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China’s Military Unveils the Metaverse

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中國軍隊推出虛擬宇宙

現代英語翻譯:

As if overnight, “metaverse” suddenly became a hot word, and related concepts formed many hot topics.

With the development of technologies such as extended reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks, blockchain, and the iteration of terminal equipment, the construction and evolution of the “metaverse” may far exceed people’s expectations, and a new Internet form of multi-dimensional, full-sensory, immersive human-computer interaction will hopefully become a reality.

What is the Metaverse?

“Metaverse” is a term that comes from the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash. In the novel, humans live in a virtual three-dimensional world through “Avatar” (digital virtual avatar), and the author calls this space “Metaverse”.

From science fiction to reality, people have not yet reached an absolute consensus on “what is the metaverse”. Due to the evolution of the times and technological changes, the “metaverse” is still an evolving concept. “There are a thousand Hamlets in the eyes of a thousand people”. Different participants are constantly enriching its definition in their own way, and the possibilities of the characteristics and forms of the “metaverse” are also constantly changing. However, we can explore a little through the existing presentation of the “metaverse”.

At present, “Metaverse” concept products are mainly concentrated in online games, VR/AR, social networking and other fields.

Online games are generally considered by the industry to be the most likely field to realize the “metaverse” because they have virtual scenes and players’ virtual avatars. Today, game functions have gone beyond the game itself, and the boundaries of games are expanding, and they are no longer just games.

A well-known singer held a virtual concert with his virtual image in the game “Fortnite”, which attracted more than 12 million players from all over the world to participate, breaking the boundary between entertainment and games; due to the impact of the epidemic, the University of California, Berkeley and the School of Animation and Digital Studies of Communication University of China coincidentally rebuilt their campuses in the sandbox game “Minecraft”. Students gathered together with virtual avatars to complete the “cloud graduation ceremony”, realizing the integration of virtual games and real social interactions.

The new generation of “VR social (virtual offline social)” has gradually developed and become popular. It is a fusion of offline social (face-to-face in reality) and online social (through social software such as WeChat). Some well-known VR social platforms provide a free community environment, which not only becomes a place for players’ online activities and virtual face-to-face gatherings, but also becomes a social and cultural phenomenon closely related to the current concept of “metaverse”.

The above-mentioned “metaverse slices” are all important explorations into the construction of the “metaverse”, and they explain in a variety of visible and tangible ways how the “metaverse” will change our real life.

In common research, the following consensus has been formed: “Metaverse” is a new type of Internet application and social form that integrates multiple new technologies and integrates virtual and real. It provides immersive experience based on extended reality technology, generates virtual and real scenes based on digital twins and 3D rendering technology, builds basic software and hardware services based on cloud computing, artificial intelligence and high-speed networks, and builds an economic system based on blockchain technology, closely integrating the virtual world with the real world in economic system, social system and identity system. At the same time, it allows each user to produce and edit content, and has complete self-driving and iteration capabilities.

The development direction of the “metaverse”

Today’s mobile Internet is actually still in a flat information interaction state, presented on mobile terminals through text, sound, pictures, and videos. Although news information, e-commerce, social chat, live video, etc. meet people’s needs for using the Internet, it is obviously impossible to achieve the effect of face-to-face communication and full sensory experience in real life through the mobile phone screen. With the development of society, people need more original and rich experience and interaction.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced people to move their daily lives from offline to online. This forced transformation has led to more thinking, discussion and attention on the “metaverse”. In particular, the core feature of the “metaverse” is the immersive experience, which can turn a plane into a three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, real-time interactive space, greatly enriching and restoring the real physical world and various human relationships. Therefore, people have high hopes for the “metaverse”.

Looking back at the development of information technology and media, humans have continuously changed the way they perceive the world, and later began to consciously transform and reshape the world. From the newspaper era, the radio and television era, to the Internet era, and the mobile Internet era, the tools and platforms under the concept of “metaverse” are becoming increasingly complete, and the path to the “metaverse” is gradually becoming clearer.

Since 2020, Internet giants in various countries have been closely deploying cutting-edge technologies such as extended reality, digital twins, 3D rendering, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, high-speed networks and blockchain, and the door to the ultimate closed-loop ecosystem of the “metaverse” has been opened little by little. Today, when the “bonus” of mobile Internet users has peaked, many experts and scholars have stated that the “metaverse” will be the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet.

Just as it was difficult to accurately predict the development of the Internet 20 years ago, people cannot accurately predict the future form of the “metaverse”. However, combined with the development trends of related industries today, we can see that: the Internet has changed human life and digitized communication between people, and the “metaverse” will digitize the relationship between people and society; the technologies related to the “metaverse” will show gradual development, single-point technological innovations will continue to appear and merge, and all aspects of the industry will move closer to the ultimate form of the “metaverse”; the “metaverse” will emerge with a large amount of user-generated content, and at the same time, the value of digital assets will be revealed.

In general, the “metaverse” will profoundly change the organization and operation of the existing society through the integration of the virtual and the real, form a new lifestyle with both virtual and real poles, give birth to a new social relationship that integrates online and offline, and give new vitality to the real economy from the virtual dimension.

The future physical “metaverse” will be similar to the scene described in the science fiction movie “Ready Player One”: one day in the future, people can switch identities anytime and anywhere, freely shuttle between the real world and the virtual world, and study, work, make friends, shop, travel, etc. in the “metaverse”. Through immersive experience, the virtual world will be closer to and integrated into the real world.

In this virtual world, there will be self-evolving content and economic systems that will always remain safe and stable to meet the social needs of individuals.

The mediating role of the “metaverse”

“Imagine the ‘metaverse’ as a physical Internet, where you are not just watching content, but you are fully immersed in it.” This is a vivid description. However, as far as the current situation is concerned, the content of these “metaverses” that allow “full immersion” is relatively scarce. It needs more content that can be independently written, self-iterated, and multi-dimensionally attract users to participate in the experience and even participate in the creation.

The “metaverse” is bound to become a brand-new platform for media content production. Content producers can transform the “small universe” into the “big universe” through rich content production. In the short term, the breakthrough of the “metaverse” is immersive content. With the development and penetration of the concept of “metaverse”, the integration of immersive virtual content (such as games, cartoons, etc.) and immersive physical content (such as media, social networking, film and television, etc.) will become higher and higher. In other words, the “metaverse” will play a greater role as a medium.

In September this year, Yu Guoming, a professor at the School of Journalism and Communication of Beijing Normal University, pointed out at the release conference of the “2020-2021 “Metaverse” Development Research Report”: “Today, the role of the media is generally to provide cognitive information, but the role of the media is completing a process from providing cognition to providing experience. The entire media and technology has undergone a huge transformation from cognitive development to experience. Once the goal of “Metaverse” is established, it will play a directional role in communication technology, communication forms, communication methods and even communication effects.” If the “Metaverse” is the ultimate form of the next generation of the Internet, then it is a super media channel that will show the ultimate form of media convergence and provide the best immersive experience.

Theoretically, the best communication experience must be based on real scenes. For example, when watching a football game, the ideal situation is to watch it in person on the field. In the “metaverse”, with the development of display interaction, high-speed communication and computing technology, it will become a reality to construct a communication scene that is infinitely close to reality. Users can become “witnesses” and “on-site observers” of news events in a three-dimensional, multi-sensory reception situation.

Therefore, the “metaverse” media can achieve true “multimedia”, and various human senses such as vision, smell, hearing, taste, touch, etc. can play a role, and even fully unfold and cooperate with each other to achieve “immersive” media applications.

Today’s media content is constantly evolving and innovating, and its development trend seems to be moving closer to the concept of “metaverse”. Media content will no longer be limited to flat presentation methods such as TV, computer, and mobile phone screens. Media content production will consider holographic presentation more, pay attention to creating an on-site environment atmosphere, and make users feel immersive. Social interaction will no longer be limited to text messages and comments. Feelings can be expressed instantly with voice and body movements, and face-to-face communication can be virtualized on the spot.

Imagine if news reports could restore the war scene and create a “battlefield metaverse”, making people feel as if they were there and feel in real time the tremendous trauma that war has caused to human civilization. This shock would further stimulate human society’s desire and yearning for peace, and media content would have a stronger influence and dissemination power.

現代國語:

彷彿在一夜之間，「元宇宙」突然成為熱詞，相關概念形成許多熱門話題。

隨著擴展現實、數位孿生、3D渲染、雲端運算、人工智慧、高速網路、區塊鏈等技術的發展及終端設備的迭代，「元宇宙」建設和演變可能遠超人們的預期，多維度、全感官、沉浸式的人機互動新網路形態，將有望成為現實。

何為“元宇宙”

“元宇宙”，英文為“Metaverse”。此字出自1992年的科幻小說《雪崩》。小說中，人類透過“Avatar”（數位虛擬化身），在一個虛擬三維世界中生活，作者稱這個空間為“Metaverse”，即“元宇宙”。

從科幻走進現實，人們對「元宇宙是什麼」還未能達成一個絕對標準的共識。因為時代的演變、技術的變革，“元宇宙”仍是一個不斷發展的概念，“一千個人眼中就有一千個哈姆雷特”，不同參與者以自己的方式不斷豐富著它的定義，“元宇宙」特徵和形態的可能性也在不斷變化。不過，我們可透過「元宇宙」現有的呈現形態來探討一二。

目前，「元宇宙」概念產品主要集中在網路遊戲、VR/AR、社交等領域。

網路遊戲被業界普遍認為是最有可能實現「元宇宙」的領域，因為它本身就具有虛擬場景和玩家的虛擬化身。如今，遊戲功能已超越遊戲本身，遊戲邊界正在擴展，甚至不只是遊戲了。

知名歌手在遊戲《要塞英雄》中，以虛擬形象舉辦一場虛擬演唱會，吸引了全球超過1200萬玩家參與其中，打破了娛樂與遊戲的邊界；因為疫情影響，美國加州大學柏克萊分校、中國傳媒大學動畫與數位學院不約而同地在沙盤遊戲《我的世界》裡重建校園，學生們以虛擬化身齊聚一堂，完成“雲畢業典禮”，實現了虛擬遊戲和現實社交的融合。

新一代「VR社交（虛擬線下社交）」已在逐漸發展和流行。它是線下社交（現實面對面）、線上社交（透過微信等社群軟體）的融合產物。一些知名VR社交平台，提供自由的社區環境，不僅成為玩家線上活動與虛擬面對面聚會的場所，也成了一種與目前「元宇宙」概念密切相關的社會文化現象。

以上這些“元宇宙切片”，都是對建構“元宇宙”的重要探索，用多種看得見、摸得著的方式，詮釋了“元宇宙”將會如何改變我們的現實生活。

在通常研究中，一般形成了這樣的共識：「元宇宙」是整合多種新技術而產生的新型虛實融合的網路應用和社會形態。它基於擴展現實技術提供沉浸式體驗，基於數位孿生和3D渲染技術生成虛實場景，基於雲端運算、人工智慧和高速網路建立基礎軟體硬體服務，基於區塊鏈技術建立經濟體系，將虛擬世界與現實世界在經濟系統、社交系統、身分系統上密切融合。同時，允許每個使用者進行內容生產和編輯，具備完整的自我驅動和迭代能力。

「元宇宙」發展走向

現今的行動互聯網，其實仍是平面資訊互動狀態，透過文字、聲音、圖片、視訊方式在行動終端進行呈現。新聞資訊、電子商務、社群聊天、視訊直播等型態，雖然滿足了人們使用網路的需求，但隔著手機螢幕，顯然無法達到現實生活中面對面交流、全感官體驗所能達到的效果。隨著社會發展，人們需要更原生、更豐富的體驗與互動。

新冠疫情讓人們生活場景從線下更多地移到線上。這種被迫的轉變，讓大家對「元宇宙」有了更多思考、討論和關注。特別是「元宇宙」最核心的特徵，在於沉浸式體驗，它可將一個平面變成一個立體、多維、即時的互動空間，極大地豐富、還原真實物理世界和人類各種關係。因此，「元宇宙」被人們寄予厚望。

縱觀過往資訊科技和媒介的發展歷程，人類不斷改變認知世界的方法，乃至於後來開始有意識地改造和重塑世界。從報業時代、廣播電視時代，到網路時代、行動網路時代，「元宇宙」概念下的工具和平台日益完備，通往「元宇宙」的路徑逐漸清晰。

自2020年以來，各國網路大廠圍繞著擴展實境、數位孿生、3D渲染、雲端運算、人工智慧、高速網路和區塊鏈等前沿科技，展開緊密佈局，通往「元宇宙」終極閉環生態的大門被一點點打開。在行動網路用戶「紅利」已經見頂的今天，不少專家學者表示，「元宇宙」將是下一代網路的終極形態。

如同20年前難以精準預測網路的發展一樣，人們也無法精準預判未來「元宇宙」的形態。但是，結合當今相關產業發展趨勢可以看到：互聯網改變人類生活，將人與人交流數位化，而「元宇宙」將把人與社會關係數位化；「元宇宙」相關技術將呈現漸進式發展，單點技術創新將不斷出現與融合，從產業各方面向「元宇宙」終極形態靠近；「元宇宙」將湧現海量用戶創作內容，同時顯現數位資產價值問題。

概括地說，「元宇宙」將以虛實融合的方式，深刻改變現有社會的組織與運作，形成虛、實兩極的新型生活方式，催生線上、線下一體的新型社會關係，並從虛擬維度賦予實體經濟新的活力。

未來實體化的“元宇宙”，將類似於科幻電影《頭號玩家》裡描述的場景：在未來的某一天，人們可隨時隨地切換身份，自由穿梭於現實世界和虛擬世界，在“元宇宙”中學習、工作、交友、購物、旅遊等。透過沉浸式體驗，讓虛擬世界進一步接近並融入現實世界。

在這個虛擬世界裡，將有自我不斷發展的內容和經濟系統，並且始終保持安全穩定運行，滿足個體的社會需求。

「元宇宙」的媒介作用

「把『元宇宙』想像為一個實體互聯網，你在那裡不只是觀看內容，整個人都身在其中。」這是一個圖像描述。可就現狀而言，這些能讓“整個人都身在其中”的“元宇宙”，內容是相對匱乏的。它需要更多可以獨立成篇、自我迭代、多維立體地吸引使用者參與體驗甚至參與創作的內容。

「元宇宙」勢必成為媒體內容生產的嶄新平台。內容生產者透過豐富的內容生產，可將「小宇宙」演變成「大宇宙」。短期內，「元宇宙」的突破口是沉浸式內容。隨著「元宇宙」概念的發展與滲透，沉浸式虛擬內容（如遊戲、卡通等）與沉浸式實體內容（如媒體、社交、影視等）的融合程度將會越來越高。換句話說，「元宇宙」將發揮更大的媒介作用。

今年9月，北京師範大學新聞與傳播學院教授喻國明在《2020-2021年「元宇宙」發展研究報告》發布會議上指出：「如今媒介所扮演的角色大體上都是認知方面的訊息給予，但媒介的角色正在完成一個從給予認知到給予體驗的過程。甚至傳播效果，都能起到一個定向作用。體驗。

從理論上講，最好的傳播體驗必然是基於真實場景。如看球賽，理想情形是在球場上親身觀看。在「元宇宙」裡，隨著顯示互動、高速通訊和運算技術的發展，建構無限逼近真實的傳播場景將成為現實，使用者能在立體化、多感官接收情境中，成為新聞事件的「目擊者」和「實地觀察者」。

因而，“元宇宙”媒體可實現真正的“多媒體化”，人類的各種感官如視覺、嗅覺、聽覺、味覺、觸覺等，都能發揮作用，甚至完全展開、相互配合，實現“沉浸式”的媒體應用。

當今媒體內容不斷進化和創​​新，其發展趨勢也似乎正在向「元宇宙」概念靠攏。媒體內容將不再侷限於電視、電腦、手機螢幕等平面式的呈現方式，媒體內容製作將更考慮全像化呈現，重視營造現場環境氛圍，使用戶有身臨其境之感。社交也將不再侷限於文字留言評論，可即時用語音、肢體動作來抒發感受，現場虛擬化面對面交流。

設想一下，如果新聞報道能還原戰爭現場，打造“戰場元宇宙”，使人如身臨其境，實時感受到戰爭對於人類文明造成的巨大創傷，這份震撼會更能刺激人類社會對於和平的渴望與嚮往，媒體內容將具備更強大的影響力與傳播力。

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-11/26/content_303888.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Intelligent Warfare, Japanese Cyber Capabilities, Mosaic Warfare, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military Analysis of Japan’s Space and Cyberspace Deterrence Strategy

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中國對日本太空和網路空間威懾戰略的軍事分析

現代英語：

The development of new military forces is changing the style of warfare. After years of development, space (also known as outer space) and cyberspace (hereinafter referred to as cyberspace) forces have transformed from conceptual forces to real forces. How to use these two new forces has become a key research topic for major powers in the world. In March 2024, the Security Research Group of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation of Japan released a research report entitled “War 3.0: Fundamental Changes in War” (hereinafter referred to as the “Report”), which explored how to use space and cyberspace to achieve strategic deterrence from the perspective of maintaining Japan’s national security. It also proposed a typical scenario of cyberspace confrontation against the background of an emergency in the Taiwan Strait, showing Japan’s thinking on the use of combat forces in emerging fields. The main contents are summarized as follows for readers.

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War 3.0 is coming

The report believes that during the Cold War, the boundaries between civilians, the state and the military were clear, and the economic dependence between the two sides was low. This was the era of War 1.0. After the Cold War, globalization accelerated, and in 2001, the era of the war on terror began. The main body of the confrontation became state and non-state actors, which was the era of War 2.0. Around 2010, the confrontation between major powers reappeared. Due to the high degree of economic globalization, “war” occurred more in dimensions other than military. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine shows that in modern warfare, other means are becoming as important as military means. At the same time, commercial companies are also more involved in the research and development and use of emerging military technologies, and the government’s control over military power has been weakened. Since then, a new concept can be used to describe modern warfare, namely War 3.0.

As long as war occurs in the context of globalization, the characteristics of War 3.0 will appear. In the era of War 3.0, the target of deterrence is mainly state actors, but the specific form of conflict may be similar to hybrid warfare or conventional warfare. When formulating deterrence strategies in the space and cyberspace domains, both types of conflict should be taken into account. It is necessary to recognize that emerging domain capabilities are multipliers of traditional capabilities. The significance of competing for control in emerging domains lies in enhancing one’s own physical forces such as land, sea, and air forces or weakening the physical forces of opponents.

The report points out that using emerging field forces to carry out attacks can cause no tangible physical damage, is conducive to conflict management, and is the best tool for gray zone operations. Japan currently faces two main problems. One is that the emerging field forces owned by law enforcement agencies are not in line with mission requirements. The other is that it needs to consider how to use emerging field forces to achieve effective conflict management.

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Strategic Deterrence in Emerging Fields

The report uses traditional deterrence theory for analysis and concludes that space and cyberspace have five common characteristics: difficult situational awareness, high defense difficulty, low attack threshold, mixed actors, and lack of international codes of conduct. Easy to attack and difficult to defend are the common characteristics of these two fields, so it is difficult to achieve effective strategic deterrence. In this regard, action should be taken in four aspects: First, improve situational awareness capabilities so that when problems occur, the cause of the failure can be quickly determined, the attacker can be identified, and the damage effect can be evaluated when counterattacked. Second, improve resilience to ensure that the loss of some functions will not cause the entire system to become disabled. Third, strengthen offensive capabilities, which can be used to attack in a certain field, or to use means in other fields to conduct cross-domain attacks. Fourth, achieve arms control cooperation between countries and build trust, formulate codes of conduct, etc.

0 3

Strengthening deterrence in air and space

1. The connotation of air and space control continues to be enriched

The report believes that the air and space can control the entire battlefield. In order to compete for air and space dominance, various types of equipment are constantly updated, combat systems are becoming more and more complex, and the scope of operations is becoming wider and wider. In combat, both sides often focus on the “find, locate, track, decide, engage, and assess (Find Fix Track Targeting Engage Assess, F2T2EA)” full kill chain, and simultaneously confront in emerging fields such as space, cyberspace, and electromagnetic space, which greatly expands the connotation of traditional dominance. In future high-end wars, the side with a higher level of space, cyberspace, and electromagnetic space capabilities may have an overwhelming advantage in overall combat capabilities.

2. How to exert the deterrent function of space power

The report emphasizes that space systems play an important role in intelligence collection, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), communications, positioning, navigation and timing (PNT), missile warning, environmental monitoring, etc., and also provide increasingly important support for the use of nuclear and conventional forces. In order to form a strong space deterrence, first, we must possess and demonstrate the corresponding capabilities, mainly the resilience, defense, counter-retaliation and situational awareness capabilities of the space system. Second, we must show the enemy our determination to use retaliatory capabilities. Third, we must form a cross-domain deterrence to ensure the security of the entire space system. In addition, systems in other fields such as land, sea and air must be able to supplement some of the functions of the space system. In the face of enemy attacks on our satellites, we must retaliate not only from space, but also through land, sea, air and cyberspace.

As space systems play an increasingly important role in Japan’s national defense, we will further enhance our deterrence against hostile offensive actions. While improving the resilience of space assets, we will attach great importance to the effective use of commercial space services.

3. How to enhance the deterrent effect of Japan’s aerospace power

The report points out that Japan should attach importance to cross-domain coordination of sea, land, air and space forces, especially to strengthen cooperation with the United States. It is necessary to closely monitor the surrounding airspace, use aircraft to perform denial missions when the situation escalates, and take active defense measures to prevent missile attacks. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of Self-Defense Force bases and realize the mutual use of air bases between Japan and the United States. Japan is surrounded by the sea, and it is necessary to attach importance to developing the ability to use air means to strike maritime targets to ensure the security of the homeland.

Faced with the vast Indo-Pacific region, it is difficult for Japan to accurately grasp the regional situation by relying solely on its own aerospace power. It is necessary to share intelligence information through multilateral cooperation and build a Common Operational Picture (COP) in the Indo-Pacific region to accurately and comprehensively grasp the regional situation and have a deterrent effect on potential enemies. It is necessary to strengthen cooperation with countries other than the United States, especially Australia. Japan, the United States and Australia should establish joint ammunition and fuel depots in their respective countries. In the field of space, Japan will expand cooperation in hosting payloads. If it can cooperate with European countries, then future attacks on Japanese satellites can be regarded as attacks on multiple countries. It is becoming increasingly important to make full use of the power of allies and use their aerospace power to achieve deterrence goals.

0 4

Strengthening Deterrence in Cyberspace

1. Characteristics of Cyberspace Operations

The report believes that cyberspace has an increasing impact on the course of war, and cyberspace combat capabilities can even deter the occurrence of an entire conflict. Cyberspace security plays an important role in protecting various systems from cyber attacks, ensuring that confidential information is not leaked, and ensuring the normal operation of other systems such as critical infrastructure. It is also of great significance for cognitive domain protection.

There are two main characteristics of cyberspace at present. First, the boundary between military and civilian is blurred. The potential of military application of Internet is constantly emerging. In the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the artillery combat management system (GIS Art for Artillery, GIS ARTA) used by Ukraine is to send data through drones and smartphones to determine the target location and launch attacks, which is very effective. Second, the security concept based on closed system is outdated. Even with physical isolation, it is impossible to completely prevent attacks. Cyberspace is easy to attack but difficult to defend, and the offense and defense are asymmetric. In addition, cyberspace operations can control the rhythm of conflict escalation in a low-intensity form, and can also be upgraded to a powerful weapon with high-intensity offensiveness after the official outbreak of military conflict.

2. Developing emerging technologies to enhance cyber warfare capabilities

The report points out that the development of emerging technologies will continue to change the rules of warfare, and the Japanese Ministry of Defense has begun to study the use of cloud computing to build a basic computing environment. It plans to build a diversified network environment, use Starlink satellites and 5G networks to provide Internet services, and consider enabling the new Internet communication protocol QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connection). The first quantum computer has been developed, and related research on anti-quantum cryptography has been carried out. At the same time, it also pays close attention to the specific ways of combining artificial intelligence with cyber warfare.

3. Ways to strengthen cyber deterrence

The report emphasizes that the development of artificial intelligence technology and the adjustment of the network component supply chain are two uncertain factors. Japan should focus on improving its cyber warfare capabilities from the following aspects: (1) vigorously promote intelligence information sharing; (2) build active defense systems; (3) introduce zero trust and risk management frameworks; (4) establish the ability to attack adversary networks; (5) accelerate legislation in the field of cybersecurity; (6) expand the scale of talent training and increase support for commercial enterprises. By carrying out the above work, Japan can achieve early detection and response to cyber attacks. Even if it encounters a cyber attack, it can be discovered, processed and recovered at an early stage to ensure the resilience of the system to continue to operate. In addition, when Japan is attacked, it should coordinate actions with the US military. In peacetime, joint training should be strengthened so that it can carry out joint operations with the Cyber ​​Mission Force (CMF) composed of relevant forces of the US Cyber ​​Command.

Responsible for directing, coordinating and conducting cyber operations

0 5

Conception of cyberspace combat scenarios

The report describes a basic scenario of cyber warfare between the Red and Blue sides, with the Taiwan Strait incident as the background, and puts forward the following important viewpoints: First, when the Blue side has an absolute advantage, the Blue side should focus on taking defensive actions to achieve deterrence. When the forces of the two sides tend to be balanced, the Blue side should actively take offensive actions to seize the initiative. Second, the Blue side can launch cyber attacks around the Red side’s observation, adjustment, decision-making, and action (OODA) links to weaken the Red side’s military capabilities, especially its maritime and landing combat capabilities, and carry out “anti-military cyber attack missions.” When necessary, strike the Red side’s social infrastructure to weaken its overall strength. At the same time, take cyber attacks to induce and divide public opinion, weaken the Red side’s willingness to take action, and carry out “anti-value cyber attack missions.” Third, in the anti-military cyber attack mission, the Blue side can attack the Red side’s aircraft, and can also take measures such as data pollution, deception cloud, and communication network interruption to attack the Red side’s command and control system. In the action of attacking the civilian network system, cyber attacks can be carried out on key entities of railway and ship operations in the Red coastal areas and key infrastructure such as the power grid in coastal metropolises that support social and economic systems. There are also options for attacking Red Team financial systems, media servers, and water and gas supply networks.

In order to deal with possible cyber attacks from the Red side in the event of an emergency in the Taiwan Strait, Japan should do the following: First, adopt an active defense strategy, require commercial operators to share information with the government, and introduce artificial intelligence to improve cyber situational awareness and network resilience. Second, introduce a large-scale data forensics platform to identify the authenticity of massive image data and counter false information. Third, give priority to countermeasures against domestic cyber attacks, effectively defend the networks of defense, government departments, law enforcement agencies and private enterprises through various active cyber defense measures, and deal with cognitive domain actions against the Japanese public.

0 6

Conclusion

The report proposed the concept of War 3.0 and launched a series of discussions on achieving cyberspace and space deterrence. While suggesting strengthening its own relevant capacity building, it repeatedly emphasized the need to strengthen cooperation with the United States, especially with countries related to the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) and AUKUS. With Japan’s application to join AUKUS on April 25, 2024, the Asia-Pacific version of the “mini-NATO” alliance has taken shape, and regional peace and stability will be severely impacted.

Disclaimer: This article is reprinted from Military High-Tech Online, the original author is Shi Honglin. The content of the article is the original author’s personal opinion. This public account is translated/reprinted only for sharing and conveying different opinions. If you have any objections, please contact us!

Reprinted from Military High-Tech Online

Author: Shi Honglin

Introduction to the Institute

The International Institute of Technology and Economics (IITE) was established in November 1985. It is a non-profit research institution affiliated to the Development Research Center of the State Council. Its main functions are to study major policy, strategic and forward-looking issues in my country’s economic, scientific and technological social development, track and analyze the development trends of world science and technology and economy, and provide decision-making consulting services to the central government and relevant ministries. “Global Technology Map” is the official WeChat account of the International Institute of Technology and Economics, dedicated to delivering cutting-edge technology information and technological innovation insights to the public.

Address: Block A, Building 20, Xiaonanzhuang, Haidian District, Beijing

Tel: 010-82635522

繁體中文國語：

新領域軍事力量的發展正在改變戰爭樣式，其中太空（也稱為外層空間）和網路空間（以下簡稱網空）力量經過多年的發展，已由概念力量轉變為現實力量。如何利用這兩種新質力量，已成為世界各主要強國重點研究的內容。 2024年3月日本笹川和平財團安全研究小組發布研究報告《戰爭3.0：戰爭的根本變化》（以下簡稱《報告》），從維護日本國家安全的角度出發，探討如何利用太空和網空實現戰略威懾等問題，並以台海突發事件為背景，提出了一個網空對抗的典型場景，展示了日本在運用新興領域作戰力量上的思考。現將其主要內容整理如下，以颯讀者。

01

戰爭3.0時代到來

《報告》認為，在冷戰時期，平民、國家和軍隊之間的界線很清晰，對峙雙方經濟依賴度較低，此時是戰爭1.0時代。冷戰後全球化加速發展，2001年進入反恐戰爭時代，對抗的主體變成國家與非國家行為體，此時是戰爭2.0時代。 2010年前後大國對抗再次出現，由於經濟全球化發展程度較高，「戰爭」較多發生在軍事以外的維度。俄烏衝突顯示在現代戰爭中，其他手段正變得與軍事手段同等重要。同時，商業公司也更參與新興軍事技術的研發和使用，政府對軍事力量的控製程度受到了削弱。自此可以用一個新的概念來描述現代戰爭，即戰爭3.0。

只要戰爭在全球化背景下發生，就會出現戰爭3.0所包含的特徵。進入戰爭3.0時代，威懾的目標主要是國家行為體，但具體衝突形式可能類似混合戰爭，也可能是常規戰爭。在製定太空和網空領域威懾戰略時，要同時考慮這兩類衝突形式。要體認到新興領域能力是傳統能力的倍增器，爭奪新興領域制權的意義，在於提升己方陸、海、空軍等實體力量或削弱對手的實體力量。

《報告》指出，運用新興領域力量實施攻擊，可以不造成有形的物理破壞，有利於管控衝突，是在灰色地帶行動的最佳工具。日本當前主要面臨兩個問題，一是執法機構擁有的新興領域力量和任務需求不相適應。二是需要考慮具體如何運用新興領域力量，以達到衝突的有效管控。

02

新興領域的戰略威懾

《報告》利用傳統威懾理論進行分析，得出太空和網空具有五個共同特徵：態勢感知難、防禦難度大、攻擊門檻低、行動主體混雜、缺乏國際行為準則。易攻難守是這兩個領域的共同特點，因此較難實現有效的戰略威懾。對此，應從四個方面採取行動：一是提高態勢感知能力，以便在出現問題後，能夠迅速確定故障原因，識別攻擊者，並在反擊時評估毀傷效果。二是提升復原力，確保喪失部分功能不會導致整個系統失能。三是強化進攻能力，可在某一領域進行攻擊，也可利用其他領域手段進行跨域攻擊。四是實現國家間軍備控制合作並建立信任，制定行為準則等。

03

加強空中和太空的威懾

（一）空天制權的內涵不斷豐富

《報告》認為，空中和太空可以瞰整個戰場，為爭奪空天制權，各類裝備不斷更新，作戰系統越來越複雜，作戰範圍也越來越寬廣。在作戰中，雙方往往會圍繞「發現、定位、追蹤、決策、交戰、評估（Find Fix Track Targeting Engage Assess，F2T2EA）」全殺傷鏈各環節，在太空、網空、電磁空間等新興領域同時進行對抗，大大拓展了傳統制權的內涵。在未來高端戰爭中，利用太空、網空和電磁空間能力水準較高的一方，可能會在整體作戰能力上擁有壓倒性的優勢。
（二）如何發揮太空力量的嚇阻功能

《報告》強調，太空系統在情報收集、監視和偵察（Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance，ISR），通信，定位、導航和授時（Positioning, Navigation and Timing, PNT），導彈預警，環境監測等方面發揮著重要作用，也為使用核武力量和常規力量提供越來越重要的支持。為了形成強大的太空威懾，一要擁有並展現對應能力，主要是太空系統的復原力、防禦力、反制報復能力以及態勢感知能力。二要向敵方展示使用報復能力的決心。三要形成跨域威懾以確保太空全系統安全。此外，陸海空等其他領域系統要能補充太空系統的部分功能，面對敵方對己方衛星的攻擊，不僅要從太空報復，還要透過陸海空和網空進行報復。

由於太空系統在日本國防中的作用越來越大，所以要進一步提升對敵對進攻行為的威懾。在提升太空資產復原力的同時，要高度重視商業太空服務的有效運用。

（三）如何增強日本空天肌力嚇阻效果

《報告》指出，日本應重視海陸空天力量的跨域協同，特別是加強與美國的合作。若要緊密監視週邊空域，在局勢升級時使用飛機執行拒止任務，採取主動防禦措施，防止遭遇飛彈攻擊。要加強自衛隊基地建設，實現日美兩國空軍基地的互相使用。日本四面環海，要重視發展使用空中手段打擊海上目標的能力，以確保本土安全。

面對廣袤的印太地區，日本僅靠自身的空天力量，難以準確掌握區域態勢，要透過多邊合作分享情報訊息，建構印太地區通用作戰態勢圖（Common Operational Picture, COP），以精準全面地掌握地區態勢，對潛在敵人產生嚇阻效果。要加強與美國以外的國家，特別是澳洲的合作。日本、美國和澳洲應在各自國家建立聯合彈藥和燃料庫。在太空領域，日本將拓展託管有效載荷合作，如能和歐洲國家合作，那麼未來攻擊日本衛星的行為，將可以被視為對多個國家的攻擊。要充分借助盟友力量，利用其空天力量達成威懾目的，這一點正變得越來越重要。

04

加強網空的威懾

（一）網空作戰的特點

《報告》認為，網空對戰爭進程的影響越來越大，而網空作戰能力甚至可以嚇阻整個衝突的發生。網空安全對於保護自身各類系統免受網路攻擊、確保機密資訊不會外洩、確保關鍵基礎設施等其他系統正常運作發揮重要作用，對於認知域防護也有著十分重大的意義。

目前網空主要有兩個特點，一是軍民界線模糊。網路的軍事應用潛力不斷顯現，在俄烏衝突中，烏克蘭使用的砲兵作戰管理系統（GIS Art for Artillery, GIS ARTA），就是透過無人機和智慧型手機，發送資料確定目標位置並發動攻擊，且非常有效。二是基於封閉系統的安全觀念已經過時。即便是進行物理隔離，也不可能完全防止被攻擊，網空易攻難守，攻防呈現不對稱特徵。此外，網空作戰既可以低強度形式控制衝突升級的節奏，也可以在正式爆發軍事衝突後，升級為具有高強度攻擊性的強大武器。
（二）發展新興科技提升網路戰能力

《報告》指出，新興技術的發展將持續改變作戰規則，日本防衛省已開始研究使用雲端運算建構基本運算環境。計畫建置多樣化網路環境，使用「星鏈」衛星和5G網路提供網路服務，考慮啟用新的網路通訊協定QUIC（Quick UDP Internet Connection）。已研發首台量子計算機，並進行反量子密碼的相關研究。同時，也高度關注人工智慧與網路戰結合的具體方式。

（三）強化網空威懾的辦法

《報告》強調，人工智慧技術的發展和網路部件供應鏈的調整是兩個不確定的影響因素。日本應著重從以下幾點提升網路戰能力：（1）大力促進情報資訊共享；（2）建構主動防禦系統；（3）引入零信任和風險管理框架；（4）建立攻擊對手網路的能力； （5）加速網路安全領域立法；（6）擴大人才培育規模，增加對商業企業的支持。透過進行以上工作，日本可以實現提前發現和應對網路攻擊。即使遭遇網路攻擊，也可在早期階段發現、處理和恢復，確保系統繼續運作的彈性。此外，當日本受到攻擊時，要與美軍協調行動。平時要加強聯合訓練，以便能夠與由美國網路司令部相關部隊組成網路任務部隊（The Cyber​​ Mission Force, CMF）實施聯合行動。
負責指導、協調和執行網路行動

05

對網空作戰場景的構想

《報告》以台海突發事件為背景，描述了一個紅藍雙方網路戰的基本場景，提出了以下幾個重要觀點：一是當藍方擁有絕對優勢時，藍方應側重於採取防禦行動實現威懾。當雙方力量趨於平衡時，藍方則應積極採取攻擊行動以爭取主動權。二是藍方可以圍繞紅方觀察、調整、決策、行動（Observe Orient Decide Act， OODA）的各環節展開網絡攻擊，削弱紅方軍事能力，特別是海上作戰和登陸作戰能力，開展「反軍事網絡攻擊任務」。在必要時候打擊紅方社會基礎設施，削弱其整體實力。同時，採取網路攻擊誘導和分裂公眾輿論，削弱紅方採取行動的意願，進行「反價值網路攻擊任務」。第三是在反軍事網路攻擊任務中，藍方可以攻擊紅方飛機，還可以採取資料污染、欺騙雲以及通訊網路中斷等措施，攻擊紅方指控系統。在攻擊民用網路系統的行動中，可以對紅方沿海地區鐵路和船舶運營的關鍵實體以及支持社會和經濟系統的沿海大城市電網等關鍵基礎設施進行網路攻擊。還可以選擇攻擊紅方金融系統、媒體伺服器以及供水和天然氣供應網路。

為因應台海突發事件發生時紅方可能的網路攻擊，日本應做好以下幾點：一是採取主動防禦策略，要求商業業者要與政府分享訊息，引入人工智慧以提高網空態勢感知和網路彈性。二是引進大規模資料取證平台以辨識海量影像資料的真實性，反制假資訊。第三是優先採取針對本國網路攻擊的反制措施，透過各種積極網路防禦措施有效保衛防衛、政府部門、執法機構和私人企業的網絡，並處理針對日本公眾的認知域行動。
06

結語

該報告提出了戰爭3.0的概念，圍繞實現網空和太空威懾展開了一系列論述，在建議加強自身相關能力建設的同時，多次強調要加強與美國，特別是四方安全對話（Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, QUAD）和奧庫斯（AUKUS）相關國家的合作。隨著2024年4月25日日本申請加入“奧庫斯”，亞太版的“小北約”聯盟已現雛形，地區和平穩定將受到嚴重衝擊。

免責聲明：本文轉自軍事高科技在線，原作者史宏林。文章內容係原作者個人觀點，本公眾號編譯/轉載僅為分享、傳達不同觀點，如有任何異議，歡迎聯絡我們！

轉自丨軍事高科技在線

作者丨史宏林

研究所簡介

國際技術經濟研究所（IITE）成立於1985年11月，是隸屬於國務院發展研究中心的非營利研究機構，主要功能是研究我國經濟、科技社會發展中的重大政策性、策略性、前瞻性問題，追蹤分析世界科技、經濟發展態勢，為中央和相關部會提供決策諮詢服務。 「全球技術地圖」為國際技術經濟研究所官方微信帳號，致力於向大眾傳遞尖端技術資訊與科技創新洞見。

地址：北京市海淀區小南莊20號樓A座

中文原文來源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/J5UO0ID90514R8DE.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Insight into the Evolution of Cognitive Warfare

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中國軍事對認知戰演變的洞察

國語翻譯：

Cognition is the process by which people acquire, process and apply information and knowledge. At present, the cognitive domain has gradually become a new battlefield for competition, and cognitive warfare has gradually received attention from all countries. With the development of the scientific and technological revolution and the expansion of war practice, cognitive warfare is showing an accelerating evolution trend.

Cognitive technology is becoming the basic driving force of the evolution of war. Technology changes the form of war and also changes the way of cognitive warfare. If the large-scale popularization of information networks has promoted the information domain to become a combat domain, and the exponential growth of data and network scale is a sign of the maturity of the information domain, then the large-scale application of cognitive technology and the continuous iterative development of cognitive technology will become a sign of the maturity of cognitive warfare. In the future, technologies in cognitive environment, cognitive perception, cognitive control, artificial intelligence, etc. will reflect the transformative impact that cognitive technology may have on social cognitive confrontation and military cognitive confrontation. Human beings are entering the era of universal communication. The global cyberspace is being highly linked. The network has become a combat space for comprehensive game between state actors and non-state actors. The contention and war of communication have become part of the high-intensity military action level. At present, major countries in the world have laid out the frontier of cognitive technology and carried out cognitive technology competitions. Through modeling and analysis, they seek to penetrate and control the human brain network, information network and social network; through deep calculation, actuarial calculation, and clever calculation, they aim to maximize the control of people’s cognitive world and cognitive domain.

The cognitive domain is becoming an important battlefield in hybrid warfare. In the intelligent era, the way humans communicate is undergoing complex and profound changes. Offline communication is giving way to online communication. Various new media platforms have become the main channels for the public to understand the battlefield, and large social platforms have become the main battlefield for cognitive game struggles. Therefore, the combat domain of future wars will continue to expand. The space domain will expand from land, sea, air, and space networks to deep space, deep sea, and deep earth, while the logic domain will expand from the physical domain to the information domain and cognitive domain. War is no longer limited to the physical threats of traditional wars, but is turning to the social consciousness threats brought about by mass media and technological progress. Blockade and anti-blockade, dominance and anti-domination around communication platforms will become the focus of cognitive warfare, and the struggle for international discourse control using information as ammunition has become the main way of cognitive confrontation today. From the perspective of hybrid warfare, ideological propaganda and indoctrination, the penetration of values ​​and culture, traditional public opinion psychology and legal offense and defense, and information network warfare have all become important aspects of cognitive warfare. Hybrid warfare can achieve the goal of small-scale war or even victory without fighting through comprehensive game means such as cognitive warfare. The offense and defense in the cognitive field will be an uninterrupted and normalized struggle, and combat effectiveness will continue to accumulate and be gradually released.

Cognitive advantage is becoming a winning advantage in high-end warfare. Freedom of action in war is the lifeblood of the military. From the cognitive dimension, the deeper the understanding of the battlefield environment and combat opponents, the freer the action and the greater the relative advantage. However, with the exponential growth of combat data in war, commanders are beginning to face the cognitive dilemma of data swamp, data fog, and data overload. Having information advantage does not mean having cognitive advantage. An important military application direction of artificial intelligence technology is to process massive data in real time, help commanders get rid of cognitive overload, and quickly form cognitive advantages. In intelligent warfare, cognitive advantage will dominate decision-making advantage, and decision-making advantage will dominate action advantage. Cognitive advantage has four key indicators: stronger information acquisition ability, faster artificial intelligence machine learning speed, more effective emergency handling ability, and higher ability to develop and apply new technologies and new knowledge. For example, public opinion warfare with data-driven intelligent communication as its new feature has been highly coordinated and integrated with traditional military operations. This virtual-real integrated combat style has stronger combat effectiveness than simple military operations, which has fundamentally changed the traditional combat methods. The linkage and superposition of cognitive advantages will accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness and become a fundamental advantage for winning wars.

Cognitive theory is becoming the forefront of the game of winning wars. Cognitive warfare is a combination of soft power and hard power, and is an important factor affecting national security in today’s era. At present, the competition for penetration and counter-penetration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control in cognitive space is fierce. Cognitive science theory is entering the military field. Concepts such as cognitive load, cognitive enhancement, cognitive immunity, and cognitive subversion have appeared frequently in the field of foreign cognitive warfare research. Foreign militaries believe that the cognitive domain is the “sixth combat domain” of human warfare, the core of the “intertwined conflict domain” in the era of great power competition, and an important direction for future military theory innovation. Obviously, cognitive warfare has become the strategic commanding heights for winning future wars, cognitive theory has become the frontier of theoretical innovation, and cognitive technology will accelerate the advancement of cognitive warfare to become an important “trigger point” for the intelligent military revolution. Since new technologies, new theories, and new styles of cognitive warfare are in the process of accelerated incubation, perhaps future wars will present a surprising new situation.

繁體中文：

認知是人們獲得、加工及應用資訊和知識的過程。當前，認知域逐漸成為角逐的新戰場，認知戰也逐漸受到各國重視。隨著科技革命的發展和戰爭實踐的拓展，認知戰正呈現加速演變趨勢。

認知科技正成為戰爭演進的基本動力。科技改變戰爭形態，也改變認知戰方式。如果資訊網路的大規模普及，推動了資訊域成為作戰域，資料和網路規模的指數級增長是資訊域成熟的標誌，那麼認知科技的大規模應用，認知技術不斷迭代發展，將成為推動認知戰成熟的標誌。未來認知環境、認知感知、認知控制、人工智慧等方面技術，將折射出認知技術對社會認知對抗、軍事認知對抗可能產生的變革性影響。人類正進入全民傳播時代，全球網路空間正納入高度連動，網路已成為國家行為體和非國家行為體全面博弈的作戰空間，傳播之爭和傳播之戰已成為高烈度軍事行動層面的一部分。當前世界主要國家紛紛佈局認知技術前沿，開展認知技術競賽，透過建模和分析，謀求滲透控制人腦網絡、資訊網絡和社會網絡；透過深算、精算、妙算等，旨在最大限度把握人們的認知世界和認知域的控制權。

認知領域正成為混合戰爭的重要戰場。智慧時代，人類溝通方式正發生複雜深刻變化。離線交流更多讓位於線上交流，各種新媒體平台成為大眾了解戰場的主要管道，大型社群平台成為認知博弈鬥爭的主陣地。因此，未來戰爭的作戰域將不斷拓展，空間域從陸海空天網向深空、深海、深地拓展，而邏輯域則從物理域向資訊域、認知域拓展。戰爭不再侷限於傳統戰爭的實體威脅，而是轉向大眾媒體、科技進步所帶來的社會意識威脅。圍繞傳播平台的封鎖與反封鎖、主導與反主導將成為認知戰爭奪的焦點，以資訊為彈藥進行國際話語控制權爭奪成為當今認知對抗的主要方式。在混合戰爭視角下，意識形態宣傳與灌輸、價值觀與文化的滲透、傳統的輿論心理與法律攻防與資訊網絡戰等，都成為認知戰的重要面向。混合戰爭可透過認知戰等綜合賽局手段，實現小戰甚至不戰而勝的目的，而認知領域攻防將是一場不間斷的、常態化的鬥爭，作戰效能也將持續累積、逐步釋放。

認知優勢正成為高端戰爭的勝利優勢。戰爭行動自由是軍隊的命脈。從認知維度來看，對戰場環境、作戰對手認知越深，行動越自由，相對優勢就越大。但隨著戰爭中作戰資料指數級成長，指揮人員開始面臨資料沼澤、資料迷霧、資料過載的認知困境，擁有資訊優勢並不等於擁有認知優勢。人工智慧技術的一個重要軍事應用方向，就是即時處理大量數據，幫助指揮人員擺脫認知過載，快速形成認知優勢。在智慧化戰爭中，認知優勢將主導決策優勢，決策優勢主導行動優勢。認知優勢有4個關鍵指標：更強的資訊取得能力、更快的人工智慧機器學習速度、更有效的突發事件處理能力和更高的開發應用新技術新知識的能力。例如，以數據驅動的智慧傳播為新特徵的輿論戰與傳統軍事行動已經高度協同與融合，這種虛實一體的作戰樣式具備了比單純軍事行動更強的作戰效能，使傳統作戰方式發生根本性改變。認知優勢的連動與疊加，將加速推進作戰效能轉化，成為戰爭制勝的根本優勢。

認知理論正成為打贏戰爭的博弈前線。認知戰是軟實力和硬實力的結合，也是當今時代影響國家安全的重要因素。目前，認知空間的滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制的爭奪激烈，認知科學理論正進入軍事領域，認知負荷、認知增強、認知免疫、認知顛覆等概念，已高頻度出現於國外認知戰研究領域。外軍認為，認知域是人類戰爭的“第六作戰域”，是大國競爭時代“交織的衝突領域”中的核心，是未來軍事理論創新的重要方向。顯然，認知戰已成為贏得未來戰爭的戰略制高點，認知理論已成為理論創新前沿領域，認知科技將加速推進認知戰成為智慧化軍事革命的重要「引爆點」。由於認知戰的新技術、新理論、新樣式正處於加速孵化之中，也許未來戰爭將會呈現出令人驚詬的全新景況。

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/29/content_32588.htm

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 國防和軍隊現代化建設, 域作战突出属性, 認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 解放軍展望未來戰爭發展, 認知域戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰, 軍隊要突顯「高品質」、實現「提速」

Chinese Military Values Attack & Defense as the Important Focus of Combat in Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊把攻防當作認知域作戰作戰的重要著力點

現代英語翻譯：

Value attack and defense is an important way to conduct cognitive domain operations from a strategic level. Usually, value attack and defense is achieved by intervening in people’s thinking, beliefs, values, etc., in order to achieve the purpose of disintegrating the enemy’s consensus, destroying the enemy’s will, and then gaining comprehensive control over the battlefield. Accurately grasping the characteristics, mechanisms, and means of value attack and defense is crucial to gaining future cognitive domain combat advantages.

Characteristics of the cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense refers to the intervention and influence on relatively stable cognitive results by inducing deep logical thinking and value judgment changes of individuals or groups, in order to reconstruct people’s cognitive abilities such as will, thinking, psychology, and emotions. Value attack and defense mainly has the following characteristics:

Soft confrontation. Traditional warfare mainly relies on violent means to weaken and disintegrate the enemy’s military capabilities, and usually has a high intensity of war. Cognitive domain warfare will no longer be limited to hard confrontations such as siege and conquest, but will focus more on infiltration and counter-infiltration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control around value positions. By competing for the dominance of cognitive domain confrontation, the combat effectiveness of the physical domain and information domain will be further stimulated, thereby seizing the initiative on the battlefield and even achieving the effect of defeating the enemy without fighting. In practice, value offense and defense often focus on the cultural traditions, values ​​and social psychology of a country or nation, and ultimately achieve the purpose of destroying the enemy’s will, cognitive manipulation, and mental control.

Full-dimensional release. Modern warfare is increasingly characterized by being holistic, multi-domain, and all-time. Cognitive domain warfare aims to influence battlefield effects by intervening in human consciousness, and the relative stability of consciousness determines that people’s worldviews, beliefs, and other values ​​are generally relatively stable. Therefore, value offense and defense need to be carried out in a long-term, uninterrupted, holographic, and full-dimensional manner. From a temporal perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between peace and war, and is always at war, constantly accumulating and gradually releasing combat effectiveness; from a spatial perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between the front and rear of combat, and is carried out in all directions in tangible and intangible spaces; from a field perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between military and non-military, and occurs not only in the military field, but also in the political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural fields, showing the characteristics of full-domain coverage.

Empowered by science and technology. Cognitive domain warfare is a technology-intensive and complex system engineering. The full-process penetration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain science, and quantum computing is triggering iterative upgrades and profound changes in cognitive domain warfare. Intelligent tools fundamentally enhance the ability of cognitive domain combatants to manipulate and interfere with the opponent’s thinking. Human-machine hybrid as a new means and new style of combat power will change the main body of future wars. Autonomous confrontation and cloud brain victory may become the mainstream attack and defense mode. In recent years, NATO has launched cognitive electronic warfare equipment aimed at changing the opponent’s value cognition and behavior through information attack and defense. Technological development has also triggered a cognitive revolution. The rapid spread of information has further accelerated the differences in public value cognition. Cognitive islands have exacerbated the value gap between different subjects. The social structure changes brought about by intelligence are profoundly changing the political and cultural pattern. From this point of view, in future cognitive domain warfare, it is crucial to grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological innovation and master key core technologies to seize the initiative on the battlefield.

The mechanism of cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense is a high-level confrontation in cognitive domain operations, and the target of action is people’s deep cognition. Consciousness is the reflection of social existence in the brain. The regulation of social existence, the guidance of public consciousness and the change of human brain function can strengthen or reverse human consciousness. If you want to win the opponent in the attack and defense confrontation, you must follow the laws of thinking and cognition and grasp the winning mechanism of value attack and defense.

Impacting the value “protection zone”. Occupying the commanding heights of values ​​is the logical starting point for conducting value offense and defense. Social consciousness is often composed of relatively stable core values ​​and peripheral auxiliary theories. Various theories such as economy, politics, religion, and culture can be constructed and adapted to protect core values ​​from external shocks, and therefore also bear the impact and challenge of other values. In the eyes of foreign militaries, value offense and defense is to continuously impact the “protection zone” of the opponent’s ideology through cultural infiltration, religious conflict, strategic communication and other means, in conjunction with actions in the physical and information domains. This often requires seizing the values, political attitudes, religious beliefs, etc. that affect the opponent’s cognition, disrupting their social group psychology, inducing value confusion, shaking their will to fight, destroying cultural identity, and even changing and disintegrating their original cognitive system, so as to instill or implant new values ​​that are beneficial to themselves in order to achieve combat objectives.

Ignite the “trigger point” of conflict. Cognitive domain warfare involves multiple categories such as history and culture, political system, national sentiment, and religious beliefs. The main body of the war has also expanded from simple military personnel to ordinary people. It will become an important means of cognitive domain warfare to stimulate cognitive conflicts among ordinary people by hyping up topic disputes and public events. In recent local conflicts, it is not uncommon for the warring parties to ignite national sentiments through purposeful narratives, trigger political crises and thus affect the war situation. In future wars, some countries will use hot and sensitive events to detonate public opinion, rely on network technology to gather, absorb, mobilize, accurately manipulate and induce ordinary people, thereby promoting general conflicts to rise to disputes of beliefs, disputes of systems, and disputes of values. It will become the norm.

Control the cognitive “fracture surface”. Cognitive space, as an existence at the conceptual level, is composed of the superposition of the subjective cognitive spaces of all combat individuals. It is a collection of differentiated, differentiated, and even conflicting values. However, ideology has a “suturing” function. Through cognitive shaping and discourse construction, it can effectively “suturing” the broken cognition, condense the scattered values, and form a relatively stable cognitive system. After World War II, France had carried out effective cognitive “suturing” on the trauma of defeat. It used a whole set of independent narrative logic to explain how the war provided France with “new opportunities”, which greatly condensed the political identity of the French people with the government. In the battle for value positions in cognitive domain operations, we should focus on the cognitive fracture surface within the enemy, find the cognitive connection points between the enemy and us, and “suturing” the cognition, so as to unite the forces of all parties to the greatest extent and isolate and disintegrate the enemy.

The main means of cognitive domain in value attack and defense

Value attack and defense expands cognitive confrontation from public opinion, psychology and other levels to thinking space, and from the military field to the overall domain, thus achieving a blow to the enemy’s deep political identity. At present, the world’s military powers are strengthening strategic pre-positioning, aiming at the profound changes in target subjects and tactics, changing combat thinking, and actively controlling the initiative of cognitive domain operations.

Aiming at deep destruction. Cognitive domain warfare directly affects people’s brain cognition, and is easier to achieve deep strategic intentions than physical domain warfare. In particular, once the “high-level cognition” of people’s language level, thinking level, and cultural level is broken through, it will help to strategically reverse the battlefield situation and achieve the political purpose of the war. Based on this, cognitive domain warfare often begins before the war, by intervening in the opponent’s internal and foreign affairs, shaking its ideological and value foundations, etc.; during war, it focuses on influencing the enemy’s war decision-making, campaign command, and combat implementation. The value judgment, attack or weaken the decision-making ability and resistance will of combatants, etc. All hostile parties try to “maintain their own world while increasing the destructive pressure of the opponent” in order to achieve decision-making advantages by competing for cognitive advantages, and then achieve the goal of action advantages.

Centered on ordinary individuals. In the future, the subjects of cognitive domain operations will no longer be limited to military personnel. Broadly speaking, individuals who can communicate and disseminate information may become participating forces. Compared with elites in the social field, ordinary people are more likely to accept and disseminate diverse values, and their cognitive space is more likely to be manipulated. At present, online media is becoming the main channel for information exchange and dissemination in the social field, and the purpose of cognitive shaping can be achieved through targeted information guidance and information delivery. Foreign military practices have proved that with the help of cognitive shaping of ordinary individuals, progressive infiltration and cognitive interference can be caused from bottom to top, causing a deviation in the consciousness and ideas between ordinary people and social decision-makers, and failing to reach an effective consensus in key actions.

In the form of protracted warfare. Unlike the direct attack and destruction of “hard” targets in the physical domain military struggle, the potential target of cognitive domain warfare is human cognition. The value attack and defense is aimed at changing the concepts, beliefs, will, emotions, etc. of the combat targets, which often requires subtle influence and step-by-step operations. Effective cognitive offense is generally launched in the combat preparation stage and runs through the entire war. By collecting the opponent’s cognitive situation, decision-making habits, thinking patterns, etc., targeted actions such as creating a situation and changing the atmosphere are carried out. Therefore, cognitive domain warfare needs to strengthen the overall design, especially focusing on coordinating multiple forces, and strengthening pre-positioned preparations in multiple positions such as public opinion field creation and diplomacy, so as to form an overall combat force.

現代國語：

價值攻防是從戰略層面進行認知域作戰的重要方式，通常價值攻防是透過幹預人的思維、信念、價值觀等，以達成瓦解敵方共識，摧毀敵方意志，進而掌控戰場綜合控制權的目的。精確掌握價值攻防的特性、機制、手段，對奪取未來認知域作戰優勢至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的特點

價值攻防是指透過引發個體或群體的深層邏輯思辨、價值判斷改變，完成其對相對穩定的認知結果的干預和影響，以期重構人的意志、思維、心理、情感等認知能力。價值攻防主要有以下幾個特點：

軟性對抗。傳統戰爭主要依賴暴力手段來削弱瓦解敵方的軍事能力，通常具有較強的戰爭強度。認知域作戰將不再侷限於攻城略地等硬性對抗，而更著重於圍繞價值陣地展開滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制，透過爭奪認知域對抗的主導權，進一步激發物理域和資訊域的作戰效能，從而奪取戰場主動，甚至達到不戰而屈人之兵的效果。在實踐中，價值攻防往往著眼於一個國家、民族的文化傳統、價值觀念和社會心理展開，最終達到對敵方意志摧毀、認知操縱、精神控制的目的。

全維度釋放。現代戰爭日益呈現總體性、多域性、全時性特徵。認知域作戰旨在透過幹預人的意識進而影響戰場效果，而意識的相對穩定決定了人的世界觀、信仰等價值觀念一般情況下往往較為穩固，因此價值攻防需要長期的、不間斷的、全息全維度地進行。從時間上看，價值攻防模糊了平戰邊界，常態在戰、隨時在戰，持續積累、逐步釋放作戰效能；從空間上看，價值攻防模糊了作戰前後方界限，在有形空間與無形空間全方位展開；從領域上看，價值攻防模糊了軍事與非軍事的界限，不僅發生在軍事領域，也存在於政治、經濟、外交、文化等領域，呈現出全局覆蓋的特徵。

科技賦能。認知域作戰是一項技術密集的複雜系統工程。人工智慧、腦科學、量子運算等新興技術手段全流程滲透，正在引發認知域作戰的迭代升級與深刻變革。智慧化工具從根本上增強了認知域作戰人員操縱對手思想和乾預對手思維的能力，人機混合作為作戰力量新手段新樣式將改變未來戰爭主體，自主對抗、雲腦制勝或成為主流攻防模式。近年來，北約推出的認知電子戰設備，旨在透過資訊攻防來改變對手價值認知及行為。科技發展也引發了認知革命，資訊的快速傳播進一步加速了大眾價值認知差異，認知孤島加劇了不同主體之間的價值鴻溝，智能化帶來的社會結構變遷則深刻改變著政治文化格局。從這點出發，在未來認知域作戰中，牽住科技創新的“牛鼻子”，掌握關鍵核心技術，對於奪取戰場主動至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的機理

價值攻防是認知域作戰的高階對抗，作用對象指向的是人的深層認知。意識是社會存在在大腦中的反映，對社會存在的調節、對大眾意識的引導和人腦作用的改變，都能強化或扭轉人的意識。要在攻防對抗中製勝對手，就要遵循思考認知規律，掌握價值攻防制勝機理。

衝擊價值「保護帶」。佔領價值制高點是開展價值攻防的邏輯起點。社會意識往往由相對穩定的核心價值觀念和外圍的輔助性理論所構成，經濟、政治、宗教、文化等各種理論都能被建構調適以用來保護核心價值觀念免受外來衝擊，因此也承受著其他價值觀的衝擊挑戰。在外軍看來，價值攻防就是要透過文化滲透、宗教衝突、戰略傳播等手段，配合物理域和資訊域的行動，不斷衝擊對手意識形態的「保護帶」領域。這往往需要抓住影響對手認知的價值觀念、政治態度、宗教信仰等，透過擾亂其社會群體心理，誘發價值困惑，動搖作戰意志，摧毀文化認同，甚至改變瓦解其原有的認知體系，從而灌輸或植入新的、於己有利的價值觀念，以實現作戰目的。

點燃衝突“引爆點”。認知域作戰涉及歷史文化、政治制度、民族情感、宗教信仰等多個範疇，戰爭主體也從單純軍事人員拓展到一般民眾。透過炒作話題爭端、公共事件，激發一般民眾的認知衝突，將成為認知領域作戰的重要手段。在近幾場局部衝突中，交戰各方透過有目的性的敘事點燃國家民族情緒，引發政治危機進而影響戰局已屢見不鮮。未來戰爭，一些國家利用熱點敏感事件引爆輿論，依托網路技術對一般民眾進行聚攏吸附、煽動動員、精準操控和誘導塑造，從而推動一般性衝突上升為信仰之爭、制度之爭、價值之爭將成為常態。

控制認知「斷裂面」。認知空間作為觀念層面的存在，由全部作戰個體的主觀認知空間疊加而成，是分化的、差異性的乃至衝突性的價值集合體。然而，意識形態具有「縫合」功能，透過認知塑造、話語建構，可以把斷裂的認知有效地「縫合」起來，把分散的價值凝聚起來，形成相對穩固的認知體系。二戰後法國對戰敗創傷曾進行過有效的認知“縫合”，其運用一整套獨立敘事邏輯，闡述戰爭如何為法國提供了“新的機會”，極大地凝聚了法國人民對政府的政治認同。在認知域作戰中開展價值陣地爭奪，應注重敵方內部的認知斷裂面，尋找敵我之間的認知連接點進行認知“縫合”，最大限度地團結各方力量，孤立瓦解敵人。

價值攻防作用認知域的主要手段

價值攻防使認知對抗從輿論、心理等層面拓展到思維空間，從軍事領域拓展到整體全局，從而實現了對敵方深層的政治認同的打擊。當前世界軍事強國都在加強戰略預置，瞄準目標主體、戰法手段的深刻變化，變革作戰思維，積極掌控認知域作戰的主動權。

以深層摧毀為目標。認知域作戰直接作用於人的大腦認知，相較於物理域作戰，更容易實現深層的戰略意圖。特別是人的語言層級、思維層級和文化層級的「高階認知」一旦被突破，有助於從戰略上扭轉戰場態勢，實現戰爭的政治目的。基於此，認知域作戰往往始於未戰，透過幹預對手內政外交，動搖其意識形態和價值觀基礎等；戰時則注重影響敵方戰爭決策、戰役指揮、戰鬥實施的價值判斷，打擊或削弱作戰人員的決策能力和抵抗意誌等。敵對各方都試圖做到“維繫自己的世界，同時增加對手的破壞性壓力”，以通過爭奪認知優勢實現決策優勢，進而取得行動優勢的目標。

以普通個體為中心。未來認知域作戰的主體將不再局限於軍事人員，廣義上講，可以進行資訊交流傳播的個體都可能成為參戰力量。相較於社會領域的精英，一般民眾更容易接受和傳播多元價值，其認知空間被操縱的機率更大。目前，網路媒體正成為社會領域資訊交流傳播的主要管道，透過有針對性的訊息引導、訊息傳遞，進而達到認知塑造的目的。外軍實踐證明，借助對一般個體的認知塑造，可以造成從下到上的遞進滲透和認知幹擾，使一般民眾與社會決策層之間的意識觀念產生背離，在關鍵行動中無法達成有效共識。

以持久作戰為形式。與物理域軍事鬥爭直接打擊摧毀「硬」目標不同，認知域作戰的潛在目標為人的認知，價值攻防指向的是改變作戰對象的觀念、信念、意志、情感等，往往需要潛移默化、步步為營。有效的認知進攻一般在作戰準備階段就發起，並貫穿戰爭始末，透過收集對手的認知態勢、決策習慣、思考模式等情況，有針對性地進行營造態勢、改變氛圍等行動。因此，認知域作戰更需要加強整體設計，尤其要注重協調多方力量，在輿論場營造、外交等多個陣地多點強化預置準備，進而形成整體作戰合力。

中國軍事資源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/HDOT8JIM0511DV4H888.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰

Chinese Military & Cognitive Confrontation – Value attack and defense: Designing Combat in the Cognitive Domain

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中國軍事與認知對抗－價值攻與守：在認知領域設計戰鬥

現代英文音譯：

Value attack and defense is an important way to conduct cognitive domain operations from a strategic level. Usually, value attack and defense is achieved by intervening in people’s thinking, beliefs, values, etc., in order to achieve the purpose of disintegrating the enemy’s consensus, destroying the enemy’s will, and then gaining comprehensive control over the battlefield. Accurately grasping the characteristics, mechanisms, and means of value attack and defense is crucial to gaining future cognitive domain combat advantages.

Characteristics of the cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense refers to the intervention and influence on relatively stable cognitive results by inducing deep logical thinking and value judgment changes of individuals or groups, in order to reconstruct people’s cognitive abilities such as will, thinking, psychology, and emotions. Value attack and defense mainly has the following characteristics:

Soft confrontation. Traditional warfare mainly relies on violent means to weaken and disintegrate the enemy’s military capabilities, and usually has a high intensity of war. Cognitive domain warfare will no longer be limited to hard confrontations such as siege and conquest, but will focus more on infiltration and counter-infiltration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control around value positions. By competing for the dominance of cognitive domain confrontation, the combat effectiveness of the physical domain and information domain will be further stimulated, thereby seizing the initiative on the battlefield and even achieving the effect of defeating the enemy without fighting. In practice, value offense and defense often focus on the cultural traditions, values ​​and social psychology of a country or nation, and ultimately achieve the purpose of destroying the enemy’s will, cognitive manipulation, and mental control.

Full-dimensional release. Modern warfare is increasingly characterized by being holistic, multi-domain, and all-time. Cognitive domain warfare aims to influence battlefield effects by intervening in human consciousness, and the relative stability of consciousness determines that people’s worldviews, beliefs, and other values ​​are generally relatively stable. Therefore, value offense and defense need to be carried out in a long-term, uninterrupted, holographic, and full-dimensional manner. From a temporal perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between peace and war, and is always at war, constantly accumulating and gradually releasing combat effectiveness; from a spatial perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between the front and rear of combat, and is carried out in all directions in tangible and intangible spaces; from a field perspective, value offense and defense blurs the boundaries between military and non-military, and occurs not only in the military field, but also in the political, economic, diplomatic, and cultural fields, showing the characteristics of full-domain coverage.

Empowered by science and technology. Cognitive domain warfare is a technology-intensive and complex system engineering. The full-process penetration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain science, and quantum computing is triggering iterative upgrades and profound changes in cognitive domain warfare. Intelligent tools fundamentally enhance the ability of cognitive domain combatants to manipulate and interfere with the opponent’s thinking. Human-machine hybrid as a new means and new style of combat power will change the main body of future wars. Autonomous confrontation and cloud brain victory may become the mainstream attack and defense mode. In recent years, NATO has launched cognitive electronic warfare equipment aimed at changing the opponent’s value cognition and behavior through information attack and defense. Technological development has also triggered a cognitive revolution. The rapid spread of information has further accelerated the differences in public value cognition. Cognitive islands have exacerbated the value gap between different subjects. The social structure changes brought about by intelligence are profoundly changing the political and cultural pattern. From this point of view, in future cognitive domain warfare, it is crucial to grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological innovation and master key core technologies to seize the initiative on the battlefield.

The mechanism of cognitive domain of value attack and defense

Value attack and defense is a high-level confrontation in cognitive domain operations, and the target of action is people’s deep cognition. Consciousness is the reflection of social existence in the brain. The regulation of social existence, the guidance of public consciousness and the change of human brain function can strengthen or reverse human consciousness. If you want to win the opponent in the attack and defense confrontation, you must follow the laws of thinking and cognition and grasp the winning mechanism of value attack and defense.

Impacting the value “protection zone”. Occupying the commanding heights of values ​​is the logical starting point for conducting value offense and defense. Social consciousness is often composed of relatively stable core values ​​and peripheral auxiliary theories. Various theories such as economy, politics, religion, and culture can be constructed and adapted to protect core values ​​from external shocks, and therefore also bear the impact and challenge of other values. In the eyes of foreign militaries, value offense and defense is to continuously impact the “protection zone” of the opponent’s ideology through cultural infiltration, religious conflict, strategic communication and other means, in conjunction with actions in the physical and information domains. This often requires seizing the values, political attitudes, religious beliefs, etc. that affect the opponent’s cognition, disrupting their social group psychology, inducing value confusion, shaking their will to fight, destroying cultural identity, and even changing and disintegrating their original cognitive system, so as to instill or implant new values ​​that are beneficial to themselves in order to achieve combat objectives.

Ignite the “trigger point” of conflict. Cognitive domain warfare involves multiple categories such as history and culture, political system, national sentiment, and religious beliefs. The main body of the war has also expanded from simple military personnel to ordinary people. It will become an important means of cognitive domain warfare to stimulate cognitive conflicts among ordinary people by hyping up topic disputes and public events. In recent local conflicts, it is not uncommon for the warring parties to ignite national sentiments through purposeful narratives, trigger political crises and thus affect the war situation. In future wars, some countries will use hot and sensitive events to detonate public opinion, rely on network technology to gather, absorb, mobilize, accurately manipulate and induce ordinary people, thereby promoting general conflicts to rise to disputes of beliefs, disputes of systems, and disputes of values. It will become the norm.

Control the cognitive “fracture surface”. Cognitive space, as an existence at the conceptual level, is composed of the superposition of the subjective cognitive spaces of all combat individuals. It is a collection of differentiated, differentiated, and even conflicting values. However, ideology has a “suturing” function. Through cognitive shaping and discourse construction, it can effectively “suturing” the broken cognition, condense the scattered values, and form a relatively stable cognitive system. After World War II, France had carried out effective cognitive “suturing” on the trauma of defeat. It used a whole set of independent narrative logic to explain how the war provided France with “new opportunities”, which greatly condensed the political identity of the French people with the government. In the battle for value positions in cognitive domain operations, we should focus on the cognitive fracture surface within the enemy, find the cognitive connection points between the enemy and us, and “suturing” the cognition, so as to unite the forces of all parties to the greatest extent and isolate and disintegrate the enemy.

The main means of cognitive domain in value attack and defense

Value attack and defense expands cognitive confrontation from public opinion, psychology and other levels to thinking space, and from the military field to the overall domain, thus achieving a blow to the enemy’s deep political identity. At present, the world’s military powers are strengthening strategic pre-positioning, aiming at the profound changes in target subjects and tactics, changing combat thinking, and actively controlling the initiative of cognitive domain operations.

Aiming at deep destruction. Cognitive domain warfare directly affects people’s brain cognition, and is easier to achieve deep strategic intentions than physical domain warfare. In particular, once the “high-level cognition” of people’s language level, thinking level, and cultural level is broken through, it will help to strategically reverse the battlefield situation and achieve the political purpose of the war. Based on this, cognitive domain warfare often begins before the war, by intervening in the opponent’s internal and foreign affairs, shaking its ideological and value foundations, etc.; during war, it focuses on influencing the enemy’s war decision-making, campaign command, and combat implementation. The value judgment, attack or weaken the decision-making ability and resistance will of combatants, etc. All hostile parties try to “maintain their own world while increasing the destructive pressure of the opponent” in order to achieve decision-making advantages by competing for cognitive advantages, and then achieve the goal of action advantages.

Centered on ordinary individuals. In the future, the subjects of cognitive domain operations will no longer be limited to military personnel. Broadly speaking, individuals who can communicate and disseminate information may become participating forces. Compared with elites in the social field, ordinary people are more likely to accept and disseminate diverse values, and their cognitive space is more likely to be manipulated. At present, online media is becoming the main channel for information exchange and dissemination in the social field, and the purpose of cognitive shaping can be achieved through targeted information guidance and information delivery. Foreign military practices have proved that with the help of cognitive shaping of ordinary individuals, progressive infiltration and cognitive interference can be caused from bottom to top, causing a deviation in the consciousness and ideas between ordinary people and social decision-makers, and failing to reach an effective consensus in key actions.

In the form of protracted warfare. Unlike the direct attack and destruction of “hard” targets in the physical domain military struggle, the potential target of cognitive domain warfare is human cognition. The value attack and defense is aimed at changing the concepts, beliefs, will, emotions, etc. of the combat targets, which often requires subtle influence and step-by-step operations. Effective cognitive offense is generally launched in the combat preparation stage and runs through the entire war. By collecting the opponent’s cognitive situation, decision-making habits, thinking patterns, etc., targeted actions such as creating a situation and changing the atmosphere are carried out. Therefore, cognitive domain warfare needs to strengthen the overall design, especially focusing on coordinating multiple forces, and strengthening pre-positioned preparations in multiple positions such as public opinion field creation and diplomacy, so as to form an overall combat force.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語：

價值攻防是從戰略層面進行認知域作戰的重要方式，通常價值攻防是透過幹預人的思維、信念、價值觀等，以達成瓦解敵方共識，摧毀敵方意志，進而掌控戰場綜合控制權的目的。精確掌握價值攻防的特性、機制、手段，對奪取未來認知域作戰優勢至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的特點

價值攻防是指透過引發個體或群體的深層邏輯思辨、價值判斷改變，完成其對相對穩定的認知結果的干預和影響，以期重構人的意志、思維、心理、情感等認知能力。價值攻防主要有以下幾個特點：

軟性對抗。傳統戰爭主要依賴暴力手段來削弱瓦解敵方的軍事能力，通常具有較強的戰爭強度。認知域作戰將不再侷限於攻城略地等硬性對抗，而更著重於圍繞價值陣地展開滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制，透過爭奪認知域對抗的主導權，進一步激發物理域和資訊域的作戰效能，從而奪取戰場主動，甚至達到不戰而屈人之兵的效果。在實踐中，價值攻防往往著眼於一個國家、民族的文化傳統、價值觀念和社會心理展開，最終達到對敵方意志摧毀、認知操縱、精神控制的目的。

全維度釋放。現代戰爭日益呈現總體性、多域性、全時性特徵。認知域作戰旨在透過幹預人的意識進而影響戰場效果，而意識的相對穩定決定了人的世界觀、信仰等價值觀念一般情況下往往較為穩固，因此價值攻防需要長期的、不間斷的、全息全維度地進行。從時間上看，價值攻防模糊了平戰邊界，常態在戰、隨時在戰，持續積累、逐步釋放作戰效能；從空間上看，價值攻防模糊了作戰前後方界限，在有形空間與無形空間全方位展開；從領域上看，價值攻防模糊了軍事與非軍事的界限，不僅發生在軍事領域，也存在於政治、經濟、外交、文化等領域，呈現出全局覆蓋的特徵。

科技賦能。認知域作戰是一項技術密集的複雜系統工程。人工智慧、腦科學、量子運算等新興技術手段全流程滲透，正在引發認知域作戰的迭代升級與深刻變革。智慧化工具從根本上增強了認知域作戰人員操縱對手思想和乾預對手思維的能力，人機混合作為作戰力量新手段新樣式將改變未來戰爭主體，自主對抗、雲腦制勝或成為主流攻防模式。近年來，北約推出的認知電子戰設備，旨在透過資訊攻防來改變對手價值認知及行為。科技發展也引發了認知革命，資訊的快速傳播進一步加速了大眾價值認知差異，認知孤島加劇了不同主體之間的價值鴻溝，智能化帶來的社會結構變遷則深刻改變著政治文化格局。從這點出發，在未來認知域作戰中，牽住科技創新的“牛鼻子”，掌握關鍵核心技術，對於奪取戰場主動至關重要。

價值攻防作用認知域的機理

價值攻防是認知域作戰的高階對抗，作用對象指向的是人的深層認知。意識是社會存在在大腦中的反映，對社會存在的調節、對大眾意識的引導和人腦作用的改變，都能強化或扭轉人的意識。要在攻防對抗中製勝對手，就要遵循思考認知規律，掌握價值攻防制勝機理。

衝擊價值「保護帶」。佔領價值制高點是開展價值攻防的邏輯起點。社會意識往往由相對穩定的核心價值觀念和外圍的輔助性理論所構成，經濟、政治、宗教、文化等各種理論都能被建構調適以用來保護核心價值觀念免受外來衝擊，因此也承受著其他價值觀的衝擊挑戰。在外軍看來，價值攻防就是要透過文化滲透、宗教衝突、戰略傳播等手段，配合物理域和資訊域的行動，不斷衝擊對手意識形態的「保護帶」領域。這往往需要抓住影響對手認知的價值觀念、政治態度、宗教信仰等，透過擾亂其社會群體心理，誘發價值困惑，動搖作戰意志，摧毀文化認同，甚至改變瓦解其原有的認知體系，從而灌輸或植入新的、於己有利的價值觀念，以實現作戰目的。

點燃衝突“引爆點”。認知域作戰涉及歷史文化、政治制度、民族情感、宗教信仰等多個範疇，戰爭主體也從單純軍事人員拓展到一般民眾。透過炒作話題爭端、公共事件，激發一般民眾的認知衝突，將成為認知領域作戰的重要手段。在近幾場局部衝突中，交戰各方透過有目的性的敘事點燃國家民族情緒，引發政治危機進而影響戰局已屢見不鮮。未來戰爭，一些國家利用熱點敏感事件引爆輿論，依托網路技術對一般民眾進行聚攏吸附、煽動動員、精準操控和誘導塑造，從而推動一般性衝突上升為信仰之爭、制度之爭、價值之爭將成為常態。

控制認知「斷裂面」。認知空間作為觀念層面的存在，由全部作戰個體的主觀認知空間疊加而成，是分化的、差異性的乃至衝突性的價值集合體。然而，意識形態具有「縫合」功能，透過認知塑造、話語建構，可以把斷裂的認知有效地「縫合」起來，把分散的價值凝聚起來，形成相對穩固的認知體系。二戰後法國對戰敗創傷曾進行過有效的認知“縫合”，其運用一整套獨立敘事邏輯，闡述戰爭如何為法國提供了“新的機會”，極大地凝聚了法國人民對政府的政治認同。在認知域作戰中開展價值陣地爭奪，應注重敵方內部的認知斷裂面，尋找敵我之間的認知連接點進行認知“縫合”，最大限度地團結各方力量，孤立瓦解敵人。

價值攻防作用認知域的主要手段

價值攻防使認知對抗從輿論、心理等層面拓展到思維空間，從軍事領域拓展到整體全局，從而實現了對敵方深層的政治認同的打擊。當前世界軍事強國都在加強戰略預置，瞄準目標主體、戰法手段的深刻變化，變革作戰思維，積極掌控認知域作戰的主動權。

以深層摧毀為目標。認知域作戰直接作用於人的大腦認知，相較於物理域作戰，更容易實現深層的戰略意圖。特別是人的語言層級、思維層級和文化層級的「高階認知」一旦被突破，有助於從戰略上扭轉戰場態勢，實現戰爭的政治目的。基於此，認知域作戰往往始於未戰，透過幹預對手內政外交，動搖其意識形態和價值觀基礎等；戰時則注重影響敵方戰爭決策、戰役指揮、戰鬥實施的價值判斷，打擊或削弱作戰人員的決策能力和抵抗意誌等。敵對各方都試圖做到“維繫自己的世界，同時增加對手的破壞性壓力”，以通過爭奪認知優勢實現決策優勢，進而取得行動優勢的目標。

以普通個體為中心。未來認知域作戰的主體將不再局限於軍事人員，廣義上講，可以進行資訊交流傳播的個體都可能成為參戰力量。相較於社會領域的精英，一般民眾更容易接受和傳播多元價值，其認知空間被操縱的機率更大。目前，網路媒體正成為社會領域資訊交流傳播的主要管道，透過有針對性的訊息引導、訊息傳遞，進而達到認知塑造的目的。外軍實踐證明，借助對一般個體的認知塑造，可以造成從下到上的遞進滲透和認知幹擾，使一般民眾與社會決策層之間的意識觀念產生背離，在關鍵行動中無法達成有效共識。

以持久作戰為形式。與物理域軍事鬥爭直接打擊摧毀「硬」目標不同，認知域作戰的潛在目標為人的認知，價值攻防指向的是改變作戰對象的觀念、信念、意志、情感等，往往需要潛移默化、步步為營。有效的認知進攻一般在作戰準備階段就發起，並貫穿戰爭始末，透過收集對手的認知態勢、決策習慣、思考模式等情況，有針對性地進行營造態勢、改變氛圍等行動。因此，認知域作戰更需要加強整體設計，尤其要注重協調多方力量，在輿論場營造、外交等多個陣地多點強化預置準備，進而形成整體作戰合力。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院）

中國軍事原文來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-08/02/content_321888.htm

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Targeting Future Wars and Fighting the Five Cognitive Battles

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中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰

現代英語翻譯：

Source: Liberation Army News Author: Yang Longxi Editor-in-charge: Wang Feng 2022-10-08 10:11:25

In recent years, local wars and armed conflicts are mostly “mixed” confrontations that unfold in multiple dimensions and fields, emphasizing the use of military, political, and economic means, implementing system clamps in the comprehensive decision-making dimension, creating various chaos in the international communication dimension, and carrying out targeted strikes in the strategic focus dimension, actively shaping the battlefield situation, and seeking to seize strategic initiative. In future wars, we must fight political-military battles and military-political battles, and we should deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of cognitive domain operations, offense and defense, and improve our ability to fight the “five battles”.

Cognitive warfare is the first step to shape the situation and take the initiative. Before the war begins, cognition comes first. With the continuous development and evolution of the war situation, the status and role of cognitive warfare are becoming more and more prominent. Aiming to win the future war, cognitive deployment should be carried out in advance, and through strategies, information, technology and other means and carriers, the target’s physiological, psychological, values ​​and other cognitive elements should be influenced, intervened and manipulated, and military operations should be covered by cognitive offense and defense, so as to accurately and efficiently dominate the cognitive space. We must fully realize the importance of taking the initiative, flexibly and independently master the right to define and interpret “narrative”, emphasize taking the initiative in the dimension of cognitive narrative struggle, create a favorable situation with legal principles in hand and morality on our side, and occupy the moral high ground.

Cognitive warfare is about attacking the heart, and we should fight a precise war in layers. “A good warrior will attack others but not others.” In future wars, the combat space will extend to the deep sea, deep space, deep network and other fields, and the battlefield space and time will be extremely far, extremely small, extremely intelligent, and unmanned, invisible, and silent. We should focus on cognitive gaps to improve our reach, use big data simulation, artificial intelligence matching, psychological model evaluation and other methods to analyze and control the key information of cognitive subjects, and achieve effective penetration and early deterrence of cognitive subject information. We should focus on cognitive blind spots to enhance penetration, aim at the ideological consensus points, psychological connection points, and spiritual support points that maintain the unity of the powerful enemy alliance to effectively strike, and use their cognitive differences and conflicts of interest to achieve differentiation and disintegration at all levels.

Based on cognitive combat strategy, we should fight a war of deterrence and control with full domain penetration. In future wars, the strategic competition and strategic confrontation between the warring parties will be extremely fierce. We should focus on the decision-making links and make comprehensive efforts to increase the opponent’s decision-making dilemma and form our own decision-making advantages. On the one hand, we should pay more attention to key nodes such as the enemy’s decision-making center, command hub, reconnaissance and early warning system, and use advanced strike means to physically destroy these nodes. On the other hand, we should pay more attention to the “soft kill” effect of cognitive shaping, cognitive inducement, cognitive intervention and cognitive control, and embed cognitive domain operations into “hard destruction”, so as to form a strong shock through precise strikes with high-tech weapons, and expand new-quality combat forces to the cognitive dimension, thereby forming an asymmetric balance of power.

Information is king in cognitive warfare, and we must expand the field to fight a good support war. Future wars cannot be separated from strong information support, and we should accelerate system integration to gain data advantages. First, we should accelerate the construction of cognitive offensive and defensive combat theory bases, databases, talent pools, case bases, and tactics bases, dynamically collect and update the current status of the enemy’s cognitive offensive and defensive combat capabilities, and provide all-round support for cognitive offensive and defensive operations. Secondly, we should accelerate the creation of a converged media communication matrix, improve and perfect our own platform system, and step up the deployment of network platforms, focusing on system integration and collaborative linkage, breaking through the “barriers” of information interconnection as soon as possible, and realizing cognitive integration and sharing, and comprehensive effectiveness. Thirdly, we should accelerate the coupling and linkage of information and cognitive domain operations, vigorously develop core technologies such as neural network systems, artificial intelligence applications, cognitive decision-making psychological offense and defense, explore and analyze cross-domain and heterogeneous cognitive information, and improve the information fusion system of cognitive means to provide “clairvoyance” and “clairaudience” for winning future wars.

The key to cognitive warfare is coordination, and we should make efforts in multiple dimensions to fight the overall battle. Future wars will be joint operations carried out in the fields of land, sea, air, space, network, electromagnetic, etc. We should adhere to system thinking, strengthen coordination awareness, and improve the compatibility and coordination of cognitive domain operations with other military actions. For example, we can integrate human intelligence, geographic intelligence, and open source intelligence, quickly collect and process massive data, remove the false and retain the true, and accurately and efficiently seize cognitive space, so as to achieve complementary advantages and full coverage to form cognitive advantages. By networking the dispersed multi-domain forces, we can establish a highly connected, collectively acting, and overall attacking full-domain joint force to achieve the effect of “integrated deterrence”. By integrating national resources, strengthening strategic communication, and using cognitive manipulation to amplify the effects of political disintegration, economic sanctions, and diplomatic offensives, and coordinating military operations to exert pressure on the target in all dimensions, we strive to defeat the enemy without fighting.

(Author’s unit: University of Aerospace Engineering)

繁體中文：

來源：解放軍報 作者：楊龍溪 責任編輯：王鳳 2022-10-08 10:11:25
近年來的局部戰爭和武裝沖突，大多是在多維度多領域展開的「混合」對抗，強調運用軍事、政治、經濟等手段，在綜合決策維度實施體系鉗制，在國際傳播維度製造各種混亂，在戰略重心維度進行標靶打擊，積極塑造戰場態勢，謀求奪取戰略主動。未來戰爭要打好政治軍仗、軍事政治仗，應深刻掌握認知域作戰攻防特點規律，提升打好「五仗」的能力。

認知作戰先入為主，塑勢控局打好主動仗。戰爭未啟、認知先行。隨著戰爭形態的不斷發展演進，認知域作戰的地位角色不斷突顯。瞄準打贏未來戰爭，應提前開展認知佈設，透過謀略、資訊、技術等手段和載​​體，對目標對象的生理、心理、價值觀等認知要素進行影響、幹預和操控，以認知攻防掩護軍事行動，精準有效率地主導認知空間。充分認識先聲奪人的重要性，靈活自主地掌握「敘事」的定義權和解釋權，在認知敘事鬥爭維度上強調先發製人贏得主動，塑造法理在手、道義向我的有利態勢，佔領道義制高點。

認知作戰攻心為上，分層施策打好精確仗。 「善戰者，致人而不致於人。」未來戰爭，作戰空間向深海、深空、深網等領域延伸，戰場時空呈現極遠、極微、極智與無人、無形、無聲等特點。應緊盯認知缺口提升到達力，運用大數據模擬、人工智慧匹配、心理模型評估等方法，分析掌控認知主體的關鍵訊息，實現認知主體資訊的有效滲透和先期懾止。緊扣認知盲點增強穿透力，瞄準維繫強敵聯盟團結的思想共識點、心理連接點、精神支柱點進行有效打擊，利用其認知差別和利益矛盾，層層發力實現分化瓦解。

認知作戰策略為本，全域滲透打好懾控仗。未來戰爭，交戰雙方的戰略競爭與策略對抗異常激烈，應緊盯決策環節綜合發力，增大對手決策困境，形成自身決策優勢。一方面，要更關注敵方決策中心、指揮樞紐、偵察預警系統等要害節點，運用先進打擊手段對這些節點實施物理摧毀。另一方面，要更關注認知塑造、認知誘導、認知介入和認知控制的「軟殺傷」效果，將認知域作戰嵌入「硬摧毀」中，既透過高新武器精確打擊形成強大震懾，又將新質作戰力量拓展至認知維度，從而形成非對稱制衡優勢。

認知作戰資訊為王，拓寬領域打好支撐仗。未來戰爭離不開強大資訊的支撐，應加速體系融合奪取數據優勢。首先，加速認知攻防作戰理論庫、資料庫、人才庫、案例庫、戰法庫建設，動態收集更新敵認知攻防作戰能力建設現狀，為認知攻防作戰提供全方位支撐。其次，加速打造融媒體傳播矩陣，健全完善自有平台體系，抓緊推進網絡平台投棋布子，注重體系融合、協作聯動，盡快打通信息互聯互通“壁壘”，實現認知融通共享、綜合致效。再次，加速推進資訊與認知域作戰耦合聯動，大力發展神經網絡系統、人工智慧應用、認知決策心理攻防等核心技術，挖掘分析跨域與異類認知訊息，健全認知手段資訊融合體系，為打贏未來戰爭提供「千裡眼」「順風耳」。

認知作戰協同為要，多維發力打好整體仗。未來戰爭，是在陸、海、空、天、網絡、電磁等領域實施的聯合作戰，應堅持體系思維，強化協同意識，提高認知域作戰與其他軍事行動的兼容性協調性。例如，可以融合人力情報、地理情報和開源情報等，快速採集處理海量數據，去偽存真、精準高效地搶佔認知空間，實現優勢互補、全局覆蓋形成認知優勢。透過將分散多域部隊進行聯網，建立一支高度聯通、集體行動、整體打擊的全領域聯合力量，實現「一體化威懾」效果。透過整合國家資源、加強戰略傳播，運用認知造勢放大政治瓦解、經濟制裁、外交攻勢等效果，配合軍事行動全維施壓目標對象，力求不戰而屈人之兵。

（作者單位：航太工程大學）

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4922788.html?big=fan

Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰

Chinese Military to Comprehensively Improve Scientific and Technological Cognition of Strategic Capabilities in Emerging Fields of Warfare

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中國軍隊全面提升新興戰爭領域戰略能力科技認知

現代音譯英語：

War is a confrontation of material forces, but it is also a test of ideological cognition. To implement President Xi’s new requirements for comprehensively improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields, we must grasp the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological cognition, focus on the new situation of accelerating the new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and military revolution, focus on strengthening the army and winning wars, and strengthen the research and exploration of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies in emerging fields. With a deep understanding of the nature and laws of science and technology, we can master the realization of high-quality development of military construction, win the initiative in military competition and future wars, transform scientific and technological cognition into a real ability to design and win wars, and accelerate and win new advantages in strategic areas that must be fought.

(one)

Only by understanding the times can we understand war. In the era when scientific and technological revolutions and military revolutions are integrated and intertwined, and science and technology have become the core combat power of modern warfare, improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields will help us understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare, better control information-based and intelligent warfare, achieve overtaking in new fields and new tracks, win military competitive advantages with scientific and technological advantages, and win future high-tech wars.

Leading military reforms to seize the commanding heights. The wise hear what is silent, and the wise see what is not yet formed. Only by keenly perceiving the development trends of emerging technologies and expanding the cognitive boundaries of strategic frontier technologies can we see what is not yet born, recognize what is not yet developed, take the initiative, and lead the elements of the military field to achieve revolutionary transformation and development. In today’s era, emerging technologies represented by artificial intelligence are emerging in a “well-like” manner, leading and promoting the rapid development of military intelligence at an unprecedented speed, triggering chain breakthroughs in the military field, and leveraging fundamental changes in the war pattern. Scientific and technological innovation has always been a race of time and speed. Faced with the strong momentum of military science and technology development in emerging fields, we must strive to seize the initiative and gain advantages. We must accurately grasp the general trend of science and technology of the times, dare to stand at the forefront of human warfare and scientific and technological development, grasp the basic laws of scientific and technological development and evolution in the long river of history and the global perspective, and accurately identify new goals, new fields, and new heights for the development of military science and technology. We must find breakthroughs in the development of military science and technology in a timely manner, bravely advance into the “no man’s land” of military science and technology innovation, seize the strategic commanding heights of military technology competition, and lead the military revolution to achieve new breakthroughs and leaps with new thinking concepts.

Lead the military competition and win the initiative. The level of cognition ultimately determines the pattern of military competition. At present, the frontier positions and strength competition of world military competition have extended to emerging fields, and the acquisition of technological advantages has become a strategic measure to seek military advantages. In the fierce competition of technological subversion and counter-subversion, assault and counter-assault, offset and counter-offset, scientific and technological cognition has become a key variable that determines the victory or defeat of military games. If there is a generation gap in scientific and technological cognition, there is a risk of being surpassed by the opponent’s new technological combat power. If there is a technological gap in shaping new-quality combat power, it will be difficult to “change the rules of competition” and form a military competitive advantage. Recent local wars and armed conflicts in the world have shown that whoever has a leading strategic capability and technological cognition in emerging fields and uses technology to empower combat power can control the battlefield situation and thereby achieve a fundamental change in the winner and loser. In the increasingly fierce world military game, in order to seize the initiative in the development of military science and technology in emerging fields and occupy a favorable position of high-level control, it is necessary to enhance the scientific and technological awareness of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, keep a close eye on changes in science and technology, changes in war, and changes in opponents, plan according to the situation, act according to the situation, follow the trend, make advance arrangements, and plan ahead to ensure the formation of unique advantages in some important fields and win the initiative in military games.

Leading a strong army to win the war and win the future war. Practice determines cognition, which is the source and motivation, purpose and destination of cognition. The scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is aimed at promoting scientific and technological innovation and application. The fundamental focus is to create a new quality combat power growth pole. The main purpose is to seize the commanding heights of strategic competition, seize the initiative in war, and ultimately win the future war. At present, the development of emerging fields is showing an all-round and multi-domain in-depth advancement trend, and the frequency of dynamic iteration and update of science and technology is accelerating. In order to forge a new quality combat capability with a new killing mechanism and improve the scientific and technological content of national defense and military modernization, we must deeply grasp the key areas of scientific and technological innovation and development in emerging fields, grasp the new characteristics of cross-integration development of scientific and technological innovation and development in emerging fields, focus on creating a new quality combat capability growth pole, vigorously promote independent innovation and original innovation, eliminate backward technologies that are not adapted to the changes in the war situation, adhere to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, improve the innovation and application of military science and technology, comprehensively enhance the strategic capabilities of emerging fields, and win the battle to achieve the goal of building the army for a hundred years as scheduled.

Two

Improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a very complex process of subjective and objective rational thinking. To accurately grasp the essential attributes and characteristic laws of scientific and technological innovation and development in emerging fields, and to know both the facts and the reasons, we should focus on improving the three abilities of scientific and technological foresight, discrimination, and understanding in the strategic capabilities of emerging fields, and form a scientific cognitive ability system that supports, cooperates with, and influences each other, providing strong support for comprehensively improving the strategic capabilities of emerging fields.

Aiming at future wars, we should enhance our scientific and technological foresight. Emerging fields are one of the main battlefields of future wars. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, the impact will be subversive, and may even fundamentally change the form and mode of war, and fundamentally change the traditional offensive and defensive pattern of war. Science and technology have never had such a profound impact on military construction and the outcome of wars as they do today. If we have a narrow scientific and technological cognition and lack strategic foresight and prediction of cutting-edge technologies in emerging fields, we may not understand our opponents, understand wars, and even more so win future wars. During the Gulf War, Iraq’s mechanized steel torrent lost to the US military’s precision-guided weapons. One of the important reasons for this was the gap between the two countries in strategic capabilities and scientific and technological cognition in emerging fields. In order to let our thoughts reach tomorrow’s battlefield, we must improve our scientific and technological awareness, closely follow the development direction of the world’s advanced military science and technology, promptly grasp the latest developments in cutting-edge science and technology, scientifically predict the development trend of science and technology, make full use of technologies such as data mining, comprehensively judge the revolutionary impact of high-tech development on war, take the lead in laying out emerging combat fields, develop a series of high-tech weapons and equipment, accelerate the scientific and technological empowerment of combat effectiveness, and provide a solid material foundation for winning future wars.

Keep a close eye on how to defeat powerful enemies and improve scientific and technological identification. War is a life-and-death confrontation between the enemy and us, and emerging fields are the top priority for the struggle between the two sides. Improving the scientific and technological awareness of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is the fundamental strategy to prevent technological raids and avoid technological traps. In order to seize the initiative in war, powerful enemies have always not only used their unique high-tech weapons and equipment to raid their opponents, putting them in a disadvantageous situation of passive attack, but also a more dangerous trick is to carefully set up technical traps and implement strategic deception. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union fell into the strategic deception trap of the US “Star Wars Plan”, which accelerated the decline of national strength. To persist in winning against powerful enemies, we must improve the scientific and technological discernment of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, closely follow the technological frontiers of powerful enemies, formulate breakthrough strategies for building strategic capabilities in emerging fields, and maintain a high degree of technical sensitivity and discernment of some so-called new technologies and new concepts promoted by powerful enemies. We must be good at distinguishing the authenticity of technology, weighing the pros and cons of development and the extent of its impact, and persist in developing strategic resources in emerging fields based on national conditions and military conditions, so that the innovative achievements of military science and technology in emerging fields can better empower the decision-making chain, command chain and combat power generation chain.

Mastering the winning strategy improves the understanding of science and technology. The key to building a strong army and winning wars is to master the winning strategy. In the context of the deep coupling of modern science and technology with the military, understanding and mastering science and technology has become a necessary ability to understand, design and win wars. From the perspective of human military history, it is precisely because of the thorough understanding of the principles of aviation technology and space technology that Douhet’s “air supremacy” theory, Graham’s “high frontier” theory and other war theories have been produced. Similarly, if there is a lack of thorough understanding of new technologies such as human-machine collaboration, group intelligence, and autonomous control of artificial intelligence, it will be impossible to master the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and explore new theories and tactics of intelligent warfare. Technology determines tactics. To win future wars, we must focus on thinking about wars from a scientific and technological perspective, understand the impact of emerging technological developments on wars, learn from the latest achievements in military science and technology innovation of the world’s superpowers, study and explore the internal mechanisms of high-tech in emerging fields supporting modern warfare, explore how to use scientific and technological concepts and thinking to accurately grasp the laws of winning wars, how to use advanced scientific and technological means to strengthen the construction of new-quality combat capabilities, how to design wars based on scientific and technological principles, and how to transform scientific and technological advantages into capability advantages, and use the “key” of scientific and technological thinking to open the “door” to victory.

(three)

Comprehensively improving the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields is a long-term, systematic strategic project. We must deeply understand and implement the important instructions of Chairman Xi, take improving the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers as a basic task, and improve the scientific and technological cognition of officers and soldiers with a high sense of mission, scientific thinking concepts, and effective methods and approaches, so as to lay a solid foundation for comprehensively improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields and realizing high-quality development of our army.

Accelerate the transformation of ideas and concepts. The wise change with the times, and the knowledgeable act according to circumstances. While the emerging military technology is transforming the objective world, it is also profoundly changing people’s subjective world, forming a subversive impact on the traditional war-winning mechanism and way of thinking. The internal requirement is to transform ideas and concepts and enhance scientific and technological cognition. Engels pointed out: “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around… we need newer and braver minds.” Whoever is conservative, conservative, and self-contained will miss precious opportunities, fall into strategic passivity, and even miss an entire era. We must emancipate our minds and update our concepts, actively adapt to the development trend of world military changes today, be sensitive to the innovation of military thinking brought about by the technological revolution, have the courage to change the mindset of mechanized warfare, break the shackles of conservative thinking, firmly establish a new mindset of information-based and intelligent warfare, establish a new concept of strengthening the military and winning victory through science and technology, focus on understanding the new face of war, discovering new characteristics of war, and revealing new laws of war from a scientific and technological perspective, and strive to raise the level of war cognition to a new height.

Cultivate the foundation of scientific and technological literacy. Scientific and technological literacy is the ability to scientifically understand and describe the objective world and the ability to think scientifically. The depth of the foundation of scientific and technological literacy fundamentally determines the level of scientific and technological cognition. If you don’t understand science and technology or your scientific and technological literacy is not high, you will be like looking at flowers in the fog or the moon in the water when it comes to modern warfare, let alone being able to fight and win. To improve the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields and understand the winning mechanism of modern high-tech warfare, the key is to work hard to improve the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers, coordinate the use of advantageous military and civilian scientific and technological resources, vigorously spread the scientific spirit, popularize scientific knowledge, strengthen the study of modern science and technology, especially military science and technology knowledge, and conduct in-depth research on cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology. We must have a deep understanding of the new features of artificial intelligence such as deep learning, cross-border integration, human-machine collaboration, group intelligence, and autonomous control. We must understand and master the latest scientific and technological achievements, build a multi-dimensional knowledge system with information and intelligent technology as the main body, improve the level of thinking, expand the knowledge structure, and vigorously promote the transformation of the “variable” of scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields into the “energy” of building a strong army and winning wars.

Improve capabilities through practice. A knife needs to be sharpened and a person needs to be trained. To enhance the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields, it is necessary not only to nourish the theory to promote the transformation of ideas and concepts, but also to follow the basic law of human cognitive movement of “practice, cognition, re-practice, and re-cognition”, make good use of the actual combat “grindstone” to sharpen the wisdom, and promote the scientific and technological cognition of strategic capabilities in emerging fields to a higher level. We must have the courage to improve quality and capabilities in the practice of strengthening the military with science and technology and strengthening training with science and technology, adhere to learning while doing and learning while doing, focus on our main responsibilities and main business, delve into cutting-edge science and technology based on our posts and combat positions, and improve our scientific and technological acumen, insight, and response speed; enhance our technical understanding of new equipment, new skills, and new tactics, cultivate scientific thinking, master scientific methods, improve our scientific and technological cognition, and cultivate the ideological awareness of strengthening the construction of strategic capabilities in emerging fields from a scientific and technological perspective; keep a close eye on powerful enemies and future battlefields to cultivate a stronger “technological mind”, be familiar with our opponents’ scientific and technological achievements, capabilities, and means, accurately grasp the “hard core” and “soft ribs” of our opponents’ scientific and technological development, adhere to the asymmetric thinking to tailor-make struggle strategies and tactics, and provide strong guarantees for winning this future high-end war and hybrid war.

(Author’s unit: Military Science Academy, Institute of Political Work)

現代國語：

戰爭是物質力量的對抗，更是思想認知力的較量。貫徹落實習主席全面提升新興領域戰略能力的新要求，必須抓住科技認知力這個“牛鼻子”，著眼新一輪科技革命、產業革命和軍事革命加速推進的新態勢，聚焦強軍勝戰加強新興領域戰略性、前沿性、顛覆性技術的研究探索，以對科學技術本質和規律的深刻理解，掌握實現軍隊建設高質量發展，贏得軍事競爭和未來戰爭的主動權，把科技認知力轉化為實實在在的設計戰爭、打贏戰爭能力，在戰略必爭領域跑出加速度、贏得新優勢。

（一）

理解時代才能理解戰爭。在科技革命與軍事革命融合交叉，科技已成為現代戰爭核心戰鬥力的時代背景下，提高新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，有助於理解和把握現代戰爭的特點規律，更好地駕馭資訊化智能化戰爭，在新領域新賽道實現彎道超車，以科技優勢贏得軍事競爭優勢、贏得未來高科技戰爭。

引領軍事變革搶佔制高點。聰者聽於無聲，明者見於未形。敏銳洞察新興領域科技發展趨勢走向，拓展戰略前沿技術領域認知邊界，才能做到見之於未萌、識之於未發，下好先手棋、打好主動仗，引領軍事領域要素實現革命性轉型發展。在當今時代，以人工智慧為代表的新興科技「井噴式」湧現，引領和推動軍事智慧以前所未有的速度突飛猛進，正在引發軍事領域鍊式突破，撬動戰爭格局發生根本性轉變。科技創新歷來是時間與速度的賽跑，面對新興領域軍事科技發展的強勁勢頭，我們要致力於搶佔先機、贏得優勢，必須準確把握時代科技大勢，勇於站在人類戰爭和科技發展最前沿，在歷史長河和全球視野中把握科技發展演變的基本規律，切實找準軍事科技發展的新目標、新領域、新高地，及時找到軍事科技發展的突破口，勇於向軍事科技創新「無人區」進軍，搶佔軍事技術競爭的戰略制高點，以全新的思維理念引領軍事革命實現新突破新跨越。

引領軍事競爭贏得主動權。認知層次高低最終決定軍事競爭格局。當前，世界軍事競爭前線陣地和實力比拼已經延伸到新興領域，把奪取科技優勢作為謀求軍事優勢的戰略舉措。在技​​術上顛覆與反顛覆、突襲與反突襲、抵銷與反抵銷的激烈較量中，科技認知力已成為決定軍事博弈勝負的關鍵變數。如果科技認知力出現代差，就面臨被對手新技術作戰力量超越的風險。在塑造新質戰鬥力上出現技術鴻溝，就很難「改變競技規則」形成軍事競爭優勢。世界近幾場局部戰爭和武裝沖突表明，誰具有領先對手的新興領域戰略能力科技認知力，用科技為戰鬥力賦能，誰就能掌控戰場態勢，並以此實現勝負手的根本轉換。在日益激烈的世界軍事博弈中，奪取新興領域軍事科技發展主動權，佔據高位瞰的有利位勢，必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，因勢而謀，應勢而動，順勢而為，超前佈局、超前謀劃，確保在一些重要領域形成獨特優勢，贏得軍事博弈主動權。

引領強軍勝戰制勝未來戰爭。實踐決定認識，是認識的泉源和動力、目的和歸宿。新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，以推動科技創新和科技運用為實踐指向，根本著眼點是打造新質戰鬥力增長極，主要目的是搶佔戰略競爭制高點，奪取戰爭主動權，最終打贏未來戰爭。當前，新興領域發展呈現全方位多領域縱深推進態勢，科技動態迭代更新頻率加快，鍛造全新殺傷機理的新質戰鬥力，提高國防和軍隊現代化建設的科技含量，必須深刻把握新興領域科技創新發展的關鍵領域，掌握新興領域科技創新發展交叉融合發展新特徵，以打造新質戰鬥力增長極為重點，大力推進自主創新、原始創新，淘汰不適應戰爭形態變化的落後技術，堅持機械化信息化智能化融合發展，提升軍事科技創新力應用力，全面提升新興領域戰略能力，打贏如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

（二）

提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力，是十分複雜的主觀見之於客觀的理性思維過程。科學準確掌握新興領域科技創新發展的本質屬性與特點規律，做到知其然又知其所以然，應重點提升新興領域戰略能力的科技預知力、鑑別力、理解力三種能力素質，形成相互支撐、相互配合、相互影響的科學認知能力體系，為全面提升新興領域戰略能力提供強大支撐。

瞄準未來戰爭提昇科技預知力。新興領域是未來戰爭的主戰場之一，有些技術一旦取得突破，影響將是顛覆性的，甚至可能從根本上改變戰爭形態和作戰方式，從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響軍隊建設和戰爭勝負，如果科技認知力狹隘，對新興領域前沿技術缺乏戰略性預見和預判，就可能看不懂對手、看不懂戰爭，更談不上打贏得未來戰爭。海灣戰爭期間，伊拉克機械化鋼鐵洪流輸給美軍精確制導武器，究其緣由重要的一條是由兩者在新興領域戰略能力科技認知力存在差距造成的。讓思想直達明天的戰場，必須提高科技認知力，緊密跟踪世界先進軍事科技發展方向，及時掌握前沿科技最新動態，科學預測科技發展趨勢，充分運用數據挖掘等技術，綜合研判高科技發展給戰爭帶來的革命性影響，搶先佈局新興作戰領域，研發系列高新技術武器裝備，加速戰鬥力科技賦能，為制勝未來戰爭提供堅實的物質基礎。

緊盯制勝​​強敵提高科技鑑別力。戰爭是敵我雙方的生死對抗，新興領域更是作戰雙方角力的重中之重。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，是防止技術突襲和避免技術陷阱的根本之策。為奪取戰爭主動權，強敵向來不僅以獨有的高新技術武器裝備突襲對手，使其陷入被動挨打的不利處境，更危險的招數在於精心設置技術陷阱，實施戰略欺詐。冷戰美蘇爭霸時期，蘇聯就落入美國「星際大戰計畫」的戰略欺騙陷阱，加速了國力衰退。堅持扭住強敵謀打贏，必須提高新興領域戰略能力的科技鑑別力，要密切跟踪強敵對手科技前沿動態，制定新興領域戰略能力建設突破策略，對強敵宣傳炒作的一些所謂新技術新概念，必須保持高度的技術敏銳度和辨識力，要善於甄別技術真偽、權衡發展利弊及其影響程度，堅持從國情軍情出發開發新興領域戰略資源，使新興領域軍事科技創新成果更好地賦能決策鏈、指揮鍊和戰鬥力生成鏈。

掌握制勝之道提昇科技理解力。強軍勝戰關鍵要掌握制勝之道，在現代科技與軍事深度耦合的背景下，認識並掌握科技成為理解戰爭、設計戰爭、打贏戰爭的必備能力。從人類軍事史來看，正是由於對航空技術、太空技術等原理的透徹認知，杜黑的「制空權」理論、葛拉漢的「高邊疆」理論等戰爭理論才得以產生。同樣，當前如果對人工智慧所具有的人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新技術缺乏透徹認知，就無法掌握智能化戰爭制勝機理、探索智能作戰新戰法。技術決定戰術。打贏未來戰爭必須著重從科技角度思考戰爭，理解新興領域科技發展對戰爭帶來的影響，並藉鑑吸收世界強國軍事科技創新最新成果，研究探索新興領域高新科技支撐現代戰爭的內在機理，探討如何以科技理念和思維把準戰爭制勝規律、如何運用先進科技手段加強新質戰鬥力建設、如何依據科技原理設計戰爭、如何將科技優勢轉化為能力優勢，用科技思維的“鑰匙”開啟勝戰“大門” 。

（三）

全面提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，是一項長期性、系統性的戰略工程，必須深刻理解貫徹習主席重要指示精神，把提高官兵科技素養作為一項基礎性工作來抓，以高度的使命擔當、科學的思維理念、有效的方法路徑提升官兵科技認知力，為全面提升新興領域戰略能力，實現我軍高質量發展夯實根基。

加快轉變思想觀念。明者因時而變，知者隨事而製。新興領域軍事科技在改造客觀世界的同時，也深刻改變著人們的主觀世界，對傳統的戰爭制勝機理和思維方式形成顛覆性沖擊，內在要求必須轉變思想觀念提昇科技認知力。恩格斯指出：「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候……我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」誰思想保守、因循守舊、固步自封，誰就會錯失寶貴時機，陷於戰略被動，甚至會錯過整整一個時代。我們必須解放思想更新觀念，積極適應當今世界軍事變革的發展趨勢，敏銳感知技術革命帶來的軍事思想革新，勇於改變機械化戰爭的思維定勢，破除守舊守常守成思想束縛，牢固樹立起信息化智能化戰爭新思維，立起科技強軍制勝的新理念，注重從科技角度認識戰爭新面貌、發現戰爭新特點、揭示戰爭新規律，努力把戰爭認知力水平提升到新高度。

涵養科技素養底蘊。科技素養是科學認識和描述客觀世界的能力和科學思維能力，科技素養底蘊的深度，從根本上決定科技認知力高低程度。不懂科技或科技素養不高，對現代戰爭就是霧裡看花、水中觀月，更別說能打仗、打勝仗。提升新興領域戰略能力科技認知力，理解現代高科技戰爭制勝機理，關鍵要在提高官兵科技素養上下功夫，統籌利用軍地科技優勢資源，大力傳播科學精神、普及科學知識，加強現代科技特別是軍事科技知識的學習，深入研究人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等前沿技術，深刻認識人工智慧深度學習、跨界融合、人機協同、群智開放、自主操控等新特點，了解和掌握最新科技成果，構建以資訊化、智慧化技術為主體的多維知識體系，提高思維層次、拓展知識結構，強力推進新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力這個「變量」向強軍勝戰「能量”轉化。

立足實踐提高能力。刀要磨，人要練。提升新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力，既需要理論滋養促進思想理念轉型，更要遵循「實踐、認識、再實踐、再認識」的人類認識運動基本規律，用好實戰「磨刀石」砥礪智慧鋒芒，推動新興領域戰略能力的科技認知力向更高一級躍進。要勇於在科技強軍、科技強訓實踐中提質強能，堅持學中乾乾中學，聚焦主責主業、立足崗位戰位鑽研前沿科技，提高科技敏銳度、洞察力和響應速度；增強對新裝備、新技能、新戰法的技術理解，培育科學思維、掌握科學方法，提高科技認知力，培塑從科技視角加強新興領域戰略能力建設的思想意識；緊盯強敵對手和未來戰場練就更強大的“科技頭腦”，熟悉對手的科技成果、科技能力和科技手段，精準把脈對手科技發展的“硬核”和“軟肋”，堅持非對稱思想量身定制鬥爭策略和戰法，為打贏這場未來高端戰爭、混合戰爭提供有力保障。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍隊政治工作研究院）

中國軍事原文來源：https://www.81.cn/szb_223187/gfbszbxq/index.html?paperName=zggfb&paperDate=2024-06-03&paperNumber=03&articleid=932888

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military Analysis of New Features and Trends of US Information Warfare

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中國軍事分析美國資訊戰新特色新趨勢

由國語音譯為現代英語

Information warfare has become an important topic in today’s international politics and security. As the world’s largest military and intelligence agency, the United States has very strong strength and resources in information warfare. It is an important initiator and participant in information warfare, and its information warfare capabilities have attracted much attention. In addition to adjusting the goals of information warfare, comprehensively advancing in various ways, and integrating domestic departments to unify actions, the US government is also actively expanding its information warfare alliances, by absorbing more countries to form a broad information warfare alliance, enhancing the effectiveness of information warfare, and further restricting the activity environment of rival countries.

    【Key words】Information warfare, U.S. national strategy 【Chinese Library Classification Number】D815 【Document Identification Code】A

    After the Biden administration came to power, the US national strategy has been further strengthened in terms of offensiveness and targeting, which has also brought about many new changes in the US information warfare. On the one hand, the Biden administration proposed the “integrated containment” strategy in the national security strategy, and information warfare has become an important tool to contain opponents in diplomacy, intelligence, economy and trade. On the other hand, the United States uses the Internet as the main field and widely uses modern information technology to comprehensively promote information warfare in various ways, trying to influence and change the public opinion and cognition of the target country. In addition, the United States has also vigorously expanded its information warfare alliances and included more countries in its alliance system to further restrict the activity environment of its competitors. Domestic academic circles have also conducted some research on US information warfare, such as: discussing the development of US information warfare from the aspects of origin, method, technical support and equipment, analyzing the implementation basis of information warfare from the perspective of US information security strategy, or exploring the training of US military information warfare talents. However, there is still a lack of relevant discussions in the academic community on the new changes and trends of US information warfare in recent years, especially under the Biden administration. This article focuses on analyzing the new characteristics and new trends of US information warfare.

    The historical origins of the United States launching information warfare around the world

    On May 4, 2023, the latest report released by the National Virus Emergency Response Center and 360 Company disclosed the main technical means by which the CIA planned, organized and implemented “color revolution” events around the world, including a non-traditional regime change technology called “swarming”, which was used to encourage young people connected by the Internet to join the “shoot and change places” mobile protests. For a long time, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States has secretly implemented “peaceful evolution” and “color revolutions” around the world and continued to carry out espionage activities. Information communication and on-site command are the decisive factors affecting the success or failure of “peaceful evolution” and “color revolutions”. The United States’ communication technology and its media applications are in a leading position internationally, which provides unprecedented technical support for the US intelligence agencies to launch “peaceful evolution” and “color revolutions” abroad.

    Entering the 21st century, with the further development of the Internet, driven by social media, the speed, diversity and breadth of information dissemination have been unprecedentedly improved. All over the world, information can be shared and transmitted in real time. Due to the development of information technology, many countries have begun to realize the importance of information warfare: on the one hand, countries can contain opponents and create an information environment that is beneficial to their own country through information transmission and control. On the other hand, the mobility and uncontrollability of information will pose a threat to national security. Therefore, information warfare has become an important issue in today’s international politics and security. The United States has the world’s largest military and intelligence agencies, has very strong strength and resources in information warfare, is an important participant and initiator of information warfare, and its information warfare capabilities have attracted much attention.

    After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the United States mainly adopted a defensive posture in information warfare, strengthening the construction and security monitoring of network facilities to prevent attacks from terrorism and opponents. Although during the Obama and Trump administrations, the United States gradually moved from defense to active offense, proposing “preemptive” cyber sanctions against countries suspected of cyber attacks. However, judging from the National Cybersecurity Strategy released in March 2023, the United States focuses mainly on cyber deterrence, using “forward defense” to prevent attacks and infringements on key national facilities. According to media reports, when Musk announced the “amnesty” of Twitter, Meta, the parent company of another American social platform Facebook, announced a list of banned accounts, among which a group of accounts were related to the US military. This shows that the purpose, method and characteristics of the United States in information warfare are undergoing major changes, from cyber defense and deterrence to the field of influencing and shaping cognition.

    In 1995, Colonel Szafranski of the US Army defined information warfare as a conflict that directly attacks information systems to attack the knowledge or concept fields of the opponent. Information warfare can be conducted as part of a larger, more comprehensive hostile activity (such as cyber warfare), or as the only form of hostility. In 2021, Field, an expert at the Hoover Institution in the United States, also made a similar definition: information warfare aims to convey information to the target audience, which is selected to influence emotions, motivations, reasoning, attitudes, understandings, beliefs or behaviors, thereby promoting the interests of the actors. This shows that there is a general consensus among American elites on the form and purpose of information warfare, that is, to influence the cognitive system of the target object in a variety of ways. Previously, although the United States mainly adopted network defense and attack to target the opponent’s network facilities, with the changes in the international environment and the comprehensive strength of the United States, the United States gradually shifted the operational field and goals of information warfare to the cognitive system of the target country to create an international environment more favorable to the United States.

    Information warfare is an important part of the U.S. national strategy and changes with strategic adjustments.

    Information warfare is an important part of the US national strategy and an important means to achieve its national strategic goals. Today is an information age. Information and information technology not only determine the direction of social change, but are also key factors affecting competition between countries. Countries adjust their national strategies based on changes in the external environment and their own strength, and the content, characteristics, methods and fields of information warfare will also change accordingly.

    In 2016, the Obama administration issued a cybersecurity strategy called the National Cybersecurity Action Plan, which mainly includes: innovation and protection of networks, prevention of cybercrime, strengthening cybersecurity education, enhancing international cooperation and strengthening government cybersecurity management. During this period, the US government’s information warfare mainly focused on preventing cyber attacks from opponents and protecting its own network facilities and security. In September 2018, the Trump administration also issued the National Cybersecurity Strategy, which also emphasized the protection of network facilities and ensuring network security. However, in this strategy, Trump proposed the concept of “forward defense”. When it is believed that there is a possibility of an attack, the United States will take the lead in attacking the opponent, which means that the US information warfare has shifted from defense to active offense. In March 2023, the Biden administration released the latest National Cybersecurity Strategy, which further emphasized the offensive posture and greatly expanded the scope of information warfare. In this strategy, five pillars are proposed. In addition to protecting critical infrastructure and establishing international partnerships, it also emphasizes the need to combat and destroy threat actors, expand the scope of information warfare, expand public-private cooperation, combat adversaries through cooperation between public and private sectors, and shape market forces to promote security and resilience. This shows that in information warfare, the United States will further infiltrate the private sector through various means, promote American ideology and rules through the market and investment, and restrict the development environment of its competitors.

    After the Biden administration came to power, the US national strategy has also added more targeted and offensive elements. In the 2021 National Security Strategic Guidance, it is proposed to build a global strategy around the long-term competition with China and Russia; strengthen the US presence and cooperation in the Pacific region, while strengthening cooperation with Asian allies and partners to deal with the so-called “China threat”. The 2022 National Security Strategy clearly proposes the implementation of an “integrated containment strategy”, requiring the comprehensive use of comprehensive national security tools, including military, diplomatic, intelligence, economic, trade and financial means, to prevent any potential challenges to the United States and its allies. According to this strategy, information warfare is no longer just a function of defending against adversary cyber attacks and protecting domestic infrastructure. Information warfare occupies an important position in the “integrated containment strategy”. It not only undertakes the function of military strikes, but will also become an important tool for containing opponents in diplomacy, intelligence, economy and trade.

    The United States is comprehensively advancing information warfare with cognitive systems as its target

    Some scholars believe that the Gulf War was the beginning of information warfare, but as early as during the Cold War, the United States had conducted large-scale information warfare against the Soviet Union. The United States used the media it controlled to carry out extensive and in-depth false news propaganda on the Soviet people, instilling American ideology, and to a certain extent affecting the cognition of the Soviet people. After the end of the Cold War, American decision-makers are believed to have gradually reduced their emphasis on the non-material elements of war because they have defeated their ideological opponents. In the following decades, regarding information warfare, the United States is more inclined to frame these activities in a narrower military context. The “integrated containment strategy” proposed by the Biden administration shows that relying solely on a defense-oriented strategy may no longer be enough to limit competitors. The United States intends to contain its opponents in all areas of national strength, including diplomacy, economy, and information. This comprehensive containment approach focuses on mobilizing all elements of national power in competition other than military means. It requires not only the coordination of various important U.S. agencies, including the Department of Defense, the State Department, the CIA, the FBI, and the U.S. Agency for International Development, but also conventional military capabilities – focusing on destroying the target country and occupying its territory. It also requires the development of unconventional military capabilities – competing for influence and legitimacy among the people of various countries, enhancing the influence of the United States by influencing and changing the cognitive system of the people of the target country, and thereby undermining the opponent’s information environment and decision-making ability.

    The information market assumes that people will process information rationally, but psychological research shows that people often do not do so. Instead, the information environment in which people live affects their cognition, decision-making, and behavior, and the information environment is the operational environment of information warfare. In recent years, the U.S. Department of Defense has adopted an increasingly comprehensive understanding of the information environment. In the updated definition of the information environment, it points out that it “contains and aggregates many social, cultural, cognitive, technological, and physical attributes that affect the knowledge, understanding, beliefs, worldview, and ultimate actions of individuals, groups, systems, communities, or organizations.” Information warfare acts on the opponent’s information environment, by analyzing the opponent’s decision-making methods, psychological advantages and weaknesses, changing the information environment, and then affecting the “key factor” of the cognitive system, changing its national behavior to achieve the goal of winning.

    In the networked era, the transmission, aggregation and processing of information are mostly carried out through the network. The network constitutes the most important information environment, and the combat field of information warfare is also concentrated on the network. The United States not only uses its global media and cultural communication power to spread American culture and values ​​to the world through television, movies, music, games, etc., to strengthen its international influence and soft power. In addition, the US government and military also make extensive use of social media, search engines, artificial intelligence, the Internet and other information means, and through professional and systematic information operation agencies and cross-border cooperation between different agencies and departments, they carry out various forms of information warfare, such as posting political propaganda on social media, launching cyber attacks, conducting network monitoring and surveillance, and organizing network sabotage activities. It should be noted that social media is increasingly becoming an important medium for the United States to launch information warfare. This is because social media platforms can have a huge impact on a large number of people with their speed and breadth of information dissemination. At the same time, because people are irrational in cognition, large-scale simple repetition on social media has become a reliable way for people to believe in fallacies. The United States is deploying a large number of fake accounts on social media platforms to widely spread false information, manipulate information, incite emotions, create public opinion, mislead opponents’ decision-making behavior, and formulate and disseminate strategic narratives to prompt national behavior to change in a direction that is beneficial to the United States.

    Expanding the information warfare alliance and further constraining the environment for competitors

    In addition to adjusting the goals of information warfare, advancing it comprehensively in a variety of ways, and integrating domestic departments into unified actions, the U.S. government is also actively expanding its information warfare alliances by absorbing more countries to form a broad information warfare alliance, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of information warfare and further restricting the environment in which rival countries can operate.

    In Europe, the United States has been strengthening its cooperation with its NATO allies on information warfare. In November 2010, NATO updated the “Lisbon Strategic Concept”, emphasizing the need to more thoroughly respond to the rapidly evolving security challenges of the 21st century, including cyber attacks. The policy focuses not only on protecting NATO’s own networks, but also on establishing agreed benchmarks to protect the national networks of allies. The 2014 Wales Summit proposed a policy to strengthen cyber defense, making the cyber field one of its key political and strategic priorities, emphasizing the cooperation and unified action of member states, and linking the cyberspace with the collective defense of the alliance. At the 2016 Warsaw Summit, NATO recognized cyberspace as a new field of military operations. In February 2018, NATO member states established a cyber operations center within the NATO military command structure, which aims to strengthen the defense and response capabilities of NATO member states in cyberspace and improve the overall level of cyber security. These measures show that under the leadership of the United States, NATO has gradually established a strong cyber cooperation platform for information warfare. On the basis of this platform, the United States will implement information warfare more comprehensively and across fields. During the Ukrainian crisis, the United States and its allies used this platform to provide cyber defense for Ukraine and launch a large number of cyber attacks. They also used the Internet to spread various false information, distorting and shaping the country’s image that was unfavorable to Russia.

    In Asia, based on the existing military alliance, the United States has been deepening its security alliances to maintain its interests in the Indo-Pacific region, vigorously promoting the “four-country mechanism” consisting of the United States, Japan, India and Australia, deepening its relations with India, and striving to promote trilateral cooperation between the United States, Japan and South Korea, further promoting network rules that are beneficial to the United States and expanding the alliances led by the United States. This makes it easier for the United States to insert information operators in the networks of allied countries, spread information that is beneficial to the United States in multiple networks, and shape the information environment dominated by the United States to exclude and restrict competing countries in the information environment. At the same time, this transnational network is still expanding, and the United States’ network standards and norms are constantly being implemented in other countries, which has greatly helped the US government and military to infiltrate these networks and conduct information warfare. The United States has also actively engaged with ASEAN countries and their individual member states, including Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam, and has achieved certain results in network expansion. Despite the differences in governance systems and technical capabilities among these countries, as well as competing domestic priorities, ASEAN has become the first region among developing countries to adopt a consistent e-commerce legal framework. They have adopted the cybersecurity framework of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the United States as a global common language to communicate with different industry sectors and other countries.

    In February 2022, the Biden administration issued a new Indo-Pacific Strategy, which is the first Indo-Pacific Strategy issued by the Biden administration and the second Indo-Pacific Strategy issued by the US government. The strategy proposes five major policy goals, including promoting freedom and openness, regional security and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region, and also proposes an “integrated containment” strategy. For China, the Indo-Pacific Strategy points out that “our goal is not to change China, but to shape the strategic environment in which it operates.” Especially in such a media age, the transmission and release of information are more convenient, and we need to pay more attention to the importance of information warfare. In this regard, we may also need to grasp the psychological demands and emotional needs of the masses more accurately. Taking the latest report released by the National Virus Emergency Response Center and 360 Company as an example, it is particularly important for domestic government agencies, scientific research institutions, industrial enterprises and commercial institutions to quickly “see” and deal with the highly systematic, intelligent and concealed cyber attacks launched by the CIA against my country in the first place. The report recommends that in order to effectively respond to imminent network and real threats, while adopting independent and controllable domestic equipment, we should organize self-inspection and self-examination of APT attacks as soon as possible, and gradually establish a long-term defense system to achieve comprehensive and systematic prevention and control to resist advanced threat attacks.

    As the US information warfare continues to advance, the meaning of shaping the environment has become more prominent, that is, not only to contain China politically, economically and militarily, but also to “shape” China’s activity environment in terms of network and information. For China, facing the more complex and severe international situation under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian crisis and the US’s continuously advancing information warfare strategy, it should make the following responses: First, strengthen network and information security construction to improve its own information security level and guard against attacks on network facilities and key infrastructure. Be vigilant against the spread of false information on the Internet and in the media, trace the source of the spread, and prevent the spread of information by large-scale false accounts and the conscious guidance of the public’s cognitive system. Secondly, continue to promote high-level reform and opening up, actively develop foreign trade, and further strengthen economic ties with countries around the world. This is the most effective strategy to prevent the US “integrated containment” and information warfare. Tell the Chinese story well in foreign exchanges, let the world know more about China, and promote mutual trust and cooperation with other countries through extensive exchanges and strengthening economic interdependence. Thirdly, adhere to economic development. Developing the economy is a necessary condition for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and is also a core task of the country. Through economic development, the world can also understand the Chinese plan and the Chinese road more clearly and vividly, and thus more effectively defend against false information and information distortion in information warfare. Finally, in terms of Sino-US relations, while maintaining the bottom line and preventing conflicts, China can also establish and restore exchanges and cooperation in certain important areas or important groups, increase and accumulate trust, and further expand cooperation to divide and ease the US integrated containment strategy.

    (The author is a professor at the Institute of Contemporary Socialism of Shandong University, a researcher at the Institute of National Governance of Shandong University, and a researcher at the Institute of South Asian Studies of Shandong University)

    【references】

    ① Liu Boran and Wei Xiuming: “U.S. Cyber ​​Security Strategy: Development Process, Evolutionary Characteristics and Essence”, Journal of Liaoning University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), Issue 3, 2019.

    ②Huang Yingxin: “Information Warfare and Its Development”, “Intelligence Command Control System and Simulation Technology”, Issue 6, 2000.

    ③Lu Xinde: “On the Expansiveness of the US Information Security Strategy”, Contemporary Asia-Pacific, Issue 7, 2005.

    ④Liu Xiaoyuan and Pang Bo, “A Perspective on the Training of Information Warfare Talents in the US Military and Its Implications”, Journal of Higher Education Research, No. 3, 2005.

    ⑤[Japan] Kosawa Kunio and Jiang Xinfeng, translators: “IT Revolution and the Development of the U.S. and Japanese Navies”, International Outlook, No. 15, 2001.

    ⑥Wu Fei and Li Xuan: “The Role of the Media in the Information War between Russia and the United States under Geopolitical Game”, “External Communication”, Issue 6, 2022.

    ⑦Yang Guangbin et al.: “Characteristics of the Era of Turbulent Change”, “World Economy and Politics”, Issue 2, 2023.

繁體中文

《 人民論壇 》（ 2023年10月09日 第 04 版）
【摘要】資訊戰已成為當今國際政治和安全領域的重要議題。因其全球最大的軍事和情報機構，在資訊戰方面有著非常強的實力和資源，是資訊戰的重要發起者和參與者，其資訊戰的能力備受關注。除了調整資訊戰的目標，以多種方式全面推進，整合國內各部門而統一行動外，美國政府還積極擴展資訊戰的同盟，透過吸收更多國家以形成廣泛的資訊戰聯盟，增強資訊戰的效果，並進一步限制對手國家的活動環境。

【關鍵字】資訊戰 美國國家戰略 【中圖分類號】D815 【文獻標識碼】A

拜登政府上台後，在美國國家戰略上進一步加強了攻擊性和針對性，這也使美國的資訊戰發生了許多新的變化。一方面，拜登政府在國家安全戰略中提出了「一體化遏制」策略，資訊戰在外交、情報、經濟和貿易等方面成為遏制對手的重要工具；另一方面，美國以網路為主要場域，廣泛運用現代資訊科技以多種方式全面推進資訊戰，試圖影響和改變目標國家的輿論風向和認知；此外，美國還大力擴展資訊戰同盟，將更多國家納入其同盟體係以進一步限制競爭對手的活動環境。國內學界對美國資訊戰也進行了一定的研究，例如：從起源、方式、技術支援和裝備等方面討論美國資訊戰的發展，從美國資訊安全戰略角度分析資訊戰的實施基礎，抑或探析美軍信息戰人才的培養。但對於近年來，特別是拜登政府治下美國資訊戰的新變化及其趨勢，學界仍缺乏相關討論，本文則聚焦於剖析美國資訊戰的新特徵與新動向。

美國在世界各地發動資訊戰的歷史溯源

2023年5月4日，國家病毒緊急處理中心和360公司發布的最新報告披露了CIA在全球各地策劃組織實施「顏色革命」事件的主要技術手段，其中包括一款被稱為「蜂擁」的非傳統政權更迭技術，用於推動透過網路連線的年輕人加入「打一槍換一個地方」的流動性抗議活動。長期以來，美國中央情報局（CIA）在世界各地秘密實施“和平演變”和“顏色革命”，並持續進行間諜竊密活動。資訊通信和現場指揮是影響「和平演變」和「顏色革命」成敗的決定性因素。美國的通訊技術及其媒體應用在國際上處於領先地位，這給美國情報部門對外發動「和平演變」和「顏色革命」提供了前所未有的技術支援。

進入21世紀，隨著網路的進一步發展，在社群媒體的推動下，資訊傳播的高速性、多樣性和廣泛性得到了空前的提升。在世界範圍內，各地資訊都能夠即時共享和飛速傳遞。因資訊科技的發展，許多國家開始意識到資訊戰的重要性：一方面，國家可以透過資訊傳遞和控制來遏制對手並創造有利於本國的資訊環境。另一方面，資訊的流動性和不可控性會對國家安全造成威脅。因此，資訊戰已成為當今國際政治和安全領域的重要議題。美國擁有全球最大的軍事和情報機構，在資訊戰方面有著非常強的實力和資源，是資訊戰的重要參與者和發起者，其資訊戰的能力備受關注。

在「911」恐怖事件後，美國在資訊戰方面主要是採用防禦為主的態勢，加強網路設施的建設和安全監控，以防止恐怖主義和對手的攻擊。雖然在歐巴馬和川普政府時期，美國由防禦逐漸走向主動進攻，提出對疑似網路攻擊國進行「先發制人」的網路制裁。但從2023年3月發布的《國家網路安全戰略》來看，美國的重點主要放在網路威懾上，透過「向前防禦」來防備對國家關鍵設施的攻擊和侵害。根據媒體報道，馬斯克宣布「大赦」推特之際，美國另一家社群平台臉書（Facebook）的母公司Meta公佈了一份封禁帳號名單，在名單中，有一批帳號與美國軍方有關。這顯示美國在資訊戰上的目的、方式和特徵正在發生重大變化，由網路防禦和威懾進入到影響和塑造認知領域。

美軍上校沙弗蘭斯基（Szafranski）在1995年對資訊戰進行過界定，資訊戰是一種直接攻擊資訊系統以攻擊對手知識或觀念領域的衝突。資訊戰可以作為更大規模、更全面的敵對活動的組成部分（如網路戰），或作為唯一的敵對形式進行。 2021年，美國胡佛研究所專家菲爾德（Field）也做出了類似的定義：資訊戰旨在向目標受眾傳達訊息，這些訊息被挑選出來，以影響情感、動機、推理、態度、理解、信仰或行為，從而促進行動者的利益。這說明在美國菁英中對於資訊戰的形式和目的有大致一致的認識，即透過多種方式影響目標對象的認知系統。此前，美國雖然主要採用網路防禦和攻擊，有針對性地打擊對手的網路設施，但隨著國際環境和美國綜合實力的變化，美國逐步將資訊戰的作戰領域和目標轉移到對象國的認知系統，以營造更有利於美國的國際環境。

資訊戰是美國國家戰略的重要組成部分，隨戰略調整而變化

資訊戰是美國國家戰略的重要組成部分，也是實現其國家戰略目標的重要手段。當今時代是資訊化時代，資訊與資訊科技不僅決定社會變革的方向，同時也是影響國家間競爭的關鍵因素。國家依據外部環境和自身實力的變化調整國家戰略，而資訊戰的內容、特徵、方式和領域也會隨之改變。

歐巴馬政府在2016年推出了名為《網路安全國家行動計畫》的網路安全策略，其主要內容包括：創新和保護網絡，預防網路犯罪，加強網路安全教育，增強國際合作與加強政府網路安全管理。在這段時期，美國政府在資訊戰上主要是防範對手的網路攻擊，保護自身的網路設施和安全。在2018年9月，川普政府也頒布了《國家網路安全戰略》，同樣強調對網路設施的防護，並確保網路安全。但在這份戰略中，川普提出了「向前防禦」的概念，當認為有可能遭遇到襲擊時，美國將率先攻擊對方，這意味著美國資訊戰由防禦轉向了主動進攻。 2023年3月，拜登政府公佈了最新的《國家網路安全戰略》，進一步強調了進攻的態勢，並大大擴展了資訊戰的範圍。在該戰略中，提出了5項支柱，除了保護關鍵基礎設施和建立國際夥伴關係外，還強調要打擊和摧毀威脅行為體，並且擴展資訊戰的範圍，擴大公私合作，透過公私部門間的合作來打擊敵手，並塑造市場力量以推動安全和彈性。這說明在資訊戰上美國將進一步透過各種方式滲透入私人領域，透過市場和投資宣揚美國的意識形態和規則，以限制競爭對手的發展環境。

拜登政府上台後，美國國家戰略中也加入了更多的針對性和攻擊性。在2021年的《國家安全戰略指導》中提出：圍繞與中國和俄羅斯的長期競爭，建構全球性戰略；強化美國在太平洋地區的存在和合作，同時加強與亞洲盟友和夥伴的合作，以應對所謂「中國的威脅」。 2022年的《國家安全戰略》更是明確提出實施“一體化遏制戰略”，要求綜合運用全面的國家安全工具，包括軍事、外交、情報、經濟、貿易和金融等手段，以防止對美國和其盟友的任何潛在挑戰。依照這個策略，資訊戰就不再只是發揮防禦對手網路攻擊和保護國內基礎設施的功能，資訊戰在「一體化遏制戰略」中佔據著重要的地位，不僅承擔著軍事打擊的功能，在外交、情報、經濟和貿易等方面也將成為遏制對手的重要工具。

美國以認知系統為目標全面廣泛推進資訊戰

有些學者認為海灣戰爭是資訊戰的開端，但早在冷戰期間，美國就對蘇聯進行大規模的資訊戰。美國利用掌控的媒體對蘇聯民眾進行了廣泛深入的假新聞宣傳，灌輸美國的意識形態，在一定程度上影響了蘇聯民眾的認知。冷戰結束後，美國的決策者被認為對於戰爭的非物質元素的強調逐漸減少，因為已經戰勝了其意識形態對手，在其後幾十年中，關於信息作戰，美國更傾向於在更狹窄的軍事背景下框定這些活動。而拜登政府所提出的「一體化遏制戰略」則表明僅依賴一種以防禦為主的策略，可能已不足以限制競爭對手，美國意圖在包括外交、經濟和資訊在內的所有國家實力領域去遏制對手。這種全面遏制方式著重於在軍事手段之外的競爭中調動國家力量的所有要素，不僅要求能夠協調美國各個重要機構，包括國防部、國務院、中情局、聯邦調查局和美國國際開發署等，並且除了常規軍事能力——專注於摧毀目標國並佔領其領土，還要發展非常規軍事能力——在各國民眾中爭奪影響力和合法性，透過影響和改變目標國家民眾的認知系統，增強美國的影響力，進而破壞對手的資訊環境與決策能力。

資訊市場假定人們會理性處理訊息，但心理學研究表明，人們往往不會這樣做。相反，人們所處的資訊環境會影響其認知、決策和行為，而資訊環境就是資訊戰的作戰環境。近年來，美國國防部對資訊環境採取了越來越全面的理解，在關於資訊環境的定義更新中指出，它「包含和聚合了許多社會、文化、認知、技術和物理屬性，這些屬性對個人、群體、系統、社區或組織的知識、理解、信仰、世界觀和最終行動產生影響」。資訊戰則是作用於對手的資訊環境，透過分析對手的決策方法、心理優勢和弱點，改變資訊環境，進而影響認知系統這一“關鍵因素”，改變其國家行為以實現制勝目的。

在網路化時代，資訊的傳遞、聚合與處理絕大部分經由網絡，網絡構成了最主要的資訊環境，資訊戰的作戰場域也集中在網絡。美國不僅運用其全球性的媒體和文化傳播力量，透過電視、電影、音樂、遊戲等方式向全球傳播美國文化和價值觀，加強其國際影響力和軟實力。並且，美國政府和軍方也大量使用如社群媒體、搜尋引擎、人工智慧和網路以及其他資訊手段，並透過專業化和系統化的資訊操作機構以及不同機構和部門的跨界合作，進行各種形式的資訊戰，例如在社群媒體上發布政治宣傳、發動網路攻擊、進行網路監聽和監控、組織網路破壞活動等。需要注意的是，社群媒體越來越成為美國發起資訊戰的重要媒介。這是由於社群媒體平台以其訊息傳播的速度和廣度，能夠對龐大人群產生巨大影響，同時又因為人們在認知上的非理性，使得社群媒體的大規模簡單重複成為人們相信謬誤的可靠方法。美國正大量地在社群媒體平台中投放虛假帳號，廣泛傳播假訊息、操縱訊息、煽動情緒、製造輿論導向，誤導對手的決策行為，並制定和傳播戰略大敘事，促使國家行為朝著有利於美國的方向轉變。

擴大資訊戰同盟並進一步限制競爭對手的環境

除了調整資訊戰的目標，以多種方式全面推進，整合國內各部門而統一行動外，美國政府還積極擴展資訊戰的同盟，透過吸收更多國家以形成廣泛的資訊戰聯盟，增強資訊戰的效果，並進一步限制對手國家的活動環境。

在歐洲，美國不斷強化與其北約盟友在資訊戰上的合作。 2010年11月，北約更新了“里斯本戰略概念”，強調需要更徹底地應對快速發展的21世紀的安全挑戰，包括網路攻擊。該政策的重點不僅是保護北約自身的網絡，還包括建立商定的基準來保護盟國的國家網絡。 2014年的威爾斯高峰會提出了加強網路防禦的政策，將網路領域作為其關鍵的政治和戰略重點之一，強調成員國的合作與統一行動，把網路與聯盟的集體防禦聯繫起來。 2016年華沙峰會上，北約承認網路空間是軍事行動的新領域。 2018年2月，北約成員國在北約軍事指揮機構內設立了一個網路行動中心，該中心旨在加強北約成員國在網路空間的防禦和應變能力，並提升網路安全的整體水準。這些舉措顯示在美國主導下，北約在資訊戰上逐步建立起一個強大的網路合作平台。在這一平台的基礎上，美國將更為全面且跨領域地實施資訊戰。在烏克蘭危機中，美國及其盟友就利用這個平台，為烏克蘭提供網路防禦，並實施大量的網路攻擊，也利用網路散播各種虛假訊息，歪曲和塑造對俄羅斯不利的國家形象。

在亞洲，在原有的軍事同盟基礎上，美國為維持其在印度—太平洋地區的利益，不斷深化其安全聯盟，大力推動「美、日、印、澳」組成的四國機制，深化與印度的​​關係，努力促進美、日、韓三邊合作，進一步推廣有利於美國的網路規則和擴展美國主導的同盟。這使得美國可以更為便利地在同盟國家的網絡中安插信息操作人員，在多個網絡中散佈有利於美國的信息，塑造美國主導的信息環境，以形成在信息環境上對競爭國家的排斥和限制。同時，這個跨國網絡仍在不斷擴展，美國的網路標準和規範不斷在其他國家得以實施，這為美國政府和軍方滲入這些網路並實施資訊戰提供了極大助益。美國也積極與東協國家及其個別成員國，包括印尼、新加坡和越南等國接觸，在網路擴展上取得了一定的成效。儘管這些國家在治理體系和技術能力上存在差異，並且存在競爭性國內優先事項，但東協成為發展中國家中第一個採用一致的電子商務法律框架的地區，他們採用了美國國家標準技術研究所

（NIST）的網路安全框架作為全球通用語言，以與不同產業部門和其他國家溝通。

2022年2月，拜登政府推出了新的《印太戰略》，這是拜登政府發布的首份，也是美國政府發布的第二份印太戰略。該戰略提出了促進印太地區的自由開放、區域安全和繁榮等五大政策目標，也提出了「一體化遏制」策略。對於中國，《印太戰略》指出「我們的目標不是改變中國，而是塑造其運作的戰略環境」。尤其是在這樣一個媒體時代，訊息的傳遞和發布更加方便，我們更需要重視資訊戰的重要性。在這方面，我們也可能需要更精確地抓住群眾的心理訴求和情感需求。以國家病毒緊急處理中心和360公司發布的最新報告為例，針對CIA對我國發起的高度體系化、智慧化、隱蔽化的網路攻擊，境內政府機構、科研院校、工業企業和商業機構如何快速「看見」並第一時間進行處置尤為重要。報告建議，為有效應對迫在眉睫的網路和現實威脅，我們在採用自主可控國產化設備的同時，應盡快組織開展APT攻擊的自檢自查工作，並逐步建立起長效的防禦體系，實現全面系統化防治，抵禦高階威脅攻擊。

隨著美國資訊戰的不斷推進，塑造環境的意義得以彰顯，即不僅是在政治、經濟和軍事上對中國進行遏制，同時在網路和資訊上也要「塑造」中國的活動環境。對中國而言，面對在新冠疫情和烏克蘭危機衝擊下更為複雜嚴峻的國際局勢以及美國不斷推進的信息戰策略，應該做好以下應對：首先，加強網絡和信息安全建設提高自身信息安全水平，防備對網路設施和關鍵基礎設施的攻擊。警惕網路和媒體中的假訊息傳播，追溯傳播源頭，防範大規模假帳號所進行的資訊散播和有意識地對民眾認知系統的引導。其次，持續推動高水準的改革開放，積極發展對外貿易，進一步加強與世界各國的經濟聯繫。這是防範美國「一體化遏制」和資訊戰最有效的策略。在對外交往中講好中國故事，讓世界更了解中國，透過廣泛交流和加強經濟互賴，促進和其他國家的互信與合作。再次，堅持經濟發展。發展經濟是中華民族復興的必要條件，同時也是國家的核心任務。透過經濟發展也可以讓世界更清楚、形象化地理解中國方案和中國道路，進而更有效地防禦資訊戰中的假訊息和訊息扭曲。最後，在中美關係上，中國在守住底線、防止衝突的同時，也可以建立和恢復某些重要領域或重要團體的交往與合作，增加和積累信任，並進​​一步擴展合作，分化和緩解美國的一體化遏制戰略。

（作者為山東大學當代社會主義研究所教授、山東大學國家治理研究院研究員、山東大學南亞研究所研究員）

【參考文獻】

①劉勃然、魏秀明：《美國網路資訊安全戰略：發展歷程、演進特徵與實質》，《遼寧大學學報（哲學社會會科學版）》，2019年第3期。

②黃迎馨：《資訊戰及其發展》，《情報指揮控制系統與模擬技術》，2000年第6期。

③盧新德：《論美國資訊安全戰略的擴張性》，《當代亞太》，2005年第7期。

④劉曉元、龐波：《美軍資訊戰人才培養透視及其啟示》，《高等教育研究期刊》，2005年第3期。

⑤[日]小繩國雄，江新鳳編譯：《IT革命與美日海軍發展》，《國際展望》，2001年第15期。

⑥吳非、李旋：《地緣政治博弈下俄美訊息戰中的媒體角色》，《對外傳播》，2022年第6期。

⑦楊光斌等：《動盪變革期的時代特徵》，《世界經濟與政治》，2023年第2期。

原始中國政府資源：http://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/html/2023-10/09/content_26023698.htm

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese People’s Liberation Army Analysis of How Their Military Implements Strategic & Tactical Warfare

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中國人民解放軍分析軍隊如何執行戰略戰術戰

現代漢語音譯：

To implement the general principle of “the CMC is in overall control, the theater commands are responsible for combat, and the services are responsible for construction,” the services need to accurately grasp the interaction between combat and construction, strengthen coordination with the theater commands, and form a work pattern with clear rights and responsibilities, positive interaction, smooth and efficient operations. They should focus their main tasks, main responsibilities, and main energy on building and managing the troops. They should always adhere to the principles of leading construction in accordance with combat, building for combat, managing for combat, and using construction to promote combat, comprehensively improve the level of practical military training, and provide theater commands with high-quality combat forces.

Get the coordinates of building for war

The coordinates are the direction of the times for building for war. Only when the direction is clear can the construction be accelerated according to the track. Entering the new era, the firepower intensity, mobility speed, strike accuracy and intelligence level of weapons and equipment have greatly increased, the battlefield space has been continuously expanded, the coupling of combat operations has become closer, and the battlefield situation has changed more rapidly. Wars have gradually shown the characteristics of platform combat, system support, tactical operations, and strategic guarantees. In particular, the use of intelligent, stealth, and unmanned combat, as well as aerospace forces, new concept weapons, and highly effective destructive ammunition have fundamentally changed the concept of war time and space. The war form has accelerated the evolution from mechanized informationization to informationization and intelligence, and intelligent warfare has begun to emerge. The main construction of the military service should be the combat effectiveness of informationized warfare with intelligent characteristics, rather than the combat effectiveness of mechanized warfare. The military service should focus on informationized warfare with intelligent characteristics, turn its attention to intelligent military transformation, fully imagine the future war form, scale, intensity, spatial region, etc., and use concepts that transcend the times to lead the construction vision forward and forward; it is necessary to deeply study the victory mechanism, scientifically judge, and build what kind of troops are needed to win future wars, so as to be targeted.

Find the right target for construction

The target is not only a beacon of construction and development, but also a scale to test combat effectiveness. Only by setting up the correct target can the military build for war and guide the innovation and development of weapons and equipment, system organization and combat theory without deformation or distortion. The military builds for war, and the enemy is not an ordinary opponent, but a strong enemy in the world military game. This requires the military to build for war, and it must lock on the strong enemy, insist on focusing all its attention on defeating the strong enemy, and work hard to defeat the strong enemy. Closely aiming at the world’s first-class standards, the focus should be on firmly grasping the characteristics of future combat systems and system confrontations, exploring standardized and modular construction issues, and forming an integrated and linked system combat capability; focusing on the requirements of all-domain operations, focusing on tackling realistic issues such as rapid response, long-range delivery, and integrated support, and building a strong rapid and mobile cross-domain action capability. We must seize the key of balancing strong enemies, strengthen targeted research on strong enemies, focus on building what the enemy fears, and develop more things that can balance strong enemies. We must strive to have a chance of winning in battles, bargaining chips in negotiations, and confidence in deterrence. We must focus on solving bottleneck problems such as the construction of new forces of the military, the use of high-tech equipment, and information and intelligent integration, and comprehensively build a world-class military.

Innovation and construction as the forerunner of the war

Theory is the forerunner of practice, and scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Whoever can grasp the pulse of future war development and possess superb war design capabilities will win the initiative in war and even the final victory. The military should build for war, and it cannot just go wherever it wants. It should put research and construction in a strategic position, carry out forward-looking, targeted, and reserve innovative research, propose new concepts, find new breakthroughs, and form innovative theories that are contemporary, leading, and unique. The military should build for war, and it must focus on the current practice and future development of war, clarify the vertical evolution axis, focus on shaping the future battlefield and changing the research of future combat rules, and promote the reshaping of concepts and the reconstruction of systems as soon as possible; focus on cutting-edge technology and future intelligent war design, and make great efforts to achieve major breakthroughs in new technologies and new forms of war; focus on continuously promoting the development of new concepts such as combat thinking, action style, and capability requirements, and form forward-looking thinking on future combat operations. At the same time, the new theories and concepts should be systematized and concretized, and become a “roadmap” for planning and designing the construction of force systems, the development of weapons and equipment, the transformation of military training, and the training of combat talents. It is necessary to form a closed loop from practice to theory and then from theory to practice, allow military theoretical research to draw rich nutrients from practice, allow advanced and mature theoretical results to enter the military decision-making and practical links, and achieve a virtuous interaction between theory and practice.

Build a hard core of construction for war

Science and technology are the most revolutionary force. Scientific and technological innovation has always been a race against time and speed. If you don’t work hard to innovate, you will fall behind and be beaten. If you innovate slowly, you will also fall behind and be beaten. Today, scientific and technological innovation has become the core strategy for many countries and militaries to seek advantages. The military must pay close attention to the leading role of science and technology in building for war. By integrating the most cutting-edge and even imagined future science and technology into the overall construction plan, it will lead the basic direction of construction and development, and actively explore the scientific and technological innovation path of using the future army to fight a future war with the future enemy; it must implement the strategy of strengthening the military with science and technology, demand combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, vigorously cultivate new scientific and technological growth points, and strive to increase the contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to the development of the combat effectiveness of the military; it must face the world’s scientific and technological frontiers, the main battlefields of the future, and the major needs of combat, accelerate the pace of innovation, and plan and demonstrate that one item must be launched, especially to let disruptive technology run ahead, strive to run faster, and win new advantages. Obviously, talent is the key to building a hard core for war. Talent is the most difficult preparation. Whoever has more high-quality new military talents will be able to gain or gain more winning opportunities on the battlefield in the future. We must accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the requirements for military transformation and construction, so as to train the talents needed for war and prioritize the talents that are most in short supply, so that the supply side of talent training can be accurately matched with the demand side of future battlefields.

Laying a solid foundation for building for war

Fighting is hard-hitting, while training is practical. The root of “war” lies in “construction”, and the foundation of “construction” lies in “training”. Military training, as the regular and central work of the troops, is not only the basic way to generate and improve combat effectiveness, but also the most direct preparation for military struggle. In the new era, the form of war is accelerating towards informationization and intelligence, the mission and tasks of the army are constantly expanding, the level of informationization and intelligence of weapons and equipment is gradually improving, and the conditions for training support are gradually improving. It is urgent for the services to comprehensively upgrade their combat capabilities from considering the interaction of multiple fields such as the form of war, combat methods, weapons and equipment, and personnel quality, to analyzing the influence of many factors such as known and unknown, possible and impossible, and possible and impossible. To build for war, we must focus on training against strong enemies, practice reconnaissance, coordination, equipment, and support around the progress of the real enemy situation, practice strong force deployment, practice fast battlefield construction, practice real equipment data, and practice strong support support; we must aim at the latest enemy situation in multiple fields such as land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace, and carry out real, difficult, strict, and practical full-element training in the re-enactment of the scene, “fight” with strong enemies, and let the troops hone their skills and strengthen their strength in the real confrontation; we must pursue extreme training, constantly impact the limits of people and equipment, so that the physiological and psychological limits of officers and soldiers, the performance limits of equipment, and the combat effectiveness limits of the combination of people and weapons can be fully exerted. Only by using “forced to the extreme, difficult to the extreme” training to present all shortcomings and weaknesses and overcome them can we cope with the most brutal battlefield. Some tactics and methods trained beyond the limit are often the key move and fatal blow to defeat the enemy in actual combat.

Do a good job in coupling construction with combat

The fundamental purpose of war and construction is to be able to fight and win. We must accelerate the realization of functional coupling under the new system and work together to accelerate the generation of combat effectiveness. To build an army that adapts to future combat needs is to build troops that can complete future combat tasks and have corresponding combat capabilities. Combat requirements are the specific embodiment of such task requirements and capabilities. Construction for war should be based on the needs of fulfilling missions and tasks, and should be designed in advance for future combat military needs. Military needs should be used to guide various military constructions, and combat needs should be continuously refined and dynamically adjusted to promote the coupling of war and construction. By strengthening the demonstration and research of future combat needs and making good top-level planning, we can grasp the direction and focus of military construction in general, consider the comprehensive development of military weapons and equipment and personnel quality from a strategic height and long-term development, clarify the focus, insist on doing what we should do and not doing what we should not do, concentrate on developing strategic and key projects, give priority to emergency operations, correctly handle the primary and secondary, urgent and slow, light and heavy aspects of military construction, firmly grasp the main and key aspects, and promote coordinated and coordinated military construction, scientific and reasonable, standardized and orderly, and sustainable development. Scientific combat effectiveness assessment can not only scientifically and specifically understand the composition and strength of one’s own combat effectiveness, but also help to take targeted measures to promote the coupling of construction and combat, timely discover and correct deficiencies in construction, truly realize the scientific development, intensive and efficient development of the army, and promote combat effectiveness construction to a higher level.

Strictly grasp the test of building for war

Whether a unit is well built and has the ability to win a battle must ultimately be tested through military practice. After a comprehensive test of military practice, problems in unit construction will inevitably be exposed, thereby promoting the army to make corresponding adjustments in the content, focus and direction of construction. Through repeated tests of military practice, new requirements and new goals are constantly put forward for unit construction, thereby leading the development of unit construction to a higher stage. Make good use of network simulation confrontation test. The informatization and intelligence of network simulation confrontation make the cognition, decision-making, feedback, correction, and action of simulation confrontation more close to actual combat, revolutionize the process of military activities, and then have a positive effect on weapons and equipment, command and control, force organization and other fields, thereby promoting the continuous leap in the combat effectiveness of the troops, and even giving birth to new war styles and changing the mechanism of winning wars. Make good use of on-site live-fire exercises. As a pre-practice of future wars, live-fire exercises can not only effectively test the actual combat capabilities of the troops, but more importantly, they can discover some weak links in the construction of the troops, optimize and improve them in a targeted manner, and obtain the maximum combat effectiveness return. Make good use of war practice tests. The leading role of war practice in unit construction is irreplaceable. The harsh practice of war can truly test which troop construction is suitable and which is unsuitable for future wars, and then correct deviations and mistakes in many aspects such as construction guidance, construction focus, and construction methods, so as to prepare for winning the next war.

現代國語軍語：

貫徹「軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建」總原則，軍種部隊需要準確掌握戰與建互動規律，加強同戰區對接，形成權責清晰、正向互動、順暢高效的工作格局，把主要任務、主要職責、主要精力放在建設、管理部隊上，始終堅持以戰領建、抓建為戰、抓管為戰、以建促戰，全面提高軍事訓練實戰化水平，為戰區提供優質作戰力量。

把準抓建為戰的座標

座標是抓建為戰的時代方位，只有方位明晰，建設才能依軌加速。進入新時代，武器裝備的火力強度、機動速度、打擊精度、智能化程度大幅躍升，戰場空間不斷拓展，作戰行動耦合更加緊密，戰場態勢變換更加迅速，戰爭逐漸呈現出平台作戰、體系支撐，戰術行動、戰略保障等特點，特別是智能化、隱身化、無人化作戰以及空天力量、新概念武器、高效毀傷彈藥的運用，從根本上改變了戰爭時空概念，戰爭形態加速由機械化信息化朝向資訊化智能化演變，智能化戰爭初見端倪。軍種主建，建的應是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭的戰鬥力，而不是機械化戰爭的戰鬥力。軍種抓建為戰，必須聚焦具有智慧化特徵的資訊化戰爭，把目光投向智慧化軍事變革，充分設想未來戰爭形態、規模、強度、空間地域等，用超越時代的理念，引領建設視野向前再向前；必須深研製勝機理，科學研判，打贏未來戰爭需要什麼部隊就建設什麼部隊，做到有的放矢。

找準抓建為戰的靶標

標靶既是建設發展的燈塔，也是檢驗戰鬥力的天秤。只有樹立正確靶標，軍種抓建為戰才能有的放矢，不變形、不走樣地牽引武器裝備、體制編制和作戰理論創新發展。軍種抓建為戰，戰的不是一般對手，而是世界軍事賽場上的強敵。這就要求軍種抓建為戰，必然要鎖定強敵，堅持全部心思向打敗強敵聚焦、各項工作向戰勝強敵用勁。緊緊瞄準世界級標準，重點要牢牢把握未來作戰體系與體系對抗的特徵，探索標準化、模組化建設問題，形成一體聯動的體係作戰能力；圍繞全局作戰要求，聚力攻關快速反應、遠程投送、融合保障等現實課題，建強快速機動跨域行動能力。抓住制衡強敵這個關鍵，加強對強敵的針對性研究，堅持敵人怕什麼就重點建什麼，發展什麼能製衡強敵就多備幾手，力求做到戰有勝算、談有籌碼、懾有底氣，著力解決軍種新型力量建設、高新裝備運用、資訊智慧整合等瓶頸問題，全面建成世界一流軍隊。

創新抓建為戰的先導

理論是實踐的先導​​，科學的軍事理論就是戰鬥力。誰能把準未來戰爭的發展脈動、擁有高超的戰爭設計能力，誰就能贏得戰爭的主動權甚至最後的勝利。軍種抓建為戰，不能走到哪算哪，要把研戰謀建擺在戰略位置，開展前瞻性、針對性、儲備性創新研究，提出新概念、尋找新突破，形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的創新理論。軍種抓建為戰，必須著眼戰爭當前實踐和未來發展，理清縱向演進軸線，把重點放在塑造未來戰場、改變未來作戰規則研究上，盡快推動觀念重塑、體系重構；放在聚焦前沿科技領域、未來智慧化戰爭設計上，下氣力在戰爭新技術、新形態方面實現重大突破；放在持續推進作戰思想、行動樣式、能力需求等新概念的開發上，形成對未來作戰行動的前瞻性思考。同時把新理論新概念體系化、具體化，成為規劃設計力量體系建構、武器裝備發展、軍事訓練轉變、作戰人才培育的「路線圖」。要形成從實踐到理論、再從理論到實踐的閉環迴路，讓軍事理論研究從實踐中汲取豐厚養分，讓先進成熟的理論成果進入軍事決策和實踐環節，實現理論和實踐良性互動。

打造抓建為戰的硬核

科技是最具革命性的力量。科技創新歷來是與時間和速度的賽跑。不努力創新就會落後挨打，創新速度慢了也同樣會落後挨打。今天，科技創新已成為許多國家和軍隊尋求優勢的核心策略。軍種抓建為戰，必須高度關注科技引領作用的發揮，透過把當前最前沿甚至是設想中的未來科學技術融入建設整體規劃之中，引領建設發展的基本方向，積極探索用未來的我軍與未來的敵人打一場未來戰爭的科技創新路徑；必須落實科技強軍戰略，向科技創新要戰鬥力，大力培育新的科技增長點，著力提高科技創新對軍種戰鬥力發展的貢獻率；必鬚麵向世界科技前沿、面向未來主要戰場、面向作戰重大需求，加快創新速度，規劃論證好一項就要上馬一項，特別是要讓顛覆性技術跑在前面，力爭跑出加速度，贏得新優勢。顯然，打造抓建為戰的硬核，人才是關鍵。人才是最艱鉅的準備，誰擁有更多高素質新型軍事人才，誰就能在未來戰場上提早獲得或多獲得一些致勝先機。要準確掌握現代戰爭特徵規律和軍種轉型建設要求，做到打仗需要什麼人才就培養什麼人才、什麼人才最緊缺就優先鍛造什麼人才，使人才培養供給側同未來戰場需求側精準對接。

夯實抓建為戰的根基

打仗硬碰硬，訓練實打實。 「戰」的根本在於「建」，「建」的基礎在於「練」。軍事訓練作為部隊的經常性中心工作，既是產生和提高戰鬥力的基本途徑，也是最直接的軍事鬥爭準備。新時代，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化發展，軍隊使命任務不斷拓展，武器裝備資訊化智能化水準逐步提高，訓練保障條件逐步改善，迫切需要軍種部隊從考慮戰爭形態、作戰方法、武器裝備、人員素質等多個領域的相互作用，到分析已知與未知、可能與不可能、可為與不可為等諸多因素的影響，全面升級實戰能力。抓建為戰，必須聚焦強敵練兵，圍繞真實敵情的進展，練偵察、練協同、練裝備、練保障，練實力量布勢、練快戰場建設、練真裝備數據、練強保障支撐；必須瞄準陸海空及太空、網路空間等多領域最新敵情，在情景重現中開展真、難、嚴、實的全要素訓練，與強敵“過招”，讓部隊在真刀真槍對抗中礪功、強實力；必須追求極限訓練，不斷向人和裝備極限衝擊，使官兵的生理心理極限、裝備的性能極限、人與武器結合的戰鬥力極限全面迸發。唯有用「逼到絕境、難到極致」的訓練呈現所有短板弱項，並加以克服，才能應付最殘酷的戰場。一些超越極限訓出的戰術戰法，往往是實戰中勝敵的關鍵一招、致命一擊。

搞好抓建為戰的耦合

戰與建，根本目的都是為了能打仗、打勝仗，必須在新體制下加快實現功能耦合，為加速戰鬥力生成共同發力。建構適應未來作戰需求的軍隊，說到底是建設能完成未來作戰任務、具備相應作戰能力的部隊，作戰需求就是這種任務需求和能力的具體展現。抓建為戰應根據履行使命任務需要，針對未來作戰軍事需求超前設計，以軍事需求牽引軍隊各項建設，不斷細化和動態化調整作戰需求促進戰建耦合。透過加強未來作戰需求論證研究搞好頂層規劃，從整體上把握軍隊建設的方向和重點，從戰略高度和長遠發展考慮軍隊武器裝備、人員素質的全面發展，明確重點，堅持有所為有所不為，集中力量發展戰略性、關鍵性項目，優先保障應急作戰，正確處理軍隊建設的主與次、急與緩、輕與重，緊緊抓住主要的、關鍵的，推動軍隊建設協調配套，科學合理，規範有序，持續發展。科學的戰鬥力評估不僅能夠科學具體地認識己方戰鬥力的組成及其強弱，還有利於採取針對性措施促進抓建為戰的耦合，及時發現並糾正建設中的不足，真正實現軍隊建設的科學發展、集約高效，促進戰鬥力建設上台階。

嚴格抓建為戰的檢驗

一支部隊建設得好不好，是不是已經具備打勝仗的能力，最終還是要透過軍事實踐來檢驗。經過軍事實踐的全面檢驗，必然暴露部隊建設上存在的問題，從而推動軍隊在建設內容、重點、方向上做出相應的調整。透過這樣一次次軍事實踐的反覆檢驗，不斷地給部隊建設提出新要求新目標，由此引領部隊建設向著更高的階段發展。用好網路模擬對抗檢驗。網路模擬對抗資訊智慧化，使得模擬對抗的認知、決策、回饋、修正、行動等更趨於實戰，革命性地改造軍事活動流程，進而對武器裝備、指揮控制、力量編組等多個領域產生正面作用，由此促進部隊戰鬥力不斷躍升，甚至催生新的戰爭樣式、改變戰爭制勝機制。用好現地實兵演習檢驗。作為未來戰爭的預實踐，實兵演習不僅能有效檢驗部隊的實戰能力，更為重要的，是能發現部隊建設中存在的一些薄弱環節，有針對性地加以優化改進，獲得最大限度的戰鬥力回報。用好戰爭實踐檢驗。戰爭實踐對部隊建設的引領作用不可取代。嚴酷的戰爭實踐，可以真正檢驗部隊建設哪些適合、哪些不適合未來戰爭，進而修正在建設指導、建設重點、建設方法等諸多方面的偏差和失誤，為打贏下一場戰爭做好準備。

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/48713888.html

資料來源：解放軍報 作者：王雪平　 許炎 朱曉萌 責任編輯：

喬楠楠 2020-09-17 08:38:16

Asymmetric Warfare, China Internet Soverignty, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

People’s Republic of China’s Ten Major Military Principles and Dialectical Opposition Intent for Adversaries

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中華人民共和國十大軍事原則與辯證對敵意圖

現代英語音譯:

July 28, 2022 08:14 Source: People’s Liberation Army Daily

People’s Liberation Army Daily – China Military Network

Editor’s note

The Ten Military Principles are our Party’s scientific summary of the practical experience of the People’s Army in combat during the revolutionary war years. They are a concentrated reflection of Comrade Mao Zedong’s profound military thought and the commanding art of using troops like a god. They embody the basic principles and tactics of the People’s War strategy and tactics. The methodological principle of seeking truth from facts is full of materialism and dialectics, and has vitality that spans time and space. It is the historical responsibility of our generation of soldiers to continue to inherit the winning magic weapon of the people’s army. Of course, all military principles are moving forward. Today, when intelligent warfare has gradually become a new form of warfare, this article focuses on the ten major military principles, summarizes and sorts out the dialectical implications and enlightenment of the times in nine aspects, and provides readers with reference.

Strategic contempt and tactical attention

Operational judgment is the prerequisite for planning operations. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that we must despise the enemy strategically and attach great importance to the enemy tactically. Strategic contempt and tactical attention are a complete idea. The first is to strategically despise the enemy, dare to fight against them, and dare to win. At the same time, we must pay attention to the enemy tactically, adopt a cautious attitude, and pay attention to the art of struggle. If you cannot see the weak side of the enemy and cannot despise the enemy strategically, then paying attention to the enemy tactically may become a fear of the enemy; if you ignore the strong side of the enemy and ignore the enemy tactically, despising the enemy strategically will become underestimating the enemy. Recognizing the dual nature of struggle and preventing one tendency from overshadowing the other is the key to defeating the enemy. The victory in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was a victory in which our army despised the enemy strategically and paid attention to the enemy tactically. It was a victory in which our army had the courage to fight and was good at fighting.

In today’s era, a century of changes and a century’s epidemic are superimposed on each other, and the strategic game between countries has become more intense. We must always remain clear-headed and determined, defy all dangers and difficulties, organically combine strategic contempt for the enemy with tactical attention to the enemy, and deal with the enemy. Be fully prepared for all possible situations, be neither afraid of nor underestimate the enemy, dare to fight and be good at winning.

Careful preparation and cautious initial battle

Combat preparation is the basis for winning the battle. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we should never fight an unprepared battle or a battle that we are not sure of; he called for caution in the first battle, believing that the victory or defeat in the first battle would have a great impact on the overall situation of the war, and it would be especially important for the army at a disadvantage or in a defensive position. Long-term war practice tells us that the more complex and difficult the situation, the more detailed the preparation for combat is to analyze the strength and situation of friends and foes, and to put ourselves in their shoes and analyze what the opponent will think and do. In particular, we should strive to be prepared for every battle, anticipate the most difficult and dangerous possible situations, and strive to be sure of victory under the contrasting conditions between the enemy and ourselves. The Battle of Yijiangshan Island was our army’s first three-service joint operation. The planning of the battle lasted for several years, and the preparation for the battle lasted for more than 2 months. It is an example of careful preparation and cautious initial battle.

In today’s era, China, which is at a critical stage of development from big to strong, faces complex and diverse challenges. This requires us to strengthen the concept of combat readiness, improve the ability to win, be prepared for war at any time, and truly carry out construction, development, and preparation for war in accordance with the standards of war. We must anticipate the most difficult and complex situations and treat such situations as The starting point for all combat preparations is to make sufficient and detailed preparations and formulate a comprehensive plan for integrated implementation, so as to achieve the goal of winning if we do not fight and win if we fight.

Destroy enemies and capture places

The purpose of combat is the core of implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that the main goal be to annihilate the enemy’s effective forces and not to defend or capture cities and places. He vividly pointed out that for a person, it is better to cut off one of his ten fingers than to hurt him; for the enemy, it is better to annihilate one of his divisions than to defeat his ten divisions. When the enemy is large and we are small, the enemy is strong and we are weak, it is generally impossible to achieve the two goals of annihilating the enemy and seizing the place at the same time. Only after annihilating the enemy’s effective strength can the place be finally defended or captured. Therefore, annihilating the enemy is a means to seize territory, and seizing territory is the result of annihilating the enemy. Therefore, annihilating the enemy should be the first priority, and consolidating the territory second. During the Yan’an Defense War, the Party Central Committee resolutely withdrew from Yan’an, and while annihilating the effective strength of the Kuomintang army on a large scale, it realized the strategic concept of “save people and lose land, and save both people and land”.

In today’s era, system breaking and precise victory are becoming key words in modern combat theory. We must change the traditional operational thinking of annihilating the enemy and seizing territory, and regard the pursuit of deterrence effects and depriving the enemy of combat power as important operational options. We must step up efforts to forge capabilities and means to seize comprehensive control and take the initiative on the battlefield, so as to destroy the enemy’s key support elements and deprive them of their combat power. The objective material basis for its continued operations and the operational purpose of disintegrating its will to carry out war.

Pay attention to the overall situation and grasp the key points

Combat guidance is the criterion for controlling combat. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that the overall situation and the local part of a war are the unity of opposites. The key to combat guidance is to unify focusing on the overall situation and grasping the key points, “seizing the strategic key point to deploy the campaign, and seizing the operational key point to deploy the battle.” Only in this way can the war situation be effectively promoted in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. In particular, a weak army must follow the objective laws of the development of things, start from the local area, and continue to accumulate the quantity of local victories to cause a qualitative leap and achieve overall changes. In the long-term revolutionary war, our army was good at firmly grasping strategic pivots to promote the development of the war situation, and firmly grasping the main contradictions to promote the transformation of contradictions. Only then did our army turn from passive to active, and from disadvantage to advantage. In the Liaoshen Campaign, our army made comprehensive considerations and decided to “attack Jinzhou first”, which effectively promoted the battle process and won the victory.

In today’s era, wars are becoming more and more hybrid, security threats are complex, diverse and multi-dimensional, and they are characterized by multi-domain linkage. Changes in war practice require us to consider the overall situation and the overall situation in operational guidance, focus on the actual situation on the battlefield, coordinate the struggle in the main strategic direction and other strategic directions, coordinate the military struggle in the traditional security field and the new security field, and coordinate the political, The economic, diplomatic, military, cultural, public opinion and other fronts realize the mutual superposition and accumulation of combat effects, forming an overall emergence of anti-hybrid warfare capabilities and ensuring the strategic goal of complete victory.

Fight weak enemies first and strong enemies later

The focus of operations is the key to implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we must first attack dispersed and isolated enemies, and then attack concentrated and powerful enemies. In the practice of long-term revolutionary wars, our army is often at a disadvantage in terms of quantity, scale and equipment. We must first annihilate the enemies that are isolated, dispersed, weakly defended, and garrisoned in small and medium-sized cities. Then, the enemies that are concentrated, strong, well-garrisoned, and garrisoned in large cities will become weaker. , which creates conditions for the next attack and annihilation. If we attack the strong enemy first, not only will it be difficult to deal with the strong enemy quickly, but the weak enemy will also easily become a strong enemy, which will make us passive. Of course, sometimes when you are really sure, you can also wait for an opportunity to attack a strong enemy first to quickly weaken the enemy’s strategic advantage. In the Battle of Menglianggu, Su Yu made the first attack and completely annihilated the reorganized 74th Division, the “first of the five main forces” of the Kuomintang army. This defeated the Kuomintang army’s key attack on the Shandong Liberated Areas and reversed the strategic situation on the East China battlefield.

In today’s era, war is a confrontation between systems. The fundamental goal of defeating the system is to attack the enemy’s center of gravity and key points. Combat operations must be carried out closely around the enemy’s center of gravity, and the selected targets must be the “keys”, “vital points” and “joints” in the enemy’s entire war system. These enemy targets may be “strong enemies” or “weak enemies” in the traditional sense. However, once they are identified as centers of gravity, all efforts should be concentrated on destroying these centers of gravity in order to paralyze the enemy’s entire combat system and quickly complete the operation. Purpose.

Concentrate and disperse forces

Combat posture is the posture in which troops are deployed. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that operations must focus on eliminating the enemy’s effective strength and concentrate superior forces to annihilate the enemy one by one. The essence of concentrating superior forces is to use forces intensively to obtain local advantages and initiative against the enemy based on the overall needs of the operation and to ensure a decisive victory in the decisive battle. In traditional wars, the concentration of troops is mainly reflected in the concentration of personnel and weapons, relying on quantitative advantages to make up for qualitative deficiencies. In battles, our army’s consistent thinking is to concentrate its absolutely superior forces, adopt roundabout encirclement tactics, and annihilate enemies one by one. The opposite of concentrated force is decentralization or military egalitarianism. Military egalitarianism may result in having neither an overall strength advantage nor a local strength advantage, making it impossible to control the enemy and to be controlled by the enemy. During the Red Army’s fifth counter-campaign against “encirclement and suppression”, the “six-way division of troops” and “all-front resistance” were manifestations of military egalitarianism.

In today’s era, information power, mobility, strike power, etc. have all increased unprecedentedly. Concentrating superior forces requires concentrating and using one’s own advantages in more diverse fields, and more adopting the approach of “dispersed appearance but concentrated spirit, scattered form but combined strength”. Dynamically combine the various combat forces distributed on the multi-dimensional battlefield, rely on the quality accumulation, efficiency integration, and real-time optimization of multiple combat elements to suddenly change the contrast with the opponent’s combat power, forming a hammer effect to defeat the enemy.

Weapons and equipment and fighting spirit

Combat elements are the components of combat strength. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that weapons and equipment are important factors in the victory or defeat of a war, but they are not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not things. He asked the troops to carry forward the style of fighting bravely, not afraid of sacrifice, not afraid of fatigue and continuous fighting. Obviously, war is not only a confrontation of hard power such as weapons and equipment between the opposing parties, but also a competition of soft power such as will and quality. As an important component of combat effectiveness, fighting spirit plays a key role in the outcome of war. Material causes and effects are but the hilt of the knife; spiritual causes and effects are the sharp edge. Why in history has our army been able to defeat powerful enemies one after another and create miracles one after another even if it does not have an advantage in weapons and equipment? One of the most fundamental reasons is that we have the courage to “show swords when facing the enemy, be brave and tenacious” and have the fighting spirit of “not being afraid of hardship and not being afraid of death.”

In today’s era, war forms and combat styles are evolving at an accelerated pace, science and technology have become the core combat effectiveness, and weapons and equipment are becoming more and more important to winning wars. The contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to military construction and combat effectiveness development must be continuously increased. At the same time, we must forge the spiritual edge to defeat the enemy while inheriting the glorious tradition and fine style, and combine advanced science and technology with tenacious will, so that the majority of commanders and soldiers have a high degree of revolutionary consciousness and spirit of self-sacrifice, and master advanced Weapons, equipment and complex military technology form a powerful combat force to achieve victory in every attack and victory.

You hit yours and I hit mine

Combat methods are the carrier of strategy and tactics. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that people should give full play to their conscious initiative and seize the initiative in war. Starting from the overall situation of the revolutionary war, he successively proposed a series of flexible strategies and tactics, such as “Fight if you can win, leave if you can’t”, “You fight yours, I’ll fight mine”, “Mobile warfare, positional warfare, guerrilla warfare”. Cooperate with each other” and so on. This set of strategies and tactics that seek advantages and avoid disadvantages and are flexible and mobile reveals the laws and methods of war guidance for defeating enemies with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raises flexible strategies and tactics to a new level. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, in response to the U.S. military’s strong land and sea support and strong land firepower and mobility, our military emphasized small-scale annihilation wars, which enriched the implementation of annihilation wars. It relied on tunnels to carry out small-scale counterattacks and found a new way to fight positional warfare. .

In today’s era, wars will be carried out in multiple domains simultaneously, and combat operations such as networked and electronic operations, air and space attacks, and unmanned operations are prominent. Proactive, flexible and changeable strategies and tactics are still a weapon to gain the initiative and defeat the enemy. It is necessary to follow the winning mechanism of modern warfare, step up the forging of new quality and new domain combat capability means, flexibly use “total war”, “cognitive warfare”, “cross-domain warfare” and “intelligent warfare” and other tactics to temper dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. Wait for the way of fighting, do not follow the enemy’s routines, focus on the enemy’s weaknesses, use our army’s strengths and strengths to control the battle, and win the victory.

Continuous combat and rest supplement

Combat support is the cornerstone of sustaining operations. Comrade Mao Zedong always believed that the deepest roots of the power of war exist among the people, and that soldiers and people are the foundation of victory. During the long-term revolutionary war, our army’s manpower and material resources supplementation mainly emphasized obtaining them from the enemy and relying on the support of the base areas. At the same time, we used the gaps between campaigns to reorganize and train the troops, improve military and political quality, and enhance the combat effectiveness of the troops. These are all necessary conditions for carrying out another battle. However, in order to prevent the enemy from taking a breather and to inflict continuous blows to the enemy, sometimes even without supplementary rest and recuperation, it is necessary to develop a style of not being afraid of sacrifice or fatigue and achieve continuous operations. Just after the Liaoshen Campaign, the Northeast Field Army changed its plan to use three months to half a year to rest and reorganize its troops. It took a shortcut and quickly sent troops into the pass to participate in the Pingjin Campaign, which changed the battlefield situation in North China in one fell swoop.

In today’s era, in a sense, fighting a war is fighting for security. With the profound changes in the international military competition landscape, national interests and military missions continue to expand, and the time and space span of combat support has expanded dramatically. In particular, the intensity, difficulty, and With the unprecedented increase in speed, we must continue to deepen national defense mobilization, build an integrated national strategic system and capabilities, and form strong war capabilities and war potential that can achieve both quick and lasting strategic victory.

現代繁體中文：

2022年07月28日08:14    來源：解放軍報

原標題：十大軍事原則的辯証意蘊及時代啟示 – 解放軍報 – 中國軍網

編者按

十大軍事原則是革命戰爭年代我們黨對人民軍隊作戰實踐經驗的科學總結，是毛澤東同志博大精深的軍事思想、用兵如神的指揮藝術的集中反映，它所體現的人民戰爭戰略戰術的基本原理和實事求是的方法論原則，充滿了唯物論、洋溢著辯証法，具有跨越時空的生命力。賡續傳承好人民軍隊的制勝法寶，是我們這代軍人的歷史責任。當然，一切軍事原則都是向前發展的，在智能化戰爭逐漸成為新戰爭形態的今天，本文聚焦十大軍事原則，總結梳理了9個方面辯証意蘊及時代啟示，供讀者參考借鑒。

戰略藐視與戰術重視

作戰判斷是籌劃作戰的前提。毛澤東同志指出，要在戰略上藐視敵人和在戰術上重視敵人。戰略藐視與戰術重視是一個完整的思想。首先是要戰略上藐視敵人，敢於同它們斗爭，敢於奪取勝利。同時，在戰術上重視敵人，要採取謹慎態度，講究斗爭藝術。如果看不到敵人脆弱的一面，不能在戰略上藐視敵人，那麼在戰術上重視就可能成了畏敵如虎﹔如果忽視敵人強大的一面，離開戰術上重視敵人，戰略上藐視便成了輕敵。認清斗爭的兩重性，防止一種傾向掩蓋另一種傾向，是克敵制勝的關鍵。抗美援朝戰爭勝利就是我軍戰略上藐視敵人和在戰術上重視敵人的勝利，就是敢於斗爭和善於斗爭的勝利。

當今時代，百年變局與世紀疫情相互疊加，國家間戰略博弈更加激烈，我們要時刻保持清醒和堅定，不畏一切險阻，不怕一切困難，把戰略上藐視敵人同戰術上重視敵人有機結合起來，對各種可能發生的情況做好充分的准備，既不畏敵、亦不輕敵，敢於斗爭、善於勝利。

周密備戰與慎重初戰

作戰准備是贏得作戰的基礎。毛澤東同志強調，不打無准備之仗，不打無把握之仗﹔要求慎重初戰，認為初戰的勝敗對戰爭的全局影響極大，尤其對劣勢或處於防御地位的軍隊更加重要。長期的戰爭實踐告訴我們，越是復雜困難的形勢下，作戰准備越是要細致地分析敵我友的力量、敵我友的情況，並換位思考分析對手會怎麼想、怎麼做。特別是每戰都應力求有准備，必須預計到最困難最危險的各種可能情況，力求在敵我條件對比下有勝利的把握。一江山島戰役，是我軍首次三軍聯合作戰，戰役籌劃長達幾年，戰役准備長達2個多月，是周密備戰與慎重初戰的范例。

當今時代，處在由大向強發展關鍵階段的中國，面臨的挑戰復雜多樣。這要求我們必須強化戰備觀念，提高打贏本領，做好隨時打仗的准備，真正按照打仗的標准搞建設、謀發展、抓備戰﹔必須預計到最困難最復雜的情況，並把這種情況當作一切作戰准備的出發點，做充分細致准備，制訂一體實施的周密計劃，實現不打則已、打則必勝。

殲滅敵人與奪取地方

作戰目的是實施作戰的中心。毛澤東同志要求，以殲滅敵人有生力量為主要目標，不以保守或奪取城市和地方為主要目標。他形象指出，對於人，傷其十指不如斷其一指﹔對於敵，擊潰其十個師不如殲滅其一個師。在敵大我小、敵強我弱條件下，殲滅敵人和奪取地方這兩個目標，一般不可能同時達到。隻有在殲滅敵人有生力量之后，才能最后保守或奪取地方。因此，殲滅敵人是奪取地方的手段，奪取地方是殲滅敵人的結果，所以要殲敵為主、略地次之。延安保衛戰，黨中央毅然撤出延安，在大規模殲滅國民黨軍有生力量的同時實現了“存人失地，人地皆存”的戰略構想。

當今時代，體系破擊、精打制勝等正成為現代作戰理論的關鍵詞。我們必須轉變傳統殲敵奪地的作戰思維，把追求震懾效應、剝奪敵方戰力作為作戰重要選項，加緊鍛造奪控綜合制權、佔據戰場主動的能力手段，達成摧毀敵方作戰關鍵支持要素、剝奪其持續作戰的客觀物質基礎、瓦解其遂行戰爭意志的作戰目的。

關照全局與抓住重點

作戰指導是駕馭作戰的准繩。毛澤東同志指出，戰爭的全局與局部是對立的統一物。作戰指導的關鍵就是把著眼全局與抓住樞紐統一起來，“抓住戰略樞紐去部署戰役，抓住戰役樞紐去部署戰斗”，如此方能切實推動戰局向著有利於己的方向發展。特別是弱小之軍必須遵循事物發展的客觀規律，從局部入手，不斷通過局部勝利的量的積累，以引起質的飛躍，達到全局的變化。在長期的革命戰爭中，我軍善於緊緊抓住戰略樞紐推動戰局發展，緊緊抓住主要矛盾推動矛盾轉化，才使我軍由被動轉為主動、劣勢轉為優勢。遼沈戰役，我軍通盤考量決定“首打錦州”，有力地推動了戰役進程並贏得了勝利。

當今時代，戰爭越來越呈現出混合化態勢，安全威脅復雜多樣多維，並呈現多域聯動的特點。戰爭實踐變化要求我們，作戰指導要通盤考慮、全局考量，從戰場實際出發抓樞紐，統籌好主要戰略方向和其他戰略方向斗爭，統籌好傳統安全領域與新型安全領域的軍事斗爭，統籌好政治、經濟、外交、軍事、文化、輿論等各條戰線，實現作戰效果相互疊加、累積，形成反混合戰爭能力的整體涌現，確保實現全勝的戰略目標。

先打弱敵與后打強敵

作戰重心是實施作戰的要害。毛澤東同志強調，要先打分散和孤立之敵，后打集中和強大之敵。在長期革命戰爭實踐中，我軍在數量、規模和裝備上常常處於劣勢，首先殲滅孤立分散、守備薄弱和據守中小城市之敵，則集中強大、守備堅固和據守大城市之敵即變弱了，這就為下一步攻殲創造了條件。若先打強敵，則不僅強敵難以迅速解決，弱敵也易變成強敵，反而使我方陷入被動。當然，有時在確有把握的情況下，也可伺機先打強敵，以迅速削弱敵方戰略優勢。孟良崮戰役，粟裕首打且全殲國民黨軍“五大主力之首”的整編第74師，挫敗了國民黨軍對山東解放區的重點進攻，扭轉了華東戰場戰略態勢。

當今時代，戰爭是體系與體系的對抗，體系破擊的根本是要打敵重心、要害。作戰行動必須緊緊圍繞打敵重心展開，所選目標必須是敵整個戰爭系統中的“關鍵”“要害”與“關節”。這些敵之目標在傳統意義上可能是“強敵”，也可能是“弱敵”，然而一旦被確定為打擊重心,就應集中全力摧毀這些重心，以毀癱敵整個作戰體系，快速達成作戰目的。

集中兵力與分散兵力

作戰布勢是兵力部署的態勢。毛澤東同志要求，作戰必須著眼於消滅敵人有生力量，集中優勢兵力各個殲滅敵人。集中優勢兵力的實質是根據作戰全局的需要，集中使用兵力以獲得對敵之局部優勢和主動，確保決戰決勝。傳統戰爭中，集中兵力主要體現為人員、武器的規模集中，依靠數量上的優勢來彌補質量上的不足。在戰役戰斗上，集中絕對優勢兵力，採取迂回包圍戰術，各個殲滅敵人，是我軍作戰的一貫思想。與集中兵力對立的是分散兵力亦或軍事平均主義。軍事平均主義可能導致既沒有全局力量優勢，更沒有局部力量優勢，不能制敵反被敵所制。紅軍第五次反“圍剿”時“六路分兵”“全線抵御”就是軍事平均主義的表現。

當今時代，信息力、機動力、打擊力等都空前增強，集中優勢兵力要求在更加多元領域中集中和運用己方優勢，更多採取“貌散而神聚，形散而力合”的方式，將分布在多維戰場的諸作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，依靠多種戰斗要素的質量累聚、效能融合、即時聚優，突然改變與對方戰斗力量的對比，形成重錘效應，克敵制勝。

武器裝備與戰斗精神

作戰要素是作戰實力的構成。毛澤東同志指出，武器裝備是戰爭勝負的重要因素，但不是決定性因素，決定性因素是人而不是物。他要求部隊要發揚勇敢戰斗、不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞和連續作戰的作風。顯然，打仗既是敵對雙方武器裝備等硬實力的對抗，也是意志品質等軟實力的比拼。戰斗精神作為戰斗力的重要組成部分，對戰爭勝負起著關鍵性作用。物質的原因和結果不過是刀柄，精神的原因和結果才是鋒利的刀刃。為什麼我軍歷史上即使在武器裝備上不佔優勢，卻總能戰勝一個又一個強敵，創造一個又一個奇跡？其中一個最根本的原因，就是我們具有“逢敵亮劍、英勇頑強”的血性膽氣，具有“一不怕苦、二不怕死”的戰斗精神。

當今時代，戰爭形態和作戰樣式加速演變，科技成為核心戰斗力，武器裝備對打贏戰爭越來越重要，必須不斷提高科技創新對軍隊建設和戰斗力發展的貢獻率。與此同時，我們要在傳承光榮傳統和優良作風中鍛造克敵制勝的精神利刃，把先進科技與頑強意志很好地結合起來，使廣大指戰員既具備高度的革命覺悟和自我犧牲精神，又掌握先進的武器裝備和復雜的軍事技術，從而形成強大的戰斗力量，實現攻必克、戰必勝。

你打你的與我打我的

作戰方法是戰略戰術的承載。毛澤東同志強調，要發揮人的自覺能動性，掌握戰爭的主動權。從革命戰爭全局出發，他先后提出過一系列靈活機動的戰略戰術，比如“打得贏就打，打不贏就走”“你打你的，我打我的”“運動戰、陣地戰、游擊戰相互配合”等等。這一整套趨利避害、靈活機動的戰略戰術，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。抗美援朝戰爭中，針對美軍有海空支援以及陸上火力、機動力強的特點，我軍強調打小殲滅戰，豐富了殲滅戰的實現形式﹔依托坑道實施小規模反擊，找到了打陣地戰的新辦法。

當今時代，戰爭將在多域同時展開，網電作戰、空天襲擊、無人作戰等作戰行動地位凸顯，積極主動靈活多變的戰略戰術仍然是贏得主動、克敵制勝的利器。要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，加緊鍛造新質新域的作戰能力手段，靈活運用“總體戰”“認知戰”“跨域戰”“智能戰”等戰法，錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等打法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在“以能擊不能”中掌控作戰制權，進而贏得勝利。

持續作戰與休整補充

作戰保障是維持作戰的基石。毛澤東同志始終認為，戰爭偉力之最深厚的根源存在於民眾之中，兵民是勝利之本。長期革命戰爭中，我軍人力物力的補充主要強調取之於敵和依靠根據地的支持，同時利用戰役間隙整頓訓練部隊，提高軍政素質，增強部隊戰斗力，這些都是實行再戰的必要條件。但是，為了不讓敵人喘息，給敵連續打擊，有時即使在未得到補充休整的情況下，亦須發揚不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞的作風，實現連續作戰。遼沈戰役剛結束，東北野戰軍改變利用三個月至半年時間休整部隊的計劃，取捷徑迅即揮師入關參加平津戰役，一舉改變了華北戰場態勢。

當今時代，從某種意義上講，打仗就是打保障。隨著國際軍事競爭格局深刻變化，國家利益和軍隊使命任務不斷拓展，作戰保障時空跨度急劇擴大，特別是戰爭作戰進程快、毀傷能力強、力量控制精、技術含量高，保障的強度、難度和速度空前增加，必須不斷深化國防動員，構建一體化國家戰略體系和能力，形成既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力。

中國共產黨原文參考：http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0728/c443712-32487888.html