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Fully recognize the role of big data in China’s national defense and military modernization – He who has the data wins

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充分認識大數據在國防和軍事現代化建設中的作用——擁有數據誰就贏

現代英語：

●With the advent of the big data era, military data is becoming an important strategic resource. The mining and utilization of big data will be an important foundation for future intelligent warfare.

●The core of the military management revolution is efficiency, and the key to improving efficiency lies in leveraging the driving role of data.

● Scientific research informatization, with data co-construction, sharing and use as its core, is profoundly changing the demand generation, research model and working mechanism of scientific research, and has become an important force in promoting scientific and technological innovation.

The 19th CPC National Congress issued a mobilization order to comprehensively promote the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and put forward clear requirements to adapt to the development trend of the new military revolution in the world. The essential characteristics of this new military revolution are digitization, networking and intelligence. It can be seen that data is being fully integrated into the military field, becoming the driving force of military scientific research, the core element of construction management, and an important resource for winning wars.

Not long ago, President Xi Jinping stressed at the second collective study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee that we should assess the situation, plan carefully, make forward-looking arrangements, and strive to take the initiative to promote the implementation of the national big data strategy and accelerate the construction of a digital China. To conduct big data research, we should first grasp the requirements of the times and fully recognize the status and role of big data in the modernization of national defense and the military.

Military data is the “golden key” to open the door to future victory

The 19th CPC National Congress emphasized the need to “accelerate the development of intelligent military operations.” At present, the war situation is accelerating its transformation toward informatization and intelligence. The important foundation of intelligence is the mining and utilization of big data. Military data plays an irreplaceable and key role in winning future wars.

Data is the core of the transformation of combat styles. With the advent of the big data era, military data is becoming an important strategic resource. “Data warfare” is gradually emerging as a brand-new combat style. This will be a brand-new combat with data attack and protection as the basic means. The two enemies are engaged in a fierce competition on the “new data battlefield” around seizing “data control rights” and aiming at “data dividends”. By plundering, damaging and destroying the enemy’s data resources, they establish their own data advantages, quickly reach combat decisions and action advantages, and transform them into combat victories in a timely manner. “He who gets the data gets the world”, and in the future “he who makes good use of data wins the war” will become the basic law of winning on the battlefield. At present, countries around the world are taking strong measures to accelerate the construction, protection and use of military data. For example, the United States has included big data in its “Third Offset Strategy” and vigorously integrated its global data centers to support the transformation of combat patterns with data and to consolidate its global combat advantages. On April 26, 2017, the U.S. Department of Defense established the “Algorithmic Warfare Cross-Functional Group” and officially launched the concept research of “algorithmic warfare” to vigorously promote the application of big data-related technologies in future intelligent warfare. The U.S. think tank “New American Security Center” released a report in December 2017 stating that the U.S. Department of Defense placed algorithms on the same level of importance as weapons and ammunition, and used them as an important criterion for measuring the strength of the U.S. military.

Data is the lifeblood of joint combat command. The key to achieving joint combat lies in whether data can flow efficiently, be analyzed and integrated efficiently. Opening up the sharing channel of joint combat data, accelerating the joint command based on data flow, and promoting the interconnection, data sharing and comprehensive integration of different combat units and combat elements can effectively eliminate the cognitive limitations of commanders, make the battlefield clear and transparent, and make command precise and efficient. Only by operating in the data and winning on the data can we truly realize the intelligent, real-time and precise command decisions. At present, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States has listed “from data to decision” as its top priority development direction to cope with information data overload, improve the level of intelligent and automated data analysis, and significantly shorten the command decision cycle. For example, the “Insight” project it established quickly processes massive amounts of complex data from different sensors and integrates them into a battlefield situation map, helping commanders to efficiently analyze combat intelligence and target data, providing effective support for joint combat decision-making.

Data is the cornerstone of building an intelligent battlefield. The battlefield of the future will be highly intelligent, with weapons and equipment, support systems, battlefield communication and information systems, etc., and data is an important foundation for intelligence. Weapon platforms, firepower systems, information systems and even combat personnel are integrated through big data and machine learning technology to form a highly intelligent combat system. Based on big data technology, unmanned systems will become an important combat force in the future; autonomous perception, autonomous analysis, autonomous decision-making, and autonomous strikes based on data will replace energy mobility with information mobility and become the key factor for victory; through the mining and utilization of massive data, the efficiency and intelligence level of battlefield support will be greatly improved. The “Third Offset Strategy” currently being implemented by the U.S. military proposes to focus on the development of key technical fields such as machine learning, human-machine collaboration, human combat action assistance systems, and advanced manned/unmanned combat formations. All of these are centered on big data and artificial intelligence technologies and aim to enhance the intelligence level of weapons and equipment and information systems.

Military data is an important core to stimulate the revolution of military management

The report of the 19th CPC National Congress proposed to “advance the revolution in military management, improve and develop the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics.” With the continuous improvement of human social productivity and scientific and technological levels, the ideas, systems, mechanisms, methods and means of military management will inevitably change. Every epoch-making innovation in science and technology and production methods, and every profound change in military organization and military theory will give birth to and trigger a corresponding revolution in military management. In the information age, the core of the military management revolution is efficiency. The key to improving efficiency lies in giving play to the driving role of data and focusing on improving the professionalization, refinement and scientificization of military management.

Data drives the change of military management concepts. The military management revolution emphasized by President Xi Jinping is primarily about establishing modern management concepts. Both Deming, the master of quality management, and Drucker, the father of modern scientific management, have said: “You can’t manage without quantification.” Data is the foundation of modern management concepts and the foundation for achieving fine management. The use of data analysis can accurately identify military management problems and provide a basis for reforming the military management system and improving the effectiveness of military management. Decisions based on experience will be increasingly replaced by full-sample decisions based on big data. Only by firmly establishing the management concept of “speaking with data, making decisions with data, managing with data, and innovating with data” can we effectively promote the military management revolution with efficiency as the core.

Data drives the modernization of the military organization. The report of the 19th CPC National Congress proposed to “advance the modernization of the military organization in an all-round way”. In the era of big data, the military organization is gradually changing from a linear mode dominated by processes to a flat network mode centered on data, showing characteristics such as multi-subject coordination, multi-process penetration, and high-frequency information interaction. Using data flow to lead the integrated development of information flow and resource flow, and realizing the transformation of the military organization from a “tree-like” to a “network-like” form, can promote the optimization of the design of military organizations, the efficiency of command processes, and the scientific allocation of power and responsibility. For example, the information system developed by the United States in accordance with the unified requirements of the Department of Defense system structure framework collects and analyzes relevant data in real time, and optimizes management processes through relationships such as data and capabilities, thereby ensuring the orderly operation of the Department of Defense.

Data drives the transformation of military management methods. President Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed the need to improve the level of professional, refined, and scientific management of the military. Under the new military construction and management system, the CMC has established 15 departments, and the requirements for management decisions are getting higher and higher. There is an urgent need to integrate military data at all levels, both macro and micro, and to dynamically display the military management process, elements, and links in a panoramic manner. By analyzing the trends of data and information flows, continuously optimizing the management system and operating mechanism, and promoting the transformation of military management from an “art” based on experience to a “science” based on data, it will provide new ideas, methods, and paths for effectively handling complex and large-scale system problems in military management, and will greatly improve the effectiveness of military management.

Military data is a strong support for military scientific research and innovation

President Xi Jinping stressed the need to closely integrate military theory with military technology and innovate the military scientific research work model. At present, scientific research informatization with data co-construction, sharing and use as the core is profoundly changing the demand generation, research model and work mechanism of scientific research, and has become an important force in promoting scientific and technological innovation. In the military field, data research will also play an increasingly important role.

Leading the direction of military scientific research. At present, the pertinence and scientific nature of our military scientific research projects need to be improved. Using big data technology to integrate and mine various information data at home and abroad, inside and outside the military, can not only timely discover our shortcomings and weaknesses, but also comprehensively perceive and analyze the current status of military science and technology development in major countries, quickly capture research hotspots, predict development trends, identify potential disruptive technologies and fog traps, provide guidance for scientific project establishment, and promote major changes in the military scientific research demand generation model. For example, the “Technology Tracking and Horizon Scanning” project implemented by the Office of Technical Intelligence of the U.S. Department of Defense in 2011 uses big data technology to comprehensively perceive and deeply analyze global scientific and technological activities, analyze advantages and gaps, and thus guide future scientific research directions and priorities.

Transform the military research paradigm. In 2007, Jim Gray, winner of the Computer Turing Award, proposed that human scientific research activities have gone through the “experimental science paradigm” at the beginning of the development of science and technology, the “theoretical science paradigm” characterized by models and induction, and the “computational science paradigm” characterized by simulation, and are currently shifting to the “data science paradigm” characterized by big data analysis. Under this research paradigm, big data and artificial intelligence will be fully and deeply embedded in military scientific research. In the past, scientific conclusions that could only be obtained through experiments or simulations will be able to discover unknown laws, mine hidden information, and capture valuable knowledge through the analysis and mining of massive data in the future, thereby subverting the traditional military scientific research model and mechanism, forming a new military scientific research paradigm, and greatly improving research efficiency.

Promote the in-depth development of the integration of theory and technology. For a long time, how our military’s military theoretical research and military technical research can complement each other has always been a “difficult problem”. Theoretical research lacks the support of advanced technology, and technical research lacks the guidance of military theory. After the adjustment and reform, the barriers between military theoretical research and military technical research have been broken down from the institutional perspective. However, to truly achieve the deep integration of the two, it is necessary to open up the information data flow of the integration of theory and technology through the comprehensive sharing and efficient interaction of military data, build the underlying channel of the integration of theory and technology, effectively change the past binary separation situation, and make data sharing an important breakthrough for the integration of theory and technology in military scientific research. (Liu Linshan)

(Author’s unit: Military Science Information Research Center, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

要點提示

●隨著大數據時代的到來，軍事數據正成為舉足輕重的戰略資源，未來智慧化戰爭的重要基礎就是大數據的挖掘與利用。

●軍事管理革命的核心是效能，而提高效能的關鍵在於發揮數據的驅動作用。

●以數據共建、共享、共用為核心的科學研究資訊化，正在深刻改變科研的需求生成、研究模式與工作機制，成為推動科技創新的重要力量。

黨的十九大發出全面推進國防和軍隊現代化建設的動員令，提出適應世界新軍事革命發展趨勢的明確要求。正在進行的這場新軍事革命的本質特徵是數字化、網絡化和智能化。可以看到，數據正全面融入軍事領域，成為軍事科研的驅動力量、建設管理的核心要素、戰爭制勝的重要資源。

前不久，習主席在中共中央政治局第二次集體學習時強調，要審時度勢、精心謀劃、超前佈局、力爭主動，推動實施國家大數據戰略，加快建設數字中國。進行大數據研究，首先應掌握時代要求，充分認清大數據在國防和軍隊現代化建設中的地位作用。

軍事數據是開啟未來制勝之門的“金匙”

黨的十九大報告強調，「加速軍事智能化發展。」當前，戰爭形態正加速向資訊化、智慧化轉變。智慧化的重要基礎是大數據的挖掘利用，軍事數據在打贏未來戰爭中具有不可取代的關鍵作用。

數據是作戰樣式轉變的核心。隨著大數據時代的到來，軍事數據正成為舉足輕重的戰略資源，「數據戰」作為一種嶄新的作戰樣式逐步顯現，這將是一種以數據攻擊與防護為基本手段的全新作戰。敵對雙方圍繞奪取“制數據權”，瞄準“數據紅利”，在“數據新戰場”上展開激烈爭奪，通過掠奪、破壞和摧毀敵方數據資源，建立己方的數據優勢，快速達成作戰決策及行動優勢，並將其適時轉化成作戰勝勢。 “得數據者得天下”，未來“善用數據者贏得戰爭”將成為戰場制勝的基本規律。當前，世界各國正採取有力舉措，加速對軍事數據的建設、保護和使用。以美國為例，已將大數據列入其“第三次抵消戰略”，並大力整合其全球數據中心，以數據支撐作戰樣式轉變，極力鞏固其全球作戰優勢。 2017年4月26日，美國國防部成立“演算法戰跨職能小組”，正式啟動“演算法戰”概念研究，旨在大力推動大數據相關技術在未來智能化戰爭中的應用。美國智庫「新美國安全中心」2017年12月發布報告稱，美國防部將演算法擺在了與武器彈藥同等重要的地位，並將其作為衡量美軍力量的重要標準。

數據是聯合作戰指揮的血液。實現聯合作戰的關鍵在於數據能否高效流動、高效研判、高效融合。打通聯合作戰數據的共享通道，加速推進以數據流為紐帶的聯合指揮，促進不同作戰單元和作戰要素的互聯互通、數據共享和綜合集成，可有效消除指揮員的認知局限，使戰場變得清晰透明、指揮變得精準高效，只有運籌於數據之中、決勝於數據之上，才能真正實現指揮決策的智慧化、即時化、精準化。目前，美國國防高級研究計劃局已將「從數據到決策」列為其最優先發展方向，以應對資訊數據過載，提高數據分析智慧化、自動化水平，大幅縮短指揮決策週期。如其設立的「洞察」項目，透過快速處理來自不同傳感器的海量復雜數據，並整合到戰場態勢圖上，協助指揮員高效分析作戰情報、目標數據，為聯合作戰決策提供有效支撐。

數據是構建智慧化戰場的基石。未來戰場將是高度智慧化的，武器裝備、保障體系、戰場通訊資訊系統等都是智慧化的，而智慧化的重要基礎就是數據。武器平台、火力系統、資訊系統乃至作戰人員，透過大數據、機器學習技術融為一體，形成了高度智慧化的作戰體系。基於大數據技術，無人系統將成為未來的重要作戰力量；以數據為中樞的自主感知、自主分析、自主決策、自主打擊，將使資訊機動性取代能量機動性，成為製勝的關鍵要素；通過對海量資料的挖掘與利用，戰場保障的效率與智慧化程度將大幅提升。美軍正在實施的“第三次抵消戰略”，提出要重點發展機器學習、人機協作、人類作戰行動輔助系統、先進有人/無人作戰編隊等關鍵技術領域，無一不是以大數據和人工智能技術為核心，旨在提升武器裝備和資訊系統的智慧化程度。

軍事數據是激發軍事管理革命的重要內核

黨的十九大報告提出，「推進軍事管理革命，完善和發展中國特色社會主義軍事制度。」隨著人類社會生產力和科技水平的不斷提高，軍事管理的思想理念、體制機制、方法手段必然會發生變化。科學技術和生產方式的每一次劃時代創新，軍事組織和軍事理論的每一次深刻變革，都會催生和引發相應的軍事管理革命。資訊時代，軍事管理革命的核心是效能。提高效能的關鍵在於發揮數據的驅動作用，著力提升軍事管理的專業化、精進、科學化程度。

數據驅動軍事管理理念變革。習主席強調的軍事管理革命，首要的是樹立現代管理理念。品質管理大師戴明與現代科學管理之父德魯克都曾提出：「不會量化就無法管理」。數據是現代管理理念的基礎，也是實現精細管理的基礎。運用數據分析，可準確找出軍事管理問題，為改革軍事管理制度、提升軍事管理效能提供依據。基於經驗的決策，將越來越多地被基於大數據的全樣本決策所取代。只有穩固樹立「用數據說話、用數據決策、用數據管理、用數據創新」的管理理念，才能有效推進以效能為核心的軍事管理革命。

數據驅動軍隊組織形態現代化。黨的十九大報告提出，「全面推進軍隊組織形態現代化」。在大數據時代，軍隊組織形態正從以流程為主的線性方式逐漸向以數據為中心的扁平化網絡方式轉變，呈現出多主體協調、多流程滲透、資訊高頻互動等特徵。以數據流引領資訊流、資源流的整合發展，實現軍隊組織形態從「樹狀」轉變為「網狀」，能夠推動軍隊組織機構設計優化、指揮流程高效化、權責配置科學化。例如，美國按照國防部體系結構架構統一要求，開發的資訊系統即時採集和分析相關數據，並透過數據與能力等關聯關系，對管理流程進行優化，從而確保了國防部有序運作。

數據驅動軍事管理方式轉變。習主席多次強調，要提升軍隊專業化、精進、科學化管理水準。在新的軍隊建設管理體制下，軍委成立了15個部門，對管理決策的要求越來越高，迫切需要整合宏觀和微觀各個層次的軍事數據，全景式動態展示軍事管理流程、要素和環節。通過對數據流、資訊流的態勢研判，不斷優化管理體制和運行機制，推動軍事管理從依靠經驗的“藝術”轉變為依靠數據的“科學”，為有效處理軍事管理復雜巨系統問題提供新思路、新方法和新途徑，將大幅提升軍事管理效能。

軍事數據是軍事科學研究創新的強力支撐

習主席強調指出，要堅持軍事理論和軍事科技緊密結合，創新軍事研究工作模式。當前，以數據共建、共享、共用為核心的科學研究資訊化，正深刻改變科學研究的需求產生、研究模式和工作機制，成為推動科技創新的重要力量。在軍事領域，數據研究也將發揮越來越重要的作用。

引領軍事科學研究方向。目前，我軍科研立項的針對性和科學性還有待提高。採用大數據技術，對國內外、軍內外各類資訊數據進行綜合整合和挖掘分析，不僅可以及時發現我們的短板和弱項，還可以全面感知和分析主要國家軍事科技發展現狀，迅速捕捉研究熱點，預測發展趨勢，識別潛在的顛覆性技術和迷霧陷阱，為科學立項提供引領，推動軍事科學研究需求產生模式發生重大轉變。例如，美國防部技術情報辦公室從2011年開始實施的「技術追蹤與地平線掃描」項目，運用大數據技術對全球科學技術活動進行全面感知和深入研判，分析優勢差距，從而引領未來科研方向和重點。

轉變軍事科學研究範式。 2007年，計算機圖靈獎得主吉姆·格雷提出，人類科研活動歷經科學技術發展之初的“實驗科學範式”、以模型和歸納為特徵的“理論科學範式”、以模擬仿真為特徵的“計算科學範式”，目前正在轉向以大數據分析為特徵的“數據科學範式”。在這種研究範式下，大數據和人工智慧將全面深度嵌入軍事科研工作，以往通過實驗或模擬模擬等方式才能獲取的科學結論，未來透過分析挖掘海量數據就能夠發現未知規律、挖掘隱藏資訊、捕獲有價值知識，從而顛覆傳統的軍事研究模式和機制，形成新的軍事科學研究範式，研究效率也將大幅提升。

推動理技融合深度發展。長期以來，我軍軍事理論研究和軍事技術研究如何相互借力補台一直是“老大難”，理論研究缺乏先進技術支撐，技術研究缺乏軍事理論牽引。調整改革後，從體制上打破了軍事理論研究和軍事技術研究的壁壘，但要真正實現二者的深度融合，必須通過軍事數據的全面共享和高效交互，打通理技融合的信息數據流，構建理技融合的底層通道，有效改變過去二元分立的局面，使數據共享成為軍事科研理技融合「落一子而全盤活」的重要突破口。 （劉林山）

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍事科學資訊研究中心）

——充分認清大數據在國防和軍隊現代化建設中的作用
來源：解放軍報 作者：劉林山 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-02-01 09:11:27

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4803911 88.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio

Artificial Intelligence Will Profoundly Change the Face of Warfare for China

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人工智慧將深刻改變中國的戰爭面貌

現代英語：

Defeating dozens of top Go players in a man-machine battle, defeating a retired US Air Force pilot in a simulated air combat… In recent years, artificial intelligence has been like an omnipotent “magician”, creating endless miracles, shocking many people and constantly refreshing people’s imagination.

As a technical science dedicated to simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence, artificial intelligence has long surpassed scientists’ initial imagination and entered a “booming period” of rapid development. It is profoundly changing the way humans produce and live, and promoting the social form to accelerate from digitalization and networking to intelligence. At the same time, the widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the military field will fundamentally change the winning mechanism and combat methods of modern warfare, give birth to new combat means and combat ideas, and promote the war form to accelerate into the intelligent era.

In intelligent warfare, intelligent equipment, intelligent command, intelligent maintenance, and intelligent combat methods are all conceivable – “fake news” created by artificial intelligence is everywhere in the entire process of war preparation, conduct and conclusion, and it is “false and true”; the role of inanimate intelligent entities and robot fighters in intelligent warfare is prominent, and artificial intelligence combat forces such as “cloud brain”, “digital staff” and “virtual warehouse” used for information support, command and control, effect evaluation and logistics support will play an increasingly important role in future wars. Intelligent machines and intelligent weapons will become the main force on future battlefields; remote and precise Specific, miniaturized, and large-scale unmanned attacks will become the main form of attack. “Man-to-man” warfare will expand to “machine autonomous warfare” warfare; intelligent swarm attrition warfare, cross-domain mobile warfare, and cognitive control warfare will become basic combat types; decentralized deployment of humans and machines, autonomous coordination, and concentrated energy offensive and defensive operations will become the basic principles of cross-domain integration and global operations; the “observation-judgment-decision-action” link will be greatly shortened, the combat rhythm will be faster, the actions will be more precise, and the efficiency will be higher; upgrading and training artificial intelligence systems and various unmanned combat platforms through continuous confrontation exercises will become an important way to enhance combat effectiveness. Intelligence will surpass firepower, mobility, and information power and become the most critical factor in determining the outcome of a war. As a result, the meaning of battlefield control will need to be redefined, new topics will be added to international arms negotiations, and textbooks on intimidation theory will need to be rewritten.

The world’s military powers, represented by the United States, have foreseen the broad application prospects of artificial intelligence technology in the military field. They believe that future wars will be intelligent wars and future arms competitions will be intelligent competitions. They have also laid out a series of research plans in advance, hoping to seize the initiative in the military application of artificial intelligence and strive to open up a “generation gap” with potential opponents. In recent years, NASA, the Department of Defense and various military services have deployed a series of artificial intelligence technology research projects in the military field. The U.S. Department of Defense has also proposed the establishment of a “Joint Artificial Intelligence Center” to jointly promote artificial intelligence projects with the U.S. military and 17 intelligence agencies, and coordinate the planning and construction of an intelligent military system supported by military technology and military applications. Russia also sees artificial intelligence as the commanding heights of future military competition. The Russian military is stepping up the development of humanoid robots that can drive vehicles and build robot troops that can fight side by side with human soldiers. Russian President Vladimir Putin said: “Artificial intelligence is not only the future of Russia, but also the future of all mankind. It contains huge opportunities and threats that are difficult to predict today.” Countries such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, South Korea, and India are also increasingly paying attention to the development and application of artificial intelligence in the military field.

Today, the pace of military application of artificial intelligence may be difficult to stop. Faced with the new situation, we need to firmly grasp the major historical opportunities for the development of artificial intelligence, judge the general trend, take the initiative to plan, grasp the direction, seize the initiative, and effectively safeguard national security. At the same time, from the perspective of the future and destiny of mankind, the international community should establish a mechanism to prevent the excessive military application of artificial intelligence as soon as possible. After all, the power of human beings to create civilization should not become a tool to destroy civilization, and scientific and technological progress should be a blessing for the benefit of mankind, rather than a death knell that threatens human survival and development.

(Author’s unit: Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

■遊光榮

在人機大戰中擊敗數十名頂級圍棋高手、在模擬空戰中擊敗美國空軍退役飛行員……近年來，人工智能猶如萬能的“魔法師”，創造了層出不窮的奇跡，在驚掉不少人下巴的同時，也不斷刷新著人們的想像。

作為一門致力於模擬、延伸和擴展人的智慧的技術科學，人工智慧早已超越了科學家最初的想像，進入了一個高速發展的“井噴期”，正在深刻改變人類的生產生活方式，推動社會形態從數位化、網絡化向智慧化加速躍升。同時，人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用，將從根本上改變現代戰爭制勝機理和作戰方式，催生新的作戰手段和作戰思想，推動戰爭形態加速邁入智能化時代。

在智慧化戰爭中，智慧化裝備、智慧化指揮、智慧化維修、智慧化作戰方式都是可以想像的——人工智慧製造的「虛假新聞」在戰爭準備、進行和結束的全過程中無處不在，而且“以假亂真”；無生命智能體、機器人戰鬥員在智能化戰爭中的作用凸顯，用於信息支援、指揮控制、效果評估、後勤保障的“雲大腦”“數字參謀”“虛擬倉儲”等人工智慧作戰力量將在未來戰爭中發揮越來越重要的作用，智慧機器和智慧武器將成為未來戰場的主力；遠程化、精確化、小型化、大規模無人攻擊將成為主要進攻形式，「人對人」的戰爭將向「機器自主作戰」的戰爭拓展；智慧化的蜂群消耗戰、跨域機動戰、認知控制戰將成為基本作戰類型；人機分散部署、自主協同、集中能量攻防作戰，成為跨域融合、全局作戰的基本準則；「觀察-判斷-決策-行動」連結大大縮短，作戰節奏更加快速、行動更加精準、效率更高；透過持續的對抗演習對人工智慧系統和各類無人化作戰平台的升級訓練，將成為戰鬥力提升的重要方式。智能將超越火力、機動性和資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的最關鍵因素。隨之而來的是，戰場控制權的內涵將需要重新界定，國際軍備談判將增加新主題，威懾理論的教科書也將改寫。

以美國為代表的世界軍事強國，預見到人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣闊應用前景，認為未來的戰爭將是智慧化戰爭、未來的軍備競賽將是智慧化競賽，並已提前佈局了一系列研究計劃，希望搶佔人工智慧軍事化應用先機，力求與潛在對手拉開「代差」。近年來，美國國家航空暨太空總署、國防部和各軍種在軍事領域部署了一系列人工智慧技術研究項目，美國國防部還提出建立“聯合人工智慧中心”，計劃聯合美軍和17家情報機構共同推進人工智慧項目，統籌規劃建設以軍事技術和軍事應用為支撐的智慧軍事體系。俄羅斯也視人工智慧為未來軍事競爭的製高點，俄軍正加緊研發可以駕駛車輛的類人機器人、組建可與人類戰士並肩戰鬥的機器人部隊。俄總統普丁提出：「人工智慧不僅僅是俄羅斯的未來，也是全人類的未來。這包含著巨大的機會和當今難以預測的威脅。」英國、日本、澳洲、韓國、印度等國家也日益重視人工智能在軍事領域的發展與應用。

現今，人工智慧軍事化應用步伐或許難以阻止，面對新形勢，我們需要牢牢掌握人工智慧發展的重大歷史機遇，研判大勢、主動謀劃、把握方向、搶佔先機，有效維護國家安全。與此同時，從人類自身前途命運出發，國際社會應該早日建立防止人工智慧在軍事上過度應用的機制。畢竟，人類創造文明的力量不應該成為毀滅文明的工具，科技進步應該成為造福人類的福音，而不是成為威脅人類生存與發展的喪鐘。

（作者單位：軍事科學院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4826892.html?big=fan

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Chinese Military Forum: Exploring the Way to “Total Victory” in Modern Warfare

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中國軍事論壇：探索現代戰爭「全面勝利」之路

現代英語：

Exploring the Way to “Total Victory” in Modern Warfare

■ Zhao Siyang

Introduction

“Sun Tzu’s Art of War” is a representative work of ancient Chinese military theory, which contains rich wisdom for defeating the enemy. Entering the era of information-based and intelligent warfare, the limited, shocking, and mixed characteristics of war are more prominent, highlighting the invaluable thoughts of Sun Tzu such as “conquering the enemy without fighting”, “destroying the enemy’s plots and alliances”, and “ensuring the country and the whole army”. The wisdom of victory contained in “Sun Tzu’s Art of War” still has important practical implications for solving the current national security and war problems, limiting war violence to the maximum extent, and achieving “total victory”.

The core idea of ​​”total victory”: the method of attacking and defeating the enemy without fighting

Sun Tzu discussed military affairs, but he did not believe that force was the only means of victory. He proposed the concept of “total victory” of attacking the enemy with strategy and conquering the enemy without fighting. He advocated that the enemy should be subdued by non-violent means as much as possible to achieve the greatest victory at the lowest cost.

The key to Sun Tzu’s “total victory” idea is the word “total”. “Total” means to make the enemy completely surrender and not suffer any losses, thus minimizing the damage of the war. Sun Tzu advocated that with superior strength and full preparation for war as the prerequisite, we should use political, economic, diplomatic, and military intimidation means comprehensively, and stop the outbreak of war by taking the initiative, being flexible and maneuverable, and creating momentum. According to his idea, we can make the enemy surrender without fighting, from the enemy country to the enemy army, and from the enemy brigade to the enemy soldier, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy and ensuring the safety of the lives of both armies. In Sun Tzu’s conception, we should not only cherish the lives of our soldiers and civilians, but also attach importance to protecting the enemy’s soldiers and civilians to avoid the confrontation between the two sides ending up in the destruction of the country and the family.

In order to achieve the goal of “total victory”, in terms of strategic planning, we must have an advantage over the enemy, “the one who is good at calculations has more calculations”; in terms of power comparison, we must be in an advantageous position, “the victorious army is like a hammer against a hammer”; in terms of war preparations, we must be thorough and meticulous, “first make ourselves invincible, and then wait for the enemy to be defeated.” “Subjugating the enemy without fighting” is an ideal outcome, but in real wars, it is often necessary to win a certain part of the war in exchange for “subjugating the enemy without fighting” in another part. This principle is equally applicable from the national strategic level to the combat level. It not only plays an important role in stopping and containing wars in peacetime, but is also widely applicable even in the course of a war to weaken the enemy’s strength, strike the enemy’s arrogance, and cooperate with the victory of military struggle.

The destructive power of war is enormous. “One hundred thousand soldiers were mobilized, and the daily expenditure was thousands of gold coins.” “Nothing was seen when going out, and the plain was covered with bones.” Sun Tzu proposed the way of “total victory”, advocating that by relying on one’s own superior strength, various means should be used in a comprehensive manner, and through comprehensive preparation and continuous maintenance of absolute superiority, the enemy’s political foundation and strategy should be disintegrated, and the enemy should be isolated and helpless. He emphasized the use of military means to form a strategic posture that intimidates the enemy, to achieve maximum benefits with relatively small consumption, and to achieve the goal as much as possible without fighting. This idea is different from the Western theory of strategic intimidation and reflects the flexibility of Chinese strategic thinking.

Sun Tzu regarded “complete victory” as the best outcome of war, rather than just seeking “victory”, with the goal of minimizing the losses of war. The key to “complete victory” is the change in thinking and strategic concepts: not only winning the military, but also winning the political; not only winning the war, but also winning the peace; not only winning the interests, but also winning the hearts of the people. Informatization and intelligentization of war, the destructive power of war is unprecedented, but the means of controlling war have not increased significantly. Therefore, if you want to form a winning trend in wartime and achieve the goal of “no delay in the army and the benefits can be complete”, you cannot wait until the war breaks out before taking action. Instead, you should win the enemy in peacetime and in war preparation activities.

The way to achieve “total victory”: destroy the plots and alliances, and attack the troops and cities

Through in-depth research on war issues, Sun Tzu proposed the strategic idea of ​​”conquering the enemy without fighting”, advocating to avoid bloodshed as much as possible to achieve strategic goals.

Sun Tzu’s “subjugating the enemy without fighting” can be divided into two Fan Tu. “Attacking the enemy’s plans” and “attacking the alliances” belong to the “no-war” Fan Tu; “Attacking the soldiers” and “attack the city” belong to the “cautious war” Fan Tu. Among them, “Attacking the enemy’s plans” and “Attacking the alliances” belonging to the political and diplomatic struggle Fan Tu put the first place in the means of war, through strategic planning and diplomatic games, without losing a single soldier, which is the best strategy. “Attacking the soldiers” and “attack the city” and other military means are the worst strategies used when necessary. Sun Tzu took “subjugating the enemy without fighting” as the highest principle to guide war, opposed the use of military forces, and advocated the greatest victory at the lowest cost. Sun Tzu believed that in order to achieve certain political goals, both military and non-military means can be adopted, and these two means and two ways can be used to comprehensively plan strategic strategies. The best way to resolve contradictions and conflicts between countries and political groups is to use non-violent means to achieve the desired goals, that is, to use a strong military force as a backing, comprehensively use a variety of forces, and through means such as thwarting the enemy’s schemes and destroying the enemy’s diplomacy, divide and disintegrate the enemy’s alliance and make it surrender. Carry out actions with the most complete preparations and the least cost, reduce the harm of war to the lowest level, and avoid causing major losses to the country and the people.

The concept of “conquering the enemy without fighting” does not advocate completely abandoning war, but rather that the key to victory lies in strong military strength and careful advance preparation, supplemented by a variety of means such as politics, economy, military, and diplomacy, to force the enemy not to take the risk of launching a war, thereby avoiding the occurrence of war. “No war” does not mean that military struggle can be abandoned, but is the result of the comprehensive deterrence formed by the comprehensive use of various military and non-military means. At all times, military struggle is the last and most powerful means of all means.

We must clearly realize that “conquering the enemy without fighting” is a special phenomenon and a special law, and “conquering the enemy by fighting” is a universal law. In many cases, the “cause” of “conquering the enemy by fighting” can give rise to the “result” of “conquering the enemy without fighting”. Only when one side is in an absolute advantage and the other side is in an absolute disadvantage in the comprehensive comparison of power, “conquering the enemy without fighting” can be achieved. Without the support of strong military strength, it will be difficult to obtain the expected benefits in the construction of state relations, and the existing benefits will also be lost. Judging from the many military treatises and war practices after Sun Tzu, the idea of ​​”not fighting” has been constantly developing with the evolution of the times and the changes in technical conditions. More and more military strategists of later generations no longer regard absolute non-war as the highest goal, but are more concerned with how to win first and then fight. This evolution reflects the unity of preparing for war, being cautious about war, and daring to fight in Chinese strategic thinking.

The realistic choice of “total victory”: safeguarding the country and the army and maintaining peace

Since ancient times, people have known that war is not about warmongering. The Chinese nation has always loved peace. “War is dangerous” and “Warfare leads to destruction” are the basic attitudes of Chinese traditional culture and the Chinese people towards war. On the issue of war and peace, Sun Tzu advocated resolving disputes by non-war means. Even if military means are used, he opposed the narrow military view that relies solely on force to achieve goals. In Sun Tzu’s view, war is not only about the survival of a country, but also about the rise and fall of a nation. Whether it is “conquering the enemy without fighting” or “the best strategy is to attack the enemy’s plans”, the essence is “stop fighting and seek peace”, which reflects the values ​​and ideals of benevolence and justice, peace-oriented values ​​and ideal pursuits that have been passed down in Chinese history, and strives to resolve disputes by non-war means.

In today’s international society, local wars and terrorism are still huge obstacles to world peace and development. Sun Tzu’s “total victory” thought may provide new ideas for solving these problems. From the perspective of war practice, in today’s world, war is still the “Sword of Damocles” hanging over the heads of mankind. Controlling the scale of war, reducing war casualties, reducing incidental losses, and protecting people’s lives and property have become inevitable requirements for the development of human society and political civilization. The abuse of war means is neither in line with the world’s people’s desire for peace, freedom and development, nor does it help to fundamentally eliminate the inherent contradictions that cause disputes. It may even intensify the conflicts and confrontations between different civilizations, affecting regional and even world peace and stability. Avoiding casualties and destruction is the development trend of human civilization. Relying on power advantage to achieve goals at the lowest cost and in the shortest time is often the best choice. How to reduce the possibility of war, effectively reduce war losses, and better control the scale and progress of war, this trend embodies the goal pursued by Sun Tzu’s “total victory” thought and gives it modern value.

In today’s world, opposing war and maintaining peace have become the common aspirations of all countries in the struggle for their own survival and development. Of course, the jungle law of international competition has not changed, and history is far from the era of turning swords into plowshares. In international politics, we need to proceed from the most fundamental overall interests of mankind, abandon the power politics mentality, understand each other, seek common ground while reserving differences, fully understand the historical traditions of different cultural groups, use war and other violent means prudently, handle international affairs fairly, and promote the formation of a mutually beneficial and win-win world pattern.

現代國語：

探析現代戰爭的「全勝」之道

■趙巳陽

引 言

《孫子兵法》是中國古代軍事理論的代表作，蘊含著豐富的克敵制勝智慧。進入資訊化智慧化戰爭時代，戰爭的有限性、震懾性、混合性等特徵更加突出，凸顯了孫子「不戰而屈人之兵」「伐謀伐交」「安國全軍」等思想的彌足珍貴。 《孫子兵法》所蘊含的製勝智慧，對於破解當今國家安全和戰爭難題，最大限度地限制戰爭暴力並獲得“全勝”，仍具有重要的現實啟示意義。

「全勝」的核心思想：謀攻之法，不戰屈敵

孫子談兵論戰，卻不認為武力是製勝的唯一手段。他提出以謀攻敵，不戰而屈人之兵的「全勝」觀，主張盡可能地透過非暴力手段使敵方屈服，以最小的代價獲取最大勝利。

孫子「全勝」思想，要義是一個「全」字。 「全」就是使敵完全屈服，我方不受損失，從而將戰爭的傷害降到最低。孫子主張，以優勢的實力和充分的迎戰準備為前提條件，綜合運用政治、經濟、外交、武力威懾等手段，通過先機制敵、靈活機變、謀勢造勢，制止戰爭的爆發。按照他的主張，大到敵國敵軍，小到敵旅敵卒都可以不戰而使其屈服，從而達到既打敗對方，又保證兩軍生命安全的目的。在孫子的構想中，不但要珍惜我方軍民的生命，而且要重視保全敵方將士和民眾，避免對抗雙方走向國破家亡的結局。

為達到「全勝」的目的，在戰略謀劃上，要勝敵一籌，「廟算勝者，得算多也」；在力量對比上，要處於優勢，「勝兵若以鎰稱銖」；在戰爭準備上，要周到細緻，「先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝」。 「不戰而屈人之兵」是理想的結局，但在現實戰爭中，往往需要用某一局部的戰而勝之，換取另一局部的「不戰而屈人之兵」。這原則從國家戰略層次到戰鬥層次，都同樣適用。不僅和平時期對制止和遏制戰爭有重要作用，即便在戰爭進程中，也廣泛適用，以削弱敵方實力，打擊敵之氣焰，配合軍事鬥爭的勝利。

戰爭的破壞力是巨大的，「興師十萬，日費千金」「出門無所見，白骨蔽平原」。孫子提出「全勝」之道，主張憑借己方優勢力量，綜合利用各種手段，通過全面的準備和絕對優勢的持續保持，瓦解敵方的政治基礎和戰略，陷敵於孤立無援境地。他強調以軍事手段運用形成威加於敵的戰略態勢，以較小消耗實現最大化收益，盡量用不戰的方式達成目的。這一思想不同於西方的戰略威懾理論，體現了中國戰略思想的彈性。

孫子將“全”作為戰爭的最佳結局，而非一味求“勝”，其目的是將戰爭的損失降至最低限度。 「全勝」的關鍵是思維方式和戰略理念的轉變：不僅贏得軍事，更要贏得政治；不僅贏得戰爭，更要贏得和平；不僅贏得利益，更要贏得人心。資訊化智能化戰爭，戰爭的破壞力空前巨大，但控制戰爭的手段並未明顯增加。因此，要在戰時形成製勝之勢，達到「兵不頓而利可全」的目的，就不能等戰爭爆發以後再行動。而應在和平時期，在戰爭準備活動中就勝敵於先。

「全勝」的實現途徑：伐謀伐交，伐兵攻城

孫子透過對戰爭問題的深入研究，提出「不戰而屈人之兵」這一戰略思想，主張盡量避免用流血手段來達成戰略目的。

孫子「不戰而屈人之兵」可分為兩個範疇。 「伐謀」和「伐交」屬於「不戰」的範疇；「伐兵」和「攻城」屬於「慎戰」的範疇。其中，把屬於政治外交鬥爭範疇的「伐謀」和「伐交」擺在戰爭手段的首位，通過謀略運籌與外交博弈，不損一兵一卒，是為上策。 「伐兵」「攻城」等軍事手段則是不得已而用的下策。孫子以「不戰而屈人之兵」作為指導戰爭的最高原則，反對窮兵黷武，主張以最小的代價換取最大的勝利。孫子認為，為實現一定的政治目的，既可以採取軍事手段，也可以採取非軍事手段，以這兩種手段、兩種方式去綜合籌劃戰略策略。解決國家之間、政治集團之間的矛盾和沖突的最佳方法是採用非暴力手段達成預期目的，即以強大的軍事實力為後盾，綜合運用多種力量，通過挫敗敵方的計謀、破壞敵方的外交等手段，分化瓦解敵人的聯盟，使之屈服。以最全的準備和最小的代價實施行動，把戰爭的危害降到最低程度，避免對國家、人民造成重大損失。

「不戰而屈人之兵」理念並非主張完全擯棄戰爭，而是講取勝的關鍵在於強大的軍事實力和周密的預先準備，並輔之以政治、經濟、軍事、外交等多種手段，迫使敵人不敢冒險發動戰爭，進而避免戰爭發生。 「不戰」絕不代表可以放棄軍事鬥爭，而是綜合運用軍事與非軍事的各種手段所形成的綜合威懾力的結果。無論何時，軍事鬥爭是一切手段中最後也是最有力的手段。

必須清醒地認識到，「不戰而屈人之兵」是特殊現象和特殊規律，「戰而屈人之兵」才是普遍規律。很多時候，“戰而屈人之兵”的“因”才能催生出“不戰而屈人之兵”的“果”，只有在力量的綜合對比中，一方處於絕對優勢，而另一方處在絕對劣勢的情況下，「不戰而屈人之兵」才有可能實現。缺少了強大軍事實力的支撐，在國家關系構建中，預期的利益就難以獲得，已有的利益也將喪失。從孫子以後的諸多兵家論著與戰爭實踐來看，「不戰」的思想隨著時代的演進和技術條件的改變而不斷發展。更多的後世兵家不再把絕對化的非戰視為最高目標，而是更重視如何先勝後戰。這種演變，體現中國戰略思想中備戰、慎戰、敢戰的統一。

「全勝」的現實選擇：安國全軍，維護和平

自古知兵非好戰。中華民族歷來熱愛和平，「兵兇戰危」「好戰必亡」是中國傳統文化和中國人民對待戰爭的基本態度。在戰爭與和平問題上，孫子主張以非戰爭手段解決爭端。即使是運用軍事手段，也反對單純依賴武力達成目的的狹隘軍事觀點。在孫子看來，戰爭不僅事關國家存亡，也事關民族興衰。無論是“不戰而屈人之兵”，還是“上兵伐謀”，其精髓均在於“止戈謀和”，這集中反映了中國歷史上一脈相承的仁義為本、以和平為取向的價值觀和理想追求，力求以非戰爭手段解決爭端的文化傳統。

當今國際社會，局部戰爭與恐怖主義仍然是橫亙在世界和平與發展道路上的巨大障礙。而孫子的「全勝」思想或許能夠為破解這些難題提供新的思路。從戰爭實踐講，當今世界，戰爭仍然是懸掛在人類頭頂上的「達摩克利斯之劍」。控制戰爭規模，減少戰爭傷亡，降低附帶損失，保護人民生命和財產，成為人類社會政治文明發展的必然要求。濫用戰爭手段，既不符合世界人民追求和平、自由與發展的願望，也無助於從根本上消除引發紛爭的固有矛盾，甚至加劇不同文明之間的沖突與對抗，影響地區乃至世界和平與穩定。避免傷亡和破壞是人類文明的發展趨勢，以最小代價和在最短時間內實現目標往往成為最佳選擇。如何把戰爭可能性降低，有效減少戰爭損失，更好地控制戰爭規模和進程，這一趨勢正體現了孫子「全勝」思想所追求的目標，並為其賦予了現代價值。

當今世界，反對戰爭、維護和平，已成為各國在爭取自身生存和發展鬥爭過程中共同的心願。當然，國際競爭的叢林法則並沒有改變，歷史遠沒有走到鑄劍為犁的時代。在國際政治中，需要從人類最根本的整體利益出發，放棄強權政治思維，相互理解、求同存異，充分理解不同文化群體的歷史傳統，慎重運用戰爭等暴力手段，公平處理國際事務，推動形成互利共贏的世界格局。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16354594.html

#intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰

What Kind of Victory Concept should China’s Military have in Information Warfare?

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我軍在資訊化戰爭中應有怎樣的勝利理念？

現代英語：

The army is first and foremost a fighting force that exists to fight. The ability to win battles is the fundamental meaning and value of the army’s existence. The new era has given our army new missions and tasks. Scientifically understanding and grasping the new era connotation of the concept of victory will not only help improve the pertinence of our army’s military struggle preparations, but also provide a new perspective for our army to build a world-class army and win future wars.

Explore the basic attributes of victory

When people talk about victory, they often limit the judgment of victory to a certain dimension, such as the supremacy of national interests, the gains and losses of economic interests, the elimination of living forces, and the achievement of political goals. However, victory or failure has multiple inherent attributes.

The multidimensionality of victory. Victory has multiple meanings and standards, which are reflected in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, and diplomacy. In terms of politics, victory in war is unified with the political purpose of war. War is the continuation of politics, and war itself is an action of political nature. Only when the political purpose is achieved can victory in war come; in terms of military, victory must be based on a certain military advantage, and the advantage of military operations only provides the premise for victory in war; in terms of economy, victory in war means gaining economic or material benefits, and “defeating the enemy without fighting” becomes the highest realm; in terms of diplomacy, victory can demonstrate military and national prestige, especially the long-term peaceful environment brought about by lasting victory, which brings huge potential value for the long-term development of the country.

The evolution of victory. Victory changes with the development of the times, especially with the evolution of war forms, generating new connotations. From the era of cold weapons to the mechanized era, land is the basic material of social production. Victory in war is often marked by annihilation of the enemy and seizure of land. Conquering territory has become the core of victory in wars in the industrial era. In the information age, the proportion of traditional material resources in productivity has gradually decreased, and spiritual factors represented by information technology have become important means of production, with spiritual destruction and control becoming more prominent. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the intelligent society and war forms are gradually coming, and the connotation of victory will inevitably undergo new changes.

The dialectic of victory. From the perspective of war as a whole, the subject of victory is dialectical. The two sides of a war are a pair of typical offensive and defensive contradictory relationships. It is impossible for them to reach a consensus on victory. The victory of one side means the failure of the other side. In the dialectic of victory and defeat, arrogant soldiers will surely fail, and mournful soldiers will surely win. If the victorious side cannot prevent pride, it will easily encounter defeat in the next war and turn into failure. On the contrary, if the losing side endures humiliation, it may win the next victory. In the dialectic of victory and defeat in time and space, long-lasting or short-term, global or local victories have different meanings. Temporary and local victories often hide the crisis of failure. Only by transforming short-term and local victories into long-lasting and global victories can the value and significance of victory be maximized.

The fundamental nature of victory. “If we cannot win the battlefield, everything else is zero.” The basic premise for winning a war is the victory of military operations, which lays the fundamental foundation for the final victory of the war. Without the victory of military operations, there is no premise for other victories. The army was born to fight and built to win, and its core is the ability to win. Different armies in different times and countries have different tasks, but their fundamental functions as combat teams have not changed, and the fundamental requirements for winning battles have not changed. Military victory is the fundamental starting point for all victories, and there should be no misunderstanding or hesitation on this point.

The significance of the era of cognitive victory

There are multiple attributes to judge victory, and the most important one is whether the army has effectively fulfilled the mission and tasks entrusted by the times. In the new era, we must resolutely fulfill the mission and tasks entrusted by the Party and the people to the “four strategic supports” based on the requirements of national security and development strategies, and ensure that we can come when called, fight when we come, and win when we fight.

To provide strategic support for consolidating the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the socialist system. Providing important force guarantees for the party to consolidate its ruling position and safeguard the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is not only a fundamental reflection of the nature and purpose of our army, but also a new requirement for the army. Especially in the face of various hostile forces stepping up their implementation of the Westernization and differentiation strategy against our country, if political security is not guaranteed, there will be no talk of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. We must stand firmly under the banner of the party, resolutely safeguard the security of the state power, system, and political security, consciously enhance the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidences”, and achieve the “two safeguards”, implement the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Military Commission, and temper the political character of loyalty, cleanness, and responsibility, and implement the original intention and mission in our posts and in our words and deeds.

Provide strategic support for defending national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity. Victory requires the effective implementation of military operations and the achievement of combat superiority as the basic prerequisite, requiring us to deter and resist aggression, resolutely defend national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, and safeguard people’s security and social stability. my country is at a critical stage of moving from big to strong, and the security environment has undergone complex and profound changes. The comprehensiveness, complexity and variability of security issues have significantly increased. In particular, the issues of sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity are the core interests of the country, involving complex historical entanglements and geopolitics, and contain major political, diplomatic, trade and military risks. These issues cannot be avoided or avoided, and are major challenges to winning victory. We should strictly guard against all kinds of cannibalization, infiltration, sabotage and harassment activities, resolutely defend the security of border defense, coastal defense and air defense, and dare to defend national unity by stopping war with war, controlling the war situation and winning the war when necessary.

Provide strategic support for safeguarding the country’s overseas interests. Victory is to protect the country’s economic security and development interests as an important criterion, requiring us to safeguard overseas economic security. my country’s strategic interests continue to extend overseas, and business personnel and assets are widely distributed all over the world. Wherever the national interests extend, security guarantees must follow, especially at present, when the security of overseas economic interests is prominent, and international and regional turmoil, terrorism, and piracy pose real threats. We should actively promote international security and military cooperation, focus on improving the ability to carry out diversified military tasks, implement maritime escort, maintain the security of maritime strategic channels, carry out overseas evacuations, maritime rights protection and other actions, and effectively ensure the security of overseas interests.

Provide strategic support for promoting world peace and development. Victory means maintaining world peace, opposing aggression and expansion, and creating an international security environment conducive to the peaceful development of the country. Humankind is increasingly becoming a community with a shared future where interests are intertwined and safety and danger are shared. Faced with an increasingly complex diplomatic environment, especially the prominent contradictions brought about by the struggle for dominance of regional order, the struggle for rules, and the struggle for development paths, we must adhere to the concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security, uphold the correct concept of justice and interests, faithfully practice the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, deepen bilateral and multilateral security cooperation, promote coordination, inclusiveness, and complementary cooperation among different security mechanisms, create a security pattern of equality, mutual trust, fairness, justice, and common construction and sharing, provide more public security products to the international community within our capacity, and actively contribute to maintaining world peace and stability and building a community with a shared future for mankind.

Grasping the practical requirements for victory

Victory is achieved in military games. Military means are the bottom line for realizing the great dream. We must fully follow the laws of war guidance, ensure that military actions are coordinated with politics, diplomacy, and public opinion in military practice, and effectively realize the victory of justice, peace, and the people.

Strong in military. We will build a strong national defense and a powerful military that is commensurate with our international status and consistent with our national security and development interests, take the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics, promote the integrated development of mechanization and informatization, accelerate the development of intelligent military, build a modern combat system with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively advance the modernization of military theory, military organizational forms, military personnel, and weapons and equipment, strengthen the ability to carry out diversified military tasks, build the people’s army into a world-class army in an all-round way, and constantly improve its ability to fulfill its missions and tasks in the new era.

Politically reasonable. Military victory provides a solid foundation for political victory. It is necessary to guide military strategy with national strategy and to serve and support national strategy with military strategy. In planning and guiding war, we must have a deep understanding of the political nature of war, insist on military subordination to politics and strategy subordination to policy, and think about war issues from a political perspective. Especially in today’s era, war public opinion is highly transparent. Military operations must be closely coordinated with public opinion and legal struggles to seize the commanding heights of politics, morality and law, and lay a solid moral foundation and value support for victory in war.

It is beneficial to development. We should adhere to the overall national security concept, follow the path of national security with Chinese characteristics, better safeguard the important strategic opportunity period for my country’s development, and ensure that the great rejuvenation process is not delayed or interrupted. In today’s world, the factors associated with victory in war have increased significantly and become increasingly complex, showing the characteristics of hybrid warfare. Military operations should be closely coordinated with political security, economic interests, trade reciprocity and diplomatic initiative, and strategic planning should be carried out closely around safeguarding and realizing national interests.

Be moderate in action. The Chinese nation has always loved peace, and China has always adhered to a defensive national defense policy. We must implement the military strategic guidelines of the new era, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, implement active defense, adhere to the principle of “I will not attack others unless they attack me, but I will definitely attack others if they attack me”, emphasize the unity of containing war and winning war, and emphasize the unity of strategic defense and offensive in campaigns and battles.

[Extended reading: See previous articles in this edition: “What kind of view of war should we have” (2018/12/20), “What kind of view of power should we have” (2019/8/20), “What kind of view of advantage should we have” (2019/8/29), “What kind of view of power control should we have” (2019/9/17), “What kind of view of combat should we have” (2019/9/24)]

現代國語：

軍隊首先是一個戰鬥隊，是為打仗而存在的。能打勝仗是軍隊存在的根本意義和價值所在。新時代賦予了我軍新的使命任務，科學認識和掌握勝利觀的新時代內涵，不僅有助於提升我軍軍事鬥爭準備針對性，也為我軍全面建成世界一流軍隊、打贏未來戰爭提供了新的視角。

探究勝利的基本屬性

人們談論勝利，往往將勝利的評判局限在某維度，如唯國家利益至上說、唯經濟利益得失說、唯有生力量消滅說和唯政治目的達成說等，然而，勝利與否具有著多重內在屬性。

勝利的多維性。勝利具有多重意義與標準，體現在政治、軍事、經濟、外交等多個面向。在政治方面，戰爭勝利與戰爭政治目的統一性，戰爭是政治的延續，戰爭本身就是政治性質的行動。只有政治目的的達成，才意味著戰爭勝利的到來；在軍事方面，勝利必須以一定的軍事勝勢為基礎，軍事作戰的勝勢只為戰爭的勝利提供前提基礎；在經濟方面，戰爭的勝利意味著經濟或物質層面有所得，「不戰而屈人之兵」成為最高境界；在外交方面，勝利能夠打出軍威、國威，特別是持久勝利換來的長期和平環境，為國家長遠發展帶來巨大的潛在價值。

勝利的演進性。勝利隨著時代的發展而不斷變化，尤其是對應戰爭形態演變而產生新的內涵。冷兵器至機械化時代，土地是社會生產的基本資料，戰爭的勝利往往以殲敵奪地為主要標誌，征服領地成為工業化時代戰爭勝利的核心；資訊化時代中，傳統物質資源在生產力中的比重逐步降低，以資訊科技為代表的精神因素成為重要的生產資料，精神上摧毀與控制更為凸顯。隨著人工智慧技術的發展，智慧化社會及戰爭形態逐步來臨，勝利內涵必將產生新的變化。

勝利的辯證性。從戰爭整體來看，勝利主體具有辯證性，戰爭雙方是一對典型的攻防對抗矛盾關係，與生俱來就不可能達成一致的勝利，某一方的勝利意味著另一方的失敗；在勝敗轉換辯證性上，驕兵必敗、哀兵必勝，勝利方如果不能防止驕傲，就很容易在下一場戰爭中遭遇失利而轉為失敗，反之，失敗方如果忍辱負重就有可能贏得下一場勝利；在勝敗時空辯證性上，持久或短暫、全局或局部的勝利具有不同意義，暫時的、局部的勝利往往潛藏失敗危機，只有將短暫局部的勝利轉化為持久全局的勝利，才能最大程度地發揮勝利的價值和意義。

勝利的基礎性。 「戰場打不贏，一切等於零」。贏得戰爭勝利的基本前提是軍事作戰的勝利，它為轉化成最終戰爭的勝利奠定了根本基礎。沒有軍事行動的勝利，就沒有其它勝利的前提基礎。軍隊為打仗而生、為打贏而建，其核心是能打勝仗。不同時代、不同國家的不同軍隊擔負的任務不同，但作為戰鬥隊的根本職能沒有變，能打勝仗的根本要求沒有變。軍事上勝利是一切勝利的根本出發點，對於這一點不能有任何誤解和動搖。

認知勝利的時代要義

勝利有多重屬性評判標準，最核心的就是軍隊是否有效地履行了時代賦予的使命任務。新時代，我們要依據國家安全和發展戰略要求,堅決履行黨和人民賦予「四個戰略支撐」的使命任務，確保召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝。

為鞏固中國共產黨領導和社會主義制度提供戰略支持。為黨鞏固執政地位和維護中國特色社會主義制度提供重要的力量保證，既是我軍性質宗旨的根本體現，也是對軍隊提出的新要求。特別是面對各種敵對勢力加緊對我國實施西化、分化戰略，倘若政治安全得不到保障，中華民族偉大復興就無從談起。我們必須堅定地站在黨的旗幟下，堅決維護國家政權安全、制度安全、政治安全，自覺增強“四個意識”、堅定“四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”，貫徹軍委主席負責制，錘鍊忠誠乾淨擔當的政治品格，把初心和使命落實到本職崗位上、一言一行中。

為捍衛國家主權、統一、領土完整提供戰略支持。勝利就是要以有效履行軍事行動、達成作戰勝勢為基本前提條件，要求我們嚇阻和抵抗侵略，堅決捍衛國家主權、統一、領土完整，維護人民安全和社會穩定。我國正處於由大向強的關鍵階段，安全環境發生複雜深刻變化，安全問題的綜合性、複雜性、多變性顯著增強。特別是主權、統一、領土完整問題是國家核心利益，涉及複雜的歷史糾葛、地緣政治，蘊含著重大政治、外交、貿易、軍事風險。這些問題繞不開、躲不過，是贏得勝利所面臨的重大挑戰。我們應嚴密防範各類蠶食、滲透、破壞及襲擾活動，堅決保衛邊防、海防、空防安全，必要時敢於透過以戰止戰、控制戰局、贏得戰爭來捍衛國家統一。

為維護國家海外利益提供策略性支撐。勝利就是要以保護國家經濟安全和發展利益為重要標準，要求我們維護海外經濟安全。我國戰略利益不斷向海外延伸，商貿人員與資產廣泛分佈在世界各地。國家利益拓展到哪裡，安全保障就必須跟進到哪裡，特別是當前海外經濟利益安全問題凸顯，國際和區域動盪、恐怖主義、海盜活動等構成現實威脅。我們應積極推動國際安全和軍事合作，著力提升遂行多元軍事任務能力，實施海上護航，維護海上戰略通道安全，遂行海外撤僑、海上維權等行動，有效確保海外利益安全。

為促進世界和平與發展提供策略支持。勝利就是要維護世界和平，反對侵略擴張，創造有利於國家和平發展的國際安全環境。人類日益成為利益交融、安危與共的命運共同體。面對日益複雜的外交環境，特別是區域秩序主導權之爭、規則之爭、發展道路之爭帶來的突出矛盾，我們要堅持共同、綜合、合作、可持續的安全觀，秉持正確義利觀，忠實踐行人類命運共同體理念，深化雙邊和多邊安全合作，促進不同安全機制間協調包容、互補合作，營造平等互信、公平正義、共建共享的安全格局，在力所能及的範圍內向國際社會提供更多公共安全產品，積極為維護世界和平穩定、建構人類命運共同體貢獻力量。

掌握勝利的實踐要求

勝利是在軍事博弈中取得。軍事手段是實現偉大夢想的保底手段，我們要充分遵循戰爭指導規律，在軍事實踐中確保軍事行動與政治、外交、輿論等相配合，有效實現正義必勝、和平必勝和人民必勝。

軍事上有力。建構同國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，走中國特色的強軍之路，推動機械化資訊化融合發展，加速軍事智能化發展，建構我軍特色的現代作戰體系，全面推進軍事理論現代化、軍隊組織形態現代化、軍事人員現代化、武器裝備現代化，強化執行多樣化軍事任務的能力，把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊，不斷提高履行新時代使命任務的能力。

政治上有理。軍事作戰勝利為政治勝利提供堅實基礎，就要以國家戰略牽引軍事戰略，以軍事戰略服務來支持國家戰略。規劃指導戰爭，必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性，堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略，從政治高度思考戰爭問題。特別是當今時代，戰爭輿論高度透明，軍事行動要與輿論法理鬥爭密切配合，搶佔政治、道義和法律的製高點，為戰爭勝利奠定紮實的道義基礎和價值依托。

發展上有利。堅持整體國家安全觀，走中國特色國家​​安全道路，更好維護我國發展重要戰略機會期，確保偉大復興進程不會被滯緩或打斷。當今世界，戰爭勝利的關聯因素顯著增多、複雜性不斷增強，呈現出混合戰爭的特徵。軍事作戰行動，應密切配合政治安全、經濟利益、貿易互惠和外交主動等方面，緊緊圍繞維護好實現好國家利益進行戰略運籌。

行動上有節。中華民族歷來愛好和平，中國始終不渝奉行防禦性國防政策。我們要貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針，堅持防禦、自衛、後發制人原則，實行積極防禦，堅持“人不犯我、我不犯人，人若犯我、我必犯人”，強調遏制戰爭與打贏戰爭相統一，強調戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻統一。

【延伸閱讀：參見本版往期文章《應有怎樣的戰爭觀》（2018/12/20）《應有怎樣的力量觀》（2019/8/20）《應有怎樣的優勢觀》（2019 /8/29）《應有怎樣的製權觀》（2019/9/17）《應有怎樣的作戰觀》（2019/9/24）】

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-10/08/content_244763.htm

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Accelerate Innovation & Development of Chinese National Defence Science and Technology Support Modernization of China’s Military

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加速國防科技創新發展支撐軍隊現代化

2023年11月26日07:00

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping emphasized that military scientific research has a strong exploratory nature, and innovation must be placed in a more prominent position, strategic planning and top-level design must be done well, innovation in military theory, innovation in national defense science and technology, and innovation in organizational models of military scientific research must be strengthened, and The engine of military scientific research and innovation is running at full speed. This important statement by President Xi profoundly reveals the importance of national defense scientific and technological innovation and is the fundamental guideline for promoting the development of national defense scientific and technological innovation under the new situation. We must launch the engine of innovation and development of national defense science and technology at full speed, promote the high-quality development of national defense science and technology, and provide strong material and technical support to achieve the centenary goal of the founding of the army and comprehensively build a world-class army.

Strengthen basic research towards the development frontier

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are taking place, and the world’s new military revolution is accelerating, ushering in the era of moving from informatization to intelligence, which will inevitably bring about major evolutions in the form of war, major adjustments in military strategies, The combat methods have undergone major changes and the combat forces have undergone a major transformation. To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must adhere to the forefront of the world’s military science and technology development, the major needs of building a strong military, and the future battlefield, conscientiously explore the winning mechanism of future wars, continuously increase the contribution rate of national defense science and technology to war preparation, deterrence and victory, and seize the future military Injecting strong momentum into the commanding heights of competitive strategy.

Aim at the forefront of the world’s military science and technology, keep up with the world’s new military revolution, especially the development direction of military science and technology, seize the opportunities arising from the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, strive to narrow the gap in key areas, and measure innovation by obtaining comparative advantages. The fundamental standards for development are to select the breakthrough points and focus points of scientific and technological innovation, strengthen forward-looking planning and design, allocate limited resources to major technological research, concentrate superior forces, vigorously conquer key technologies in the military field, and master a number of independent intellectual property rights. core technology. From structural design to force ratio to scientific research projects, we should seize the main research areas, reflect the development frontier, form overall advantages, and actively seek strategic initiative and military advantages.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration have become increasingly prominent. Big crossover, big integration, and big breakthroughs have become the basic laws of the development of modern military science. To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must strive to improve technological cognition, dare to explore new paths in construction ideas and technological paths, open up channels for transforming technological chains into industrial chains, and enhance national strategic capabilities and weapons and equipment development capabilities. It is necessary to follow the essential requirements and inherent laws of national defense science and technology, stand in the context of the national innovation system and military-civilian integrated collaborative innovation, accelerate the establishment of a strategic, basic, cutting-edge, and open scientific research and innovation platform, and promote the direction of national defense science and technology. Military theory and military technology are closely integrated, basic research and applied research promote each other, and independent innovation and absorption and reference are emphasized simultaneously. Adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, do a good job in basic management, and establish a basic supporting management mechanism to ensure the development of national defense science and technology innovation; strengthen project management, and strive to form a classified, efficient, flexible, adaptive, and sustainable management mechanism and work process; Broaden technology transformation channels, establish and improve policy systems and mechanisms for the transformation and application of national defense scientific and technological achievements, and promote the rapid transformation and application of national defense scientific and technological innovation achievements.

Practice has proved that basic research is the key to how high and how far national defense science and technology innovation can “jump” and “run”. Therefore, we must focus on innovative basic and applied basic research, build a rich scientific reserve, correctly grasp the relationship between basic research and technology application, and provide strong support for promoting the innovative development of national defense science and technology. First, basic research should be regarded as the leading project to promote the innovation and development of national defense science and technology, and be placed in a strategic position of priority development. Sufficient and stable funding investment should be maintained, advance layout and priority support should be provided in several major areas, and new concepts, new principles, and New methods, striving to achieve major breakthroughs in basic, cutting-edge and strategic fields. Second, we must adhere to the use of systems engineering thinking and methods, correctly understand and scientifically guide basic research and technology application practices, not only promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, but also cultivate new technological growth points to form “basic research, development and application, and achievement transformation”. , a closed link to integrated application and re-innovation. Third, we must open up channels for the transformation of national defense scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible, and promote scientific research achievements to take root in building a world-class army and serving in war preparations. Actively explore scientific research collaboration in the form of technology groups, project groups, etc., strengthen military-civilian communication and collaboration, smooth channels for technical needs, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements as soon as possible.

Establish scientific research as a battle orientation and win the future through innovation

Focusing on actual combat is the core goal of military construction. We must regard the fundamental traction of adhering to combat needs as an important guiding principle for the innovative development of national defense science and technology. We must always aim at the innovative development of military theory and military science and technology for tomorrow’s war, and explore the formation of military theories that keep pace with the development of the times and the country. A national defense science and technology innovation system that is adapted to security needs and meets future combat requirements.

To promote the innovative development of national defense science and technology, we must firmly establish the fundamental orientation of scientific research for warfare, conduct in-depth research on the characteristics, combat styles, operational focus and winning mechanisms under informationized conditions, persist in guiding basic research and exploration of strategic frontier technologies based on operational needs, and further improve Scientific research projects focus on systems and mechanisms such as preparation for war. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on future combat opponents, accurately grasp the evolution of war forms and the development trends of world military science and technology, constantly update ideas and concepts, and scientifically plan today’s preparations, design tomorrow’s wars, and win on future battlefields. .

Combat effectiveness has always been the decisive factor in the success or failure of the army, and combat effectiveness standards are the only fundamental standards for military construction. The rapid development of high-tech with information technology as the core has resulted in unprecedented profound changes in the complexity of offensive and defensive warfare mechanisms, and has had an unprecedented profound impact on the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. Therefore, we must regard independent innovation as an important factor, component and way of realizing the transformation of the combat effectiveness generation model, be good at discovering the potential driving force of new technologies for the development of combat effectiveness, and promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation in the great practice of comprehensively realizing the goal of strengthening the military.

In order to adapt to the requirements of winning informationized and intelligent wars and focus on effectively fulfilling missions and tasks, it is necessary to adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, improve the scientific research collaborative innovation mechanism, create an integrated innovation platform, and comprehensively promote the development of national defense science and technology innovation. First, we should regard the weak links of national defense science and technology as the main direction of promoting independent innovation, and at the same time increase the intensity of original innovation, focus on mastering key core technologies in some important fields and technological frontiers, and strive to build a system that can continuously increase national defense science and technology reserves and A national defense science and technology innovation system that can enable rapid transformation. Correctly handle the relationship between key technologies and general technologies, general technologies and special technologies, traditional technologies and high and new technologies, achieve overall consideration and rational layout, and achieve mutual support and coordinated development of various technologies and disciplines. Second, we must grasp the needs for the development of national defense science and technology innovation, focus on solving problems in the science and technology management system, demand generation mechanism, scientific research planning system, etc., improve the overall effectiveness of scientific research, and create strong vitality to promote independent innovation. Vigorously promote the sharing of basic technical resources between the military and civilians, and establish and improve military-civilian standardization coordination mechanisms and technical service mechanisms. Third, we must improve the scientific and technological collaborative innovation policy and system of universities, scientific research institutes, enterprises, and governments, maximize the advantages of all aspects, strive to create an integrated innovation platform, and form an overall synergy to promote collaborative innovation of national defense science and technology.

Implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents in the new era to unleash creative vitality

Promoting the innovation and development of national defense science and technology ultimately depends on high-level talents. Without a strong team of national defense science and technology talents, independent innovation will be water without a source and a tree without roots. Therefore, we must actively adapt to the requirements of national defense science and technology innovation and development, and vigorously build a systematic and high-level talent training platform to allow more high-quality and professional talents to emerge.

Firmly establish the concept of “talents are the first resource”, insist on cultivating talents as a major political task, and use the insight to recognize talents, the true love for talents, the methods of gathering talents, the courage to use talents, and the mind to accommodate talents, Boldly use strategic scientists to support young scientific and technological talents to take on important roles and assume important responsibilities, and continuously strengthen the team of leading scientific and technological talents and first-class innovation teams. We must adhere to the joint efforts of major national defense science and technology construction projects and talent construction projects, boldly select, use and temper various talents in the practice of major projects and major tasks, cultivate and create a new generation of scientific and technological talents and leading talents, and build the field of national defense science and technology and equipment into a national It is a highland for innovative talents and a fertile ground for talents to grow and prosper, forming a vivid situation in which the creative vitality of national defense science and technology talents bursts out. Clarify the evaluation methods and standards for national defense scientific and technological talents, improve the differentiated evaluation and policy support mechanism for national defense scientific and technological talents, and build an evaluation system that conforms to the laws of national defense science and technology and the laws of talent growth. Reform the science and technology management and personnel system, let scientific research management keep up with the pace of scientific and technological innovation, truly free up hands and feet, free up time and build a platform for scientific researchers, and hand over the stage of scientific research and innovation to them with confidence, so that they can play the leading role in scientific research and innovation. , sing a big show.

A scientific and fair evaluation mechanism plays a fundamental role in stimulating innovation. Practice has proved that any major breakthrough in the field of basic research is inseparable from long-term accumulation and repeated failures. This is an inevitable law of scientific development. Therefore, in the process of scientific research and production of national defense technology and weapons and equipment, we must not only encourage scientific researchers to have fantastic ideas, but also tolerate their failures in exploration and practice. It is advocated that the implementation of various scientific research plans should not be based on the number of papers and patents as project goals, but should focus on the acquisition of original results and allow a certain failure rate. Conduct peer evaluation of basic and cutting-edge technology research, highlight medium- and long-term goal orientation and original value, strive to create a fair competition environment that encourages innovation, and make great efforts to activate the “pool of spring water” for the innovation and development of national defense science and technology.

Comprehensively implement the strategy of strengthening the military with talents in the new era, further enhance the vitality of talent team building, maximize the innovation power of national defense science and technology talents, and fully mobilize their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity. Follow the growth rules of high-quality and professional military personnel, create an environment that recognizes, loves, respects, and utilizes talents, formulates policies and systems that combine competition incentives and advocating cooperation, promotes the orderly flow and rational distribution of human resources, and serves local talents to serve national defense Build a good platform for science and technology construction, and strive to create a good situation where people can make the best use of their talents, fully display their talents, and make full use of their talents.

(The author is a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences)

(Editors: Wang Zifeng, Song Meiqi)

現代國語：

習近平主席強調指出，軍事科學研究具有很強的探索性，要把創新擺在更加突出的位置，做好戰略謀劃和頂層設計，加強軍事理論創新、國防科技創新、軍事科研工作組織模式創新，把軍事科研創新的引擎全速發動。習主席的這一重要論述，深刻揭示了國防科技創新的重要性，是新形勢下推動國防科技創新發展的根本遵循。我們要全速發動國防科技創新發展的引擎，促進國防科技高品質發展，為實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、全面建成世界一流軍隊提供強而有力的物質技術支撐。

面向發展前沿 加強基礎研究

當前，新一輪科技革命和產業變革正孕育興起，世界新軍事革命加速推進，拉開了從資訊化向智慧化邁進的時代大幕，必將帶來戰爭形態大演進、軍事戰略大調整、作戰方式大嬗變、作戰力量大轉型。推進國防科技創新發展，必須堅持面向世界軍事科技發展前沿，面向強軍實踐重大需求，面向未來戰場，認真探索未來戰爭制勝機理，不斷提高國防科技對備戰懾戰勝戰的貢獻率，為搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點注入強勁動能。

瞄準世界軍事科技前沿，緊跟世界新軍事革命特別是軍事科技發展方向，緊緊抓住新一輪科技革命和產業革命正在興起的機遇，努力縮小關鍵領域的差距，以取得比較優勢作為衡量創新發展的根本標準，選準科技創新的突破口和著力點，加強前瞻謀劃設計，把有限的資源配置到重大技術攻關上，集中優勢力量，大力攻克軍事領域的關鍵技術，掌握一批擁有自主知識產權的核心技術。從結構設計到力量配比再到科研項目，都應抓住主要研究領域，體現發展前沿，形成整體優勢，積極謀求戰略主動和軍事優勢。

隨著科學技術不斷發展，多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合整合的特徵日益凸顯，大交叉、大融合、大突破已成為現代軍事科學發展的基本規律。推進國防科技創新發展，要努力提陞技術認知能力，在建設思路、技術路徑上敢於蹚新路，打通技術鏈轉化為產業鏈的通道，提升國家戰略能力和武器裝備發展實力。要遵循國防科技的本質要求與內在規律，站在國家創新大體系、軍民一體化協同創新的大背景下，加速建立戰略性、基礎性、前沿性、開放性的科學研究創新平台，推動國防科技向軍事理論與軍事技術緊密結合、基礎研究與應用研究相互促進、自主創新與吸收借鑒並重舉轉變。適應國防科技創新發展要求，搞好基礎管理，配套建立確保國防科技創新發展的基礎支撐性管理機制﹔加強項目管理，努力形成分類分級、高效靈活、自適應、可持續的管理機制和工作流程﹔拓寬技術轉化管道，建立並改善國防科技成果轉化應用政策制度機制，推動國防科技創新成果快速轉化應用。

實踐証明，國防科技創新能「跳」多高、「跑」多遠，基礎研究是關鍵。因此，要著力抓好創新性基礎與應用基礎研究，搞好豐厚的科學儲備，正確掌握基礎研究與技術應用的關系，為推動國防科技創新發展提供強力支撐。一要把基礎研究作為推動國防科技創新發展的先導工程，放在優先發展的戰略位置來抓，保持足夠、穩定的經費投入，在若干重大領域提前佈局與優先支持，探索新概念、新原理、新方法，力爭在基礎性、前衛性、戰略性領域取得重大突破。二要堅持運用系統工程的思維與方法，正確認識與科學指導基礎研究與技術應用實踐，既要促進科技成果轉化運用，又要培育新的技術成長點，形成「基礎研究、開發應用、成果轉化，到整合應用再創新」的閉合鏈路。三要盡快打通國防科技成果轉化的管道，促進科學研究成果在建設世界一流軍隊和服務備戰打仗中落地生根。積極探索以技術群、項目群等形式開展科研協作攻關，加強軍地溝通協作，暢通技術需求通道，促進科技成果盡快實現轉型。

樹立科研為戰導向 以創新制勝未來

聚焦實戰是軍隊建設的核心目標，必須把堅持作戰需求的根本牽引作為國防科技創新發展的重要指導原則，始終瞄準明天的戰爭創新發展軍事理論和軍事科技，探索形成與時代發展同步伐、與國家安全需求相適應、滿足未來作戰要求的國防科技創新體系。

推進國防科技創新發展，必須穩固確立科研為戰的根本導向，深入研究資訊化條件下的作戰特點、作戰樣式、作戰重心和製勝機理，堅持以作戰需求牽引基礎研究和戰略前沿技術探索，進一步完善科學研究項目聚焦於備戰打仗等製度機制，同時要緊盯未來作戰對手，準確掌握戰爭形態演變趨勢、世界軍事科技發展趨勢，不斷更新思想觀念，科學籌劃今天的備戰、設計明天的戰爭、制勝未來的戰場。

戰鬥力始終是軍隊興衰成敗的決定性因素，戰鬥力標準是軍隊建設唯一的根本的標準。以資訊科技為核心的高新技術迅猛發展，戰爭攻防作戰機理的複雜程度發生了前所未有的深刻變化，對於戰鬥力的生成和提高產生了前所未有的深刻影響。因此，必須把自主創新作為戰鬥力生成模式轉變的重要因素、構成要素和實現途徑，善於發現新技術對戰鬥力發展的潛在推動力，在全面實現強軍目標的偉大實踐中促進國防科技創新發展。

為適應打贏資訊化與智慧化戰爭要求，著眼有效履行使命任務，就要堅持自主創新的戰略基點，完善科研協同創新機制，打造融合創新平台，全面推進國防科技創新發展。一要把國防科技的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向，同時加大原始性創新力度，著力在一些重要領域和科技前沿掌握關鍵核心技術，努力構建既能使國防科學技術儲備不斷增加、又能使之快速轉化的國防科技創新體系。正確處理重點技術與一般技術、一般技術與專用技術、傳統技術與高新技術的關系，做到統籌兼顧、合理佈局，實現各類技術、各類學科相互支撐、協調發展。二要掌握國防科技創新發展的需求，重點解決科技管理體制、需求生成機制、科學研究計畫體係等面向問題，提昇科研整體效益，形成推動自主創新的強大活力。大力推動技術基礎資源軍民共用分享，建立完善軍民標準化協調機制與技術服務機制。三要健全大學、科研院所、企業、政府的科技協同創新政策制度，最大限度發揮各方面的優勢，著力打造融合創新平台，形成推動國防科技協同創新的整體合力。

實施新時代人才強軍戰略 讓創造活力競相迸發

推進國防科技創新發展，歸根結底要靠高水準人才，如果沒有強大的國防科技人才隊伍，自主創新就是無源之水、無本之木。因此，必須積極適應國防科技創新發展要求，大力打造體系化、高層次的人才培養平台，讓更多高素質、專業化人才競相湧現。

穩固樹立「人才是第一資源」的觀念，堅持把培養人才作為一項重大的政治任務，以識才的慧眼、愛才的真情、聚才的方法、用才的膽略、容才的胸懷，大膽運用策略科學家，支持青年科技人才挑起大樑、擔重任，不斷壯大科技領軍人才隊伍和一流創新團隊。堅持國防科技重大建設工程和人才建設工程一起抓，在重大工程和重大任務實踐中大膽選拔、使用、錘煉各種人才，培養造就新一代科技帥才和領軍人才，把國防科技和裝備領域打造成國家創新人才的高地、人才成長興業的沃土，形成國防科技人才創造活力競相迸發的生動局面。明確國防科技人才的評價方式與標準，完善國防科技人才差異化評價與政策支援機制，建構符合國防科技規律和人才成長規律的評價體系。改革科技管理與人事制度，讓科學研究管理跟上科技創新的步伐，真正為科研人員放開手腳、騰出時間、搭建平台，把科研創新的舞台放心交給他們，讓他們在科研創新中當主角、唱大戲。

科學公平的評價機制對於激勵創新具有根本性的作用。實踐証明，任何一個基礎研究領域的重大突破都離不開長期的積累和多次的失敗，這是科學發展的必然規律。因此，在國防科技和武器裝備科學研究生產過程中，既要鼓勵科學研究人員有奇思妙想，又要寬容其在探索實踐中的失敗。提倡各類科學研究計劃的實施不以論文、專利數量為項目目標，注重原創成果的取得，允許一定的失敗比例。對基礎和前沿技術研究實行同行評價，突顯中長期目標導向和原創價值，著力營造激勵創新的公平競爭環境，下大力氣激活國防科技創新發展的「一池春水」。

全面貫徹實施新時代人才強軍戰略，進一步增強人才隊伍建設活力，最大限度激發國防科技人才的創新動力、充分調動他們的積極性、主動性和創造性。遵循高素質、專業化軍事人才成長規律，營造識才愛才敬才用才的環境，制定競爭激勵和崇尚合作相結合的政策制度，促進人才資源有序流動、合理佈局，為地方人才服務國防科技建設搭建好平台，著力形成人盡其才、盡展其才、才盡其用的良好局面。

（作者係軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員、博士生導師）

(責編：王之鋒、宋美琪)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/1126/c1011-40125888.html

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China to Accelerate Improvement of Military Force Structure

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中國將加速改善軍隊結構

現代英語：

In his report to the 20th CPC National Congress, President Xi Jinping pointed out that we should comprehensively strengthen military governance, consolidate and expand the achievements of national defense and military reform, improve the military force structure, and systematically optimize military policies and systems. Improving the military force structure is an important part of comprehensively strengthening military governance and an inevitable requirement for promoting the modernization of the military’s organizational form in the new era and new journey. At present, the form of war is accelerating its evolution towards information-based and intelligent warfare. To improve the ability to win, it is necessary to further accelerate the improvement of the military force structure and provide strong support for winning military competitive advantages.

Prospective development trend of military force structure

The vigorous development of high-tech groups represented by artificial intelligence is accelerating the development of intelligent warfare. To adapt to the changes in the form of war, the military force structure is accelerating its transformation to an automatic empowerment, dynamic adaptation, and autonomous organization structure.

Transform from a control structure to an automatic empowerment structure. The battlefield environment in the future will be more complex and changeable, and the OODA cycle will be greatly compressed. Striving for time advantage and speed of action, and agile conversion of offensive and defensive situations will become an inevitable requirement for seizing the initiative in combat. In the traditional form of warfare, the military mainly exerts influence internally through management activities such as planning, organization, command, coordination, and control. Practice has proved that the layer-by-layer transmission organizational structure is not only slow in response, but also relatively conservative and rigid, and cannot adapt to the rapidly changing new environment. The future military force structure will accelerate its development in the direction of empowerment, and achieve the purpose of empowering capabilities and energy through more authorization. Compared with the traditional military force structure, it pays more attention to stimulating people’s autonomous capabilities and strives to maximize the talents and potential of individuals within the organization.

Transform from a solidified structure to a dynamic adaptive structure. In the traditional military force structure, the boundaries are fixed and clear, and the organization is stable and orderly. In the form of intelligent warfare, in order to adapt to the complex and changing external environment, the boundaries of the military force structure will gradually open up, and the internal subsystems will support rapid interaction of information, resources, creativity, vitality, etc. without destroying the existing structure, so as to run more smoothly. Compared with the traditional military force structure, the future military force structure must maintain a relatively stable appearance and architecture, and realize the free flow of information and resources within the organization. Through process reengineering, system integration and information openness, the timeliness, flexibility and innovation of the army will be enhanced.

Transformation from manual organization to autonomous organization. In the form of intelligent warfare, the types of combat forces have greatly increased, including multi-domain diversified combat forces from space to deep sea, from aircraft carriers to micro-robots, etc. The complexity of the system has put forward higher requirements on the depth and breadth of decision-makers’ thinking. It is difficult for commanders and staff groups to complete the most reasonable combat organization in a short period of time. Using intelligent command and control systems to organize combat organizations has become the best choice. Thanks to the powerful computing and analysis capabilities of artificial intelligence, the intelligent command and control system can comprehensively evaluate the type characteristics, combat readiness, and scope of application of combat forces according to combat missions and battlefield environment changes, and even combine the ability, quality, personality characteristics, personal experience and other factors of commanders. Through network calculation, it can be deduced that the combat organization with complementary advantages, balanced strength, and optimal efficiency is obtained.

Deeply understand the operation mechanism of military force structure

In the process of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, artificial intelligence will be deeply involved in the entire process of military operations, which will have a profound impact on the operating mechanism of the military force structure and give birth to new mechanisms that are very different from traditional operating models.

The “complementary cooperation” operation of human-machine integration. Compared with humans, machines have obvious advantages in storage, computing and other capabilities, and have the characteristics of accuracy, speed, repeatability, and limited intelligence. In the era of intelligence, people’s positioning has gradually shifted to macro-control and indirect participation in combat, focusing on controlling strategic key content and nodes such as the timing of launching a war, scale level, style intensity, process development, and ending time. With the support of big data, network information systems and various algorithms, machines mainly complete activities such as data analysis, quantitative judgment, and trend prediction, quickly generate, optimize and evaluate combat plans, and provide humans with faster, more comprehensive and accurate decision-making assistance. Under normal circumstances, people have the final decision-making power in combat command, but in the near future, it may become a reality for machines to have the final decision-making power.

Intelligent embedded “process specification” operation. It is generally believed that “process specification” refers to the process of standardizing and standardizing the combat command and control process. In the “process specification” model, the subject responsible for specific execution is more likely to carry out activities in accordance with existing specifications and pre-settings. The real role is played by the designer of the process. Algorithms, models and other preset elements are the key to command and control activities. Compared with the traditional structural operation mode, the “process specification” model can enable command and control actions to run in an orderly manner under the established process by internalizing people’s target requirements, work specifications, combat plans, etc. into algorithms, models, and systems in advance. For example, in the intelligent situational awareness system, various tasks such as target search, tracking and positioning, and data collection can be carried out one by one according to the pre-set procedures. Although the relevant subjects involve various fields or departments, the operation of the entire system will be orderly under the unified algorithm specification.

Highly autonomous “results first” operation. “Results first” means that the output results of combat command and control activities are regulated and standardized, but no requirements are made for the process of the activities, that is, “only results, no process”. When the combat mission is too complex and the command and control process is not easy to standardize, it is necessary to formulate detailed and clear institutional norms to fully and accurately describe the final goal. The executors can take the initiative to decide the implementation method by themselves, and the structure will operate faster and more efficiently. Under the conditions of future information and intelligent warfare, the independent operation of unmanned systems, the adaptive organization of military organizations, and the task-based command method based on big data, cloud computing and network information systems have put forward higher requirements for the command and control mode. The “results first” mode is the best choice. In particular, some intelligent weapon platforms in the future will have autonomous decision-making power, and will be able to independently formulate tactical strategies, implement target detection, determine the order of target strikes, and perform a series of combat operations under the guidance of combat objectives set by humans.

Exploring practical paths for innovation in military force structure

Improving the military force structure is a dynamic development process with its own laws and implementation paths, and requires multi-domain advancement and in-depth development.

The size of the army remains stable and the composition of its forces continues to be optimized. Comrade Mao Zedong once pointed out that “any quality is expressed in a certain quantity, and without quantity there is no quality.” In today’s world, the size of the army is still an important indicator for measuring the strength of military power. It is a common practice for military powers to optimize their military forces on the basis of maintaining a certain scale. In recent years, major countries in the world have adjusted the organizational form of their armies, taking the development of new combat forces as an important support for leading the construction of the force system of their troops, adjusting and optimizing the military force system, and seeking new military breakthroughs. With an eye on future wars, military forces should continue to optimize and improve on the basis of maintaining a certain scale, increase the proportion of combat forces in new domains and new qualities, accelerate the development of unmanned intelligent combat forces, further highlight eliteness, strengthen the construction of intelligent logistics support forces, and build a lean, versatile, and efficient combat force structure.

The structure of the military services is cross-domain coordinated and integrated across all domains. As the combat space expands to network, electromagnetic, cognitive and other spaces, the structure of the military services is gradually integrated into an organic whole. In future wars, combat troops will not only need to perform combat missions in the physical space, but also need to deal with threats from network, cognitive and other spaces. The boundaries of operations between the military services will gradually blur. To adapt to this trend, the pace of innovation in the structure of the military services must be accelerated. Foreign militaries believe that the future innovation and development of the military services structure will be promoted in two ways: physical integration and virtual integration. First, a cross-domain combat force covering land, sea, air, space, power grid, and cognitive fields will be established, running through the structural boundaries of different fields, concentrating multi-domain combat capabilities based on a single domain, and generating deep joint combat capabilities. Second, the virtualization of the organization of each military service and the integration of capabilities. A single military service can aggregate the combat capabilities of multiple military services at any time, and achieve cross-domain integration of combat effectiveness while the combat forces are widely dispersed.

The combat force system takes into account specialization and synthesis. The development of future combat forces not only focuses on the subdivision of specialized combat force types, but also emphasizes the deep integration of multiple combat forces. With the expansion of war space and the continuous application of cutting-edge technologies, many new combat forces that adapt to unique combat styles will inevitably appear in various combat domains. The future integrated joint operations require the integration of various combat forces and close coordination between various professions. Therefore, the adjustment of the combat force system needs to start with cross-domain integration, accelerate the integration of combat forces, focus on promoting the integration of combat forces at the strategic, campaign, and tactical levels, the integration of horizontal functional fields, and the integration of combat and non-combat fields, so as to make the combat force system more scientific.

The new and old combat forces are organized into a multi-functional integrated system that enhances each other’s effectiveness. From the perspective of the development trend of world military transformation, although the status and role of new combat forces are constantly strengthening, traditional combat forces still play an important role. In the future, the innovation of military force structure should maximize the system synergy of new and old combat forces by adjusting the structure and optimizing the organization, extending the level of new combat forces downward, accelerating the integration of combat forces in the fields of network, space, cognition, and other fields with traditional combat forces such as land, sea, and air at the campaign and tactical levels, and deploying new combat force units at the campaign level, and dispersing them downward as appropriate, and connecting to the organizational sequence of various military forces at any time according to combat needs. (Tong Yunhe and Yan Xiaofeng)

(Editors: Chen Yu, Tang Song)

現代國語：

習近平主席在黨的二十大報告中指出，要全面加強治軍，鞏固拓展國防和軍事改革成果，完善軍隊結構，系統優化軍事政策和製度。完善軍隊結構，是全面加強軍事治理的重要內容，是新時代新征程推進軍隊組織形態現代化的必然要求。目前，戰爭形態正在加速向資訊化、智慧化戰爭演變。提升打贏能力，要進一步加速軍隊結構完善，為贏得軍事競爭優勢提供強力支撐。

前瞻軍事力量結構編成發展趨勢

以人工智慧為代表的高技術群的蓬勃發展，正推動智慧化戰爭加速走來。適應戰爭形態變化，軍事力量結構正加速轉向自動賦能型、動態適應型、自主編成型結構。

由控制型結構轉換成自動賦能型結構。未來戰場環境更加複雜多變，OODA循環週期大為壓縮，爭取時間優勢與行動速度、靈敏轉換攻防態勢成為奪取作戰主動權的必然要求。傳統戰爭形態下，軍隊主要透過計畫、組織、指揮、協調、控制等管理活動對內施加影響。實務證明，逐層傳遞式組織結構不僅反應速度緩慢，而且相對保守固化，無法適應快速變化的新環境。未來軍事力量結構將加速朝向賦能方向發展，透過更多授權達成賦予能力和能量的目的。其與傳統軍事力量結構相比，更重視激發人的自主能力，力求最大化組織內部個體的才智與潛能。

由固化型結構轉變為動態適應型結構。傳統軍事力量結構中，邊界固定清晰，組織穩定性秩序性強。智慧化戰爭形態下，為適應複雜多變的外部環境，軍事力量結構邊界將逐漸開放，內部各子系統之間在不破壞現有結構的情況下，支持資訊、資源、創意、活力等快速交互，以便運作更加流暢。相較於傳統軍事力量結構，未來軍事力量結構既保持相對穩定的外形和架構，又須實現資訊和資源在組織內部的自由流動，透過流程再造、體系整合和資訊開放，軍隊的時敏性、靈活性和創新性將得到加強。

由人工編成向自主編成轉變。智慧化戰爭形態下，作戰力量種類極大增多，包括從太空到深海、從航空母艦到微型機器人等多域多元化作戰力量，其體系複雜性對決策者思維深度和廣度提出了更高的要求，指揮和參謀群體很難在短時間內完成最合理的作戰編組，借助智慧指揮控制系統來進行作戰編組便成了最優選擇。由於人工智慧的強大運算和分析能力，智慧指揮控制系統能夠根據作戰任務和戰場環境變化，綜合評估作戰力量的類型特徵、戰備狀況、適用範圍，甚至結合指揮人員的能力素質、性格特徵、個人經驗等因素，可透過網算推演得出優勢互補、力量平衡、效能最優的作戰編組。

深度掌握軍事力量結構運作機理

在機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展過程中，人工智慧深度介入軍隊運作全流程，對軍事力量結構運作機制將產生深刻影響，並催生出與傳統運作模式迥異的新機制。

人機融合的「互補合作」式運作。相較於人類，機器的儲存、運算等能力優勢明顯，具有精準性、快速性、重複性、有限智能等特徵。在智慧化時代，人的定位逐漸轉向宏觀控制和間接參與作戰，聚焦戰爭發動時機、規模層次、樣式強度、進程發展、結束時機等戰略性關鍵內容和節點。而機器在大數據、網路資訊系統和各類演算法支撐下，主要完成數據分析、定量判斷、趨勢預測等活動，快速生成、優化和評估作戰計劃，為人類提供更快捷、全面、準確的決策輔助。通常情況下，人具有作戰指揮的最終決策權，但在不遠的將來，機器擁有最終決策權或將成為現實。

智慧內嵌的「流程規範」式運作。一般認為，「流程規範」是指對作戰指揮控制過程進行規範和標準化的過程。在「流程規範」模式中，負責具體執行的主體更多是按照既有規範標準和預先設定展開活動，真正發揮作用的是流程的設計者，算法、模型等預置要素是指揮控制活動的關鍵。相較於傳統結構運作模式，「流程規範」模式透過預先將人的目標要求、工作規範、作戰計畫等內化為演算法、模型、制度，能夠使指揮控制行動在既定流程下有序運作。例如，在智慧化態勢感知系統中，目標搜尋、追蹤定位、資料收集等各項任務可以根據預先設定的程序逐次展開，相關主體雖然涉及各個領域或部門，但在統一演算法規範下整個體系運行將井然有序。

高度自主的「結果優先」式運作。 「結果優先」是指對作戰指揮控制活動的輸出結果進行規範和標準化，但對活動過程不作要求，即「只求結果、不問過程」。當作戰任務過於複雜、指揮控制過程不易進行標準化時，需要透過制定詳盡明確的製度規範以全面準確描述最終目標，執行者可以發揮能動性自行決定實現方式，結構運作更加快捷高效。在未來資訊化智慧化戰爭條件下，無人系統獨立運作、軍隊組織自適應編組以及基於大數據、雲端運算和網路資訊系統的任務式指揮方式等，對指揮控制模式提出了更高的要求，「結果優先」模式便是最佳選擇。特別是未來部分智慧武器平台將具有自主決策權，能夠在人類設定的作戰目標指引下，自主制定戰術策略、實施目標探測、確定目標打擊順序，執行一系列作戰行動。

探索軍事力量結構創新實踐路徑

完善軍事力量結構編成是一個動態的發展過程，有自身的規律與實現路徑，需要多域推進、縱深發展。

軍隊規模保持穩定、力量組成持續優化。毛澤東同誌曾經指出，「任何品質都表現為一定的數量，沒有數量也就沒有質量。」當今世界，軍隊規模仍是衡量軍事力量強弱的重要指標，軍事力量在維持一定規模的基礎上進行優化是軍事強國的通行做法。近年來，世界各主要國家紛紛調整軍隊組織形態，把發展新型作戰力量作為引領部隊力量體系建設的重要支撐，調整優化軍事力量體系，尋求新的軍事突破。著眼於未來戰爭，軍事力量應在保持一定規模基礎上不斷優化完善，增加新域新質作戰力量比重，加快無人智能作戰力量發展，更加突出精銳化，加強智能化後勤保障力量建設，構建精幹、多能、高效的作戰力量結構。

軍兵種結構跨域協同、全域融合。隨著作戰空間向網路、電磁、認知等空間拓展，軍兵種結構也逐漸融為一體有機的整體。未來戰爭，作戰部隊既需要執行物理空間的作戰任務，也需要應對來自網路、認知等空間的威脅，軍兵種之間作戰的界線將逐漸模糊。適應這種趨勢，軍兵種結構創新必須加快腳步。外軍認為，未來的軍兵種結構創新發展將採取實體融合與虛擬整合兩種方式來推進。一是組成覆蓋陸海空天電網以及認知等領域的跨域作戰部隊，貫穿不同領域結構邊界，以單域為基礎集中多域作戰能力，生成深度聯合作戰能力。二是各軍兵種編制虛擬化、能力一體化，單一軍兵種能夠隨時聚合多軍兵種作戰能力，在作戰力量廣域分散的同時實現作戰效能跨域融合。

作戰力量體系兼顧專業化、合成化。未來作戰力量的發展既注重專業化的作戰力量類型細分，也強調多種作戰力量的深度融合。隨著戰爭空間的拓展和前沿技術的不斷應用，在各作戰域內必將出現許多適應獨特作戰樣式的新型作戰力量。而未來的一體化聯合作戰，需要各種作戰力量一體融合，各專業之間密切協同。因此，調整作戰力量體系需要從跨域融合方面入手，加快推進作戰力量一體化，重點推動作戰力量在戰略、戰役、戰術層級的融合，橫向職能領域的融合，作戰與非作戰領域的融合等，使作戰力量體系更科學。

新舊作戰力量編成多能一體、相互增效。從世界軍事變革發展趨勢來看，新型作戰力量的地位作用雖然不斷強化，但傳統作戰力量仍扮演重要角色。未來軍事力量結構創新，要透過調整結構和優化編組等方式最大限度發揮新舊作戰力量的體系合力，向下延伸新型作戰力量層級，加速網絡、太空、認知等領域作戰力量與陸海空等傳統作戰力量在戰役戰術層面的結合，編製戰役級新型作戰力量單元，並視情向下分散​​配屬，根據作戰需要隨時接入各軍種部隊編制序列。 （童蘊河 閔曉峰）

(編按：陳羽、唐宋)

2022年12月15日09:28 |

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1215/c1011-32587690888.html

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China to Vigorously Strengthen National Defense Technology Innovation

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中國將大力加強國防科技創新

現代英語：

President Xi Jinping stressed the need to strengthen national defense science and technology innovation, accelerate the construction of a military-civilian integrated innovation system, and vigorously improve the national defense science and technology independent innovation capabilities. This profoundly reveals the objective laws of national defense science and technology development, and points out the direction for comprehensively implementing the strategy of developing the military through science and technology in the new era, creating a new situation for strengthening the military, and promoting the modernization of national defense and the military.

In his important speech at the plenary meeting of the People’s Liberation Army and Armed Police Force delegation at the first session of the 13th National People’s Congress, President Xi Jinping pointed out that we should strengthen national defense science and technology innovation, accelerate the construction of a military-civilian integrated innovation system, and vigorously improve the independent innovation capabilities of national defense science and technology. This important thought profoundly reveals the objective laws of national defense science and technology development, points out the direction for comprehensively implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the military through science and technology in the new era, creating a new situation for strengthening and rejuvenating the military, and promoting the modernization of national defense and the military. It has great historical significance and far-reaching practical significance.

Vigorously improve the independent innovation capabilities of national defense science and technology

Only innovators can win in international military competition. We must place innovation in an important position in the overall development of our military, firmly grasp the strategic basis of independent innovation in national defense science and technology, and significantly improve our independent innovation capabilities in national defense science and technology.

Strengthen basic research and key technology research for national strategic needs. President Xi stressed that real core key technologies cannot be bought with money, relying on imported weapons and equipment is unreliable, and taking the path of importing and imitating will not go far. Only by attaching importance to basic research can we always maintain independent innovation capabilities. We must attach great importance to original professional basic theoretical breakthroughs, strengthen the construction of scientific infrastructure, ensure the continuous advancement of basic, systematic, and cutting-edge technology research and technological development, and strengthen the source supply of independent innovation in national defense science and technology. Attach great importance to the development of strategic cutting-edge technologies, especially disruptive technologies, and strengthen forward-looking, leading, exploratory, and disruptive major technology research and new concept research. We must take the weak links in national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment construction as the main direction for promoting independent innovation, focus on breaking through core key technologies, strive to achieve overtaking on the curve, and realize the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading, so as to seize the strategic commanding heights of national defense science and technology innovation.

Increase the efforts to transform and apply advanced scientific and technological achievements. Exhaust knowledge to gain knowledge, and introspection to gain practical results. President Xi pointed out that only by combining scientific and technological achievements with national needs, people’s demands, and market needs, and completing the three-step jump from scientific research, experimental development, and promotion and application, can we truly realize the value of innovation and achieve innovation-driven development. The purpose of national defense science and technology innovation is application. It must serve the construction of the troops and military struggle preparations, and we must speed up the transformation and application of innovative and breakthrough achievements. The construction of weapons and equipment must be evaluated based on the contribution rate to the combat system, strengthen the guidance of combat needs, implement combat needs throughout the entire process of weapons and equipment development, ensure the actual combat applicability of weapons and equipment, and achieve an organic unity between development and application. The development of national defense science and technology must insist on focusing on actual combat and serving the troops, so that scientific and technological innovation can be well connected and focused with the development of troop construction, and the results of innovation can be transformed into real combat power, promoting the transformation of our military construction towards quality, efficiency and technology intensiveness.

Accelerate the construction of a national defense science and technology innovation system. The 19th CPC National Congress report clearly proposed to strengthen the construction of the national innovation system and enhance strategic scientific and technological strength. The national defense science and technology innovation system should be incorporated into the construction of the national innovation system to enhance the ability of original innovation, integrated innovation, and introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation. Accelerate the construction of innovation infrastructure platforms, promote the military-civilian integration of national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment, and consolidate the basic projects of the national defense science and technology innovation system. Accelerate the training of leading talents in national defense science and technology innovation, build a high-quality new military talent team, focus on training joint combat command talents and new combat force talents, and strengthen the intellectual support of the national defense science and technology innovation system. We will vigorously foster an innovative culture and create an atmosphere of innovation in national defense science and technology that encourages innovation, encourages success, and tolerates failure, so that creativity and innovation will become a trend in the military.

Focus on joint innovation of military and civilian science and technology

The development of military-civilian integration is the only way to achieve the balance between development and security, and the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military. Vigorously carrying out military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation will help promote the transformation of economic development mode and economic structure adjustment, and will help enhance the country’s war potential and national defense strength.

Do a good job in top-level design and strategic planning. The implementation of any strategy must be planned first and planned ahead. Military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation involves the two major systems of the military and the local government and the interests of multiple parties. It is a major strategic project and a long-term and arduous task. We must firmly grasp the focus of strengthening top-level design and draw up a grand blueprint for the military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation system. On the premise of in-depth understanding and grasp of the military-civilian integration strategy, clarify the development status, target orientation, basic principles, etc. of military-civilian scientific and technological collaborative innovation, adhere to scientific coordination, practical guidance, system argumentation, and strengthen legal protection. Comprehensive layout and strategic planning should be carried out to ensure that major national strategic plans, major policies and regulations fully integrate the needs of national defense and military construction, and that the military construction and development plans are aligned with the overall deployment of economic and social development. We should adhere to forward-looking planning, take major scientific and technological projects as the guide, and take the advantages of basic research and strategic high-tech research as the breakthrough point to seize the scientific and technological commanding heights to promote the generation of combat effectiveness and the transformation of economic development methods.

Promote the integrated demonstration and implementation of major scientific and technological projects. The Party Central Committee has determined my country’s long-term strategy for science and technology towards 2030 and decided to implement a number of major scientific and technological projects and engineering projects, which will not only help my country break the situation of being controlled by others in major key core technologies in strategic areas, but also help open up new industrial development directions and cultivate new economic growth points. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Party emphasized the expansion and implementation of major national scientific and technological projects, highlighting key common technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovations. National defense science and technology innovation should pay close attention to the development trends of world military science and technology and weapons and equipment, focus on the country’s major strategic needs, adhere to what to do and what not to do, and timely track, adjust and optimize the deployed major scientific and technological projects and engineering projects to form a systematic layout of succession in stages.

Deepen and expand the military-civilian integration in emerging fields such as ocean, space, cyberspace, biology, and new energy. As the boundaries of scientific exploration become farther and farther, emerging fields such as “three depths and one pole” have become new focuses of strategic competition among major powers. Among them, the deep sea has become a new battlefield with potential opportunities for victory, deep space has become a new strategic fulcrum, the deep blue has opened the “Pandora’s box” of the cyberspace battlefield, and the polar regions have become a battleground for strategic games among powerful countries. Emerging fields are a unified whole of cognitive domain, physical domain, information domain, and industrial domain, and have natural military and civilian attributes. In recent years, countries around the world have generally regarded accelerating the development of military-civilian integration in emerging fields as an important measure to seize the commanding heights of international strategic games. The United States has intensively released the “National Innovation Strategy of the United States” and the “Federal Big Data Research and Development Strategic Plan”, and Russia has issued the “Russian Federation Science and Technology Development Plan”, etc., and has established a military-civilian integration development model in emerging fields. It is necessary to accelerate the formation of a multi-dimensional, coordinated and leapfrog development pattern of military-civilian integration in emerging fields through the joint construction of military and civilian facilities, the sharing of military and civilian technology, and the sharing of military and civilian information, deepen and expand military-civilian integration in emerging fields, and work together to build a strong maritime, aerospace, and cyber power.

Optimize the allocation of technological innovation resources

With the continuous development of science and technology, the characteristics of multi-disciplinary professional cross-clustering and multi-field technology integration are becoming increasingly prominent. We must rely on team strength to pool wisdom and tackle key problems, and integrate scientific research forces and innovative resources to maximize the advantages of all aspects and form an overall synergy to promote national defense science and technology innovation.

Strengthen open sharing to break the closed monopoly. We must firmly grasp the “hard bones” of national defense science and technology innovation and overcome difficulties, focus on strengthening the overall coordination of scientific and technological innovation, and strive to overcome the fragmentation of resources such as scattered and closed resources, cross-duplication, etc. in scientific and technological innovation activities in various fields, departments, and aspects, and avoid “islands” in innovation. Remove all kinds of visible and invisible fences, break the closed monopoly, do a good job in demand docking, planning docking, and task docking, and accelerate the establishment and improvement of an open and shared platform for innovative resources that organically interacts with all subjects, aspects, and links, and collaborates and is efficient, so as to maximize the realization of co-construction, sharing, and sharing. We must focus on improving the basic system of scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the establishment and improvement of the national science and technology reporting system, innovation investigation system, and national science and technology management information system, and significantly improve the level of open sharing of scientific and technological resources.

Deepen the reform of the defense science and technology system and mechanism. If scientific and technological innovation is compared to the new engine of my country’s development, then reform is the indispensable ignition system to ignite this new engine. The loose connection between science and technology and the economy has been a major chronic disease in my country’s science and technology development for many years. To solve this problem, we must take the reform of mechanisms and policies and systems as the starting point, resolutely demolish barriers, break the ice, remove thresholds, break down institutional barriers and interest shackles, build a systematic and complete science and technology military-civilian integration policy and system system, and promote the deep integration of science and technology with economic and social development. We must break through the barriers of the defense science and technology system and mechanism that restrict the organic integration of production, learning, research and application, improve the defense science and technology innovation service support system, and strengthen the use and protection of defense intellectual property rights. We should speed up the establishment of a scientific and technological decision-making mechanism in which scientific and technological consultation supports administrative decision-making, reform the scientific and technological evaluation system, and improve the resource allocation method and scientific and technological innovation incentive mechanism that conform to the laws of scientific and technological innovation. Only when the wheels of scientific and technological innovation and the wheels of institutional mechanism innovation turn together can the national defense scientific and technological innovation capability be greatly improved.

Tap into the potential for innovation in national defense science and technology. In today’s world of globalization, informatization, and networking, innovation factors are more open and mobile, and scientific and technological innovation is endless. We must improve the national defense science and technology innovation governance system, fully mobilize the initiative of innovation subjects, unleash the vitality of various innovation factors, make good use of all high-quality resources and advanced achievements in society, tap into all potential for scientific and technological innovation, and organically integrate national defense and military construction into the economic and social development system. Against the backdrop of economic and technological globalization, innovative resources are flowing rapidly around the world, and the links between countries are becoming increasingly close. No country can solve all innovation problems in isolation and on its own. We must adhere to open and inclusive independent innovation, and actively absorb innovative resources and achievements that can improve the efficiency of military construction and enhance the combat effectiveness of the military. Deepen international exchanges and cooperation, make full use of global innovation resources, and promote independent innovation in national defense science and technology from a higher starting point.

(Author’s unit: College of Arts and Sciences, National Defense University of Science and Technology)

現代國語：

——學習習主席在十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議上的重要講話
來源：解放軍報 作者：楊愛華 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-03-28 08:39:38
習主席強調，加強國防科技創新，加速建設軍民融合創新體系，大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。這深刻揭示了國防科技發展的客觀規律，為新時代全面實施科技興軍戰略，開創強軍興軍新局面，推進國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了前進方向

習主席在十三屆全國人大一次會議解放軍和武警部隊代表團全體會議上的重要講話中指出，要加強國防科技創新，加速建設軍民融合創新體系，大力提升國防科技自主創新能力。這一重要思想，深刻揭示了國防科技發展的客觀規律，為新時代全面實施科技興軍戰略，開創強軍興軍新局面，推進國防和軍隊現代化建設指明了前進方向，具有重大歷史意義與深遠現實意義。

大力提升國防科技自主創新能力

國際軍事競爭唯創新者勝，必須把創新擺在我軍建設發展全局的重要位置，牢牢扭轉國防科技自主創新這個戰略基點，大幅提升國防科技自主創新能力。

加強面向國家戰略需求的基礎研究和關鍵技術研究。習主席強調，真正的核心關鍵技術是花錢買不來的，靠進口武器裝備是靠不住的，走引進仿製的路子是走不遠的。只有重視基礎研究，才能永遠保持自主創新能力。必須高度重視原始性專業基礎理論突破，加強科學基礎設施建設，確保基礎性、系統性、前沿性技術研究和技術研發持續推進，加強國防科技自主創新的來源供給。高度重視戰略前沿技術特別是顛覆性技術的發展，加強前瞻性、先導性、探索性、顛覆性的重大技術研究和新概念研究。要把國防科技和武器裝備建設的薄弱環節作為推進自主創新的主攻方向，著力突破核心關鍵技術，爭取實現彎道超車，實現從跟跑並跑向並跑領跑轉變，搶佔國防科技創新戰略制高點。

加大先進科技成果轉化運用力度。窮理以致其知，反躬以踐其實。習主席指出，科技成果只有同國家需要、人民要求、市場需求結合，完成從科學研究、實驗開發、推廣應用的三級跳，才能真正實現創新價值、實現創新驅動發展。國防科技創新的目的在於應用，必須為部隊建設和軍事鬥爭準備服務，抓緊搞好創新性、突破性成果轉化運用。武器裝備建設必須以對作戰體系的貢獻率為評價標準，強化作戰需求牽引，把作戰需求貫徹到武器裝備研製的全過程，確保武器裝備的實戰適用性，實現研製和運用有機統一。國防科技發展必須堅持聚焦實戰、服務部隊，使科技創新同部隊建設發展接好軌、對好焦，把創新成果轉化為實實在在的戰鬥力，推動我軍建設向質量效能型和科技密集型轉變。

加速建構國防科技創新體系。黨的十九大報告明確提出，加強國家創新體系建設，強化戰略科技力量。要把國防科技創新體系納入國家創新體系建設之中，增強原始創新、整合創新和引進消化吸收再創新能力。加速建設創新基礎平台，紮實推動國防科技與武器裝備領域的軍民融合，夯實國防科技創新體系的基礎工程。加速培養國防科技創新領導者才，建設高素質新型軍事人才隊伍，著力培養聯合作戰指揮人才和新型作戰力量人才，強化國防科技創新體系的智力支撐。大力培育創新文化，營造勇於創新、鼓勵成功、寬容失敗的國防科技創新氛圍，讓創造創新在軍營蔚然成風。

突顯抓好軍民科技協同創新

軍民融合發展是實現發展和安全兼顧、富國和強軍統一的必經之路。大力開展軍民科技協同創新，有利於促進經濟發展方式轉變和經濟結構調整，有利於增強國家戰爭潛力和國防實力。

搞好頂層設計和戰略籌劃。任何戰略的實施，都必須規劃先行，超前籌謀。軍民科技協同創新涉及軍地兩大系統和多方利益關系，是一個重大的戰略工程，也是一項長期的艱鉅任務。要緊緊扭住強化頂層設計這個著力重點，擘畫軍民科技協同創新體系的宏偉藍圖。以深入認識與掌握軍民融合戰略為前提，明確軍民科技協同創新的發展現狀、目標指向、基本原則等，堅持科學統籌、實戰牽引、體系論證，強化法治保障。全面佈局、戰略籌劃，使國家重大戰略規劃、重大政策法規充分統合國防和軍隊建設需求，軍隊建設發展規劃計劃與全面落實經濟社會發展總體部署相對接。堅持超前謀劃，以重大科技工程為牽引，以奪取基礎研究和戰略高技術研究優勢為突破口，搶佔推動戰鬥力生成和經濟發展方式轉變的科技制高點。

推動重大科技項目一體論證與實施。黨中央已經確定了我國科技面向2030年的長遠戰略，決定實施一批重大科技項目和工程，這既有利於我國在戰略必爭領域打破重大關鍵核心技術受制於人的局面，也有利於開闢新的產業發展方向，培育新的經濟成長點。黨的十九大報告強調，拓展實施國家重大科技項目，突顯關鍵共性技術、前沿引領技術、現代工程技術、顛覆性技術創新。國防科技創新要密切關注世界軍事科技和武器裝備發展動向，圍繞國家重大戰略需求，堅持有所為、有所不為，對已部署的重大科技項目和工程及時跟踪、滾動調整和優化，形成梯次接續的系統佈局。

深化拓展海洋、太空、網路空間、生物、新能源等新興領域的軍民融合。隨著科學探索的邊界越來越遠，「三深一極」等新興領域已成為大國戰略角逐的新焦點。其中，深海成為潛藏制勝先機的新戰場，深空成為新的戰略支點，深藍已經打開網絡空間戰場的“潘多拉魔盒”，極地成為強國戰略博弈的角斗場。新興領域是認知域、物理域、資訊域、產業域的統一整體，具有天然的軍民通用屬性。近年來，世界各國普遍把加速新興領域軍民融合發展，作為奪取國際戰略博弈制高點的重要舉措。美國密集發布《美國國家創新戰略》《聯邦大數據研究與發展戰略計畫》，俄羅斯推出《俄聯邦科學技術發展計畫》等，紛紛在新興領域確立軍民融合發展模式。要透過設施軍民共建、技術軍民共用、資訊軍民共享等方式，加速形成多維一體、協同推進、跨越發展的新興領域軍民融合發展格局，深化拓展新興領域的軍民融合，合力建設海洋強國、航太強國、網絡強國。

優化科技創新資源配置

隨著科學技術的不斷發展，多學科專業交叉群集、多領域技術融合集成的特徵日益凸顯，必須依靠團隊力量集智攻關，搞好科研力量與創新資源的整合，才能最大限度發揮各方面的優勢，形成推進國防科技創新的整體合力。

強化開放共享打破封閉壟斷。緊緊扭住國防科技創新的「硬骨頭」攻堅克難，著力加強科技創新統籌協調，努力克服各領域、各部門、各方面科技創新活動中存在的資源分散封閉、交叉重復等碎片化現象，避免創新中的「孤島」。清除各種有形無形的柵欄，打破封閉壟斷，搞好需求對接、規劃對接、任務對接，加速建立健全各主體、各方面、各環節有機互動、協同高效的創新資源開放共享平台，最大限度實現共建共用共享。著力完善科技創新基礎制度，加速建立健全國家科技報告製度、創新調查制度、國家科技管理資訊系統，大幅提昇科技資源開放共享水準。

深化國防科技體制機制改革。如果把科技創新比喻成我國發展的新引擎，那麼改革就是點燃這個新引擎不可或缺的點火系。科技與經濟聯係不緊密，是多年來我國科技發展的一大痼疾。解決這個問題，必須以機制和政策制度改革為抓手，堅決拆壁壘、破堅冰、去門檻，破除制度藩籬和利益羈絆，構建系統完備的科技軍民融合政策制度體系，推動科技與經濟社會發展深度融合。要突破束縛產學研發有機結合的國防科技體制機制障礙，健全國防科技創新服務支撐體系，加強國防知識產權運用與保護。加速建立科技諮詢支撐行政決策的科技決策機制，改革科技評價制度，完善符合科技創新規律的資源配置方式、科技創新激勵機制。只有科技創新的輪子與體制機制創新的輪子共同轉動，才能大幅提升國防科技創新能力。

挖掘國防科技創新潛力。在全球化、資訊化、網絡化發展的今天，創新要素更具開放性、流動性，科技創新永無止境。要完善國防科技創新治理體系，充分調動創新主體的積極性，釋放各類創新要素的活力，善於運用社會一切優質資源和先進成果，挖掘一切科技創新潛力，把國防和軍隊建設有機融入經濟社會發展體系。在經濟與科技全球化的大背景下，創新資源在世界範圍內快速流動，國家與國家之間的聯繫日趨緊密，任何一個國家都不可能孤立依靠自己的力量解決所有創新難題。要堅持開放式、包容式自主創新，積極吸收能提升軍隊建設效益、提升軍隊戰鬥力的創新資源與成果。深化國際交流合作，充分利用全球創新資源，在更高起點推進國防科技自主創新。

（作者單位：國防科技大學文理學院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4807982888.html

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Chinese Military Analysis on the Strategic Application of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事對智慧戰爭戰略應用的分析

現代英語：

An analysis of the use of strategies in intelligent warfare

■Chen Dongheng, Zhong Ya

Reading Tips: “Warfare is the art of deception”. War is a competition of comprehensive strength. Ancient Chinese military strategists have always attached great importance to “strategizing in the tent and winning thousands of miles away”, and all of them regard strategy as the way to victory. War practice shows that as long as war is a confrontation between humans, smart strategies will not withdraw from the battlefield. Today’s battlefield competition is about intelligent skills, and what is fought is smart strategies.

“The best military is to attack the enemy’s strategy, the next best is to attack the enemy’s alliance, the next best is to attack the enemy’s soldiers, and the worst is to attack the city.” Strategy, as a component of combat power and a weapon to win the war, runs through ancient and modern times and transcends national boundaries, and has an important function of influencing and determining the outcome of the war. Although the role of science and technology is more prominent in intelligent warfare, it does not exclude the use of strategy. With the support and guidance of strategy, the combat system is more efficient. In-depth research and mastery of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare will be more conducive to winning the initiative in intelligent warfare.

The status and role of the use of strategy in intelligent warfare

The essence of strategy lies in the intelligent release of power. Scientific strategy application can often defeat the majority with the minority, the big with the small, and the strong with the weak. The battlefield of intelligent warfare presents more transparency, more extended combat space, more diverse means of confrontation, and more complex winning mechanism. This provides a solid material foundation and technical support for the implementation of strategy, and the status and role of strategy are becoming more and more important.

The internal driving force of the army construction and development planning. Demand is the order of the army, and use is the commander of the weapon. How science and technology are innovated, how weapons and equipment are developed, and how the national defense forces are built are often driven by demand and forward-looking planning. For example, in order to make up for the gap between Russia and the United States in terms of overall air defense and anti-missile strength, Russia used “asymmetric” strategies to focus on penetration technology and developed the “Zircon” and “Dagger” hypersonic missiles before the United States. Facts show that the application of strategies mainly focuses on “Tao” and “Fa”. The more reasonable the design and the more scientific the application, the more it can stimulate the motivation, vitality and potential of innovation and creation, and trigger a revolution in science and technology, weapons and equipment, and military construction and combat methods. Only when intelligent warfare, scientific and technological innovation and weapons and equipment development are closely connected with the needs of scientific war strategies can they adhere to the correct direction and be better transformed into actual combat power.

A multiplier of the actual combat effectiveness of the combat system. In the combat power spectrum, strategy, as an important soft power, has the value and significance of providing scientific methodological guidance, appropriate time and opportunity selection and correct path support for the use of military hard power. For example, Iran once used the “dislocation” tactics to launch a large-scale retaliatory air strike against Israel, first using hundreds of cheap drones to attract the consumption of Israel’s expensive air defense system, and then using more advanced high-value ballistic missiles to penetrate, which improved the hit rate to a certain extent. Facts show that when facing an opponent with superior hard power, if the strategy is used properly, it can also achieve miraculous results; and the same hard power may have very different combat effectiveness when using different strategies and tactics. In intelligent warfare, although the “blade” of military hard power is faster, in order to make it more effective, it still needs to rely on more sophisticated strategic “sword skills”.

Dependent variables of hybrid warfare operations. Strategy can not only empower military hard power, but also has a strong direct combat function, and can even defeat the enemy without fighting by “soft killing”. For example, the United States once spent a lot of money to capture the leader of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, but he seemed to have disappeared from the world, and technical means could not determine his exact hiding place. He was finally tracked down by targeting his messenger through strategic use. The United States’ “live broadcast” “Spear of Poseidon” operation attempted to show the strength of the US military by killing Bin Laden to shock the international community. Intelligent warfare is a hybrid warfare, which has entered a new era of global live broadcast, universal participation, and full coverage. More and more countries are adopting strategic methods to enhance their own confidence and strike the opponent’s will to resist, and the strategic “soft kill” combat function is becoming more and more apparent.

Basic mechanism of intelligent warfare strategy application

Intelligent warfare, high-level development of artificial intelligence, rapid iteration, full spectrum penetration, and high-efficiency release, make the application of strategy have more dimensional support and stronger drive, showing a unique operation mechanism.

Cluster operation of strategy application. The application of strategy is based on the underlying logic of war operation and follows the law of evolution of the subject from individual to team and then to system. From a historical perspective, the application of strategy warfare in the cold weapon era relied more on the wisdom and experience accumulation of generals. Natural factors such as geography and weather are the main grasps of strategy operation. The burning of Red Cliff and borrowing arrows from straw boats are vivid footnotes. In the mechanized era, in order to adapt to the increasingly complex composition of military branches and the needs of fast-paced operations, the “General Staff” of senior military institutions dedicated to war planning services came into being. The “General Staff” in the two world wars is a typical representative. In the information age, the use of war strategies mainly relies on the control of information, and information power has become the main support behind strategic planning. In intelligent warfare, the comprehensiveness of technology application, the systematic nature of force planning, and the platform characteristics of game confrontation are more prominent, and the internal requirements are that the subject of strategy implementation should shift to a more powerful systematic platform.

Algorithm-driven strategy application. Strategy is based on strategy. The essence of planning is calculation, calculation of the world situation, calculation of military situation, calculation of development trend, calculation of strength and weakness, calculation of winning advantage… Whether it is calculation by human brain or machine, calculation by generals or calculation by teams, calculation is always the most critical supporting factor. Generally speaking, whoever has stronger computing power, more precise algorithms, and faster calculations can grab the “calculation” machine and win the victory. In the era of intelligent calculation, artificial intelligence participates in strategic decision-making with human-machine hybrid algorithms or machine algorithms, which greatly enhances the efficiency of calculation. It is based on this that major countries have focused on breakthroughs in artificial intelligence to win the future competition. These artificial intelligences, characterized by strong computing power, have great application potential in simulating battlefield situations, simulating war processes, and assisting decision-making and command. Only by guarding against the opponent’s technical aggression, vigorously improving our computing power, and adding the wings of algorithms to traditional strategies can we be invincible in the strategic game confrontation.

Intelligent support for the use of strategies. In intelligent warfare, strategies are based on the rapid development of artificial intelligence and its extensive military applications. It is a two-way “rush” of human strategic wisdom and “technical” wisdom. Now, the generals’ ingenuity and traditional staff work have become increasingly difficult to adapt to the needs of intelligent warfare. Comprehensive intelligent command and decision-making platforms have become an important support for the implementation of strategies. The command and decision-making system of the US military has developed into a large platform that integrates four-layer structural functions, including “intelligence support, information fusion, mission coordination, autonomous decision-making, action deployment, force allocation, situation adjustment, and real-time tracking”, and has become the brain of its “decision-making center warfare”. The Russian Federation Armed Forces Combat Command Center can dispatch and monitor the training and exercises of the entire army in real time, and undertake combat command tasks in low-intensity small-scale conflicts. It can be seen that intelligent support for strategic planning and strategy implementation has gradually taken shape. Intelligent strategic confrontation has put forward higher requirements for the professional integration of strategic subjects, and promoted the deep integration of human biological intelligence and artificial intelligence, which is “human-like intelligence”.

Main ways to use strategies in intelligent warfare

In intelligent warfare, the era background, supporting conditions, and action mechanisms of strategy application have undergone profound changes. The way of implementing strategies must keep pace with the times, strive to combine traditional strategic advantages with new technologies and new forms of warfare, innovate and expand scientific paths to effectively release strategic energy, and strive to plan quickly, plan carefully, and integrate strategy and attack.

Intelligent technology integration releases energy. That is, make full use of intelligent technology to empower and release energy for strategies. Generally speaking, the effective implementation of strategies is inseparable from accurate information perception, rapid personnel mobilization, and efficient force strikes. The innovative application of artificial intelligence enables people to see farther, hear more closely, know more, and calculate faster, making the army gather and disperse more quickly, move more covertly, and release power more rapidly, which is more conducive to the generation of strategies and the achievement of effectiveness. On the one hand, with the help of the rapidity and autonomy of artificial intelligence, the enemy situation can be quickly grasped through intelligent reconnaissance, the decision-making time can be greatly shortened by using machine algorithms, and the optimal strategy can be selected with the help of simulation deduction; on the other hand, relying on artificial intelligence to release and enhance the efficiency of strategies, modern brain control technology, deep fake technology, information confusion technology, public opinion guidance technology, etc., have greatly expanded the space and means of implementing strategies.

Human-machine complementation releases energy. That is, the strengths and weaknesses of human intelligence and machine intelligence complement each other and enhance efficiency and release energy. The biggest advantage of machine intelligence over human intelligence is that it can fight continuously without being affected by biological factors such as will, emotion, psychology, and physical strength. However, the “meta-intelligence” of human intelligence and its ability to adapt to changes are not possessed by machine intelligence. The two intelligence advantages complement each other and aggregate to form a powerful hybrid intelligence, which strongly supports the use of strategies in war. On the one hand, the “machine brain” safely and efficiently makes up for the shortcomings of the human brain; on the other hand, the human brain responds to special situations on the spot. Facts show that the biggest advantage of human intelligence over machine intelligence is that it can make decisions and deal with different situations on the spot, which just makes up for the shortcomings of machine intelligence. Only by combining the two can we form the optimal solution for intelligent calculation and gather the strongest strategic application.

The platform releases energy as a whole. It is to create a modular intelligent system, an integrated intelligent decision-making command action platform that integrates strategy generation and release. Intelligent warfare, every second counts, improves the time sensitivity of target strikes. The intelligent platform comprehensively uses intelligent computing and command automation technology to efficiently process massive data and complex battlefield situations, creating a “super brain” for commanders. It has significant advantages of good functional connection, high stability, fast operation speed, and high combat efficiency. It is a new quality combat force for strategic planning. Relying on the intelligent command and control system, it can make real-time decisions, form a list of time-sensitive targets, and independently solve the combat units and strike platforms that can be summoned and struck the fastest and best. The hardware and software can accurately strike the targets, and accurate strikes on time-sensitive targets can be achieved in real-time decisions, providing more options for assisting war decision-making and command.

(Author unit: Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

試析智慧化戰爭的謀略運用

■陳東恆 鐘 婭

閱讀提示　「兵者，詭道也」。戰爭是綜合實力的比拼和競賽。我國古代兵家歷來重視“運籌帷幄之中，決勝千里之外”，無不把謀略視為取勝之道。戰爭實踐表明，只要戰爭是人類的對抗，智慧謀略就不會退出戰場。今天的戰場比拼，打的是智能技能，拼的更是智慧謀略。

「上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。」謀略作為戰鬥力的構件和製勝戰爭的利器，貫穿古今、超越國界，具有影響和決定戰爭勝負的重要功能。智能化戰爭中雖然科技的角色更突顯，但並不排斥謀略的運用，在謀略的支撐和引領推動下，作戰體系反而效率更高。深入研究掌握智慧化戰爭的謀略運用，更有利於贏得智慧化戰爭的主動權。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的地位作用

謀略的本質在於力量的智慧化釋放。科學的謀略運用常能以少勝多、以小博大、以弱勝強。智慧化戰爭戰場呈現更透明、作戰空間更延展、對抗手段更多樣化、制勝機理更複雜等特點，這為施謀用計提供了堅實物質基礎和技術支撐，謀略的地位作用愈發重要。

軍隊建設發展規劃的內動力。需為軍之令，用為器之帥。科學技術如何創新、武器裝備怎樣發展、國防軍隊怎麼建設，常常由需求牽引、前瞻謀劃。例如，俄羅斯為彌補防空反導整體力量方面與美國的差距，運用「非對稱」謀略在突防技術上發力，先於美國研發出「鋯石」「匕首」高超聲速導彈。事實表明，謀略運用主要著力於“道”和“法”，其設計越合理、運用越科學，越能激發創新創造的動力、活力和潛力，引發科學技術、武器裝備和軍隊建設作戰方式的革命。智慧化戰爭，科技創新和武器裝備開發只有緊密對接科學的戰爭謀略需求，才能堅持正確的方向，更好地轉化為現實的戰鬥力。

作戰體系實戰效能的倍增器。在戰鬥力譜系中，謀略作為重要的軟力量，其存在的價值和意義在於為軍事硬實力運用提供科學的方法論指引、合適的時機場合選擇和正確的路徑支撐。例如，伊朗曾利用「錯置」戰法對以色列發動大規模報復性空襲，先是以數百架廉價無人機吸引消耗以軍昂貴的防空系統，繼而用更先進的高價值彈道導彈突防，一定程度上提高了命中率。事實顯示，面對硬實力佔優的對手，如果謀略運用得當也能收到奇效；而同樣的硬實力運用不同的策略戰法，作戰效能可能大相徑庭。智慧化戰爭，雖然軍事硬實力的「刀鋒」更快，但要使其發揮更大戰鬥效能，還需藉助更高明的謀略「刀法」。

混合戰爭作戰運籌的因變數。謀略不僅能為軍事硬實力賦能，本身還有強大的直接作戰功能，甚至能以「軟殺傷」不戰而屈人之兵。例如，美國曾重金緝拿基地組織頭目本·拉登，但他好像人間蒸發一樣，技術手段無法確定其確切藏身處，最終通過謀略運用盯上其信使才追踪到。而美國「直播」「海神之矛」作戰行動，則企圖透過擊殺賓拉登來展現美軍的強大，以震撼國際社會。智慧化戰爭是混合戰爭，已經進入全球直播、全民參與、全域覆蓋的全新時代，越來越多的國家採取謀略方式增強己方信心、打擊對手抵抗意志，謀略「軟殺傷」的作戰功能越加顯現。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的基本機理

智慧化戰爭，人工智慧的高階位元發展、快速度迭代、全頻譜滲透、高效能釋放，使謀略運用有了更多維的支撐、更強大的驅動，展現出獨特的運行機理。

謀略運用的集群作業。謀略的運用，既基於戰爭運行的底層邏輯，也遵循施動主體從個體到團隊再到體系的流轉演進規律。從歷史上看，冷兵器時代的謀略戰爭運用，更多靠將帥的智謀和經驗積累，地理、天候等自然因素是謀略運籌的主要抓手，火燒赤壁、草船借箭就是其生動註腳。機械化時代，適應日益復雜的軍兵種構成和快節奏作戰需要，專司戰爭謀劃服務的高級軍事機構“參謀部”便應運而生，兩次世界大戰中“總參謀部”就是其中的典型代表。資訊化時代謀略的戰爭運用，依靠的主要是對資訊的掌控，資訊力成為謀略運籌背後的主要支撐力。智慧化戰爭，技術應用的綜合性、力量運籌的體系性、博弈對抗的平台化特徵更加突出，內在要求謀略的施動主體向功能更強大的體系化平台轉進。

謀略運用的演算法驅動。謀略以謀為關鍵。謀的本質是算，算天下大勢、算軍事態勢、算發展趨勢、算強弱勝勢、算制勝優勢……無論是人腦算還是機器算、將帥算還是團隊算，算始終是最關鍵的支撐要素。一般情況下，誰的算力更強、演算法更精、算計更快，誰就能搶得「算」機、贏得勝算。智能化時代的算，人工智慧以人機混合演算法或機器演算法參與謀略決算，極大增強了算的效率。正是基於此，各主要國家紛紛把贏得未來競爭的成長點聚焦到人工智慧突破上。這些以強算力為特徵的人工智慧，在模擬戰場態勢、模擬戰爭進程、輔助決策指揮上有極大應用潛力。謹防對手技術突襲，大力提高我們的算力，為傳統謀略插上演算法的翅膀，才能在謀略博弈對抗中立於不敗之地。

謀略運用的智慧支撐。智慧化戰爭，謀略基於的是人工智慧迅猛發展及其廣泛軍事應用，是人的謀略之智與「技術」之智的雙向「奔赴」。現在，將帥的神機妙算、傳統的參謀作業，已經越來越難以適應智能化戰爭需要，綜合性的智能化指揮決策平台，成為施謀用計的重要支撐。美軍的指揮決策體系，已經發展成為融「情報保障、資訊融合，任務協調、自主決策，行動展開、力量配屬，態勢調整、實時跟踪」等四層結構功能於一體的大平台，成為其「決策中心戰”的大腦。俄羅斯聯邦武裝力量作戰指揮中心，可即時調度監控全軍訓練演習，並在低強度小規模沖突中擔負作戰指揮任務。可見，智慧支撐謀略運籌、策略實施逐步形成。智慧化謀略對抗，對謀略主體的專業化整合性提出了更高要求，推動人的生物智慧與人工智慧這一「類人智慧」深度融合結合。

智慧化戰爭謀略運用的主要方式

智慧化戰爭，謀略運用的時代背景、支撐條件、作用機理等發生了深刻變化。施謀用計的方式必須與時俱進，努力把傳統謀略優勢與新的技術、新的戰爭形態結合起來，創新拓展有效釋放謀略能量的科學路徑，致力先知快謀、精謀巧打、謀打融合。

智技融合釋能。就是充分利用智慧科技為謀略賦能釋能。通常而言，謀略的有效實施離不開準確的資訊感知、迅捷的人員調動、高效的力量打擊。人工智慧的創新應用，使人看得更遠、聽得更切、知得更多、算得更快，使軍隊集散更迅速、行動更隱蔽、力量釋放更迅猛，更加有利於謀略生成和謀效達成。一方面，借助人工智慧的快速性、自主性，透過智慧偵察迅速掌握敵情，運用機器演算法極大縮短決策時間，借助模擬推演優選謀略方案；另一方面，依靠人工智慧為謀略釋放增效，現代控腦技術、深度偽造技術、資訊迷茫技術、輿論引導技術等，極大拓展了施謀用計的空間與手段。

人機互補釋能。就是人體智能與機器智能長短互補、增效釋能。機器智能與人體智能相比的最大優勢在於，能不受意志、情緒、心理、體力等生物因素的影響連續作戰。而人體智能的「元智能」及其隨機應變的能力則為機器智能所不具備。兩種智能優勢互補聚合形成強大的混合智能，強力支撐謀略的戰爭運用。一方面，「機腦」安全高效補人腦不足；另一方面，人腦臨機應對處置特殊情況。事實表明，人體智慧相比機器智慧的最大優勢在於面對不同情況能臨機決策處置，這恰好彌補了機器智慧的不足。只有把兩者結合起來，才能形成智慧運算最優解，聚成謀略運用最強能。

平台一體釋能。就是打造模塊化的智慧系統，整合謀略生成、釋放的一體化智慧決策指揮行動平台。智慧化戰爭，分秒必爭，提高了目標打擊時敏感性。智慧化平台綜合運用智慧化計算和指揮自動化技術，高效處理海量數據及復雜戰場態勢，為指揮員打造“超強大腦”，具有功能銜接好、穩定程度高、運行速度快、作戰效率高的顯著優勢，是謀略運籌的新質作戰力量。依托智能化指揮控制系統能夠實時決斷，形成時敏目標清單，自主解算能夠最快召喚、最優打擊的作戰單元、打擊平台，軟硬一體對目標進行精確打擊，在實時決斷中實現對時敏目標的精確打擊，為輔助戰爭決策指揮提供了更多選項。

（作者單位：軍事科學院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16345416888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Aggressively Advancing Human-Machine Collaboration in Unmanned Combat Systems

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中國軍隊積極推進無人作戰系統中的人機協作

肖兴福 

中國軍網 國防部網 //2022年3月29日 星期二

現代英語：

At present, the widespread use of unmanned equipment in the military field is accelerating the evolution of war forms towards intelligence, and unmanned combat has also developed into an important combat style of intelligent warfare. However, it should be clearly seen that unmanned combat, from technical development to combat application, cannot be separated from the role of people, and people are still the “master switch” of the entire chain of unmanned combat. Therefore, unmanned combat is essentially still manned, and more attention should be paid to the construction of manned combat in unmanned combat.

From the perspective of operational design, the mission task is assigned by the mission tasker.

Equipment is the material basis of war, but people are the initiators and controllers of war. The role of any equipment in war is given by commanders and fighters at all levels. From the overall perspective of combat design, war involves multiple fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy, culture, and multiple levels such as strategy, campaign, and tactics. Winning a war requires the support of advanced equipment and technology, and more importantly, it requires all-round control of the war situation. Unmanned equipment is suitable for undertaking persistent and high-risk tasks because of its characteristics such as long-lasting endurance, concealed action, high mobility, low cost, and its advantages such as adaptability to extreme environments and flexible use. However, when encountering extremely complex combat environments, extremely fierce confrontations, and rapid changes in fighters that require real-time comprehensive weighing and decision-making, unmanned systems still need to be human-led, implement complex command and control, and control unmanned equipment to complete designated combat tasks. Therefore, although unmanned equipment has become a development trend in modern warfare, its dependence on and obedience to people will not change. It is necessary to accurately grasp the advantages and disadvantages of unmanned equipment, increase research in unmanned command and control theory, unmanned combat knowledge system, etc., to form a rich and complete combat theory system, drive the development of unmanned equipment, promote the formation of unmanned combat systems, and play a greater role in limited combat scenarios, thereby playing a good role as a “multiplier” of combat capabilities.

From the perspective of equipment research and development, unmanned systems are designed by humans.

Humans are the designers of unmanned equipment, especially in the intelligent software that empowers unmanned equipment. It is the core of unmanned equipment’s ability to perform various tasks, and it is also the embodiment of the designer’s wisdom. Although the artificial intelligence algorithms used in many core software have a certain self-learning ability and improve the autonomy of unmanned equipment, the choice of such self-learning strategies is still set by humans according to task requirements and specific scenarios. At present, various types of drones, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have a certain ability to “think like humans”, but they are subject to the limitations of artificial intelligence algorithms, big data, and existing computer architectures. They cannot be separated from human thinking and input points set by humans. For a long time, the role of humans will still be the decisive factor in the development of unmanned equipment and warfare. Therefore, no matter to what extent informatization and intelligence develop, intelligent systems cannot completely replace humans, and the development of unmanned equipment is still dominated by humans. Manned/unmanned collaboration, human-machine coexistence, and intelligent integration are inevitable and feasible stages in the development of intelligent warfare. We must give full play to the “machine”‘s fast speed, high precision, fatigue resistance, and structured “computing” advantages, and give full play to the “human”‘s creativity, flexibility, initiative, and unstructured “calculation” advantages, integrate machine intelligence with human intelligence, learn from each other’s strengths and weaknesses, complement each other, and produce collective wisdom.

From the perspective of combat use, there are people everywhere in the circuit

The intelligent system of unmanned equipment can fully support command and control, combat operations, combat support and other aspects, so that the combat system capabilities can be rapidly improved. However, if we look deeply into the entire unmanned system operation process, it completes the “man-unmanned platform-man” loop, and achieves the combat purpose through the complementary advantages of man and machine. Any advanced unmanned equipment requires combatants to plan tasks in advance, and operators to monitor and control online to ensure that its technical characteristics are brought into play. In other words, the beginning of the loop comes from human program design and thinking introduction. The task process requires human decision-making, control, monitoring and intervention. The completion of the task requires people to evaluate the applicability and combat effectiveness of unmanned equipment and constantly adapt to new combat needs. Therefore, people are still the dominant players in the entire combat use process. If the effectiveness of unmanned equipment is to be maximized, it is necessary to implement systematic professional training for the pioneers of manned/unmanned integrated operation-people. For new combat force talents, especially unmanned combat personnel, we should set up professional training institutions, integrate teaching resources, improve supporting teaching equipment, increase artificial intelligence courses, and improve talent retention mechanisms in accordance with the concept of diversified channels, integrated design, multi-functionality, and hierarchical training. At the same time, we will draw on advanced training concepts and methods from foreign militaries, and comprehensively use simulation, computer networks, virtual reality and other technologies to carry out practical military training to cultivate compound unmanned combat talents with solid theoretical foundation, high equipment technology level, and excellent practical operation skills.

From the perspective of innovation in tactics, capability improvement depends on people.

The development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, unmanned and anti-unmanned systems, and hypersonic weapons has led to new characteristics of modern warfare, such as great depth, long distance, and non-contact. Unmanned, invisible, and silent warfare have begun to emerge, and the future combat concepts and combat styles will undergo profound changes. The maturity of unmanned equipment has accelerated the development of new combat concepts such as wide-area distributed combat, cross-domain collaborative combat, and unmanned cluster combat into actual combat. The advantage of unmanned equipment is that there is no one on the front-end platform, but the limitation is that there is no one, and it is impossible to independently design and summarize new combat concepts and tactics. In fact, it is all done by people to study the essence and laws of a certain type of combat problem, extract common characteristics and abstractly summarize them, and then guide the solution of such combat problems. Specifically, the new combat concept is based on the research and judgment of combat conditions such as historical, current and future technological development, threat judgment, geopolitical situation, combat opponents, battlefield environment, etc., and all of these are the condensation and crystallization of human wisdom. Therefore, in the face of the complex and changeable future battlefield environment, in order to make unmanned equipment play the best combat effectiveness, it is inseparable from the innovation of combat concepts and tactics. Based on changes in the battlefield environment and targeting different combat styles, we should conduct forward-looking designs on force deployment, timing of use, methods of action, and support methods, scientifically predict the development trend of unmanned combat, promote the mutual development of equipment technology and changes in combat methods, and explore and form a combat capability construction path that is mutually verified, closed-feedback, and rollingly developed through “conceptual design-combat experiment-equipment research and development.”

From the perspective of technological development, unmanned technology is controlled by humans.

At present, people generally believe that unmanned and intelligent applications can be competent for various tasks as long as the technology is mature, but in fact, the operating rules of computers are still limited to the von Neumann serial computing architecture, and there has not yet been a revolutionary product combining biotechnology and artificial intelligence. For example, “AlphaGo” with deep learning capabilities can quickly generate astronomical numbers of various response plans in the game with human Go masters, and is almost invincible, but its intelligent foundation is Go with relatively simple rules; the US Department of Defense’s ground-based simulated air combat project, the air combat intelligent agent it developed defeated human ace pilots in human-machine confrontation, but it can only be achieved in the simple battlefield environment of the simulator. It can be seen that the current development of the intelligent field is to be able to perform tasks purposefully in terms of selection and decision-making, while war is a dynamic game process. The intelligent solutions used by unmanned equipment are only in the background assumption situation, and the “water has no constant shape” war mode requires soldiers to respond more flexibly. Therefore, we must attach great importance to the decisive role of people in scientific and technological progress, scientifically grasp the development trend of informationized and intelligentized warfare, clarify the ideas of technological development, and actively explore and form an unmanned equipment technology research and development system and development path suitable for the characteristics of the military in accordance with the methods and steps of overall demonstration, key research, pilot verification and promotion and application.

From the perspective of war law, war is dominated by people.

With the continuous updating and iteration of unmanned equipment technology, unmanned combat has become more and more intelligent, which has led to the relative blurring of the boundaries between peacetime and wartime, front and rear, soldiers and civilians. In the Libyan conflict, drones relied on algorithms to select targets, automatically tracked and attacked armed personnel without the control of operators. It can be predicted that if unmanned equipment develops to a certain extent in autonomous calculation, autonomous decision-making, and autonomous action, and completely autonomously selects, identifies, and attacks targets, and humans do not restrain it, it will have a profound impact on morality, law, and war ethics. In fact, there are “reasons”, “laws”, and “people” behind unmanned combat. No matter what stage unmanned combat develops to, it still belongs to the category of war and is still subject to the rules of war. Whether it is international law or humanitarian law, the focus has always been on human issues, such as restrictions on combat methods and means, treatment of prisoners of war, protection of civilians, etc. All principles, rules and systems are based on the perspective of people and are solved through people. Therefore, in order to avoid humanitarian and war ethics issues caused by unmanned combat, from a technical perspective, humans need to supervise and manage the operation of unmanned systems, guide arbitration, and handle emergencies, grant them limited “right to fire”, reserve “start-stop” intervention interfaces, and be able to take over unmanned systems at any time; from a legal perspective, establish war rules between humans and weapons, enhance humans’ ability to apply the rules of war, and always play a leading role in war.

(Author’s unit: Naval Research Institute)(Editors: Dai Xiaoling, Wan Peng)

現代國語：

目前，無人裝備在軍事領域的廣泛運用正在加速戰爭形態向智慧化演進，無人作戰也發展成為智慧戰爭的重要作戰方式。但應該清醒地看到，無人作戰從技術發展到作戰應用，都離不開人的作用，人仍然是無人作戰全鏈條的「總開關」。因此，無人作戰本質上還是有人作戰，無人作戰中更要注重有人作戰的建設。

從作戰設計的角度來看，任務任務是由任務任務者指派的。

裝備是戰爭的物質基礎，但人是戰爭的發動者和控制者。任何裝備在戰爭中的作用都是由各級指揮官和戰士賦予的。從作戰設計的整體角度來看，戰爭涉及政治、經濟、外交、文化等多個領域，以及戰略、戰役、戰術等多個層面。贏得戰爭需要先進裝備和技術的支撐，更需要對戰局的全方位掌控。無人裝備具有持久續航、行動隱密、機動性強、成本低等特點，以及適應極端環境、使用彈性等優勢，適合承擔持續性、高風險任務。但在遇到極其複雜的作戰環境、極其激烈的對抗、戰機快速變化等需要即時綜合權衡和決策的情況下，無人系統仍然需要以人為主導，實施複雜的指揮控制，控制無人設備。指定的作戰任務。因此，無人裝備雖然成為現代戰爭的發展趨勢，但它對人的依賴和服從不會改變。要準確掌握無人裝備優缺點，加大無人指揮控制理論、無人作戰知識體係等方面的研究，形成豐富完整的作戰理論體系，帶動無人裝備發展，促進無人裝備發展。作戰系統，在有限的作戰場景中發揮更大的作用，從而起到良好的作戰能力「倍增器」作用。

從裝備研發的角度來看，無人系統是由人設計的。

人類是無人設備的設計者，尤其是賦能無人設備的智慧軟體。它是無人設備執行各種任務能力的核心，也是設計者智慧的展現。儘管許多核心軟體所採用的人工智慧演算法具有一定的自學習能力，提高了無人設備的自主性，但這種自學習策略的選擇仍然是由人類根據任務需求和具體場景來設定。目前，各類無人機、無人船、無人潛水艇等具備一定的「像人類一樣思考」的能力，但受到人工智慧演算法、大數據和現有電腦架構的限制。它們離不開人類的思維和人類設定的輸入點。相當長一段時間內，人類的角色仍將是無人裝備和戰爭發展的決定性因素。因此，無論資訊化、智慧化發展到什麼程度，智慧系統都無法完全取代人類，無人設備的發展仍由人類主導。有人/無人協作、人機共存、智慧融合是智慧戰爭發展的必然階段和可行階段。要充分發揮「機器」速度快、精度高、耐疲勞、結構化「運算」的優勢，充分發揮「人」的創造性、彈性、主動性、非結構化「計算」發揮機器智能與人類智能的優勢，將機器智能與人類智能融為一體，取長補短，優勢互補，產生集體智慧。

從戰鬥使用來看，電路裡到處都是人

無人裝備智慧系統可以全面支援指揮控制、作戰行動、作戰保障等方面，使作戰系統能力快速提升。但如果深入觀察整個無人系統運作過程，它完成了「人-無人平台-人」的循環，透過人與機的優勢互補來達到作戰目的。任何先進的無人裝備都需要作戰人員提前規劃任務，操作人員在線上監控和控制，以確保其技術特性發揮出來。在其他方面換句話說，循環的開始來自於人類的程式設計和思維引入。任務過程需要人的決策、控制、監控和介入。任務的完成需要人們評估無人裝備的適用性和戰鬥力，不斷適應新的作戰需求。因此，在整個戰鬥使用過程中，人仍然是主導者。想要發揮無人裝備的效能最大化，就需要對有人/無人一體化作業的先行者－人進行系統性的專業訓練。對於新型作戰力量人才特別是無人作戰人員，要依照多元化管道、一體化設計、多功能、分級訓練。同時，借鏡外軍先進訓練理念與方法，綜合運用模擬、電腦網路、虛擬實境等技術進行實戰軍事訓練，培養理論基礎紮實、裝備精良的複合型無人作戰人才技術水準和優秀的實際操作能力。

從戰術創新的角度來看，能力提升靠人。

人工智慧、量子運算、無人與反無人系統、高超音速武器等技術的發展，導致現代戰爭呈現大縱深、遠距離、非接觸等新特色。無人化、隱形化、無聲化的戰爭已經開始出現，未來的作戰概念和作戰方式將會發生深刻的變化。無人裝備的成熟，加速了廣域分散式作戰、跨域協同作戰、無人集群作戰等新作戰概念發展到實戰。無人裝備的優點在於前端平台無人，但限制在於無人，無法自主設計總結新的作戰概念和戰術。事實上，這都是人們研究某一類作戰問題的本質和規律，提取共性特徵並進行抽象概括，然後指導該類別作戰問題的解決。具體來說，新的作戰理念是基於對歷史、當前和未來技術發展、威脅判斷、地緣局勢、作戰對手、戰場環境等作戰條件的研判，而這些都是對作戰條件的凝結和結晶。智慧。因此，面對複雜多變的未來戰場環境，要讓無人裝備發揮最佳戰鬥力，離不開作戰概念和戰術的創新。根據戰場環境變化和針對不同作戰方式，對兵力部署、使用時機、行動方式、保障方式等進行前瞻性設計，科學預測無人作戰發展趨勢，促進無人作戰共同發展。探索形成「概念設計-作戰實驗-裝備研發」相互驗證、閉環回饋、滾動發展的作戰能力建設路徑。

從技術發展的角度來看，無人技術是由人類控制的。

目前，人們普遍認為只要技術成熟，無人化、智慧化應用就可以勝任各種任務，但事實上，電腦的運作規則仍限於馮諾依曼串列運算架構，目前還沒有是生物技術和人工智慧結合的革命性產品。例如，具有深度學習能力的「AlphaGo」在與人類圍棋高手的對弈中可以快速產生天文數字的各種應對方案，幾乎所向披靡，但其智慧基礎卻是規則相對簡單的圍棋；美國國防部的地面模擬空戰項目，其研發的空戰智能體在人機對抗中擊敗了人類王牌飛行員，但這只能在模擬器的簡單戰場環境中實現。可見，當前智慧領域的發展是能夠在選擇和決策方面有目的地執行任務，而戰爭則是一個動態的博弈過程。無人裝備所採用的智慧解決方案只是在背景假設情況下，「水無常」的戰爭模式需要士兵做出反應礦石靈活。因此，必須高度重視人在科技進步中的決定性作用，科學掌握資訊化、智慧化戰爭發展趨勢，明確技術發展思路，積極探索形成無人裝備技術研發體係依照總體論證、重點研究、試點驗證、推廣應用的方法與步驟，探索適合軍隊特色的發展道路。

從戰爭法的角度來看，戰爭是由人主導的。

隨著無人裝備技術的不斷更新迭代，無人作戰越來越智能化，導致平時與戰時、前線與後方、士兵與平民的界線相對模糊。在利比亞衝突中，無人機依靠演算法選擇目標，自動追蹤並攻擊武裝人員，無需操作人員控制。可以預見，如果無人裝備在自主計算、自主決策、自主行動方面發展到一定程度，完全自主選擇、識別、攻擊目標，而人類不對其進行約束，將會產生深遠的影響。戰爭道德。事實上，無人作戰背後有「理」、「法」、「人」。無人作戰無論發展到什麼階段，仍屬於戰爭範疇，仍受到戰爭規則的約束。無論是國際法或人道法，關注的焦點始終是人的問題，例如對作戰方法和手段的限制、戰俘待遇、保護平民等。也是透過人來解決的。因此，為了避免無人作戰引發的人道主義和戰爭倫理問題，從技術角度來說，人類需要對無人系統的運作進行監督管理、指導仲裁、處理突發事件，賦予其有限的“開火權” ，保留「啟動/停止」幹預接口，可隨時接管無人系統；從法律角度，建立人與武器之間的戰爭規則，增強人類運用戰爭規則的能力，始終在戰爭中扮演主導角色。

（作者單位：海軍研究院）

（編按：戴曉玲、萬鵬）

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0329/c40531-32386526888.html

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Chinese Intelligent Warfare Cannot be Successful Without Human Element

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中國智慧戰爭離不開人的因素

2019年10月17日 17:00 來源：解放軍報 作者：徐莉

現代英語：

An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to accurately position humans in intelligent warfare.

　　No matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomously by machines. Humans must have a strong enough kite string and hold it tightly at all times.

　　”Synchronous development of man and machine” should be regarded as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should integrate both “things” and “people”.

　　At present, the research on intelligent warfare is in the ascendant. Some people believe that intelligent warfare will be unmanned as the core form of expression, and unmanned equipment such as drones, unmanned submarines, and robot soldiers will become the protagonists of war. The form of war will also develop from the co-starring of “human-machine collaborative warfare” to the one-man show of “machine vs. machine war”. People seem to have become bystanders in intelligent warfare, with the meaning and trend of “intelligent warfare makes people go away”. What is the status and role of people, who have always been the main body of war, in intelligent warfare? This is the first problem that should be solved in the study of intelligent warfare.

　　The Marxist view of war holds that weapons are an important factor in war, but not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not weapons. Although people no longer directly control weapons in advanced intelligent warfare, the following factors still determine that people are the main body of war and the key to winning.

　　First, war is the continuation of politics. The launching of war and the control of the war process must be decided by people according to political needs. The game outside the battlefield has a decisive influence on the progress of the war. For example, the results of diplomatic negotiations, the focus of international public opinion, and the support of the domestic people all depend on the decisions of politicians and military strategists, which cannot be replaced by any intelligent machines.

　　Secondly, war planning and command can only be implemented by commanders at all levels. Military command is both a science and an art, but it is more of an art. Any successful battle or campaign in the world is the result of commanders breaking routines and stereotypes and using troops creatively. The history of our army’s growth and development has repeatedly proved that correct military strategic guidance and flexible strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for our army to defeat the strong with the weak and defeat the many with the few, which enables our army to move from victory to victory. It is also something that intelligent machines cannot imitate or create. For example, in the battle, the comparative analysis of enemy and our combat forces, the real-time control of the combat situation, the real-time evaluation of the overall damage effect, the combat psychological analysis of enemy commanders, and the prediction of the next combat action, etc., intelligent machines can only provide auxiliary decision-making information and suggestions. Commanders at all levels must make decisions, make combat decisions, and issue combat orders.

　　Third, the level of intelligence of weapons and equipment ultimately depends on humans. Artificial intelligence originates from human intelligence. One of the major factors restricting the development of intelligence is that the scientific understanding of human intelligence is still superficial, and the understanding of the cognition, memory, thinking, decision-making and action mechanism of the human brain is still insufficient. The “Wuzhen Index: Global Artificial Intelligence Development Report 2016” pointed out that over the years, the proportion of biological research in the four sub-fields of artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, has been the lowest. Due to the lack of attention to the basic and decisive influence of brain science on artificial intelligence, the current artificial intelligence can only stay at the stage of superficial understanding and primary imitation of brain functions. Once there is a major breakthrough in the understanding of human intelligence, artificial intelligence will also be reborn and enter a leapfrog development stage.

　　Fourth, only humans can control intelligent weapons and equipment and combat platforms. Although the final intelligent weapons can be operated without human on-site control, when to put intelligent weapons and equipment into battle, when to change the direction of attack, how to control the rhythm of the war, when to withdraw from the battle, etc., can only be decided by humans in the end. This is the basic principle that must be grasped when designing intelligent weapons and equipment, that is, one of Asimov’s three laws of robotics: robots must obey human orders. Once intelligent weapons and equipment are out of human control, it will be a disaster for the entire human race, not just the enemy. This also determines that no matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomous control functions of machines. The autonomous function of machines can only be effective within the scope limited by humans. Humans must have a strong enough kite line and hold it tightly at all times.

　　Fifth, only humans can crack and control the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment. The development of military history has proved that any weapon and equipment has its “Achilles’ heel” and will eventually be defeated. There has never been and will never be perfect and impeccable weapons and equipment in history, and intelligent weapons and equipment are no exception. The magic weapon to defeat the enemy is humans with infinite wisdom. For example, drones seem advanced, but they can be interfered, trapped or controlled by radio waves of a specific frequency. The same is true for other intelligent weapons and equipment, and finding and studying methods, technologies, and equipment to crack, control, and destroy intelligent weapons and equipment is where human wisdom comes into play.

　　Therefore, “synchronous development of man and machine” should be taken as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should be applied to both “objects” and “people”. As soldiers in the era of intelligent warfare, they must master the working principles and weak links of intelligent weapons and equipment, be familiar with and master the “thinking mode” and “conventional actions” of intelligent weapons and equipment, as well as the abnormal “abnormal thinking” and abnormal “extraordinary actions” that may appear, and understand their technical and tactical indicators and performance. Especially in the stage of man-machine collaborative operations, soldiers are required not only to be able to coordinate actions with machines, but also to communicate with machines without obstacles in cognitive ability and intelligence. This not only relies on intelligent knowledge reserves, but also relies on the “brain reading” and “brain strengthening” of intelligent equipment. Scientific research shows that the normal human brain usage rate is only 3%-5%, which shows that there is still a huge room for improvement and release of human intelligence. When studying intelligent warfare, we should also study how to improve human intelligence.

　　In the face of intelligent warfare, we should prepare for the future, establish intelligent troops suitable for intelligent warfare as soon as possible, study the way to defeat the enemy in intelligent warfare, and establish and improve the theory of intelligent warfare; repair, maintain and improve intelligent weapons and equipment; study the methods, techniques and equipment to decipher the control keys of enemy weapons and equipment; study effective means to attack the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment, rewrite their combat rules and targets, and make them turn against us in the face of battle, or use high-energy lasers and high-power microwaves to directly destroy the enemy’s communication networks and weapons and equipment, demonstrating the way to win in intelligent warfare.

　　In short, in intelligent warfare, people are still the main body of war and the decisive factor in the outcome of war. An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to find the correct position of people in intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is easy to fall into the idealistic quagmire of “seeing things but not people”, “only weapons” and “only technology”.

現代國語：

研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務，就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。

不論智慧化武器裝備這個「風箏」飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，人類必須擁有足夠結實的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

應把「人機同步發展」當作軍事智慧化發展的一個基本原則，智慧化既要化「物」也要化「人」。

當前，對智慧化戰爭的研究方興未艾。一些觀點認為，智慧化戰爭將以無人化為核心表現形式，無人機、無人潛航器、機器人士兵等無人裝備將成為戰爭主角，戰爭形態也將從「人機協同作戰」的聯袂主演，最後發展到「機器對機器大戰」的獨角戲。人似乎成了智慧化戰爭的旁觀者，大有「智慧化戰爭讓人走開」的意味和態勢。曾經一直是戰爭主體的人，在智能化戰爭中的地位和角色究竟是什麼，這是研究智能化戰爭應當首先解決的問題。

馬克思主義戰爭觀認為，武器是戰爭的重要因素，但不是決定的因素，決定的因素是人而不是武器。雖然在高階階段的智慧化戰爭中，人不再直接操控武器，但以下因素仍決定了人是戰爭的主體和關鍵的致勝力量。

首先，戰爭是政治的延續，戰爭的發動、戰爭進程的掌控，必須由人視政治需求作出決定。戰場以外的博弈對戰爭進程有著決定性的影響，如外交談判的結果、國際輿論的焦點、國內民眾支持度等，均取決於政治家、軍事家的決策，是任何智能化的機器都無法替代的。

其次，戰爭規劃和指揮只能由各級指揮官來實施。軍事指揮既是科學，也是藝術，但更體現為藝術。世界上任何一場取得勝利的戰鬥、戰役，都是指揮者打破常規和定式，創造性用兵的結果。我軍成長壯大的歷史也一再證明，正確的軍事戰略指導、機動靈活的戰略戰術，是以弱克強、以少勝多，使我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的製勝法寶，也是智能化機器所無法模仿和創造的。例如，戰中對敵我作戰力量的比較分析、作戰態勢的即時掌控、整體毀傷效果的即時評估、敵軍指揮作戰心理分析，以及對下一步作戰行動的預判等等，智慧化機器只能提供輔助決策資訊和建議案，必須由各級指揮官親自決策、下定作戰決心，並下達作戰命令。

第三，武器裝備智慧化程度高低最終取決於人類。人工智慧源自人類智能，目前製約智能化發展的一大因素，就是對人類智能的科學認識尚膚淺，對人類大腦的認知、記憶、思維、決策和行動機理等的認識還很不夠。 《烏鎮指數：全球人工智慧發展報告2016》指出，歷年來人工智慧的機器學習、自然語言處理、電腦視覺、機器人四類細分領域涉及生物學研究的比例均最低。由於不重視腦科學對人工智慧基礎和決定性的影響，直接導致當前人工智慧只能停留在對大腦功能膚淺認識和初級模仿階段，一旦對人類智慧的認識有了重大突破，人工智慧也必將脫胎換骨，進入跨越式發展階段。

第四，控制智慧化武器裝備和作戰平台的只能是人。雖然最終的智慧化武器可以沒有人類現場操控，但智慧化武器裝備何時投入戰鬥、何時轉換進攻方向、如何把控戰爭節奏、何時撤出戰鬥等等，最終只能由人來決定，這是智慧化武器裝備設計時必須掌握的基本原則，即阿西莫夫機器人三定律之一：機器人必須服從人類的命令。一旦智能化的武器裝備脫離了人的控制，那將是整個人類而不僅僅是敵人的災難，這也決定了不論智能化武器裝備這個“風箏”飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，機器自主功能只能在人類限定的範圍內有效，人類必須擁有足夠堅固的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

第五，破解、控制敵人智慧化武器裝備的只能是人。軍事歷史發展證明，任何武器裝備都有其“阿喀琉斯之踵”，最終都會被擊敗。歷史上從來沒有、未來也不會出現完美無缺、無懈可擊的武器裝備，智慧化武器裝備也不例外，而克敵制勝的法寶就是擁有無窮智慧的人類。例如，無人機看似先進，但完全可以被特定頻率的電波幹擾、誘捕或控制。其他智慧化武器裝備也是如此，而尋找並研究破解、控制、擊毀智慧化武器裝備的方法、技術、裝備，則是人類聰明才智的用武之地。

因此，應把「人機同步發展」作為軍事智能化發展的一個基本原則，智能化既要化「物」也要化「人」。作為智能化戰爭時代的軍人，必須掌握智能化武器裝備的工作原理和薄弱環節，熟悉並掌握智能化武器裝備的“思維方式”和“常規動作”，以及可能出現的非常態的“異常思維”和變態的“超常動作”，了解其技戰術指標及性能，特別是人機協同作戰階段，不僅要求軍人能夠與機器協調行動，而且在認知能力和智力上能夠和機器無障礙交流，這不僅要依靠智能化的知識儲備，也要依賴智慧化裝備的「讀腦」「強腦術」。科學研究表明，正常人大腦使用率只有3%——5%，這說明，人類智慧仍有巨大的提升和釋放空間。研究智能化戰爭，也應同步研究如何提升人類智慧。

面對智慧化戰爭，我們應當未雨綢繆，儘早建立與智能化戰爭相適應的智能化部隊，研究智能化戰爭的克敵制勝之道，建立完善智能化戰爭理論；維修、保養、改進智能化武器裝備；研究破解敵方武器裝備操控密鑰的方法、技術、裝備；研究攻擊敵軍智能化武器裝備的有效手段，改寫其作戰規則和作戰對象，使其臨陣倒戈，或是利用高能量激光、高功率微波直接擊毀敵通信網絡和武器裝備，彰顯智慧化戰爭的致勝之道。

總之，智慧化戰爭中人仍是戰爭的主體，是戰爭勝負的決定性因素。研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。否則，就容易陷入「見物不見人」「唯武器論」「唯技術論」的唯心主義泥沼。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.qstheory.cn/defense/2019-10/17/c_112511776588.htm