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Strengthening the Military with Chinese Characteristics A Path of Deep Reform

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中國特色強軍之路 深化改革之路

現代英語：

From November 24 to 26, 2015, the world-renowned deepening of national defense and military reform was officially launched, opening the curtain for our army to seize the strategic commanding heights of future military competition. This is the most revolutionary military reform of the People’s Liberation Army in 60 years. The reform is unprecedented in its force, structure and scope.

Give full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics

Ren Tianyou

A new round of reforms in our military has begun. With the establishment of the joint command system, theater system, and service construction and management system, China’s military reform is taking a key step forward with a new attitude. What is different from the past is that this is a comprehensive reform with the leadership and command system as the core, a “reform above the neck”, with unprecedented determination, unprecedented action, unprecedented benefits, and unprecedented risks.

In carrying out top-down reform, our army’s greatest advantage lies in the system. This reform starts from the headquarters, services, military regions and other high-level leadership organs of the army, starting from the “brain” and “center” of the army. The reason why we bravely cross the shoals and why we are full of confidence is the advantage of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics.

The core of giving full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics is to uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military. If this point is not seen, the reform will make the mistake of purely military perspectives; if this point is not adhered to, it will not be able to gather motivation and innovation in the face of difficulties, and the reform will eventually become a building on gravel, which cannot withstand the battle on the battlefield and the test of history. To uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is to resolutely implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, break through various ideological obstacles to build consensus, and obey orders regardless of personal gains and losses and local interests. Only in this way can the military reform overcome numerous difficulties and reach the other side of victory.

Reform is a process of interest adjustment. The obstacles to military reform in ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, also highlight the threshold of interests. It is easy to defeat the thief in the mountains, but it is difficult to defeat the thief in the heart. Compared with people’s subjective consciousness, under the new era conditions, more attention should be paid to breaking the obstacles to reforming the old system by improving the system and the legal system. The rule of law should be used to ensure the coordination of the resources of the whole army and realize the concentration of forces for reform; the rule of law should be used to withdraw and merge to reduce the space for backward combat forces and make room for new combat forces; the rule of law should be used to ensure the smooth operation of the new leadership and command system and strongly eliminate the interference from local interests and personal interests.

Who can successfully implement reforms and who can successfully manage risks are the major issues that determine the fate of reforms. As Engels said, “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around, it is no good to let these conservative prejudices dominate the army. We need newer and braver minds.” Since the Gulf War, the US military has continuously produced talented generals, from Boyd to Owens, from Powell to Ramosfeld, theorists and practitioners have emerged in an endless stream, either relying on their achievements on the battlefield or being selected through the survival of the fittest in theory. For this reason, if the talent selection rules are not refreshed, the reform may remain in the trap of “old wine in new bottles” where “old heads” monopolize new positions.

Chairman Mao Zedong said that our army matures quickly in war. This is because our army always takes the initiative to reform and forges a path to victory at the critical moment of life and death. Looking back at history, our army’s reform is often not a calm and unhurried process, but a desperate outbreak under external threats and internal pressure. The “Three Bays Reform” started with a team of less than a thousand people in the repeated failures of urban riots, and the streamlining of the army and government was carried out in the heavy siege of the Japanese invaders’ “Three Alls” policy and iron wall encirclement. Today’s reform of our army is taking place under the hegemonic countries’ flaunting of maritime hegemony and military provocations, and it is set sail in the Japanese right-wing forces’ eagerness to shake the peace constitution and then plot to subvert the post-war international order. It shoulders the mission of defending national territorial sovereignty and maintaining world peace, and it cannot tolerate delay, carelessness, or retreat. At the same time, it should be seen that this military reform is based on the country’s economic take-off and is a leap forward standing on the solid shoulders of scientific and technological innovation. The opportunity is rare and should not be missed.

(The author is the director of the Strategic Education and Research Department of the National Defense University and a major general)

(Excerpt from Guangming Daily, December 23, 2015)

Military reform: a charge to seize strategic commanding heights

Lu Jianyong Wang Xueping

Build a joint combat command organization and launch a combined attack

Information warfare is a game between systems and systems, and systems and systems. The way of winning by fighting alone has no place. In the ever-changing information battlefield, whether the various services can closely coordinate to form a joint force depends on the joint operations command organization. Looking at the armies of the powerful countries in the world today, all of them have the ability to win information warfare by building a strong joint operations command organization. After the end of the Cold War, the US military immediately began to adjust and build the leadership and command system of the headquarters, and the same is true for the armies of Russia, Britain, France and other countries. This major reform of our army, standing at the commanding heights of the world, can be said to be a global vision and strategic thinking. By 2020, we must “strive to build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics that can win information warfare and effectively fulfill missions and tasks.” The leadership and management system and the joint operations command system are designed as a whole, and “joint operations command organizations are established”, and efforts are made to build a “combat command system of the Military Commission-theater-troops”. The joint command organization has made its debut, making the “central nervous system” of the army more efficient and flexible, as shown in the following:

Strengthened unified command. The military is an armed force group with special missions and tasks. Its special nature requires a highly unified command. President Xi Jinping stressed that “we must focus on implementing the requirements of political military construction under the new situation, promote the organic unity of leadership and control of the troops and efficient command of the troops, and form a pattern in which the CMC is in charge of overall affairs, the theater commands are responsible for combat, and the services are responsible for construction.” The so-called CMC is in charge of overall affairs, which means “strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the CMC, and better concentrating the highest leadership and command of the military in the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission”, so that the military will always listen to the Party.

Reduced levels of command. Modern warfare is about speed. Without the rapid decision-making and command of the command organs and the rapid response of the troops, there will be no initiative on the battlefield. The CMC and the theater directly command the troops, and the command chain is greatly compressed. The will and determination of the command level are transformed into troop actions in the shortest path, which can effectively seize the initiative on the battlefield in a rapidly changing battlefield.

Achieved efficiency and effectiveness. A bloated and inefficient leadership and command structure not only makes it difficult for the military machine to operate efficiently and quickly, but also makes it easier for a powerful enemy to “attack wherever it points to.” Building a three-level command system of “CMC, theater, and troops” can effectively achieve high efficiency in combat command through the streamlining and reorganization of organs and clear division of functions.

Establish the Army Department, divide the war zones, and plan for war

For a long time, the leadership and command system of our army has been imperfect. The army’s construction, management and leadership functions are performed by various departments of the headquarters, resulting in overlapping command and management functions of the army, multiple policies and mutual constraints. This is not only not conducive to the top-level design and systematic planning of army construction, but also puts too much burden on the headquarters. The huge and repeated establishment of military district organs also leads to conflicts and dual weakening of command and management functions. These problems have seriously affected the overall construction of the army as a service, and restricted the formation and performance of the joint combat command functions of the headquarters and theater. At present, the armies of major countries in the world have established army headquarters, which are responsible for various tasks of the construction of their own services, including personnel and administrative management, education and training, military scientific research, military mobilization, weapons and equipment, and logistics support. In this military reform of our army, President Xi Jinping, based on a scientific judgment of my country’s security situation and in line with the general trend of the world’s military revolution, pointed out that deepening the reform of national defense and the army should “focus on solving the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that restrict national defense and army building, promote the modernization of the army’s organizational form, further liberate and develop combat effectiveness, further liberate and enhance the vitality of the army, and build a consolidated national defense and a strong army that is commensurate with my country’s international status and compatible with national security and development interests”. Some military experts analyzed that the establishment of the Army Department in this military reform will make the army more aware of its military services. The strengthening of the top-level design of the army’s construction and development can fundamentally solve the problems of our army’s large number and scale, unreasonable proportion of arms, long and short leadership and command system, and excessive non-combat units. A sensitive, synthetic, multi-functional, and efficient army with Chinese characteristics will stand in the east of the world. The transformation of military regions into theaters of war is even more significant.

First, the theater is dedicated to fighting wars and is a complete regional combat organization. In the future, our army will have a clearer idea of ​​”what kind of war to fight and how to fight it”, and forward-looking war design will also drive and guide the development of military construction and promote the leap in the combat effectiveness of the troops. Second, the transformation of military regions into theaters is not only a reorganization of the leadership and command institutions, but also a more efficient and effective leadership and command level, and also makes military struggle preparations more targeted. At the same time, the institutionalization and normalization of theater joint training ensures that peacetime training is connected with future wars.

Establish the Military Commission’s Discipline Inspection Commission and the Political and Legal Commission to keep the military flag forever bright red

Our army has grown from nothing to something, from small to large, from weak to strong, and from victory to victory. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the army and strictly governing the army are the fundamental guarantees. This military reform is a historical opportunity for our army to catch up and overtake in the new round of military revolution. It is even more necessary to pave the way and escort it by governing the army according to law and strictly governing the army. President Xi Jinping pointed out that “we should focus on deepening the rule of law and strict governance of the army, grasp the key of governing power, and build a strict system of constraints and supervision on the exercise of power”. “Focus on solving the problem of insufficient independence and authority of military discipline inspection, inspection, audit, justice, and supervision, and strive to eradicate the soil for the breeding and spread of corruption by weaving a tight cage of the system. Establish a new Military Commission Discipline Inspection Commission, send discipline inspection teams to the Military Commission organs and theaters respectively, and promote the implementation of the dual leadership system of the Discipline Inspection Commission. Adjust and establish the Military Commission Audit Office, and implement all resident audits. Establish a new Military Commission Political and Legal Affairs Commission, adjust the military judicial system, set up military courts and military procuratorates according to regions, and ensure that they exercise their powers independently and impartially in accordance with the law.”

Optimize the force structure of the armed forces and make a leap forward in “combat effectiveness”

The military force structure in which the three armed forces revolve around the army and the army revolves around the heavy-armed forces is no longer suitable for the three-dimensional, speedy and wide-area needs of modern warfare. Looking at the military reforms of major countries in the world today, all of them seek combat effectiveness through structural reorganization, especially by drastically reducing the strength of outdated arms and accelerating the development of new combat forces, so that the army can stand at the forefront of military reform. For example, focus on the development of technical arms and arms with strong assault power, accelerate the construction of rapid reaction forces, light armored forces, special operations forces and army aviation, etc., to meet the needs of information warfare, system warfare and speed warfare. In addition, the “breaking the boundaries of military arms and creating integrated forces” in the military of some countries has also become a major trend in the development of troop formations. For example, the joint expeditionary force formed by the US military includes army divisions, naval aircraft carrier battle groups, Marine Corps units (subunits) and air force fighter wings. At this military reform meeting, President Xi Jinping emphasized that “we should focus on building elite combat forces, optimize the scale structure and troop formation, and promote the transformation of our army from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency.” We must “adjust and improve the proportion of military services, optimize the force structure of the military services, reform the troop composition according to the security needs and combat missions in different directions, and promote the development of troop composition in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, versatility and flexibility.” This clearly points out that the key to building the combat effectiveness of our army must be to firmly grasp the optimization of the military structure.

First, we should optimize the force structure of the services, accelerate the development of the navy and air force, and appropriately reduce the size of the army, so that our military force structure can effectively respond to the informationized local wars that may be launched from the sea in the future. Second, we should optimize the force structure of the services, reduce and eliminate obsolete forces, accelerate the development of new combat forces, and make the proportion of each service more reasonable. Third, we should optimize the organization of the troops, focus on the needs of diversified military tasks, build multi-type troops that can meet different directions and different threats, and improve the pertinence of military struggle preparations.

(Excerpt from Study Times, December 10, 2015)

The connotation and requirements of our army’s distinctive joint culture

Li Fengbiao

Xi Jinping pointed out: “A cause without cultural support is difficult to sustain for a long time.” As a special military culture, joint culture is the concept and behavior formed by joint command personnel in military practice regarding the knowledge system, value orientation, thinking method, moral norms and psychological awareness of joint operations. It is an important “soft power” that nourishes and enhances joint combat capabilities.

Loyalty, reliability, centralization and unity. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is not only the fundamental magic weapon for our military to defeat the enemy, but also the greatest advantage and feature of our military’s advanced culture. In modern information-based joint operations, political factors are more prominent, the participating forces are more diverse, the organization and command are more complex, and the coordination requirements are more stringent. To organically aggregate highly dispersed combat elements, combat units, and combat systems to form a strong combat capability, we must also have unswerving faith and centralized and unified leadership.

Reform and innovation, information dominance. In today’s era, reform and innovation are the spiritual driving force for accelerating military construction, and information dominance is the key concept for winning military games. The two will inevitably constitute the most distinctive contemporary characteristics of joint culture. In particular, through the practice of informatized local wars in recent years and the development trend of the new military revolution, it is not difficult to find that informatization has not only made traditional intelligence warfare forces, electronic warfare forces, and command and control forces more powerful, but also spawned new combat forces such as cyber warfare and psychological warfare. Information dominance is no longer just a purely technical concept, but has gradually become a new concept to guide the military transformation of various countries’ armies.

Flexible, autonomous, and systemic operations. Our army has always emphasized flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics, which is an important magic weapon for leveraging strengths and avoiding weaknesses and attacking the enemy’s soft spots, and provides an important reference for our army’s joint culture. In the era of information warfare, the enemy and our offensive and defensive battles are rapidly changing, and the battlefield situation is changing rapidly. In particular, the significant characteristics of platform operations, system support, tactical operations, and strategic guarantees provide a solid foundation and broad space for giving full play to our army’s “live” advantages. To develop our army’s joint culture, we must correctly apply the basic principles of joint operations, integrate our army’s strategies and tactics into the multi-dimensional integrated force system of land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, and transform them into strategic guidance, tactical thinking, and command art for future joint operations. You fight yours, I fight mine, and you attack others without being attacked by others, forming an asymmetric advantage, and always mastering the strategic and operational initiative.

Integration of peacetime and wartime, comprehensive integration. In the face of the current severe test of responding to multiple security threats and completing diversified military tasks, to develop our military’s joint culture, we must not only timely transform and cultivate new ideas for preparing for war, infiltrate and reflect the scientific methods of joint operations in all areas of planning and guiding the construction of troops, coordinate and allocate various resources, and improve the level of troops built in peacetime according to joint operations standards; we must also focus on enhancing the system combat capability based on information systems in wartime, give full play to the role of information technology, use system engineering methods, integrate various subsystems and subsystems that generate combat effectiveness into an organic whole, and strive to make the integration of armed forces, military organization, command and control, and combat elements a conscious practice, so as to maximize the cohesion of combat capabilities and release combat energy.

Unity and cooperation, joint victory. Uniting as one for the common revolutionary ideal, fighting side by side, and striving for victory have always been the value concept of our army to defeat powerful enemies. Under the conditions of informatization, the rapid development of science and technology has not only unprecedentedly improved the combat capabilities of various elements, but also made the battlefield situation extremely complicated. Only by strengthening the value concept of joint victory, focusing on the linkage of systems and systems, complementary advantages, dynamic coordination, sincere unity, and efficient elite troops, can we win the greatest victory at the lowest cost. To develop the joint culture of our army, we must highlight unity and cooperation, and joint victory, actively build a concept of victory, honor, interests, and gains and losses that are consistent with joint operations, thoroughly break the constraints of the interests of the military and arms and the narrow local concepts, and consciously cultivate a joint spirit of independent coordination, conscious cooperation, and cross-linking and interaction, so that various combat forces can be optimally combined and seamlessly linked, demonstrating effectiveness and winning together.

(The author is the deputy commander of the Chengdu Military Region)

(Excerpt from the Liberation Army Daily, December 23, 2015)

Russia and the United States: Cultivating military talents for joint operations

Tian Yiwei

Comprehensively cultivating joint operations command talents, joint operations information training management talents, and joint operations information technology professionals, and promoting the construction of a high-quality joint operations talent team is a basic way to promote the formation of joint operations capabilities at the cultural level in the military reforms of countries around the world.

The Russian military has made the training of joint combat talents a priority in the development of military culture. It believes that military academies are the bases for the training of military talents and the cradle of joint culture, and they play a leading and exemplary role in the development of joint culture. In order to expand the knowledge structure of students, enhance mutual understanding between the military services, and eliminate “partisanship”, the Russian military has carried out major reforms in the military education system, strengthened the construction of the elementary, intermediate and advanced joint education system, and improved the joint combat command capability throughout the education process. At the end of 2008, the Russian military began to fully integrate the military education system. As Russian President Putin pointed out: “Military education is undergoing major reforms. We are setting up 10 large scientific research and teaching centers. All of these institutions are built in a strict vertical system and provide officers with opportunities to continuously improve their professional level based on their service. In this regard, we rely on our own traditions and draw on practical experience from around the world.”

The Education Department of the Russian Ministry of Defense revealed that in order to continuously improve the joint combat literacy of officers at all levels, the role of on-the-job short-term training will be fully utilized in the future, the knowledge structure of the officer team will be updated in a timely manner, and officers will be ensured to become high-level professionals who master modern technology. The Russian military has also opened information-based joint combat lectures at senior and intermediate military academies, and revised the teaching syllabus to make the teaching content of the academies closer to the reality of modern warfare. The Russian General Staff Military Academy organized joint combat seminars to improve the students’ information-based joint combat command capabilities and create composite commanders who are proficient in joint culture. The experience of the Russian military in strengthening the training of joint command talents tells us that it is necessary to incorporate integrated joint combat education and training based on information systems into the training of commanders, so that commanders can receive education and training on “integrated joint combat” as planned in primary and intermediate command positions, so that they can master relevant knowledge and skills before entering senior command positions and have a certain degree of joint literacy. The superb art of joint combat command has accumulated the profound heritage of joint culture and depicted the profound imprint of joint culture. It runs through the entire process of the growth of joint combat talents, penetrates into all aspects of the growth of joint combat talents, affects the thinking mode, values, mental model and behavioral habits of joint combat talents, is a catalyst and multiplier for the forging of joint combat talents, and fundamentally determines the quality and level of joint combat talent training.

In actual training, the armies of many countries in the world emphasize that all services and units should give priority to joint training, focus on cultivating commanders’ awareness and ability of coordination across services, arms, and departments, and emphasize instilling “instinctive joint thinking” in soldiers from the beginning of basic individual training, so that commanders and soldiers can fully realize that they are members of the joint force and part of the overall combat force, and consciously think about problems and take actions from a joint perspective. Taking the joint operations of the US military as an example, after going through the two stages of eliminating conflicts between services and bridging gaps between services, the US military is now in the stage of seamless integration of multi-service capabilities and is developing towards cohesive joint operations.

(The author is the political assistant of the Foreign Military Department of the Academy of Military Sciences)

(Excerpt from Reference News on December 28, 2015)

Source: Red Flag Digest Magazine, Issue 2, 2016

現代國語：

編者以 2015年11月24日至26日，備受世界矚目的深化國防和軍事改革正式啟動，拉開了我軍搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點的大幕。這是人民解放軍60年來撼動性最強的一次軍改，改革推進力度之大、調整結構之多、影響範圍之廣，可謂前所未有。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢

任天佑

我軍新一輪改革大幕已經拉開。隨著聯合指揮體制、戰區體制、軍種建設管理體制的確立，中國軍事變革正以嶄新姿態邁出關鍵一步。與以往不同的是，這是以領導指揮系統為核心的全面改革，是“脖子以上的改革”，改革決心之大前所未有，改革動作之大前所未有，改革效益之大前所未有，改革風險之大也前所未有。

進行自上而下的改革，我軍最大的優勢在製度。這次改革從總部、軍種、軍區這些軍隊的高層領率機關開始，從軍隊「大腦」和「中樞」起步。我們憑什麼勇涉險灘，憑什麼充滿自信，憑的是中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢，核心在於堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導。不看到這條，改革就會犯單純軍事觀點的毛病；不堅持這一點，就會在攻堅克難面前凝聚不起動力和創新力，最終讓改革變成沙礫上建樓房，經不起戰場上的較量，經不起歷史的檢驗。堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導，就是要堅決貫徹黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策部署，衝破各種思想障礙以凝聚共識，不計個人得失、局部利益而聽令而行。惟如此，軍事改革才能突破千難萬險，到達勝利的彼岸。

改革是利益調整的過程，古今中外軍事改革的阻礙也突顯在利益這道門檻上。破山中賊易，破心中賊難。與人的主觀自覺性相比，新的時代條件下，更應著重於透過完善製度法制，破除改革舊體制的攔路虎。以法治化確保全軍資源的統籌力，實現集中力量辦改革；以法治化撤併壓縮落後作戰力量空間，為新型作戰力量騰籠換鳥；以法治化保障新型領導指揮系統的平穩運行，強力破除來自局部利益、個人利益的干擾。

什麼人才能成功執行改革，什麼人才能成功駕馭風險，這是決定改革命運的大事。正如恩格斯所說：「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候，讓這些保守的偏見在軍隊中佔統治地位，是沒有好處的。我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」海灣戰爭以來，美軍不斷湧現悍將乾才，從博伊德到歐文斯，從鮑威爾到拉莫斯菲爾德，理論家、實戰家層出不窮，不是在戰場上靠戰績打拼出來，便是在理論上優勝劣汰而來。為此，不刷新人才選拔規則，改革就可能停留在「舊腦殼」壟斷新位置的「新瓶裝舊酒」陷阱。

毛澤東主席說，我們這支軍隊在戰爭中成熟得快。這是因為我軍總是在生死存亡的關頭以主動變革闖出勝利之路。回顧歷史，我軍改革往往不是水到渠成般的從容不迫，而是在外有威脅、內有壓力下的絕地爆發。 「三灣改編」是在城市暴動的屢屢失敗中從不足千人的隊伍起步的，精兵簡政是在日寇「三光」政策、鐵壁合圍的重重圍困中展開的。今天我軍的改革，是在霸權國家炫耀海洋霸權、武力挑釁下發生的，是在日本右翼勢力撼動和平憲法進而圖謀顛覆戰後國際秩序的蠢蠢欲動中起航的，它肩負捍衛國家領土主權、維護世界和平的使命，容不得拖延，容不得馬虎，更容不得退縮。同時要看到，這次軍事改革是以國家經濟起飛為基礎的，是站在科技創新堅實肩膀上的躍進，機遇難得，機不可失。

(作者為國防大學戰略教學部主任、少將)

(摘自2015年12月23日《光明日報》)

軍改：搶佔戰略制高點的衝鋒號

盧建永 王雪平

建構聯合作戰指揮機構，打好組合拳

資訊化戰爭是體系與體系、系統與系統的博弈，單打獨鬥的勝利方式已沒有了用武之地。在變幻莫測的資訊化戰場上，諸軍兵種能否密切協調形成合力，聯合作戰指揮機構是「牛鼻子」。展望當今世界強國軍隊，無不透過建強聯合作戰指揮機構，使軍隊具備打贏資訊化戰爭的能力。冷戰結束後，美軍便立即著手進行總部領導指揮體制的調整與建設，俄羅斯、英國、法國等軍隊也是如此。我軍此次重磅改革，站在世界制高點思考，可謂全球視野、戰略思維。 2020年前要「努力建構能夠打贏資訊化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系」。對領導管理體制和聯合作戰指揮體制進行一體設計”，“組建聯合作戰指揮機構”，著力構建“軍委—戰區—部隊的作戰指揮體系”。聯合指揮機構登台亮相，讓軍隊的“中樞神經”更加高效靈活，具體表現為：

強化了統一指揮。軍隊是擔負特殊使命任務的武裝力量集團，其特殊性要求必須高度統一指揮。習近平主席強調，「要著眼於貫徹新形勢下政治建軍的要求，推進領導掌握部隊和高效指揮部隊有機統一，形成軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建的格局」。所謂軍委管總，就是“強化軍委集中統一領導，更好使軍隊最高領導權和指揮權集中於黨中央、中央軍委”，讓軍隊永遠聽黨的話。

減少了指揮層次。現代戰爭打的是“速度”，沒有指揮機關的快速決策、指揮和部隊的快速反應，就沒有戰場上的主動權。軍委會、戰區直接指揮部隊，指揮連結大大壓縮，指揮層的意志、決心，最短路徑轉化為部隊行動，在瞬息萬變的戰場上可有效搶佔先機，贏得戰場主動。

實現了精幹高效。臃腫低能的領導指揮機構，不僅難以讓軍隊機器高效快速運轉，更容易成為強敵「指哪兒打哪裡」的第一口餐。建構「軍委會、戰區、部隊」三級指揮體系，透過機關精修、重組，職能分工明確，可有效達成作戰指揮的高效益。

設陸軍部、劃戰區，專職謀打仗

長期以來，我軍陸軍領導指揮體制不健全，陸軍的建設、管理和領導職能由總部機關各部門代行，導致陸軍指揮與管理職能重疊，政出多門，相互制約，不僅不利於對陸軍建設進行頂層設計和系統規劃，而且使總部機關承受了過重的負擔。軍區機關的龐大與重複性設置，也導致指揮與管理職能相互衝突、雙重弱化。這些問題，既嚴重影響了陸軍作為一個軍種的整體建設，也限制了總部和戰區聯合作戰指揮功能的形成與發揮。目前，世界主要國家軍隊陸軍均建有陸軍總部，負責本軍種建設的各項工作，包括人事及行政管理、教育訓練、軍事科研、兵役動員、武器裝備及後勤支援等。我軍此次軍改，習近平主席基於對我國安全情勢的科學判斷，順應世界軍事革命大勢，指出深化國防和軍隊改革要「著力解決制約國防和軍事建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進軍隊組織形態現代化，進一步解放和發展戰鬥力，進一步解放和增強軍隊活力，建立同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊」。有軍事專家分析，此次軍改設陸軍部，將使陸​​軍的軍種意識更強，陸軍建設發展頂層設計的強化，可從根本上解決我軍陸軍數量規模大、兵種比例不合理、領導指揮體制縱長橫短，以及非作戰單位過度過濫的問題，一支靈敏、合成、多能、高效的中國特色陸軍將立於世界東方。而軍區變戰區，意義更重大。

一是戰區專職謀打仗，是一個完整的區域性作戰組織，未來我軍「打什麼仗、仗怎麼打」就會更清楚，而前瞻性的戰爭設計也會拉動和牽引軍隊建設發展，促進部隊戰鬥力躍升。二是軍區變戰區，既是一次領導指揮機構脫胎換骨的力量重組，領導指揮層更精幹高效，也使軍事鬥爭準備的針對性更強，同時戰區聯合訓練的製度化、常態化，確保了平時訓練與未來戰爭對接。

組成軍委紀委、政法委，讓軍旗永遠鮮紅

我軍從無到有、從小到大、從弱到強、從勝利走向勝利，堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導，從嚴治軍是根本保證。這次軍改，是我軍在新一輪軍事革命潮起湧動中能否迎頭趕上、彎道超車的歷史機遇，更需以依法治軍、從嚴治軍為其開路護航。習近平主席指出，「要著眼於深入推進依法治軍、從嚴治軍，抓住治權這個關鍵，建構嚴密的權力運作制約和監督體系」。 「專注於解決軍隊紀檢、巡視、審計、司法、監督獨立性和權威性不夠的問題，以編密紮緊制度的籠子，努力剷除腐敗現象滋生蔓延的土壤。組建新的軍委紀委，向軍委機關部門和戰區分別派駐紀檢組，推動紀委雙重領導體制落到實處。依法獨立公正行使職權。

優化軍兵種力量結構，讓「戰鬥力」實現跨越

三軍圍繞陸軍轉、陸軍圍繞重裝部隊的軍兵種力量結構，已不適應現代戰爭立體性、速度性、廣域性的需要。縱觀當今世界主要國家軍改，無不向結構重組要戰鬥力，特別是透過重刀削減過時兵種力量，加速新銳作戰力量發展，使軍隊挺立於軍事變革潮頭。如，重點發展技術兵種和突擊力強的兵種，加快快速反應部隊、輕型裝甲部隊、特種作戰部隊和陸軍航空兵建設等，以應對資訊化戰爭體系戰、速度戰的需要。另外，一些國家軍隊「打破軍兵種界線，創建一體化部隊」也成為部隊編組形式發展的大趨勢。如美軍組成的聯合遠徵部隊包括陸軍師、海軍航空母艦戰鬥群、海軍陸戰隊部(分)隊和空軍戰鬥機聯隊。這次軍改會上，習近平主席強調指出，「要著眼打造精銳作戰力量，優化規模結構和部隊編成，推動我軍由數量規模型轉向質量效能型」。若要「調整改善軍種比例，優化軍種力量結構，依照不同方向安全需求和作戰任務改革部隊編成，推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展」。鮮明地指出了我軍戰鬥力建設必須牢牢抓住軍兵種結構來優化這個關鍵。

一是優化軍種力量結構，加速海、空軍力量發展，適當壓縮陸軍數量規模，使我軍力量結構能有效應對未來可能從海上發起的資訊化局部戰爭。二是優化兵種力量結構，削減、淘汰過時的兵種力量，加速發展新銳作戰力量，使各軍種的兵種比例更合理。三是優化部隊編制，著眼多樣化軍事任務需求，建設能滿足不同方向、不同威脅的多類型部隊，提高軍事鬥爭準備的針對性。

(摘自2015年12月10日《學習時報》)

我軍特色聯合文化的內涵要求

李鳳彪

習近平指出：「一項沒有文化支撐的事業難以持續長久」。作為一種特殊的軍事文化，聯合文化是聯合指揮人才在軍事實踐中關於聯合作戰的知識體系、價值取向、思維方法、道德規範和心理意識等形成的觀念形態和行為方式，是滋養和提升聯合作戰能力的重要“軟實力”

忠誠可靠、集中統一。堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導，既是我軍克敵制勝的根本法寶，也是我軍先進文化的最大優勢、最大特色。現代資訊化聯合作戰，政治因素更加凸顯、參戰力量更加多元、組織指揮更加複雜、協同要求更加嚴格，把高度分散的作戰要素、作戰單元、作戰體係有機聚合起來，形成強大的戰鬥力，同樣必須有忠貞不渝的信念和集中統一的領導。

改革創新、資訊主導。在當今時代，改革創新是加速軍隊建設的精神動力，資訊主導是贏得軍事博弈的關鍵理念，二者必然構成聯合文化最鮮明的時代特色。特別是透過近年來資訊化局部戰爭實踐和新軍事革命發展大勢，不難發現資訊化不僅使傳統的情報戰力量、電子戰力量、指揮控制力量變得更加強大，而且催生了網路戰、心理戰等新的作戰力量，資訊主導已不僅是純粹技術性概念，逐漸成為指導各國軍隊軍事轉型的全新理念。

靈活自主、體係作戰。我軍歷來強調靈活機動的戰略戰術，這是揚長避短、擊敵軟肋的重要法寶，為我軍聯合文化提供了重要藉鏡。進入資訊化戰爭時代，敵我攻防交戰轉換迅捷、戰場形勢瞬息萬變，尤其是平台作戰、體系支撐，戰術行動、戰略保障的顯著特徵，為充分發揮我軍「活」的優勢提供了堅實基礎和廣闊空間。發展我軍聯合文化，就要正確運用聯合作戰的基本原則，把我軍戰略戰術融會貫通於陸、海、空、天、電、網多維一體的力量體系中，轉化為未來聯合作戰的戰略指導、戰術思想和指揮藝術，你打你的、我打我的，致人而不致於人，形成非對稱優勢，始終掌握戰略和作戰主動。

平戰一體、綜合集成。面對當前應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的嚴峻考驗，發展我軍聯合文化，不僅要及時轉換和培育備戰打仗的新思路，把聯合作戰的科學方法滲透體現到策劃和指導部隊建設的整個過程各領域，搞好各種資源統籌配置，提高平時按照聯合作戰標準建設部隊的層次水平；而且要著眼增強戰時基於信息系統的體係作戰能力，發揮信息技術作用，運用系統工程方法，把生成戰鬥力的各個子系統、分系統整合成一個有機的整體，努力使武裝力量一體化、軍隊編成一體化、指揮控制一體化、作戰要素一體化成為自覺遵循，最大限度地凝聚作戰能力、釋放作戰能量。

團結協作、聯合製勝。為共同革命的理想團結一心、並肩奮戰、爭取勝利，向來是我軍戰勝強敵的價值理念。在資訊化條件下，科技的快速發展既使各要素作戰能力空前提升，也使戰場情況異常複雜，只有強化聯合製勝的價值理念，做到著眼體系、系統聯動，優勢互補、動態協同，精誠團結、精兵高效，才能以最小的代價贏得最大的勝利。發展我軍聯合文化，就要突顯團結協作、聯合製勝，積極建構與聯合作戰相符合的勝利觀、榮譽觀、利益觀、得失觀，徹底破除軍兵種利益掣肘和局部狹隘觀念，自覺養成自主協同、自覺配合、交鏈互動的聯合精神，使各種作戰力量最優組合、無縫鏈接，彰顯效能、合力製勝。

(作者為成都軍區副司令)

(摘自2015年12月23日《解放軍報》)

俄美：培養聯合作戰軍事人才

田義偉

全面培養聯合作戰指揮人才、聯合作戰資訊化訓練管理人才、聯合作戰資訊科技專業人才，推動高素質聯合作戰人才隊伍建設，是世界各國軍隊改革中在文化層面促進聯合作戰能力形成的基本途徑

俄軍把培養聯合作戰人才作為軍事文化的優先發展方向，認為軍隊院校是軍事人才培育的基地，是孕育聯合文化的搖籃，對聯合文化的發展起到引領示範作用。俄軍為拓展學員的知識結構，增進軍兵種之間的相互了解，消除“門戶之見”，對軍事教育體制進行了重大改革，強化構建初、中、高級聯合教育體制，在教育全程提升聯合作戰指揮能力。 2008年底，俄軍開始對軍事教育體系進行全面整合，正如俄總統普丁所指出：「軍事教育正在經歷重大改革。我們正在組成10個大型科研教學中心，所有這些機構都建在一套嚴格的垂直體系中，並根據服役情況為軍官們提供不斷提升自身職業水平的機會。

俄國防部教育司透露，為連續不間斷地提高各級軍官的聯合作戰素養，今後將充分發揮在職短期培訓的作用，及時更新軍官隊伍的知識結構，確保軍官成為掌握現代技術的高水平專業人員。俄軍也在高、中級軍事學院開設了資訊化聯合作戰講座，重新修訂了教學大綱，使院校教學內容更加貼近現代戰爭實際。俄總參軍事學院組織聯合作戰研討，提升學員資訊化聯合作戰指揮能力，打造精通聯合文化的複合型指揮官。俄軍加強聯合指揮人才培養的經驗告訴我們，必須把基於資訊系統的一體化聯合作戰教育訓練納入指揮員的培訓之中，使指揮人員在初、中級指揮崗位上都能按計劃接受有關「一體化聯合作戰」的教育與訓練，使其在進入高級指揮崗位之前就掌握相關的知識、技能，具備一定的聯合素養。高超的聯合作戰指揮藝術，累積著聯合文化的深厚底蘊，刻畫著聯合文化的深刻印跡。它貫穿於聯合作戰人才成長的整個過程，滲透到聯合作戰人才成長的各個方面，影響著聯合作戰人才的思維方式、價值觀念、心智模式和行為習慣，是聯合作戰人才鍛造的催化劑和倍增器，從根本上決定著聯合作戰人才培養的品質和水準。

在實際訓練中，世界上許多國家軍隊都強調，各軍兵種、各部隊要把聯合訓練放在優先的位置，著重培養指揮員跨軍種、兵種、部門的協同意識和能力，強調從基礎的單兵訓練開始，就向士兵灌輸“本能的聯合思維”，使指揮官和士兵充分認識到自己是聯合部隊的一員，是整體作戰力量的一分子，自覺地從聯合的角度思考問題，採取行動。以美軍的聯合作戰為例，美軍在經歷了消除軍種衝突，彌合軍種縫隙兩個階段後，現正處於多軍種能力無縫隙融合階段，向著內聚式聯合發展。

(作者為軍事科學院外軍部政治協理員 )

(摘自2015年12月28日《參考消息》)

資料來源：《紅旗文摘》雜誌2016年第2期

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0301/c352498-28161788.html

#Information Support Force, #中國的耗散戰, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知戰

Scientifically Understanding the “Innovation” in New Chinese Military Quality Combat Power

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科學認識新中國軍隊素質戰鬥力的“創新”

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：何睿潔 責任編輯：尚曉敏 發布：2024-08-22 07:02

現代英語：

A deep understanding of the background, technical vision, tactics support and generation chain of new-quality combat power is a necessary prerequisite for building a new-quality combat power growth pole and promoting the construction of new-quality combat power in new domains. New-quality combat power is an overall capability that integrates comprehensive perception, real-time command and control, precise strike, full maintenance and protection, and focused support. It is concentrated in the “six new” aspects, namely new trends, new technologies, new equipment, new systems, new tactics, and new talents, representing a fundamental change in the form of war and the way of fighting.

New trends. The accelerated advancement of the world’s new military revolution covers all areas of war and the entire process of army building. Comprehensively understanding, actively adapting to, and proactively embracing the new military reforms are crucial to accelerating the effective supply of new-quality combat power. New-domain and new-quality combat power is a weather vane of military development in an era, a new growth point for military combat power, and a commanding height on the battlefield of the future. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, new domains and new types of combat forces represented by strategic early warning, information control, algorithmic attack and defense, and unmanned intelligence are increasingly becoming key factors in accelerating the escalation of war forms and changing the rules of war. The combat power structure has changed from the traditional one based on manpower, firepower, and mobility to one based on information power, structural power, and intelligence power. These have put forward new requirements for the development of new types of combat power and pointed out new directions. The development of new types of combat power should not be delayed, and we cannot wait passively. We must be proactive, take the initiative, and fight proactively, otherwise we will miss the opportunity and even have a generation gap.

New technologies. Science and technology have always been the most active and revolutionary factors in military development. At present, new technologies in the military field cover multiple fields such as information technology, artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and cloud computing. The role of new technologies is not only reflected in improving the performance of a single weapon and equipment, but more importantly, it can integrate combat platforms and optimize the killing network, making battlefield information acquisition, transmission, and processing faster and more accurate, greatly improving the performance and intelligence level of weapons and equipment, and providing strong support for battlefield perception, command decision-making, coordinated operations, and system victory. Take artificial intelligence technology as an example. It can achieve real-time perception and advance prediction of battlefield situations through machine learning and big data analysis, effectively improving decision-making flexibility, battlefield control and combat success rate. Looking to the future, the development of new technologies will have a profound impact on the construction of weapons and equipment, innovation of combat styles, adjustment of organizational systems and the evolution of war forms, thereby accelerating the formation of new quality combat power with new principles and mechanisms.

New equipment. The innovation drive of military technology not only updates the types and performance of weapons and equipment, but also creates conditions for the emergence of new concept weapons in the future, greatly activating the supply side of new quality combat power. New equipment provides more diverse and more efficient means of operation for modern warfare. Compared with traditional equipment, new equipment has stronger information acquisition and processing capabilities. Advanced reconnaissance satellites and drones can obtain battlefield information in real time, providing commanders with accurate and timely intelligence support. High-performance computer systems and big data analysis technology also make information processing more efficient and accurate. New equipment has higher strike accuracy and efficiency. New equipment such as precision-guided weapons and smart ammunition can accurately identify targets, achieve precise strikes, and minimize collateral damage. New equipment has stronger battlefield survivability. The application of new protective equipment can reduce the probability of being detected and attacked by the enemy, ensure the safety of combat personnel and equipment, and effectively improve battlefield survivability. As the carrier of new technology, new equipment is the key to achieving a leap in new quality combat power.

New system. The new system is an innovation and reform of the military organizational structure to adapt to the needs of new quality combat power under the new war situation and technological background. Compared with the traditional system, the new system has distinct characteristics such as flatness, coordination, and adaptability. The flat structure of the new system breaks the traditional hierarchical organizational structure, reduces the level of information transmission, and improves decision-making efficiency and response speed; the new system strengthens cross-departmental coordination, and maximizes combat power through information sharing and resource integration among different departments; the new system has higher adaptability and can be quickly adjusted according to the war situation and combat needs, so as to better adapt to the complex and changing battlefield environment. As an important generation platform for new quality combat power, the new system plays an important supporting role in improving combat effectiveness and adaptability.

New tactics. New tactics refer to innovative and effective combat methods that adapt to new technologies and new equipment in the context of modern warfare. With the breakthrough of artificial intelligence technology, the “mast” of military intelligence has appeared on the “sea level” of the development of tactics. New tactics include the use of new tactics such as information warfare, psychological warfare, and public opinion warfare to achieve multi-domain deployment and full-dimensional offense and defense of battlefield situations; the use of new combat methods such as distributed operations and stealth operations to achieve the concealment and suddenness of combat actions; and the use of new combat modes such as joint operations and system operations to integrate and optimize combat forces. Compared with traditional tactics, new tactics have achieved innovations in strategy and tactics by using new technologies and new equipment. By optimizing operational processes and resource allocation, and focusing on flexible adjustment of strategy and tactics according to actual conditions, they can adapt to the ever-changing battlefield environment. The application of new tactics will promote the development of war in the direction of informatization and intelligence. Only by constantly adjusting and optimizing organizational structures and using new tactics to improve rapid response and coordinated combat capabilities can we be invincible in future wars.

New talents. Under the conditions of informatization and intelligence, military talents need to have higher information literacy, innovation ability and unity and cooperation ability to adapt to the needs of modern warfare. New talents should have comprehensive military theoretical knowledge and practical skills, and be proficient in modern weapons and equipment, so as to effectively deal with complex battlefield environments; they should have innovative thinking and the ability to solve difficult and blocked problems, be able to flexibly deal with various emergencies in war, and come up with effective combat plans to solve difficulties; they should have good unity and cooperation capabilities, and be able to communicate effectively with other parties, so as to form a good situation in which one party proposes coordination needs and the other parties actively cooperate. Therefore, we must regard the cultivation of new-domain and new-quality combat force talents as a long-term strategic project, strengthen demand guidance, optimize the training model, focus on shortcomings and weaknesses, implement classified incubation, strengthen practical experience, and scientifically regulate and use them.

The “six new” elements of new quality combat capability are interrelated and mutually reinforcing, and together they constitute a growth system for new quality combat capability. With the continuous advancement of science and technology and the accelerated evolution of the war situation, the connotation and extension of the “six new” elements will continue to expand and deepen, and new quality combat capability will become a key force in shaping future wars.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

現代國語：

何睿潔

深刻理解新質戰鬥力的產生背景、技術視野、戰法支撐和生成鏈路，是打造新質戰鬥力增長極，推進新域新質作戰力量建設的必要前提。新質戰鬥力是集綜合感知、即時指控、精確打擊、全維防護、聚焦保障於一體的整體能力，集中體現在「六新」上，即新趨勢、新技術、新裝備、新體制、新戰法、新人才，代表戰爭形態和作戰方式的根本變革。

新趨勢。世界新軍事革命的加速推進，涵蓋了戰爭和軍隊建設的各領域全過程，全面認識、積極適應、主動擁抱新軍事變革，對加速新質戰鬥力有效供給至關重要。新域新質作戰力量是一個時代軍事發展的風向標，是軍隊戰鬥力新的成長點、未來戰場的製高點。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看，以戰略預警、資訊控制、演算法攻防、無人智慧等為代表的新域新質作戰力量，日益成為加速戰爭形態升級、改變戰爭規則的關鍵性因素，戰鬥力結構從傳統的以兵力、火力、機動力為主，向以資訊力、結構力、智能力為主轉變，這些都給發展新質戰鬥力提出了新要求，也指出了新方向。發展新質戰鬥力事不宜遲，不能消極等待，必須積極主動，下好先手棋，打好主動仗，否則就會錯失良機，甚至出現代差。

新技術。科學技術歷來都是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。當前，軍事領域新技術涵蓋了資訊技術、人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、雲端計算等多個領域。新技術的作用不但體現在提升單一武器裝備的性能上，更重要的是它能夠整合作戰平台、優化殺傷網，使得戰場資訊獲取、傳輸、處理更加迅速準確，極大地提升了武器裝備的性能和智慧化水平，為戰場感知、指揮決策、協同作戰、體系製勝提供了強有力的支撐。以人工智慧技術為例，它能夠透過機器學習和大數據分析等技術手段，實現對戰場態勢的即時感知、超前預測，有效提高了決策彈性、戰場把控力和作戰制勝率。展望未來，新技術的發展將對武器裝備建設、作戰樣式創新、編制體制調整和戰爭形態演進產生深刻影響，從而加速形成具有新原理、新機理的新質戰鬥力。

新裝備。軍事科技的創新驅動，不但使武器裝備的種類和性能更新換代，也為未來新概念武器的出場創造條件，極大地激活了新質戰鬥力的供給側。新裝備為現代戰爭提供了更多樣、更有效率的作戰手段。與傳統裝備相比，新裝備資訊獲取與處理能力更強，先進的偵察衛星、無人機等能夠實時獲取戰場信息，為指揮員提供準確、及時的情報支持，高性能的計算機系統和大數據分析技術也使資訊處理更有效率、精確；新裝備打擊精準度與效率更高，精確制導武器、智慧彈藥等新裝備，能夠準確識別目標，實現精確打擊，最大限度地減少附帶損傷；新裝備戰場生存能力更強，新型防護裝備的應用，能夠降低被敵方探測和攻擊的機率，保障作戰人員和裝備的安全，有效提升戰場生存能力。新裝備作為新技術的載體，是實現新質戰鬥力躍升的關鍵。

新體制。新體制是在新的戰爭形態和科技背景下，為適應新質戰鬥力的需要而進行的軍事組織結構創新與變革。與傳統體制相比，新體制具有扁平化、協同性、適配性等鮮明特性。新體制的扁平化結構打破了傳統的層級組織結構，減少了資訊傳遞的層級，提高了決策效率和回應速度；新體制加強了跨部門協同，透過不同部門的資訊共享、資源整合，實現了戰鬥力的最大化；新體制具有更高的適配性，能夠根據戰爭形態和作戰需求進行快速調整，從而更好適應複雜多變的戰場環境。新體製作為新質戰鬥力的重要生成平台，對提升戰鬥效能和適應能力有重要支撐作用。

新戰法。新戰法是指在現代戰爭背景下，適應新技術、新裝備而形成的具有創新性和實效性的作戰方法。隨著人工智慧技術的突破，軍事智慧化的「桅桿」已經出現在戰法發展的「海平面」上。新戰法包括運用資訊戰、心理戰、輿論戰等新型戰法手段，實現戰場態勢的多域展開、全維攻防；運用分散式作​​戰、隱身作戰等新型作戰方式，實現作戰行動的隱蔽性和突然性；運用聯合作戰、體係作戰等新型作戰模式，整合及優化作戰力量。與傳統戰法相比，新戰法透過運用新技術和新裝備，實現了戰略和戰術層面的創新；透過優化作戰流程和資源配置，注重根據實際情況靈活調整戰略和戰術，能夠適應不斷變化的戰場環境。新戰法的應用將推動戰爭形態朝向資訊化、智慧化方向發展。只有不斷調整和優化組織結構，運用新戰法提升快速反應和協同作戰能力，才能在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

新人才。在資訊化智能化條件下，軍事人才需要具備更高的資訊素養、創新能力和團結協作能力，以適應現代戰爭的需求。新人才應具備全面的軍事理論知識和實戰技能，熟練掌握現代武器裝備，從而有效應對復雜的戰場環境；應具備創新思維和破解難點堵點問題的能力，能夠在戰爭中靈活應對各種突發情況，拿出有效的作戰方案破解困局；應具備良好的團結協作能力，能夠與其他各方有效溝通，從而形成一方提出協調需求、其餘各方積極配合的良好局面。因此，要把培養新域新質作戰力量人才作為長期策略工程，強化需求牽引、優化培養模式，緊盯短板弱項、實施分類孵化，加強實踐歷練、科學調控使用。

新質戰鬥力之「六新」相互關聯、相互促進，共同構成了新質戰鬥力的成長體系。隨著科技的不斷進步和戰爭形態的加速演變，「六新」的內涵和外延將不斷拓展和深化，新質戰鬥力將成為塑造未來戰爭的關鍵力量。

（作者單位：空軍工程大學）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16332788.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military “Studying the Military, Studying War, and Studying Fighting” Special Topic: Taking Control of the Initiative to Win Future Wars

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中國軍隊「學軍事、學戰爭、學打仗」專題：掌控未來戰爭主動權

現代英語：

With the rapid development of emerging technologies and their widespread application in the military field, the war situation is evolving at an accelerated pace. To win future wars, we must not only have a long-term vision, but also be meticulous, grasp the pulse of the evolution of the war situation, understand the wars that may be fought in the future, and understand the new winning mechanism, so that we can make targeted preparations for military struggle and effectively control the initiative to win future wars.

Deeply understand the connotation and characteristics of future wars

Future wars will be informationized wars with intelligent features and advanced joint operations. Their characteristics are specifically reflected in the following four “highs”:

The application of high technology changes the winning mechanism. The long-range precision, intelligent, stealth and unmanned development of weapons and equipment has promoted the evolution of war to a higher level of confrontation. It is prominently reflected in three aspects: First, there is no victory without calculation. Powerful data, algorithms and computing power provide feasible conditions for realizing superb calculation, detailed calculation and multiple calculation. From the overall decision-making of strategic battles to the tactical calculation of force use, it is necessary to occupy the advantage of “calculation” and accumulate the odds of winning at each step to increase the probability of defeating the opponent. Second, there is no victory without connection. Future combat units will present the typical characteristics of being small, scattered and active. They will be reduced from large to small and deployed in a dispersed manner. Multi-domain forces, multiple modules and multiple combinations will be connected into an autonomous and integrated combat system to achieve the emergence of structural functions and exponential growth of combat effectiveness. Third, speed is the key to success. The extension and expansion of high-tech to the terminal elements of the military system has not only brought about faster information transmission and action speeds, but also faster decision-making and system operation. Once you lag behind the enemy by one step, you are likely to fall into the danger of having your “OODA” loop locked.

High-border competition raises security threats. In future wars, national borders are no longer simply defined by geographical borders. There are also “national borders” in public domains and shared domains such as the Internet, space, deep sea, polar regions, and disruptive technologies. To gain dominance in the high borders, the following four directions must be paid attention to: First, high-covert sabotage. Cyber ​​attacks “come and go without a trace”, high-covert weapon platforms “come and go freely”, and cognitive domain covert settings “imperceptibly”, creating a serious situation that the opponent cannot see, distinguish, or defend against. Second, high-energy destruction. High-energy weapons have long continuous combat time, fast firepower transfer speed, and short firepower interruption interval, which subverts the traditional concept of firepower strike. They can be carried on land-based, sea-based, air-based, and space-based multi-dimensional platforms, and the opponent’s defense faces great difficulties. The third is high-intelligence attack. The intelligent unmanned swarm combat force has “emerged as a different force” with strong penetration capability, strong survivability, and strong battlefield recovery ability. It has become an important force in future wars. The fourth is high-speed strike. The speed of strike weapons such as aerospace aircraft has exceeded Mach 20. The global rapid strike system of some countries can carry out rapid and precise strikes on any target in the world within an hour, greatly compressing the opponent’s reaction time. The traditional defense system is facing a dangerous situation of failure.

High-level opponents place more emphasis on planning. A well-thought-out plan leads to a successful outcome. At present, countries around the world are stepping up their efforts to innovate military theories, seeking strategic advantages and initiative in future wars, which is prominently reflected in four aspects: First, foresight. See who can study the next war more clearly and thoroughly, predict the future combat environment, develop new combat styles, and design the construction and use of military forces in advance. Second, execution. See who can transform, absorb, refine and sublimate more guiding combat ideas, and implement them to the end to better guide military practice. Third, technology. See who has stronger technical perception, understanding, and application, and can continuously improve equipment performance, innovate tactics and methods, and promote the innovation and development of combat theory. Fourth, compare autonomy. See who has more “unique hidden weapons” and “killer knives”, can form a unique theoretical advantage, and give opponents an asymmetric check and balance.

High-intensity games drive global confrontation. Future wars will be highly intense and generally have three characteristics: First, globality. Wars will involve land, sea, air, space, network, electromagnetic, and psychological cognition. The combat system will be vertically connected and horizontally integrated, and global mobile integrated operations will become the basic pattern. Second, it is holistic. Focusing on strategic goals, military actions are closely coordinated and linked with political, economic, and diplomatic struggles, focusing on building an integrated national strategic system and capabilities. Third, it is persistent. Especially in the game between major powers, no party is able to destroy or change the other party’s will in a short period of time. The ultimate manifestation of the war between major powers is the comparison of comprehensive national strength.

Scientifically calibrating the basic capabilities for winning future wars

Analyzing the inherent requirements of joint operations in the context of intelligence, four basic capabilities should be possessed to win future wars.

Strategic planning capabilities based on the overall situation of the times. A good warrior seeks the situation. To design future wars, we must have a deep understanding of the general trend and plan in the process of recognizing, responding to and seeking changes. First, we must be good at understanding the overall situation. We must be able to accurately judge the enemy and our friends based on the current situation, and plan the modernization of the military around the ultimate goal, strategic goal, and stage goal. We must also be able to see the essence through the phenomenon and the depth through the appearance, and engage in all-round game with powerful enemies around the red line, bottom line, and sideline, and always maintain strategic clarity and determination. Second, we must be good at forward-looking analysis and judgment. We must be able to predict and foresee national security risks, war threats, and strategic opponents to prevent the risks of strategic misguidance and process interruption, and we must also be able to keenly detect the direction of technological breakthroughs and mechanism mutations, and accelerate the generation of new quality combat capabilities before our opponents. Thirdly, we must be good at using technology. We must improve the sensitivity of science and technology, be able to seize it when “the top of the mast is just exposed”, plan the development of key technologies, core technologies, and cutting-edge technologies, focus on the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, and truly transform science and technology into combat power.

Combat planning capabilities based on intelligent technology. In future wars, rapid planning and decision-making will become the key to improving combat effectiveness. We must further promote the application of intelligent technology in combat planning and strive to improve the “three transformations”. The first is the digitization of analysis and judgment. Through data mining, intelligent identification, and auxiliary decision-making, we can sift through the massive amount of information, remove the dross and retain the essence, reduce the interference of subjective misjudgment, objectively and comprehensively present the situation, and improve the accuracy of planning and decision-making based on data analysis and judgment. The second is the intelligence of planning operations. Advanced technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and brain-like intelligence are deeply embedded in the entire process of case research, case preparation, case performance, and case revision. Force organization, action paths, and combat processes are intelligently designed based on combat objectives, and multiple sets of solutions are provided. Decision-making suggestions are provided to commanders through computer simulation and deduction, greatly improving the scientific and timely nature of combat planning. The third is the regularization of human-computer interaction. Adhere to the “man in the loop”, highlight the dominant position of commanders in the “OODA” loop, scientifically formulate human-computer interaction rules, constrain the autonomous scope of intelligent systems, and achieve a deep integration of command art and machine intelligence.

Based on the command and control capability of rapid optimization. In future wars, neither side will have an absolute advantage in the whole world. The key is to see who can seize the opportunity to instantly optimize and accurately release energy, and change the relationship between strength and weakness in a specific time and space. To this end, we must be sensitive to opportunities, grasp the battlefield situation in real time, accurately understand the battlefield situation, systematically analyze the opponent’s combat focus, core hubs, and key nodes, dynamically evaluate the difference in force advantages, study and judge the evolution of the situation, organically integrate the art of command and intelligent technology, and effectively grasp the window of advantage. We must make real-time action decisions, adapt to rapid battlefield changes, seize the window of advantage, quickly determine the target of attack based on the enemy’s and our own situation and the actual situation on the battlefield, aggregate multi-domain superior forces, flexibly implement combat organization, scientifically plan combat action task system, and make real-time decisions for precise energy release actions. We must conduct cross-domain collaborative control, adjust the interactive collaboration mode and combat control relationship of combat units in each domain in real time, flexibly adjust and optimize force organization, quickly distribute and update coordination rules, and realize multi-directional and multi-dimensional cross-domain, cross-medium, and cross-environment precise energy release. It is necessary to connect the system at all times and build a full-domain, multi-level information assurance system that can sense network damage in real time, restore network connectivity immediately, provide safe, smooth, and uninterrupted protection, and effectively support the efficient operation of the joint combat system.

System combat capability based on full-domain integration. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, and full-process system confrontations, which require full-domain integrated system combat capabilities. The first is multi-source energy-gathering reconnaissance. Adhere to full-domain reconnaissance, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, and build a large-region joint reconnaissance intelligence system with multi-dimensional integration, full-domain coverage, highlighting key points, and deep integration of intelligence information. The second is wide-area joint deterrence. Have the ability to continuously deter opponents in space, cyberspace, deep sea, polar regions and other fields. The third is cross-domain joint action. Improve the level of field deployment, strengthen the ability to communicate in motion, promote modular and standardized construction, realize the dynamic deployment of combat forces, and improve command coordination and cross-domain delivery capabilities. The fourth is autonomous precision killing. Establish a flexible, dynamically matched, autonomously coordinated, and multi-layered firepower network, seize the opponent’s pain points and weaknesses, and focus on customizing and creating a multi-domain killing chain. Fifth, integrated support. Efficiently respond to the support needs of various domains, intelligently plan support resources, improve the strategic storage layout of combat materials, expand the pre-positioned storage network for campaigns, and enhance the long-term self-support capabilities of tactical-level combat units. Sixth, rapid mobilization support. Adapt to the suddenness and fast pace of war, improve the demand response mechanism, quickly aggregate resources and strength from all parties, and quickly transform war potential into actual combat power.

Actively prepare to win future wars

Focus on building a combat theory system that will lead future wars. Focusing on the modernization of military theory and guided by the military strategic policy of the new era, accelerate the construction of a combat theory system that can lead future war preparations. Focus on powerful enemies, stick to core missions, aim at future wars, and develop combat concepts and supporting concepts in all fields and directions. With combat concepts as the core, systematically develop combat theories to turn abstract combat concepts into concrete combat guidance that can be understood and accepted by the troops, thereby leading to practical innovations in joint combat command, combat capability requirements, joint combat training, joint combat support, and joint campaign tactics.

We should focus on building a new force system that can face war directly. New combat forces are an important growth point for combat effectiveness. We should strengthen system planning, take the initiative and fight proactively. We should keep a close eye on the frontier direction and the direction of assault, develop new weapons, and form combat capabilities in an organized manner. In addition, we should strengthen the construction of capabilities in emerging fields and strive to seize the initiative in military competition.

We must focus on building an intelligent network information system to support future wars. We must adhere to forward-looking layout, iterative advancement, and integrated development, and continuously improve the level of “network information + intelligence”. We must optimize system functions, build a “combat cloud” with real-time online response, and integrate multifunctional modules such as battlefield situation perception, command decision-making, action control, and combat support. We must promote resource sharing, establish an information grid that integrates the military and civilians, the sky and the earth, and multiple domains, strengthen the development and application of mobile communication systems, and improve the ability of mobile communication, broadband communication, and reliable communication. We must highlight independent innovation, strengthen the research and development of core technologies and products, and accelerate the transformation and application of technologies such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and quantum information in the military field.

We will focus on improving the joint training system for rehearsing future wars. In accordance with the strategic requirements of building a new military training system, we will strengthen system training, confrontation training, and forward-looking training. In terms of training guidance, we will focus on the basic capabilities required to win future wars, and emphasize strategic planning, combat planning, command and control, and combat coordination training, and establish a “weather vane” for leading training with war in mind and training for war. In terms of training content, we will accurately grasp the winning mechanism of future wars, emphasize calculation in combat planning, coordination in command and control, speed in joint tactics, and intelligence in command confrontation, and establish a training content system with multi-layer connection, multi-domain coverage, and complete supporting facilities. In terms of training mode, we will follow the requirements of all-domain joint warfare in future wars, adhere to the precision control of the whole process of domain-based training, cross-domain coordination of multi-domain segmented training, and unified command of all-domain integrated training. In terms of training support, we will use intelligent simulation technology to vigorously strengthen simulation training and virtual confrontation training based on combat scenarios and powerful enemies, and conduct rehearsal practices in the context of war as realistically as possible.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語：

隨著新興技術的快速發展及其在軍事領域的廣泛應用，戰爭形態呈現加速演變趨勢。制勝未來戰爭，既要登高望遠，又須細致入微，把準戰爭形態演變的脈搏，把未來可能要打的仗弄明白，把新制勝機理搞清楚，方能有針對性地做好軍事鬥爭準備，有效掌控打贏未來戰爭主動權。

深刻掌握未來戰爭內涵特徵

未來戰爭，是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭，是高級階段的聯合作戰，其特徵具體體現在以下四「高」：

高技術應用改變制勝機理。武器裝備的遠程精準化、智慧化、隱身化、無人化發展，推動戰爭朝向更高層次的對抗演進。突出體現在三個面向：一是無算不勝。強大的數據、演算法、算力，為實現高超的廟算、細算、多算提供了可行條件，大到戰略戰役全局決策、小到力量運用戰術計算，必須佔據「算」的優勢，積累每一步的勝算，才能增大戰勝對手的機率。二是無聯不勝。未來作戰單元呈現小、散、活的典型特點，化大為小、分散部署，多域力量、多個模塊、多種組合，聯結成自主融合的作戰體系，實現結構性功能湧現、作戰效能指數級增長。三是無快不勝。高新技術向軍事體系末端要素延伸拓展，帶來的不僅是資訊傳輸速度和行動速度變快，還有決策速度更快、體系運轉更快，一旦慢敵一步就很可能陷入「OODA」環被鎖死的險境。

高邊疆爭奪推高安全威脅。未來戰爭，國家邊疆已不再簡單用地理邊疆來定義，網絡、太空、深海、極地、顛覆性科技等公域、共域也存在著「國家邊疆」。要佔據高邊疆主導權，以下四個方向必須引起關注：一是高隱破壞。網絡攻擊“來無影去無踪”，高隱身武器平台“來去自如”，認知域隱蔽設局“潛移默化”，給對手造成看不見、辨不明、防不住的嚴峻局面。二是高能摧毀。高能量武器持續作戰時間長、火力轉移速度快、火力中斷間隔短，顛覆傳統火力打擊概念，可以搭載至陸基、海基、空基、天基多維平台，對手防禦面臨極大困難。三是高智破襲。智慧無人集群作戰力量“異軍突起”，突防能力強、生存能力強、戰場恢復能力強，已成為未來戰爭的重要力量。四是高速打擊。空天飛機等打擊武器速度已超20馬赫，部分國家的全球快速打擊系統可在一小時內對全球任何目標實施快速精確打擊，極大壓縮了對手反應時間，傳統防禦系統面臨失效的危險局面。

高水準對手更重計高一籌。計熟事定，舉必有功。當前，世界各國紛紛加強軍事理論創新力度，謀求未來戰爭的戰略優勢與主動，突顯為四比拼：一是比前瞻。看誰把下一場戰爭研究得更清楚、更透徹，能夠預測未來作戰環境，開發新的作戰樣式，超前設計軍事力量建設與運用。二是比執行。看誰能夠轉化吸收、提煉升華更具指導性的作戰思想，並且貫通到底，更好地指導軍事實踐。三是比技術。看誰技術感知力、理解力、運用力更強，能夠不斷提升裝備性能，創新戰術戰法，促進作戰理論革新發展。四是比自主。看誰掌握更多的“獨門暗器”和“撒手鐧”，能夠形成獨特的理論優勢，給對手非對稱制衡。

高強度博弈帶動全局對抗。未來戰爭對抗賽局將是高強度的，一般有三個特性：一是全域性。戰爭將涉及陸地、海洋、空中以及太空、網絡、電磁和心理認知等領域，作戰系統縱向貫通、橫向融合，全局機動一體化作戰成為基本樣式。二是整體性。圍繞著戰略目的，軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交等爭爭緊密配合、協調聯動，著重於建構一體化國家戰略體系與能力。三是持久性。尤其是大國間博弈，任何一方都無力在短暫摧毀或改變對方意志，大國戰爭最終體現的是綜合國力的較量。

科學標定打贏未來戰爭基本能力

從智慧化背景下聯合作戰的內在要求分析，打贏未來戰爭應具備四個面向基本能力。

基於時代大局的戰略謀劃能力。善戰者，求之於勢。設計未來戰爭要深刻掌握大勢，在識變應變求變中運籌謀劃。首先，要善於洞悉全局。既要能基於時勢準確判斷敵我友，圍繞終極目標、戰略目標、階段目標佈局謀劃軍事現代化發展，也要能夠透過現像看本質、透過表像看深層，圍繞紅線、底線、邊線與強敵對手展開全方位博弈，始終保持戰略清醒與定力。其次，要善於前瞻研判。既要能夠對國家安全風險、戰爭威脅、戰略對手預知預判，防止出現戰略誤導、進程打斷的風險，也要能夠敏銳察覺科技突襲方向、機理突變方向，趕在對手之前加快生成新質作戰能力。再次，要善於運用科技。提昇科技的敏銳度，能夠在「桅桿頂剛剛露出的時候」就抓住它，佈局發展關鍵技術、核心技術、前沿技術，注重科技成果轉化運用，真正把科學技術轉化為戰鬥力。

基於智慧技術的作戰籌劃能力。未來戰爭，快速籌劃決策成為提升作戰效能的關鍵點，要深入推進智慧技術在作戰規劃中的應用，努力提升「三化」水準。一是分析判斷數據化。透過資料探勘、智慧識別、輔助決策等手段，對海量資訊進行去粗取精、去偽存真，減少主觀誤判幹擾，客觀全面呈現態勢，做到基於數據分析研判，提高籌劃決策精準度。二是籌劃作業智能化。將機器學習、深度學習、類腦智能等先進技術，深度嵌入研案、制案、演案、修案全過程，依據作戰目標智能設計力量編組、行動路徑、作戰過程，提供多套方案，通過電腦模擬推演為指揮者提供決策建議，大幅提升作戰規劃的科學性時效性。三是人機互動規則化。堅持“人在迴路”，突出指揮員在“OODA”環上的主導地位，科學制定人機交互規則，約束智能係統自主範圍，實現指揮藝術與機器智能的深度融合。

基於快速聚優的指揮控制能力。未來戰爭，對抗雙方都沒有全局全時的絕對優勢，關鍵看誰能夠搶先一步即時聚優、精準釋能，改變特定時空的強弱優劣關系。為此，要敏銳捕捉戰機，即時掌握戰場情況，準確理解戰場態勢，系統分析對手作戰重心、核心樞紐、關鍵節點，動態評估力量優勢差，研判態勢演進圖，有機融合指揮藝術與智能科技，有效把握優勢窗口。要即時行動決策，適應戰場快速變化，緊緊抓住優勢窗口，根據敵我態勢和戰場實際，快速確定打擊目標，聚合多域優勢力量，靈活實施作戰編組，科學規劃作戰行動任務體系，實現精準釋能行動的即時決策。要跨域協同控制，即時調整各域作戰單元互動協作方式、作戰控制關系，靈活調整優化力量編組，快速分發更新協同規則，實現多方向多維度跨域、跨介質、跨環境的精準釋能。要隨時聯通體系，構建覆蓋全領域、多層級的資訊保障體系，能夠實時感知網絡受損情況，即時恢復網絡通聯，提供安全、暢通、不間斷的保障，有效支撐聯合作戰體系高效運轉。

基於全域融合的體係作戰能力。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗，需要具備全域融合的體係作戰能力。一是多源聚能偵察。堅持全域偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證，建構多維一體、全域覆蓋、突出重點、情報資訊深度融合的大區域聯合偵察情報體系。二是廣域聯合威懾。具備在太空、網路空間、深海、極地等領域持續嚇阻對手的實力。三是跨域聯合行動。提升野戰化部署水平，強化動中通聯能力，推進模塊化標準化建設，實現作戰力量動態部署，提升指揮協同和跨域投送能力。四是自主精準殺傷。建立彈性靈活、動態匹配、自主協同、多層銜接的火力網，抓住對手痛點弱處，重點訂定打造多域殺傷鏈。五是綜合一體保障。有效率回應各域保障需求，智慧規劃保障資源，完善作戰物資戰略儲備佈局，擴大戰役預置儲備網點，增強戰術級作戰單元長時自我保障能力。六是快速動員支援。適應戰爭突然性強、節奏快的要求，完善需求響應機制，快速聚合各方資源與力量，迅速將戰爭潛力轉變為現實戰鬥力。

積極做好打贏未來戰爭各項準備

著力建構引領未來戰爭的作戰理論體系。圍繞著實現軍事理論現代化，以新時代軍事戰略方針為統領，加速建立能夠引領未來戰爭準備的作戰理論體系。聚焦強敵對手、緊貼核心使命、瞄準未來戰爭，發展各領域各方向作戰概念和支撐概念。以作戰概念為內核，體系發展作戰理論，使抽象的作戰概念變為具體化的作戰指導，能夠被部隊理解和接受，進而牽引聯合作戰指揮、作戰能力需求、聯合作戰訓練、聯合作戰保障、聯合戰役戰法等方面的實踐創新。

著力建強直面戰爭的新質力量體系。新質作戰力量是戰鬥力重要成長點，要加強系統謀劃，下好先手棋、打好主動仗。既要緊盯前緣方向，更要緊盯突襲方向，發展新型武器，成建制形成作戰能力。此外，還要加強新興領域能力建設，努力奪取軍事競爭主動權。

著力建設支撐未來戰爭的智慧化網絡資訊體系。堅持前瞻佈局、迭代推進、融合發展，不斷提升「網絡資訊+智慧化」水準。要優化體系功能，構建實時在線響應的“作戰雲”，融合集成戰場態勢感知、指揮決策、行動控制、作戰保障等多功能模塊。要推進資源共享，建立軍民一體、天地一體、多域一體的資訊柵格網，加強行動通訊系統開發運用，提高動中通聯、寬帶通聯、可靠通聯能力。要突顯自主創新，加強核心技術與產品研發，加速大數據、雲端計算、人工智慧、量子資訊等技術在軍事領域的轉化運用。

著力完善預演未來戰爭的聯合訓練體系。依照建構新型軍事訓練體系的戰略要求，加強體系練兵、對抗練兵、前瞻練兵。在訓練指導上，圍繞打贏未來戰爭所需基礎能力，突顯抓好戰略謀劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制、作戰協同訓練，確立以戰領訓、向戰抓訓的「風向標」。在訓練內容上，準確掌握未來戰爭制勝機理，作戰籌劃突出算、指揮控制突出聯、聯合戰術突出快、指揮對抗突出智，建立多層銜接、多域覆蓋、配套完善的訓練內容體系。在訓練模式上，遵循未來戰爭全局聯合要求，堅持分域全程練精準控制、多域分段練跨域協同、全局融合練一體指揮。在訓練保障上，運用智慧模擬技術，大力加強基於作戰場景、強敵對手的模擬模擬訓練和虛擬對抗訓練，盡可能逼真地進行戰爭背景下的預演實踐。

（作者單位：中部戰區）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/489870888.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars

Chinese Military Perspective on the Hard Support of Cognitive Confrontation

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中國軍事視野下的認知對抗硬保障

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：陳東恆 王一戌 責任編輯：劉秋麗

現代英語：

Modern warfare, according to the characteristics of material form, usually divides the combat domain into the physical domain, the information domain, and the cognitive domain. The three domains interact with each other to form the field and soil for military confrontation. Although cognitive domain operations occur in the cognitive domain, their operational support often spans various fields. War practice shows that with the enhanced effectiveness of hard strikes in the physical domain, cognitive formation can often be accelerated, and cognitive realization can better meet combat needs.

Cognitive offense and defense cannot be separated from physical support

Today’s world is a world where everything is interconnected. The collection of different objects connected to each other greatly enhances the function of independent individuals acting alone. Cognitive domain operations are never isolated operations between cognitive carriers. Only by integrating cognitive attack and defense into an integrated joint operations chain, closely integrating with physical domain military strike operations, and tightly integrating with the entire combat system can we fully exert combat effectiveness.

The starting point of cognition. Existence determines consciousness. Thinking and cognition is not a fairy from the sky, but a true or tortuous reflection of the real world. Without the foundation of the material world, thinking and cognition will lose the source of information, the basis for analysis and judgment, and the accuracy of decision-making and action, making it difficult for people to trust, recognize, and rely on. Even the most psychedelic science fiction wars still have references to real combat targets, specific combat objectives, and corresponding combat paths. Therefore, intelligence reconnaissance analysis has become an indispensable and important link for commanders to organize troops and plan. “Without investigation, there is no right to speak” is regarded as a golden rule that must be followed in decision-making. Battlefield simulation simulations have become an important step for the success of combat operations. In history, most of the combat commands of accomplished generals and classic combat cases that can withstand the test of history and practice are all based on full investigation and research and scientific intelligence analysis. Without the hard-core support of the real world, “human beings think about , and God laughs.”

The basis of cognitive effects. A golden rule of operations in the cognitive domain is that soft power at the cognitive level must be supported by hard strikes at the physical level in order to ensure and strengthen its role. Strong military pressure is a necessary prerequisite for cognitive means to work, and continuous victory on the battlefield is the core support for winning cognitive wars. If the United States does not have the high-pressure pressure of its super comprehensive national strength and superior technology, its “Star Wars Plan” may not really work. If operations in the cognitive domain lack the support of specific military operations in the physical domain, they will never produce the good effects of doubting, confusing, deterring, and defeating the enemy. To grasp the initiative in thinking and cognition and to take the initiative in cognitive domain operations, we must not only strengthen the construction of cognitive ontology, improve the ability to directly use strategies and technical means to strengthen self-protection, intervene and influence the opponent’s thinking and cognition, but also actively strive to The physical domain leverages the conductive effect of military operations in the physical domain to enhance thinking and cognition.

The starting point for cognitive realization. Marxism believes that once theory grasps the masses, it will also become material force. From the perspective of cognitive domain combat, the spiritual creation at the superstructure level of cognition will not automatically turn into material power. Only by being attached to a certain material carrier and practical grasp can it be possible to realize spiritual to material and consciousness. A critical leap into existence. Just as in World War II, if the German army had not bypassed the Maginot Line, broke through the Ardennes Forest, and launched a surprise attack into the French hinterland, it would have been impossible to demonstrate the foresight of the cognitive achievement of the “Manstein Plan”; similarly, if there had been no Allied Forces, The military’s successful landing in Normandy, which invaded the east and west, also failed to highlight the ingenuity of the strategy of “Building Plank Roads in the Open and Covering the Warehouses” in the “Operation Overlord Plan”. Thinking and cognition are transmitted through people to specific military actions in the physical domain, and then the specific military actions in the physical domain realize the material transformation of cognitive results, forming the fundamentals of the two-way interaction between cognitive offense and defense and military strikes in the physical domain.

The basic method of physical attack to support cognitive offense and defense

The methods and methods used by military strikes in the physical domain to support cognitive offense and defense follow the general law that matter determines consciousness and existence determines thinking. The basic methods can be divided into enhanced support, confirmation support and realization support.

Enhanced support. Military strikes in the physical domain strengthen the formation and development of thinking and cognition. Although thinking and cognition depend on the quality of the cognitive carrier itself, it will be difficult to achieve without the support of military operations in the physical domain. The most basic role of military operations in the physical domain in the cognitive domain is to provide solid support for the formation and development of thinking and cognition. Thinking and cognition can only be stable and far-reaching if it is based on real physical actions. For example, in the early days of the Korean War, when the Korean People’s Army was overwhelming, our army’s combat staff Lei Yingfu and others accurately predicted the landing of the US military based on the war situation, geographical and weather characteristics of the Korean Peninsula, especially the various actions of the US and South Korean troops at that time, etc. Time and place. Similarly, Li Qiwei of the “United Nations Army” also made a judgment on the “worship offensive” based on the logistics support, weapons and equipment, and tactical use of the volunteers, and used “magnetic tactics” to fight me. These are all enhancements to the formation and development of thinking and cognition caused by combat in the physical domain.

Confirmation type support. Military strikes in the physical domain confirm preset thinking, precognition, and prejudgment. Cognitive attack and defense does not only occur at the cognitive level, but is the interaction between cognition and practice. War is a “place of life and death, a way of survival”. If one’s cognitive decision-making cannot be verified in many directions at the practical level, then acting rashly is the greatest irresponsibility for war. During the revolutionary war years, our military’s decision-makers were always under the control of the overall strategy and gave front-line commanders the power to act as appropriate and within the principles of the overall strategic direction. This is a positive confirmation of strategic thinking. During the Second World War, the Allies used “false facts” to mislead, constantly shaping and strengthening the German army’s misunderstanding of the Allied landing sites on the European continent, and finally successfully landed in Normandy with minimal cost. This was a counter-attack. To confirm.

Implementation support. Provide direct physical support for the realization of thinking, cognition, judgment and decision-making. Thinking and cognition must be transformed into actual results that change the world. The thinking and cognition acting on the opponent is not the end but a new starting point. Next, it must be acted upon in the physical world through “skilled hands” and “brave heart”. In other words In short, it is to provide direct physical action support for the value realization of thinking and cognition. This is just like Zhuge Liang’s clever plan, no matter how brilliant it is, if there is no implementation by the “Five Tiger Generals” and other Shu Han soldiers, it can only remain at the cognitive level of talking on paper. No matter how efficiently the first three parts of the “OODA” loop operate, if the execution link “A” is missing, it will be a “dead loop”. Similarly, the results of our military’s command decisions also depend on the resolute, thorough, and creative execution of the officers and soldiers. The quality and efficiency of the execution directly determines the effectiveness of the implementation of the command decisions. In this regard, physical actions at the execution level are of extremely important practical significance.

Effectively strengthen the interaction between cognitive offense and defense and physical strikes

Thinking and cognition must rely on the support of physical actions, which is an objective law that is independent of human will. It is an extremely important task to strengthen the communication and interaction between thinking and cognition and physical strikes to make our thinking and decision-making more targeted, objective and operable, so as to better transform cognitive advantages into action advantages and winning advantages. .

Be more proactive and solidify your cognitive foundation. Whether the thinking and cognition is correct depends fundamentally on its compatibility with objective reality and its applicability to combat opponents. Only thinking and cognition based on full investigation and research, seeking truth from facts and comparative advantages can stand the test of practice and actual combat. The practice of absolute, sacred, and nihilistic thinking or generals’ genius, wisdom, and inspiration is idealistic, one-sided, and harmful. This requires that we must work hard to base our thinking and cognition on the basis of extensive investigation, research and intelligence analysis, and truly understand the enemy’s situation, our situation, and other people’s situations, truly know our enemies and ourselves, know everything we should know, and adapt to local conditions. The camera moves. At the same time, we must combine reading books without words with books with words, unify indirect theory with living practice that is constantly developing and changing, and dialectically recognize past experiences and lessons and other people’s experiences and lessons, so that they become our own knowledge. Help instead of shackles, assist instead of dominate.

Be more proactive and strengthen cognitive rationality. Correct understanding that can withstand the long-term test of practice and actual combat comes from practice and is strengthened through feedback from practice. Cognitive practical experience is only the basic material for obtaining correct cognition. To form scientific cognition, we need to further eliminate the false and preserve the true in the repeated collision and verification of consciousness and matter, thinking and existence, in order to improve cognitive rationality. It is wrong and even fatal to think that true knowledge can be obtained once and for all from only local situations, fragmented information and individual periods of time. In the Battle of Chibi in ancient China, Cao Cao’s side only came to the understanding of concatenating warships from the common sense that iron cables can balance the shaking of the ship’s hull, and did not confirm it from the actual combat effects or consequences of concatenating warships. If you don’t know how to recreate, you will easily tie up the ship with iron ropes and tie yourself up, and ultimately end up in the disastrous defeat of “burning Red Cliff”. Times have changed, and the enemy situation on the modern battlefield is ever-changing. There has never been an unchanging cognitive practice, nor a once-and-for-all cognitive achievement. It can only strip away impurities and extract the essence from material to cognitive to material confirmation for re-cognition. , can we return to rationality.

Be more proactive in objectifying cognitive outcomes. Cognitive achievements are only the result of thinking and consciousness nurtured in cognitive carriers. Without timely and effective material transformation, it will be like walking at night wearing brocade clothes or hiding treasures in the mountains, and it will be difficult to demonstrate its own value. Thinking and cognition are based on physical actions, and ultimately rely on specific actions in the physical domain before they can be materialized and transformed into actual results that change the subjective and objective worlds. This requires us to not only consolidate the cognitive foundation and strengthen cognitive rationality, but also improve the operability of cognitive decision-making and planning as much as possible, opening the door for smoother materialization and transformation. At the same time, efforts must be made to improve the execution capabilities of decision-making and deployment executors, so that they can correctly understand the intention of decision-making, creatively adopt appropriate methods based on specific realities, and maximize the implementation of cognitive results and operational decision-making plans to the end. Be a good “ferryman” and “bridge across the river” that connects and transforms cognitive results with combat effectiveness.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語：

現代戰爭，按物質形態特點，通常將作戰域分為物理域、信息域、認知域，三個域相互影響共同構成軍事對抗的領域和土壤。認知域作戰雖然發生在認知領域，但其作戰依托常常橫跨各領域。戰爭實踐表明，在物理域硬打擊增效強化下，認知形成往往能加速實現，認知實現也能更好地契合作戰需要。

認知攻防離不開物理支撐

當今世界是一個萬物互聯的世界，相互聯結在一起的不同物體的集合體，極大增強了獨立個體獨自行動所具有的功能。認知域作戰從來都不是認知載體間進行的孤立作戰，只有將認知攻防融入一體化聯合作戰鏈條，與物理域軍事打擊行動緊密結合起來，與整個作戰體系緊緊融為一體，才能充分發揮作戰效能。

認知源起的基點。存在決定意識。思維認知不是天外飛仙，而是現實世界真實或曲折的反映。離開物質世界這個根基，思維認知就失去信息的來源、分析判斷的依據、決策行動的准心，很難讓人信得過、認得准、靠得住。即使最具迷幻色彩的科幻戰爭，也有真實作戰對象、具體作戰目的、相應作戰路徑的參照。於是，情報偵察分析成為指揮員統兵用謀必不可少的重要環節，“沒有調查就沒有發言權”被視為決策決斷必須奉行的金科玉律，戰場模擬推演成為作戰行動成功的重要步驟。歷史上，大凡有作為的將帥作戰指揮、經得起歷史和實踐檢驗的經典作戰案例，無不建立在充分調查研究和科學情報分析基礎之上，離開了現實世界這個硬核支撐，“人類一思索，上帝就發笑”。

認知效應的依托。認知域作戰的一個黃金法則是，認知層面的軟力量必須以物理層面的硬打擊為依托，才能確保和強化其作用發揮。強大軍事壓力是認知手段發揮作用的必要前提，戰場上不斷獲勝是制勝認知戰的硬核支撐。如果美國沒有超強綜合國力和優勢科技的高壓緊逼，其“星球大戰計劃”未必真能奏效。認知域作戰如果缺乏物理域具體的軍事行動配合支撐，斷不會產生疑敵、惑敵、懾敵、勝敵的良好效果。掌握思維認知主動權、打好認知域作戰主動仗，不僅須加強認知本體力量建設，提高直接運用謀略和技術手段加強自我防護、干預和影響對手思維認知的能力，而且應積極向物理域借力，借助物理域軍事行動的傳導效應來增強思維認知。

認知實現的抓手。馬克思主義認為，理論一經掌握群眾，也會變成物質力量。認知域作戰視域下，認知這一上層建築層面的精神創造，同樣不會自動變成物質的力量，只有依附於一定的物質載體和實踐抓手，才可能實現精神到物質、意識到存在的關鍵一躍。正如第二次世界大戰中如果沒有德軍繞過馬其諾防線突破阿登森林向法國腹地突襲，就不可能彰顯“曼施坦因計劃”這一認知成果的預見性；同樣，如果沒有盟軍聲東擊西在諾曼底的成功登陸，同樣也突顯不出“霸王行動計劃”之“明修棧道，暗度陳倉”謀略的巧妙。思維認知經人傳導到物理域的具體軍事行動，再由物理域的具體軍事行動來實現認知成果的物化轉化，構成認知攻防與物理域軍事打擊雙向互動的基本面。

物理打擊支撐認知攻防的基本方式

物理域軍事打擊對認知攻防支撐的方式方法，遵循物質決定意識、存在決定思維的一般規律。基本方式可分為增強型支撐、印證型支撐、實現型支撐。

增強型支撐。物理域的軍事打擊對思維認知形成發展的強化。思維認知固然有賴於認知載體本身素質，但若離開物理域軍事行動的支撐也難以促成。物理域軍事行動之於認知域最基礎的作用在於為思維認知形成發展提供堅實支撐，思維認知也只有建立在實實在在的物理行動基礎之上才能行穩致遠。譬如，朝鮮戰爭初期，當朝鮮人民軍勢如破竹時，我軍作戰參謀雷英夫等人根據朝鮮半島的戰爭態勢、地理天候特點，特別是美韓軍隊當時的種種舉動等，准確預判了美軍登陸的時間地點。同樣，“聯合國軍”的李奇微也是根據志願軍後勤保障、武器裝備、戰術運用等，作出“禮拜攻勢”的判斷，以“磁性戰術”與我纏斗。這些都是物理域作戰對思維認知形成發展的增強。

印證型支撐。物理域軍事打擊對預設思維、預先認知、預有判斷的印證。認知攻防絕不單單發生在認知層面，而是認知與實踐的互動。戰爭作為“死生之地、存亡之道”，其認知決策如果不能在實踐層面得到多向印證就貿然行事，是對戰爭最大的不負責任。革命戰爭年代，我軍決策層總是在全局戰略把控下，賦予一線指揮員在總體戰略方向原則下酌情相機而動的權力，就是對戰略思維認知的正向印證。第二次世界大戰中，盟軍綜合運用以假亂真的“假事實”誤導，不斷塑造和強化德軍關於盟軍在歐洲大陸登陸地點的錯誤認知，最終在諾曼底以最小的代價成功登陸，是為反向印證。

實現型支撐。為思維認知、判斷決策的實現提供直接的物理支撐。思維認知要轉化為改變世界的實際成效，作用於對手的思維認知不是終點只是新的起點，接下來還要經過“熟練的手”和“勇敢的心”作用於物理世界，換而言之，就是為思維認知的價值實現提供直接的物理行動支撐。這正如諸葛亮的錦囊妙計再高明，如果沒有“五虎上將”等蜀漢將士的貫徹執行也只能停留在紙上談兵的認知層面。“OODA”環前三部分運行得再高效，如果缺少了“A”這一執行環節，就是“死環”。同樣，我軍的指揮決策成果也有賴於廣大官兵的堅決、徹底、創造性地執行，執行的質量效益直接決定指揮決策的落實成效。就此而言，執行層面的物理行動就具有極為重要的現實意義。

切實加強認知攻防與物理打擊的互動

思維認知必須有賴於物理行動的支撐，這是不以人的意志為轉移的客觀規律。加強思維認知與物理打擊的交流互動，使我們的思維決策更具針對性、客觀性、操作性，從而更好地由認知優勢轉化為行動優勢、制勝優勢，是一項極為重要的工作。

更加積極主動夯實認知基礎。思維認知正確與否，根本取決於其與客觀實際的契合度、對作戰對手的適用性。只有建立在充分調查研究、實事求是和比較優勢基礎上的思維認知，才是經得起實踐和實戰檢驗的思維認知。那種將思維認知或將帥的天才智慧與靈感頓悟絕對化、神聖化、虛無化的做法，是唯心的、片面的、有害的。這就要求我們必須努力將思維認知建立在廣泛調查研究和情報分析基礎之上，切實把敵情、我情、他情搞清楚弄明白，真正做到知彼知己、應知盡知，因地制宜、相機而動。同時，還須將讀無字書與有字書結合起來，將間接的理論與不斷發展變化的鮮活實踐統一起來，辯證認知以往經驗教訓和別人的經驗教訓，使之成為自己認知的助力而不是桎梏、輔助而不是主導。

更加積極主動強化認知理性。經得起實踐和實戰長期檢驗的正確認知從實踐中來，又在實踐反饋中得以強化。認知實踐經驗只是獲得正確認知的基礎材料，要形成科學的認知還需要進一步在意識與物質、思維與存在的反復折沖印證中不斷去偽存真，才能提高認知理性。那種僅從局部情況、破碎信息和個別時段就認為一勞永逸獲得真知的做法，是錯誤甚至致命的。在中國古代赤壁之戰中，曹操一方只是從鐵索連船可平衡船體晃動的常識中就得出將戰船連體的認知，並未從連片戰船的實戰效果或後果中進行再認知再創造，就輕易用鐵索連船、自縛手腳，最終落得“火燒赤壁”的慘敗下場。時移事易，現代戰場敵情更是瞬息萬變，從來就沒有一成不變的認知實踐，也沒有一勞永逸的認知成果，只有從物質到認知再到物質的印證中剝離雜質、抽取精華進行再認知，才能回歸理性。

更加積極主動物化認知成果。認知成果只是孕育於認知載體的思維意識結果，如果不進行及時有效的物化轉化，就如同著錦衣而夜行、藏重寶於深山，難以彰顯自身價值。思維認知基於物理行動生發，最終還要依托物理域的具體行動，才能物化轉化為改變主客觀世界的實際成效。這就要求我們不僅要夯實認知基礎、強化認知理性，還要盡可能提高認知決策與計劃方案的可操作性，為其更加順暢地物化轉化打開方便之門。同時，還要著力提高決策部署執行者的執行能力，使之能正確理解領會決策意圖，結合具體實際創造性采用適情對路的方法，最大限度地將認知成果與作戰決策方案貫徹執行到底，當好認知成果與作戰效果聯結轉化的“擺渡人”“過河橋”。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍隊政治工作研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10203475888.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知域操作, 認知對抗, 認知戰

Chinese Military Comprehensively Improving Scientific and Technological Cognition of Strategic Capabilities

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國軍全面提升戰略能力科技認知

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2024年6月3日 星期一

現代英語：

War is a confrontation of material forces, but also a contest of ideological cognition. To implement President Xi’s new requirements for comprehensively improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields, we must grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological cognition, focus on the new trend of accelerating the new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution, focus on strengthening the army and winning wars, and strengthen the research and exploration of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies in emerging fields. With a deep understanding of the nature and laws of science and technology, we will master the initiative to achieve high-quality development of military construction and win military competition and future wars, transform scientific and technological cognition into a real ability to design and win wars, and accelerate and gain new advantages in strategic areas.

(one)

Only by understanding the times can we understand war. In the era when scientific and technological revolutions and military revolutions are integrated and intersecting, and science and technology have become the core combat power of modern warfare, improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields will help us understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, better control information-based and intelligent warfare, achieve overtaking in new fields and new tracks, win military competitive advantages with scientific and technological advantages, and win future high-tech wars.

Leading military reform and seizing the commanding heights. The wise hear what is silent, and the wise see what is not yet formed. Only by keenly observing the development trends of science and technology in emerging fields and expanding the cognitive boundaries in the field of strategic frontier technologies can we see what is not yet born and recognize what is not yet developed, take the initiative and fight proactively, and lead the revolutionary transformation and development of military elements. In today’s era, emerging technologies represented by artificial intelligence have emerged in a “blowout” manner, leading and promoting the rapid development of military intelligence at an unprecedented speed, triggering chain breakthroughs in the military field, and leveraging a fundamental change in the war pattern. Technological innovation has always been a race between time and speed. Faced with the strong momentum of military technological development in emerging fields, we must strive to seize the initiative and gain advantages. We must accurately grasp the technological trends of the times, dare to stand at the forefront of human warfare and technological development, and grasp the basic laws of technological development and evolution in the long river of history and the global perspective. We must accurately identify new goals, new fields, and new heights for the development of military science and technology, find breakthroughs in the development of military science and technology in a timely manner, and dare to advance into the “no man’s land” of military scientific and technological innovation, seize the strategic commanding heights of military technology competition, and lead the military revolution to achieve new breakthroughs and leaps with new thinking and concepts.

Leading military competition to gain the initiative. The level of cognition ultimately determines the pattern of military competition. At present, the frontier positions and strength competition of world military competition have extended to emerging fields, and seizing technological advantages has become a strategic move to seek military advantages. In the fierce competition of technological subversion and counter-subversion, raid and counter-raid, offset and counter-offset, scientific and technological cognition has become a key variable that determines the outcome of military games. If there is a gap in scientific and technological cognition, there is a risk of being surpassed by the opponent’s new technological combat force. If there is a technological gap in shaping new quality combat power, it will be difficult to “change the rules of competition” to form a military competitive advantage. Recent local wars and armed conflicts in the world have shown that whoever has the strategic capability and scientific and technological cognition of emerging fields ahead of the opponent and uses technology to empower combat power can control the battlefield situation and achieve a fundamental change in the winner and loser. In the increasingly fierce world military game, in order to seize the initiative in the development of military science and technology in emerging fields and occupy a favorable position of overlooking from a high position, it is necessary to enhance the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, keep a close eye on changes in science and technology, changes in war, and changes in opponents, plan according to the situation, act in response to the situation, follow the trend, make advance arrangements and plans, ensure that unique advantages are formed in some important areas, and win the initiative in military games.

Leading the strong army to win the war and win the future war. Practice determines cognition, which is the source and motivation, purpose and destination of cognition. The scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is to promote scientific and technological innovation and the application of science and technology as the practice direction. The fundamental focus is to create a new quality combat power growth pole. The main purpose is to seize the commanding heights of strategic competition, seize the initiative in war, and ultimately win the future war. At present, the development of emerging fields is showing a trend of in-depth advancement in all directions and fields, and the frequency of dynamic iteration and update of science and technology is accelerating. To forge a new quality combat power with a new killing mechanism and improve the scientific and technological content of national defense and military modernization, we must deeply grasp the key areas of scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields, grasp the new characteristics of cross-integration of scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields, focus on creating a new quality combat power growth pole, vigorously promote independent innovation and original innovation, eliminate backward technologies that are not adapted to the changes in the war form, adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, improve the application of military scientific and technological innovation, comprehensively enhance the strategic capabilities in emerging fields, and win the battle to achieve the goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army as scheduled.

(two)

Improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a very complex rational thinking process of subjective insight into objectiveness. We should scientifically and accurately grasp the essential attributes and characteristics of scientific and technological innovation and development in emerging fields, and know both the facts and the reasons. We should focus on improving the three abilities of scientific and technological foresight, discrimination, and understanding in the strategic capabilities of emerging fields, and form a scientific cognitive ability system that supports, cooperates with, and influences each other, so as to provide strong support for comprehensively improving the strategic capabilities in emerging fields.

Aiming at future wars, we should enhance our scientific and technological foresight. Emerging fields are one of the main battlefields of future wars. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, the impact will be subversive, and may even fundamentally change the form and mode of war, and fundamentally change the traditional offensive and defensive pattern of war. Science and technology have never had such a profound impact on military construction and the outcome of wars as today. If the scientific and technological cognition is narrow and there is a lack of strategic foresight and prediction of cutting-edge technologies in emerging fields, it may not understand the opponent, the war, let alone win the future war. During the Gulf War, Iraq’s mechanized steel torrent lost to the US military’s precision-guided weapons. One of the important reasons was the gap in the scientific and technological cognition of the two in strategic capabilities in emerging fields. To let thoughts reach tomorrow’s battlefield directly, we must improve our scientific and technological cognition, closely follow the development direction of the world’s advanced military science and technology, keep abreast of the latest developments in cutting-edge science and technology, scientifically predict the development trend of science and technology, make full use of data mining and other technologies, comprehensively judge the revolutionary impact of high-tech development on war, take the lead in laying out emerging combat fields, develop a series of high-tech weapons and equipment, accelerate the scientific and technological empowerment of combat effectiveness, and provide a solid material foundation for winning future wars.

Keep a close eye on how to defeat powerful enemies and improve your ability to discern science and technology. War is a life-and-death confrontation between the enemy and us, and emerging fields are the top priority for the struggle between the two sides. Improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is the fundamental strategy to prevent technological surprise attacks and avoid technological traps. In order to seize the initiative in war, powerful enemies have always not only used their unique high-tech weapons and equipment to surprise their opponents, putting them in a passive and unfavorable situation, but also used a more dangerous trick of carefully setting up technical traps and implementing strategic fraud. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union fell into the strategic deception trap of the US “Star Wars Plan”, which accelerated the decline of its national strength. To persist in targeting strong enemies and winning battles, we must improve the scientific and technological discernment of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, closely follow the technological frontiers of strong enemies, formulate breakthrough strategies for building strategic capabilities in emerging fields, and maintain a high degree of technical acumen and discernment of some of the so-called new technologies and new concepts hyped by strong enemies. We must be good at distinguishing the authenticity of technology, weighing the pros and cons of development and the extent of their impact, and persist in developing strategic resources in emerging fields based on national conditions and military situation, so that the results of military scientific and technological innovation in emerging fields can better empower the decision-making chain, command chain and combat effectiveness generation chain.

Mastering the winning strategy improves the understanding of science and technology. The key to strengthening the army and winning the war is to master the winning strategy. In the context of the deep coupling of modern science and technology with the military, understanding and mastering science and technology has become an essential ability to understand war, design war, and win war. From the perspective of human military history, it is precisely because of the thorough understanding of the principles of aviation technology and space technology that Douhet’s “air supremacy” theory, Graham’s “high frontier” theory and other war theories have been produced. Similarly, if there is a lack of thorough understanding of new technologies such as human-machine collaboration, group intelligence openness, and autonomous control of artificial intelligence, it will be impossible to master the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and explore new theories and tactics of intelligent warfare. Technology determines tactics. To win future wars, we must focus on thinking about wars from a scientific and technological perspective, understand the impact of scientific and technological development in emerging fields on wars, learn from and absorb the latest achievements in military and scientific and technological innovation of the world’s powerful countries, research and explore the internal mechanisms of high-tech in emerging fields that support modern warfare, and explore how to use scientific and technological concepts and thinking to accurately grasp the laws of winning wars, how to use advanced scientific and technological means to strengthen the construction of new-quality combat effectiveness, how to design wars based on scientific and technological principles, and how to transform scientific and technological advantages into capability advantages, and use the “key” of scientific and technological thinking to open the “door” to victory.

(three)

Comprehensively improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a long-term, systematic strategic project. We must deeply understand and implement the spirit of President Xi’s important instructions, take improving the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers as a basic task, and enhance the scientific and technological cognition of officers and soldiers with a high sense of mission, scientific thinking concepts, and effective methods and paths, in order to comprehensively enhance strategic capabilities in emerging fields and lay a solid foundation for the high-quality development of our military.

Accelerate the transformation of ideas and concepts. The wise change with the times, and the knowledgeable make decisions based on the situation. While the emerging military science and technology is transforming the objective world, it is also profoundly changing people’s subjective world, forming a subversive impact on the traditional war-winning mechanism and way of thinking. The inherent requirement is that we must change our ideas and concepts to improve our scientific and technological cognition. Engels pointed out: “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around… we need newer and braver minds.” Whoever is conservative, conservative, and self-contained will miss precious opportunities, fall into strategic passivity, and even miss a whole era. We must emancipate our minds and update our concepts, actively adapt to the development trend of military changes in the world today, keenly perceive the military ideological innovation brought about by the technological revolution, have the courage to change the mindset of mechanized warfare, break the ideological constraints of conservatism, and firmly establish a new thinking of information-based and intelligent warfare, establish a new concept of strengthening the army and winning with science and technology, focus on understanding the new face of war, discovering new characteristics of war, and revealing new laws of war from a scientific and technological perspective, and strive to raise the level of war cognition to a new height.

Cultivate the foundation of scientific and technological literacy. Scientific and technological literacy is the ability to scientifically understand and describe the objective world and the ability of scientific thinking. The depth of scientific and technological literacy fundamentally determines the level of scientific and technological cognition. If you don’t understand science and technology or your scientific and technological literacy is not high, you will be like looking at flowers in the fog and the moon in the water when it comes to modern warfare, let alone being able to fight and win. To improve the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields and understand the winning mechanism of modern high-tech warfare, the key is to work hard to improve the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers, coordinate the use of military and local scientific and technological resources, vigorously spread the scientific spirit, popularize scientific knowledge, strengthen the study of modern science and technology, especially military science and technology knowledge, conduct in-depth research on cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology, deeply understand the new characteristics of artificial intelligence deep learning, cross-border integration, human-machine collaboration, group intelligence openness, and autonomous control, understand and master the latest scientific and technological achievements, build a multi-dimensional knowledge system with information and intelligent technology as the main body, improve the level of thinking, expand the knowledge structure, and vigorously promote the transformation of the “variable” of scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields into the “energy” of strong military victory.

Improve capabilities based on practice. A knife needs to be sharpened and a person needs to be trained. To enhance the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, it is necessary not only to nourish theory and promote the transformation of ideas and concepts, but also to follow the basic law of human cognition movement of “practice, cognition, re-practice, and re-cognition”, make good use of the actual combat “grindstone” to sharpen the wisdom, and promote the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields to a higher level. We must be brave in improving quality and strengthening capabilities in the practice of strengthening the military and training through science and technology. We must persist in learning by doing and learning by doing. We must focus on our main responsibilities and main business, study cutting-edge science and technology based on our posts and positions, and improve our scientific and technological acumen, insight, and response speed. We must enhance our technical understanding of new equipment, new skills, and new tactics, cultivate scientific thinking, master scientific methods, improve our scientific and technological cognition, and cultivate the ideological awareness of strengthening strategic capability building in emerging fields from a scientific and technological perspective. We must keep a close eye on powerful enemies and future battlefields to develop a stronger “scientific and technological mind”, be familiar with our opponents’ scientific and technological achievements, capabilities, and means, accurately grasp the “hard core” and “soft underbelly” of our opponents’ scientific and technological development, adhere to asymmetric thinking, and tailor our struggle strategies and tactics to provide strong guarantees for winning this future high-end war and hybrid war.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語：

戰爭是物質力量的對抗，更是思想認知力的較量。貫徹落實習主席全面提升新興領域戰略能力的新要求，必須抓住科技認知力這個“牛鼻子”，著眼新一輪科技革命、產業革命和軍事革命加速推進的新態勢，聚焦強軍勝戰加強新興領域戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術的研究探索，以對科學技術本質和規律的深刻理解，掌握實現軍隊建設高品質發展，贏得軍事競爭和未來戰爭的主動權，把科技認知力轉化為實實在在的設計戰爭、打贏戰爭能力，在戰略必爭領域中跑出加速度、贏得新優勢。

（一）

理解時代才能理解戰爭。在科技革命與軍事革命融合交叉，科技已成為現代戰爭核心戰力的時代背景下，提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，有助於理解和掌握現代戰爭的特徵規律，更好地駕馭資訊化智慧化戰爭，在新領域新賽道實現彎道超車，以科技優勢贏得軍事競爭優勢、打贏未來高科技戰爭。

引領軍事變革搶佔制高點。聰者聽於無聲，明者見於未形。敏銳洞察新興領域科技發展趨勢走向，拓展戰略前沿技術領域認知邊界，才能做到見之於未萌、識之於未發，下好先手棋、打好主動仗，引領軍事領域要素實現革命性轉型發展。在當今時代，以人工智慧為代表的新興科技「井噴式」湧現，引領並推動軍事智慧以前所未有的速度突飛猛進，正在引發軍事領域鍊式突破，撬動戰爭格局發生根本性轉變。科技創新歷來是時間與速度的賽跑，面對新興領域軍事科技發展的強勁勢頭，我們要致力於搶佔先機、贏得優勢，必須準確把握時代科技大勢，勇於站在人類戰爭和科技發展最前沿，在歷史長河和全球視野中掌握科技發展演變的基本規律，切實找準軍事科技發展的新目標、新領域、新高地，及時找到軍事科技發展的突破口，勇於向軍事科技創新「無人區」進軍，搶佔軍事技術競爭的戰略制高點，以全新的思維理念引領軍事革命實現新突破新跨越。

引領軍事競爭贏得主動權。認知層次高低最終決定軍事競爭格局。目前，世界軍事競爭前線陣地和實力比拼已經延伸到新興領域，把奪取科技優勢作為謀求軍事優勢的戰略舉措。在技​​術上顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵銷與反抵銷的激烈較量中，科技認知力已成為決定軍事博弈勝負的關鍵變數。如果科技認知力出現代差，就面臨被對手新科技作戰力量超越的風險。在塑造新質戰鬥力上出現技術鴻溝，就很難「改變競技規則」形成軍事競爭優勢。世界近幾場局部戰爭和武裝衝突表明，誰具有領先對手的新興領域戰略能力科技認知力，用科技為戰鬥力賦能，誰就能掌控戰場態勢，並以此實現勝負手的根本轉換。在日益激烈的世界軍事博弈中，奪取新興領域軍事科技發展主動權，佔據高位瞰的有利位勢，必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，因勢而謀，應勢而動，順勢而為，超前佈局、超前謀劃，確保在一些重要領域形成獨特優勢，贏得軍事博弈主動權。

引領強軍勝戰制勝未來戰爭。實踐決定認識，是認識的泉源和動力、目的和歸宿。新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，以推動科技創新和科技運用為實踐指向，根本著眼點是打造新質戰鬥力增長極，主要目的是搶佔戰略競爭制高點，奪取戰爭主動權，最終打贏未來戰爭。當前，新興領域發展呈現全方位多領域縱深推進態勢，科技動態迭代更新頻率加快，鍛造全新殺傷機理的新質戰鬥力，提高國防和軍隊現代化建設的科技含量，必須深刻掌​​握新興領域科技創新發展的關鍵領域，掌握新興領域科技創新發展交叉融合發展新特徵，以打造新質戰鬥力成長極為重點，大力推動自主創新、原始創新，淘汰不適應戰爭形態變化的落後技術，堅持機械化資訊化智慧化發展，提升軍事科技創新應用力，全面提升新興領域戰略能力，打贏如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

（二）

提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力，是十分複雜的主觀見之於客觀的理性思考過程。科學準確掌握新興領域科技創新發展的本質屬性與特徵規律，做到知其然又知其所以然，應重點提升新興領域戰略能力的科技預知力、鑑別力、理解力三種能力素質，形成相互支撐、相互配合、相互影響的科學認知能力體系，為全面提升新興領域策略能力提供強大支撐。

瞄準未來戰爭提昇科技預知力。新興領域是未來戰爭的主戰場之一，有些技術一旦突破，影響將是顛覆性的，甚至可能從根本上改變戰爭形態和作戰方式，從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響軍隊建設和戰爭勝負，如果科技認知力狹隘，對新興領域前沿技術缺乏戰略性預見和預判，就可能看不懂對手、看不懂戰爭，更談不上打贏未來戰爭。海灣戰爭期間，伊拉克機械化鋼鐵洪流輸給美軍精確導引武器，究其緣由重要的一條是由兩者在新興領域戰略能力科技認知力存在差距造成的。讓思想直達明天的戰場，必須提高科技認知力，緊密追蹤世界先進軍事科技發展方向，及時掌握前沿科技最新動態，科學預測科技發展趨勢，充分運用資料探勘等技術，綜合研判高科技發展給戰爭帶來的革命性影響，搶先佈局新興作戰領域，研發系列高新技術武器裝備，加速戰鬥力科技賦能，為致勝未來戰爭提供堅實的物質基礎。

緊盯制勝​​強敵提高科技鑑別力。戰爭是敵我雙方的生死對抗，新興領域更是作戰雙方角力的重中之重。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，是防止技術突襲、避免技術陷阱的根本之策。為奪取戰爭主動權，強敵向來不僅以獨特的高新技術武器裝備突襲對手，使其陷入被動挨打的不利處境，更危險的招數在於精心設置技術陷阱，實施戰略欺詐。冷戰美蘇爭霸時期，蘇聯就落入美國「星際大戰計畫」的戰略欺騙陷阱，加速了國力衰退。堅持扭住強敵謀打贏，必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技鑑別力，要密切跟踪強敵對手科技前沿動態，制定新興領域戰略能力建設突破策略，對強敵宣傳炒作的一些所謂新技術新概念，必須保持高度的技術敏銳度和辨識力，要善於甄別技術真偽、權衡發展利弊及其影響程度，堅持從國情軍情出發開發新興領域戰略資源，使新興領域軍事科技創新成果更好地賦能決策鏈、指揮鍊和戰鬥力生成鏈。

掌握制勝之道提昇科技理解力。強軍勝戰關鍵要掌握致勝之道，在現代科技與軍事深度耦合的背景下，認識並掌握科技成為理解戰爭、設計戰爭、打贏戰爭的必備能力。從人類軍事史來看，正是由於對航空技術、太空技術等原理的透徹認知，杜黑的「制空權」理論、葛拉漢的「高邊疆」理論等戰爭理論才得以產生。同樣，目前如果對人工智慧所具有的人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新技術缺乏透徹認知，就無法掌握智能化戰爭制勝機理、探索智能作戰新戰法。技術決定戰術。打贏未來戰爭必須著重從科技角度思考戰爭，理解新興領域科技發展對戰爭帶來的影響，並借鑒吸收世界強國軍事科技創新最新成果，研究探索新興領域高新科技支撐現代戰爭的內在機理，探討如何以科技理念和思維把準戰爭制勝規律、如何運用先進科技手段加強新質戰鬥力建設、如何依據科技原理設計戰爭、如何將科技優勢轉化為能力優勢，用科技思維的“鑰匙”開啟勝戰“大門” 。

（三）

全面提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，是一項長期性、系統性的策略工程，必須深刻理解貫徹習主席重要指示精神，把提高官兵科技素養作為一項基礎性工作來抓，以高度的使命擔當、科學的思維理念、有效的方法路徑提升官兵科技認知力，為全面提升新興領域戰略能力，實現我軍高品質發展夯實根基。

加快轉變思想觀念。明者因時而變，知者隨事而製。新興領域軍事科技在改造客觀世界的同時，也深刻改變人們的主觀世界，對傳統的戰爭制勝機理和思維方式形成顛覆性衝擊，內在要求必須轉變思想觀念提昇科技認知力。恩格斯指出：「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候……我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」誰思想保守、因循守舊、固步自封，誰就會錯失寶貴時機，陷於戰略被動，甚至會錯過整整一個時代。我們必須解放思想更新觀念，積極適應當今世界軍事變革的發展趨勢，敏銳感知技術革命帶來的軍事思想革新，勇於改變機械化戰爭的思維定勢，破除守舊守常守成思想束縛，牢固地樹立起信息化智能化戰爭新思維，立起科技強軍制勝的新觀念，注重從科技角度認識戰爭新面貌、發現戰爭新特徵、揭示戰爭新規律，努力把戰爭認知力水準提升到新高度。

涵養科技素養底蘊。科技素養是科學認識和描述客觀世界的能力和科學思考能力，科技素養底蘊的深度，從根本上決定科技認知力高低程度。不懂科技或科技素養不高，對現代戰爭就是霧裡看花、水中觀月，更別說能打仗、打勝仗。提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力，理解現代高科技戰爭制勝機理，關鍵要在提高官兵科技素養上下功夫，統籌利用軍地科技優勢資源，大力傳播科學精神、普及科學知識，加強現代科技特別是軍事科技知識的學習，深入研究人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等尖端技術，深刻認識人工智慧深度學習、跨界融合、人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新特點，了解並掌握最新科技成果，建構以資訊化、智慧化科技為主體的多維知識體系，提升思維層次、拓展知識結構，強力推進新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力這個「變數」向強軍勝戰“能量”轉化。

立足實踐提高能力。刀要磨，人要練。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，既需要理論滋養促進思想理念轉型，更要遵循「實踐、認識、再實踐、再認識」的人類認識運動基本規律，用好實戰「磨刀石」砥礪智慧鋒芒，推動新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力向更高一級躍進。要勇於在科技強軍、科技強訓實踐中提質強能，堅持學中乾乾中學，聚焦主責主業、立足崗位戰位鑽研前沿科技，提高科技敏銳度、洞察力和響應速度；增強對新裝備、新技能、新戰法的技術理解，培育科學思維、掌握科學方法，提高科技認知力，培塑從科技視角加強新興領域戰略能力建設的思想意識；緊盯強敵對手和未來戰場練就更加強大的“科技頭腦”，熟悉對手的科技成果、科技能力和科技手段，精準把脈對手科技發展的“硬核”和“軟肋”，堅持非對稱思想量身定制鬥爭策略和戰法，為打贏這場未來高端戰爭、混合戰爭提供有力保障。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/szb_223187/gfbszbxq/index.html?paperName=zggfb&paperDate=2024-06-03&paperNumber=03&articleid=932888

#Information Support Force, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations

Chinese Military Changing Trend of Command and Control from the Perspective of Complexity Science

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複雜性科學視野下的中國軍隊指揮控制變革趨勢

現代英語：

Hu Xiaofeng

Introduction

In recent years, with the evolution of war forms, the epistemology under the traditional scientific system has become increasingly difficult to meet the needs of the development of war practice. Complexity science has provided new possibilities for understanding war and guiding war practice. In the field of command and control, complexity can be used as a weapon to make the opponent’s decision-making more complicated, while the opponent can easily deal with it. The key to achieving this effect is to break the original traditional decision-making method and reshape the opponent’s decision-making process.

Understanding the Principle of Complexity in War

To discuss “how complexity becomes a weapon”, we first need to understand where the complexity of war comes from and the nature and characteristics of complex systems.

Traditional thinking methods believe that the world is deterministic and people are rational. Humans can use methods such as “decomposition + cognition + synthesis” to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the world and a precise grasp of the nature and operating laws of all things. However, there are still many complex systems in the world. These systems have holistic properties. Systems such as the human body, society, economy, and war all belong to this category. Complex systems have variable structures and are characterized by adaptability, uncertainty, emergence, and nonlinearity. Moreover, the results are not repeated and difficult to predict. Society, economy, cities, including intelligent systems, these systems related to people have these characteristics, in fact, they are all typical complex systems.

War is a typical complex system. People often say “randomness in war”, “unrepeatable results of war”, “fog in war”, “no constant situation of soldiers, no constant shape of water”, etc., in fact, they are all describing the characteristics of war complexity.

The root cause of war or social complexity lies in people’s “cognition”. People are not chaotic particles without thoughts, nor are they low-level creatures with only simple life logic. Therefore, the use of simple physical statistical methods will produce great deviations. Moreover, human behavior is not just “pure rationality” at work. Emotional factors such as personality, emotions, and attitudes may affect changes in human behavior.

Recognizing that war is a complex system is a huge progress. Only in this way can we better understand the phenomenon of war complexity and find ways and means to solve problems. Instead of simply adopting reductionist methods or simply transplanting physical methods to study war.

How to create complexity

The earliest idea of ​​making complexity a weapon was the US military’s “decision-making center war”. It advocates that with the support of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, the upgrading and transformation of combat platforms and distributed deployment can achieve diversified tactics, while ensuring its own tactical selection advantages, it can impose high complexity on the opponent to interfere with its command and decision-making capabilities, and occupy an overwhelming advantage in the new dimension.

In future wars, due to the increasingly large combat system, the interweaving of people and machines in decision-making at all levels, especially the widespread use of intelligent combat platforms, the battlefield management problem has become unprecedentedly prominent. If there are defects in the opponent’s information system, it may be subject to the complexity of its own system. The US military believes that complexity as a weapon is to make the opponent feel complex in one direction, while it can easily deal with it. The key is to break the original traditional decision-making method and reshape the opponent’s decision-making process.

Traditional decision-making is only a change in decision-making parameters, not a change in decision-making process, so the decision complexity is constant. If the decision is still made according to inherent factors and processes, only the size of the variable is adjusted, and the original causal relationship is not changed. For example, the self-side adopts camouflage, reinforcement and other means to enhance the survivability of the base and force the opponent to change the original decision. But doing so does not increase the complexity of the enemy’s decision-making, because the causal relationship has not changed. If complexity methods are introduced, the opponent’s decision-making process can be reshaped, forcing the opponent to introduce new parameters, resulting in increased decision-making complexity. For example, the camouflage effect of one’s own side exceeds the opponent’s existing reconnaissance capability, forcing it to find new reconnaissance and positioning methods, thereby prompting it to change its decision-making process and make the decision more complicated. So, how to create complexity? It is generally believed that there are four main methods.

Limit intelligence capabilities. By creating uncertainty to enhance complexity, reduce the opponent’s situational awareness, so that the opponent can only take action with the support of limited information. Specific methods include: giving incomplete information or false information, which is what we often call hiding the truth and showing the false; creating deep uncertainty, that is, creating “black swan” events, putting the opponent in an “unknown unknown” state. For example, electronic countermeasures make it impossible for the opponent to understand the system principles, resulting in an inability to understand the situation. The most typical case is the “unknown air situation” in the past. Although it can be seen from the radar signal, it is unknown why such a signal is generated, which makes the opponent always confused.

Weaken response capabilities. By using adaptive characteristics to create complexity, the opponent’s action response capability is weakened. It can also be understood that changing the environment faster creates complexity, forcing the opponent to reduce its adaptability and hindering its timely feedback. Combat confrontation can be seen as who can adapt to changes in the opponent, battlefield and environment faster. The adaptability depends on the command and control system structure, process and decision-making method, as well as the reaction speed of the troops. Without this ability, it is often passive. Adopting flexible command methods, making adequate plans, and having distributed decision-making mechanisms can enhance the adaptability of the troops. The traditional centralized control method will be difficult to adapt to the needs of future wars, and the dispatch-type command and control mode with resource distribution and service distribution similar to online car-hailing may be better adapted to the changing battlefield environment and respond faster.

Create border chaos. Create chaos and complexity by crossing boundaries to form new emergent effects. Between military services and between different support systems, etc., can all be regarded as boundaries. In future operations, cross-service and cross-system command boundaries often become system vulnerabilities, forming more complex network cascade effects. Therefore, how to create complexity across organizational boundaries will become the key to future operations. For example, creating all kinds of chaos between different combat domains, different troops, and different systems, while ensuring the orderly operation of one’s own system, making the opponent’s system entangled and inefficient, thus causing its system to be divided or collapsed.

Promote critical point conversion. Push the opponent to the critical point and create complexity, resulting in nonlinear conversion. Small changes in complex systems may be amplified and transmitted step by step, and emerge with effects that seriously affect the war situation, and this phenomenon often occurs at the critical point. The most common practices are “overload” and “promote collapse”. The so-called overload is to force the opponent to be in an overloaded state frequently, resulting in a significant reduction in its performance. For example, the command information system may perform very well at ordinary times, but once it is under high overload during wartime, its performance will decline significantly and it will often be in a low-efficiency state. The so-called collapse is to force the enemy system to collapse at the critical point. For example, the commander collapses under high pressure during wartime and makes a wrong judgment, even if he may only be at a slight disadvantage. In this case, the firmness of the commander’s will often determines the final result.

“Fight complexity with complexity”

Almost all changes in war can be seen as cognitive upgrades and complications. Clausewitz believed that “uncertainty” and “fear” are the two keys to studying war, and the commonality between the two is actually cognition.

The key to “decision-centered warfare” is to accelerate cognition to adapt to complexity. To deal with complex weapons, we need to “fight complexity with complexity” and start with basic work. First, we need to understand the principles of war complexity and actively create complexity to seize the initiative on the battlefield. For ourselves, we need to manage our own complexity; for our opponents, we need to impose more complexity on them. Secondly, we need to understand the changes in the mechanism of war, which requires us to focus on the key point of “command and control”. The most important of these is the perception, control and management of complex battlefields, as well as the understanding, modeling and simulation of intelligent cognition.

As we all know, command and control has two sides. Its “rational” side is the standardization of command decisions, which is reflected in the command mechanism, combat process, regulations, plans and planning. That is, “when you know how to do it”, you can use efficient scientific methods to make it, such as operational planning. The “emotional” side is reflected in the creative content of command decisions, that is, the art of command. The art of command depends on the inspiration, intuition, knowledge and experience, and even personality of the commander. That is, when “I don’t know what to do”, I can find a way to solve the problem, such as trial and error. In fact, the former is only the result of intelligence, and the latter determines the generation of intelligence. Therefore, from a rational point of view, traditional systems hope that everything that will happen in the future is known in advance; from a perceptual point of view, intelligent systems hope that surprises will emerge in the future, that is, innovation. Therefore, it can be considered that command is art and control is science; command is “intelligence” and control is “skill”, which is the difference between “strategy” and “technology”. How to solve these two problems is the trend and direction of future changes in the field of command and control.

The first trend: control management is moved down, and intelligent decision-making is continuously mechanized. Under the conditions of future informationized and intelligentized warfare, the independent operation of unmanned systems, the adaptive organization of military organizations, and the autonomous combat methods based on big data, cloud computing and network information systems have put forward higher requirements for the command and control mode. To adapt to this change, it is necessary to give combat units more autonomy and shorten the chain of command; introduce intelligent decision-making assistance and analysis tools, and use people “on the loop” or “outside the loop” to effectively accelerate the decision-making process and improve decision-making efficiency.

The second trend: command decisions are moved up and become more complex with intelligent assistance. From a strategic perspective, first, we should focus on cognitive confrontation, fully understand complex system problems such as “the more complex the system is, the more complex it is”, “yesterday’s rules are different from today’s”, and “the future is unpredictable”, and find ways to deal with them; second, we should confront complexity with complexity. “Strategic simplicity” cannot replace “the complexity of battlefield and tactical control”, and we cannot ostrich-like “respond to changes with the same”. Third, to create complex asymmetry, combat personnel need to use “command art + decision-making intelligent tools”. The stronger the artistry of decision-making, the higher the complexity. To fight against artificial intelligence, we need to rely on artificial intelligence, but we cannot rely on artificial intelligence alone.

The third trend: build a combat network and command and control network system around intelligent machines. First, we need to redefine the platform type and no longer simply distinguish between combat platforms of different space types such as aircraft and submarines. Second, we need to change the traditional combat force use mode and adopt an “order-based” combat mode. Focusing on combat resources and services, we provide battlefield links, command, management and scheduling through cloud platforms. The third is to improve the adaptability of complex systems, so that the command and control and combat systems can bear high overload situations, and cannot perform “excellently” in simple situations, but seriously decline in complex situations, leading to complex disasters.

The fourth trend: Human-machine hybrid command and control will become the mainstream. In the future, with the support of big data, combat cloud, machine assistance and shared combat maps, artificial intelligence will form a combat ecosystem with humans. It should be noted that the decision-making application of artificial intelligence is not to replace “people”, but to make good use of “people”, and achieve better results through human-machine collaboration. Specifically, one is to combine human creativity with the “tirelessness” of machines based on hybrid intelligence, so as to give full play to their respective strengths and avoid the dilemma that decision-making intelligence technology has been difficult to break through for a long time. The second is to solve the problem of human-machine hybrid. The inconsistency of cognitive space, the difficulty of forming a collaborative system, and the distrust of people in machines all need to be solved, which may be the focus of future command and control system design.

現代國語：

胡曉峰

引言

近年來，隨著戰爭形態的演變，傳統科學體系下的知識論越來越難以滿足戰爭實踐發展的需要，複雜性科學為認識戰爭、指導戰爭實踐提供了新的可能性。在指揮控制領域，複雜性可以作為一種武器，使對手決策變得更加複雜，而自己則可以輕鬆應對。要達到這效果的關鍵在於，打破原有傳統決策的方式，重塑對手的決策流程。

認識戰爭複雜原理

討論“複雜性怎樣成為武器”，我們首先需要認識一下，戰爭的複雜性由何而來，以及複雜系統的性質和特徵。

傳統思維方法認為，世界是確定性的、人是理性的，人類可以採用「分解+認識+綜合」等方法，實現對世界的全面認識、對萬事萬物的性質和運作規律的精準把握。但世界上還存在著許多複雜系統，這些系統存在著整體性質，像是人體、社會、經濟、戰爭等，都屬於這一類。複雜系統結構可變，具有適應性、不確定性、湧現性、非線性等特點，且結果不重複，也難以預測。社會、經濟、城市包括智慧系統，這些與人有關的系統都有這些特點，其實它們都是典型的複雜系統。

戰爭就是典型的複雜系統。人們常說的「戰爭中的偶然性」「戰爭結果的不可重複性」「戰爭中的迷霧」「兵無常勢，水無常形」等等，其實都是在描述戰爭複雜性的特徵。

戰爭或社會複雜性產生的根源，在於人的「認知」。人不是雜亂無章、沒有思想的粒子，也不是只有簡單生命邏輯的低等生物，因而採用簡單的物理統計方法就會產生很大的偏差。而且，人的行為也不會只是「純理性」在起作用，性格、情緒、態度等感性因素都有可能影響人類行為的改變。

認識到戰爭是複雜系統，是一個巨大進步。唯有如此，才能更能理解戰爭複雜性現象，找到解決問題的方法和途徑。而不是簡單地採用還原論方法，或簡單​​地移植物理學方法來研究戰爭。

如何製造複雜性

讓複雜性成為武器，最早是美軍「決策中心戰」的設想。其主張在人工智慧等先進技術的支撐下，透過對作戰平台的升級改造以及分散式部署實現多樣化戰術，在保障自身戰術選擇優勢的同時，向對手施加高複雜度，以乾擾其指揮決策能力，在新維度上佔據壓倒性優勢。

未來戰爭，由於作戰體系越來越龐大，各級決策中人與機器混雜交織，尤其是智慧化作戰平台的廣泛運用，導致戰場管理問題空前突出。如若對手資訊系統上有缺陷，可能將受制於自己體系的複雜性。美軍認為，複雜性作為武器，就是要讓對手單向感到複雜，而自己則可以輕鬆應付。其關鍵在於打破原有傳統決策的方式，重塑對手的決策流程。

傳統決策只是決策參量的改變，而非決策流程的改變，所以決策複雜度恆定。如若仍依固有因素和流程決策，調整的只是變數的大小，並未改變原先的因果關係。例如，己方透過採取偽裝、加強等手段，增強基地的生存能力，迫使對手改變原有決策。但這樣做並沒有增加敵方的決策複雜度，因為因果關係並沒有改變。如果引入複雜性方法，則可以重塑對手的決策流程，逼迫對手引入新參量，導致決策複雜性增加。例如，使己方偽裝效果超過對手現有的偵察能力，迫使其必須尋找新的偵察定位方法，促使其改變決策流程，使決策變得更加複雜。那麼，如何製造複雜性呢？一般認為，主要有以下四種方法。

限制情報能力。透過製造不確定性以增強複雜性，降低對手的態勢感知能力，使得對手只能在有限資訊的支撐下實施行動。具體的方法包括：給予不完整的資訊或虛假訊息，也就是我們常說的隱真示假；製造深度不確定性，也就是製造「黑天鵝」事件，讓對手處於「未知的未知」狀態。例如，電子對抗戰法使對手無法理解系統原理，導致無法理解態勢。最典型的案例莫過於過去的“不明空情”，雖然可以從雷達信號上看到，但不知道為何會產生出這種信號，使對手始終處於迷茫狀態。

削弱反應能力。透過利用適應性特徵來製造複雜性，削弱對手的行動反應能力。也可以理解為，更快變換環境製造複雜性，迫使對手降低適應能力，並阻礙其及時回饋。作戰對抗可以看作是敵我雙方誰能更快地適應對手、戰場和環境的變化，適應能力取決於指控系統結構、流程和決策方式，以及部隊的反應速度。沒有這方面的能力，往往就會陷入被動。採用靈活的指揮方式，做好充分預案，具有分散式決策機制等，都可以增強部隊的適應性。傳統意義上的集中控制方式將難以適應未來戰爭的需要，而類似於叫車那樣的資源分佈、服務分佈的派單式指揮控制模式，或許才能更好地適應多變的戰場環境，並能做出更快的反應。

製造交界混亂。透過跨越邊界製造混亂、創造複雜性，形成新的湧現效果。軍兵種之間、不同保障系統之間等，都可以看成是邊界。未來作戰中跨軍種、跨體系的指揮邊界往往成為體系脆弱點，形成更複雜的網路級聯效應。因而如何在跨組織邊界製造複雜性，將成為未來作戰的關鍵。例如在不同作戰域、不同部隊、不同系統之間製造各種混亂，在確保己方體系運作有序的同時，使對手體系相互纏繞低效，從而導致其體系分割或坍塌。

促進臨界點轉換。將對手逼到臨界點並製造複雜性，造成非線性的轉換。複雜系統中的微小變化，都可能經過逐級放大傳導，湧現出嚴重影響戰局的效果，而這個現象經常出現在臨界點處。最常見的做法是「超負荷」「促進崩潰」兩種。所謂超負荷，就是促使對手經常處於超負荷狀態，導致其性能大幅降低。例如，指揮資訊系統平時可能表現很優秀，但在戰時一旦處於高過載情況下，表現卻會大幅下滑，常常處於低效能狀態。所謂促崩潰，就是促使敵方系統在臨界處崩潰。例如指揮在戰時高壓力下崩潰作出錯誤判斷，就算其可能只是處於微小劣勢之下。在這種情況下，指揮官意志的堅定程度，往往決定了最終的結果。

“以複雜對抗複雜”

戰爭中幾乎所有的變化，都可以看成是認知的升級和複雜化。克勞塞維茲就認為，「不確定性」和「恐懼」是研究戰爭的兩個關鍵，這兩者的共通點其實就是認知。

「決策中心戰」的關鍵就在於加速認知，以適應複雜性。應對複雜性武器需要“以複雜對抗複雜”，從基礎工作做起。首先，需要理解戰爭複雜性原理，主動製造複雜性來掌握戰場主動權。對自己來說，需要管理自身的複雜性；對對手來說，需要對對手施加更多的複雜性。其次，需要了解戰爭機理發生的改變，這就需要瞄準「指揮與控制」這個重點。其中最重要的是對複雜戰場的感知、控制和管理，以及對智慧認知的理解、建模和模擬。

眾所周知，指揮控制具有兩面性。它「理性」的一面，就是指揮決策的規範化，體現在指揮機制、作戰流程、條令條例、計畫規劃等內容。也就是「知道怎麼做時」可以用高效率的科學方法做出來，例如運籌規劃。 「感性」的一面則體現在指揮決策的創意內容，也就是指揮藝術。指揮藝術取決於指揮人員的靈感直覺、知識經驗，甚至是性格。也就是在「不知道怎麼做時」能找到解決問題的方法，例如試誤選擇。事實上，前者只是智能結果，後者才決定智能的產生。所以，從理性角度來看，傳統系統希望未來發生的一切都是事先知道的；而從感性角度來看，智慧系統卻希望未來能夠湧現出驚喜，也就是創新。所以可以認為，指揮是藝術，控制是科學；指揮是“智能”，而控制是“技能”，這也就是“謀略”和“技術”的區別。而如何解決好這兩個問題，是未來在指揮控制領域變革的趨勢與方向。

第一個趨勢：控制管理下移，並將智慧決策不斷機器化。在未來資訊化智慧化戰爭條件下，無人系統獨立運作、軍隊組織自適應編組以及基於大數據、雲端運算和網路資訊系統的自主作戰方式等，對指揮控制模式提出了更高的要求。適應這種變化，需要賦予作戰單元更多自主權，縮短指揮鏈；引入智慧化輔助決策與分析工具，以人在「迴路」或「迴路外」等方式，切實加速決策過程，提高決策效率等。

第二個趨勢：指揮決策上移，在智慧輔助下更為複雜。從謀略角度講，一是要以認知對抗為中心，充分理解「複雜系統越認識越複雜」「昨天規律與今天不同」「未來不可預測」等複雜系統問題，找到應對之道；二是以複雜對抗複雜。 “戰略的簡潔性”並不能取代“戰場和戰術控制的複雜性”，不能鴕鳥式的“以不變應萬變”。第三是創造複雜的非對稱性，需要作戰人員藉助「指揮藝術+決策智慧工具」。決策的藝術性越強，複雜度越高，對抗人工智慧需要依賴人工智慧，但不能只靠人工智慧。

第三個趨勢：圍繞智慧機器，建構作戰網和指控網體系。一是需要重新定義平台類型，不再簡單區分飛機、潛水艇等不同空間類型的作戰平台。二是需要改變傳統作戰力量使用模式，採取「訂單式」作戰模式，圍繞作戰資源與服務，透過雲端平台提供戰場連結、指揮、管理與調度。第三是提高複雜系統適應能力，指揮控制與作戰體系能夠承擔高過載情況，不能遇到簡單情況表現“優秀”，但在復雜情況下卻嚴重下滑，導致複雜性災變。

第四個趨勢：人機混合的指揮控制將成為主流。未來的指揮控制，在大數據、作戰雲、機器輔助和共用作戰圖的支援下，人工智慧將和人一起形成作戰生態系統。要注意的是，人工智慧的決策運用，不是要取代“人”，而是要用好“人”，人機協同，實現更好的效果。具體來說，一是基於混合智能，將人的創造性與機器的「不知疲倦」結合起來，既發揮各自的長處，又規避決策智能技術長時期難以突破的窘境。二是解決人機混合的難題。認知空間的不一致、協同體系的難形成、人對機器的不信任等，都需要解決，或許是未來指控係統設計的重點。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16277688.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Research on Typical Operational Styles of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍隊智能戰爭典型作戰方式研究

現代英語：

Intelligent warfare is a new form of warfare that has gradually developed with the continuous advancement of science and technology. It widely uses intelligent technology to achieve all-round informatization, digitization and intelligence of war. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict can be seen as a microcosm of intelligent warfare, from which we can see the transformation and application of high-tech in actual warfare in the past decade, as well as the astonishing military effectiveness it has produced.

In recent years, major military countries around the world have listed artificial intelligence, big data and other emerging technologies as priority development, and analyzed their military applications and impact on modern warfare based on theoretical research, combat experiments and other methods. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict has become an important window and key testing ground for its perspective on actual combat effectiveness. After this actual combat test, countries around the world have been inspired to accelerate war preparations to cope with the upcoming era of comprehensive intelligent warfare. A new round of AI arms race has quietly begun!

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Characteristics of intelligent warfare

Different from traditional warfare forms, the characteristics of intelligent warfare are: with artificial intelligence and big data as the core, through advanced artificial intelligence algorithms and large-scale data sets, to achieve rapid information acquisition, processing and sharing, and provide more comprehensive and accurate information support. Based on network information, on a highly networked information warfare platform, comprehensive information control and efficient transmission are achieved, and each combat unit can share and coordinate actions in real time to improve command efficiency, combat coordination and flexibility. Command and control is the key, and through intelligent command and control systems, intelligent decision-making systems and autonomous combat systems, the combat situation is monitored throughout the process, and combat operations are efficiently coordinated and accurately controlled. High-quality talents are needed to support it, and talents with high-level intelligent technology can better use intelligent technology. Promote the transformation of combat styles. With the development of intelligent technology, combat styles are constantly innovating, and tactical response requirements are constantly changing. Networked combat, intelligent reconnaissance and strike, unmanned combat, cognitive domain combat, etc. are more typical combat styles in intelligent warfare.

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Essential characteristics, application scenarios and tactical response requirements of typical combat styles of intelligent warfare

(I) Networked combat

  1. Essential points

Networked combat is to build a networked combat platform through a series of information technology, communication technology, network technology and computer technology, interconnect various combat units, combat systems, etc., realize information acquisition, processing, sharing and coordinated actions, and achieve the purpose of comprehensive control of battlefield information, efficient decision-making and coordinated combat. Its essence emphasizes sharing and coordination.

  1. Application scenarios

Networked combat covers multiple application scenarios such as command and control, intelligence collection, combat coordination and logistics support: ① In terms of command and control, networking connects various command and control systems, sensors and weapons and equipment, so that commanders can grasp the battlefield situation in real time, improve decision-making ability and accuracy, and realize efficient command and control and coordinated processing. ② In terms of intelligence collection and analysis, networking realizes information sharing and collaborative analysis between various intelligence collection equipment, systems and personnel, enabling intelligence departments to obtain and analyze intelligence more comprehensively, accurately and timely, and provide more reliable data support for decision-making. ③ In terms of combat force coordination, networked connections enable information sharing and coordinated actions between various units, equipment and resources, and achieve more accurate combat operations. ④ In terms of logistics support, networking enables efficient logistics support through intelligent support systems, improves the efficiency and accuracy of logistics support, and achieves optimal allocation and efficient scheduling of logistics resources.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of networked operations

  1. Tactical response requirements

Networked operations require tactical response: First, information reliability. In networked operations, information is an important factor in leading operations. All combat units and systems must fully understand the importance of accurate information and provide reliable data support for decision-making. Second, network globality. Networked operations are not just the behavior of individual combat units, but the global behavior of the entire combat system, which requires coordination and cooperation from the perspective of the entire combat system. Third, high coordination. All combat units and systems must have a high degree of coordination capabilities, be able to quickly respond to various combat tasks, and achieve accurate combat operations. Fourth, technological advancement. All combat units and systems must have advanced technical capabilities, be able to master and apply various information technologies and equipment proficiently, and ensure the smooth progress of networked operations. Fifth, security and stability. It is necessary to ensure information security and network system stability, take security measures and technical means to prevent network attacks and data leakage, establish a strong network security protection system, adopt encryption technology and protocols, implement data management and access control, regularly detect and repair security vulnerabilities, adopt backup and fault-tolerant mechanisms, and avoid equipment failure or network interruption affecting combat effectiveness.

(II) Intelligent reconnaissance and strike

  1. Essential points

Intelligent reconnaissance and strike is to achieve accurate reconnaissance and efficient strikes on enemy targets through intelligent technology, quickly and accurately discover combat targets, and reduce combat losses. Its essence emphasizes: high precision, using high-resolution sensors, high-precision positioning technology, image recognition technology, etc. to achieve high-precision reconnaissance and positioning of targets; high speed, using advanced missile technology, artillery technology and drone technology, etc. to achieve high-speed strikes and destruction of targets; intelligent decision-making, using artificial intelligence technology, big data technology and cloud computing technology, etc. to achieve automatic identification and decision-making of targets, and improve damage effectiveness and efficiency.

  1. Application scenarios

Intelligent reconnaissance and strike are widely used in various combat fields: ① In ground warfare, use intelligent equipment such as satellites, drones and ground robots for reconnaissance, obtain high-precision image data of enemy positions, analyze enemy force deployment, weapons and equipment, and action patterns; use intelligent shells to achieve comprehensive coverage and strikes on enemy areas by accurately calculating shooting elements. ② In naval warfare, use intelligent reconnaissance equipment to identify and track targets at sea, grasp the dynamics of enemy ships in real time, and provide accurate coordinate information for strikes; through real-time perception and tracking, guide intelligent missiles to achieve long-range precision strikes on mobile targets. ③ In special combat environments, such as urban street fighting, use intelligent reconnaissance equipment to conduct reconnaissance inside buildings, and achieve precision strikes inside buildings through high-precision sensors and strike algorithms; in mountain warfare, use intelligent reconnaissance equipment to conduct reconnaissance and analysis of mountain terrain to provide accurate terrain information support for troops’ marching and combat.

Figure 2 “Reconnaissance and Strike” Wheeled Reconnaissance Robot

  1. Tactical Response Requirements

Comprehensive, accurate and efficient intelligent support and guarantee services are the key to supporting the effectiveness of this combat style, mainly as follows: First, realize all-round highly intelligent intelligence collection and analysis. Use advanced intelligent equipment (such as satellites, drones, etc.) and technologies (such as machine learning, big data, cloud computing, etc.) to conduct highly automated reconnaissance and intelligence collection, and automatically analyze and process the massive heterogeneous data obtained, so as to achieve comprehensive perception, monitoring and deep mining of battlefield conditions, and provide comprehensive, accurate and fresh data guarantee services for target indication and strike. Second, intelligent command, control and strike. On the basis of intelligent, efficient and accurate collection, reconnaissance and analysis of battlefield data, it is also necessary to use artificial intelligence technology and automation systems to conduct highly automated command and control, identify and track enemy targets, make decisions quickly and guide weapon systems to carry out precise strikes. Third, formulate accurate emergency plans. The battlefield situation changes rapidly, and emergency response capabilities are crucial. Use intelligent technology to analyze battlefield situations in real time, predict possible emergencies or prejudge the actions of mobile targets, formulate emergency plans or strike ideas in advance, and ensure that rapid response and strike response can be made when emergencies occur.

(III) Unmanned combat

  1. Essential points

Unmanned combat is the use of unmanned technology to realize the combat use of unmanned equipment. Its advantage is to reduce casualties and perform combat tasks in some high-risk and complex environments. The key point is the development of unmanned equipment, such as drones, unmanned vehicles, and unmanned boats. These equipment can achieve high-precision and high-speed reconnaissance, strike and other combat operations in combat.

  1. Application scenarios

Unmanned combat has a variety of combat scenarios, including but not limited to: ① Drones can be used in ground warfare. Use drones to conduct high-altitude reconnaissance and surveillance outside the enemy’s air defense system to obtain high-definition image data; they can also be equipped with weapon systems to accurately strike and destroy enemy targets. ② Unmanned vehicles can be used in urban combat. Unmanned vehicles equipped with high-precision sensors and weapon systems can be used to replace human soldiers to perform reconnaissance, patrol, attack and defense tasks in urban streets to avoid casualties. ③ Unmanned boats can be used in maritime operations. Unmanned boats equipped with a variety of sensors and weapon systems can be used to perform maritime reconnaissance, patrol, anti-submarine warfare, attack and anti-piracy tasks.

Figure 3 UAVs equipped with ammunition on the Russian-Ukrainian battlefield

  1. Tactical response requirements

Unmanned combat requires the following tactical requirements: First, autonomy and intelligence are at the core. Unmanned combat systems need to have a certain level of autonomy and intelligence, and be able to complete combat tasks autonomously without human intervention. The system needs to have advanced autonomous action control technology, intelligent perception technology and decision-making planning capabilities. Second, target recognition and decision-making speed must be fast. The timeliness requirements for unmanned combat systems to quickly identify targets and make decisions require high-precision sensors and efficient image processing capabilities, as well as real-time data analysis capabilities and powerful decision-making algorithms. Third, information sharing and collaboration are very necessary. Unmanned combat systems need to share information and collaborate with other systems. The system needs to have efficient information transmission capabilities and powerful collaborative combat algorithms to achieve functions such as task allocation, action coordination and information sharing. Fourth, safety and stability are the bottom line. Unmanned combat systems need to be safe and stable and able to operate stably in complex battlefield environments. The system needs to have advanced security assurance technology and stability control capabilities to cope with various emergencies and dangerous situations.

The above requirements are the key to achieving efficient, accurate and reliable unmanned combat, and are also important considerations for the development and deployment of unmanned combat system equipment.

(IV) Cognitive domain combat

  1. Essential characteristics

Cognitive domain combat is the use of theories of relevant disciplines such as cognitive science, system science, communication, linguistics, social culture, and social behavior, with multiple information carriers such as text, pictures, sound, and video, and the comprehensive use of various combat methods and technical means to compete for the spirit, thought, thinking, and thinking of the target object, to achieve cognitive influence, cognitive shaping, cognitive control, and cognitive manipulation of the target object, and promote the formation of a cognitive situation that is beneficial to oneself.

  1. Application scenarios

Cognitive domain combat is not a unique combat style of intelligent warfare. Its ideas are reflected in military tactics and strategies in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad. With the promotion and empowerment of artificial intelligence technology in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, social robots, deep fake videos, etc. are widely used in online media, influencing social public opinion, manipulating public cognition, and exerting power efficiently and accurately, making cognitive warfare a “brain battle” for global digital communication. Its application scenarios are: ① Military fraud. Through propaganda, psychological suggestion, induction and other deception and fraud methods, try to make the enemy misjudge the situation, affect their cognition, emotions and behavior, and thus disintegrate their morale and fighting will. For example, during World War II, the Soviet Union used large-scale propaganda activities to promote the strength of the Soviet Union and the defeat of Germany to German soldiers, thereby affecting the morale and fighting will of German soldiers. ② Media propaganda. Information dissemination through television, radio, the Internet, etc., affects the public’s views and attitudes on specific issues. For example, in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, Ukrainian politicians and ordinary people intensively spoke on social platforms such as Twitter, gaining widespread attention and sympathy from the international community, and creating a cognitive situation that is beneficial to Ukraine in the international public opinion field. ③ Long-term consciousness infiltration. Through the long-term cultivation of concepts, culture, religion, ideology, etc., people’s cognition and values ​​are unconsciously influenced. This is a very covert and effective combat strategy.

Figure 4 Cognitive Domain Operations

  1. Tactical Response Requirements

Cognitive domain operations have the following tactical requirements: First, accurately locate the target object, formulate different strategies according to different target objects, understand their cognitive characteristics, needs, values, etc., and formulate more targeted strategies. Second, multi-dimensional information dissemination, and comprehensive use of multiple information carriers and dissemination channels for dissemination. Third, use psychological principles and master psychological knowledge and skills, such as suggestion, induction, group effect, etc., to better manipulate cognition. Fourth, flexibly respond to protective measures, and adjust strategies in time through information detection and counterattack, network tracking and attack, etc., to ensure its effectiveness and safety. Fifth, emphasize effect feedback evaluation in order to adjust strategies and means, and continuously optimize and improve tactics.

(V) Other combat styles

Some other new combat styles have also emerged in intelligent warfare. These combat styles have their own characteristics and advantages, and play an important role in improving combat effectiveness: Directed energy weapon combat is a combat method that uses high-energy beams to attack. This weapon can destroy enemy targets at a long distance, and has the characteristics of high precision, high speed and high destructive power. Directed energy weapons include laser weapons, particle beam weapons and microwave weapons, which can be used in various combat fields such as air, ground and sea. Cross-domain combat refers to leapfrogging attacks and defenses between different fields such as space, cyberspace and land, sea and air battlefields, using intelligent technology to achieve leapfrogging actions between different fields to achieve a surprising victory. For example, air power can be used to strike enemy ground targets, and ground power can be used to strike enemy sea targets. Stealth combat is to use various technologies and means to hide and disguise oneself on the battlefield, avoid enemy reconnaissance and attack, and improve one’s own survivability and attack effect. For example, in air and sea combat environments, stealth fighters and stealth submarines use their installed stealth materials and stealth technology to avoid enemy radar, infrared, sonar and other detection.

Figure 5 Directed energy weapons

Figure 6 Cross-domain combat

Figure 7 US “B-2 Spirit” stealth bomber

In short, there are many new combat styles in intelligent warfare, all of which are innovative to improve combat effectiveness. As technology continues to advance and develop, more new combat methods and innovative applications will emerge, providing more support and guarantees for winning intelligent wars.

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Comprehensive analysis of typical combat styles

Comprehensive analysis of typical combat styles shows that: (1) “Controlling energy with intelligence”, “Gathering energy over a wide area” and “Precisely releasing energy” are its fundamental strategic ideas, achieving maximum war benefits at the lowest cost. Networked combat and cross-domain combat realize battlefield information perception, monitoring and coordination in all fields and dimensions, such as air, land, sea and network, and cross-domain integration enhances strength; intelligent reconnaissance and strike realize accurate intelligence analysis and precise target positioning and strike, reducing damage to surrounding evasion facilities and ordinary people; unmanned combat emphasizes reducing casualties of one’s own manpower, and autonomously carrying out combat missions through unmanned equipment systems; cognitive domain combat uses intelligence to control invisible competition, achieving the goal of defeating the enemy without fighting. (2) Highly dependent on technology, coordination and intelligence, with algorithm computing power as the underlying support. All combat styles, without exception, rely on information, network, communication and other technical support to achieve the coordination of various combat forces and weapons and equipment, and have the ability to execute tasks and make decisions intelligently and autonomously. As its underlying support, algorithms dominate the operation and decision-making of intelligent weapons, and computing power provides faster response speed, more accurate decision-making and more efficient execution capabilities, which directly affects combat effectiveness and victory or defeat. (3) Combat effectiveness increases geometrically. Through high-speed, high-precision and high-efficiency human-machine collaboration, decentralized, fast and flexible tactical actions are used to form a non-linear, non-contact and asymmetric combat method to quickly achieve combat objectives. Compared with traditional combat, the combat effectiveness it releases is exponentially increasing.

Disclaimer: This article is transferred from Shigao Technology Online, the original author is Kou Jingxing, Yang Pei and Li Qingqing. The content of the article is the personal opinion of the original author. This public account is compiled/reprinted only for sharing and conveying different opinions. If you have any objections, please contact us!

Transferred from | Kou Jingxing, Yang Pei and Li Qingqing

Author | Shigao Technology Online

Introduction to the Institute

The International Institute of Technology and Economics (IITE) was established in November 1985. It is a non-profit research institution affiliated to the Development Research Center of the State Council. Its main function is to study major policy, strategic and forward-looking issues in my country’s economic, scientific and technological social development, track and analyze the world’s scientific and technological and economic development trends, and provide decision-making consulting services to the central government and relevant ministries and commissions. “Global Technology Map” is the official WeChat account of the International Institute of Technology and Economics, dedicated to delivering cutting-edge technology information and technological innovation insights to the public.

Address: Block A, Building 20, Xiaonanzhuang, Haidian District, Beijing

現代國語：

智慧化戰爭是隨著科技的不斷進步而逐漸發展起來的一種新型戰爭形態，其廣泛運用智慧化技術實現戰爭全方位的資訊化、數位化和智慧化。俄烏衝突可視為智慧化戰爭縮影，從中看到近十年高新科技在實際戰爭中的轉化運用，以及產生的令人瞠目的軍事效能。

近年來，全球主要軍事國家都將人工智慧、大數據等列為優先發展的新興技術，依托理論研究、作戰實驗等方法分析其軍事應用及對現代戰爭影響。俄烏衝突便成為其透視實際作戰效果的重要窗口和關鍵試驗場。經此實戰檢驗，世界各國從中獲得啟發，必須加速推進戰爭準備，以因應即將到來的全面智慧化戰爭時代。新一輪的AI軍備競賽悄悄開啟！

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智慧化戰爭特徵

與傳統戰爭形態不同，智慧化戰爭其特徵體現：以人工智慧和大數據為核心，透過先進人工智慧演算法和大規模資料集，實現資訊快速獲取、處理和共享，提供更全面且準確的資訊支援。以網路資訊為基礎，在高度網路化資訊作戰平台上，實現資訊全面掌控、高效傳遞，各作戰單元能即時共享和協同行動，提升指揮效率、作戰協同性和彈性。以指揮控制為關鍵，透過智慧化指揮控制系統、智慧決策系統及自主作戰系統等，全程監控作戰狀況、有效率協調並精確控製作戰行動。需高素質人才支持，具備高水準智慧化技術的人才能更好地運用智慧化技術。推動作戰樣式變革，隨著智慧化技術發展，作戰樣式不斷創新，戰術反應需求不斷變化。網路化作戰、智慧偵察與打擊、無人化作戰、認知域作戰等是智慧化戰爭中較為典型的作戰樣式。

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智慧化戰爭典型作戰樣式本質特徵、應用場景及戰術反應要求

（一）網路化作戰

1.本質要點

網路化作戰是透過一系列資訊科技、通訊技術、網路技術和電腦科技等，建構形成網路化作戰平台，將各個作戰單位、作戰系統等相互聯通，實現資訊取得、處理、共享及協同行動，達到全面掌控戰場資訊、高效決策與協同作戰目的，其本質強調共享及協同。

2.應用場景

網路化作戰涵蓋指揮控制、情報收集、作戰協同和後勤保障等多個應用場景：①指揮控制方面，網路化將各種指揮控制系統、感測器和武器裝備進行連接，指揮官可即時掌握戰場態勢，提高決策能力與準確度，實現高效指揮控制及協同處理。 ②情報收集和分析方面，網路化實現各種情報收集設備、系統和人員之間的資訊共享和協同分析，使情報部門更加全面、準確、及時獲取和分析情報，為決策提供更可靠的數據支持。 ③作戰力量協同方面，網路化連結實現各部隊、裝備和資源之間的資訊共享和協同行動，實現更精準的作戰行動。 ④後勤保障方面，網路化透過智慧化保障系統實現高效率後勤保障，提升後勤支援效率與精確度，實現後勤資源最佳化配置與高效調度。

圖1 網路化作戰示意圖

3.戰術反應要求

網路化作戰對戰術反應需求：一是資訊可靠性。在網路化作戰中，資訊是主導作戰的重要因素，各作戰單位和系統要充分認識準確資訊的重要性，為決策提供可靠的數據支援。二是網路全局性。網路化作戰不只是個別作戰單位行為，而是整個作戰系統全局性的行為，需從整個作戰系統的角度出發進行協同配合。三是高度協同性。各作戰單位和系統要具備高度的協同能力，能夠快速回應各種作戰任務，實現精準作戰行動。四是技術先進性。各作戰單位及系統要具備先進技術能力，能熟練及應用各種資訊技術及裝備，並保障網路化作戰順利進行。五是安全穩定性。必須保障資訊安全和網路系統穩定，採取安全措施和技術手段，防範網路攻擊和資料洩露，建立強大的網路安全防護體系，採用加密技術和協議，實施資料管理和存取控制，定期偵測和修復安全漏洞，採取備份和容錯機制，避免設備故障或網路中斷影響作戰效果。

（二）智能偵察與打擊

1.本質要點

智慧偵察與打擊是透過智慧化技術實現對敵方目標精準偵察和高效打擊，快速準確發現作戰目標，減少作戰損失，其本質強調：高精度，利用高解析度感測器、高精度定位技術和影像識別技術等，實現對於目標高精度偵察和定位；高速度，利用先進飛彈技術、砲彈技術和無人機技術等，實現對於目標高速度打擊和摧毀；智慧化決策，利用人工智慧技術、大數據技術和雲端運算技術等，實現對於目標自動辨識與決策，提高毀傷效能和效率。

2.應用場景

智慧偵察與打擊在多種作戰領域廣泛應用：①在地面戰爭中，利用衛星、無人機和地面機器人等智慧型設備進行偵察，取得敵方陣地高精度影像數據，分析敵方兵力部署、武器裝備和行動規律等資訊；透過精確計算射擊諸元，利用智慧砲彈實現對敵方區域全面覆蓋和打擊。 ②在海上戰爭中，利用智慧偵察設備對海上目標進行識別和跟踪，實時掌握敵方艦船動態，為打擊提供精準坐標信息；通過實時感知和跟踪，引導智能導彈實現對移動目標遠程精準打擊。 ③在特殊作戰環境下，如城市巷戰中，利用智慧偵察設備對建築物內部進行偵察，透過高精度感測器和打擊演算法，實現對建築物內部精準打擊；山地作戰中，利用智慧偵察設備對山區地形進行偵察分析，為部隊行軍作戰提供精準的地形資訊支援。

圖2 「察打一體」輪式偵察機器人

3.戰術反應要求

全面、精準、高效率的智慧化支援與保障服務，是支撐此作戰樣式取得成效關鍵，主要為：一是實現全方位高智慧化情報收集與分析。利用先進智慧型設備（如衛星、無人機等）和技術（如機器學習、大數據、雲端運算等），進行高度自動化偵察和情報蒐集，並對獲取的海量異源資料進行自動化分析處理，實現對戰場狀況全面感知、監控以及深度挖掘，為目標指示與打擊提供全面、精準、新鮮的資料保障服務。二是智能化指揮控制與打擊。在對戰場資料進行智慧高效準確地蒐集、偵察及分析基礎上，還需利用人工智慧技術和自動化系統，進行高度自動化指揮控制，對敵方目標進行識別和追踪，快速做出決策並引導武器系統進行精確打擊。三是製定精準的緊急應變計畫。戰場態勢瞬息萬變，緊急應變能力至關重要。利用智慧技術對戰場情況進行即時分析，預測可能出現的突發情況或對移動目標行動進行預判，提前製定應急預案或打擊思路，確保能夠在突發事件發生時迅速做出快速響應處置和打擊反應。

（三）無人化作戰

1.本質要點

無人化作戰是利用無人化技術，實現無人化裝備的作戰運用。其優勢在於減少人員傷亡，可執行一些高風險和複雜環境下的作戰任務。其要點是無人化裝備的發展，如無人機、無人車、無人艇等。這些裝備可以在作戰中實現高精準度、高速度的偵察、打擊等作戰行動。

2.應用場景

無人化作戰有多種作戰場景，包括但不限於：①無人機可應用於地面戰爭。利用無人機在敵方防空系統之外進行高空偵察與監視，取得高清晰度影像資料；亦可裝填武器系統，對敵方目標進行精確打擊與摧毀。 ②無人車可應用於都市作戰。利用無人車搭載高精準度感測器和武器系統，取代人類士兵在城市街道進行偵察巡邏、攻擊和防禦等任務，避免傷亡。 ③無人艇可應用於海上作戰。利用無人艇搭載多種感測器和武器系統，進行海上偵察巡邏、反潛作戰攻擊和反海盜等任務。

圖3 俄烏戰場上的配彈無人機

3.戰術反應要求

無人化作戰在戰術上要求：一是自主化和智慧化為其核心。無人化作戰系統需要具備一定自主化和智慧化水平，能夠在沒有人為幹預情況下自主完成作戰任務，需要係統具備先進自主行動控制技術、智慧感知技術和決策規劃能力。二是目標識別和決策速度要快。無人化作戰系統快速識別目標並做出決策的時效要求，需要依靠高精度感測器和高效影像處理能力，以及即時數據分析能力和強大決策演算法。三是資訊共享與協同非常必要。無人化作戰系統要與其他系統分享資訊和協同作戰，需要係統具有高效資訊傳輸能力和強大協同作戰演算法，能夠實現任務分配、行動協調和資訊共享等功能。四是安全穩定為保底。無人化作戰系統需要安全性和穩定性，能夠在複雜戰場環境中穩定運作。需要係統具有先進的安全保障技術和穩定性控制能力，能夠應付各種突發事件和危險情況。

以上要求是實現高效、精準和可靠的無人化作戰關鍵，也是無人化作戰系統裝備開發和部署的重要考量。

（四）認知域作戰

1.本質特點

認知域作戰是運用認知科學、系統科學、傳播學、語言學、社會文化學、社會行為學等相關學科理論，以文本、圖片、聲音、視頻等多重資訊載體，綜合運用多種作戰方式和技術手段，對目標對象進行精神、思想、思維、思考的爭奪，實現對目標對象的認知影響、認知塑造、認知控制和認知操縱，推動形成對己方有利的認知態勢。

2.應用場景

認知域作戰並非是智慧化戰爭的獨有作戰樣式，其思想在古今中外軍事兵法策略均有所體現。隨著人工智慧技術在俄烏衝突中的推動與賦能，社交機器人、深度偽造影片等大量應用在網路媒體中，影響社交輿論、操控大眾認知、高效精準發揮威力，使得認知戰成為全球數位傳播的“大腦爭奪戰”，其應用場景有：①軍事詐欺。透過宣傳、心理暗示、誘導等欺騙欺詐手段，試圖讓敵人誤判情勢，影響其認知、情緒和行為，從而瓦解其士氣和戰鬥意志。例如，在二戰期間，蘇聯透過大規模宣傳活動，向德國士兵宣傳蘇聯的強大和德國的戰敗，從而影響了德國士兵的士氣和戰鬥意志。 ②媒體宣傳。透過電視、廣播、網路等資訊傳播，影響大眾對特定議題的看法與態度。例如，在俄烏衝突中，烏克蘭政要、一般民眾在推特等社群平台上密集發聲，收穫國際社會廣泛關注和同情，在國際輿論場營造出了有利於烏方的認知態勢。 ③長期性意識滲透。透過長期培養觀念、文化、宗教、意識形態等，在不知不覺中影響人們認知和價值觀，這是一種非常隱密有效地作戰策略。

圖4 認知域作戰

3.戰術反應要求

認知域作戰在戰術上要求：一是精準定位目標對象，依照不同目標對象制定不同策略，了解其認知特徵、需求、價值觀等，制定更具針對性策略。二是多維度資訊傳播，綜合運用多種資訊載體及傳播管道進行傳播。第三是運用心理學原理，掌握心理學知識技巧，如暗示、誘導、團體效應等，更能操控認知。四是靈活應對防護措施，透過資訊偵測和反擊、網路追蹤和攻擊等，及時調整策略，確保其有效性和安全性。五是強調效果回饋評估，以便調整策略和手段，不斷優化和改進戰術。

（五）其他作戰樣式

在智慧化戰爭中也出現了一些其他新型作戰樣式，這些風格各具特點優勢，對於提升作戰效能具有重要的作用：定向能武器作戰，是一種利用高能量射線束進行攻擊的作戰方式。這種武器可以在遠距離上摧毀敵方目標，同時具有高精度、高速度和高破壞力等特徵。定向能武器包括雷射武器、粒子束武器和微波武器等，它們可以在空中、地面和海上等多種作戰領域中應用。跨域作戰，指在太空、網路空間及陸海空戰場等不同領域之間進行跨越式攻擊與防禦，利用智慧化技術實現不同領域之間跨越式行動，達到出奇制勝的效果。例如，可以利用空中力量對敵方地面目標進行打擊，利用地面力量對敵方海上目標進行打擊。隱形作戰，是利用各種技術和手段，在戰場上隱藏和偽裝自己，避免被敵方偵察和攻擊，提高己方生存能力和攻擊效果。如在空中、海上作戰環境中，隱形戰鬥機、隱形潛艇等利用其加裝的隱形材料和隱形技術，躲避敵方雷達、紅外線、聲吶等探測。

圖5 定向能武器

圖6 跨域作戰

圖7 美國「B-2幽靈」隱形轟炸機

總之，智慧化戰爭中的新型作戰樣式多元，都是為了提升作戰效能而創新。隨著科技不斷進步與發展，也將出現更多新型作戰方式與創新應用，為打贏智慧化戰爭提供更多支援與保障。

✦✦

04

典型作戰樣式綜合分析

綜合分析典型作戰樣式可看出：（1）「以智出能」「廣域聚能」「精準釋能」為其根本戰略思想，實現以最小代價獲得最大戰爭效益。網路化作戰及跨域作戰實現空、地、海、網路等全領域全維度戰場資訊感知監控與協同，跨域融合增強實力；智慧偵察與打擊實現精確情報分析與精準目標定位打擊，減少對週邊避打設施及一般民眾的傷害；無人作戰強調減少已方有生力量傷亡，透過無人裝備系統自主行動實施作戰任務；認知域作戰以智駕馭無形較量，達到不戰而屈人之兵目的。 （2）高度依賴技術、協同、智能，以演算法算力為底層支撐。各種作戰樣式無一例外都依賴資訊、網路、通訊等技術支持，實現各種作戰力量和武器裝備協同，具備智慧化自主執行任務和決策能力。作為其底層支撐，演算法主導智慧武器的運作和決策，算力提供更快反應速度、更精準決策和更有效率執行能力，直接影響作戰效果和勝負。 （3）作戰效能呈幾何倍增。透過高速度、高精度和高效率人機協同，以分散、快速、靈活的戰術行動，形成非線性、非接觸、非對稱作戰方式，迅速達成作戰目標。相較於傳統作戰，其釋放出的作戰效能呈指數級增長。

免責聲明：本文轉自事高科技在線，原作者寇靜行 楊培 李晴晴。文章內容係原作者個人觀點，本公眾號編譯/轉載僅為分享、傳達不同觀點，如有任何異議，歡迎聯絡我們！

轉自丨寇靜行 楊培 李晴晴

作者丨事高科技在線

研究所簡介

國際技術經濟研究所（IITE）成立於1985年11月，是隸屬於國務院發展研究中心的非營利研究機構，主要功能是研究我國經濟、科技社會發展中的重大政策性、策略性、前瞻性問題，追蹤分析世界科技、經濟發展態勢，為中央和相關部會提供決策諮詢服務。 「全球技術地圖」為國際技術經濟研究所官方微信帳號，致力於向大眾傳遞尖端技術資訊與科技創新洞見。

地址：北京市海淀區小南莊20號樓A座

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/J237LVGJ0514R888.html

#Information Support Force, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Exploring Wasy to Win in Intelligent Warfare Amidst Change & Constancy

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中國軍隊在變中求變中探索智慧戰爭制勝之道

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2019年10月22日 星期二

現代英語：

In today’s world, artificial intelligence has made significant breakthroughs and is accelerating its transfer to the military field, which has an impact on the form of war and even a subversive impact. Faced with increasingly fierce strategic competition and rights and interests among major powers, we should use a development perspective to rationally examine and correctly understand intelligence in the thinking of the “change” and “unchange” of the law of winning wars, select the strategic commanding heights and main attack directions of future military competition, and scientifically explore the way to win intelligent warfare.

Intelligent warfare will redraw the boundaries of war, but the standard for winning wars is still to achieve political benefits, so it can be a policy of victory or defeat

The territory of intelligent warfare is expanding to new areas. Engels pointed out: “Human beings fight in the same way as they produce.” The rapid penetration of intelligent technology into the field of combat will inevitably subvert the form of combat effectiveness. Driven by new theories and technologies such as big data, supercomputing, intelligent communications, and brain science, intelligent warfare will subvert people’s inherent cognition with “unexpected” new ways and “omnipotent” new appearances. The cognitive domain has become another contest space for the warring parties after land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. The territory of human military confrontation is bound to extend from natural space, technical space, social space to cognitive space, forming three major combat latitudes: physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain. The boundaries of war extend to deep earth, deep sea, deep space, deep network, and deep brain, showing the characteristics of extreme depth, extreme distance, extreme micro, extreme intelligence, and unmanned, invisible, silent, and boundless. Intelligent warfare will generalize the confrontation and competition, and the integration of military and non-military fields will be more obvious. The combat field will be expanded to the extreme, the boundaries between peacetime and wartime will become increasingly blurred, and the boundaries between the front and the rear will no longer be clear. Intelligence will penetrate into all elements and processes of future wars, redraw the boundaries of war, and traditional battlefields and fronts will be difficult to reproduce. The “spectrum map” of war tends to be broadened.

Achieving political benefits is the unchanging winning standard of war. As a specific complex social phenomenon, although war will present different war forms and boundaries in different historical periods and form different war cognitions, the essential attribute of war as a political continuation will not change. The standard for measuring victory in war is always to maximize political interests. Intelligent warfare has overturned traditional combat styles and means. The attack range of weapons and equipment has expanded to human cognitive space, and the battlefield space has expanded from physical space to cognitive, social, network and other intangible spaces. It can more intuitively express the characteristics of “imposing will on the opponent”, and emphasizes the dominance of seizing the will of the country, the concept of the organization, the psychology and thinking of people at the strategic, campaign and tactical levels. The winning role of intelligent warfare in winning hearts and minds is more prominent, and the means of winning hearts and minds such as political transplantation, belief attack, mental control, psychological disintegration, and cultural infiltration are more diverse. The competition and counter-competition in the tangible and intangible battlefields are more intense. The political struggle around the war is more complex and changeable, and the constraints of the people’s hearts, social opinions and public psychology on the war are more significant. The military is more obedient to politics, and the political color of intelligent warfare is stronger. In the final analysis, the military is the continuation of politics, and military victory must ensure political leadership. In the history of our army, Mao Zedong has always opposed the purely military viewpoint and insisted on the high unity of military and politics. In the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the US military experimented with a large number of advanced weapons and won the battles. However, from the perspective of winning the war, they won the battles but lost the wars, and fell into a moral quagmire, far from achieving the goal of winning the war. Winning the battle is not the same as winning the war. To truly win the victory of intelligent warfare, we must occupy the commanding heights of justice to ultimately dominate the victory or defeat of the war.

Intelligent warfare will reconstruct combat power, but the key factor in winning the war is still people, and it is not people who are killed

The combat power of intelligent warfare has undergone a qualitative change. Combat power is an overall description of the power system composed of people, weapons and equipment, and combat methods. It represents the development trend of military technology and combat methods. It is essentially the product of the marriage of advanced military technology and new combat ideas. Intelligent warfare is a human-machine intelligent integrated combat. It is a war form that is upgraded, replaced, and reshaped from all aspects and fields such as weapon platforms, command and control systems, combat terminals, and battlefield environments. It presents the characteristics of human-machine collaboration, intelligent dominance, cloud brain combat, and full-domain confrontation. Intelligent technology empowers the most basic elements of warfare. The combat style, time, region, space and other combat elements are changing rapidly. The composition of combat forces has undergone structural changes. People are gradually withdrawing from the front line of confrontation. Intelligent equipment will go to the battlefield in large quantities and in an organized manner. The traditional “man-to-man” war will become a “machine-to-man” or “machine-to-machine” war. Traditional support forces are transformed into main combat forces. Various civilian forces such as network practitioners, scientific and technological elites, experts in psychology, religion, law, and non-state actors will participate in the war in different ways, from the backstage to the front stage. Some new combat forces have developed from decentralized and affiliated organizational forms to increasing proportions, integrating into armies, and forming independent armies, from supporting roles to protagonists, and the military force system has undergone a revolutionary reshaping.

People are still the decisive factor in winning wars. Mao Zedong pointed out in “On Protracted War”: “Weapons are an important factor in war, but not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not things.” Combat power has always been the most direct and important tool for both sides of the war, and the most core condition for victory. People are always the most active factor in combat power, and also the most decisive factor in combat power. In the era of intelligence, the anthropomorphism of weapons and the weaponization of people have become an unstoppable trend. Unmanned combat systems will be deeply integrated with manned systems into an organic symbiosis. The traditional boundaries between people and weapons tend to be blurred, and the relationship between people and weapons will be rebuilt. Weapon systems have a greater degree of autonomy and initiative, which will profoundly change the way people act in war. In particular, the development of “brain control technology” will simplify the control process of weapons from the traditional “brain-nerve-hand-weapon” to “brain-weapon”, which not only means the development and upgrading of weapons and equipment, but also marks that the integration of people and weapons has reached a new level. Human-machine integration technologies such as brain-computer interfaces, exoskeleton systems, wearable devices, and human implants will comprehensively enhance the inherent abilities of people in cognition and physiology, and create “super soldiers.” Human combat thinking is more likely to be materialized in advance into intelligent weapons in the form of software and data. In war, intelligent weapons are used to implement human combat intentions and achieve predetermined combat objectives. The decisive role of humans in future wars is still the planner, organizer and implementer of wars. The greater value of intelligent technologies such as autonomous systems and brain science is to intervene in wars and play a role in assisting command and control. Behind the autonomous combat of intelligent weapons is still the contest between human combat methods, command methods and will quality. Humans are still the decisive factor in the outcome of wars. Good fighters must fully and scientifically play the active role of humans and must not fall into a passive situation controlled by weapons and equipment, so as to truly achieve the goal of killing people instead of being killed by people.

Intelligent warfare will rebuild the rules of engagement, but the basis for winning wars is still to create combat advantages. Victorious soldiers win first and then seek war

Intelligent warfare subverts traditional rules of engagement. War is an extremely complex system composed of multiple factors. The rules of engagement involve many factors such as the nature, purpose, subject, means, time and space conditions of war, as well as war forms, war actions, and war guidance. As artificial intelligence technology can dynamically perceive, reason, make decisions, evaluate and predict various actions of combat forces at all times, in all domains and in all dimensions, the combat style has evolved from “system combat” to “open source combat”, and cross-domain unconventional and asymmetric competition has become the new normal of confrontation. War has entered a stage of system autonomous confrontation and instant kill and decision in reconnaissance and attack operations. The combat style with unmanned operations as a prominent feature has rewritten the rules of engagement and reshaped the support process. Control of intelligence has replaced control of space as the focus of combat. Combat operations are carried out in the entire domain of tangible and intangible battlefields. The battlefield is holographic and transparent. The basic goal of war to destroy the enemy and preserve oneself has also changed from “based on damage” to “based on incapacitation” with the development of disruptive technologies. The killing mechanism of war has changed from chemical energy and kinetic energy to directed energy and biological energy. Traditional violent actions will evolve into hidden strikes, soft kills, and consciousness control, and silent killing has become the mainstream. The ability to “know” and “fight” evolves in an integrated direction. Through the joint actions of the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, the participating forces are controlled in real time and accurately. Relying on their own information advantages and decision-making advantages, they cut off and delay the opponent’s information and decision-making circuits in a decentralized battlefield, paralyze the enemy’s combat system, and achieve the effect of physically destroying the enemy and psychologically controlling the enemy.

Creating combat advantages is the unchanging basis for winning wars. Having an overwhelming advantage in deciding the time and place is the law of achieving military victory. The spatiotemporal characteristics of intelligent warfare will undergo major changes. Various combat operations can be launched in parallel in all weather, all day, and in multiple directions. The “second kill” phenomenon in war is more prominent, but the point of action of combat forces to paralyze the enemy’s system has not changed, the essence of creating combat advantages has not changed, and the winning rules of wars to seize the initiative in war, promote our strengths, and attack the enemy’s weaknesses have not changed. The battlefield of the future will become a large area of ​​”no man’s land”. To seize the initiative in war, it is necessary to take sudden, multi-dimensional integrated actions to achieve agile and flexible situational conversion between offense and defense. The offensive and defensive advantages will surpass the relative static state of the past and enter a dynamic reversal of continuous evolution. Therefore, the art of future war is to test whether the two combatants have endurance and orderliness in the continuous state of emergency, which depends on the advancement of the combat system and the war support system. Under the support of the intelligent battlefield situation, various combat personnel, equipment, facilities, and environmental elements form a giant complex adaptive confrontation system. “Cloud gathering” becomes a new combat force cohesion mechanism, and a unified energy gathering platform becomes the basis for seeking all-dimensional advantages. Intelligent advantages become decisive advantages. The idea of ​​concentrating forces in future wars will spiral upward under the promotion of intelligent technology, and cross-domain asymmetric advantages will have more strategic significance and decisive role in intelligent warfare. Designing wars in advance, planning wars in advance, shaping asymmetric advantages based on the enemy’s situation and our situation, stepping up the formation of aggregation advantages in important areas, strengthening the construction of strategic checks and balances, and comprehensively improving the country’s ability to respond to various threats and risks will become the inevitable victory of intelligent warfare.

(Author’s unit: National Defense University)

現代國語：

當今世界，人工智慧發展取得突破性重大進展，並加速向軍事領域轉移，對戰爭形態產生衝擊甚至顛覆性影響。面對日趨激烈的大國戰略競爭與權益博弈，我們應以發展的眼光，在對戰爭制勝規律「變」與「不變」的思辨中，理性審視、正確認知智能化，選準未來軍事競爭的戰略制高點與主攻方向，科學探討智慧化戰爭的勝利之道。

智慧化戰爭將重繪戰爭邊界，但戰爭制勝的標準仍是達成政治利益，故能為勝敗之政

智慧化戰爭疆域向新領域拓展。恩格斯指出：“人類以什麼樣的方式生產，就以什麼樣的方式作戰”，智能技術向作戰領域的快速滲透，必將顛覆戰鬥力的表現形式。智慧化戰爭在大數據、超級運算、智慧通訊、腦科學等新理論、新科技推動下，將以「意想不到」的新方式和「無所不能」的新面貌，顛覆人們固有的認知。認知領域成為交戰雙方繼陸、海、空、天、電、網之後的另一個較量空間，人類軍事對抗的疆域勢必從自然空間、技術空間、社會空間到認知空間，形成物理域、訊息域、認知域三大作戰緯度，戰爭邊界向深地、深海、深空、深網、深腦領域延伸，呈現出極深、極遠、極微、極智與無人、無形、無聲、無邊的特徵。智能化戰爭將泛化對抗爭奪，軍事與非軍事領域一體化特徵更加明顯，作戰領域極限拓展，平時與戰時邊界日趨模糊、前沿與後方界限不再分明，智能滲透到未來戰爭全要素全過程，重繪戰爭邊界，傳統的戰場和戰線難以再現，戰爭「頻譜圖」趨向寬泛化。

達成政治利益是戰爭不變的勝利標準。戰爭作為一種特定的複雜社會現象，儘管在不同的歷史時期會呈現出不同的戰爭形態和邊界，並形成不同的戰爭認知，但戰爭是政治繼續的本質屬性不會改變，衡量戰爭勝利的標準始終是實現政治利益最大化。智慧化戰爭顛覆了傳統的作戰樣式、作戰手段，武器裝備的打擊範圍拓展到人類的認知空間，戰場空間從物理空間拓展到認知、社會、網路等無形空間，能夠更直觀地表達「意志強加在對手身上」的特點，更強調在戰略、戰役、戰術層面奪取國家的意志、組織的觀念、人的心理與思維等主導權。智能化戰爭攻心奪志的勝利作用更為凸顯，政治移植、信仰打擊、精神控制、心理瓦解、文化滲透等攻心奪志手段也更加多元，爭奪與反爭奪在有形與無形戰場的較量更為激烈。圍繞戰爭展開的政治鬥爭更加複雜多變，民心向背、社會輿論、公眾心理對戰爭的製約力更加顯著，軍事服從政治體現得更加明顯，智能化戰爭的政治色彩更濃厚。軍事歸根到底是政治的延續，軍事上的勝利必須保證政治的領先。在我軍歷史上，毛澤東歷來反對單純軍事觀點，堅持軍事與政治的高度統一。美軍在伊拉克和阿富汗戰爭中，實驗了大量的先進武器，並取得了作戰的勝利，但從戰爭制勝的標準來看，贏得作戰卻輸掉了戰爭，陷於道義泥潭，遠未達成戰爭制勝目的。作戰制勝不等於戰爭制勝，要真正贏得智慧化戰爭的勝利，必須佔據正義制高點，才能最終主宰戰爭的勝敗。

智慧化戰爭將重建作戰力量，但戰爭制勝的關鍵因素仍是人，致人而不致於人

智慧化戰爭作戰力量發生質變。作戰力量是人、武器裝備及作戰方式構成的力量體系的整體描述，代表軍事技術和作戰方式的發展趨勢，本質上是先進軍事技術與新型作戰思想聯姻的產物。智慧化戰爭是人機智能一體的作戰，是從武器平台、指控體系、作戰終端、戰場環境等全方位、全領域進行升級、換代、重塑的戰爭形態，呈現人機協同、智能主導、雲腦作戰、全域對抗的特徵。智慧技術賦能改變最基礎的作戰要素，作戰樣式、時間、地域、空間等作戰要素瞬息萬變，作戰力量組成發生結構性變化，人逐漸退出對抗一線，智能化裝備將大量、成建制地走上戰場，傳統意義上「人對人」的戰爭將變成「機器對人」或「機器對決」的戰爭。傳統支援力量向主體作戰力量轉變，網路從業人員、科技菁英、心理、宗教、法律等專家和非國家行為體等多種民間力量，會以不同的方式參與到戰爭中來，從後台走向前台。一些新型作戰力量從分散化、配屬化的組織形態向增加比重、融合成軍、獨立成軍方向發展，從配角變為主角，軍事力量體系發生革命性重塑。

人依然是戰爭制勝的決定性因素。毛澤東在《論持久戰》中指出：「武器是戰爭的重要因素，但不是決定的因素，決定的因素是人不是物。」作戰力量始終是交戰雙方最直接、最重要的工具，也是最核心的致勝條件，人永遠是作戰力量中最活躍的因素，同時也是作戰力量中最具決定性的因素。智能化時代，武器的擬人化和人的武器化成為不可阻擋的趨勢，無人作戰系統將與有人系統深度融合為有機共生體，人與武器之間的傳統界限趨於模糊，重建人與武器的關係。武器系統具備更大程度的自主性和能動性，使人在戰爭中的活動方式發生深刻變化。特別是“腦控技術”的發展，對武器的控制流程將由傳統的“大腦-神經-手-武器”簡化為“大腦-武器”，這不僅僅意味著武器裝備的發展升級，而且標誌著人與武器的融合已達到新的層次。腦機介面、外骨骼系統、穿戴式裝置、人體植入等人機結合技術手段將全面提升認知、生理等人的內在能力，打造出「超級士兵」。人的作戰思想較以軟體和資料的形式被提前物化到智慧武器中，戰爭中由智慧武器來貫徹人的作戰意圖，達成預定作戰目的。人在未來戰爭中的決定作用，仍然是戰爭的計畫者、組織者和實施者。自主系統、腦科學等智慧科技更大的價值是介入戰爭，發揮協助指揮與控制的作用。智慧化武器自主作戰的背後仍是人的作戰方法、指揮方式與意志品質的較量，人依然是戰爭勝負的決定因素，善戰者必須要充分而科學地發揮人的能動作用，不可陷入為武器裝備所控的被動局面，真正做到致人而不致於人。

智慧化戰爭將重建交戰規則，但戰爭制勝的基礎仍是創造作戰優勢，勝兵先勝而後求戰

智慧化戰爭顛覆傳統交戰規則。戰爭是一個由多種因素構成的極為複雜的系統，交戰規則涉及戰爭性質、目的、主體、手段、時空條件，以及戰爭形態、戰爭行動、戰爭指導等諸多方面的因素。隨著人工智慧技術能夠全時、全域、全維度對作戰力量的各種行動進行動態感知、推理決策、評估預測，作戰樣式由「體係作戰」向「開源作戰」演進，跨域非常規、非對稱較量成為對壘新常態，戰爭進入系統自主對抗、察打行動秒殺立決的階段，以無人化為突出標誌的作戰樣式重新改寫交戰規則，重塑保障流程。制智權代替制空間權成為作戰重心，作戰行動在有形和無形戰場全局展開，戰場全息透明，消滅敵人、保存自己的戰爭基本目標也隨著顛覆性技術的發展表現為從「基於毀傷」轉變為「基於失能」。戰爭殺傷機理由化學能、動能轉變為定向能、生物能，傳統的暴力行動將向隱打擊、軟殺傷、控意識等方式演變，無聲殺傷成為主流。 「知」「戰」能力向一體化方向演進，透過物理域、資訊域與認知域的共同行動，即時精準地掌控參戰力量，憑藉己方的資訊優勢與決策優勢，在去中心化的戰場中切斷與遲滯對手的訊息與決策迴路，癱敵作戰體系，達成物理上摧毀敵人與心理上控制敵人之效。

創造作戰優勢是戰爭不變的勝利基礎。在決定時機和決定地點擁有壓倒優勢，是取得軍事勝利的規律。智慧化戰爭時空特性將發生重大變化，各種作戰行動可以全天候、全天時、多方向並行發起，戰爭中的「秒殺」現象更加突出，但作戰力量癱敵體系的作用點沒有變，創造作戰優勢的本質沒有改變，掌握戰爭主動權、揚我之長、擊敵之短的戰爭制勝法則沒有變。未來戰場將成為大面積“無人之境”，要奪取戰爭主動權，必須採取突然、多維融合的行動，在進攻與防禦之間實現敏捷、彈性的態勢轉換，進攻與防禦優勢將會超越過去的相對靜態，進入不斷演化的動態反轉，因此未來戰爭的藝術就是檢驗作戰雙方在持續不斷的突發狀態中是否具備耐力和有序性，取決於作戰體系和戰爭支撐體系的先進性。各類作戰人員、裝備、設施、環境要素在智慧化的戰場態勢支撐下，形成巨型複雜自適應對抗體系，「雲聚」成為新的作戰力量凝聚機理，統一的聚能平台成為謀求全維優勢的基礎，智能優勢成為決勝優勢。未來戰爭集中兵力的思想將在智慧科技的推動下螺旋式上升，跨域非對稱優勢在智慧化戰爭將更有戰略意義和決勝作用。提前設計戰爭、超前規劃戰爭，基於敵情我情塑造非對稱優勢，加緊在重要領域形成聚集優勢，加強戰略制衡力量建設，全面提升國家應對各類威脅風險的能力，成為智能化戰爭勝兵先勝而後求戰的必然。

（作者單位：國防大學）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-10/22/content_245810.htm

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Russia Network Forces, Russian Cyber Warfare, 俄國防部組建信息作戰部隊 應對西方網絡-心理攻擊, 認知域戰

Russian military officers explain cognitive warfare: It is important to train all people to be loyal to their duties and defend the motherland

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俄軍官解釋認知戰：重要的是訓練所有人忠於職責、保衛祖國。

現代英語：

Many Russian military officers interpret cognitive warfare

■ Hou Bing, researcher at Womin Hi-Tech Ward Research Institute (excerpted translation)

The 8th issue of Russia’s “Military Thought” in 2021 published an article titled “Cognitive Warfare – Trends in Modern Warfare” by three active colonels of the Russian army, Marichev, Lobanov, and Tarasov. The summary is as follows:

1. Concept, status, role, characteristics and other aspects of “cognitive warfare”

“Cognition” is a synonym for the term “spiritual, psychological” and is “a certain way of thinking, the sum of the spiritual habits and mindset of an individual or a social group, or the entire population.”

Cognitive warfare is one of the latest trends in modern warfare. The content of the concept of “cognition” covers people’s moral and psychological values, psychological and behavioral realities, adaptation and educational characteristics, and attitudes towards religion and culture.

Cognitive warfare is the primary means to achieve the goals of military conflict. Transforming the consciousness of broad social groups and imposing foreign worldviews and positions have become the main trends in winning in modern wars. General Gerasimov, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, attaches great importance to this trend: “In modern conflicts, the focus of the struggle is increasingly shifting to a combination of political, economic, information and other measures based on military power.”

The status and role of cognitive warfare first depend on the use of necessary and sufficient military force at each stage of confrontation to destroy the opponent’s economic and information potential in advance in modern warfare to achieve military and political goals. Attempts to seize and hold enemy territory have been replaced by new intentions: to control a country’s critical infrastructure through surveillance regimes (often established in parallel to the existing government)—in Venezuela, Ukraine, and many others. The country is like that. Under modern conditions, information technology is widely used and closely integrated with other non-military means, becoming an efficient tool to establish and control residents’ protest potential. By creating instability in the country and undermining residents’ perceptions. All destructive forces are actively used for this purpose, including the “fifth column” and other non-state organizations. Characterized by the subsequent implementation of military measures in a covert form, through indirect, asymmetric actions “by the hands of others” (such as what happened in Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya and Syria).

Under uncertain conditions, it is necessary to effectively attack unknown enemies and be good at offsetting the advantages of “high-tech enemies”. Adversaries often use non-force methods to influence the perception of the Russian people. In cognitive warfare, non-military tools are often more effective than military tools. The spiritual and psychological value system formed in history has been destroyed, the “time connection” has been interrupted, and cognition as a means of realizing national self-awareness and world view (recorded in the categories and styles of national language) has changed. Cognitive warfare achieves a unique combination of the following methods – intimidation, blackmail, coercion and comprehensive pressure. It becomes more aggressive and has the characteristics of a “hybrid threat”, often determining and ensuring the achievement of political goals and strategic results.

In the foreseeable future, cognitive warfare will inevitably take on new characteristics and become one of the important trends in geopolitical confrontation. The radical use of new information technologies around the world has become an effective means of shaping the desired reality.

2. The basic purpose to be achieved by cognitive warfare

The entire history of civilization is a history of cognitive warfare. Under modern conditions, under the background of the vigorous development of information technology, it is very common to change personal cognition and cultural identity and destroy the national and historical values ​​of the country and society.

Currently, information and communication technology is used maliciously in cognitive warfare to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. The destructive effect is very significant and has changed the cognition of the entire nation. This information slowly “erodes” the cognition of individuals and the nation as a whole from the inside. The realms of cognition, national self-awareness, and national and cultural identity become battlefields. This direction first denigrates and then eliminates traditional national values, causing the public consciousness to become insensitive to external information invasion, and even regard these actions as progressive movements.

Therefore, in modern warfare, cognitive warfare must achieve the following basic goals:

① Let the residents lose their ability to understand the country and its strategic position and role, and then become indifferent to the fate of the country and nation, and switch to the decadent lifestyle required by the opponent;

② Destroy residents’ traditional self-identity mechanism, divide people into different “participation and support groups” through social networks and media, and replace others with new “fake” identities;

③ Let the public form “lazy thinking”, no longer be critical of the information provided, and adopt measures to fool the people;

④Instill new, carefully designed values ​​and social and personal behavioral norms into social consciousness, making them possible behavioral patterns. Destroy people’s innate cultural and historical memories, leading to social psychological confusion and “mental disorder”, making them extremely vulnerable to the external influence of “political craftsmen”, “guardians” and the creators of “controllable chaos” and “color revolutions” control;

⑤ Create ambiguity in the information space of people’s consciousness, causing them to lose the ability to think deeply about events and form stable personal cognition.

Comprehensive information influence measures are adopted to affect residents’ cognition to create good conditions for achieving military objectives. Therefore, the development of confrontation in the cognitive field is mainly reflected in the deepening of technical level and psychological (cognitive) influence, aiming to change the consciousness (cognition) of the rival residents.

With the emergence of modern information and communication technology, the above ideas have become increasingly popular and can influence a large number of audiences in a short period of time without making large economic investments. At this time, because information and communication technology is “out of reach” and it is very difficult to identify the source of attacks, the enemy may carry out operations “under the banner of others”, and there are a wide range of subjects who maliciously use technology – state and non-state subjects, and even individuals. For hackers, assessing damage and taking countermeasures is easier said than done. All of this adds to uncertainty and instability.

3. Main methods of cognitive warfare

At present, cognitive warfare mainly adopts the following methods:

① Deliberately concealing key situation information in different areas of social life;

② According to the principle of “water drops into the sea”, valuable information is drowned in a large amount of “information garbage”;

③ Substitute the concept or distort its meaning;

④ Direct attention to insignificant events;

⑤The concept commonly used in media space is used, but its meaning has undergone a qualitative change;

⑥ Providing negative news to the public is more likely to be accepted than positive news;

⑦ Discuss events that have no real social value and maliciously use social research results to form a distorted understanding of the social situation;

⑧ Prohibit certain types of information and do not allow broad social discussions on key issues of some political institutions;

⑨ Spread rumors openly and deceive people at home and abroad.

4. Geopolitical cognitive warfare

The geopolitical program to conduct cognitive warfare is protracted and may last for decades or centuries. Destroying ancient relics, including written records, mainly “erases” the historical memory of the nation, and then any other history can be written on a “blank sheet” to establish the required self-identity. It proves that cognitive warfare has reached a global scale, and “archaeological warfare” is an important part of it, aiming to specifically destroy human material memory.

When the “famous” US military occupied Baghdad in 2003, they behaved like a group of barbarians. The Japanese Self-Defense Forces reporter was stunned by the scene in front of him: US officers and soldiers ransacked the museum and used stretchers to transport piles of gold products from the building. Of course, this atrocity committed by an ally was unlikely to be reported in the press, so it could only be spread by word of mouth, but the photos are damning evidence. The radical “Islamic State” destroyed mosques and museums in Syria. The Afghan “Taliban” blew up the ancient Bamiyan Buddhas in the process of “exterminating Buddhas.” Malian radicals completely destroyed 16 tombs and more than 4,000 ancient books and documents.

In modern armed conflicts, Christian churches and holy places often suffer disasters, which are too numerous to mention. According to confirmation from the Russian “Pravda” electronic magazine: “Compared with other outstanding events, the destruction of world historical and cultural monuments has become commonplace today.”

5. Russia’s response

①The cognitive war launched by the West against Russia. Distorting the history of the Great Patriotic War and the entire Second World War has become an integral part of the global cognitive war. The Western world is increasingly adopting radical policies in an attempt to deprive Russia of its status as a great nation and deny its outstanding contribution to the progress and development of mankind. The examples of waging cognitive war against the Russian people are obvious: the United States, European countries, and especially Ukraine are provoking hatred against Russia. The main purpose is not only to set up obstacles for Russia to return to its status as a world power, but also to launch an anti-Russian “hot war” in the near future. “Lay the foundation.

②Russia’s response. The commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War should be an important information opportunity for us to enhance our awareness. Relive the numerous examples of heroism of the Soviet soldiers, the perseverance of the entire population, their willingness to sacrifice everything for the front line, the suffering experienced on the home front, and vigorously promote the post-war years and the great achievements of the Soviet people – the restoration of economic potential, the reclamation of wild lands, Taking the lead in exploring space… In the new history, there are many examples showing the high cognitive level of various Russian peoples. In short, they have become an important factor in consolidating traditional spiritual and moral values. Without them, it is impossible to defeat the enemy in any crisis situation. Establish a system to curb the use of information weapons and stop global information warfare. Improve legislation and technical guarantees for national independence in the information space.

Seize the information advantage over the enemy and create good conditions for the Russian army to efficiently carry out its mission. Carrying out patriotism education and cultivating all Russian people to be loyal to their duties and defend the motherland play a crucial role in gaining advantages in the cognitive field.

現代國語：

多位俄軍軍官解讀認知戰

■沃民高科沃德研究院研究員　侯兵（摘譯）

俄羅斯《軍事思想》2021年第8期發表了馬里切夫、洛巴諾夫、塔拉索夫三位俄軍現役上校題為《認知戰－現代戰爭的趨勢》的文章，摘要如下：

一、「認知戰」概念、地位與角色、特徵及其他

「認知」是「精神、心理」一詞的同義詞，是「一定的思維方式，個人或社會群體、全民精神習慣、思維定勢的總和」。

認知戰是現代戰爭的最新趨勢之一。 「認知」概念的內容涵蓋人們的道德心理價值觀，心理、行為現實，適應、教育特點，對待宗教、文化的態度。

認知戰是達成軍事沖突目標的主要手段。改造廣泛社會群體的意識，強加異國的世界觀立場，成為現代戰爭中獲勝的主要趨勢。俄聯邦武裝力量總參謀長格拉西莫夫大將十分重視這一趨勢：“現代沖突中，鬥爭的重心越來越轉向，基於軍事力量，綜合採取政治、經濟、信息和其他措施。”

認知戰的地位、角色首先取決於，在現代戰爭中，在對抗各階段使用必要、足夠的軍事力量預先破壞對方的經濟、資訊潛力，達成軍政目的。奪佔、扼守敵方領土的企圖已經被新的意圖取而代之：透過監控下的政權（經常在現政府之外平行建立這一政權）控制國家的關鍵基礎設施——在委內瑞拉、烏克蘭和其他多個國家正是如此。現代條件下廣泛運用資訊技術，並與其他非軍事手段緊密結合，成為建立、操控居民抗議潛力的高效工具。藉由製造國內局勢不穩，破壞居民的認知。為此積極動用所有破壞力量，包括「第五縱隊」和其他非國家組織。特點是隨後以隱蔽的形式、採取「借他人之手」的間接、非對稱行動實現軍事措施（例如在伊拉克、阿富汗、利比亞和敘利亞發生的事情）。

不確定的條件下需要有效率地打擊不明之敵，要擅於抵銷「高科技敵人」的優勢，對手常常使用非武力方式影響俄羅斯人民的認知。在認知戰中，與軍事工具相比，非軍事工具往往更有效率。歷史上形成的精神心理價值觀體系遭到破壞，「時間聯繫」中斷，認知作為實現民族自我意識、世界觀（記錄在民族語言範疇、樣式之中）的手段發生了變化。認知戰實現了下列方式的獨特結合——恐嚇、訛詐、強迫和綜合施壓，變得更具侵略性，具備了「混合威脅」的特徵，經常決定並保證達成政治目的和戰略成果。

在可預見的未來，認知戰將不可避免地具備新的特性，是地緣政治對抗的重要趨勢之一。在全球激進地運用新的資訊技術，成為塑造所需現實的有效手段。

二、認知戰要達成的基本目的

整個文明史就是一部認知戰的歷史。現代條件下，在資訊科技蓬勃發展的脈絡下，改變個人的認知、文化標識，破壞國家、社會的民族歷史價值觀甚囂塵上。

目前認知戰中惡意使用資訊通信技術，干涉他國內部事務，破壞效果十分顯著，改變了整個民族的認知。這些訊息緩慢、從內部「侵蝕」個人、民族整體的認知。認知、民族自我意識、民族和文化認同領域淪為戰場。這個方向上首先是詆毀，然後是消滅民族傳統的價值觀，致使大眾意識對外部的資訊侵略麻木不仁，甚至將這些行動視為進步的運動。

因此，在現代戰爭中，認知戰要達成下列基本目的：

①讓居民喪失對國家及其戰略地位、角色的理解能力，隨後對國家、民族的命運漠不關心，轉入對手所需的腐朽生活方式；

②破壞居民傳統的自我認同機制，透過社交網絡、媒體將人們劃分為不同的“參與、支持群”，以新的認同“贋品”偷梁換柱；

③讓公眾形成“惰性思維”，對提供的資訊不再持批判態度，採取愚民措施；

④向社會意識灌輸新的、處心積慮設計的價值觀和社會、個人行為規範，使之成為可能的行為模式。摧毀人們與生俱來的文化、歷史記憶，導致社會心理混亂、“神經失常”，從而極易受到“政治工藝師”、“衛士”和“可控混亂”、“顏色革命”創造者的外部控制；

⑤在人的意識訊息空間製造模糊，令其喪失對事件進行深思熟慮、形成穩定個人認知的能力。

對居民的認知採取綜合資訊影響措施，為達成軍事目的創造良好條件。因此，認知領域對抗的發展，主要體現在技術層面和心理（認知）影響的不斷深入，旨在改變競爭對手居民的意識（認知）。

隨著現代資訊通信技術的出現，上述觀點日益普及，可以在短時間內不必進行大量經濟投入就可以影響大量受眾。此時由於資訊通信技術「觸不可及」、查明攻擊來源相當困難，敵人有可能「打著別人的旗號」展開行動，惡意使用技術的主體相當廣泛——國家和非國家主體，甚至是單獨的駭客，評估損失和採取對抗措施談何容易。所有這一切都增加了不確定性、不穩定。

三、認知戰採取的主要方式

目前認知戰主要採取下列方式：

①在社會生活不同領域故意隱瞞關鍵的事態訊息；

②根據「水滴入海」原則將有價值的資訊淹沒在大量「資訊垃圾」中；

③偷換概念或扭曲其涵義；

④把注意力引向無足輕重的事件；

⑤使用媒體空間常用的概念，其涵義卻發生了質變；

⑥向公眾提供負面消息，與正面新聞相比，更容易被接受；

⑦討論不具有現實社會價值的事件，惡意利用社會研究成果，以形成對社會形勢的歪曲認識；

⑧禁止一定類型的信息，不允許就一些政權機構的關鍵問題展開廣泛的社會討論；

⑨公開散佈謠言，欺騙國內外民眾。

四、地緣政治上的認知戰

實施認知戰的地緣政治方案曠日持久，可能長達數十年、數百年。銷毀古老的遺跡，包括文字記載，主要是「擦除」民族的歷史記憶，隨後就可以在「一張白紙」上任意書寫其他任何歷史，建立所需的自我認同。證明認知戰已經具有全球規模，「考古戰」是其重要組成部分，旨在目標明確地銷毀人類的物質記憶。

2003年「赫赫有名」的美軍佔領巴格達時，表現得完全像一群野蠻人。日本自衛隊記者被眼前的一幕驚呆了：美軍官兵洗劫了博物館，使用擔架從大樓裡運出成堆的黃金製品。當然，關於盟友的這一暴行不可能見諸報端，因此只能口口相傳，但照片鐵證如山。激進的「伊斯蘭國」摧毀了敘利亞的清真寺、博物館。阿富汗「塔利班」在「滅佛」過程中炸毀了古老的巴米揚大佛。馬裡激進分子完全摧毀了16處陵寢、4000餘部古籍文獻。

現代武裝沖突中，基督教教堂、聖地經常遭受劫難，真可謂罄竹難書。據俄羅斯《真理報》電子雜志確認：“與其他突出事件相比，摧毀世界歷史、文化遺跡今天已經司空見慣。”

五、俄羅斯的應對

①西方對俄發起的認知戰。扭曲偉大衛國戰爭及整個二戰的歷史，已成為全球認知戰不可或缺的一部分。西方世界越來越頻繁地採用激進政策，企圖剝奪俄羅斯偉大民族的地位，否認其對人類進步發展的傑出貢獻。發動針對俄羅斯人民認知戰的例子顯而易見：美國、歐洲國家，尤其是烏克蘭挑起對俄羅斯的仇恨，主要目的不僅是為俄羅斯重返世界大國地位設置障礙，而且為不久的將來發動反俄“熱戰”奠定基礎。

②俄羅斯的應對。偉大衛國戰爭爆發80週年的紀念活動應成為我們加強認知的重要資訊契機。重溫蘇軍將士大量英雄主義的範例，全民的堅強不屈，甘願為前線付出一切，在後方經歷的苦難，大力宣傳戰後的歲月和蘇聯人民的偉大成就——恢復了經濟潛力，開墾蠻荒之地，率先探索太空……新的歷史中，展示俄羅斯各民族高度認知水平的例子俯拾皆是。總之，它們成為鞏固傳統精神道德價值觀的重要因素，離開它們在任何危機局勢中不可能克敵制勝。建立遏止資訊武器使用的體系，制止全球資訊戰。在資訊空間完善國家獨立的立法、技術保障。

奪取對敵資訊優勢，為俄軍高效遂行任務創造良好條件。進行愛國精神教育、培養俄羅斯全民忠於職守保衛祖國，對奪取認知領域優勢，作用舉足輕重。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/10088888.html

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Providing Strategic Guidance for the Chinese Military Emphasis in the New Era In-depth study and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military

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為新時代中國軍事重點提供戰略指引
深入學習貫徹習近平強軍思想

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年9月2日 星期五

現代英語：

In July 2019, the white paper “China’s National Defense in the New Era” was published. In this comprehensive national defense white paper, for the first time, a defensive national defense policy system for China in the new era was constructed, and it was clearly stated that “implementing the military strategic policy of the new era is the strategic guidance of China’s national defense in the new era”. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has always firmly grasped the fundamental focus of serving the strategic goals of the Party and the country, taking military means as the bottom line to realize the great dream and military struggle as an important aspect of the great struggle, keeping pace with the times and innovating military strategic guidance, establishing the general outline for the construction and use of military forces, and leading the national defense and military construction, reform and military struggle preparation in the new era to achieve many landmark, pioneering and historic achievements.

Giving new connotations to the active defense strategic thought

The active defense strategic thought is the basic point of our party’s military strategic thought. In the long-term practice of revolutionary war, the people’s army has formed a complete set of active defense strategic ideas. After the founding of New China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission made several major adjustments to the military strategic policy in accordance with the development and changes of the national security situation. Although the content of military strategic policies has changed in different periods, the basic idea of ​​active defense has never changed. We must adhere to the unity of strategic defense and offensive campaigns and battles, adhere to the principles of defense, self-defense, and post-strike, and adhere to “If no one offends me, I will not offend; if someone offends me, I will offend him.” Scientific and accurate military strategy is the greatest chance of victory. The reason why our army has been able to defeat the strong with the weak and the superior with the inferior, and has always been invincible and invincible, is that it has adhered to the strategic thinking of active defense.

In the new era, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense. President Xi pointed out that adhering to active defense is a conclusion drawn from summarizing historical experience and scientifically judging the reality and the future. It is by no means an expedient measure and must be firmly adhered to. Strategically adhering to active defense is fundamentally determined by the socialist nature of our country and the fundamental interests of the country. my country is a socialist country that follows the path of peaceful development, adheres to an independent and peaceful foreign policy, pursues a defensive national defense policy, and will not invade other countries; my country is a developing country that has always faced arduous and heavy economic construction tasks and needs a peaceful and stable external environment; the Chinese nation is a peace-loving nation, and there is no gene in the blood of the Chinese nation to invade others and dominate. The Chinese people have never bullied, oppressed, or enslaved the people of other countries, not in the past, not now, and not in the future. Under the new era conditions, we adhere to the active defense strategic thinking, fully demonstrate the position of my country’s defensive national defense policy, and show that my country will never follow the old path of “a strong country must dominate”, which is conducive to winning wider international recognition and creating a more favorable strategic environment for achieving the national development strategic goals.

The vitality of military strategic guidance lies in changing with the times and taking action in response to the situation. Since its birth, the active defense strategic thinking has always developed with the development of military practice and continuously enriched its connotation. Now, we are closer than ever to the goal of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we have the ability and confidence to achieve this goal as never before. However, we must see that we are engaged in a great struggle with many new historical characteristics, and we will inevitably face various major challenges, major risks, major resistance, and major contradictions in the process of moving forward. President Xi Jinping has a profound understanding of the new situation of my country’s national security, scientifically judged the characteristics and trends of military struggle in the new era, and made it clear that active defense is fundamentally defense and the key is active. Emphasis is placed on enhancing the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, focusing on the word “active”, further broadening the strategic vision, updating strategic thinking, moving the focus of guidance forward, and expanding the strategic depth of active defense; being active is not about rushing for quick results or rushing forward rashly, but the unity of strategic aggressiveness and tactical steady and steady, which is steady progress and steady action; actively adapt to the change in the basis of military struggle preparation, increase military innovation, and strive to raise military struggle preparation to a new level. These important expositions have concentrated on answering the most fundamental and critical issues of military strategy in the new era, and have clarified the direction and focus for our army to carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space. In recent years, under the strong guidance of Xi Jinping’s military strategic thinking, the focus of our military work has been increasingly corrected, the “peacetime ills” have been effectively corrected, the construction direction has been more focused on actual combat, and the innovation and development in all aspects of war, construction, and preparation have been fully leveraged. In particular, the whole army has effectively responded to external military provocations and pressures with a firm will to fight and a flexible strategy to fight, established the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone, deterred the separatist activities of “Taiwan independence” with powerful actions, actively and prudently handled hot and sensitive situations in the surrounding areas, carefully organized border control and maritime rights protection operations, effectively carried out major tasks such as anti-terrorism and stability maintenance, peacekeeping and escort, promoted the historic transformation of the military struggle pattern, and effectively maintained the overall stability of the national strategy.

Innovation of our military’s war and combat guidance theory

The essence of military strategy is the strategy of war, and planning and guiding war is the core content of innovative strategic guidance. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is accelerating, and science and technology have an increasingly greater impact on military competition and modern warfare. President Xi accurately grasped the changes in science and technology, war, and opponents, established new goals and new layouts for military struggle, clarified new guidance and new strategies for the use of military forces, put forward new measures and new requirements for preparing for war, and profoundly answered the major questions of what kind of war to fight and how to fight in the future, and raised our army’s understanding of the laws of war guidance to a new level.

Deeply grasp the characteristics, laws, and winning mechanisms of modern warfare. The freedom to control war comes from the inevitability of understanding war. All laws of war guidance must develop in accordance with the development of history and the development of war. Judging from the recent local wars and military operations in the world, the degree of informatization of modern warfare is constantly improving, and intelligent characteristics are becoming increasingly apparent. Various types of unmanned combat systems have been put into actual combat in large quantities, and the concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars have undergone major changes. President Xi pointed out profoundly that these changes seem dazzling, but there are laws to follow behind them. The fundamental thing is that the winning mechanism of war has changed. For example, in terms of combat forms, it is emphasized that modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, and integrated joint operations have become the basic combat form; in terms of time and space characteristics, it is emphasized that the multi-dimensional battlefield space is integrated, and the boundaries between strategic, campaign, and tactical actions tend to be blurred; in terms of the key to victory, it is emphasized that the right to control information has become the core of seizing comprehensive control of the battlefield and the key to winning the war; in terms of organization and command, it is emphasized that the strategic, joint, timely, professional, and precise requirements of combat command are becoming higher and higher, and combat organization and management are becoming more standardized, process-oriented, and refined. These important expositions have deepened the understanding of the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, and provided important guidelines for us to grasp the laws of war in the world today and master the “swimming skills” of modern warfare.

Build a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army. War theory and combat thinking are a powerful traction for strengthening actual combat preparations and defeating strong enemies. In the revolutionary war years, our army was always one step ahead of the enemy in combat theory and tactics, which is an important reason why our army continued to move from victory to victory. Entering the new era, President Xi Jinping focused on the overall national security and development, grasped the revolutionary changes in the war form and combat methods, prospectively studied major issues of future wars, and put forward a series of innovative combat ideas. For example, he proposed to strengthen the concept of information dominance, system support, elite combat, and joint victory, integrate various combat forces, combat units, and combat elements into an organic whole, and improve the joint combat capability and full-domain combat capability based on the network information system; he proposed to adhere to flexibility, mobility, and autonomy, focus on playing our advantages and fight with what we can and what we can’t; he proposed to grasp the new characteristics and new requirements of the people’s war under the new era conditions, innovate content and methods, and give full play to the overall power of the people’s war. These important expositions adhere to and carry forward the essence of the military thought that our army has always adhered to, conform to the evolution trend of the war form, meet the actual and development requirements of combat effectiveness construction, and provide principled guidance for our army to carry out combat tasks.

Based on the most difficult and complex situations, we should promote military struggle preparation. Military struggle preparation is the basic practical activity of the army. The more fully prepared, the more proactive it will be strategically. In the summer and autumn of 2018, the Central Military Commission used three months to conduct an unannounced and surprise inspection of the various military services and armed police forces distributed in the five major war zones. The scope of the operation covered 21 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and parts of the East China Sea and the South China Sea. This is a microcosm of the whole army’s in-depth promotion of military struggle preparation in the new era. “It is better to be prepared without fighting than to fight without preparation.” President Xi repeatedly emphasized that the whole army must establish the idea of ​​being ready for war at any time, and military struggle preparation must be firmly grasped and never relaxed. The whole army is required to persist in fighting, preparing for war, and building at the same time, coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparation in all directions and fields, and be prepared to respond to various complex and difficult situations at any time; raise daily combat readiness work to a strategic height, adhere to the integration of peace and war, and maintain a high alert posture with arrows on the string and ready to be fired; promote actual combat training, keep close to combat tasks, combat opponents, and combat environment, and strengthen targeted, testing, and confrontational training. These important expositions reflect deep strategic concerns and strong bottom-line thinking, deepen the understanding of the laws of how to prepare for war and how to train troops in a peaceful environment, and point out the methods and paths for the army to generate and improve combat effectiveness and grasp the initiative in military struggle.

Enrich and develop our party’s art of commanding military struggle

President Xi insists on using the Marxist view of war to examine war and military issues, enriches and develops our party’s military dialectical thinking, and applies it to guiding the practice of actual military struggle, showing strategic planning that takes into account the overall situation, strategic courage that is not afraid of risks, and strategic wisdom that wins by taking advantage of the enemy, opening up a new realm of strategic guidance for the people’s army in the new era.

Adhere to the military’s obedience to politics and strategy’s obedience to policy. War is the continuation of politics, and dealing with the relationship between war and politics is related to the fate of the country. Now, the connection between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming more prominent. President Xi pointed out profoundly that in planning and guiding wars, we must deeply understand the political attributes of war and think about war issues from a political perspective. It is emphasized that we must maintain strategic clarity, strengthen strategic determination, and understand and plan the war issue under the great goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; we must have both military and political minds, and whether to fight, when to fight, how to fight, and to what extent, must obey and serve politics. We must always obey and serve the highest interests of the country and the nation, strengthen political awareness, awareness of the overall situation, and awareness of orders, and be good at planning military actions with an eye on the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy and the overall national security strategy to ensure political and strategic initiative.

Adhere to overall planning of struggle, preparation for war, and construction. “Those who have civil affairs must have military preparations.” President Xi Jinping profoundly summarized the historical lessons of my country’s suffering from the ravages of wars by the great powers in modern times, revealed the dialectics of war and peace, and pointed out that only by being able to fight can we stop the war, and only by being prepared to fight can we avoid fighting. The less able to fight, the more likely we are to be beaten. We emphasize that we do not want to fight, but only if we are prepared, have strong military power and have the ability to win, can we strategically achieve the goal of “stopping war with force”; we must plan preparation for war and stopping war, deterrence and actual combat, war operations and the use of military power in peacetime as a whole, and give full play to the strategic function of military power. In today’s world, the shadow of Cold War mentality and power politics lingers, and traditional and non-traditional security threats emerge in an endless stream. Some countries are trying to expand military alliances to seek absolute security, coerce other countries to take sides and create camp confrontation, ignore the rights and interests of other countries and pursue self-centeredness, and forging swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. Practice has proved that peace must be backed by strong strength. We must keep a close eye on strong enemies and opponents, step up the forging of stronger capabilities and more reliable means, better play the strategic functions of our army in shaping the situation, managing crises, containing wars, and winning wars, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Adhere to the unity of firmness in the principle of struggle and flexibility in strategy. Struggle is an art. It is about will, determination, and faith. It is about strategy, wisdom, and methods. In leading the great struggle, President Xi has always insisted on the unity of strengthening the sense of crisis and maintaining strategic determination, the unity of strategic judgment and tactical decision-making, and the unity of the struggle process and the effectiveness of the struggle. He requires our army to be brave and good at struggle. It is emphasized that we must not give in on issues of principle, we must be tit-for-tat and fight for every inch of land, and we must dare to take on all kinds of provocations, dare to attack, dare to fight and win, not bow in the face of difficulties, not retreat in the face of challenges, and not trade principles; we must be flexible and maneuverable on strategic issues, insist on being reasonable, beneficial, and moderate, and pay attention to the methods and art of struggle. Practice has proved that the more complex the struggle situation is, the more we must use the military hand in a step-by-step and strategic way. We must focus on stabilizing the overall situation and controlling risks, adhere to the combination of rigidity and flexibility, multiple measures, and comprehensive measures, strengthen the coordination and cooperation between military actions and political and diplomatic actions, and form an overall joint force for struggle.

Adhere to the combination of overall planning and highlighting key points. The key to strategic planning is to focus on the overall situation and seek opportunities. my country has a complex geostrategic environment and has the most neighboring countries among the world’s major powers. Based on the new situation facing my country’s security and development, President Xi Jinping has insisted on overall planning and ensuring the stability of the overall strategic situation in military strategic guidance, and has also focused on highlighting key points and grasping strategic hubs related to the overall situation to enhance the balance and three-dimensionality of the strategic layout. It is emphasized that according to the security threats and the strategic tasks of our army, we must build a strategic deployment and military deployment that is coordinated overall, responsible for different regions, mutually coordinated and integrated; highlight the preparation for military struggle at sea, effectively control major crises, and properly respond to chain reactions; coordinate the promotion of military struggle preparations in traditional security fields and new security fields, and actively respond to new security threats and challenges. At present, the sudden, interconnected and changeable threats facing my country’s security have greatly increased. We must grasp the direction, take the overall situation into consideration, coordinate the overall situation, firmly grasp the main contradictions and main aspects of the military struggle, ensure the stability of the overall strategic situation, and create a strategic situation that is beneficial to us.

On the new journey, we are facing a situation with complexity and severity, and a task with heaviness and difficulty that is rare in the world and history. The People’s Army must shoulder the important task of supporting the Chinese nation towards great rejuvenation. The whole army must establish the military strategic thinking of the new era, the military strategic policy of the new era, the baton of preparing for war, and the responsibility of preparing for war. We must vigorously carry forward the spirit of struggle, cultivate the fighting spirit of not fearing hardship and not fearing death, strengthen the determination and will to fight at the critical moment, and always have the character, integrity, and courage of not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, and not being spineless. We must constantly enhance our fighting skills, focus on tempering our actual combat capabilities in arduous and rigorous training, actively innovate strategies and tactics that are one step ahead of the enemy, and step up the construction of a strong system support for joint operations, forge elite troops that can come when called, fight when they come, and win when they fight, and resolutely win future wars and resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

國語中文：

2019年7月，《新時代的中國國防》白皮書發表。在這部綜合型國防白皮書中，首次建構新時代中國防禦性國防政策體系，鮮明提出「貫徹落實新時代軍事戰略方針，這是新時代中國國防的戰略指導」。黨的十八大以來，習主席始終牢牢把握服務黨和國家戰略目標這個根本著眼，把軍事手段作為實現偉大夢想的保底手段、軍事鬥爭作為進行偉大斗爭的重要方面來運籌，與時俱進創新軍事戰略指導，確立了統攬軍事力量建設和運用的總綱，引領新時代國防和軍隊建設、改革和軍事鬥爭準備取得許多標誌性、開創性、歷史性重大成就。

賦予積極防禦戰略思想新的內涵

積極防禦戰略思想是我們黨軍事戰略思想的基本要點。在長期革命戰爭實踐中，人民軍隊形成了一整套積極防禦戰略思想。新中國成立後，黨中央、中央軍委根據國家安全情勢發展變化，對軍事戰略方針進行了多次重大調整。雖然各時期軍事戰略方針內容有變化，但積極防禦的基本思想始終沒有變，堅持戰略上防禦與戰役戰鬥上進攻的統一，堅持防禦、自衛、後發製人的原則，堅持「人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人」。軍事戰略科學準確，就是最大的勝算。我軍一路走來，之所以能夠以弱勝強、以劣勝優，始終攻無不克、戰無不勝，很重要的是堅持了積極防禦戰略思想。

新時代必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想。習主席指出，堅持積極防禦，是總結歷史經驗、科學判斷現實和未來得出的結論，決不是權宜之計，要牢牢堅持住。在戰略上始終堅持積極防禦，從根本上來說是由我國社會主義性質和國家根本利益決定的。我國是社會主義國家，走和平發展道路，堅持獨立的和平外交政策，奉行防禦性國防政策，不會去侵略其他國家；我國是發展中國家，一直面對著艱鉅繁重的經濟建設任務，需要一個和平穩定的外在環境；中華民族是愛好和平的民族，中華民族血液中沒有侵略他人、稱王稱霸的基因，中國人民從來沒有欺負、壓迫、奴役過其他國家人民，過去沒有、現在沒有、將來也不會有。在新的時代條件下，我們堅持積極防禦戰略思想，充分錶明我國防禦性國防政策立場，昭示我國絕不走「國強必霸」的老路，有利於贏得更廣泛的國際認同，為實現國家發展戰略目標營造更為有利的策略環境。

軍事戰略指導的生命力在於應時而變、應勢而動。積極防禦戰略思想自誕生之日起，就始終隨著軍事實踐的發展而發展，不斷豐富其內涵。現在，我們前所未有地接近實現中華民族偉大復興的目標，前所未有地具有實現這個目標的能力和信心。但要看到，我們正在進行具有許多新的歷史特徵的偉大鬥爭，前行中必然會面對各種重大挑戰、重大風險、重大阻力、重大矛盾。習主席深刻掌握我國國家安全的新形勢，科學研判新時代軍事鬥爭的特徵和趨勢，明確積極防禦根本在防禦、要義在積極。強調增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性，在「積極」二字上做文章，進一步拓寬戰略視野、更新戰略思維、前移指導重心，拓展積極防禦戰略縱深；積極不是急於求成、急躁冒進，而是戰略上進取和戰術上穩紮穩打相統一，是穩中有進、穩中有為；積極適應軍事鬥爭準備基點轉變，加大軍事創新力度，努力把軍事鬥爭準備提高到一個新水平。這些重要論述，集中回答了新時代軍事戰略最根本最要害的問題，為我軍在更加廣闊的空間遂行多樣化軍事任務明確了方向重點。這些年，在習近平軍事戰略思想的有力指引下，我軍工作重心日益歸正，「和平積弊」有力糾治，建設指向更加聚焦實戰，全方位撬動了戰、建、備各領域各方面創新發展。特別是全軍以堅定的鬥爭意志、靈活的鬥爭策略，有效應對外部軍事挑釁施壓，劃設東海防空識別區，以有力行動震懾「台獨」分裂行徑，積極穩健處置週邊熱點敏感事態，周密組織邊境管控與海上維權行動，有效遂行反恐維穩、維和護航等重大任務，推動軍事鬥爭格局實現歷史性轉變，有力維護了國家戰略全局穩定。

創新我軍戰與作戰指導理論

軍事戰略的本質是戰之方略，規劃和指導戰爭是創新戰略指導的核心內容。目前，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命正在加速發展，科技對軍事競爭和現代戰爭影響越來越大。習主席準確掌握科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，確立軍事鬥爭新目標新佈局，明確軍事力量運用新指導新策略，提出備戰打仗新舉措新要求，深刻回答了未來打什麼仗、怎麼打仗的重大問題，把我軍對戰爭指導的規律性認知提升到新高度。

深刻掌握現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理。駕馭戰爭的自由，來自於認識戰爭的必然。一切戰爭指導規律，必須依照歷史的發展而發展，並依照戰爭的發展而發展。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看，現代戰爭資訊化程度不斷提高，智能化特徵日益顯現，各類無人作戰系統大量投入實戰，戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。習主席深刻指出，這些變化看起來眼花撩亂，但背後是有規律可循的，根本的是戰爭的致勝機理變了。例如，在作戰形式上，強調現代戰爭是體系和體系的對抗，一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式；在時空特性上，強調多維戰場空間融為一體，戰略、戰役、戰術行動界限趨於模糊；在製勝關鍵上，強調制資訊權成為奪取戰場綜合控制權的核心，成為贏得戰爭勝利的關鍵；在組織指揮上，強調作戰指揮戰略性、聯合性、時效性、專業性、精確性要求越來越高，作戰組織和管理日趨標準化、流程化、精細化。這些重要論述深化了對現代戰爭特徵規律的認識，為我們掌握當今世界戰爭法則、掌握現代戰爭「游泳術」提供了重要遵循。

建構具有我軍特色的作戰理論體系。戰爭理論和作戰思想，是加強實戰準備、制勝強敵對手的有力牽引。革命戰爭年代，我軍在作戰理論和戰法上始終高敵一籌，這是我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要原因。進入新時代，習主席著眼於國家安全和發展全局，掌握戰爭形態和作戰方式的革命性變化，前瞻研究未來戰爭重大議題，提出了一系列創新性作戰想法。例如，提出強化資訊主導、體系支撐、精兵作戰、聯合製勝的觀念，把各種作戰力量、作戰單元、作戰要素融合為一個有機整體，提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力；提出堅持靈活、機動、自主，著眼於發揮我們的優勢打，以能擊不能；提出把握新的時代條件下人民戰爭的新特點新要求，創新內容和方式方法，充分發揮人民戰爭的整體威力。這些重要論述，堅持和發揚我軍一貫堅持的軍事思想精髓，順應戰爭形態演變趨勢，符合戰鬥力建設實際和發展要求，為我軍遂行作戰任務提供了原則指導。

以最困難、最複雜情況推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊的基本實踐活動，準備越充分在戰略上就越主動。 2018年夏秋，中央軍委利用3個月時間，以不打招呼、突擊檢查的方式，對分佈在5大戰區的各軍兵種和武警部隊進行整建制戰備拉動，行動範圍覆蓋21個省（自治區、直轄市）和東海、南海部分海域，這是新時代全軍上下深入推進軍事鬥爭準備的縮影。 「寧可備而不戰，不可無備而戰。」習主席一再強調，全軍要樹立隨時準備打仗的思想，軍事鬥爭準備要牢牢抓在手上，須臾不可放鬆。要求全軍堅持邊鬥爭、邊備戰、邊建設，統籌推進各方向各領域軍事鬥爭準備，做好隨時應對各種複雜困難局面的準備；把日常戰備工作提到戰略高度，堅持平戰一體，保持箭在弦上、引而待發的高度戒備態勢；推進實戰實訓，緊貼作戰任務、作戰對手、作戰環境，加強針對性、檢驗性、對抗性訓練。這些重要論述，反映了深層的戰略憂患和強烈的底線思維，深化了和平環境下如何備戰、怎麼練兵的規律性認識，為軍隊生成和提高戰鬥力、掌握軍事鬥爭主動權指明了方法路徑。

豐富發展我們黨軍事鬥爭指揮藝術

習主席堅持用馬克思主義戰爭觀審視戰爭和軍事問題，豐富發展了我們黨的軍事辯證法思想，並運用到指導現實軍事鬥爭實踐中，展現出觀照全局的戰略運籌、不畏風險的戰略魄力、因敵制勝的戰略智慧，開啟了新時代人民軍隊戰略指導的新境界。

堅持軍事服從政治、戰略服從政略。戰爭是政治的延續，處理戰爭和政治的關係，事關國家命運。現在，軍事和政治的連結更加緊密，在戰略層面上的相關性和整體性日益增強，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制愈發突出。習主席深刻指出，規劃和指導戰爭，必須深刻認識戰爭的政治屬性，從政治高度思考戰爭問題。突顯，要保持戰略清醒，增強戰略定力，把戰爭問題放在實現中華民族偉大復興這個大目標下來認識和籌劃；既要有軍事頭腦，更要有政治頭腦，打還是不打、什麼時候打、怎麼打、打到什麼程度，都要服從和服務政治。我們必須始終服從服務於國家和民族的最高利益，強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識，善於著眼國家政治外交大局和國家安全戰略全局規劃軍事行動，確保政治和戰略主動。

堅持整體運籌鬥爭、備戰、建設。 「有文事者，必有武備。」習主席深刻總結近代以後我國遭受列強戰爭蹂躪的歷史教訓，揭示戰爭與和平的辯證法，指出能戰方能止戰，準備打才可能不必打，越不能打越可能挨打。強調我們不希望打仗，但只有我們有準備、有強大軍事力量、有打贏能力，才能從戰略上實現不戰而屈人之兵，達到「以武止戈」的目的；要把備戰與止戰、威懾與實戰、戰爭行動與和平時期軍事力量運用作為一個整體加以運籌，發揮好軍事力量的戰略功能。當今世界，冷戰思維和強權政治陰霾不散，傳統和非傳統安全威脅層出不窮。一些國家試圖擴大軍事同盟謀求絕對安全，脅迫別國選邊站隊製造陣營對抗，漠視別國權益大搞唯我獨尊，鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的一個美好願望。實踐證明，和平必須以強大實力為後盾。我們要緊盯強敵對手，加緊鍛造更強大的能力、更可靠的手段，更好發揮我軍塑造態勢、管控危機、遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭的戰略功能，堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。

堅持鬥爭原則的堅定性與策略的彈性相統一。鬥爭是一門藝術，拼的是意志、決心、信念，比的是策略、智慧、方法。習主席在領導進行偉大鬥爭中，始終堅持增強憂患意識和保持戰略定力相統一、戰略判斷和戰術決斷相統一、鬥爭過程和鬥爭實效相統一，要求我軍既要敢於鬥爭，又要善於鬥爭。強調在原則問題上寸步不讓，必須針鋒相對、寸土必爭，面對各種挑釁敢於接招、敢於出擊、敢戰能勝，不在困難面前低頭，不在挑戰面前退縮，不拿原則做交易；在策略問題上靈活機動，堅持有理有利有節，講求鬥爭的方式方法和藝術。實踐證明，鬥爭情勢越複雜，越要有步驟、有策略地用好軍事這一手。我們必須著眼穩控大局、管控風險，堅持剛柔並濟、多手並舉、綜合施策，加強軍事行動同政治外交行動協調配合，形成鬥爭整體合力。

堅持通盤規劃與突出重點結合。策略運籌關鍵在於全局著眼、謀勢取勢。我國地緣戰略環境複雜，在世界大國中周邊接壤國家最多。習主席立足我國安全和發展面臨的新形勢，在軍事戰略指導上既堅持通盤謀劃、確保戰略全局穩定，又著力突出重點、扭住關係全局的戰略樞紐，增強戰略佈局的平衡性、立體性。強調要根據面臨安全威脅和我軍戰略任務，建構全局統籌、分區負責，相互策應、互為一體的戰略部署和軍事布勢；突顯海上軍事鬥爭準備，有效控制重大危機，妥善應對連鎖反應；統籌推動傳統安全領域和新型安全領域軍事鬥爭準備，積極應對新的安全威脅和挑戰。目前，我國安全面臨的突發性、連動性、多變性威脅大幅增強。我們必須掌握方向、統攬大局、統籌全局，緊緊抓住軍事鬥爭的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，確保戰略全局穩定，營造於我有利的戰略態勢。

新征程上，我們面臨情勢環境的複雜性和嚴峻性、肩負任務的繁重性和艱鉅性世所罕見、史所罕見，人民軍隊必須肩負起支撐中華民族走向偉大復興的時代重任。全軍要把新時代軍事戰略思想立起來，把新時代軍事戰略方針立起來，把備戰打仗指揮棒立起來，把抓備戰打仗的責任擔當立起來。要大力發揚鬥爭精神，培育一不怕苦、二不怕死的戰鬥精神，強化關鍵時刻不惜一戰的決心意志，任何時候都要有不信邪、不怕鬼、不當軟骨的風骨、氣節、膽魄。要不斷增強鬥爭本領，注重在艱苦嚴格的訓練中淬煉實戰能力，積極創新高敵一籌的策略戰法，抓緊建強聯合作戰的體系支撐，鍛造召之即來、來之能戰、戰之必勝的精兵勁旅，堅決打贏未來戰爭，堅決維護國家主權、安全、發展利益。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/02/content_323888.htm