中國軍事行動從「網路戰」轉型為「馬賽克戰」

現代英語：

Theory is the precursor of action. Strengthening innovation in combat concepts and promoting innovation in combat guidance have always been important ways for militaries around the world to develop military advantages. In recent years, the U.S. military has successively proposed cutting-edge combat theories such as “cyber warfare”“ and mosaic warfare”, in order to realize that the combat model “production relationship” can be more adapted to the development of combat capabilities “productivity”. Through comparative analysis of these two combat theories, the world can get a glimpse of the changes in the thinking of building the US military’s combat capabilities, especially the understanding of the winning mechanism “mosaic warfare”, so as to find targeted and effective checks and balances.

● From threat response to war design——

Active shaping and improvement of traction combat capability

“Threat-based ”or “capability-based” are two basic ways to build military combat capabilities.“ Threat-based ”reflecting demand traction and focusing on solving real-life problems in the near and medium term are the basic rules that the military should follow in building combat capabilities; “based on capabilities” embodying goal traction, aiming at future strategic missions, and supporting strategic concepts with new combat theories are the key to military combat capabilities. The only way to innovate and surpass. The development from “cyber warfare” to “mosaic warfare” reflects the differences and evolution of the internal laws of the above two approaches, and also reflects the changes in the thinking and concepts of the US military in promoting combat capability construction in recent years.

New changes in concept origin. Cyberspace was originally born to solve human communication needs. Later, it gradually evolved into a new combat domain independent of land, sea, air, and space. From this, a “cyber war” with the struggle for cyberspace control as the core was derived. In comparison, “mosaic warfare” is a new combat concept actively developed and designed by the US military in order to continue to maintain its strategic advantage and directly target competitors. Its formation process reflects the integration of demand traction and capability traction, and its strategy, initiative, and traction Sex is more prominent.

New ideas for the use of technology.“ Cyber warfare ”emphasis on supporting the transformation and implementation of combat concepts through the development of new generation technologies.“ Mosaic Warfare” breaks out of this model and does not place too much emphasis on the development of a new generation of equipment technology. It pays more attention to the rapid transformation of general military and civilian technologies and the incremental iteration of mature technologies. The basic idea is to build on existing equipment and follow the application concepts of service platforms such as online ride-hailing and crowdfunding development. Through module upgrades and intelligent transformation, various combat system units “mosaicization” will be transformed into single-function, flexible Assemble and replaceable “building blocks” or “pixels” to build a dynamically coordinated, highly autonomous, and seamlessly integrated combat system Embodied new technology-driven ideas.

Path Development New Design.“ Cyber warfare ”as a companion concept to the network space, wherever the network space develops, “cyber warfare” will follow suit. Generally speaking, “objective” material conditions will be considered first, and then “subjective” conceptual design will be carried out. It has strong dependence on path development.“ Mosaic warfare ”first from “subjective” to “objective”, by developing a force design model that can dynamically adjust the functional structure, it can adapt to different combat needs and changes in the battlefield environment.

It can be seen that “mosaic warfare” has clearer goals, more mature technology, and more reliable paths than previous combat concepts such as “cyber warfare”, reflecting the change in thinking actively shaped by the US military.

● From network center to decision center——

Group intelligence to achieve optimal system energy release

AI technology is a key variable in the information age and a core increment in the development of the “mosaic warfare” system.“ Cyber warfare ”emphasis on “network center”, “mosaic warfare” closely focuses on the core of artificial intelligence technology, adjusts the key to victory from “network center” to “decision-making center”, and changes the combat system structure from system level and platform level Joint transformation to functional level and factor level integration, seeking to fully gather energy in the network The “group intelligence technology” realizes the optimal release of the system and gives new connotation to the war winning mechanism in the intelligent era.

Use “fast” to control “slow” to seize the cognitive lead. In future wars, the battlefield situation will change rapidly, and the weight of time factors will continue to increase. “Fast” versus “Slow” can form a combat strike effect that is approximately dimensionally reduced.“ Mosaic War ” By using data information technology and artificial intelligence technology, we can improve the single-ring decision-making speed of our own “OODA” ring, expand the breadth of parallel decision-making, reduce the granularity of group decision-making, accelerate the progress of system operations, and create an overall one-step faster “First move” situation, aiming to firmly control the dominance of cognitive decision-making on the battlefield.

With “low” system “high”, we accumulate cost advantages. Different from the traditional combat concept of pursuing high-end weapon platforms, “mosaic warfare” focuses on using artificial intelligence technology to tap the potential and increase efficiency of existing weapon platforms and combat resources. By loading and operating intelligent algorithms and specific functional modules on many mid-to-low-end weapon platforms, it can achieve combat performance comparable to high-end weapon platforms, overall improving the cost-effectiveness ratio of the input and output of the weapon platform, thereby accumulating cost advantages.

To “disperse” control “gather” and seek sustainable survival. “ Mosaic Warfare ” emphasizes the adoption of decentralized ideas and asymmetric checks and balances, using an open system architecture, and decentralized configuration of various functions such as reconnaissance, positioning, communication, and strike on various manned/unmanned platforms to achieve power. Distributed deployment. At the same time, relying on intelligent algorithms to improve the self-organization, self-coordination, and independent attack capabilities of each platform to achieve dispersion and concentration of firepower. When some combat platforms are eliminated, interfered with or stripped away, the entire combat system can still operate normally, thereby enhancing the continued viability of the battlefield of the force cluster.

Use “movement” to control “stillness” to improve system flexibility. “ Mosaic warfare ” emphasizes further breaking through the barriers of various combat areas. By turning the fixed “kill chain” in different combat domains into a dynamically reconfigurable “kill net”, the “OODA” large ring is disassembled into small rings, and the single ring is differentiated into multiple rings. According to changes in combat processes and combat requirements, intelligent networking is relied on to realize the split-in-movement, call-in-movement and combination of combat forces. In this way, on the one hand, it can enhance the flexibility and adaptability of the combat system; on the other hand, it can also hedge and offset the node aggregation effect of complex networks, making it difficult for opponents to find key nodes to defeat their own systems.

“Mosaic warfare” provides a reference prototype for intelligent operations. But at the same time, as an idealized force design and application framework, “mosaic warfare” still needs closely related technical, doctrinal, policy and other supporting support. There is still a long way to go before it is fully realized, and it is consistent with traditional combat systems. The coexistence situation will exist for a long time.

● From factor integration to system restructuring——

Dynamic structure to enhance combat system flexibility

Structure and relationships often determine function and nature.“ Cyber warfare ”and “mosaic warfare” are built on the common material foundation of the information age and follow the same evolutionary paradigm, but the principles and effects of system construction are different.“ The system structure formed by cyber warfare” is statically deconstructable, while “mosaic warfare” dynamically combines functional units according to certain construction rules to form a flexible system structure with self-organizing and adaptive characteristics, similar to a “dynamic black box”, which is difficult to follow with conventional means. predict. And this flexible structure often “emerges” new capabilities to empower and increase effectiveness in the combat system.

The integrated development of network and cloud makes combat time and space more dynamic and malleable. The Internet and the cloud are the basic environment for the operation of the information combat system. They reshape the process elements of intelligence, accusation, strike, and support in traditional operations, and at the same time derive new combat time and space.“ Cyber warfare ”mainly focusing on network space, its combat time and space are relatively static.“ Mosaic warfare ” is not limited to a single combat space. Under the development trend of information infrastructure network following cloud movement and cloud network integration, tangible and intangible spaces can be further deep-linked. The boundaries between combat time and space are more flexible, and the allocation of combat resources is more flexible, the combat system structure is more dynamic.

Data flows across domains, making operational control more seamlessly coordinated. In the “Command and Control” link, “cyber warfare” focuses on the command and control of combat units by joint combat command agencies. Cross-domain exchange and flow of data is mainly concentrated on the theater battlefield.“ Mosaic warfare ”further sinks the level of joint operations to the tactical end. Through the autonomous cross-domain exchange and seamless flow of data at the tactical level, various data islands can be clustered into data clusters on demand, thereby producing a significant “spillover” effect, making the dynamic, discrete, agile, and parallel characteristics of the combat command control loop more obvious, and more conducive to achieving agile connection of each combat unit on demand Efficiently act in concert.

Algorithm full-dimensional penetration makes system operation more autonomous and efficient. Algorithms are the mapping of human consciousness in cyberspace, forming two basic forms: compilation codes transformed by intention and neural networks transformed by knowledge. In “cyber warfare”, compiled code is widely used, and neural networks are only used locally. In “Mosaic Warfare”, the algorithm expands the two key functions of shaping rules and providing engines, and the breadth and depth of application are more prominent. Shaping rules is mainly based on compilation code, supplemented by neural networks, to construct the process framework and operating logic of the “mosaic warfare” system, laying a structural foundation for its uncertainty, adaptability and ability “emergence”; the provision engine mainly integrates intelligent algorithms The model is distributed to the edge elements to operate, forming a knowledge diffusion effect, thereby comprehensively improving the intelligent autonomous combat capabilities of the “mosaic warfare” system.

The side end releases energy independently, making the combat style more flexible and polymorphic. The edge is an abstract model of various manned/unmanned combat functional units and a direct source of systemic capabilities “emergence”.“ Cyber warfare ”in a system where edge elements are closely coupled with superior and subordinate accusation processes and are in a state of precise control.“ In the mosaic warfare” system, the perception, interaction, reasoning, and decision-making capabilities of edge-end elements are greatly improved. Its “OODA” ring does not need to be linked back to the superior command structure, which is conducive to supporting the formation of a decentralized combat cluster with high and low matching and manned/unmanned combination. form, which can give edge-end elements more self-organizing authority and significantly enhance the battlefield confrontation advantage.

It can be seen that if “cyber warfare” is called a sophisticated war machine, “mosaic warfare” can be regarded as a complex “ecology” that can stimulate the dynamic growth of combat capabilities. New changes in network clouds, data, algorithms, and edges have contributed to The formation of a dynamically complex “system structure”. This structure in turn reversely regulates elements, platforms and systems, and new capabilities continue to emerge, playing an important role in enhancing and evolving the combat system.

● From “system breaking to compound confrontation——”

To analyse the advantages and disadvantages and seek effective checks and balances

“Mosaic warfare” represents to a certain extent the possible direction of the future development of joint operations. It is necessary to fully analyze and grasp the winning mechanism of “mosaic warfare”, shape the field of information and communication as a new quality and new domain that breaks the traditional boundaries of war time and space, create a new concept of network cloud-enabled combat, build and strengthen the support and support capabilities of national defense information infrastructure, and highlight military information network security defense capabilities, enhance the minimum support capabilities for the operation of strategic campaign command organizations, and continuously improve the network information system.

On the other hand, the emergence of the “mosaic warfare” theory makes it difficult for traditional combat methods to attack target nodes with limited capture and control to achieve the system-breaking effect of breaking points and breaking chains. But it should be noted that any system has its inherent contradictions, and the seemingly “impeccable” decentralized structure of “mosaic warfare” can still find ways to effectively crack it. For example, grasp its system complexity characteristics, use its correlation dependence, highlight the functional suppression of communication networks, construct network-electrical composite attack paths, and achieve disassembly and isolation of various units of the combat system; grasp its structural dissipation characteristics, and use Its external information dependence highlights the disguise and misleading of information data, prompting the combat system to transform into abnormal states such as information closure and information overload; Grasp its group autonomy characteristics, use its key technology dependence, highlight the confrontation and efficiency reduction of intelligent algorithms, and suppress the intelligent internal drive of each combat unit; grasp its functional non-linear characteristics, use its unknown vulnerabilities, and highlight battlefield differentiation Strike assessment, test and discover operational system imbalances with higher efficiency and faster speed, and find key weaknesses in system attack.

(Author’s unit: Unit 61001)

現代國語：

編者按

理論是行動的先導。加強作戰概念創新、推動作戰指導革新，歷來是世界各國軍隊培塑軍事優勢的重要途徑。近年來，美軍先後提出「賽博戰」「馬賽克戰」等前線作戰理論，以期實現作戰模式這一「生產關系」能夠更加適應作戰能力這一「生產力」的發展。透過對比分析這兩種作戰理論，世人可以一窺美軍作戰能力建設思路的變化，特別是認清「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，從而有的放矢，找到有效制衡之策。

●從威脅應對到戰爭設計——

主動塑造，牽引作戰能力提升

「基於威脅」或「基於能力」是軍隊作戰能力建設的兩條基本途徑。 「基於威脅」體現需求牽引，聚焦解決近中期現實問題，是軍隊作戰能力建設應遵循的基本規律；「基於能力」體現目標牽引，瞄準未來戰略使命，以新作戰理論支撐戰略構想，是軍隊作戰能力創新超越的必由之路。從「賽博戰」向「馬賽克戰」的發展，體現了上述兩種途徑內在規律的差異與演進，也反映出美軍近年來推進作戰能力建設思維理念的變化。

概念發端新變化。網絡空間，最初為解決人類的通訊需求而生，後來逐漸演變為一個獨立於陸、海、空、天之外的新作戰域，由此衍生出以爭奪網絡空間制權為核心的「賽博戰」。與之相比，「馬賽克戰」是美軍為繼續保持戰略優勢地位，直接瞄準競爭對手而主動開發設計的新作戰概念，其形成過程體現了需求牽引與能力牽引的融合，戰略性、主動性、牽引性更加突顯。

技術運用新思路。 「賽博戰」強調，透過研發新世代技術支撐作戰概念轉化落地。 「馬賽克戰」則跳出這個模式，不過分強調研發新一代裝備技術，更加關注對軍民通用技術的快速轉化，對成熟技術的漸進迭代。其基本想法是立足現有裝備，按照類似網約車、眾籌開發等服務類平台的運用理念，通過模塊升級和智能化改造，將各類作戰系統單元“馬賽克化”為功能單一、靈活拼裝、便於替換的“積木”或“像素”，構建形成動態協調、高度自主、無縫融合的作戰體系，體現了新的技術驅動。

路徑發展新設計。 「賽博戰」作為網電空間的伴生概念，網電空間發展到哪裡，「賽博戰」就跟進到哪裡，總體上先考慮「客觀」的物質條件，再進行「主觀」的概念設計，在路徑發展上具有較強的依附性。 「馬賽克戰」則先由「主觀」再到「客觀」，透過開發可動態調整功能結構的兵力設計模型，使其能夠適應不同作戰需求及戰場環境變化。

由此可見，「馬賽克戰」相比「賽博戰」等過去作戰概念，其目標更加明確、技術更加成熟、路徑更加可靠，體現出美軍主動塑造的思路轉變。

●從網絡中心到決策中心—

群體智能，實現體系最優釋能

人工智慧技術是資訊時代的關鍵變量，也是「馬賽克戰」體系發展的核心增量。 《賽博戰》強調“網絡中心”，“馬賽克戰”則緊緊扭住人工智能技術這一核心，將製勝關鍵從“網絡中心”調整為“決策中心”，將作戰體系架構由系統級、平台級聯合轉變為功能級、要素級融合，謀求在網絡充分聚能的前提下，以群體性智能技術實現體系最優釋能，為勝理的戰爭賦予新涵機時代。

以“快”制“慢”，奪取認知先手。未來戰爭，戰場形勢瞬息萬變，時間要素的權重不斷上升，「快」對「慢」可以形成近似降維的作戰打擊效果。 「馬賽克戰」透過運用數據資訊技術與人工智慧技術，提升己方「OODA」環的單環決策速度，拓展並行決策廣度，降低組環決策粒度，加快體係作戰進度，在整體上塑造始終快人一步的「先手棋」態勢，旨在牢牢控制戰場認知決策的主導權。

以“低”制“高”，積累成本優勢。與追求高端武器平台的傳統作戰概念不同，「馬賽克戰」著重於利用人工智慧技術對現有武器平台及作戰資源的挖潛增效。透過在眾多中低階武器平台上加載運行智慧演算法和特定功能模塊，使其達到媲美高端武器平台的作戰性能，整體上提高了武器平台投入產出的效費比，進而積累形成成本優勢。

以“散”制“聚”，謀求持續生存。 「馬賽克戰」強調採用化整為零的去中心化思路和非對稱制衡理念，使用開放系統架構，在各類有人/無人平台上分散配置偵察、定位、通信、打擊等各類功能，實現力量的分佈式部署。同時，依托智能演算法提升各平台的自組織、自協同、自主攻擊能力，實現形散神聚、火力集中。當部分作戰平台被消滅、幹擾或剝離後，整個作戰體系仍能正常運轉，從而增強兵力集群的戰場持續生存能力。

以“動”制“靜”，提升體系彈性。 「馬賽克戰」強調進一步突破各作戰域壁壘。通過把不同作戰域中固定的“殺傷鏈”變成可動態重構的“殺傷網”，將“OODA”大環拆解為小環，單環分化為多環。根據作戰進程和作戰需求的變化，依托智能組網實現作戰力量的動中拆分、動中調用、動中組合。如此，一方面可增強作戰體系的靈活性、適應性；另一方面還可對沖抵消複雜網絡的節點聚集效應，使對手難以找到破擊己方體系的關鍵節點。

「馬賽克戰」為智慧化作戰提供了一種可藉鑑的參考原型。但同時，作為一種理想化的兵力設計和運用框架，「馬賽克戰」還需要與之緊密相關的技術、條令、政策等配套支持，距離完全實現還有很長的路要走，與傳統作戰體系共存的局面將長期存在。

●從要素整合到體系重組—

動態結構，增強作戰體係彈性

結構和關系往往決定功能和性質。 「賽博戰」與「馬賽克戰」建構於資訊時代共同的物質基礎，遵循相同的演進範式，但體系建構的原理和效果有所不同。 「賽博戰」形成的體系結構靜態可解構，而「馬賽克戰」則按照一定構建規則動態組合功能單元，形成具有自組織、自適應特徵的彈性體系結構，類似一種“動態黑箱”，常規手段難以跟踪預測。而這一彈性結構常會「湧現」出新的能力，為作戰體系賦能增效。

網雲融合發展，使作戰時空更動態可塑。網和雲是資訊化作戰體系運作的基礎環境，重塑了傳統作戰中情報、指控、打擊、保障的流程要素，同時衍生出新的作戰時空。 「賽博戰」主要聚焦網電空間，其作戰時空相對靜態。 「馬賽克戰」則不限於單一作戰空間，在資訊基礎設施網隨雲動、雲網一體的發展趨勢下，可進一步深度鉸鏈有形無形空間，作戰時空邊界更有彈性，作戰資源配置更加靈活，作戰體系結構更具動態。

數據跨域流轉，使作戰控制更加無縫協同。在指揮控制環節，「賽博戰」關注的重點是聯合作戰指揮機構對作戰單元的指揮控制，數據跨域交換流轉主要集中在戰區戰場。 「馬賽克戰」則進一步將聯合作戰的層級下沉至戰術末端，通過數據在戰術層面的自主跨域交換和無縫流轉，實現各類數據孤島按需集聚為數據集群，進而產生顯著的「溢出」效應，讓作戰指揮控制環路動態、離散、敏捷、並行的特徵更為明顯，更加有利於實現各作戰單元按需銜接、高效協同行動。

演算法全維滲透，使體系運作更加自主高效。演算法是人的意識在網絡空間的映射，形成了由意圖轉化的編譯代碼和由知識轉化的神經網絡兩種基本形態。在「賽博戰」中，編譯代碼大量應用，神經網絡只在局部應用。在「馬賽克戰」中，演算法擴展出塑造規則、提供引擎兩項關鍵職能，運用的廣度深度更加突出。塑造規則以編譯代碼為主，輔以神經網絡，構造「馬賽克戰」體系的流程框架和運行邏輯，為其不確定性、適應性和能力「湧現」性奠定結構基礎；提供引擎則主要將智能演算法模型分發至邊端要素運行，形成知識擴散效應，從而全面提升「馬賽克戰」體系的智能自主作戰能力。

邊端自主釋能，使作戰樣式更靈活多態。邊端是各類有人/無人作戰功能單元的抽像模型，也是體系能力「湧現」的直接來源。 「賽博戰」體系中，邊端要素與上下級指控流程緊密耦合，處於精確受控狀態。 「馬賽克戰」體系中，邊端要素的感知、交互、推理、決策能力大大提升，其「OODA」環不必回鏈至上級指揮機構，有利於支撐形成高低搭配、有人/無人結合的去中心化作戰集群形態，可以賦予邊端要素更多自組織權限，明顯增強了戰場對抗優勢。

可見，如果稱“賽博戰”為精密的戰爭機器，“馬賽克戰”則可以視為一種能夠激發作戰能力動態生長的復雜“生態”，網雲、數據、算法、邊端所產生的新變化，促進形成了動態復雜的“體系結構”。這一結構又反向調控要素、平台和系統，不斷湧現新的能力，為作戰體系增能、演變發揮重要作用。

●從體系破擊到復合對抗——

辨析優劣，尋求有效制衡之策

「馬賽克戰」某種程度上代表著未來聯合作戰形態發展的可能方向。應當充分研析把握「馬賽克戰」的製勝機理，將資訊通信領域作為打破傳統戰爭時空界限的新質新域加以塑造，打造網雲賦能作戰新概念，建強國防資訊基礎設施支撐保障能力，突顯軍事資訊網安全防禦能力，增強戰略戰役指揮機構運行的保底支撐能力，不斷完善網絡資訊體系。

另一方面，「馬賽克戰」理論的出現，使得打擊奪控有限目標節點的傳統作戰手段，難以達成毀點斷鏈的體系破擊效果。但應當看到，任何體係都有其固有矛盾，「馬賽克戰」看似「無懈可擊」的去中心化結構，仍可以找到有效破解的方法路徑。例如，掌握其體系複雜性特徵，利用其關聯關係依賴性，突出針對通信網絡的功能抑制，構建網電復合攻擊路徑，實現對作戰體系各單元的拆解孤立；把握其結構耗散性特徵，利用其外部信息依賴性，突出針對信息數據的偽裝誤導，促使作戰體係向信息封閉、信息過載等非正常狀態轉化；掌握其群體自主性特徵，利用其關鍵技術依賴性，突出針對智能算法的對抗降效，抑制各作戰單元的智能內驅力；把握其功能非線性特徵，利用其未知脆弱性，突出戰場差異化打擊評估，以更高的效率和更快的速度失衡、發現作戰體系擊點，尋找體系破擊的關鍵弱點。

（作者單位：61001部隊

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4894734888.html?big=fan