中國軍隊：準認知戰領域的深遠影響與多域作戰的應用規則
From the battlefield of “bows and horses, riding and shooting, and swords and weapons” in the era of cold weapons to the three-dimensional battlefield of land, sea, and air in the era of industrialization, to the integrated battlefield covering multiple domains such as physics, information, and cognition in the era of informationization and intelligence, war One of the core logics of form evolution is to continuously enter new domains and integrate multiple domains. Cross-domain aggregation of operational effectiveness has become a basic and decisive mechanism for winning wars. In this process, the cognitive domain has increasingly become a new battlefield that penetrates and affects multi-domain operations, and a new commanding height that determines the success or failure of the war.
The cognitive domain becomes the key to seizing comprehensive control
In modern warfare, the cognitive domain has become the key to seizing comprehensive control. War practice shows that the cognitive domain has increasingly become the focus of planning modern wars and achieving multi-domain integrated linkage for victory.
Cognitive domain advantage supports multi-domain combat effectiveness doubling. In modern warfare, in the physical domain, we destroy the enemy, preserve ourselves, and compete for control of the land, sea, air, and sky; in the information domain, we block the enemy, connect ourselves, and compete for network and information control, all related to the cognitive domain. There is a profound connection between the advantage and the initiative position. In the system-versus-system game, once the opponent is suppressed in the cognitive domain and takes the initiative, it can interfere with decision-making on the key nodes of the enemy’s command chain, kill chain, and support chain, making the actions in the physical domain and information domain gain “a huge advantage”. asymmetric benefits, thereby improving the input-output ratio of combat, enhancing the speed and efficiency of local victory leading to overall victory, and reducing the subsequent constraints caused by military strikes in the economic and social life fields.
When planning and implementing multi-domain operations, attention should be paid to the role of the cognitive domain. Modern warfare is significantly complex. Elements of multi-domain operations are interconnected, impacts are transmitted in multiple directions, and risks are superimposed on each other. Every action or even a detail of a multi-domain combat operation will trigger a chain reaction in the cognitive domain at the levels of decision-making issues, military morale, public opinion concerns, social confidence, international public opinion, etc. of both the enemy and ourselves, resulting in rapid, sudden, and unexpected consequences. It affects the overall situation of the war and even creates a “butterfly storm” that changes the domestic and foreign affairs situation of the warring parties and even the long-term development trend of the country. To plan and implement operations in the physical domain and information domain, we must not only focus on shaping the situation and creating conditions in the cognitive domain, but also accurately control the direction and size of the release of effectiveness in the cognitive domain in accordance with the need to control the brain, mind, and intelligence. Dynamic changes in the number of enemy annihilations, temporary gains and losses in one city and one place, etc., are increasingly losing their significance as indicators for evaluating the direction of the war situation. The overall impact of military operations on the war situation increasingly needs to be measured from the changes in international and domestic public perceptions it triggers. and the psychological impact on specific objects to be evaluated and considered.
The material and technical conditions for the cognitive domain to trigger integrated linkage of multiple domains are becoming increasingly mature. The rapid development of information-based intelligent cognitive perception technology has rapidly developed the game confrontation in the cognitive domain from absolutely “uncalculable” and “uncontrollable” to a considerable degree of “calculable” and “controllable”. Assisted decision-making by technologies such as big data and intelligent algorithms supports the deep integration of different combat forces in the cognitive domain and multi-dimensional command coordination, strengthening political, economic, diplomatic, cultural, military and other aspects of power, means and actions. The consistency and coordination bring about the operability of designing multiple domains, commanding multiple domains, and controlling multiple domains focusing on the cognitive domain. The widespread use of weapons and equipment such as drones and precision-guided bombs has also provided realistic and feasible tactical options for precision strikes through combat operations. The rapid popularization of intelligent communication technologies such as accurate portraits, intelligent distribution, social media live broadcast, robot writing, and virtual reality, as well as the cross-integrated development of neuroscience, cognitive science, and intelligent technology, have made it possible to plan and implement “X+ cognitive attack and defense” and achieve integrated Linked operations have become convenient and efficient.
Cognitive domain penetration affects multi-domain win-win paths
The penetration of the cognitive domain affects the integrated linkage of multiple domains. It is not a simple “1+1”, but the energy of multi-domain actions is instantly concentrated in the cognitive domain, thereby continuously injecting emergent effects that are beneficial to oneself into the overall war. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the innovative design of combat planning and implementation paths to ensure that multi-domain advantages can be achieved under the influence of cognitive domain penetration.
Use cognitive domain operational requirements to deepen understanding of multi-domain tasks. Focus on the overall national strategy, clarify operational requirements in the cognitive domain, and calculate and determine operational tasks in each domain based on this. Establish the must-hit targets and avoidable targets for fire strikes, hit targets first and hit later, hit targets openly and covertly, hit targets hard and hit lightly, etc., and focus on the effect of disintegrating the morale of the opponent’s military. When establishing the goal, timing, intensity, etc. of channel seizure, we must focus on the effectiveness of depriving the opponent of social mobilization and international communication capabilities and the effectiveness of supporting our information release and external propaganda. To establish the focus of intelligence information collection, it is necessary to focus on the ability to grasp the combat power in the cognitive domain of combat opponents, describe the characteristics of cognitive attack and defense target objects in a fine-grained manner, and dynamically grasp international and domestic public opinion and social trends of thought.
Use cognitive domain combat tasks to guide multi-domain action design. Focusing on questions such as “who, what kind of cognitive impact, and to what extent”, the cognitive domain combat tasks in different combat stages and different combat scenarios are subdivided. Based on this, what actions should be organized in each domain and what actions should be captured? Overall planning and detailed design of fighter aircraft, which forces to invest, what tactics to use, how to connect and intersect various actions, etc. The reason why the besieged troops on all sides were able to disintegrate the powerful Chu army was firstly because the Han army completed the military encirclement of the Chu army, and secondly, it used the ingenuity of capturing prisoners to sing Chu songs at night. In fact, different timing of operations, different task forces, different weapons and equipment, different choices of tactics and even different naming of operations will convey very different information, and the intensity of the generated cognitive impact will also be significantly different, which requires careful consideration and scientific Research and judge, and strive to maximize efficiency and optimize effects. When loading cognitive offensive and defensive actions for fire strikes, network offense and defense, electronic countermeasures, defensive operations, special operations and other operations, different imagination and creative thinking levels, different technical understanding, application and innovation, the final effect achieved is even more It’s like clouds and mud.
Organize multi-domain collaborative support with cognitive domain combat operations. Cognitive domain combat operations involve multiple participants and various action styles. Normally, they require coordinated support of military and firepower such as precise strikes, seizing key areas, and displaying momentum. In special cases, they also require coordinated strategic forces such as the deployment of cutting-edge weapons and equipment, and the organization of major training exercises. Guarantee requires the commander to make public statements and the media to embed reports and other specific personnel and specific combat units to coordinate the guarantee throughout the entire operation. Collaborative guarantee in terms of intelligence data, channel bandwidth, forensic information, and technical equipment is even more indispensable. To this end, it is necessary to mobilize multi-domain forces and resources in a full, real-time, systematic and precise manner, so that military warfare, mental warfare, and intellectual warfare can take advantage of each other and support each other to form a game of chess and create a combination of punches.
Pay attention to deepening the conceptual understanding of cognitive domain penetration and impact on multiple domains
Establishing the role of the cognitive domain in penetrating and influencing multi-domain actions and promoting integrated linkage to win is a deep-seated conceptual revolution that requires strengthening various supporting constructions to create conditions and lay the foundation.
Strengthen institutional guarantees. Using cognitive domain penetration to influence multi-domain integrated linkage operations puts forward higher requirements for cross-department and cross-agency collaboration. It is necessary to form a scientific and efficient command link that supports cognitive domain penetration to influence multi-domain and multi-domain integrated linkage. It is necessary to clarify the cognitive domain operational responsibilities of each element of the joint operations command organization, optimize and reorganize the command process, and ensure that the penetration and influence of the cognitive domain are reflected in operational determination, mission planning, and action design. Focusing on cross-domain integrated linkage, establish and improve working systems and collaboration mechanisms at strategic, operational, tactical and other levels, strengthen the mutual support of cognitive domain operations, physical domain operations, and information domain operations, and fully consider military strength and local related functions. The effective cooperation of departments and professional forces transforms comprehensive advantages into cognitive domain capabilities that penetrate, influence, and empower multiple domains.
Improve the commander’s ability and quality. The foreign military believes that qualified commanders in modern warfare need to be good at “quickly transforming proactive kinetic energy operations into more subtle cultural wars” and should have “unique intuition” and “comprehensive leadership capabilities” in this regard. In order to realize the integrated linkage of cognitive domain penetration and influence on multiple domains in war practice, we first need to strengthen the awareness of cognitive domain operations in the minds of commanders at all levels, and strengthen the formation of a conscious initiative to use cognitive domain penetration to influence multi-domain mission planning and action design. nature, strengthen and improve the ability to implement high-efficiency cognitive attack and defense using military firepower operations and information control as means. Multi-domain coordinated command under the influence of cognitive domain penetration should be regarded as an important part of strategic battle drills, highlighting the ability of commanders to command and control multiple domains with a focus on cognitive shaping, and promote the training field to continue to be closer to winning political and military The actual requirements of the war.
Promote the updating and improvement of joint cultural concepts. Cognitive domain penetration affects multi-domain integrated joint operations, which are the sublimation and optimization of joint operations concepts and mechanisms. In particular, it requires the support and guarantee of joint culture construction that is suitable for it. On the one hand, we must strive to break the influence of traditional war thinking, break down some traditional conceptual barriers, and make cognitive guidance, multi-domain integration, and joint operations the forefront of joint cultural construction and focus on updating concepts. On the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of the theoretical system of cognitive domain penetration affecting multi-domain integrated joint operations, carry out in-depth research on the winning mechanism of cognitive domain operations and innovation of tactics, and lay a solid ideological foundation with theoretical accumulation.
(Author’s unit: School of Political Science, National Defense University)
繁體中文：
引言
从冷兵器时代“弓马骑射、刀兵相接”式战场到工业化时代的陆、海、空三维战场，再到信息化智能化时代涵盖物理、信息、认知等多域的一体战场，战争形态演进的核心逻辑之一即在于不断迈入新域、整合多域。跨域聚合作战效能，成为带有一定基础性和决定性的战争制胜机理。而在此过程中，认知域日益成为渗透影响多域作战的新战场，以及攸关战争成败的新的制高点。
认知域成为夺控综合制权的关键
现代战争中，认知域成为夺控综合制权的关键。战争实践表明，认知域日益成为运筹现代战争、实现多域一体联动制胜的重心所在。
认知域优势支援实现多域作战效能倍增。现代战争中，在物理域消灭敌人、保存自己，争夺制陆、制海、制空、制天权；在信息域阻断敌人、联通自己，争夺制网、制信息权，都与认知域的优势和主动地位有着极为深刻的关联。在体系对体系的对垒博弈中，一旦在认知域压制对手、掌握主动，就能对敌指挥链、杀伤链、保障链的关键节点形成决策干扰，使得物理域信息域的行动获得“四两拨千斤”的非对称收益，从而提高作战的投入产出比，增强局部胜利导向全局胜利的速度和效率，减少军事打击在经济社会生活领域所产生的后续掣肘。
筹划实施多域作战行动应重视认知域作用发挥。现代战争具有显著的复杂性，多域作战之间的要素相互联通、影响多向传递、风险彼此叠加。多域作战行动的每个动作甚至某个细节都会在敌我双方的决策议题、军心意志、民意关切、社会信心、国际舆论等层面引发认知域连锁反应，由此迅速、突然、出乎预料地影响战争全局，甚至酿成改变交战方内政外交时局乃至国家长期发展走势的“蝴蝶风暴”。筹划实施物理域信息域行动，既要着重在认知域塑造态势、创造条件，又要按照夺控制脑、制心、制智权的需要，在认知域精准控制效能释放的方向和大小。歼敌数字的动态变化、一城一地的一时得失等，本身越来越失去评价战局走向的指标意义，军事行动对于战局的总体影响，越来越需要从其引发的国际国内公众认知改变和对特定对象的心理影响等层面去评估考量。
认知域引发多域一体联动的物质和技术条件日渐成熟。信息化智能化认知感知技术的飞跃发展，使得认知域博弈对抗由绝对的“不可算”“不可控”快速向相当程度上的“可算”“可控”发展。大数据、智能算法等技术的辅助决策，支撑了对不同作战力量在认知域的深度融合、多维聚力的指挥协同，加强了政治、经济、外交、文化、军事等方面力量、手段和行动的一致性协调性，带来了着眼认知域设计多域、指挥多域、控制多域的可操作性。无人机、精确制导炸弹等武器装备的广泛使用，也为通过作战行动点穴式精准打击提供了现实可行的战术方案选项。精准画像、智能分发、社交媒体直播、机器人写作、虚拟现实等智能化传播技术的快速普及，神经科学、认知科学与智能技术的交叉融合发展，使筹划实施“X+认知攻防”、实现一体联动作战变得便捷高效。
认知域渗透影响多域的聚优制胜路径
认知域渗透影响多域一体联动，不是简单的“1+1”，而是将多域行动的能量在认知域即时聚优，从而将有利于己的涌现效应不断注入战争全局。为此，需要加强对作战筹划和实施路径的创新性设计，确保在认知域渗透影响下实现多域聚优制胜。
以认知域作战需求加深多域任务理解。着眼国家战略全局，明确认知域作战需求，据此倒推测算和确定各域作战任务。确立火力打击的必打目标和避打目标、先打目标和后打目标、明打目标和暗打目标、重打目标和轻打目标等，要重点考量对作战对手军心士气的瓦解效能。确立信道夺控的目标、时机、强度等，要重点考量对作战对手社会动员能力、国际传播能力等的剥夺效能和对我信息释放、对外宣传的支撑效能。确立情报信息搜集的重点，要重点考量掌握作战对手认知域作战力量、细颗粒描述认知攻防目标对象特征、动态掌握国际国内舆情和社会思潮动态等方面的能力。
以认知域作战任务引导多域行动设计。围绕“对谁、产生何种认知影响、影响到何种程度”等问题，细分不同作战阶段、不同作战场景下的认知域作战任务，据此对各域组织哪些行动、抓住哪些战机、投入哪些力量、采用何种战法、各类行动如何衔接交叉等进行总体规划和细节设计。四面楚歌之所以能瓦解强楚军队，首先是因为汉军在军事上完成了对楚军的包围，其次是运用了俘虏夜唱楚歌这一攻心巧思。事实上，不同的行动时机、不同的任务部队、不同的武器装备、不同的战法选择甚至不同的行动命名，传递的信息都大相径庭，生成的认知影响强度也有显著区别，需要精心推敲、科学研判，力求实现效能最大化、效果最优化。在为火力打击、网络攻防、电子对抗、防卫作战、特种作战等行动加载认知攻防动作时，不同的想象能力和创意思维水平，不同的技术理解力运用力创新力，最终实现的效果更是判若云泥。
以认知域作战行动组织多域协同保障。认知域作战行动参与主体多元、行动样式多样，常态需要精确打击、要地夺控、示形造势等兵力火力协同保障，特殊时也需要亮相尖端武器装备、组织重大演训演练等战略力量协同保障，在作战全程还需要指挥员公开发声、媒体嵌入报道等特定人员、特定作战单元协同保障，情报数据、信道带宽、取证信息、技术装备方面的协同保障更是须臾不可或缺。为此，就要全程、实时、体系、精准调动多域力量和资源，使兵战、心战、智战相互借势、相互策应，形成一盘棋、打出组合拳。
注重深化认知域渗透影响多域的理念认识
确立认知域对多域行动的渗透影响地位、推动一体联动制胜，是一场深层次的理念革命，需要加强各项支撑性建设以创造条件、奠定基础。
加强制度保障。以认知域渗透影响多域一体联动作战，对跨部门、跨机构的协作联合提出了更高要求，需要形成支撑支持认知域渗透影响多域、多域一体联动的科学高效指挥链路。要明确联合作战指挥机构各要素的认知域作战职责，优化重整指挥流程，确保将认知域的渗透影响作用体现在作战决心、任务规划、行动设计之中。围绕跨域一体联动，在战略、战役、战术等各个层面建立健全完善工作制度和协作机制，强化认知域作战与物理域、信息域作战的相互借势策应，充分考虑军队力量与地方相关职能部门以及专业力量的有效配合，使综合优势转化为认知域渗透影响多域、赋能多域的能力优势。
提升指挥员能力素养。外军认为，现代战争中合格的指挥员需要善于“将主动的动能作战快速转变为更为微妙的文化战争”，对此应具有“独一无二的直觉”和“全面领导能力”。在战争实践中实现认知域渗透影响多域一体联动，首先需要在各级指挥员头脑中强化认知域作战意识，强化形成以认知域渗透影响多域任务规划和行动设计的自觉性主动性，强化提升以兵力火力行动和信息制权夺控为手段载体实施高效能认知攻防的能力水平。要把认知域渗透影响下的多域统筹指挥作为战略战役演训重要内容，突出锤炼指挥员着眼认知塑造来指挥多域、控制多域的能力，促进演训场不断贴近打赢政治军事仗的现实要求。
推动联合文化理念更新完善。认知域渗透影响多域一体联动作战是对联合作战理念和机制的升华和优化，特别需要与之相适应的联合文化建设支撑保障。一方面，要着力破除传统战争思维定式影响，打破一些传统观念壁垒，把认知引导、多域一体、联动作战作为联合文化建设的前沿重点抓好理念更新。另一方面，要加强认知域渗透影响多域一体联动作战的理论体系建设，深入展开认知域作战制胜机理研究和战法创新，以理论积淀打牢思想根基。
（作者单位：国防大学政治学院）
中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-01/19/content_332188.htm
2023年1月19日 星期四