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Chinese Military Simulation Technology—— Knocking on the door of Russian “war design”

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中國軍事模擬技術—敲開俄羅斯「戰爭設計」之門

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2018年8月24日 星期五

現代英語：

Recently, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the establishment of the “Era Military Innovation Technology Park”, which focuses on scientific research, testing and simulation of advanced weapons, military and special equipment. Coincidentally, the US military is also stepping up the development of the “Soldiers Build Intelligence System Military Training Support” project, hoping to better assist officers and soldiers in conducting military intelligence training by providing equipment, simulators and simulation modeling services. The frequently mentioned military simulation technology has attracted attention from all parties. With the rapid development of cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, military simulation technology has made significant progress in equipment construction, military exercises, combat training and logistics support. At present, major military powers have recognized the huge application prospects of simulation technology in the military field and regard it as an “advanced intelligence contest” in modern warfare.

The “virtual battlefield” can also deploy troops

Once upon a time, we all “learned about war from war”. The emergence of military simulation technology has allowed us to learn about future wars from the “virtual battlefield”.

Simulation technology mainly relies on computer and other equipment platforms, and uses mathematical models to conduct scientific research, analysis, evaluation and decision-making on issues that need to be studied. Military simulation systems are simulation systems built specifically for military applications. They can conduct quantitative analysis of combat elements such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, the performance of weapons and equipment, and combat operations, and then accurately simulate the battlefield environment, present relevant battlefield situations, and achieve effectiveness evaluation of the combat system and command decision-making assistance.

At present, military simulation systems have become an effective means of studying future wars, designing weapons and equipment, and supporting the evaluation of tactics, and they run through the entire process of weapons and equipment development and testing. In recent years, military simulation technology has been increasingly regarded as a multiplier for improving combat effectiveness and one of the key technologies for national defense security and troop construction and development.

The United States has always listed modeling and simulation as an important key defense technology. As early as 1992, the United States announced the “Defense Modeling and Simulation Initiative” and established a special Defense Modeling and Simulation Office. The United States also specifically listed the “integrated simulation environment” as one of the seven driving technologies to maintain the US military advantage. At the same time, European countries attach great importance to the development of military simulation technology, and strive to continuously improve simulation methods in the process of developing a new generation of weapon systems, thereby improving the comprehensive effectiveness of weapon equipment construction and development.

In fact, military simulation technology has allowed people to fully learn about future wars in experiments. Before the outbreak of the Gulf War, the US Department of Defense used military simulation technology to analyze and determine the direct consequences of Iraq igniting all oil wells in Kuwait, which had a profound impact on the US military’s formulation of the Gulf War combat plan. In the integrated ballistic missile defense system project carried out by the US military, modeling and simulation methods are specifically used to conduct a preliminary assessment of the ballistic missile defense system. At the end of 2017, the US Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency invested 12.8 million US dollars specifically for the construction of virtual simulation space battlefields. The US Army also spent 57 million US dollars to develop the Army Infantry Training System – this immersive military virtual simulation training system can provide soldiers with a more realistic battlefield combat simulation environment.

A brainstorming session to plan operations

From artillery simulation, aircraft simulation, missile simulation to today’s various types of weapon system equipment simulation and combat simulation, while simulation technology continues to meet the needs of military applications, it is also rapidly developing in the direction of virtualization, networking, intelligence, collaboration and universalization. In order to continuously improve military simulation calculation methods and improve simulation technology, people are constantly launching a “brainstorming” to plan operations.

Mathematical modeling algorithm. Mathematical model is the basis of simulation. To carry out simulation, we must first build a mathematical model of the object to be simulated. At the same time, the correctness and accuracy of the mathematical model directly affect the credibility of the simulation calculation results. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has provided new ideas for mathematical modeling. Introducing artificial intelligence to build mathematical models can not only effectively improve the realism, reliability and accuracy of simulation models, but also further improve the efficiency of modeling and simulation.

Virtual reality technology. With virtual reality technology, people can interact with objects in a virtual simulation environment through related equipment, thereby creating an effect of “immersion” in the real environment. The augmented reality technology that has emerged in recent years has further increased the user’s perception of the virtual simulation system, and can superimpose virtual objects, scenes, and information generated by the military simulation system onto the real scene. The U.S. Army is currently relying on virtual reality and augmented reality technologies to develop the future overall training environment to achieve seamless, mixed immersive combat training.

Network grid technology. The realization of military simulation is inseparable from the strong support of computers, local area networks, software engineering and other technologies. The distributed interactive simulation that integrates simulation equipment or systems of different types in different locations into a whole provides a more realistic application environment for military simulation. In recent years, grid technology that can realize the rapid transmission of various types of information and resource sharing has become a research hotspot for military simulation. The US Department of Defense has begun to use the “Global Information Grid” plan to establish a military grid that communicates various information elements on the battlefield and realizes the dynamic sharing and collaborative application of various military network resources.

Winning the war before it starts

The future information warfare is an integrated war that is carried out simultaneously in multiple dimensions such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Not only is the battle structure complex and the weapons and equipment diverse, but it also places higher demands on the combatants and the use of tactics. Only by building a “virtual battlefield” for future wars with the help of military simulation technology and realizing the scientific coordination of factors such as the scale of war, the course of war, war investment, the number of combatants and weapons and equipment, the targets of attack and the intensity of attack, can we be sure of victory before the war begins.

In the field of combat experiments, the U.S. military has fully reduced the losses caused by improper combat plans and action plans through a large number of computer simulation evaluations and iterative optimizations. The Russian military’s combat regulations and tactics are also “optimal battlefield solutions” obtained through scientific deduction and simulation calculation using mathematical models. Through military simulation analysis and evaluation, battlefield commanders and fighters can quickly understand the trend of war simulations and carry out effective responses according to various changes in the “virtual battlefield”, thereby effectively improving the effectiveness of combat experiments.

In the field of military training, individual soldier training can be carried out through an immersive virtual simulation training environment, which can be as close to the battlefield environment as possible and effectively improve the training effect. In recent years, the US Army has specially opened a “simulated immersion” training course in the “Advanced Course for Officers”. Through the implementation of virtual simulation military training, the organization and implementation of training are not restricted by time and weather conditions. The distributed training simulation system can even enable trainees in different locations to participate in the training together. By modeling and simulating the specific battlefield environment, tactical background and enemy forces, the military training system can also provide trainees with a more realistic battlefield perception.

In the field of equipment demonstration, the technical support of simulation systems is required throughout the life cycle of weapons and equipment development. At present, the United States has extensively adopted simulation technology in new weapon system development projects to fully support the development and testing, live-fire evaluation and combat testing of weapons and equipment. The U.S. Missile Defense Agency has further explored effective measures to deal with incoming missile threats through missile threat target modeling and simulation. The U.S. Navy simulates the operation of ship systems and crew members through mission analysis simulation software, and obtains simulation results for determining and optimizing the number of crew members. In the future, military simulation technology may become a new technological highland for the world’s major military powers to compete.

現代國語：

日前，俄羅斯國防部宣布組成“時代軍事創新科技園區”，重點進行先進武器、軍事和特殊裝備的科學研究、試驗以及模擬模擬。無獨有偶，美軍也在加緊研發「士兵建構情報系統軍隊訓練保障」項目，希望透過提供設備、模擬器與模擬建模等服務，更好地輔助官兵進行軍事情報訓練。這其中常提及的軍用模擬技術，引起各方注意。伴隨著雲端運算、大數據、人工智慧等技術的快速發展，軍事模擬技術在裝備建設、軍事演習、作戰訓練與後勤支援等領域相繼取得重大進展。目前，各軍事大國紛紛體認到模擬技術在軍事領域的巨大應用前景，將其視為現代戰爭的「超前智慧較量」。

「虛擬戰場」也能排兵布陣

曾幾何時,我們都是「從戰爭中學習戰爭」。軍用模擬技術的出現，開始讓我們從「虛擬戰場」學習未來戰爭。

模擬技術主要藉助電腦等設備平台，利用數學模型對需要研究的問題進行科學的研究、分析、評估與決策。軍用模擬系統是專門針對軍事應用建構的模擬模擬系統，可對陸、海、空、天、電、網等作戰元素、武器裝備性能以及作戰行動進行量化分析，進而精確模擬戰場環境、呈現相關戰場態勢，實現作戰體系的效能評估與指揮決策輔助。

目前，軍用模擬系統已成為研究未來戰爭、設計武器裝備、支撐戰法評估的有效手段，並貫穿武器裝備研發、試驗的整個過程。近年來，軍用模擬技術越來越被視為提升作戰效能的倍增器，是國防安全與部隊建設發展的關鍵技術之一。

美國一直將建模與模擬列為重要的國防關鍵技術。早在1992年，美國就宣布了“國防建模與模擬倡議”，並專門成立國防建模與模擬辦公室。美國也專門將「綜合模擬環境」列為保持美國軍事優勢的七大推動技術之一。同時，歐洲各國高度重視軍用模擬技術發展，力求在新一代武器系統研發過程中不斷完善模擬方法，進而提升武器裝備建設發展的綜合效能。

事實上，軍用模擬技術已經讓人們在實驗中充分學習了未來戰爭。在海灣戰爭爆發前，美國國防部就藉助軍用模擬技術，分析研判伊拉克點燃科威特境內全部油井的直接後果，對美軍制定海灣戰爭作戰方案產生了深遠影響。在美軍進行的一體化彈道飛彈防禦系統專案中，就專門採用建模模擬方法​​對彈道飛彈防禦系統進行預先評估。 2017年底，美國國防部高級研究計畫局投資1,280萬美元，專門用於虛擬模擬太空戰場建設。美國陸軍也耗資5,700萬美元研發陸軍步兵訓練系統－這款沉浸式軍事虛擬模擬訓練系統，能為士兵提供更真實的戰場作戰模擬環境。

掀起策劃作戰的“腦力激盪”

從火砲仿真、飛行器仿真、飛彈仿真到現今的各式武器系統裝備仿真以及作戰仿真，仿真技術在不斷滿足軍事應用需求的同時，自身也朝向虛擬化、網路化、智慧化、協同化與普適化方向迅速發展。為不斷完善軍用模擬計算方法、改進模擬技術手段，人們正不斷掀起謀劃作戰的「腦力激盪」。

數學建模演算法。數學模型是進行模擬的基礎，要進行模擬模擬，必須先建構被模擬物件的數學模型。同時，數學模型的正確與否以及精確度高低直接影響模擬計算結果的可信度。近年來，人工智慧技術的快速發展，為數學建模提供了新思路。引進人工智慧建構數學模型，不僅能有效改善模擬模型的逼真性、可靠性與精確性，也進一步提升了建模與模擬的效率。

虛擬實境技術。採用虛擬實境技術，人們可透過相關設備與虛擬模擬環境中的物件進行交互，進而產生「沉浸」於真實環境的效果。近年來興起的擴增實境技術，進一步增加了使用者對虛擬模擬系統的感知程度，能將軍用模擬系統產生的虛擬物件、場景和資訊疊加到真實場景中。美國陸軍目前就依賴虛擬實境和擴增實境技術開發未來整體訓練環境，實現無縫、混合的沉浸式作戰訓練。

網路網格技術。軍用仿真的實現離不開電腦、區域網路、軟體工程等技術的強大支撐，將分散於不同地點、不同類型的仿真設備或系統集成為一個整體的分散式交互仿真，為軍用仿真提供了更逼真的應用環境。近年來，可實現各類資訊快速傳輸和資源共享的網格技術成為軍用模擬的研究熱點。美國國防部已開始借助「全球資訊網格」計劃，建立起溝通戰場各類資訊要素的軍事網格，實現各類軍事網路資源的動態共享與協同應用。

在戰爭開始前穩操勝券

未來的資訊化戰爭是陸、海、空、天、電、網等多維空間同時展開的一體化戰爭，不僅戰役結構複雜、武器裝備多樣，對參戰人員和戰術運用也提出了更高要求。借助軍事模擬技術建構未來戰爭的“虛擬戰場”，實現對戰爭規模、戰爭進程、戰爭投入、作戰人員與武器裝備數量、打擊目標與打擊強度等要素的科學統籌，才能在戰爭開始之前穩操勝券。

在作戰實驗領域，美軍透過大量的電腦模擬評估和迭代優化，充分減少了因作戰方案和行動計畫不當而造成的損失。俄軍的作戰條令和戰法也都是運用數學模型進行科學推導、模擬計算得出的「戰場最優解」。透過軍用模擬分析與評估，戰場指戰員可以快速了解戰爭推演趨勢，在「虛擬戰場」中根據各種情況變化開展有效應對，進而有力提升作戰試驗效果。

在軍事訓練領域，透過沉浸式虛擬模擬訓練環境實施單兵訓練，能最大限度地貼近戰場環境，並有力提升訓練效果。近年來，美國陸軍已經在“軍官高級教程”中專門開設了“模擬沉浸”訓練課程。透過進行虛擬模擬軍事訓練，訓練的組織與實施不受時間和氣象條件限制，分散式訓練模擬系統甚至能使不同地點的參訓人員共同參與訓練。透過對具體戰場環境、戰術背景和敵方兵力進行建模和仿真，軍事訓練系統也能為訓練人員提供更逼真的戰場感知。

在裝備論證領域，武器裝備研發的全生命週期都需要模擬系統的技術支援。目前，美國在新型武器系統研發專案中大量採用模擬技術，全面支援武器裝備的開發測試、實彈評估測試和作戰測試。美國飛彈防禦局透過飛彈威脅目標建模與仿真，進一步探索出應對來襲飛彈威脅的有效措施。美國海軍則透過任務分析仿真軟體，對船艦系統和艦員的操作進行仿真，得出確定和優化艦員數量的仿真結果。未來，軍用模擬技術或將成為世界各軍事大國角逐的科技新高地。

製圖：陳 晨

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-08/24/content_214234888.htm

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍隊, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China’s Military Looking at the Generation of New Quality Combat Power from the Perspective of Intelligent Victory

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從智勝視角看中國軍隊新型優質戰鬥力生成

現代英語：

Intelligent victory is a distinct feature of the times in the “quality” of new quality combat power. With the development of science and technology and the evolution of war forms, intelligent joint operations based on “energy mobility and information interconnection”, supported by “network communication and distributed cloud”, with “data computing and model algorithms” as the core, and “cross-domain command and multi-domain operations” as the path, gradually outline a vivid scene of the application of new quality combat power. The intelligent trend of new quality combat power will trigger a chain breakthrough in the military field and become a key variable in changing the rules of war. To enhance new quality combat power and win future wars, we should “knock on the door” of intelligent operations and explore methods and paths to iteratively generate new quality combat power of intelligent joint operations.

Analyzing the characteristics of new quality combat power based on intelligent winning mechanism

Throughout human history, the mechanisms for winning wars have all left clear marks of the era of technological development. To understand and grasp the new quality of combat power of intelligent joint combat, we should keep up with the development of war forms and analyze its key characteristics.

The battlefield environment is distributed in multiple domains. The battlefield environment is the space for the use of new-quality combat power and the space-time framework for understanding the new-quality combat power of intelligent joint operations. Since the emergence of war, the space-time of war has undergone multiple leaps, including plane, three-dimensional, and invisible space. At present, combat confrontation is unfolding in a fusion space with dimensions including physical domain, information domain, and even biological domain and social domain. In intelligent joint operations, the status of virtual space rises and gradually integrates deeply with physical space. Invisible confrontations such as network, intelligence, and psychology constitute a new space. Establishing a virtual battlefield, realizing virtual-real interaction, and achieving virtual-real control have become new driving forces for joint operations.

Multiple integration of constituent elements. Constituent elements are the inherent characteristics of new-quality combat power and the basic elements of new-quality combat power of intelligent joint operations. Mechanized joint operations are platform-centric operations, with firepower and mobility as the dominant forces. The combination of people, mechanized equipment, and tactics is more of a superposition and accumulation, with the goal of carrying energy with objects and releasing energy with objects. Informatized joint operations are network-centric operations, with information power as the dominant force. The combination of network information, people, informationized equipment, and tactics is more of a linkage and interconnection, with the goal of gathering energy with the network and releasing energy with the network. The dominant force of intelligent joint operations is intelligence. The combat elements of cloud, network, people, equipment, and tactics are integrated through models, algorithms, and data to form a complex system with agile reorganization and autonomous adaptation, realizing the control of energy with intelligence and the control of energy with intelligence.

The mode of action is multi-functional and parallel. The mode of action is the energy release path of the new quality combat power and the key to analyzing the new quality combat power of intelligent joint operations. The use of system architecture and distributed coordination in joint operations has made distributed parallelism emerge in war. In joint operations, the speed of information sharing, mobile response, firepower strikes, and command and control decision-making has been greatly accelerated, and the effectiveness of different combat units can act in parallel. In recent local conflicts and military operations, the granularity of command and operations has become smaller and smaller, but the control range, combat effectiveness, and confrontation intensity have increased exponentially, which is the best example of multi-functional parallelism.

Evaluation and feedback from multiple perspectives. Evaluation and feedback is the iterative starting point for the evolution and improvement of new-quality combat power, the dynamic basis for promoting the development of new-quality combat power in intelligent joint combat, and an easily overlooked link in the generation of new-quality combat power. The high-precision and fast-paced characteristics of intelligent joint combat make multi-perspective evaluation and feedback a rigid need. Among them, the cloud-network-group-end link perspective can review the operating status of cloud platforms, networks, “swarms”, terminals, etc.; the manned and unmanned interaction perspective can judge the technical mechanisms of different interaction stages; the multi-domain aggregated space-time perspective is conducive to comprehensive evaluation and understanding of battlefield situations.

Reconstructing the new quality combat power generation model with system concept

At present, technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing are constantly driving the transformation of the basic elements of joint operations. There is a new trend of development from separation to integration, from single equipment to clusters, and from physical to virtual-real interaction between functional modules such as intelligence, command and control, firepower, and network and electronics. The traditional combat capability generation model is no longer able to adapt to the development, and a new quality combat capability generation model should be reconstructed with new thinking.

Create an intelligent warfare system. Outdated military needs will not produce the best system for future warfare. Concept scenarios should be derived from intelligent technology, linking interactive intelligent components with existing personnel, equipment, tactics, etc. to form an intelligent combat system that includes perception, decision-making, offense and defense, support, and virtual-real interaction. An unchanging combat system will also be difficult to adapt to the rapid evolution of the war situation. An innovation chain of rapid iteration and leapfrogging should be formed to run through the entire process of generating new quality combat power and promote the evolution of the combat system from low-level to high-level.

Build agile combat units. The combat system is a high-intensity confrontation system. The faster the iteration speed in peacetime and the more advanced the construction level, the stronger the survivability in wartime. To build an intelligent joint combat system, we should start with cultivating the initiative and creativity of all individuals to form an agile team that can respond quickly and actively deal with battlefield uncertainties. Military training should fully absorb the lessons learned from recent local wars, change the traditional mode of large-scale linear deployment and group operations, highlight the distributed combat exercises of “breaking the whole into parts”, enhance the system’s anti-destruction ability, and improve stability.

Promote disruptive technological transformation. One of the secrets to the success of military revolution is the “surging” transformation of science and technology to the military. We should focus on advancing the basis of combat readiness with scientific and technological progress, transfer and transform the latest scientific achievements such as game theory, complex system science, and software definition, upgrade and transform the basic platforms of combat software and hardware, and explore the mechanism of system victory with innovative thinking, paradigms, and tools. At the same time, we should accelerate the extension of mature technologies such as mobile Internet and cloud computing to the combat system, accelerate the application of new materials, new energy, and advanced manufacturing to combat platforms, and improve the level of unmanned, bionic, and clustered intelligent combat.

Seek asymmetric checks and balances. Since the 20th century, “selective disclosure” and “cost imposition” have led opponents in the wrong direction and disrupted the rhythm, becoming common means in major countries’ military competition. Simply “fighting hard” according to the discourse system and method system dominated by others is often difficult to play one’s own advantages, and may even fall into the trap set by opponents. We should focus on leveraging our strengths and avoiding our weaknesses, scientifically choose our own combat effectiveness development path, and achieve misaligned competition. We should jump out of the leader’s preset, dynamically benchmark, and iteratively develop. Strengthen criticism and falsification to prevent being confused and misled by opponents.

Promoting the iterative development of new quality combat capabilities through continuous evolution

Whoever can take the lead in building new quality combat capability will gain the upper hand. The intelligent joint combat system is a complex and huge system that is constantly evolving. Its elements are constantly expanding and its environment spans multiple domains. It should follow the mechanism of continuous evolution and improvement, and within the scope of strategic management, take demand as the goal, efficiency as the key, and precision as the guide to promote the iterative development of new quality combat capability.

The generation link is included in strategic management. Intelligent joint operations are the new frontier for advancing war preparations and should be promoted in a coordinated manner according to the strategic management link. In the demand link, we should fully consider the gap between capabilities and needs, and scientifically justify the direction and amount of investment in construction resources; in the planning and budgeting link, we should follow the principle of matching goals and tasks with actual resources, focus on efficiency and implement budget control; in the execution and evaluation link, we should not only promote the top-level institutions to relay and coordinate operations vertically, but also regulate, supervise, and correct each field according to their responsibilities one by one.

The generation process establishes a positive cycle. Intelligent joint operations are in an era of change in which science and technology are developing from information networks to artificial intelligence, combat styles are changing from network-centric warfare to cross-domain autonomous parallel operations, and political, economic, diplomatic and military means are integrated and used. The generation process of new quality combat power should establish a positive cycle of iterative development and continuous evolution. It is necessary to pay attention to the balanced development of the capabilities of each system, as well as to clarify the levels and weights, and gradually achieve the best system and the strongest capabilities through hierarchical modeling and positive cycles.

The output of the generation is closely focused on the game confrontation. Only by keeping a close eye on the military game process can the construction of new quality combat power be targeted and in the right direction. We should focus on system competition, form a system of troops, seek system advantages, produce system results, and strengthen system capabilities in combat theory, equipment development, military training, etc., and avoid shortcomings. We should seek asymmetric checks and balances, neither closed and rigid, nor copy and paste, follow the trend, lead opponents in the key areas of building new quality combat power of intelligent joint operations, and create new advantages to check and balance powerful enemies in the process of actively responding to changes and seeking changes.

The generation efficiency is embedded in the inspection and evaluation. The generation efficiency of the new quality combat capability of intelligent joint operations should be included in the inspection and evaluation system. By analyzing strategic tasks to set operational requirements and new quality combat capability indicators, simulating and deducing the effectiveness of the use of new quality combat capability scenarios through major exercise activities, and testing and measuring new quality combat capability indicators through the design of evaluation model algorithms, evaluation and feedback can be used to support the construction of new quality combat capability of intelligent joint operations.

(Author’s unit: Strategic Assessment and Consulting Center, Academy of Military Science)

現代國語：

從智慧制勝角度看新質戰鬥力生成

■張宏昌 閻 魁 史 霞

引言

智能製勝，是新質戰鬥力「質」中鮮明的時代特徵。隨著科技發展與戰爭形態演變，以“能量機動和信息互聯”為基礎、“網絡通信和分佈式雲”為支撐、“數據計算和模型算法”為內核、“跨域指揮和多域行動”為途徑的智慧化聯合作戰，逐漸勾勒出新質戰鬥力應用的鮮活場景。新質戰鬥力的智慧化趨勢，將引發軍事領域的鍊式突破，成為改變戰爭規則的關鍵變數。提升新質戰鬥力、打贏未來戰爭，應該向智能化作戰“叩門”，探索迭代生成智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的方法路徑。

按智能製勝機理解析新質戰鬥力特徵

縱觀人類史，戰爭制勝機理無不鮮明留下科技發展的時代烙印。認識掌握智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力，應緊跟戰爭形態發展，解析其關鍵特徵。

戰場環境多域分佈。戰場環境是新質戰鬥力的運用空間，是認識智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的時空框架。自戰爭產生以來，戰爭時空經歷了平面、立體、無形空間等多次飛躍。目前，作戰對抗在包含物理域、資訊域甚至生物域、社會域等維度的融合空間展開。智能化聯合作戰，虛擬空間地位上升並逐漸與物理空間深度融合一體，網電、情報、心理等無形對抗構成全新空間，建立虛擬戰場、實現虛實互動、達成以虛制實成為聯合作戰新的發力端。

構成要素多元整合。構成要素是新質戰鬥力的內涵特徵，是智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的基礎元素。機械化聯合作戰是平台中心戰，主導力量是火力和機動力，人、機械化裝備、戰法的組合方式更多是疊加累積，目的是實現以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化聯合作戰是網絡中心戰，主導力量是資訊力，網絡資訊、人、資訊化裝備、戰法的組合方式更多是鏈接貫通，目的是實現以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化聯合作戰的主導力量是智力，作戰要素雲、網、人、裝備、戰法通過模型、算法、數據多元整合，構成敏捷重組、自主適應的復雜系統，實現以智蠅能、以智制能。

作用方式多能並行。作用方式是新質戰鬥力的釋能途徑，也是解析智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力的關鍵所在。體系架構、分佈協同在聯合作戰中的使用，使分佈並行在戰爭中嶄露頭角。聯合作戰中，資訊共享、機動反應、火力打擊、指控決策速度皆大幅加快，不同作戰單元效能可並行作用。在近年來的局部沖突和軍事行動中，指揮和作戰的顆粒度越來越小，但控制範圍、作戰效能、對抗烈度卻成倍增加，就是多能並行的最好例證。

評估反饋多層視角。評估回饋是新質戰鬥力演進提升的迭代起點，是推進智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力發展的動態基礎，也是新質戰鬥力生成中易被忽視的環節。智慧化聯合作戰高精度、快節奏的特徵，讓多層視角評估回饋成為剛需。其中，雲網群端的鏈接視角，可以審視雲平台、網絡、「蜂群」、終端等運行狀況；有人無人的交互視角，能夠判斷不同交互階段技術機制；多域聚合的時空視角，有助於綜合評估認識戰場態勢。

用系統理念重構新質戰鬥力生成模式

目前，人工智慧、雲端計算等技術不斷催生聯合作戰基本要素發生嬗變。情報、指控、火力、網電等功能模塊之間，呈現由分離向融合、單裝向集群、實物為主向虛實互動發展的新趨勢。傳統作戰能力生成模式已難以適應發展，應以新思維重構新質戰鬥力生成模式。

創建智慧化戰爭體系。過時的軍事需求，孕育不出適應未來戰爭的最優體系。應以智慧科技為原點衍生概念場景，連結互動智慧零件和現有人員、裝備、戰法等，形成包含感知、決策、攻防、保障及虛實互動的智慧化作戰體系。一成不變的作戰體系，也難以適應戰爭形態的快速演變。應形成快速迭代、跨越提升的創新鏈，貫穿新質戰鬥力生成全過程，推動作戰體係從低階向高階演化。

打造敏捷性作戰單位。作戰體係是高強度的對抗系統，平時的迭代速度越迅速，建設水準越先進，戰時的生存能力就越強。打造智慧化聯合作戰體系，應以培育所有個體的主動性、創造性為起點，形成能夠快速響應，積極應對戰場不確定性的敏捷團隊。軍事訓練應充分汲取近期局部戰爭中的經驗教訓，改變大規模線式部署、集團作戰的傳統模式，突顯「化整為零」的分散式作戰演訓，增強體系抗毀性，提高穩定性。

推動顛覆性科技轉型。軍事革命的成功密碼之一，是科技向軍事的「浪湧」轉化。應著眼科技進步前移作戰準備基點，遷移轉化博弈論、複雜系統科學、軟件定義等最新科學成果，升級改造作戰軟硬體基礎平台，以創新思維、範式、工具，探尋體系製勝的機理。同時，加速移動互聯、雲端計算等成熟技術向作戰體系延伸，加速新材料、新能源、先進製造等向作戰平台應用，提高無人化、仿生化、群聚化智慧作戰水準。

謀求非對稱制衡優勢。 20世紀以來，「選擇性揭露」「成本強加」等將對手方向帶偏、節奏帶亂，成為大國軍事競爭中的慣用手段。單純依照他人主導的話語體系、方法體系“硬拼”，往往難以發揮自身優勢，甚至還會掉入對手預設的陷阱。應注重揚長避短，科學選擇自身戰鬥力發展路徑，實現錯位競爭。應跳出引領者預設，動態對標、迭代發展。強化批判證偽，防範被對手迷惑誤導。

以持續演化推動新質戰鬥力迭代發展

誰能在新質戰鬥力建設上領先一步，誰就能贏得制勝先機。智能化聯合作戰體係是一個不斷演進的復雜巨系統，其要素不斷拓展、環境跨越多域，應按照持續演化改進的機制，在戰略管理範疇內以需求為目標、以效能為關鍵、以精準為導向，推動新質戰鬥力迭代發展。

生成鏈路納入戰略管理。智慧化聯合作戰是推進戰爭準備的新前沿，應依照戰略管理連結統籌推進。需求環節，充分考慮能力與需求差距，科學論證建設資源投向投量；規劃及預算環節，依目標任務與現實資源匹配原則，著眼效益抓好預算控制執行；執行及評量環節，縱向上既要推進頂層機構接力協同作業，橫向再要調控、監督、糾偏各領域依職責逐一落實。

生成過程建立正向循環。智慧化聯合作戰處於科學技術由資訊網絡向人工智慧發展、作戰樣式由網絡中心戰向跨域自主並行作戰轉變、政治經濟外交與軍事手段融合運用的變革時代，新質戰鬥力生成過程應建立迭代發展、持續演進的正向循環。既注重各系統能力的均衡發展，也要劃清層次、釐清權重，透過分級建模、正向循環，逐步實現體系最優、能力最強。

生成輸出緊盯博弈對抗。只有緊盯軍事博弈過程，新質戰鬥力建設才能有的放矢、找準方向。應著眼體系競爭，在作戰理論、設備發展、軍訓等方面成體係用兵、謀體系優勢、出體系成果、強體系能力，避免短板缺項。要謀求非對稱制衡，既不封閉僵化，也不照抄照搬、跟風炒作，在智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力建設的關鍵領域領先對手，在主動應變求變中打造制衡強敵的新優勢。

產生效能嵌入檢驗評估。智慧化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力生成效能應納入檢驗評估體系。通過分析戰略任務設定作戰需求和新質戰鬥力指標、通過重大演訓活動模擬推演新質戰鬥力運用場景實效、通過設計評價模型算法檢驗度量新質戰鬥力指標，以評估反饋支撐智能化聯合作戰新質戰鬥力建設。

（作者單位：軍事科學院戰略評估諮詢中心）

來源：解放軍報 作者：張宏昌 閆魁 史霞 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2024-07-16 09

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/16324777888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知戰

China’s Artificial Intelligence Opens the Door to Intelligent Warfare Operational Success for the Military

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中國人工智慧為軍隊開啟智慧戰爭作戰成功之門

現代英語：

At the beginning of 2017, Master, known as the evolved version of “AlphaGo”, swept Ke Jie, Park Tinghuan, Iyama Yuta and other top Go players on the Go online platform, winning 60 consecutive games, setting off a “Master storm” and causing many people to worry. What humans are worried about is not that Go, known as the “last bastion of human wisdom”, will be conquered by artificial intelligence, but that artificial intelligence has subverted Go today, what will it subvert tomorrow? This is the concern that hangs in people’s minds.

Master’s consecutive victories over human masters are similar to the nature of computers proving the four-color theorem. They are all victories of computing power and algorithms. There is no need to worry too much that they will dominate and enslave humans. However, artificial intelligence is developing rapidly, and it is generally believed that strong artificial intelligence will come sooner or later. Nowadays, artificial intelligence has penetrated into every corner of life. It is not uncommon to use artificial intelligence in war. Since the arrival of the artificial intelligence era is inevitable, how we use it in future wars will become the key to victory. Whether artificial intelligence brings threats or development to mankind depends on how to use it. “The fake horse is not good at running, but it can reach a thousand miles; the fake boat is not good at sailing, but it can cross the river.” The integration of war technology and artificial intelligence may be the way of the future.

Development History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Opens the Door to Intelligent Warfare

Master’s 60-game winning streak makes us think about how artificial intelligence will change our lives. Perhaps the following life scenarios will gradually become a reality:

When driving, you tell the location and the autopilot system takes you to your destination;

In hospitals, you see tug-trailer robots from the United States transporting medical equipment and “Big White” robots caring for patients;

After get off work, you press the “Go Home Mode” on your phone, and when you open the door, you find that the curtains are closed, the temperature is right, the lights are soft, the water is hot, and there is a cute home robot greeting you.

In fact, you can also use an unmanned aerial vehicle to carry a diamond ring and propose to your beloved…

We have been looking forward to this day for a long time.

The era of great development of artificial intelligence is here!

As early as shortly after the first computer came out, scientists predicted that the era of artificial intelligence would come. In 1997, when Deep Blue defeated Kasparov, this beautiful scene seemed just around the corner. However, in the second half of the 20th century, artificial intelligence research fell into a cold winter due to the failure of several attempts at technological innovation. The most recent cold winter, from the end of the 20th century to the first decade of the 21st century, was caused by the bottleneck encountered in the research of neural networks.

In recent years, everyone can clearly feel that the theoretical research and perceptible products of artificial intelligence seem to have suddenly “exploded” in a blowout manner: wearable devices have appeared in large numbers, intelligent robots have appeared frequently, the accuracy of machine face recognition exceeds that of the naked eye, companies such as Apple and BMW have worked together to develop driverless cars, and the United States and Europe have successively established projects to tackle the human brain…

The explosion of artificial intelligence projects is not a coincidence, but a leap forward after more than 10 years of silence. Ray Kurzweil, an American scientist who successfully predicted that robots will defeat human chess players, has predicted that the wonderful intersection point when artificial intelligence surpasses the sum of human wisdom will be in 2045.

So, how big an impact will this wave of artificial intelligence explosion have, how long will the impact last, and to what extent will it change human life?

From weak artificial intelligence to strong artificial intelligence. After Deep Blue dominated the chess field in 1997, artificial intelligence did not change the world as expected, and Deep Blue disappeared after more than 10 years of silence. Artificial intelligence has also remained at the stage of weak artificial intelligence and has not made any breakthroughs. This period of nearly 20 years has become the longest artificial intelligence winter to date. Some people joked that the greatest achievement in the field of artificial intelligence in the past 20 years is that Spielberg made the science fiction movie “Artificial Intelligence” that has captivated the world. Spielberg put all the rich fantasies of human beings about the future world into the movie world he created. Subsequently, a series of movies about artificial intelligence such as “Robot Butler”, “Super Hacker” and “Ex Machina” came into being. Artificial intelligence has begun to enter all aspects of human life. The use of artificial intelligence in industries such as medicine, education, services, manufacturing, and even in the military field has become common, which makes many military enthusiasts think about what artificial intelligence means to the military field and where it will go in the future?

“AlphaGo” only represents the latest achievements of artificial intelligence in the fields of deep learning of machines based on neural networks, high-performance computing and big data technology, and is a weak artificial intelligence. However, some military experts predict that the application of strong artificial intelligence in the future will bring about huge changes, just like the entry of big data five years ago. In the military field where competition and game are more intense, artificial intelligence has been increasingly moving towards the battlefield since the emergence of computers in the last century, promoting the advent of the era of intelligent warfare.

Artificial intelligence is taking big steps onto the battlefield

Artificial intelligence is an important branch of modern information technology. The world’s first programmable “Giant” computer was born in Britain during World War II. Its purpose was to help the British army decipher German codes. In recent years, artificial intelligence has been increasingly used on the battlefield, profoundly changing the face of war. In summary, the application of artificial intelligence in the military field is mainly reflected in the following five aspects:

Intelligent perception and information processing. The rapid development of micro-electromechanical systems, wireless sensor network technology, and cloud computing technology has further developed battlefield perception methods in the direction of intelligent perception and information fusion processing. The U.S. military, Russian military, French military, German military, etc. are all equipped with digital soldier systems with intelligent information perception and processing capabilities, such as the U.S. military’s “Night Warrior” and the Russian military’s “Warrior”. In fiscal year 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency added research and development projects such as the “cerebral cortex processor”. This processor simulates the structure of the human cerebral cortex to solve problems such as real-time control of high-speed moving objects. In the future, its application will greatly improve the autonomous action capabilities of robots and drones.

Intelligent command and control assists decision-making. The military of various countries develops various military information systems in order to build a powerful grid network information system and improve intelligent evaluation and decision-making assistance capabilities. The command and control automation systems of major military powers are constantly developing, pursuing stronger information and decision-making advantages than their opponents. In recent years, the US military has established a cyber command to vigorously strengthen its network attack and defense capabilities, focusing on the development of intelligent diagnostic information systems for network intrusions based on cloud computing, big data analysis and other technologies, which can automatically diagnose the source of network intrusions, the degree of damage to one’s own network and data recovery capabilities.

Unmanned military platforms. Western countries began to attach importance to the research and development and application of small drones, remote-controlled unmanned vehicles and unmanned boats during World War I. At present, the armies of more than 70 countries in the world are developing unmanned system platforms. The US military has equipped more than 7,000 drones, and more than 12,000 ground wheeled (or tracked) robots have been put into use on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan. In the near future, the US military will achieve that ground robots account for one-third of its ground forces, and the carrier-based X-47B drone will account for one-third of the total number of carrier-based aircraft, further promoting the coordinated training and exercise between manned and unmanned platforms.

Bionic robots. Since the 21st century, robot technology has developed rapidly. Various bionic robots such as humanoid robots, robot fish, and robot insects have been continuously introduced and have been increasingly used in the military field. For example, the US military once tested a “big dog” robot on the battlefield in Afghanistan to help soldiers with accompanying support. The US Department of Defense upgraded it in 2013, increasing its load capacity to 200 kilograms, running speed to 12 kilometers per hour, bulletproof and silent. The Russian army recently plans to step up the development of humanoid robots that can drive vehicles and form a robot unit that can fight side by side with human soldiers.

Expanding people’s physical skills and intelligence. The cross-integration of information technology, new material technology and biotechnology will further expand people’s physical strength, skills and intelligence. For example, foreign militaries are developing mechanical exoskeletons to create “mech warriors” with doubled physical strength; and by implanting bioinformatics chips to improve people’s memory and reaction ability, so that human soldiers can better adapt to the highly informationized combat environment in the future.

Artificial intelligence will drive a new round of military reforms

When new military technologies, operational concepts, and organizational structures interact to significantly enhance military combat capabilities, it will trigger new military changes. The increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field is becoming an important driver of military change, giving rise to new war styles and changing the internal mechanism of winning wars.

It brings a new impact on the concept of war. The history of human warfare has gone through the era of cold weapons, the era of hot weapons, the era of mechanization, and the era of informatization. The development of artificial intelligence has accelerated the arrival of the intelligent era. Can intelligence be divided into high-level intelligence and low-level intelligence? Do armies with high-level intelligence have an overwhelming advantage over low-level intelligence armies? If the “mechanization” of people and the “humanization” of machines are two inevitable development trends, does it go against the traditional ethics of war for robots that can think to fight instead of humans? Artificial intelligence has unprecedentedly improved battlefield perception and information processing capabilities. Does the “fog” of war still exist on the high-tech battlefield? To understand these issues, the military field must have a brainstorming session.

It brings new inspiration to theoretical innovation. The material and technological basis of war is constantly updated, opening up new space for innovation in strategic theories and operational concepts, and constantly giving birth to new disruptive technologies in the field of artificial intelligence; the combined application of precision strike ammunition, unmanned equipment and network information systems has given birth to new intelligent combat theories such as “distributed lethality”, “mothership theory”, “combat cloud” and “swarm tactics”; relying on one’s own information advantage and decision-making advantage, how to cut off and delay the opponent’s information and decision-making loop in a decentralized battlefield network has become a core issue that must be solved to win in intelligent warfare.

Future Trends in Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence

With the development and application of strategic frontier technology fields such as information technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, new materials technology, and new energy technology, artificial intelligence-related technologies will continue to mature and play an increasingly important role in the military field.

Artificial intelligence technology and equipment continue to make breakthroughs. Major countries have elevated artificial intelligence to the level of national strategy. The Office of the Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force has issued the “Unmanned Systems Horizon” technology assessment and forecast report for 2035, which believes that the automation, autonomy and remote control performance of various unmanned systems and combat platforms in the future will continue to make breakthroughs with the advancement of technology. In particular, with the advancement of technologies such as super-large-scale computing, quantum computing, cloud computing, big data, and brain-like chips, artificial intelligence information processing and control technology will be greatly developed, profoundly changing the proportion of artificial intelligence technology in modern warfare.

Artificial intelligence has given rise to the vigorous development of new combat forces. The widespread application of artificial intelligence systems and combat platforms will make artificial intelligence, as an important combat element, permeate the entire process of war and combat preparation, and further enrich the connotation of new combat forces. With the application of drone formations, unmanned submarine formations, battlefield robot soldier formations, and coordinated formations of unmanned and manned combat units on the battlefield, various types of “mixed” new combat forces will continue to emerge. With the construction and application of military Internet of Things, military big data, and cloud computing technology in the military field, artificial intelligence combat forces such as “cloud brain”, “digital staff”, and “virtual warehousing” for information support, command and control, effect evaluation, and logistics support will play an increasingly important role in future wars.

Artificial intelligence is constantly evolving and upgrading through actual combat applications. Artificial intelligence systems and combat platforms, which are supported by information technology, are different from the research and development model of traditional mechanized weapons and equipment. Mechanized weapons and equipment are generally put into use after the technology matures until they are scrapped and eliminated, and have a certain service life; artificial intelligence systems are developed in the mode of system prototype-practical training-evolutionary upgrade. Artificial intelligence systems often use continuous evolution to improve their intelligence level according to different versions. The evolution direction of artificial intelligence is always towards high-level intelligence. This law of development of artificial intelligence systems and combat platforms has revolutionary significance for military training and combat capability improvement. In recent years, the United States and its allies have continued to organize activities such as the “Schriever” space (network) exercise and the “Lockton” cybersecurity exercise, which are repeated tests and upgrades of their artificial intelligence information systems. In the future, upgrading training of artificial intelligence systems and various unmanned combat platforms through continuous confrontation exercises will be an important way to improve combat effectiveness.

Artificial Intelligence Helps Build Smart National Defense

Data is called a strategic resource in the information age. The emergence of artificial intelligence provides methods and means for humans to deeply mine the wisdom resources of data information, and is leading and reshaping the development trend of the world’s new military transformation. Facing the booming wave of artificial intelligence, how to meet challenges, seize opportunities, accelerate the construction of military informatization, and enhance the core military capabilities to win modern wars are the contemporary issues that our army must answer to achieve the goal of strengthening the army. On the one hand, our army must keep a clear mind and make prudent judgments. We must not be frightened by the seemingly powerful and mysterious appearance of artificial intelligence, nor blindly applaud it, nor be indifferent and lose the opportunity for development, and be attacked by opponents due to lack of technical cognition. Breakthroughs in individual technical fields of artificial intelligence are nothing more than an extension of human intelligence, but they cannot replace the dominant position of human intelligence. People are still the core element of all elements of combat effectiveness, and people’s subjective initiative is still the key to determining the outcome of intelligent warfare. On the other hand, our army should implement the military-civilian integration development strategy and the innovation-driven development strategy, grasp the trend of the times, highlight the characteristics of our army, keep a close eye on the opponent’s layout, boldly absorb and apply the relevant technological achievements of artificial intelligence to promote the information construction of the army, and try to apply artificial intelligence technology to achieve transformation and upgrading in platform construction, logistics support, military training, national defense mobilization and other fields. Actively develop countermeasures against the opponent’s military application of artificial intelligence, and explore the winning mechanism of the game with strong enemies in the field of artificial intelligence in practice.

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The military application of artificial intelligence in the United States, Russia and other countries

United States: In July 2016, the U.S. Marine Corps tested the Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS), which uses sensors and cameras to control gun-wielding robots based on artificial intelligence. The “Army Global Military Command and Control System” developed by the U.S. Army has been equipped with Army Aviation Force transport helicopters, allowing helicopter pilots to maintain contact with frontline soldiers and command ground forces.

Russia: The “Wolf-2” mobile robot system being developed by the Russian Strategic Missile Forces uses a tracked chassis and can be controlled via radio channels within a range of 5 kilometers. The shooting accuracy is guaranteed by a thermal imager, ballistic computer, laser rangefinder and gyro stabilizer, and it can hit the target at a speed of 35 kilometers per hour.

Israel: The robot “Dogo” developed by the company is an automatically armed tactical combat robot, which comes with a standard Glock 26 9mm caliber pistol. It can be said to be a little devil.

The arrival of the “Master” makes the combat style develop towards unmanned

The Go account Master has challenged the world’s top players on two major Go platforms, Yicheng Go and Tencent Go, and won 60 consecutive games, which has attracted great attention from the world on artificial intelligence. Few people thought that in the field of Go, machines did not experience a period of “stalemate” with humans, but directly left in the dust.

Engels once said that the application of cutting-edge technology began in the military field. Military struggle is a comprehensive contest covering multiple dimensions, multiple fields, full time domain and high intensity, and the addition of artificial intelligence will accelerate the pace of military reform in various countries like a catalyst. Looking at the entire process of the two industrial revolutions and the two world wars, we will find that there is an inevitable connection between “technology” and “war”. Technology will trigger war, and war in turn will promote the development of technology. At this stage, all countries have made great progress in the development of information and intelligent weapons and equipment, and various precise positioning, precise strike, and precise evaluation weapon systems have emerged in an endless stream. However, humans have not yet been separated from the weapon system, and a large part of the operations still need to be completed manually. The combination of artificial intelligence and weapons and equipment means that in the future, from searching and discovering targets, to threat assessment, to locking and destroying, and then to effect evaluation, this series of processes does not require human participation at all. Machines can help us make decisions and achieve unmanned development of combat styles.

Master quietly disappeared after winning 60 games in a row, but discussions about the future of artificial intelligence are still endless: Will it take away human jobs, or will it be an extension of human functions? Will it eventually surpass human intelligence, or will it merge with humans? The answers to these questions are not as simple as either one or the other. Solving them will accompany the future development of artificial intelligence. In 1997, “Deep Blue” defeated Kasparov, making more use of computer computing expertise such as hardware acceleration and brute force computing. AlphaGo uses new artificial intelligence technologies such as neural networks, deep learning, and Monte Carlo tree search, and its strength has already made a substantial leap. These new technologies make artificial intelligence more competent for tasks such as voice and image recognition and evaluation and analysis, and are therefore an important development direction.

Although the dust has settled on this round of the Go “man-machine battle”, the thoughts it has triggered in various fields are very worthy of study. Among them, “‘man-machine battle’ is the best pre-practice of war” is particularly worthy of serious study in the military field. Whether in the era of cold weapons or the mechanized era, fighting on the front line relies on “human wave tactics”, and solving problems requires “concentrating superior forces”. Informatized warfare no longer uses “human wave tactics”, and the scene of large-scale fighting is difficult to reproduce, but as far as the entire war is concerned, the use of troops is not necessarily less, on the contrary, it may be more, but the number of troops used at the forefront has been greatly reduced, and the position of the troops has undergone a major shift. In the unmanned, networked and non-contact combat mode of future wars, there will be more participants, and sometimes you cannot know who the opponent is or where he is hiding.

Although the competition field and the battlefield have different operating rules, many of the winning mechanisms are the same. In the past, we could only learn about war in war, but now we can learn about war in a computer-simulated, near-actual combat environment, and deduce the offensive and defensive modes and development trends of future wars. “AlphaGo” can easily collect the chess games of many Go masters, but in the military field, it is extremely difficult to obtain relevant data on your opponent’s training, exercises, and even combat! Future wars are carried out with the support of information systems. Only by solving the core problem of human-machine integration can we take the initiative on the battlefield and win the final victory in modern warfare. (Zhu Qichao, Wang Jingling, Li Daguang)

現代國語：

寫在前面

2017年伊始，被稱為進化版“阿爾法狗”的Master在圍棋網絡平台橫掃柯潔、樸廷桓、井山裕太等圍棋界頂尖高手，豪取60連勝，掀起一股“Master風暴”，也引起了很多人的擔憂。人類擔心的不是圍棋這塊被稱為「人類智慧的最後堡壘」的領域被人工智慧攻克，而是擔心人工智慧今天顛覆了圍棋，明天還會顛覆什麼？這是橫亙在人們心頭的顧慮。

Master連勝人類高手，與電腦證明四色定理性質相似，都是算力與演算法的勝利，不用過度擔憂它們會主宰人類、奴役人類。但人工智慧發展日新月異，大家普遍認為強人工智慧降臨是遲早的事。如今，人工智慧已經滲入生活的各個角落。在戰爭中運用人工智慧的情況也並不罕見，既然人工智慧時代的到來已經無法避免，那麼未來戰爭中我們如何運用它將會成為致勝關鍵。人工智慧帶給人類的是威脅還是發展，關鍵在於如何利用，「假輿馬者，非利足也，而致千里；假舟楫者，非能水也，而絕江河。」戰爭技術與人工智慧融合，也許是未來之路。

人工智慧發展歷程

人工智慧叩開智慧化戰爭大門

Master的60連勝讓人思考人工智慧會為我們的生活帶來如何的改變。或許，以下這些生活場景將陸續變成現實：

開車時，你說出地點，自動駕駛系統將你帶到目的地；

在醫院，你看到來自美國的拖車機器人在運送醫療器材和「大白」機器人在照顧病人；

下班後，你按下手機上的“回家模式”，推開家門你發現，窗簾已經拉上，溫度適宜，燈光柔和，熱水燒好，還有可愛的家居機器人跟你問好賣萌；

其實，你還可以使用無人飛行器，載著鑽戒，向心愛的她求婚…

這一天，我們期待已久。

人工智慧大發展時期來了！

早在第一台電腦問世後不久，就有科學家預言，人工智慧的時代必將來臨。 1997年，當「深藍」戰勝了卡斯帕羅夫之後，這美好的情景似乎更是指日可待。但在20世紀後半葉，人工智慧研究卻因為數次技術革新嘗試的失敗而陷入寒冬。最近的一個寒冬期，從20世紀末到21世紀的頭10年，是因為神經網路的研究遭遇瓶頸而帶來的。

近年來，大家都能明顯地感覺到，人工智慧的理論研究和可感知產品似乎突然井噴式地「爆發」了：可穿戴設備扎堆出現，智慧機器人頻頻亮相，機器的人臉辨識準確率超過肉眼，蘋果和寶馬等公司齊發力無人駕駛汽車，美國、歐洲先後設立人類大腦攻關計畫…

人工智慧計畫的大爆發，並不是巧合，而是在經歷了10餘年的沉寂後迎來的飛躍式發展。成功預言機器人必將會戰勝人類棋手的美國科學家雷‧庫茲韋爾又預言：人工智慧超越人類智慧能總和的那個奇妙交點，就在2045年。

那麼，這一波人工智慧的爆發會有多大影響，影響的時間會持續多久，又會在多大程度上改變人類的生活呢？

從弱人工智慧到強人工智慧。 1997年「深藍」在西洋棋領域稱霸以後，人工智慧沒有像預想的那樣改天換地，而「深藍」則在沉寂了10多年，銷聲匿跡。人工智慧也一直停留在弱人工智慧的階段，遲遲沒有突破，這段跨度近20年的時間，成為了迄今為止最長的一次人工智慧寒冬。有人戲談，這20年裡面人工智慧領域最大的成就，就是史匹柏拍出了《人工智慧》這部讓全世界傾倒的科幻電影，史匹柏把人類對於未來世界的豐富幻想傾盡所能地放入了自己製造的電影世界。隨之，《機器管家》《超級駭客》《機械姬》等一系列講述人工智慧的電影應運而生。人工智慧開始進入人類生活的各個層面，醫療、教育、服務、製造等產業，甚至軍事領域的人工智慧運用也變得普遍起來，這讓許多軍事愛好者思考，人工智慧對於軍事領域究竟意味著什麼，未來將走向何方？

「阿爾法狗」只代表了人工智慧在基於神經網路的機器深度學習、高效能運算和大數據技術等領域的最新成就，屬弱人工智慧。但有軍事專家預言，未來強人工智慧的運用就會如同5年前大數據的進入一樣，帶來巨大的改變。在競爭與博弈更為激烈的軍事領域，人工智慧自上個世紀隨著電腦的出現已經越來越多地走向戰場，推動著智慧化戰爭時代的來臨。

人工智慧正大踏步走上戰場

人工智慧是現代資訊科技的重要分支，世界上第一台可編程的「巨人」電腦誕生於二戰期間的英國，其目的就是為了幫助英軍破解德軍密碼。近年來，人工智慧越來越多地走上戰場，深刻改變戰爭面貌。總結來看，人工智慧在軍事領域的應用主要表現在以下5個面向：

智慧化感知與資訊處理。微機電系統、無線感測器網路技術、雲端運算技術的快速發展，使得戰場感知手段進一步朝著智慧感知與資訊融合處理的方向發展。美軍、俄軍、法軍、德軍等均裝備了具有智慧化訊息感知與處理能力的數位化士兵系統，如美軍的「奈特勇士」、俄軍的「戰士」等。美國國防部高級研究計畫局2015財年中新增了「大腦皮質處理器」等研發項目，該處理器透過模擬人類大腦皮質結構，解決高速運動物體的即時控制等難題，未來投入應用將大幅提高機器人、無人機等的自主行動能力。

智能化指揮控制輔助決策。各國軍隊透過開發各種軍事資訊系統，目的是建構功能強大的柵格化網路資訊體系，提升智慧化評估和輔助決策能力。各軍事大國不斷發展的指揮控制自動化系統，追求比對手更強的資訊優勢與決策優勢。近年來，美軍建立網路司令部，大力加強網路攻防能力，專注於雲端運算、大數據分析等技術研發針對網路入侵的智慧診斷資訊系統，能夠自動診斷網路入侵來源、己方網路受損程度與資料恢復能力。

無人化軍用平台。西方國家在一戰期間就開始重視小型無人機、遙控無人車和無人艇的研發應用。目前世界上已有70多個國家軍隊在發展無人系統平台。美軍已裝備的無人機達7,000多架，在伊拉克、阿富汗戰場上投入運用的地面輪式（或履帶式）機器人超過12,000個。美軍近期將實現地面機器人佔地面兵力的三分之一，艦載型X-47B無人機將佔艦載機總量的三分之一，進一步推進有人平台與無人平台之間的協同編組演訓。

仿生機器人。自21世紀以來，機器人技術呈現井噴式發展，類人機器人、機器魚、機器昆蟲等各種仿生機器人不斷問世，並在軍事領域有了越來越多的應用。例如美軍曾在阿富汗戰場上試驗了一款「大狗」機器人，幫助戰士實施伴隨保障。美國防部於2013年升級，提升負重至200公斤、奔跑時速每小時12公里、防彈和靜音效果。俄羅斯軍隊近來計畫加緊研發可以駕駛車輛的類人機器人、組成可與人類戰士並肩戰鬥的機器人部隊。

擴展人的體能技能和智能。資訊科技、新材料科技和生物科技的交叉融合使得人的體能、技能和智慧將進一步擴展。例如，外軍正透過研發機械外骨骼，來打造體力倍增的「機甲戰士」；透過生物資訊晶片的植入來提升人的記憶力與反應能力，以使人類戰士更能適應未來高度資訊化的作戰環境。

人工智慧將推動新一輪軍事變革

當新的軍事技術、作戰理念和組織編成相互作用顯著提升軍事作戰能力時，將促進新的軍事變革的發生。人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用，正成為軍事變革的重要推手，催生新的戰爭樣式，改變戰爭制勝的內在機制。

對於戰爭觀念帶來新的衝擊。人類戰爭史經歷了冷兵器時代、熱兵器時代、機械化時代、資訊時代，人工智慧的發展使得智慧化時代加速到來。智能是否可分為高階智能和低階智能？擁有高階智慧化程度的軍隊對於低階智慧化的軍隊是否具有壓倒性優勢？如果人的「機器化」和機器的「人化」是兩個必然的發展趨勢，會思考的機器人取代人類拼殺是否有違傳統的戰爭倫理？人工智慧使得戰場感知能力和資訊處理能力空前提高，在高技術化的戰場上戰爭的「迷霧」是否仍舊存在？對於這些問題的理解，要求軍事領域必須來一場腦力激盪。

對於理論創新帶來新的啟發。戰爭的物質技術基礎不斷更新，為戰略理論和作戰概念創新開闢了新的空間，不斷催生人工智慧領域新的顛覆性技術；精確打擊彈藥、無人化裝備與網路資訊體系的組合應用，催生了“分散式殺傷”“母艦理論」「作戰雲」「蜂群戰術」等新的智能化作戰理論；憑藉己方的信息優勢和決策優勢，如何在去中心化的戰場網絡中切斷和遲滯對手的信息與決策迴路，成為智能化戰爭制勝必須解決的核心問題。

人工智慧軍事應用的未來趨勢

隨著資訊科技、奈米技術、生物技術、新材料技術、新能源技術等戰略前沿技術領域的發展應用，必將繼續推動人工智慧相關技術日益成熟，在軍事領域扮演越來越重要的角色。

人工智慧技術與裝備不斷取得突破。主要國家紛紛將人工智慧提升到國家戰略高度，美空軍首席科學家辦公室頒布2035年的《無人系統地平線》技術評估與預測報告，認為未來各類無人系統與作戰平台的自動化、自主性和遠端遙控性能將隨著技術的進步而不斷取得突破。尤其隨著超大規模運算、量子運算、雲端運算、大數據、類腦晶片等技術的進步，將使得人工智慧的資訊處理與控制技術獲得極大發展，深刻改變現代戰爭人工智慧的技術比重。

人工智慧催生新型作戰力量蓬勃發展。人工智慧系統與作戰平台的廣泛應用，將使人工智慧作為重要的作戰要素滲透於戰爭與作戰準備的整個流程，進一步豐富新型作戰力量的內涵。隨著無人機編組、無人潛航器編組、戰場機器人士兵編組以及無人與有人作戰單元的協同編組走向戰場應用，各類「混搭式」新型作戰力量將持續出現。隨著軍事物聯網、軍用大數據、雲端運算技術在軍事領域的建置運用，用於資訊支援、指揮控制、效果評估、後勤支援的「雲端大腦」、「數位參謀」、「虛擬倉儲」等人工智慧作戰力量將在未來戰爭中發揮越來越重要的作用。

人工智慧透過實戰應用不斷演化升級。以資訊科技為核心支撐的人工智慧系統與作戰平台，與傳統機械化武器裝備的發展發展模式不同。機械化武器裝備一般在技術成熟後投入使用直到報廢淘汰，有著一定的使用壽命；人工智慧系統則是按照系統原型-實踐訓練-演化升級的模式發展，人工智慧的系統往往按照不同版本用不斷演化的方式提升其智能化水準。人工智慧的演化方向總是朝著高階智慧不斷升級，人工智慧系統與作戰平台的這種發展法則對於軍事訓練和作戰能力提升具有革命性意義。美國及其盟友近年來持續組織「施里弗」太空（網路）演習、「鎖頓」網路安全演習等活動，就是其人工智慧資訊系統的反覆測試與升級演化。未來，透過持續的對抗演習對人工智慧系統和各類無人化作戰平台的升級訓練，將是戰鬥力提升的重要方式。

人工智慧助力智慧國防建設

數據被稱為資訊時代的戰略資源，人工智慧的出現，為人類深度挖掘數據資訊的智慧資源提供了方法手段，正在引領並重塑世界新軍事變革的發展態勢。面對人工智慧蓬勃發展的浪潮，如何迎接挑戰，把握機遇，加速推進軍隊資訊化建設，提升打贏現代戰爭的核心軍事能力，是我軍實現強軍目標必須回答的時代議題。一方面，我軍要保持清醒頭腦、審慎研判，既不能被人工智慧看似強大神秘的表象所嚇倒，也不能盲目叫好，更不能無動於衷而喪失發展的機遇，由於缺乏技術認知力而被對手造成技術突襲。人工智慧個別技術領域的突破，不過是人類智能的延伸，卻不能取代人類智能的支配地位，人仍是戰鬥力各要素中的核心要素，人的主觀能動性仍是決定智能化戰爭勝負的關鍵。另一方面，我軍應貫徹軍民融合發展戰略、創新驅動發展戰略，掌握時代趨勢，彰顯我軍特色，緊盯對手佈局，大膽吸收應用人工智慧相關技術成果助推軍隊資訊建設，在平台建設、後勤保障、軍事訓練、國防動員等領域嘗試應用人工智慧技術實現轉型升級，積極發展針對對手人工智慧軍事應用的反製手段，在實踐中探索人工智慧領域與強敵博弈的致勝機制。

相關連結

美俄等國人工智慧在軍事上的運用

美國：2016年7月，美國海軍陸戰隊測試模組化先進武裝機器人系統（MAARS），利用感測器和攝影機基於人工智慧控制持槍機器人。美國陸軍開發的“陸軍全球軍事指揮控制系統”，目前已經裝備陸軍航空部隊運輸直升機，可使直升機駕駛員與前線士兵保持聯絡，並指揮地面部隊。

俄羅斯：俄羅斯戰略飛彈部隊正在研發的「狼式—2」移動式機器人系統使用履帶式底盤，可在5公里範圍內透過無線電頻道控制，由熱成像儀、彈道電腦、雷射測距儀和陀螺穩定器保證射擊精度，能夠在時速35公里的情況下擊中目標。

以色列：研發的機器人「多戈」自動武裝戰術作戰機器人，自備一支標準格洛克26型9毫米口徑手槍，堪稱人小鬼大。

「大師」來襲，讓作戰樣式向無人發展

圍棋帳號Master（大師），連續在弈城圍棋、騰訊圍棋兩大圍棋平台中，挑戰世界頂尖棋手，取得60連勝，引發全球對人工智慧的高度關注。幾乎沒有多少人想到，在圍棋領域機器沒有經歷與人類「相持」的時期，直接就絕塵而去。

恩格斯曾說過，尖端科技的應用最早是從軍事領域開始。軍事鬥爭是涵蓋多維度、多領域、全時域、高強度的綜合較量，而人工智慧的加入將如催化劑般加快各國軍事變革步伐。縱觀兩次工業革命和兩次世界大戰的整個過程，我們會發現「科技」和「戰爭」存在著必然的聯繫。科技會觸發戰爭，戰爭反過來推動科技的發展。現階段各國在武器裝備資訊化、智慧化發展方面都取得長足進步，各種精確定位、精確打擊、精確評估武器系統層出不窮。但是人類還未能從武器系統中分離出來，很大部分操作依然需要人工完成。人工智慧與武器裝備結合就意味著以後，從搜尋發現目標，到威脅評估，到鎖定摧毀，再到效果評估，這一系列過程完全不需要人類參與，機器就能幫我們作決定，做到作戰樣式無人發展。

Master取得60連勝後悄悄消失，但人工智慧何去何從的探討仍不絕於耳：它會搶了人類飯碗，還是作為人類功能的延伸？它終將超越人類智慧，還是會與人類融合？這些問題的答案，不是非此即彼那麼簡單。對於它們的求解，將伴隨著人工智慧未來的發展。 1997年「深藍」擊敗卡斯帕羅夫，更多發揮了硬體加速、暴力計算等電腦運算特長。而AlphaGo使用神經網路、深度學習、蒙地卡羅樹搜尋法等人工智慧新技術，實力早有實質飛躍。這類新技術讓人工智慧更加勝任語音和影像辨識以及評估分析等工作，因此是重要發展方向。

這一輪的圍棋「人機大戰」雖然塵埃落定，但它在各領域引發的思考卻非常值得研究。其中，「『人機大戰』是戰爭最好的預實踐」特別值得軍事領域認真研究。不管是冷兵器時代，還是機械化時代，在前方打仗靠的是“人海戰術”，解決問題需要“集中優勢兵力”。資訊化戰爭不再打“人海戰術”，大兵團廝殺的場景難於再現，但就整個戰爭而言，用兵並不見得少，相反有可能還多，只不過是用在最前沿的兵大大減少了，用兵的位置發生了乾坤大挪移。未來戰爭無人、網路化和非接觸的作戰模式，參與者會變得更多，有時你無法知道對手是誰、藏在哪裡。

賽場和戰場雖然有不同的運作法則，但制勝機制很多則是相通的。過去，我們只能在戰爭中學習戰爭，現在可以在電腦模擬的近似實戰環境下學習戰爭，推演未來戰爭的攻防模式和發展趨勢。 「阿爾法狗」可以輕易蒐集獲得眾多圍棋高手的棋局，但在軍事領域，你想要獲得對手訓練、演習乃至作戰方面的相關數據，難上加難！未來戰爭是在資訊體系支撐下進行的，只有解決好人機融合這一核心問題，才能佔據戰場的主動，贏得現代戰爭最後的勝利。 （朱啟超、王婧凌、李大光）

中國原創軍事資源：http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0123/c1011-29044316888.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 元宇宙, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Carries Forward Spirit of Socialist Rule of Law Strengthening Construction of Combat Winning Culture

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中國軍隊弘揚社會主義法治精神加強打贏文化建設

現代英語：

Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture

■Wang Mei

introduction

President Xi stressed that we should carry forward the spirit of socialist rule of law and strive to cultivate socialist rule of law culture. Military rule of law culture, as an important component of socialist rule of law culture, is the spiritual support for the practice of military rule of law construction, and has important functions such as ideological enlightenment, behavior regulation and cultural nourishment. In the new era and new journey, we should regard strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture as a strategic and basic work for building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and provide a strong ideological guarantee and spiritual motivation for the in-depth implementation of the strategy of ruling the army by law.

Fully recognize the status and role of military rule of law culture construction

Culture is the product of human thinking and behavior, and in turn shapes human thinking and behavior. Military rule of law culture is an important component of building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, and is also an important guarantee for mobilizing and stimulating the consciousness of military rule of law subjects.

Military rule of law culture is an important component of building a military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics. The military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics consists of a military legal system, a military rule of law implementation system, a military rule of law supervision system, and a military rule of law guarantee system. The military rule of law guarantee system mainly includes military rule of law organizations, military law governance theory, military legal talent teams, and military rule of law culture, providing organizational guarantees, theoretical support, talent support, and cultural nourishment for the construction of military rule of law. Military rule of law culture is closely related to other subsystems in the military rule of law system, and permeates the contents of these subsystems in the form of people, objects, information and other elements. In addition, the rule of law is not only a way of governing the army, but also a value choice, cultural thought, and spiritual power. The rule of law culture of the people’s army is embedded with the value standards of allocating power and responsibility and balancing rights and obligations. It is a culture that demonstrates the purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly. To comprehensively promote the rule of law in the army, it is necessary to lead and guide all aspects of the military rule of law construction with the core values ​​of socialism and the core values ​​of contemporary revolutionary soldiers, so that it can better reflect the national value goals, social value orientation, citizen value standards, and military personnel value requirements.

Military rule of law culture is an important guarantee for mobilizing and inspiring the consciousness of military rule of law subjects. Culture is created by people, and in turn cultivates, shapes and changes people, playing a vital role in guiding and supporting the all-round development of people. The realization of the rule of law depends on the foundation and power of the rule of law culture, and on the sincere recognition, sincere support and conscious practice of various subjects. Officers and soldiers are the main body of the army. The construction of the rule of law in the army needs officers and soldiers to promote it, and various laws and regulations need to be implemented by officers and soldiers. Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture, strengthening officers and soldiers’ belief in and thinking of the rule of law, and improving officers and soldiers’ legal literacy and ability to handle affairs in accordance with the law are important aspects of deepening the rule of law in the army and strict management of the army. Strengthening the construction of military rule of law culture can create a good rule of law environment and establish a clear direction throughout the army that laws must be followed, laws must be strictly enforced, and violations must be punished, so that officers and soldiers always maintain awe of laws and regulations and military discipline, firmly establish the concept that legal red lines cannot be touched and legal bottom lines cannot be crossed, cultivate the habit of using rule of law thinking to think about problems, handle matters, and solve problems, and inspire the enthusiasm, initiative, consciousness and creativity of the majority of military personnel to participate in the construction of military rule of law.

Accurately grasp the contemporary requirements of building a military rule of law culture

To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we should accurately grasp and highlight the basic characteristics of military culture construction, such as its political nature, people-oriented nature, moral nature, practical nature, and innovative nature, adhere to the corresponding work principles and requirements, and ensure that the construction of military rule of law culture is comprehensively guided and always followed.

Highlight the political nature of the construction of military rule of law culture. The rule of law is a way to express and distribute the interests of specific interest groups. The distinct political nature of the construction of military rule of law culture is closely related to and organically unified with the party’s nature and the people’s nature. To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we must adhere to the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law and President Xi’s important expositions on ruling the military according to law, deeply understand the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, enhance the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidences”, and achieve the “two safeguards”, implement the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Military Commission, and ensure that the construction of military rule of law culture is always promoted in the correct political direction.

Highlight the people-oriented nature of the military rule of law culture construction. Military personnel, especially officers and soldiers, are the main body of the military rule of law culture construction. The construction of the military rule of law culture must adhere to the people-centered approach, adhere to the subject status of officers and soldiers, mobilize and stimulate the various cultural needs of officers and soldiers, and provide basic support and create favorable conditions for meeting the needs. By improving the military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics that meets the only fundamental standard of combat effectiveness, we can improve the level of legalization of national defense and military construction, promote the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness and fully release it, and ensure the realization of the fundamental purpose of the people’s army to serve the people wholeheartedly.

Highlight the morality of military rule of law culture construction. “Law brings peace to the world, and virtue nourishes people’s hearts.” A distinctive feature of the rule of law path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is to insist on combining rule of law with rule of virtue, emphasizing that both rule of law and rule of virtue should be grasped with both hands and both hands should be strong. To fully implement the strategy of ruling the military by law, it is necessary to implement moral requirements into the construction of the rule of law, attach importance to the normative role of law, and embody moral concepts through the rule of law; attach importance to the educational role of morality, and nourish the spirit of the rule of law with morality, so as to realize that law and morality complement each other, and rule of law and rule of virtue complement each other.

Highlight the practicality of the construction of military rule of law culture. The process of cultural innovation and development is the process of constantly answering new issues raised by the times and practice. In order to turn the “law on paper” into the real and vivid “law in action” in real life, and to turn the “blueprint” of the construction of military rule of law culture into a real and tangible “high-rise building” in real life, we must pay attention to the unity of knowledge and action, guide and promote through the specific work of the construction of military rule of law culture, and rely on the universal, regular and long-term practice of the construction of military rule of law culture by relevant subjects, so as to guide the majority of military personnel to become loyal advocates, conscious abiders and firm defenders of the military rule of law with Chinese characteristics.

Highlight the innovation of the construction of military rule of law culture. Military rule of law culture is constantly gaining vitality and vigor in the process of evolution, development and continuous innovation. The construction of military rule of law culture should uphold an open and inclusive attitude, fully learn from and absorb the outstanding achievements of human rule of law civilization, and enhance the international influence and voice of the military rule of law culture with Chinese characteristics; adhere to inheritance and development, keep integrity and innovation, rely on the use of new technologies, new platforms, new models and new mechanisms, and continuously develop and prosper, spread and carry forward the military rule of law culture content in China’s excellent traditional military culture and socialist advanced culture, and promote the further creative transformation and innovative development of military rule of law culture.

Ideas and measures to comprehensively strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture

To strengthen the construction of military rule of law culture, we should insist on the coordinated efforts in the construction of military rule of law culture in spiritual form, institutional form, and material form, and effectively adopt ideas and measures that cover both goals and tasks and include implementation paths, and have their own focuses and are mutually integrated.

Strengthen the spiritual form of military rule of law culture. Thought is the forerunner of behavior, and theory is the guide to action. Military law governance theory and military rule of law thinking are both requirements and indicators for the construction of military rule of law culture, and are also important contents of the construction of military rule of law culture. We should strengthen the research on military law governance theory, support it with discipline construction, promote the research and interpretation of the military rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, convince people with thorough theories, and give play to the guiding role of theoretical identification on emotional identification and behavioral identification. We should strengthen the rule of law thinking of military personnel, thoroughly study, publicize and implement Xi Jinping’s thoughts on the rule of law, deepen the rule of law education and training of the entire army, incorporate the goals, objects, system, content and methods of education and training into the track of the rule of law, let the thinking of respecting rules, the thinking of rights and obligations, the thinking of limiting power and governing power, and the thinking of justice and science take root in their minds, and make respecting and practicing the rule of law the way of thinking, working and living of military personnel, especially leading cadres.

Strengthen the military rule of law culture in the form of system. Only by formulating scientific systems and making them run smoothly can the value orientation of the rule of law culture be established and consolidated. We should strengthen the construction of the military legal system, adhere to scientific legislation, democratic legislation, and legislation in accordance with the law, fully reflect the interests of the people and the standards of combat effectiveness in the legal system, establish institutional rules and clear directions that laws must be followed, laws must be strictly enforced, and violations must be investigated, and create a persuasive and credible cultural form. The military legal system should run smoothly, and in the implementation, supervision, and guarantee of military rule of law, we should establish the prestige of the rule of law, cultivate integrity, and lead a new style. We must attach importance to the activities of creating a rule of law military camp and jointly building the rule of law between the military and the local government as an important starting point, take safeguarding national defense and military interests, and the legitimate rights and interests of military personnel and their families in accordance with the law as a breakthrough point, and enhance the military personnel’s experience of the rule of law in laws, regulations, and their operation.

Strengthen the military rule of law culture in material form. Military rule of law cannot be separated from a solid material foundation, and institutional and spiritual culture cannot be separated from solid material conditions. To this end, the construction of military rule of law facilities should be strengthened, including facilities related to all elements and processes of rule of law such as legislation, law enforcement, judicial affairs, legal governance research, education and training, such as venues and items for legal publicity and education. The rule of law information platform should be expanded, and hardware and software construction should be improved. We should enrich cultural products, comprehensively use traditional methods as well as technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality, tell good stories about military rule of law, let military rule of law elements and figurative cultural symbols permeate and permeate the military environment, enable military personnel to always be in the information field and strong atmosphere of military rule of law, be influenced by what they see and hear, and constantly enhance their awareness of respecting, learning, abiding by and using the law.

(Author’s unit: College of Military Management, National Defense University)

現代國語：

加強軍事法治文化建設

■王梅

引言

習主席強調，弘揚社會主義法治精神，努力培養社會主義法治文化。軍事法治文化作為社會主義法治文化的重要組成部分，是軍隊法治建設實踐的精神支撐，具有重要的思想教導、行為調控和文化滋養等功能。新時代新旅程，應當把加強軍事法治文化建設作為建構中國特色軍事法治體系的戰略性、基礎性工作，為深入貫徹依法治軍戰略提供堅強思想保證和強大精神動力。

充分認清軍事法治文化建設的地位作用

文化是人類思維與行為方式的產物，反過來又塑造人類的思維與行為方式。軍事法治文化是建構中國特色軍事法治體系的重要組成，也是調動激發軍事法治主體自覺的重要保障。

軍事法治文化是建構中國特色軍事法治體系的重要組成部分。中國特色軍事法治體係由軍事法規制度、軍事法治實施體系、軍事法治監督體系、軍事法治保障體系構成。軍事法治保障體系主要包括軍事法治組織、軍事法治理論、軍事法律人才隊伍、軍事法治文化等方面，為軍事法治建設提供組織保障、理論支持、人才支持、文化滋養。軍事法治文化與軍事法治體系中其他子系統有著密切關聯，以人、物、資訊等要素的形式，滲透於這些子系統的內容之中。此外，法治是一種治軍方式，更是一種價值選擇、文化思想和精神力量。人民軍隊的法治文化內蘊著配置權力責任、平衡權利義務的價值標準，是彰顯全心為人民服務宗旨的文化。全面推進依法治軍，必須以社會主義核心價值觀和當代革命軍人核心價值觀引領和指導軍事法治建設的各方面全過程，使其更好地體現國家價值目標、社會價值取向和公民價值準則、軍隊人員價值要求。

軍事法治文化是調動激發軍事法治主體自覺的重要保障。文化由人創造，反過來培養人、塑造人、改變人，對人的全面發展發揮至關重要的方向引導與支撐作用。法治的實現，要依靠法治文化的底蘊和偉力，要依靠各種主體的真誠認同、真心擁護和自覺踐行。官兵是部隊主體，部隊法治建設需要官兵推動，各項法規制度要靠官兵落實。加強軍事法治文化建設，強化官兵法治信仰與法治思維，提升官兵法治素養及依法辦事能力，是深入依法治軍從嚴治軍的重要面向。加強軍事法治文化建設，可以營造良好的法治環境，在全軍範圍內立起有法必依、執法必嚴、違法必究的鮮明導向，使官兵始終保持對法律法規和軍規鐵紀的敬畏之心，牢固樹立法律紅線不能觸碰、法律底線不能逾越的觀念，養成運用法治思維想問題、辦事情、解難題的習慣，激發廣大軍隊人員參與軍事法治建設的積極性、主動性、自覺性和創造性。

準確把握軍事法治文化建設的時代要求

加強軍事法治文化建設，應當準確掌握並突顯軍事文化建設的政治性、人民性、道德性、實踐性、創新性等基本特點，堅持相應的工作原則和要求，使軍事法治文化建設全面得到指引，始終有所遵循。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的政治性。法治是特定利益集團利益訴求的表述和分配實現的方式。軍事法治文化建設的鮮明政治性與黨性、人民性是密切關聯和有機統一的。加強軍事法治文化建設，必須堅持黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導，深入貫徹習近平強軍思想，深入貫徹習近平法治思想和習主席關於依法治軍重要論述，深刻領悟「兩個確立」的決定性意義，增強「四個意識」、堅定「四個自信」、做到「兩個維護”，貫徹軍委主席負責制，確保軍事法治文化建設始終沿著正確的政治方向推進。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的人民性。軍隊人員，特別是廣大官兵，是軍事法治文化建設的主體。軍事法治文化建設必須堅持以人民為中心，堅持官兵主體地位，調動激發官兵各種文化需求，並且為滿足需求提供基礎支撐、創造有利條件，通過完善符合戰鬥力這個唯一的根本的標準的中國特色軍事法治體系，提升國防和軍隊建設法治化水平，促進戰鬥力生成提升和充分釋放，確保實現人民軍隊全心全意為人民服務的根本宗旨。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的道德性。 「法安天下，德潤人心。」中國特色社會主義法治之路的一個鮮明特點，就是堅持依法治國和以德治國相結合，強調法治和德治兩手抓、兩手都要硬。全面貫徹依法治軍戰略，要把道德要求貫徹到法治建設中，既重視發揮法律的規範作用，以法治體現道德理念；又重視發揮道德的教化作用，以道德滋養法治精神，從而實現法與德相輔相成、法治與德治相得益彰。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的實踐性。文化創新發展的過程，就是不斷回答時代和實踐所提出的新課題的過程。要使“紙面上的法律”變成現實生活中真實生動的“行動中的法律”，使軍事法治文化建設的“藍圖”變成現實生活中真切可感的“高樓大廈”，必須注重知行合一，通過軍事法治文化建設的具體工作牽引促動，以相關主體普遍、經常、持久的軍事法治文化建設實踐為堅實依托，引導廣大軍隊人員成為中國特色軍事法治的忠實崇尚者、自覺遵守者、堅定捍衛者。

突顯軍事法治文化建設的創新性。軍事法治文化是在演進發展、持續創新中不斷獲得生機和活力的。軍事法治文化建設應秉持開放包容的態度，充分藉鑑吸收人類優秀法治文明成果，提升中國特色軍事法治文化的國際影響力和話語權；堅持繼承發展、守正創新，依托運用新技術、新平台、新模式、新機制，不斷發展繁榮、傳播弘揚中華優秀傳統軍事文化、社會主義先進文化中的軍事法治文化內容，促進軍事法治文化進一步被創造性轉化、創新性發展。

全面加強軍事法治文化建設的思路舉措

加強軍事法治文化建設，應當堅持精神形態的軍事法治文化建設、制度形態的軍事法治文化建設、物質形態的軍事法治文化建設協同發力，切實採用既涵蓋目標任務又包括實現路徑、既各有側重又相互交融的思路舉措。

建強精神形態的軍事法治文化。思想是行為的先導，理論是行動的指南。軍事法治理論與軍事法治思維，既是軍事法治文化建設的要求與指標，也是軍事法治文化建設的重要內容。應當加強軍事法治理論研究，以學科建設為支撐，推進中國特色軍事法治體系化學理化研究闡釋，用透徹的理論說服人，發揮理論認同對情感認同、行為認同的牽引作用。應當強化軍隊人員法治思維，深入學習宣傳貫徹習近平法治思想，深化全軍法治教育訓練，將教育訓練目標、對象、體制、內容和方式等納入法治軌道，讓尊重規則思維、權利義務思維、限權治權思維、正義科學思維等紮根頭腦，使尊崇和踐行法治成為軍隊人員尤其是領導幹部的思維方式、工作方式、生活方式。

建強權形態的軍事法治文化。只有製定科學的製度並使之順暢運行，法治文化的價值取向才能確立和鞏固。應當加強軍事法規制度體系建設，堅持科學立法、民主立法、依法立法，在法規制度中充分體現人民利益和戰鬥力標準，立起有法必依、執法必嚴、違法必究的製度規矩和鮮明導向，塑造具有說服力、可信度的文化形態。應當順暢軍事法規制度運行，在軍事法治實施、監督、保障實踐中樹立法治威信、培植正氣、引領新風。重視以法治軍營創建活動、軍地法治共建活動為重要抓手，將依法維護國防和軍事利益、軍隊人員及其親屬合法權益作為突破口，增進軍隊人員對法規制度及其運行的法治體驗。

建強物質形態的軍事法治文化。軍事法治離不開堅實的物質基礎，制度形態、精神形態的文化離不開堅實的物質條件。為此，應加強軍事法治設施建設，包括與立法、執法、司法、法治理論研究、教育訓練等所有法治要素和流程相關的設施，例如承載法治宣傳教育的場館物品等。應當拓展法治資訊平台，搞好硬體建設和軟件建設。應當豐富文化產品，綜合運用傳統方式及人工智慧、虛擬現實等技術，講好軍事法治故事，讓軍事法治元素和形象化的文化符號滲透充盈於軍營環境，使軍隊人員隨時置身軍事法治的資訊場域和濃厚氛圍，在耳濡目染中受到薰陶，不斷增強尊法學法守法用法的自覺性。

（作者單位：國防大學軍事管理學院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/163106888.html

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Enhancing and Influencing the Chinese Military Innovation Culture

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弘揚及影響中國軍事創新文化 //2016年01月12日08:XX   来源：解放军报

現代英語：

At the Central Military Commission’s reform work conference, President Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must focus on seizing the strategic commanding heights of future military competition, give full play to the role of innovation-driven development, and cultivate new growth points for combat effectiveness.” This important statement profoundly reveals the important position of military innovation in the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military.

　　History has repeatedly shown that in the process of military competition, whoever occupies the commanding heights of military culture may lead the trend of military innovation, stay ahead of the war and win strategic advantages in advance.

　　The deepening of national defense and military reforms currently underway is closely linked to the new world military revolution. “In this tide of the new world military revolution, whoever is conservative and complacent will miss precious opportunities and fall into strategic passivity.” President Xi’s words are deafening and thought-provoking. In the process of reforming and strengthening the military, every soldier is not a bystander, but a factor of innovation. In the face of reform, can we accurately grasp the latest trends in the development of world military theory and military technology? Can we adapt to the latest changes in the form of war? Can we find the right path and method for innovation? These should be questions that we should think about.

　　Culture senses the changes in the world, stands at the forefront of reform, and is the forerunner of the times. We build a strong military culture by leveraging the unique advantages of culture, breaking the conservative and rigid thinking pattern in the context of thousands of ships competing and hundreds of boats vying for the current, stimulating the vitality of military innovation, and allowing the latest achievements of military cultural innovation to continue to extend to reform.

　　Rocks are flying through the sky, waves are crashing against the shore, in the rolling tide of the new world military revolution, who has awakened and who is still sleeping?

　　–editor

　　The curtain has been raised on deepening the reform of national defense and the military. This reform is carried out against the backdrop of the surging tide of the world’s military revolution and is another milestone in the history of our military development. From “changing chess pieces” to “changing the chessboard”, institutional reform inevitably requires changes in the “rules of the game” and the military system; it requires accelerating the pace of building an informationized army based on a new organizational structure.

　　The new military revolution is a process of continuous innovation, and the informationized army is essentially an innovative army. We need to continuously cultivate a military innovation culture, enhance the vitality of reform, and promote the realization of the strategy of reform and strengthening the army.

　　(one)

　　The new trend of the development of world military culture requires us to strengthen cultural cultivation in the process of change and change the thinking logic of military innovation.

　　In a sense, the so-called strategic vision is the vision of understanding the future. Associated with the change in the field of observation, the “paradigm” of innovative thinking has changed accordingly: in the past, it was: practice-technology-theory. Now it is: theory-technology-practice. Associated with the change in the “paradigm” of thinking, since the 1980s, military innovation has gradually changed from the previous combat demand-driven model to the “theory-driven” model. Theoretical works such as “The Third Wave” and “Future Wars” by the famous American futurist Alvin Toffler have played a great role in the development of information society, information warfare and related technologies. As a result, the logic of military innovation has also changed accordingly. The previous order of innovation development was: scientific and technological progress-weapons and equipment-military theory-combat formation. The current development order is: military theory-scientific and technological progress-weapons and equipment-combat formation. The military culture of the information age has made combat commanders and military theory experts the leaders of military technology innovation.

　　Military theory experts and military technology experts have found that in developed Western countries, the evolution of modern military culture has gone through three stages:

　　Throughout the 19th century and before, most soldiers had not yet realized the huge role of scientific and technological progress in promoting the development of military power. Even a highly innovative military commander like Napoleon easily rejected the suggestion of American scientist Fulton to develop sailless warships. From the beginning of the 19th century to the First World War, although the Industrial Revolution had already affected other areas of society, most soldiers did not think about the role of new technologies in war. They only emphasized the use of existing equipment in their hands and would not think about improving and innovating equipment. This period is called the stage of soldiers “waiting for technology.”

　　At the beginning of the 20th century, the highly developed mechanical industry gradually changed the soldiers’ simple martial concept. On August 8, 1918, in the Battle of Emins, the assault power of the Allied “star” tanks and the bombing power of 300 British aircraft awakened the soldiers from their trenches. In the following 20 years, history has created a large number of new military strategists in the era of mechanized warfare, such as Fuller, Douhet, Guderian, Rommel, Montgomery, de Gaulle, Eisenhower, Zhukov, and Vasilevsky. They are not only proficient in military affairs, but also know the performance characteristics of tanks, aircraft, and other new technological weapons at the time. They regard science and technology as their second major and engineers as their close friends, thus making one innovation after another in the development of tactics. Guderian invented the armored blitzkrieg, Roosevelt accepted Einstein’s suggestion to make the atomic bomb, and Stalin treated a large number of aircraft designers as guests of honor. Because of this, during and after World War II, the military technology and military academic level of these countries have achieved unprecedented and substantial development. This period can be called the stage of “marriage between soldiers and technology”.

　　Since the 1960s and 1970s, due to the rapid development of new technologies such as microelectronics, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, space, ocean development, new materials, and new energy, the wave of new technological revolution has enabled many far-sighted military strategists to further break the original thinking mode and propose that soldiers should stand at the forefront of scientific and technological development to envision future combat styles, and based on these ideas, in turn propose the goals and directions of military technology innovation. Military defense experts look forward to the development trends in the next 20 to 30 years, design new combat concepts, and innovate combat theories to propose the necessary technical support, and then scientific researchers will meet the new military needs from a technical perspective. Under the organization and guidance of soldiers, military technology has reduced the blindness of development, thereby obtaining faster and more military economic benefits. This period can be said to be the stage of soldiers “leading technology”.

　　The change from soldiers “waiting for technology” and “marrying technology” to “leading technology” reflects the objective trend of the increasingly close relationship between the development of military science and science and technology. This trend forces soldiers to change from being bystanders of technological development to being leaders of technological development.

　　In my country, due to the loss of the opportunity of the first industrial revolution, military culture is still in the stage of “waiting for technology” and “marrying technology”. The military concept that emphasizes history and neglects the future is used to designing our army’s tomorrow according to the opponent’s today; it is used to thinking about our army of tomorrow and fighting against today’s opponent.

　　On the journey of reform, many comrades’ ideas are still stuck in the Gulf War, Kosovo War, Afghanistan War, and Iraq War, which have been 15 or 20 years. The US military proposed the third “offset strategy” to select disruptive new technologies and create new “asymmetric military advantages.” The new military revolution will thus see a turning point: a new form of warfare – light warfare based on autonomous systems is slowly coming. In order to fulfill the historical mission of military reform and meet new challenges, we must strengthen cultural cultivation and transform the thinking logic of military innovation.

　　(two)

　　The cultural core of an army is deeply hidden in its military philosophy. In the process of implementing the strategy of reforming and strengthening the army, we should use modern scientific methods to carry out military innovation.

　　In human history, every great era not only gives people great tasks, but also provides people with new methods. Only those who have clearly defined the great tasks and mastered the new methods can lead the trend of the times.

　　The history of scientific development shows that many major scientific and technological innovations, as well as the raising and solving of major scientific problems, are often the result of certain breakthroughs in scientific methods. Galileo’s discovery of the laws of falling motion and the law of inertia is inseparable from his systematic use of experimental and mathematical methods; Darwin’s creation of the theory of biological evolution benefited from the scientific observation method and the historical comparison method; the theoretical experimental method played an important role in the emergence of Einstein’s theory of relativity; Marx’s “Capital” was able to deeply analyze the complex capitalist society and achieve great success. One of the important reasons is that he cleverly applied the method of unity of logic and history, as well as the method of scientific abstraction, taking the “simplest, most common, and most basic things” – commodities, as the logical and historical starting point of scientific research, rising from the concreteness of perception to the abstract provisions, and then from the abstract provisions to the concreteness of thinking.

　　Similarly, innovation in military theory also first relies on the new methods of the times. The Art of War was published in China in the late Spring and Autumn Period because the ancient system theory represented by “yin and yang” and “five elements” had matured and been complete by then; Clausewitz wrote On War because Newton’s mechanics and Hegel’s dialectics provided him with weapons to study war; Mao Zedong’s military thought is the result of Comrade Mao Zedong’s use of Marxist philosophical methods to study the practice of China’s revolutionary war.

　　The scientific and technological revolution has promoted the improvement of social productivity and military combat effectiveness, and also prompted the development of philosophical thought.

　　The “three major discoveries” of the 19th century (evolution, cytology, and conservation and transformation of energy) led to the end of German classical philosophy and the emergence of Marxist philosophy.

　　In the 20th century, the emergence of relativity, quantum mechanics and life sciences, the development of information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, new materials technology, and Internet technology have changed and are continuing to change the world’s landscape. In the 1960s and 1970s, along with the wave of new technological revolution, the revolution of scientific methods reached an unprecedented high, showing the trend of natural science research methods, methods, models and concepts penetrating and blending into the field of social sciences. New scientific methodologies have emerged one after another: system theory, control theory, synergy theory, mutation theory, information theory, discrete theory, functional theory, intelligence theory, optimization theory, reaction theory, fuzzy theory, art theory, as well as “chaos” and “fractals”. From a philosophical perspective, the methods proposed by these cross-disciplinary disciplines can be summarized as system methods and complex system methods.

　　In 1958, after the U.S. military implemented the separation of military administration and military command, it did not quickly regain vitality. The Pentagon’s resource management was in chaos and was still in a precarious situation. In 1960, McConamara took over the Ministry of Defense. In response to the chaotic situation in which the three armed forces acted independently in the use of national defense resources, he proposed the management principle of “combining centralized guidance with decentralized implementation” in 1962, adopted the system engineering method, coordinated the planning of national defense and weapons and equipment construction, and proposed a “Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS)”, which straightened out the relationship for the construction of the U.S. military and saved resources.

　　In 1986, the U.S. military implemented the Department of Defense Reform Act, which centralized the power of the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff and established a new set of regulations that unified centralization and authorization. This ensured the smooth implementation of joint operations and laid the foundation for future integrated joint operations.

　　At the beginning of the 21st century, when Donald Rumsfeld was the Secretary of Defense, according to the development of the new military revolution, the U.S. military changed the PPBS system’s management habits based on target tasks and proposed a PPBE system based on capability requirements, namely “Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution System”.

　　The PPBS system and the PPBE system are both typical applications of the system science method in national defense management. From a methodological perspective, the characteristics of these systems are: grasping the reality from the future, determining capabilities based on missions and tasks, and driving technology creation and selecting combat formations based on capability requirements. In short, the “upstream” determines the “downstream”, the “top” determines the “bottom”, and the “front end” determines the “back end”.

　　The ideas of system theory and complexity methods have been deeply applied in the transformation of the US military. They believe that previous military theories, namely the theories of famous scholars such as Clausewitz and Jomini, are all based on Newtonian mechanics. In today’s operations, the enemy’s military organization and combat operations must be regarded as a system. In this way, only complexity theory, which Newtonian methods cannot do at all, can be used to describe, predict, and select corresponding confrontational actions. For example, the concept of “friction” often used by Clausewitz in “On War” originated from Newtonian mechanics. It can be said to be a concept of physical war, reflecting the characteristics of war in the pre-industrial era. No matter how tightly organized the army was at that time, it was inevitable to face shocks and hysteresis, frontier confrontation and confrontation. Therefore, Clausewitz used Newtonian mechanics as the main method to understand, study, and guide war. In today’s information warfare, the purpose of war has changed from “destroying the enemy and preserving oneself” to “controlling the enemy and realizing interests.” Therefore, a major change in the confrontation method is from large-scale destruction to increasing the “entropy value” within the enemy organization and increasing the “negative entropy value” within one’s own organization (“entropy” is a description of the disorder within the organization). The more information-based, integrated, and sophisticated a military is, the more vulnerable it becomes. An important principle in modern military construction is to minimize the vulnerability of its own disintegration and collapse; an important principle in war guidance is to actively create and exploit the vulnerability within the enemy.

　　Today, when evaluating a military system, we cannot only look at the amount of matter, energy and information it possesses, but also its anti-destruction ability, stability, and the possible “entropy value”.

　　(three)

　　Informatization and networking have broken through the traditional space boundaries and time barriers. The “pre-practice” of virtual technology has created a new military culture.

　　While causing a revolution in philosophical methodology, the science of complex systems has also triggered a revolution in philosophical epistemology when combined with multimedia technology, virtual reality technology, artificial intelligence technology, high-performance computing technology and simulation technology – there have been some changes in the way humans understand the world.

　　First, the understanding of the unity of the world is richer. In the past, when we talked about the unity of the world, we only emphasized the “primacy of matter”. From today’s perspective, the unity of the world contains three basic elements, namely the unity of matter, energy, and information. In man-made technical systems, it is the unity of materials, energy, and information; in social and economic systems, it is the unity of material flow, energy flow, and information flow. Abstracting the unity of these three aspects to the philosophical level, it colorfully embodies the “unity of matter, movement, and information.”

　　Secondly, the cognitive process has changed from the past “part-whole-part” to today’s “whole-part-whole”. In connection with this, the research method has changed from the past “analysis-synthesis-analysis” to today’s “synthesis-analysis-synthesis”.

　　Informatization and networking have broken through the traditional space boundaries and time barriers. People’s focus on observing problems has shifted from “object-centered” to “system-centered”, and the key to epistemology is no longer “concrete analysis” but “system integration”.

　　This new philosophical epistemology marks a major change in the structure of scientific thinking. Scientific research has shifted from the analytical advantage of the past to the overall comprehensive advantage of today; the static cognition that mainly studied “existence” in the past has shifted to the dynamic cognition that mainly studies systems today.

　　The significance of practice is no longer limited to the framework of history and reality, but also includes the future. After the Gulf War, developed countries established the innovative idea of ​​”proposing theory – combat experiment – actual military exercise – actual combat test”, stepped up the establishment of “combat laboratory”, and made new breakthroughs in military theory research methods.

　　Scholars such as Zhang Yi, the author of Virtual Epistemology, pointed out: “Virtual technology has profoundly changed the way humans perceive the world and created a completely new way of human practice. Virtual technology is not just a way of understanding and interpreting the world, it is itself a way of human practice.”

　　The “pre-practice” of virtual technology creates a new military culture. Thus, the military construction has developed from the past “contemporaneity” to today’s “synchronicity”. “Contemporaneous” development means finishing today and then moving on to tomorrow. “Synchronic” development means that things today, tomorrow and the day after tomorrow can be done at the same time. In this process, based on the repeatability, modifiability and embeddability of virtual technology, the war scenarios that are happening and will happen in the world, as well as the pre-designed war scenarios in the mind, are created into virtual environments to test and correct the military capabilities that should be in different stages.

　　Compared with natural science, military science is relatively weak in analytical reasoning and quantitative analysis. Summarizing the experience of wars that have already occurred and “learning war from war” have always been the traditional way for soldiers to create theories. With the development of information technology, modeling/simulation and computer networks have provided people with a third important method to understand the world, promoting the expansion of military practice from “experience induction” to “virtual simulation”, “learning war in the laboratory” and “learning war from future wars”, which greatly improves the soldiers’ advanced cognitive ability.

　　In short, to advance the reform of our army in the face of the new wave of military revolution, we need to establish a new philosophy, innovate military theories, and let the light of military innovation illuminate the path to the future.

現代國語：

習近平主席在中央軍委改革工作會議上強調，“要著力搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點，充分發揮創新驅動發展作用，培育新的戰鬥力增長點。 ”這項重要論述深刻揭示了軍事創新在改革強軍戰略中的重要地位。

歷史一再證明，在軍事競爭過程中，誰佔據了軍事文化的製高點，誰就能引領軍事創新潮流，領先於戰爭，提前贏得戰略優勢。

當前深化國防和軍事改革與新世界軍事革命密切相關。 “在這場新世界軍事革命的浪潮中，誰保守、自滿，誰就會錯失寶貴機遇，陷入戰略被動。”習主席的話震耳欲聾，引人深思。在改革強軍過程中，每位戰士都不是旁觀者，而是創新者。面對改革，我們能否準確掌握世界軍事理論和軍事技術發展的最新動態？我們能否適應戰爭形式的最新變化？我們能否找到正確的創新路徑和方法？這些都應該是我們應該思考的問題。

文化感知世界變遷，站在改革前沿，走在時代先驅。發揮文化獨特優勢，打破千軍萬馬、百舸爭流的保守僵化思維模式，激發軍事創新活力，讓最新成果不斷湧現，打造強軍文化。

亂石飛天，海浪拍岸，在新世界軍事革命的滾滾浪潮中，誰已經甦醒，誰還在沉睡？

  • 編輯

深化國防和軍事改革拉開了序幕。這次改革是在世界軍事革命浪潮洶湧澎湃的背景下進行的，是我軍發展史上的另一個里程碑。從“換棋子”到“換棋盤”，機構改革必然需要“遊戲規則”和軍事體制的改變；要求加快新組織架構的資訊化軍隊建設步伐。

新軍事革命是一個不斷創新的過程，資訊化軍隊本質上是一支創新軍隊。我們要不斷培養軍隊創新文化，增強改革活力，推動改革強軍戰略實現。

（一）

世界軍事文化發展的新趨勢要求我們在改變過程中加強文化修養，轉變軍事創新思維邏輯。

從某種意義上來說，所謂戰略願景就是認識未來的願景。伴隨著觀察領域的變化，創新思維的「典範」也隨之改變了：過去是：實務-技術-理論。現在是：理論-技術-實務。與思維「範式」的轉變相聯繫，1980年代以來，軍事創新逐漸從先前的作戰需求驅動模式轉變為「理論驅動」模式。美國著名未來學家阿爾文‧托夫勒的《第三波》、《未來戰爭》等理論著作對資訊社會、資訊戰爭及相關科技的發展發揮了巨大作用。由此，軍事創新的邏輯也發生了相對應的改變。以往的創新發展順序是：科技進步──武器裝備──軍事理論──作戰形成。目前的發展順序是：軍事理論——科技進步——武器裝備——作戰編隊。資訊時代的軍事文化使作戰指揮官和軍事理論專家成為軍事技術創新的領導者。

軍事理論專家和軍事技術專家研究發現，在西方已開發國家，現代軍事文化的演變經歷了三個階段：

在整個19世紀及以前，大多數軍人還沒有認識到科技進步對軍事力量發展的巨大推動作用。即使是像拿破崙這樣極富創新精神的軍事統帥，也輕易地拒絕了美國科學家富爾頓研發無帆戰艦的建議。從十九世紀初到第一次世界大戰，雖然工業革命革命已經影響社會的其他領域，大多數士兵沒有考慮新技術在戰爭中的作用。他們只強調使用手中現有的設備，不會考慮設備的改良和創新。這個時期被稱為士兵「等待技術」的階段。

20世紀初，高度發展的機械工業逐漸改變了士兵單純的軍事觀念。 1918年8月8日，在埃明斯戰役中，盟軍「明星」坦克的突擊威力和300架英國飛機的轟炸威力喚醒了戰壕裡的士兵。此後20年，歷史創造了一大批機械化戰爭時代的新軍事家，如富勒、杜黑、古德里安、隆美爾、蒙哥馬利、戴高樂、艾森豪威爾、朱可夫、華西列夫斯基等。他們不僅精通軍事，也了解當時坦克、飛機等新技術武器的性能特徵。他們視科學技術為第二專業，視工程師為親密朋友，在戰術發展上進行了一次又一次的創新。古德里安發明了裝甲閃電戰，羅斯福接受了愛因斯坦的建議製造原子彈，史達林則把一大批飛機設計師當作貴賓。正因為如此，二戰期間和戰後，這些國家的軍事技術和軍事學術水準都獲得了前所未有的長足發展。這段時期堪稱「軍人與科技聯姻」的階段。

自1960、70年代以來，由於微電子、人工智慧、基因工程、太空、海洋開發、新材料、新能源等新技術的快速發展，新技術革命的浪潮使許多有遠見的軍事家進一步打破原有的思維模式，提出軍人應該站在科技發展的最前沿暢想未來的作戰樣式，並基於這些設想進而提出軍事技術創新的目標和方向。軍事國防專家展望未來20至30年的發展趨勢，設計新的作戰概念，創新作戰理論，提出必要的技術支撐，然後科學研究人員從技術角度滿足新的軍事需求。軍事技術在士兵的組織和指導下，減少了發展的盲目性，從而獲得更快、更多的軍事經濟效益。這段時期可以說是軍人「技術領先」的階段。

士兵從「等技術」、「嫁技術」到「領先技術」的轉變，體現了軍事科學與科技發展關係日益密切的客觀趨勢。這種趨勢迫使士兵從技術發展的旁觀者轉變為技術發展的領導者。

在我國，由於失去了第一次工業革命的機遇，軍事文化仍處於「等待科技」和「嫁給科技」的階段。重歷史、輕未來的軍事理念，用來根據對手的今天來設計我軍的明天；它習慣於思考我們的明天的軍隊，並與今天的對手作戰。

在改革的旅程上，許多同志的思想還停留在海灣戰爭、科索沃戰爭、阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭，已經十五年、二十年了。美軍提出第三個“抵消戰略”，選擇顛覆性新技術，打造新的“非對稱軍事優勢”。新軍事革命將迎來轉捩點：一種新的戰爭形式——基於自主系統的輕型戰爭正在慢慢來臨。履行軍隊改革歷史使命、迎接新挑戰，必須加強文化修養，轉變軍事創新思維邏輯。

（二）

軍隊的文化內核，深蘊藏在軍事理念之中。在實施改革強軍戰略過程中，要運用現代科學方法進行軍事創新。

人類歷史上的每一個偉大時代，不僅賦予人們偉大的任務，也提供人們新的方法。只有明確了偉大任務、掌握了新方法，才能引領時代潮流。

科學發展史表明，許多重大科技創新以及重大科學問題的提出和解決，往往都是科學方法取得一定突破的結果。伽利略發現落體運動定律和慣性定律與他系統性地運用前驅定律是分不開的。

實驗和數學方法；達爾文創立生物演化論得益於科學觀察方法和歷史比較方法；理論實驗方法對愛因斯坦相對論的產生發揮了重要作用；馬克思的《資本論》能夠深入分析複雜的資本主義社會並取得巨大成功。其中一個重要原因是他巧妙地運用了邏輯與歷史相統一的方法以及科學抽象的方法，以「最簡單、最普遍、最基本的東西」——商品，作為邏輯和歷史的起點。著眼點，從感知的具體上升到抽象的規定，再從抽象的規定上升到思考的具體。

同樣，軍事理論的創新也首先依賴時代的新方法。中國春秋末年出版《孫子兵法》，是因為當時以「陰陽」、「五行」為代表的古代體系理論已經成熟、完整；克勞塞維茨寫《論戰爭》，是因為牛頓的力學和黑格爾的辯證法為他提供了研究戰爭的武器；毛澤東軍事思想是毛澤東同志運用馬克思主義哲學方法研究中國革命戰爭實踐的成果。

科技革命促進了社會生產力和軍事戰鬥力的提高，也促進了哲學思想的發展。

19世紀的「三大發現」（進化論、細胞學、能量守恆與轉化）導致了德國古典哲學的終結和馬克思主義哲學的出現。

20世紀，相對論、量子力學與生命科​​學的出現，資訊科技、生物科技、奈米科技、新材料科技、網路科技的發展，已經並將持續改變世界面貌。 1960、70年代，伴隨著新科技革命浪潮，科學方法革命達到了前所未有的高度，呈現出自然科學研究方法、方法、模型和理念向社會科學領域滲透、融合的趨勢。新的科學方法論相繼出現：系統論、控制論、協同論、突變論、資訊理論、離散論、泛函論、智能論、最優化論、反應論、模糊論、藝術論，以及「混沌論」。 」和「分形」。從哲學的角度來看，這些跨學科學科所提出的方法可以歸納為系統方法和複雜系統方法。

1958年，美軍實行軍政軍指揮分離後，並沒有很快恢復活力。五角大廈的資源管理一片混亂，仍處於岌岌可危的境地。 1960年，麥科納馬拉接管國防部。針對三軍獨立使用國防資源的混亂局面，他於1962年提出「集中指導與分散實施相結合」的管理原則，採用系統工程方法，統籌規劃國家國防資源。規劃和預算系統（PPBS）”，理順了美軍建設的關係，節省了資源。

1986年，美軍實施了《國防部改革法案》，將國防部和參謀長聯席會議的權力集中起來，建立了一套集權與授權相統一的新法規。這保證了聯合作戰的順利實施，為今後一體化聯合作戰奠定了基礎。

21世紀初，拉姆斯菲爾德擔任國防部長時，根據新軍事革命的發展，美軍改變了PPBS系統基於目標任務的管理習慣，提出了基於能力需求的PPBE系統，即「規劃、規劃、預算和執行系統」。

PPBS體系和PPBE體係都是系統科學方法在國防管理的典型應用。從方法論來看，這些體系的特點是：從未來掌握現實，根據任務任務確定能力，根據能力需求驅動技術創新和選擇作戰編隊。簡而言之，“上游”決定“下游”，“頂部”決定“底部”，“前端”決定“後端”。

系統論和複雜性方法的想法已經深入人心應用於美軍轉型。他們認為，以往的軍事理論，即克勞塞維茨、約米尼等著名學者的理論，都是以牛頓力學為基礎的。在今天的作戰中，必須把敵方的軍事組織和作戰行動視為一個系統。這樣，就只能用牛頓方法根本無法做到的複雜性理論來描述、預測和選擇相應的對抗動作。例如，克勞塞維茨在《戰爭論》中經常使用的「摩擦」概念就源自於牛頓力學。可以說是物理戰爭的概念，反映了前工業時代戰爭的特徵。無論當時的軍隊組織得多麼嚴密，都不可避免地要面臨衝擊和滯後、邊疆對峙和對抗。因此，克勞塞維茨以牛頓力學為主要方法來認識、研究和指導戰爭。當今資訊化戰爭，戰爭目的已從「消滅敵人、保存自己」轉變為「制敵、實現利益」。因此，對抗方式的一個重大變化就是從大規模破壞，轉向增加敵方組織內部的「熵值」和增加己方組織內部的「負熵值」（「熵」是對組織內部混亂的描述）。 ）。軍隊越是資訊化、一體化和複雜化，它就越容易受到攻擊。現代軍事建設的一個重要原則就是盡量減少自身瓦解和崩潰的脆弱性；戰爭指導的一個重要原則是積極創造和利用敵人內部的弱點。

今天，評價一個軍事系統，不僅要看它所擁有的物質、能量和資訊的多少，還要看它的抗破壞能力、穩定性以及可能存在的「熵值」。

（三）

資訊化、網路化突破了傳統的空間界限和時間障礙。虛擬技術的「預實踐」創造了新的軍事文化。

複雜系統科學在引發哲學方法論革命的同時，與多媒體技術、虛擬實境技術、人工智慧技術、高效能運算技術、模擬技術結合，也引發了哲學知識論的革命——在知識論上發生了一些變化。人類理解世界的方式。

一是對世界統一的認識更加豐富。過去，我們在談論世界的統一性時，只強調「物質的首要性」。從今天的角度來看，世界的統一包含三個基本要素，即物質、能量、資訊的統一。在人造技術系統中，它是物質、能量和資訊的統一體；在社會經濟系統中，它是物質流、能量流、資訊流的統一。將這三方面的統一抽像到哲學層面，豐富多彩地體現了「物質、運動、資訊的統一」。

其次，認知過程從過去的「部分-整體-部分」轉變為今天的「整體-部分-整體」。與此相聯繫，研究方法也從過去的「分析-綜合-分析」轉變為今天的「綜合-分析-綜合」。

資訊化、網路化突破了傳統的空間界限和時間障礙。人們觀察問題的焦點從“以物件為中心”轉向“以系統為中心”，認識論的關鍵不再是“具體分析”而是“系統整合”。

這種新的哲學認識論標誌著科學思維結構的重大變化。科學研究從過去的分析優勢轉向今天的整體綜合優勢；過去主要研究「存在」的靜態認知已經轉向今天主要研究系統的動態認知。

實踐的意義不再侷限於歷史和現實的框架，也包括未來。海灣戰爭後，已開發國家確立了“提出理論——實戰實驗——實戰演練——實戰檢驗”的創新思路，加緊建立“實戰實驗室”，軍事理論研究方法取得新突破。

《虛擬知識論》一書作者張毅等學者指出：「虛擬技術深刻改變了人類感知世界的方式，創造了人類全新的實踐方式。虛擬技術不僅僅是一種理解和解釋世界的方式，它本身就是人類實踐的一種方式。

虛擬技術的「預實踐」創造了新的軍事文化。由此，軍隊建設從過去的“同時性”發展到今天的“同步性”「同步」開發是指完成今天，然後走向明天。嵌入性，將世界上正在發生和將要發生的戰爭場景，以及腦海中預先設計的戰爭場景，創建到虛擬環境中，以測試和修正不同階段應有的軍事能力。

與自然科學相比，軍事科學在分析推理和定量分析方面相對較弱。總結已經發生的戰爭經驗，“從戰爭中學習戰爭”，一直是軍人創造理論的傳統方式。隨著資訊科技的發展，建模/模擬和電腦網路為人們提供了認識世界的第三種重要方法，推動軍事實踐從「經驗歸納」向「虛擬模擬」、「在實驗室學習戰爭」拓展「從未來戰爭中學習戰爭”，大大提高了士兵的高級認​​知能力。

總之，面對新一輪軍事革命浪潮，推進我軍改革，需要建立新理念，創新軍事理論，讓軍事創新之光照亮未來之路。

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0112/c49150-28040888.html

#Information Support Force, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 認知戰

Truly Integrating Chinese Military Combat Preparation into Current Adversarial Defeat Operations

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將中國軍事備戰真正融入當前抗擊作戰

現代英語：

Key points

　　● Our military’s preparations for military struggle are being carried out under the special background of dramatic changes in world military affairs. If we lack a strong awareness of keeping pace with the times and theoretical preparations for pioneering and innovation, we will not be able to carry the spirit of the times throughout the entire process of military struggle preparations.

　　● The many stages of military transformation and their possible changes are uncertain, which leads to different value judgments and behavioral norms. The only way to decide on these judgments and norms is to put them into the “general coordinates” of military transformation.

　　● Keeping pace with the times does not mean following the trend or following a routine. Leapfrog development is an inherent requirement of keeping pace with the times. The new historical mission requires us to shorten or even surpass certain development stages and take a road of military struggle preparation with distinctive characteristics.

　　The era of rapid change gave birth to great ideas. In his speech on May 31, General Secretary Jiang Zemin pointed out: “To implement the requirements of the ‘Three Represents’, the whole party must always maintain a spirit of keeping pace with the times and constantly open up new horizons for the development of Marxist theory…” The idea of ​​keeping pace with the times proposed by Chairman Jiang is a high-level summary of the spirit of the times and a lasting spiritual driving force for promoting military innovation. It will surely have a profound impact on military struggle preparations. Guided by the important thought of “Three Represents”, we must vigorously promote the spirit of keeping pace with the times, open up the work situation with pioneering and innovation, and enhance combat effectiveness with emancipated minds, so as to put “winning” into practice.

　　The most prominent background of military struggle preparation is the new military transformation

　　The important thought of “Three Represents” is the result of the Chinese Communists observing and thinking about the changes in the world and China today, and adhering to and developing Marxism in new practices. Keeping pace with the times is a concept that reflects the essential characteristics of the times. To examine military struggle preparations with this concept, we should first look at what kind of changes have taken place in the background of our times.

　　There are many factors that affect the preparation for military struggle: the development of the international situation, the evolution of the strategic pattern, the judgment of security threats… However, the most direct, profound and extensive influence is the new round of military revolution that emerged at the end of the last century.

　　———A revolution in combat elements: simultaneous improvement in strike, defense, and mobility. For thousands of years, no military revolution has achieved simultaneous development of strike, defense, and mobility in a short period of time. The military revolution taking place today is turning the ideal model of simultaneous improvement of the three combat capabilities into reality.

　　The improvement of strike capability is mainly due to precision-guided weapons. The accuracy of traditional unguided weapons is generally in a stable inverse relationship with the strike distance, but precision-guided weapons are changing the “range-accuracy” law. The accuracy does not decrease with the increase of range. This change has a strong impact on the time, space and effectiveness concepts formed in the previous generation of wars, and new tactics such as “non-contact combat” and “out-of-area strike” have emerged.

　　In all previous military reforms, the transformation of defense capabilities has always been “half a beat slower”, and the battlefield strictly follows the iron rule of “saving oneself by destroying the enemy”. Some people even believe that the armor revolution in the 20th century was just an extension of the idea of ​​”blocking and offsetting the opponent’s attack power” in the cold weapon era, and it is not really a defense revolution. Today, a real defense revolution has quietly arrived. The representative technology is stealth technology, known as “low detectability technology”. It breaks through the traditional routine that has been followed for thousands of years, “saves itself” by reducing the probability of the target being discovered, and at the same time creates conditions for achieving the suddenness of the attack. It can be called an offensive defense method of “saving oneself” first and then “destroying the enemy”, and its development prospects are unlimited.

　　Mobility is shifting to “air”, and military mobility is showing multi-dimensional and three-dimensional characteristics. With the cross-generational improvement of intelligence support, command and control, and mobility tools, air mobility has leapt from the tactical level to the campaign level. At present, the number of helicopters in the main forces of the military of some developed countries is roughly equal to that of tanks, with an average of one helicopter for every 100 soldiers. Once the ground is no longer an obstacle, what new landscape will appear on the battlefield?

　　———Revolution in the military structure: integration of all services. Integration is a prominent manifestation of the achievements of the new military revolution in the field of command and coordination. Since the establishment of services, the military has believed in the idea of ​​​​integrated operations, but the difficulty of “horizontal flow” of information has restricted the improvement of the overall combat capability of the military. Since the 1980s, digital communication equipment, friend-or-foe identification systems, global positioning systems, and computer networks have successively entered the battlefield. For the first time, troops of different types, levels, and spaces have the ability to “horizontally flow” information, creating conditions for integrated operations. Reflecting this trend is the concept of “action-centered warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years. Based on the development of sensor technology, computer network technology and rapid response capabilities, the US military has transformed “plan-centered warfare” into “action-centered warfare”, which will be a profound change in the field of military command and coordination, and the integrated operations of all services will reach a new level.

　　Integration is also reflected in the formation of the army. First, the boundaries between the services are weakened. Since World War II, the power of the services has usually been directly controlled by the strategic command, forming a clear boundary between the services. In future joint operations, the traditional command system can no longer adapt to the special requirements of timeliness. It is necessary to break the original boundaries between the services and form an integrated force. At present, the establishment of a “joint task force” composed of an army brigade task force, an air force fighter squadron, a naval ship unit and a marine expeditionary unit is a new attempt by the military of developed countries to seek integration. Secondly, the boundaries between the services are weakened. The military of developed countries has formed mixed-service synthetic forces. For example, the US Air Force will establish 10 expeditionary aerospace forces by 2003 based on the “mixed wing” experiment in the past few years; the United Kingdom has mixed the Navy’s “Sea Harrier” aircraft with the Air Force’s “Harrier” fighter since 2000. It can be foreseen that in the near future, a new pattern will emerge in the relatively stable military structure formed in the era of mechanized warfare. Some scholars call it a “revolution of relationships” and a “revolution of structure”, which is indeed a vision.

　　———Revolution of combat systems: transformation from mechanized army to informationized army. Human society is facing the third major transformation in history, and the wave of information revolution continues. A few years ago, the concept of informationization as “intelligent” warfare was still beyond people’s vision, but today few people doubt its emergence.

　　Since the advent of the industrial age, war has shown an accelerating development trend, especially in the half century after World War II. Mechanization, as the mainstream of war, has reached its peak, but it has also fallen into a dilemma: the physical performance of weapons and equipment has reached its limit, and the return on investment is very small; the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons make it increasingly difficult to play a role in war; the harm to innocent people and the pollution to the environment caused by weapons of mass destruction have led to ecological deterioration… There is almost no way to continue to develop within the framework of mechanization. People began to seek new ways, that is, to solve the problems of strike efficiency and combat effectiveness from a deeper level, and strive to achieve precision, controllability and intelligence, and this is informatization. At present, the armies of many countries are working hard to open up a path of change to break out of the dilemma of mechanized warfare. The trend of mechanized warfare giving way to information warfare is irreversible. President Jiang has a keen insight into the major changes in the world’s military field and pointed out that the essence of the new military revolution is the information revolution, which has pointed out the direction for our army to meet the challenges of the new military revolution in the world.

　　At present, the armed forces of developed countries are vigorously promoting the informatization of weapons and equipment. While actively developing C4I systems, precision-guided munitions, smart weapons, and digital individual equipment, they also focus on doing a good job in top-level design, integrating target reconnaissance and surveillance, target information processing and transmission, precision strikes, and damage assessment to form a “military system”. In this way, the combat system of the industrial age, which is suitable for exerting the potential of firepower and mobility, has been gradually transformed into a combat system of the information age, which is suitable for the rapid flow and use of information.

　　Our military’s preparations for military struggle coincide with the real upheaval in the world’s military field. Having experienced this revolution, we should have a stronger sense of the times and urgency than ever before. When we are preparing for real threats, we must not ignore or forget that we are in a new era, and we must not be busy responding and indifferent to the general trend. Not being attached to things we are already familiar with, keenly absorbing the new things shown to us by the historical trend, taking advantage of the trend, and taking a bigger step, this is the powerful response of the idea of ​​keeping pace with the times to the challenges of the times.

　　Designing the “general coordinates” of military struggle preparation in accordance with the general trend of military transformation

　　In his “May 31” speech, General Secretary Jiang pointed out: “Adhering to the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts and promoting the spirit of keeping pace with the times are decisive factors in the Party’s maintaining its advanced nature and creativity under the conditions of long-term governance. Whether our Party can always do this will determine China’s development prospects and destiny.” If we understand keeping pace with the times from the perspective of “determining destiny,” military struggle preparations will be able to find reference in a broader context.

　　———Inspiration from history: Those who follow the trend will prosper, and those who go against the trend will perish. Those who follow the historical trend are destined to be favored by history, and those who seize the initiative are often those armies that are extremely sensitive to the historical trend. In the mid-19th century, Prussia was earlier than other countries to realize the challenges brought by the Industrial Revolution to the military field, and took the lead in realizing the transition of the military system to mechanized warfare, which gave it a decisive advantage over those European armies with more troops and higher technological levels in the following decades.

　　On the contrary, there is a clear gap between the huge military investment and the results achieved, and the reason is probably the lack of a keen sense of smell to seize the opportunity. From the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th century, Chinese society developed to the extreme under the original system framework, and the military was also in the heyday of the cold weapon era. Almost at the same time, a series of earth-shaking changes took place in the world: the gunpowder revolution was in full swing, and the mechanization revolution followed. Faced with the impact of military changes, the Qing army clung to the pedantic idea that “riding and shooting are the foundation of Manchuria”, calling inventions and creations “strange skills and tricks” and viewing strong ships and powerful guns as sorcery. The Qing Dynasty was eventually passively beaten and lost its power and humiliated the country.

　　History has striking similarities, but the choices of historical paths have their merits and demerits. Today, the world’s military is once again facing major changes, major developments, and major turning points. After the Gulf War, the Central Military Commission was keenly aware that the world’s military field was undergoing extensive and profound changes, and promptly formulated a military strategic policy for the new era, requiring that the basis of military struggle preparation be placed on winning local wars under modern technology, especially high-tech conditions; in 1996, under the guidance of this strategic policy, it was proposed that the guiding ideology of military construction must achieve two fundamental changes from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency, and from manpower-intensive to technology-intensive; in 1997, with great wisdom and extraordinary courage, the “three-step” strategy for the cross-century development of the military was determined… These major measures fully reflect the forward-looking vision of keeping pace with the times. Over the past decade, the reason why our military’s preparation for military struggle in the new era has been able to make continuous progress and breakthroughs is because the spirit of the times that keeps pace with the times has been integrated into it.

　　———Useful experience: Take reform as the focus of military struggle preparation. After the Cold War, the international situation changed, and the armies of various countries began to redesign their development blueprints. The general practice is to attach great importance to the impact of new military changes, emphasize the historical opportunity of war transformation, and promote military reform in accordance with the requirements of the times. Waves of reforms have emerged one after another, and finally formed a reform trend that swept the world.

　　According to the “2001-2002 Strategic Assessment Report” recently published by the London International Institute for Strategic Studies, after the “9.11” incident, the US military proposed a new round of military reform plans, which included six important components, the first of which was “concepts on future wars.” With a new view on future wars, the war machine must be remodeled. In fact, the former Soviet army was the first to realize the current military revolution, but the US military came later. When many mechanized armies were still arguing about whether informatization would come, the US military quietly began the informatization reform and established the “Senior Steering Committee for Military Revolution Research” in 1994 as the organizational leadership of military reform. Each branch of the military has also established corresponding institutions, such as the Army Digitalization Office and Ground Information Warfare Center, the Navy New Operational Concept Committee and Fleet Information Warfare Center, and the Air Force Information Warfare Center. After years of accumulation, a large number of beneficial results have been achieved, providing coordinates for the military’s informatization transformation.

　　The deeper the reform, the more difficult it is to operate. The armies of many countries have seen that the military system that has been perfected in the mechanized era has little room for transformation, and must vigorously promote the new military revolution. The US Department of Defense has set up five working groups to focus on how to use information technology to completely transform the US military, and has established six combat laboratories dedicated to studying information warfare. The US military believes that it is currently unable to effectively cope with various complex new security challenges, and needs to carry out military reforms with the goal of rapid, flexible, and effective joint operations of all arms, including the establishment of a standing joint task force, the development of required leapfrog technologies, the enhancement of the flexibility of command organizations, the reform of procurement strategies, the abandonment of old military systems to free up funds for new systems, and so on. Although the conditions for promoting the new military revolution in Russia, Britain, France, Japan and other countries are not as complete as those in the United States, they have also formulated long-term national defense development strategies and military construction plans, and accelerated the pace of their own military reforms to meet the challenges of the new military revolution. These reform measures reflect the general direction and are worth learning from for our army.

　　———The call of mission: Unify military struggle preparation and building a first-class army. The tasks of our army’s military struggle preparation are determined, but the reference system of army building is not solidified. The changing international environment, the uncertain strategic pattern and the complex surrounding security situation faced by our country have determined that once a war breaks out, our combat opponents and combat directions may not be single, and the main strategic direction is also relative and variable. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, almost none of the several local wars we have fought were carried out in the strategic direction we have prepared. If we only target one opponent and imagine one situation, it is undoubtedly a strategic shortsightedness.

　　In the face of this situation, how can we prepare for military struggle? The answer is: improve the starting point of military struggle preparation and build a first-class army. In a reality full of uncertainty and unpredictability, the most important thing is to have the “ability” to cope with various situations. This is like participating in a large-scale international competition. It is not enough to just defeat one opponent. Only by defeating a series of opponents can you win the championship, which requires comprehensive strength. Therefore, military struggle preparation should be planned for the long term, not overly focusing on recent threats and ignoring long-term construction. While highlighting the key points, we should focus on developing the ability of the entire army to cope with challenges and unexpected events. This ability can only be obtained by strengthening quality construction and catching up with the world’s military powers. Take advantage of our “latecomer advantage”, draw nourishment from the history of military development in developed countries, accelerate the process of catching up with advanced technology, advanced systems, and advanced ideas, avoid the detours they have taken, and finally form our own advantages. In this way, we can prepare for recent threats while also taking care of the future.

　　The military revolution is global, but it will not automatically visit every country. Although it has made it possible for the armies of developing countries to catch up, opportunities only come to those who respond correctly. We have unified the two strategic tasks of preparing for real military struggles and strengthening the quality of military construction, preparing while building, using preparation to drive construction and construction to promote preparation. This is undoubtedly the right choice.

　　Taking a Distinctive Path of Military Struggle Preparation in the Trend of Change

　　Due to different starting points, the military of different countries has shown diversity in the choice of development path. A foreign scholar once asserted: “What aspects of an army lag behind and how much it lags behind completely determines the pattern of historical change.” In the field of economics, this phenomenon is called “path dependence.” If the path of change of the world’s military powers is regarded as the only model and applied to oneself without thinking, then it will inevitably lead to a serious misalignment of the starting point, path and goal.

　　———Establish a brand-new development strategy. In the 21st century, the war will inevitably enter the informationization stage. In this transition, the armies of countries around the world may undergo new differentiation, resulting in major differences and imbalances in combat capabilities. To avoid being left behind in the new competition, conventional strategies will not work. We must find a way to catch up quickly.

　　Mechanization is the path to development for Western armies. This is because the historical background at that time provided them with special conditions. It is impossible for our army to have these historical conditions again and to achieve the same level of development in the form of mechanized warfare. Therefore, we should seriously reflect on whether we can really catch up with the armies of developed countries in the framework of mechanization.

　　Information warfare is a great leap forward in the form of warfare. In fact, the development from the old form to the new form is achieved through a series of huge changes within the combat system. This transformation is not a linear transition from the old form to the new form, but a “transfer development”. Just as “steamboats are not evolutionary sailboats; cars are not evolutionary improvements on horses and carriages; transistors are not better vacuum tubes”, “transfer development” is a change in the nature and direction of combat means. Its prominent features are its transition, nonlinearity, discontinuity and innovation. Looking forward from the perspective of the old form in a straight line, you cannot see the new form.

　　Our army is still in the process of mechanization. The limitations of mechanization are rapidly emerging but have not yet been fully exposed. In some areas of information technology, our army has gradually entered the new military revolution, and even in some parts and to some extent, it is not behind many Western countries’ armies. This shows a fact that mechanization and informatization are not completely connected in a straight line. Under certain conditions, it is possible to achieve leapfrog development. The agricultural civilization of ancient Egypt was not built on the basis of the world’s most developed hunting and gathering civilization, and the British pioneering industrial civilization did not have the world’s most developed agricultural civilization.

　　The discontinuity and transition of the new war form often provide a historical opportunity for the army that was not advanced to catch up. The information revolution provides an opportunity for our army to achieve leapfrog development without fully developed mechanization.

　　———Use informatization to drive mechanization. The “generational” development of weapons and equipment is not only an important part of the new military revolution, but also its origin. A fundamental question is: for which generation of war are the weapons systems being developed or introduced preparing? If we use yesterday’s equipment to meet tomorrow’s war, we will inevitably run into a wall. Let’s take an example. The radar system used by the vast majority of early warning aircraft currently in service is an active radiation radar, which will basically have no survivability in the next generation of war. If we blindly introduce such early warning aircraft, is it a strategic miscalculation? Obviously, forward-looking awareness is particularly important for equipment development.

　　The so-called advanced consciousness, for our army at this stage, is to establish the development concept of “using informatization to drive mechanization”. The information revolution has provided opportunities for our army to develop by leaps and bounds, but it is impossible to completely leapfrog the mechanization stage. The mechanization level of our army’s weapons and equipment is still not high, and some are even only semi-mechanized. Using informatization to drive mechanization means moderately developing mechanization, but not pursuing the most advanced mechanization, not affecting the capital investment in informatization transformation, not over-performing the mechanized command system and mechanism, and ensuring the smooth progress of informatization transformation while maintaining the mechanized combat mode. Combine moderate development of mechanization with informatization, and while maintaining the former, focus on the latter.

　　———Deepen reform while inheriting. As early as 1996, President Jiang pointed out: “From the current trend of world military development, the problem of unreasonable organizational system of our army is also quite prominent. The adjustment and reform of organizational system should continue to be carried out actively and steadily.” Any army is following the organizational tradition that has been tested by practice and reflects its own characteristics. For example, Sweden has adopted the organizational system of integrating soldiers with civilians for hundreds of years, and the organizational system of the Indian Army still retains the “wing system” tradition of the British Indian period… However, the impact point of military reform is often aimed at the organizational system first. The “hub” position of the organizational system makes it the focus of any army that wants to make a difference.

　　As the military revolution develops in depth, a series of innovative achievements in weapons and equipment, personnel quality and combat theory will eventually need to be materialized in a smooth system, and scientific mechanisms will be used to express and reflect them, so that they can release energy most quickly and effectively. The adjustment of the organizational system of our army should break through the accumulated problems, transcend tradition, create enough space to promote institutional reform, and unswervingly work towards the direction of “appropriate scale, reasonable structure, and flexible command” required by Chairman Jiang. The so-called keeping pace with the times means that we should boldly reform the focus and difficulties of these top-level designs, and should not be burdened by the details in front of us.

　　———Using science and technology as the driving force. In the process of new military transformation, our army’s scientific spirit and scientific and technological awareness are keeping pace with the times. The whole army has carried out extensive, in-depth and long-term scientific and technological training activities, and has embarked on a new training development path driven by science and technology.

　　Historically, armies that reject science and technology have always been doomed. During World War II, the Japanese Kwantung Army believed that “belief rather than knowledge is the factor in completing the mission”, and its combat regulations insisted on “hand-to-hand combat”. In the “Zhanggufeng Incident” in 1938, although the casualties in hand-to-hand combat only accounted for 2.8% of the total casualties, the Kwantung Army’s combat regulations in 1941 still emphasized “hand-to-hand combat” and lacked training to deal with tanks and aircraft. After the war, the Japanese army admitted that the Kwantung Army “had almost zero modern combat training”. Western armies have a tradition of advocating science, and they attach great importance to timely revising training regulations and adjusting training content according to the development of military technology. It is reported that the US Air Force no longer conducts training in close-range air combat projects, but focuses on controlling missile flight.

　　In recent years, the whole army has carried out a comprehensive reform of the content of education and training in accordance with the requirements of the military strategic policy of the new era, and has achieved phased results. However, the reform that has been carried out is preliminary, and there is still a long way to go. The innovation of education and training content should focus on the requirements of the next generation of war on personnel quality and combat capability, and make a good overall design from top to bottom. In recent years, our army has built a military training information network for the whole army and campus networks of various colleges and universities, established a large number of modern teaching venues and training grounds, developed and distributed a large number of training simulation equipment that matches new equipment, and realized the interconnection and interoperability of campaign and tactical training simulation systems… We will hold high the torch of the spirit of the times, keep pace with the times, and rely closely on scientific and technological progress to continuously push education and training to a new level.

現代國語：

柴宇球、曾蘇南、本報記者張國育

內容提要

●我軍軍事鬥爭準備是在世界軍事真正發生劇變的特殊背景下進行的。如果缺乏與時俱進的強烈意識和開拓創新的理論準備，就無法把時代精神貫穿軍事鬥爭準備的整個過程

●軍事變革的許多階段及其可能變化具有不確定性，因此產生了不同的價值判斷和行為準則。決定這些判斷和準則的取捨，只能把它們放到軍事變革的「總座標」中去考慮

●與時俱進不是隨波逐流，不是按部就班，跨越式發展是與時俱進的題中應有之義。新的歷史使命要求我們縮短甚至超越某些發展階段，走具有鮮明特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

激變時代催生偉大思想。江澤民總書記在「5·31」演講中指出：「貫徹好『三個代表』要求，必須使全黨始終保持與時俱進的精神狀態，不斷開拓馬克思主義理論發展的新境界…」。江主席提出的與時俱進思想，是時代精神的高度概括，也是推動軍事創新的持久的精神動力，它必將對軍事鬥爭準備產生深遠影響。以「三個代表」重要想法為指導，大力弘揚與時俱進的精神，用開拓創新打開工作局面，用解放思想提升戰鬥力，才能把「打得贏」落實。

軍事鬥爭準備最突出的時代背景是新軍事變革

「三個代表」重要思想是中國共產黨人觀察、思考當今世界和中國的變化，在新的實踐中堅持與發展馬克思主義的結果。與時俱進，則是反映了時代本質特徵的觀念。用這個觀念來檢視軍事鬥爭準備，首先應當看我們所處的時代背景究竟發生了什麼樣的改變。

影響軍事鬥爭準備的因素很多：國際情勢的發展，戰略格局的演變，對安全威脅的判斷……但是，影響最直接、最深刻、最廣泛的，當首推上世紀末期興起的新一輪軍事革命。

———戰鬥要素的革命：打擊力、防護力、機動力同步提升。千百年來，還沒有哪一次軍事變革在短時間內使打擊、防護、機動能力獲得同步發展。而當今發生的這場軍事變革，正把三種作戰能力同時提升的理想模式變成現實。

打擊能力的提升主要得益於精確導引武器。傳統非導引武器的命中精準度一般與打擊距離構成穩定的反比關係，而精確導引武器卻在改變「射程-精準度」規律，它不因射程的增大而降低精準度。這項變革猛烈衝擊著上一代戰爭中形成的時間觀、空間觀和效能觀，「非接觸作戰」、「防區外打擊」等新戰法應運而生。

在歷次軍事變革中，防護能力的變革總是“慢半拍”，戰場嚴格遵循“靠消滅敵人來保存自己”的鐵律。甚至有人認為，20世紀的裝甲革命只是冷兵器時代「阻隔與抵消對方打擊威力」的思路的延伸，實在算不上是一次防護革命。今天，一場真正意義上的防護革命悄然而至，代表性的技術是被稱為「低可探測性技術」的隱身技術，它突破了沿襲數千年的傳統套路，透過降低目標被發現的機率來“保存自己”，同時又為達成攻擊的突然性創造了條件，堪稱先“保存自己”再“消滅敵人”的進攻性防護手段，其發展前景不可限量。

機動力正向「空中化」轉移，軍隊機動呈現多維立體的特徵。隨著情報保障、指揮控制、機動工具的跨代式改善，空中機動能力從戰術級躍升到了戰役級。目前，有些已開發國家軍隊主力部隊的直升機數量與坦克大致相等，平均每100名士兵就有一架直升機。一旦地面不再成為障礙物時，戰場將出現什麼新景觀？

———軍隊結構的革命：諸軍兵種一體化。一體化是新軍事變革的成果在指揮協同領域的突出體現。自從有了軍兵種，軍隊就信奉整體作戰思想，但由於資訊的「橫向流動」比較困難，制約了軍隊整體作戰能力的提升。自1980年代以來，數位化通訊設備、敵我識別系統、全球定位系統、電腦網路相繼躋身戰場，不同類型、不同層級、不同空間的部隊第一次具備了資訊「橫向流動」的能力，為一體化作戰創造了條件。反映這一趨勢的是近年來美軍提出的「行動中心戰」概念。基於感測器技術、電腦網路技術及快速反應能力的發展，美軍把“計劃中心戰”轉變為“行動中心戰”，這將是軍隊指揮協同領域的一次深刻變革，諸軍兵種一體化作戰將由此達到一個新水平。

一體化也體現在軍隊編成上。首先是軍種界限的弱化。二次大戰以來，軍種力量通常由戰略統帥部直接掌握，形成了涇渭分明的軍種界限。未來聯合作戰，傳統的指揮體制已無法適應對時效性的特殊要求，必須打破原有的軍種界限，組成一體化部隊。目前，建立由陸軍旅特遣隊、空軍戰鬥機中隊、海軍艦艇部隊和陸戰隊遠徵分隊組成的“聯合特遣部隊”，就是發達國家軍隊謀求一體化的新嘗試。其次是兵種界線的弱化。已開發國家軍隊紛紛組成兵種混編合成部隊，如美國空軍在前幾年「混編聯隊」試驗的基礎之上，將在2003年前建立10​​支遠徵型航空航天部隊；英國從2000年開始將海軍的「海鷂」飛機與空軍的「鷂」式戰鬥機混合編組。可以預見，在不遠的將來，機械化戰爭時代所形成的相對穩定的軍隊結構將出現新格局。有些學者稱之為“關係的革命”、“結構的革命”，不失為一種遠見。

———作戰體系的革命：機械化軍隊轉變為資訊化軍隊。人類社會正面臨歷史上第三次大轉型，資訊革命的浪潮持續不斷。幾年前，作為「智慧化」戰爭的資訊化概念尚在人們的視野之外，而今天沒有多少人再懷疑它的出現。

戰爭自進入工業時代以來，呈現出加速度發展趨勢，尤其是第二次世界大戰後的半個世紀，機械化作為戰爭形態的主流已經達到它的巔峰，但同時也陷入了困境：武器裝備的物理性能達到極限，大量的投入回報甚微；核武的災難性後果，使其越來越難以在戰爭中發揮作用；大規模殺傷性武器造成的對無辜人民的傷害和對環境造成的污染，導致生態惡化……在機械化的框架中繼續發展幾乎沒有出路，人們開始尋求新的方式，即從更深層面上解決打擊效率和作戰效果問題，努力實現精確化、可控化和智能化，而這就是信息化。目前，許多國家軍隊都在努力開拓跳出機械化戰爭困境的變革之路，機械化戰爭讓位給資訊化戰爭的趨勢不可逆轉。江主席敏銳洞察世界軍事領域發生的重大變化，精闢指出了新軍事變革的本質是資訊化革命，為我軍迎接世界新軍事變革的挑戰指明了方向。

目前，已開發國家軍隊都在大力推進武器裝備的資訊化建設，在積極發展C4 I系統、精確制導彈藥、靈巧武器、數位化單兵裝備的同時，注重搞好頂層設計，使目標偵察與監視、目標資訊處理與傳輸、精確打擊與毀傷評估實現一體化，形成「軍事大系統」。這樣，就把工業時代的適於發揮火力和機動力潛能的作戰體系，逐步改造成了資訊時代的適於資訊快速流動和使用的作戰體系。

我軍軍事鬥爭準備恰逢世界軍事領域正發生著真正的劇變，親歷了這場革命，我們應有比以往更強烈的時代感和緊迫感。當我們針對現實威脅認真準備的時候，我們一定不可以忽略或忘記我們正置身一個新的時代，一定不可以忙於應對而淡漠大勢。不眷戀我們已經熟悉了的東西，敏銳吸納歷史潮流為我們展示的新鮮事物，乘勢而上，把步子邁得更大一點，這就是與時俱進思想對時代挑戰的有力回應。

按照軍事變革大趨勢設計軍事鬥爭準備“總坐標”

江總書記在「5·31」演講中指出：「堅持解放思想、實事求是的思想路線，弘揚與時俱進的精神，是黨在長期執政條件下保持先進性和創造力的決定性因素。我們黨能否始終做到這一點，決定著中國的發展前途和命運。

———歷史的啟蒙：順應趨勢者昌，逆趨勢而動者亡。順應歷史潮流注定得到歷史的青睞，搶先者往往是那些對歷史潮流異常敏感的軍隊。 19世紀中葉，普魯士比其他國家更早察覺到工業革命對軍事領域帶來的挑戰，率先實現了軍事體係向機械化戰爭的過渡，從而使它在後來數十年間比那些兵力更多、科技水平更高的歐洲軍隊都佔有決定性優勢。

相反的情形是，軍事上的巨額投入與所取得的成果之間存在明顯落差，其原因恐怕也是缺乏乘勢而動的靈敏嗅覺。 17世紀中葉至18世紀末，中國社會在原有的體系框架下發展到了極致，軍事上也處於冷兵器時代的鼎盛期。幾乎在同一時間，世界發生了一系列改天換地的變革：火藥革命方興未艾，機械化革命接踵而至。面對軍事變革的衝擊，滿清軍隊卻死抱著“騎射乃滿洲根本”的迂腐觀念，把發明創造稱為“奇技淫巧”，把堅船利炮看成妖術。大清王朝最終被動挨打，喪權辱國。

歷史有著驚人的相似之處，歷史道路的選擇卻有高下優劣之分。當今，世界軍事又面臨大變動、大發展、大轉折。海灣戰爭以後，中央軍委敏銳察覺到世界軍事領域正在發生廣泛而深刻的變革，及時制定了新時期軍事戰略方針，要求把軍事鬥爭準備的基點放在打贏現代技術特別是高技術條件下的局部戰爭上；19 96年，在這一戰略方針的指導下，提出軍隊建設的指導思想必須實現由數量規模型向質量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型的兩個根本性轉變；1997年，又以高度的智慧和過人的膽魄，確定了軍隊跨世紀發展“三步走”戰略……這些重大舉措，充分體現了與時俱進的前瞻性視野。十多年來，我軍新時期軍事鬥爭準備之所以能夠不斷取得進展與突破，就是因為把與時俱進的時代精神融入其中。

———有益的經驗：把改革當作軍事鬥爭準備的著力點。冷戰後，國際局勢起了變化，各國軍隊開始重新設計發展藍圖。普遍的做法是，高度重視新軍事變革的影響，強調掌握戰爭形態轉型的歷史機遇，並依照時代要求推動軍事改革。一個波次接一個波次的改革浪潮此起彼伏，最終形成了席捲全球的改革之勢。

根據倫敦國際戰略研究所最近發表的《2001-2002年度戰略評估報告》稱，「9·11」事件以後，美軍提出了新一輪的軍事改革計劃，其中包括六個重要組成部分，首要部分是「關於未來戰爭的設想」。對未來戰爭有了新看法，必然對戰爭機器進行新的改造。其實，最早意識到當今這場軍事變革的是前蘇軍，但美軍後來居上，當許多機械化為主的軍隊還在爭論資訊化是否會到來時，美軍不動聲色地開始了資訊化改革，於1994年成立了“軍事革命研究高級指導委員會”，作為軍事改革的組織領導機構。各軍種也成立了相應的機構，如陸軍數位化辦公室和地面資訊戰中心、海軍新作戰概念委員會和艦隊資訊戰中心、空軍資訊戰中心等。經過多年積累，取得了大量有益成果，為軍隊資訊化改造提供了座標。

改革越深入，操作的難度就越高。許多國家的軍隊已經看到，在機械化時代日臻完善的軍事體系已經沒有太大的改造空間，必須大刀闊斧地推進新軍事革命。美國國防部專門成立了5個工作小組，集中探討如何使用資訊科技徹底改造美軍，並且建立了6個專門研究資訊戰的戰鬥實驗室。美軍認為，目前還不能有效地應付各種複雜的新安全挑戰，需要以迅速、靈活、各兵種有效聯合行動為目標進行軍事改革，包括設立一支常備聯合特遣部隊，開發需要的躍進技術，增強指揮機構的彈性，改革採購策略，放棄舊的軍事系統以便為新系統騰出經費，等等。俄、英、法、日等國推行新軍事革命的條件雖然不如美國完備，但它們也紛紛制定面向長遠的國防發展戰略與軍隊建設規劃，加快本國軍事改革的步伐，以迎接新軍事革命的挑戰。這些反映了大方向的改革舉措，值得我軍借鏡。

———使命的呼喚：把軍事鬥爭準備和建設一流軍隊統一起來。我軍軍事鬥爭準備的任務是確定的，而軍隊建設的參考係卻不是凝固的。多變的國際環境、未定的戰略格局以及我國所面臨的複雜的周邊安全形勢，這些都決定了一旦發生戰事，我們的作戰對手和作戰方向可能都不是單一的，主要戰略方向也具有相對性和可變性。建國後，我們所進行的幾場局部戰爭，幾乎沒有一場是在我們準備好了的戰略方向進行的。如果僅僅瞄準一個對手，設想一種情況，無疑是一種戰略短視。

面對這種局面，如何做好軍事鬥爭準備？答案是：提高軍事鬥爭準備的起點，建立一支一流軍隊。在充滿不確定性和不可測性的現實中，具備應付各種情況的「能力」才是最重要的。這如同參加大型國際賽，光是戰勝一個對手不行，只有戰勝一系列對手才能奪冠，這就需要綜合實力。所以，軍事鬥爭準備要從長計議，不過度專注近期威脅而忽略長遠建設，在突出重點的同時，著力去開發整個軍隊應付挑戰和不測事件的能力。這種能力只有透過加強品質建設，在追趕世界軍事強國的過程中獲得。利用我們的“後發優勢”，從發達國家軍隊發展的歷史中汲取營養，加速對先進技術、先進體制、先進思想的追趕過程，避免他們走過的彎路，最終形成自己的優勢。這樣，我們才能在為近期威脅作好準備的同時，也關照好未來。

軍事革命是全球性的，但它不會自動光顧每一個國家，它雖然使後發國家軍隊有了奮起追趕的可能性，但機運只為那些正確應對者而來。我們把現實軍事鬥爭準備和加強軍隊質量建設兩大戰略任務統一起來，邊準備，邊建設，以準備牽引建設，以建設促進準備，這無疑是正確的抉擇。

在變革潮流中走具有特色的軍事鬥爭準備之路

不同國家軍隊由於起點不同，對發展道路的選擇呈現出多樣性。國外某學者曾斷言：「一支軍隊什麼方面落後、落後多少完全規定了歷史的變化模式。」經濟學領域稱這種現象為「路徑依賴」。如果把世界軍事強國的變革之路視為唯一模式，不假思索地套於自身，那麼，必然導致起點、途徑與目標的嚴重錯置。

———確立嶄新的發展思路。戰爭形態在21世紀必定跨入資訊化階段，世界各國軍隊有可能在這場過渡中發生新的分化，形成作戰水準的重大差異與不平衡。要避免在新的角逐中落伍，常規的思路肯定不行，必須找到一條快速追趕的路徑。

機械化是西方軍隊的發達之路，這是由於當時的歷史背景給西方軍隊提供了特殊條件，而我軍不可能重新具備這些歷史條件，不可能在機械化戰爭形態中獲得同等發達水平。因此，我們應該認真反思在機械化框架中能否真正趕上已開發國家軍隊的問題。

資訊化戰爭是戰爭形態的大飛躍。其實，從舊形態轉向新形態的發展是透過作戰系統內部一系列巨大轉變來實現的，這種轉變不是舊形態向新形態的直線推移，而是一種「轉移式發展」。正如「蒸氣船不是進化發展的帆船；汽車不是馬和馬車的進化型改進；晶體管不是一種較好的真空管」一樣，「轉移式發展」是作戰手段的本質、方向的改變，其突出特徵是它的轉折性、非線性、間斷性和創新性，從舊型態的視角向前直線展望是看不到新型態的。

我軍目前尚處在機械化進程中，機械化的局限性正在快速顯現但尚未完全暴露，而我軍在資訊科技某些領域已逐漸涉足新軍事革命，甚至在某些局部某種程度上並不比許多西方國家軍隊落後。這顯示了一個事實，機械化與資訊化並不完全是直線相接的，在具備一定的條件下，有可能實現跨越式發展。古埃及的農業文明並不是建立在世界最發達的採獵文明基礎上，英國開拓工業文明也不是擁有世界最發達的農業文明。

新戰爭形態的間斷性、轉折性往往會給原本並不先進的軍隊提供一個後來居上的歷史機會。資訊革命為我軍在不擁有充分發展的機械化的基礎上實現跨越式發展提供了機會。

———用資訊化牽引機械化。武器裝備的「斷代性」發展，既是新軍事變革的重要內容，也是它的始因。一個帶根本性的問題是：正在研發或引進的武器系統是為哪一代戰爭做準備？如果用昨天的裝備迎接明天的戰爭，難免會碰壁。試舉一例。現在正在服役的絕大多數預警機，採用的雷達系統是主動式輻射雷達，這在下一代戰爭中將基本沒有生存能力，如果盲目引進此類預警機，是不是一種戰略失算？顯然，超前意識對裝備發展來說尤其重要。

所謂超前意識，對現階段的我軍來說，就是確立「用資訊化牽引機械化」的發展觀。資訊革命為我軍跨越式發展提供了機遇，但機械化階段不可能完全跨越，我軍武器裝備的機械化水準還不高，有些甚至只是半機械化。用資訊化牽引機械化，就是適度發展機械化，但不追求最發達的機械化，不影響資訊化改造的資金投入，不過度完善機械化指揮體系和機制，在維持機械化作戰方式的同時，保證資訊化改造順利進行。把適度發展機械化與資訊化結合起來，在維持前者的同時，重心向後者傾斜。

———在繼承中深化改革。江主席早在1996年就指出：「從當前世界軍事發展的動向看，我軍的編制體制不合理的問題也比較突出，編制體制的調整改革要繼續積極穩妥地進行。」任何軍隊都在沿襲著經過實踐檢驗、體現自身特色的編制傳統，如瑞典幾百年來一直採取了寓兵於民的組織體制，印度陸軍的編制體制仍然保留著英印時期的「聯隊制」傳統……但是，軍事變革的衝擊點往往先瞄準編制體制。編制體制所處的「樞紐」地位，使它成為任何一支有所作為的軍隊所關注的焦點。

隨著軍事革命向縱深發展，武器裝備、人員素質和作戰理論的一系列革新成果，最終都需要物化於一種順暢的體制內，用科學的機制去表現它、反映它，使其最迅速、最有效地釋放能量。我軍的編制體制調整應當衝破積弊，超越傳統，創造足夠的空間促進機構改革，堅定不移地朝著江主席所要求的「規模適度、結構合理、指揮靈便」的方向努力。所謂與時俱進，就應當在這些頂層設計的焦點、難點上大膽改革，而不應為眼前的細節所累。

———以科學技術為推動力。在新軍事變革的過程中，我軍的科學精神、科技意識都在與時俱進，全軍廣泛、深入、持久地開展科技練兵活動，走出了一條以科學技術為推動力的新的訓練發展道路。

歷史上，拒絕科學技術的軍隊均難逃厄運。在二次大戰中，日本關東軍信奉“完成任務的因素，是信念而不是知識”，戰鬥條令一味主張“白刃主義”。到了1938年“張鼓鋒事件”，儘管白刃戰傷亡僅佔總傷亡的千分之二點八，但關東軍1941年的戰鬥條令仍然強調“白刃主義”，缺少對付坦克和飛機的訓練。日軍戰後承認，關東軍「在近代作戰訓練方面幾乎等於零」。而西方軍隊則具有崇尚科學的傳統，他們十分重視根據軍事科技的發展及時修改訓練條例，調整訓練內容。據報道，美空軍已不再進行空中近距格鬥項目的訓練，而把訓練重點放在控制飛彈飛行上。

近年來，全軍按照新時期軍事戰略方針的要求，對教育訓練內容進行了全面改革，取得了階段性成果。但已經進行的改革是初步的，今後的路還很長。教育訓練內容創新，應緊緊圍繞下一代戰爭對人員素質和作戰能力提出的要求，由上至下搞好整體設計。近年來，我軍建成了全軍軍事訓練資訊網和各院校校園網，建立了一大批現代化教學場館和訓練場地，研製配發了一大批與新裝備配套的訓練模擬器材，實現了戰役戰術訓練模擬系統的互連互通……我們將高擎與時俱進這把時代精神的火炬，緊緊依靠科技進步，把教育訓練不斷推向新境界。

http://jczs.sina.com.cn 2002年7月16日 07:51 解放军报

中國原創軍事資源：https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2002-07-16/7489888.html?from=wap

#Information Support Force, #中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國太空軍, 中國的情報戰, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

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中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源：新華社 作者：林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯：喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語：

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語：

當今時代，軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力，深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等，日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰，主導力量是能量，透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊，達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的，追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰，主導力量是資訊力，訊息並沒有取代能量，而是透過對時空的精準定位，使能量的作戰效能成倍提升，從而成為戰爭的主導力量，追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰，主導力量是“智能力”，作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓，戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜，戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗，更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展，使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離，無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰，完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動，智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人，作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上，俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地，成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年，俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前，智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務，60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備，將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備，遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務，並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下，有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中，具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”，攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”，在信息網絡的支持下，人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同，共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點，2035年前，人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰；2050年前，將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰，正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確，個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言，社會行為豐富，所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐，同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機，由其自行精準編隊、精確分工，同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比，集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢，是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現，即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統，在應對無人機集群攻擊時，也難以合理分配火力，導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明，當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時，平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統；當無人機數量增至幾十架時，成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明，無人機集群作戰的效果顯著，對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅，同時也預示，集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

#Information Support Force, #中國的耗散戰, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military’s Dissipative warfare: a Typical Form of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍隊的耗散戰：智慧戰爭的典型形式

英文翻譯：

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical form of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to the combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power by integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal enrichment and integration and external mutation emergence. Strengthening the research on dissipative warfare will help us to deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical, information and cognitive domains in the intelligent era. It is embodied in the highly unified forms of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity and emergence of the intelligent warfare system.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the intelligent era, technologies such as broadband networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and nations are becoming more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, the time and space of war are constantly extending, and war and peace are inseparable and intertwined. The war system will further transcend local regional restrictions, from relative closure to greater openness, forming a higher level and larger range of confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of the intelligent warfare system in the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain, and highly unifies the forms of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict, and diplomatic checks and balances and incorporates them into the category of enemy-us confrontation, adapting to the requirements of the times for the development of the world security situation.

This is in line with the objective law of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in one of the forms of material consumption, energy dissipation and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the form of war was mainly manifested as a cold weapon war dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the industrial era, the form of war was mainly manifested as thermonuclear weapons and mechanized war dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly manifested as an information war dominated by information elements and centered on the network security system. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between the enemy and us. In essence, it highly unifies the three elements of matter, energy and information. Through empowering, gathering and releasing energy with intelligence, an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms has been formed. The main form of expression is the dissipative war that reflects the confrontation of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

It has a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. The social form is the mother of the war form. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must base ourselves on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of the war form and the social form in which intelligent warfare is located, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that constitute the world. Matter embodies the existence of the origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The three progressively and alternately dominate the evolution and operation of social and war forms. According to the principle of negation of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be matter again after matter, energy and information. However, this material is a new type of material formed after a spiral rise after high informatization, and its main feature is that it has intelligent technology attributes. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristics and advantages of matter, energy and information in the previous low-level war form, and highly unifies the forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion that are prevalent in war, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inherent meaning of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the subjects and scope of war, and presents many new characteristics.

Comprehensive game of confrontation. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, the interconnection and influence of political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more extensive, and the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system. The confrontation of war stakeholders will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances. The war advantage pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, and transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to gain initiative and advantage in the comprehensive game in multiple fields.

The subjects are cross-domain and diversified. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming more and more generalized, and the potential forces of war that need to be mobilized in traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the subjects of war. Diversified war subjects will cross the real domain and the virtual domain, appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and psychology, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering multiple social domains such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and pass it on to war stakeholders, resulting in the spread of key information about the war, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Forces are integrated and enriched. Virtual forces are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real forces and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; unmanned forces are integrated. After going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and manual supervision, unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy, and can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and effectively coordinate and coexist in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multiple forces are integrated. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the forces of the party, government, military, police, and civilians will closely coordinate military operations with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles, and unify their actions to form comprehensive combat power. In short, under the integrated planning of the country or political group, although the multiple participating forces of intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated excellence around the common purpose of war.

Effectiveness accumulates and emerges. While the high-level war form has new technical characteristics, it still includes the characteristic advantages of the low-level war form. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy, and the diffusion and integration of data, knowledge, algorithms, etc. at the information level, which has an unlimited impact on people’s thinking cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare shows a decrease in bloodiness, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the effectiveness accumulation reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Fighting a Dissipative War by Choosing the Right Combat Focus

The intelligent warfare system achieves maximum system combat effectiveness through internal enrichment and integration, external mutation, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation, which is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the operational focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and find the focus of war preparation.

Focus on the openness of the system and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, so that it lacks material, energy and information sources, and gradually moves towards an isolated, closed and weak state. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system’s entropy to increase. At the campaign level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force its war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, the opponent’s war system is destroyed in different domains. The more connections and the closer the degree of connection between the elements of the intelligent war system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. By using the principle of relative independence of each layer in a complex system, we can formulate strategic overall, local and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based destruction of the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the economic blockade is adopted to greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the campaign level, the vulnerability of the combat system communication network is utilized, and the network-electric composite attack is used as the basic path and means. The methods of “destroying the end, attacking the element, isolating the group, disconnecting the network, and breaking the cloud” are adopted to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure and cause the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on system emergence and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s war system. Only when the intelligent war system has mutation and emergence effects can it quickly form and exert system effectiveness and gain dissipative warfare advantages. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It can be foreseen that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex war systems, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. The party with the advantage in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dismantling the enemy’s war system.

現代國語：

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰，是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究，有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理，贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。


耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果


耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。
適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。
符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智慧化時代，智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能，形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態，主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。
具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現聯繫的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運行。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來，反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。
深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義
耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。
對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。
主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。
力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生；多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。
效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合，對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。
在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰
智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。
著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。
著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。
著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

中文原創資訊科技來源：http://www.81it.com/2023/0509/14288.html