective of war law, war is dominated by people.

With the continuous updating and iteration of unmanned equipment technology, unmanned combat has become more and more intelligent, which has led to the relative blurring of the boundaries between peacetime and wartime, front and rear, soldiers and civilians. In the Libyan conflict, drones relied on algorithms to select targets, automatically tracked and attacked armed personnel without the control of operators. It can be predicted that if unmanned equipment develops to a certain extent in autonomous calculation, autonomous decision-making, and autonomous action, and completely autonomously selects, identifies, and attacks targets, and humans do not restrain it, it will have a profound impact on morality, law, and war ethics. In fact, there are “reasons”, “laws”, and “people” behind unmanned combat. No matter what stage unmanned combat develops to, it still belongs to the category of war and is still subject to the rules of war. Whether it is international law or humanitarian law, the focus has always been on human issues, such as restrictions on combat methods and means, treatment of prisoners of war, protection of civilians, etc. All principles, rules and systems are based on the perspective of people and are solved through people. Therefore, in order to avoid humanitarian and war ethics issues caused by unmanned combat, from a technical perspective, humans need to supervise and manage the operation of unmanned systems, guide arbitration, and handle emergencies, grant them limited “right to fire”, reserve “start-stop” intervention interfaces, and be able to take over unmanned systems at any time; from a legal perspective, establish war rules between humans and weapons, enhance humans’ ability to apply the rules of war, and always play a leading role in war.

(Author’s unit: Naval Research Institute)(Editors: Dai Xiaoling, Wan Peng)

現代國語：

目前，無人裝備在軍事領域的廣泛運用正在加速戰爭形態向智慧化演進，無人作戰也發展成為智慧戰爭的重要作戰方式。但應該清醒地看到，無人作戰從技術發展到作戰應用，都離不開人的作用，人仍然是無人作戰全鏈條的「總開關」。因此，無人作戰本質上還是有人作戰，無人作戰中更要注重有人作戰的建設。

從作戰設計的角度來看，任務任務是由任務任務者指派的。

裝備是戰爭的物質基礎，但人是戰爭的發動者和控制者。任何裝備在戰爭中的作用都是由各級指揮官和戰士賦予的。從作戰設計的整體角度來看，戰爭涉及政治、經濟、外交、文化等多個領域，以及戰略、戰役、戰術等多個層面。贏得戰爭需要先進裝備和技術的支撐，更需要對戰局的全方位掌控。無人裝備具有持久續航、行動隱密、機動性強、成本低等特點，以及適應極端環境、使用彈性等優勢，適合承擔持續性、高風險任務。但在遇到極其複雜的作戰環境、極其激烈的對抗、戰機快速變化等需要即時綜合權衡和決策的情況下，無人系統仍然需要以人為主導，實施複雜的指揮控制，控制無人設備。指定的作戰任務。因此，無人裝備雖然成為現代戰爭的發展趨勢，但它對人的依賴和服從不會改變。要準確掌握無人裝備優缺點，加大無人指揮控制理論、無人作戰知識體係等方面的研究，形成豐富完整的作戰理論體系，帶動無人裝備發展，促進無人裝備發展。作戰系統，在有限的作戰場景中發揮更大的作用，從而起到良好的作戰能力「倍增器」作用。

從裝備研發的角度來看，無人系統是由人設計的。

人類是無人設備的設計者，尤其是賦能無人設備的智慧軟體。它是無人設備執行各種任務能力的核心，也是設計者智慧的展現。儘管許多核心軟體所採用的人工智慧演算法具有一定的自學習能力，提高了無人設備的自主性，但這種自學習策略的選擇仍然是由人類根據任務需求和具體場景來設定。目前，各類無人機、無人船、無人潛水艇等具備一定的「像人類一樣思考」的能力，但受到人工智慧演算法、大數據和現有電腦架構的限制。它們離不開人類的思維和人類設定的輸入點。相當長一段時間內，人類的角色仍將是無人裝備和戰爭發展的決定性因素。因此，無論資訊化、智慧化發展到什麼程度，智慧系統都無法完全取代人類，無人設備的發展仍由人類主導。有人/無人協作、人機共存、智慧融合是智慧戰爭發展的必然階段和可行階段。要充分發揮「機器」速度快、精度高、耐疲勞、結構化「運算」的優勢，充分發揮「人」的創造性、彈性、主動性、非結構化「計算」發揮機器智能與人類智能的優勢，將機器智能與人類智能融為一體，取長補短，優勢互補，產生集體智慧。

從戰鬥使用來看，電路裡到處都是人

無人裝備智慧系統可以全面支援指揮控制、作戰行動、作戰保障等方面，使作戰系統能力快速提升。但如果深入觀察整個無人系統運作過程，它完成了「人-無人平台-人」的循環，透過人與機的優勢互補來達到作戰目的。任何先進的無人裝備都需要作戰人員提前規劃任務，操作人員在線上監控和控制，以確保其技術特性發揮出來。在其他方面換句話說，循環的開始來自於人類的程式設計和思維引入。任務過程需要人的決策、控制、監控和介入。任務的完成需要人們評估無人裝備的適用性和戰鬥力，不斷適應新的作戰需求。因此，在整個戰鬥使用過程中，人仍然是主導者。想要發揮無人裝備的效能最大化，就需要對有人/無人一體化作業的先行者－人進行系統性的專業訓練。對於新型作戰力量人才特別是無人作戰人員，要依照多元化管道、一體化設計、多功能、分級訓練。同時，借鏡外軍先進訓練理念與方法，綜合運用模擬、電腦網路、虛擬實境等技術進行實戰軍事訓練，培養理論基礎紮實、裝備精良的複合型無人作戰人才技術水準和優秀的實際操作能力。

從戰術創新的角度來看，能力提升靠人。

人工智慧、量子運算、無人與反無人系統、高超音速武器等技術的發展，導致現代戰爭呈現大縱深、遠距離、非接觸等新特色。無人化、隱形化、無聲化的戰爭已經開始出現，未來的作戰概念和作戰方式將會發生深刻的變化。無人裝備的成熟，加速了廣域分散式作戰、跨域協同作戰、無人集群作戰等新作戰概念發展到實戰。無人裝備的優點在於前端平台無人，但限制在於無人，無法自主設計總結新的作戰概念和戰術。事實上，這都是人們研究某一類作戰問題的本質和規律，提取共性特徵並進行抽象概括，然後指導該類別作戰問題的解決。具體來說，新的作戰理念是基於對歷史、當前和未來技術發展、威脅判斷、地緣局勢、作戰對手、戰場環境等作戰條件的研判，而這些都是對作戰條件的凝結和結晶。智慧。因此，面對複雜多變的未來戰場環境，要讓無人裝備發揮最佳戰鬥力，離不開作戰概念和戰術的創新。根據戰場環境變化和針對不同作戰方式，對兵力部署、使用時機、行動方式、保障方式等進行前瞻性設計，科學預測無人作戰發展趨勢，促進無人作戰共同發展。探索形成「概念設計-作戰實驗-裝備研發」相互驗證、閉環回饋、滾動發展的作戰能力建設路徑。

從技術發展的角度來看，無人技術是由人類控制的。

目前，人們普遍認為只要技術成熟，無人化、智慧化應用就可以勝任各種任務，但事實上，電腦的運作規則仍限於馮諾依曼串列運算架構，目前還沒有是生物技術和人工智慧結合的革命性產品。例如，具有深度學習能力的「AlphaGo」在與人類圍棋高手的對弈中可以快速產生天文數字的各種應對方案，幾乎所向披靡，但其智慧基礎卻是規則相對簡單的圍棋；美國國防部的地面模擬空戰項目，其研發的空戰智能體在人機對抗中擊敗了人類王牌飛行員，但這只能在模擬器的簡單戰場環境中實現。可見，當前智慧領域的發展是能夠在選擇和決策方面有目的地執行任務，而戰爭則是一個動態的博弈過程。無人裝備所採用的智慧解決方案只是在背景假設情況下，「水無常」的戰爭模式需要士兵做出反應礦石靈活。因此，必須高度重視人在科技進步中的決定性作用，科學掌握資訊化、智慧化戰爭發展趨勢，明確技術發展思路，積極探索形成無人裝備技術研發體係依照總體論證、重點研究、試點驗證、推廣應用的方法與步驟，探索適合軍隊特色的發展道路。

從戰爭法的角度來看，戰爭是由人主導的。

隨著無人裝備技術的不斷更新迭代，無人作戰越來越智能化，導致平時與戰時、前線與後方、士兵與平民的界線相對模糊。在利比亞衝突中，無人機依靠演算法選擇目標，自動追蹤並攻擊武裝人員，無需操作人員控制。可以預見，如果無人裝備在自主計算、自主決策、自主行動方面發展到一定程度，完全自主選擇、識別、攻擊目標，而人類不對其進行約束，將會產生深遠的影響。戰爭道德。事實上，無人作戰背後有「理」、「法」、「人」。無人作戰無論發展到什麼階段，仍屬於戰爭範疇，仍受到戰爭規則的約束。無論是國際法或人道法，關注的焦點始終是人的問題，例如對作戰方法和手段的限制、戰俘待遇、保護平民等。也是透過人來解決的。因此，為了避免無人作戰引發的人道主義和戰爭倫理問題，從技術角度來說，人類需要對無人系統的運作進行監督管理、指導仲裁、處理突發事件，賦予其有限的“開火權” ，保留「啟動/停止」幹預接口，可隨時接管無人系統；從法律角度，建立人與武器之間的戰爭規則，增強人類運用戰爭規則的能力，始終在戰爭中扮演主導角色。

（作者單位：海軍研究院）

（編按：戴曉玲、萬鵬）

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0329/c40531-32386526888.html

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Chinese Intelligent Warfare Cannot be Successful Without Human Element

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中國智慧戰爭離不開人的因素

2019年10月17日 17:00 來源：解放軍報 作者：徐莉

現代英語：

An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to accurately position humans in intelligent warfare.

　　No matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomously by machines. Humans must have a strong enough kite string and hold it tightly at all times.

　　”Synchronous development of man and machine” should be regarded as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should integrate both “things” and “people”.

　　At present, the research on intelligent warfare is in the ascendant. Some people believe that intelligent warfare will be unmanned as the core form of expression, and unmanned equipment such as drones, unmanned submarines, and robot soldiers will become the protagonists of war. The form of war will also develop from the co-starring of “human-machine collaborative warfare” to the one-man show of “machine vs. machine war”. People seem to have become bystanders in intelligent warfare, with the meaning and trend of “intelligent warfare makes people go away”. What is the status and role of people, who have always been the main body of war, in intelligent warfare? This is the first problem that should be solved in the study of intelligent warfare.

　　The Marxist view of war holds that weapons are an important factor in war, but not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not weapons. Although people no longer directly control weapons in advanced intelligent warfare, the following factors still determine that people are the main body of war and the key to winning.

　　First, war is the continuation of politics. The launching of war and the control of the war process must be decided by people according to political needs. The game outside the battlefield has a decisive influence on the progress of the war. For example, the results of diplomatic negotiations, the focus of international public opinion, and the support of the domestic people all depend on the decisions of politicians and military strategists, which cannot be replaced by any intelligent machines.

　　Secondly, war planning and command can only be implemented by commanders at all levels. Military command is both a science and an art, but it is more of an art. Any successful battle or campaign in the world is the result of commanders breaking routines and stereotypes and using troops creatively. The history of our army’s growth and development has repeatedly proved that correct military strategic guidance and flexible strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for our army to defeat the strong with the weak and defeat the many with the few, which enables our army to move from victory to victory. It is also something that intelligent machines cannot imitate or create. For example, in the battle, the comparative analysis of enemy and our combat forces, the real-time control of the combat situation, the real-time evaluation of the overall damage effect, the combat psychological analysis of enemy commanders, and the prediction of the next combat action, etc., intelligent machines can only provide auxiliary decision-making information and suggestions. Commanders at all levels must make decisions, make combat decisions, and issue combat orders.

　　Third, the level of intelligence of weapons and equipment ultimately depends on humans. Artificial intelligence originates from human intelligence. One of the major factors restricting the development of intelligence is that the scientific understanding of human intelligence is still superficial, and the understanding of the cognition, memory, thinking, decision-making and action mechanism of the human brain is still insufficient. The “Wuzhen Index: Global Artificial Intelligence Development Report 2016” pointed out that over the years, the proportion of biological research in the four sub-fields of artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, has been the lowest. Due to the lack of attention to the basic and decisive influence of brain science on artificial intelligence, the current artificial intelligence can only stay at the stage of superficial understanding and primary imitation of brain functions. Once there is a major breakthrough in the understanding of human intelligence, artificial intelligence will also be reborn and enter a leapfrog development stage.

　　Fourth, only humans can control intelligent weapons and equipment and combat platforms. Although the final intelligent weapons can be operated without human on-site control, when to put intelligent weapons and equipment into battle, when to change the direction of attack, how to control the rhythm of the war, when to withdraw from the battle, etc., can only be decided by humans in the end. This is the basic principle that must be grasped when designing intelligent weapons and equipment, that is, one of Asimov’s three laws of robotics: robots must obey human orders. Once intelligent weapons and equipment are out of human control, it will be a disaster for the entire human race, not just the enemy. This also determines that no matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomous control functions of machines. The autonomous function of machines can only be effective within the scope limited by humans. Humans must have a strong enough kite line and hold it tightly at all times.

　　Fifth, only humans can crack and control the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment. The development of military history has proved that any weapon and equipment has its “Achilles’ heel” and will eventually be defeated. There has never been and will never be perfect and impeccable weapons and equipment in history, and intelligent weapons and equipment are no exception. The magic weapon to defeat the enemy is humans with infinite wisdom. For example, drones seem advanced, but they can be interfered, trapped or controlled by radio waves of a specific frequency. The same is true for other intelligent weapons and equipment, and finding and studying methods, technologies, and equipment to crack, control, and destroy intelligent weapons and equipment is where human wisdom comes into play.

　　Therefore, “synchronous development of man and machine” should be taken as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should be applied to both “objects” and “people”. As soldiers in the era of intelligent warfare, they must master the working principles and weak links of intelligent weapons and equipment, be familiar with and master the “thinking mode” and “conventional actions” of intelligent weapons and equipment, as well as the abnormal “abnormal thinking” and abnormal “extraordinary actions” that may appear, and understand their technical and tactical indicators and performance. Especially in the stage of man-machine collaborative operations, soldiers are required not only to be able to coordinate actions with machines, but also to communicate with machines without obstacles in cognitive ability and intelligence. This not only relies on intelligent knowledge reserves, but also relies on the “brain reading” and “brain strengthening” of intelligent equipment. Scientific research shows that the normal human brain usage rate is only 3%-5%, which shows that there is still a huge room for improvement and release of human intelligence. When studying intelligent warfare, we should also study how to improve human intelligence.

　　In the face of intelligent warfare, we should prepare for the future, establish intelligent troops suitable for intelligent warfare as soon as possible, study the way to defeat the enemy in intelligent warfare, and establish and improve the theory of intelligent warfare; repair, maintain and improve intelligent weapons and equipment; study the methods, techniques and equipment to decipher the control keys of enemy weapons and equipment; study effective means to attack the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment, rewrite their combat rules and targets, and make them turn against us in the face of battle, or use high-energy lasers and high-power microwaves to directly destroy the enemy’s communication networks and weapons and equipment, demonstrating the way to win in intelligent warfare.

　　In short, in intelligent warfare, people are still the main body of war and the decisive factor in the outcome of war. An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to find the correct position of people in intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is easy to fall into the idealistic quagmire of “seeing things but not people”, “only weapons” and “only technology”.

現代國語：

研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務，就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。

不論智慧化武器裝備這個「風箏」飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，人類必須擁有足夠結實的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

應把「人機同步發展」當作軍事智慧化發展的一個基本原則，智慧化既要化「物」也要化「人」。

當前，對智慧化戰爭的研究方興未艾。一些觀點認為，智慧化戰爭將以無人化為核心表現形式，無人機、無人潛航器、機器人士兵等無人裝備將成為戰爭主角，戰爭形態也將從「人機協同作戰」的聯袂主演，最後發展到「機器對機器大戰」的獨角戲。人似乎成了智慧化戰爭的旁觀者，大有「智慧化戰爭讓人走開」的意味和態勢。曾經一直是戰爭主體的人，在智能化戰爭中的地位和角色究竟是什麼，這是研究智能化戰爭應當首先解決的問題。

馬克思主義戰爭觀認為，武器是戰爭的重要因素，但不是決定的因素，決定的因素是人而不是武器。雖然在高階階段的智慧化戰爭中，人不再直接操控武器，但以下因素仍決定了人是戰爭的主體和關鍵的致勝力量。

首先，戰爭是政治的延續，戰爭的發動、戰爭進程的掌控，必須由人視政治需求作出決定。戰場以外的博弈對戰爭進程有著決定性的影響，如外交談判的結果、國際輿論的焦點、國內民眾支持度等，均取決於政治家、軍事家的決策，是任何智能化的機器都無法替代的。

其次，戰爭規劃和指揮只能由各級指揮官來實施。軍事指揮既是科學，也是藝術，但更體現為藝術。世界上任何一場取得勝利的戰鬥、戰役，都是指揮者打破常規和定式，創造性用兵的結果。我軍成長壯大的歷史也一再證明，正確的軍事戰略指導、機動靈活的戰略戰術，是以弱克強、以少勝多，使我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的製勝法寶，也是智能化機器所無法模仿和創造的。例如，戰中對敵我作戰力量的比較分析、作戰態勢的即時掌控、整體毀傷效果的即時評估、敵軍指揮作戰心理分析，以及對下一步作戰行動的預判等等，智慧化機器只能提供輔助決策資訊和建議案，必須由各級指揮官親自決策、下定作戰決心，並下達作戰命令。

第三，武器裝備智慧化程度高低最終取決於人類。人工智慧源自人類智能，目前製約智能化發展的一大因素，就是對人類智能的科學認識尚膚淺，對人類大腦的認知、記憶、思維、決策和行動機理等的認識還很不夠。 《烏鎮指數：全球人工智慧發展報告2016》指出，歷年來人工智慧的機器學習、自然語言處理、電腦視覺、機器人四類細分領域涉及生物學研究的比例均最低。由於不重視腦科學對人工智慧基礎和決定性的影響，直接導致當前人工智慧只能停留在對大腦功能膚淺認識和初級模仿階段，一旦對人類智慧的認識有了重大突破，人工智慧也必將脫胎換骨，進入跨越式發展階段。

第四，控制智慧化武器裝備和作戰平台的只能是人。雖然最終的智慧化武器可以沒有人類現場操控，但智慧化武器裝備何時投入戰鬥、何時轉換進攻方向、如何把控戰爭節奏、何時撤出戰鬥等等，最終只能由人來決定，這是智慧化武器裝備設計時必須掌握的基本原則，即阿西莫夫機器人三定律之一：機器人必須服從人類的命令。一旦智能化的武器裝備脫離了人的控制，那將是整個人類而不僅僅是敵人的災難，這也決定了不論智能化武器裝備這個“風箏”飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，機器自主功能只能在人類限定的範圍內有效，人類必須擁有足夠堅固的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

第五，破解、控制敵人智慧化武器裝備的只能是人。軍事歷史發展證明，任何武器裝備都有其“阿喀琉斯之踵”，最終都會被擊敗。歷史上從來沒有、未來也不會出現完美無缺、無懈可擊的武器裝備，智慧化武器裝備也不例外，而克敵制勝的法寶就是擁有無窮智慧的人類。例如，無人機看似先進，但完全可以被特定頻率的電波幹擾、誘捕或控制。其他智慧化武器裝備也是如此，而尋找並研究破解、控制、擊毀智慧化武器裝備的方法、技術、裝備，則是人類聰明才智的用武之地。

因此，應把「人機同步發展」作為軍事智能化發展的一個基本原則，智能化既要化「物」也要化「人」。作為智能化戰爭時代的軍人，必須掌握智能化武器裝備的工作原理和薄弱環節，熟悉並掌握智能化武器裝備的“思維方式”和“常規動作”，以及可能出現的非常態的“異常思維”和變態的“超常動作”，了解其技戰術指標及性能，特別是人機協同作戰階段，不僅要求軍人能夠與機器協調行動，而且在認知能力和智力上能夠和機器無障礙交流，這不僅要依靠智能化的知識儲備，也要依賴智慧化裝備的「讀腦」「強腦術」。科學研究表明，正常人大腦使用率只有3%——5%，這說明，人類智慧仍有巨大的提升和釋放空間。研究智能化戰爭，也應同步研究如何提升人類智慧。

面對智慧化戰爭，我們應當未雨綢繆，儘早建立與智能化戰爭相適應的智能化部隊，研究智能化戰爭的克敵制勝之道，建立完善智能化戰爭理論；維修、保養、改進智能化武器裝備；研究破解敵方武器裝備操控密鑰的方法、技術、裝備；研究攻擊敵軍智能化武器裝備的有效手段，改寫其作戰規則和作戰對象，使其臨陣倒戈，或是利用高能量激光、高功率微波直接擊毀敵通信網絡和武器裝備，彰顯智慧化戰爭的致勝之道。

總之，智慧化戰爭中人仍是戰爭的主體，是戰爭勝負的決定性因素。研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。否則，就容易陷入「見物不見人」「唯武器論」「唯技術論」的唯心主義泥沼。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.qstheory.cn/defense/2019-10/17/c_112511776588.htm

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Chinese Military Experts: Seize the Brainpower of Future Wars to Safeguard National Cognitive Space Security

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中國軍事專家：抓住未來戰爭智囊，維護國家認知空間安全

現代英語：

With the rise of the global Internet and the development of emerging media, the world’s major military powers are now paying great attention to the strategic issue of cognitive space security. The recently published monograph “Brain Control: The Laws of War and National Security Strategy in the Global Media Age” focuses on the future development trend of war and the issue of national cognitive space security in the global media era. It puts forward the concept of “brain control” in cognitive space, which has attracted the attention of the military academic community. On this topic, the reporter interviewed the main author of the book, Professor Zeng Huafeng, Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of the National University of Defense Technology.

　　“Subjugating the enemy without fighting” is the highest realm of information warfare

　　Reporter: The concept of brain control is inseparable from the understanding of cognitive space. What is cognitive space and what is brain control?

　　Zeng Huafeng: Information warfare is the unity of material and spirit, concept and reality. It is not only the manifestation of the development of material form, but also the inevitable result of the action of spiritual factors. Information warfare has enabled human warfare to truly have three combat spaces for the first time: one is the natural space composed of land, sea, air, and space; the second is the network electromagnetic space based on physical principles, which is essentially a technical space; the third is the cognitive space composed of human spiritual and psychological activities. To win the future information warfare, we must grasp the initiative of the war, obtain the control of the war domain, and dominate the discourse of the war. Seizing the control of the brain in the cognitive space and “defeating the enemy without fighting” is the highest realm of information warfare.

　　Cognitive space refers to the scope and field of human cognitive activities. It is an invisible space that reflects people’s emotions, will, beliefs and values, and exists in the minds of participants in the struggle. The national cognitive space exists in the subjective world of each individual, and is composed of the superposition of the cognitive spaces of countless individuals in the whole society. National interests exist not only in physical form in natural space and technological space, but also invisibly in cognitive space. “Brain control” is to use the spiritual information carried by propaganda media, national languages, cultural products, etc. as weapons, to infiltrate, influence and even dominate the cognition, emotions and consciousness of the general public and national elites, and ultimately manipulate a country’s values, national spirit, ideology, cultural traditions, historical beliefs, etc., to prompt it to abandon its own theoretical understanding, social system and development path, and achieve the strategic goal of winning without fighting.

　　Reporter: At present, with the advent of the global media age, especially the development of emerging social media, the political game between major powers continues to intensify, and “cognitive domain symptoms” such as human psychological confusion, moral crisis, and loss of faith continue to emerge. What do you think are the characteristics of cognitive space confrontation?

　　Zeng Huafeng: I think there are three main characteristics: First, the security boundary of the national cognitive space is ambiguous. The national cognitive space is a boundless, invisible, shadowless, but not negligible space of interests and confrontation. Social public opinion and ideology are the main areas of competition in the cognitive space, and spiritual information is the main weapon. Wherever spiritual information can be spread, it can become a battlefield for cognitive space competition. Second, the information attack and defense of the national cognitive space is manipulable. The reception, processing and feedback of spiritual information are not only closely related to the function of the human brain, but also have distinct national and ethnic characteristics. At the same time, spiritual information is prone to distortion in the process of dissemination and diffusion. In the era of global media, individuals are both recipients and publishers of information. Theoretically, any individual or group can instantly spread the specific information they process and produce in the world and have an impact on specific target objects. Third, the strategic confrontation in the national cognitive space is persistent. The role of spiritual information needs to be carried out step by step, and we cannot expect to produce immediate results. For example, during the Cold War, Western countries led by the United States gradually infiltrated Western values ​​into socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe through cultural exchanges and other activities, achieving the goal of peaceful evolution. Today, Western hostile forces seek to instill and infiltrate Western “democratic” and “free” ideas and values ​​through various academic exchanges in politics, economy, science, culture, etc., in normal information interaction activities.

　　The main way the West seizes national cognitive space and competes for “brain control”

　　Reporter: What are the main ways the West seizes national cognitive space and competes for “brain control”?

　　Zeng Huafeng: I think there are four main ways. The first is perception manipulation. Perception manipulation is also called consciousness manipulation. It aims to manipulate the behavior of others by influencing their psychology and spirit. It can be directed at individuals, groups, a country, or even the whole world. In his book “War and Anti-War”, Toffler summarized the tools of perception manipulation into six aspects: one is “accusation of atrocities”, including condemnation of real and false atrocities; the second is “exaggerating the interests of a battle or a war”; the third is “demonizing or dehumanizing the enemy”; the fourth is “polarization”, that is, if you don’t support us, you are against us; the fifth is “claiming to obey God’s will”, which has a strong religious color; the sixth is “super propaganda-propaganda that is enough to discredit the propaganda of the other party.”

　　The second is to cut off historical memory. Human thought and social ideology are always closely linked to historical memory. Whether it is the spiritual world of an individual or the cultural traditions of a country or nation, figuratively speaking, they are all concentrated pasts and treasures worth cherishing. Once the historical memory of an individual or group is cleverly cut off through some means, making them lose their spiritual home, the obstacles to the infiltration of their values ​​and ideologies are removed, opening the door for the invasion of various erroneous and chaotic ideas.

　　The third is to change the thinking paradigm. A country and a nation have their own specific thinking paradigm, which is the premise for people to understand the world. Especially for the social elite, their thinking paradigm and ideological cognition play a leading role in the thoughts, values ​​and ideological identity of the whole society. However, people’s rational thinking has weaknesses. Through manipulation, “virus programs” can be instilled into it, prompting people to deviate from obvious facts and accept fallacies and sometimes even absurd conclusions. Once this set of practices seizes the social elite group, most people will lose their ability to resist manipulation. At the end of the Cold War, the Western ideological attack on the Soviet Union was to influence the rational thinking of some Soviet economists, let them make a series of public speeches in the Soviet Union that catered to Western intentions, and covertly “persuaded” the Soviet people to abandon their own country’s social system and national culture, and to welcome the so-called “new era” of Western civilization with a “thorough”, “unconditional” and “bold” attitude.

　　Fourth, deconstruct symbols. Symbols are born in the historical evolution of national culture. Different nations have formed their own specific symbols in the course of their respective cultural development, such as clothing, anniversaries, monuments, rituals, and characters. With the help of empathy, a nation has some great symbols, which gives it an emotional bond that unites the society. It can arouse people’s sense of belonging, so that people can unite for a common dream and create and continue a new civilization. If someone deliberately repaints and attacks the symbols in the history of a country and nation, by reversing right and wrong, publicly mocking and making fun of the glorious achievements, great figures and noble culture in history, the consequences will be very serious, and it will lead to people gradually losing their sense of identity with the country, nation and self.

　　Providing strong support for maintaining national cognitive space security

　　Reporter: Faced with fierce competition in the field of national cognitive space security, how should we maintain national cognitive space security?

　　Zeng Huafeng: We must fully understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of national cognitive space security, firmly occupy the ideological position, and take the initiative in the field of public opinion and ideology.

　　First, we must strengthen our ideals and beliefs and build a strong spiritual pillar. History and reality have repeatedly proved that the collapse of a regime often begins in the ideological field. Once the ideological defense line is breached, it will be difficult to defend other defense lines. Whether we can hold on to the ideological position and do a good job in ideological work is related to national cohesion and centripetal force. In this regard, we must always hold high the banner of ideals and beliefs and unswervingly adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　Second, we must be vigilant against the emergence of historical nihilism. Historical nihilism originated with the denial of the “Cultural Revolution” and reform and opening up, and then gradually moved towards the denial of the historical view of historical materialism and the denial of the cultural traditions of the Chinese nation. We must be highly vigilant against its harm, and clearly oppose historical nihilism, oppose all pseudo-historical narratives that glorify aggression and oppression and vilify revolution and resistance, face history sincerely, cherish the subjectivity established by the Chinese nation in the long course of the Chinese revolution, and enhance the self-esteem and self-confidence of the Chinese nation, so as to lay a solid cultural foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Third, we should seek national cultural identity in the collision between Chinese and Western cultures. While promoting military and economic hegemony, the United States actively promotes cultural hegemony. Under the banner of “economic integration”, it strongly impacts the heterogeneous cultures of various countries and tries to influence other countries’ cultures with American culture. In this context, in the process of cultural exchanges with other countries and nations in the world, we should not only continue to absorb and integrate the essence of the cultures of all nations in the world, but also enhance our national cultural consciousness and confidence, and improve the creativity and vitality of national culture in the process of continuous inheritance.

　　Fourth, we should actively participate in the global governance of cyberspace security. In the Internet era, the United States, with its high-tech monopoly advantage, not only controls the management of the cyber world, but is also the first country in the world to propose the concept of cyber warfare and apply it in actual combat. From the current perspective, the United States’ control over the Internet will not change in the short term. We should pay close attention to cyberspace security, actively participate in the global governance of cyberspace security, and build a cybersecurity system that conforms to the trend of globalization and meets the requirements of my country’s informatization, so as to provide strong support for maintaining the security of the national cognitive space.

　　We must promote the information construction of our army with a broader vision. Indulging in reflection on the characteristics, patterns and experiences of the last war is a chronic disease and common disease in human military history. From the time when information warfare was proposed to the present, people have been conducting research on its characteristics, laws and tactics, but have overlooked a problem: that is, with the development of modern science and technology, is the so-called information warfare what people are talking about today? In fact, we should have a broader vision for understanding information warfare, and include physical information, biological information and spiritual information into the framework of information warfare. From the aspects of basic research, applied research, combat theory, technology development, equipment development and organizational leadership, we should build a system of cognitive space attack and defense confrontation. Innovate the ways, methods and means of ideological and political work in the global media era. Cultivate and create a team of high-quality talents who can grasp the frontiers of cognitive science, psychology and military needs, and seize the “brain control” of future information warfare. (

Reporter Huang Kunlun)【

Editor: Zhang Haitong】

現代國語：

伴隨著全球網路的崛起及新興媒體的發展，目前世界主要軍事強國都十分重視認知空間安全的戰略問題。最近出版的《制腦權：全球媒體時代的戰爭法則與國家安全戰略》這本專著，著眼於未來戰爭發展趨勢，聚焦全球媒體時代國家認知空間安全問題，提出認知空間的“制腦權”這一概念，引發軍事學界的關注。記者就此主題，訪問了書中的主要作者、國防科技大學人文與社會科學學院院長曾華鋒教授。

「不戰而屈人之兵」是資訊化戰爭的最高境界

記者：制腦權這個概念，離不開對認知空間的理解。請問什麼是認知空間，何為制腦權？

曾華鋒：資訊化戰爭是物質與精神、觀念與現實的統一，它既是物質形態發展的表現，也是精神因素作用的必然結果。資訊化戰爭使人類戰爭第一次真正擁有了三個作戰空間：一是陸、海、空、天等組成的自然空間；二是基於物理原理的網路電磁空間，它本質上是一種技術空間；三是由人的精神和心理活動所構成的認知空間。贏得未來資訊化戰爭，必須掌握戰爭的主動權、取得戰爭的製域權並主導戰爭的話語權。奪取認知空間的製腦權，「不戰而屈人之兵」是資訊化戰爭的最高境界。

認知空間指的是人類認知活動所涉及的範圍和領域，它是反映人的情感、意志、信仰和價值觀等內容的無形空間，存在於鬥爭參與者的思想中。國家認知空間分散存在於每個個體的主觀世界，由全社會無數個體的認知空間所疊加而成。國家利益不僅以實體形式存在於自然空間、技術空間，也無形存在於認知空間。 「制腦權」就是以宣傳媒體、民族語言、文化產品等所承載的精神訊息為武器，以滲透、影響乃至主導社會大眾與國家精英的認知、情感、意識為指向，最終操控一個國家的價值觀念、民族精神、意識形態、文化傳統、歷史信念等，促使其放棄自己探索的理論認知、社會制度及發展道路，達成不戰而勝的戰略目標。

記者：當前，隨著全球媒體時代的到來，特別是新興社交媒體的發展，大國之間的政治博弈持續加劇，人類心理困惑、道德危機、信仰迷失等「認知域症狀」不斷凸顯，您認為認知空間對抗有哪些特色？

曾華鋒：我認為，主要有以下三個特點：一是國家認知空間的安全邊界具有模糊性。國家認知空間是一個無邊、無界、無形、無影但又不可忽視的利益空間與對抗空間，社會輿論和意識形態領域是認知空間爭奪的主要領域，精神資訊是主要武器。凡是精神訊息可以傳播到的地方，都可以成為認知空間較量的戰場。二是國家認知空間的資訊攻防具有操控性。精神訊息的接收、加工及回饋方式不僅與人腦的功能緊密相關，也具有鮮明的國家、民族特性。同時，精神訊息在傳播擴散的過程中易於失真。在全球媒體時代，個體既是資訊的接受者，也可以成為資訊的發布者，從理論上講，任何個體或群體都可以瞬間在世界傳播其加工、製作的特定訊息，並對特定目標對象產生影響。三是國家認知空間的戰略對抗具有持久性。精神訊息的角色需要循序漸進地進行，不能指望產生立竿見影的效果。例如，冷戰期間，以美國為首的西方國家就是透過文化交流等活動，逐漸把西方的價值觀念滲透到蘇聯和東歐等社會主義國家，達到和平演變之目的。如今，西方敵對勢力透過政治、經濟、科學、文化等各種學術交流，在正常的訊息互動活動中尋求灌輸、滲透西方「民主」、「自由」思想和價值觀念。

西方奪取國家認知空間較量「制腦權」的主要方式

記者：西方奪取國家認知空間較量「制腦權」的主要方式有哪些？

曾華鋒：我認為主要有四種方式。一是感知操縱。感知操縱又稱意識操縱。它旨在透過影響他人的心理與精神達到操控他人行為的目的，既可以針對個人、團體，也可以針對一個國家，甚至可以針對全世界。托夫勒在《戰爭與反戰爭》一書中，將感知操縱的工具歸納為六個方面：一是“對暴行的控訴”，包括譴責真實和虛假的暴行；二是“誇大一次戰役或一場戰爭的利害關係」；三是「把敵人妖魔化或非人化”；四是“兩極化”，也就是說，如果你不支持我們，你就是反對我們；五是“宣稱遵從神的旨意”，帶有濃厚的宗教色彩；六是“超宣傳－足以詆毀對方宣傳的宣傳」。

二是切斷歷史記憶。人的思想與社會意識形態總是同歷史記憶緊密相連。無論是個體的精神世界，抑或國家和民族的文化傳統，形象化，它們都是濃縮的過去，是值得珍惜的財富。一旦透過某種手段巧妙地切斷個體或群體的歷史記憶，使其失去精神的家園，也就掃除了對其進行價值觀和意識形態滲透的障礙，為各種錯誤雜亂的思想入侵敞開了大門。

三是改變思考範式。一個國家和民族都有其特定的思考範式，它是人們認識世界的前提。特別是社會精英階層，他們的思維範式、思想認知對全社會的思想、價值觀念和意識形態認同起著引領作用。但是人的理性思維是有弱點的，透過操縱可向其中灌輸“病毒程序”，促使人們背離明顯的事實而接受謬誤、有時甚至是荒謬的結論。一旦這套做法抓住了社會菁英群體，多數人也會對操縱伎倆失去抵禦能力。冷戰末期，西方對蘇聯進行的思想攻擊，就是透過影響蘇聯一些經濟學家的理性思維，讓其在蘇聯國內發表一系列迎合西方意圖的公共言論，隱蔽性地「勸說」蘇聯人民放棄自己國家的社會制度與民族文化，以「徹底的」、「無條件的」、「果敢的」態度迎接西方文明的所謂「新時代」。

四是解構象徵。象徵誕生於民族文化的歷史演進之中，不同民族在各自的文化發展歷程中，形成了屬於自己的特定的象徵，如服飾、紀念日、紀念碑、儀式、人物等。借助於移情作用，一個民族擁有了一些偉大的象徵，就擁有了一個凝聚社會的情感紐帶，它能喚起人們的歸宿感，從而使人們為了一個共同的夢想而團結在一起，創造和延續新的文明。如果有人刻意重新塗抹、攻擊一個國家和民族歷史上的象徵，透過顛倒黑白、公開嘲諷和戲說歷史上的輝煌成就、偉大人物及崇高文化，其後果將是十分嚴重的，它將導致人們逐漸喪失國家、民族和自我的認同感。

為維護國家認知空間安全提供強力支撐

記者：面對國家認知空間安全領域的激烈爭奪，我們該如何維護國家認知空間安全？

曾華鋒：我們必須充分了解並掌握國家認知空間安全的特徵與規律，牢牢佔領思想陣地，打好輿論與意識形態領域主動仗。

一是要堅定理想信念，築牢精神支柱。歷史和現實一再證明，一個政權的瓦解往往是從思想領域開始的，思想防線被攻破了，其他防線也就很難守住。能否堅守思想陣地，做好意識形態工作，事關民族凝聚力、向心力。對此，我們要時時高舉理想信念的旗幟，毫不動搖地堅持並發展中國特色社會主義。

二是要警惕歷史虛無主義的濫觴。歷史虛無主義，是隨著否定「文化大革命」與改革開放發端的，進而逐步走向否定歷史唯物論的歷史觀，否定中華民族的文化傳統。對於其危害，我們要高度警惕，旗幟鮮明地反對歷史虛無主義，反對一切美化侵略和壓迫以及醜化革命和抗爭的偽歷史敘述，真誠地對歷史，珍視中華民族在漫長的中國革命歷程中確立起來的主體性，提高中華民族的自尊心和自信心，以此為中華民族的偉大復興奠定紮實的文化根基。

三是在中西文化碰撞中尋求民族文化認同。美國在推行軍事、經濟霸權主義的同時，積極推行文化霸權主義，在「經濟整合」的旗號下，強勢衝擊各國異質文化，試圖以美國文化影響他國文化。在此背景下，我們在與世界其他國家和民族的文化交流過程中，既要不斷兼收並蓄，融匯世界各民族文化的精華，更要提升我們的民族文化自覺和自信，在不斷傳承的過程中提高民族文化的創造力和生命力。

四是積極參與網路空間安全的全球治理。在網路時代，美國憑藉其高技術壟斷優勢，不僅掌握著網路世界的管理權，也是世界上第一個提出網路戰概念並將其運用於實戰的國家。從目前來看，美國對網路的控制權短時間內不會改變，我們應高度關注網路空間安全，積極參與網路空間安全的全球治理，建構既順應全球化趨勢，又符合我國資訊化要求的網絡安全體系，為維護國家認知空間安全提供強力支撐。

我們要以更寬廣的視野推動我軍資訊化建設。沈湎於對上次戰爭的特徵、模式、經驗的反思，是人類軍事史上屢見不鮮的痼疾與通病。資訊戰從提出到現在，人們都在圍繞其特徵、規律、戰法展開研究，卻忽略了一個問題：那就是隨著現代科學技術的發展，所謂的資訊戰，是否就是今天人們所津津樂道的這般模樣？其實，對於資訊戰的理解，我們應該有更寬廣的視野，要將物理資訊、生物資訊及精神資訊都納入資訊戰的框架。從基礎研究、應用研究、作戰理論、技術開發、設備研發和組織領導等層面，建構認知空間攻防對抗的體系。創新全球媒體時代的思想政治工作途徑、方法與手段。培養並造就一支能掌握認知科學、心理學前線和軍事需求的高素質人才隊伍，奪取未來資訊化戰爭的「制腦權」。 (記者 黃崑崙)

【編輯:張海桐】

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.chinanews.com.cn/mil/2014/06-16/628358988.shtml