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China Military Review: Special Operations Forces: The “strategic dagger” of US Foreign Military Operations // 中國軍事評論特种作战部队：美对外军事行动的“战略尖刀”

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中國軍事評論特种作战部队：美对外军事行动的“战略尖刀”

来源：解放军报   Since World War II, special operations on its unique flexibility, efficiency, asymmetry, is increasingly becoming an important means to safeguard the strategic interests of the United States the way to deal with the threat of challenges. In recent years, the US military special operations forces is the task type from traditional warfare to expand the area of ​​non-traditional field of battle, much to replace conventional forces to become the protagonist of battlefield information, acts as a US foreign military operations “strategy knife” of the situation.

    War sharpening “of the United States Blade”

Although modern special operations began in World War II, but its position fully aware of the role of the US military and is widely used in the practice of war after World War II. In almost all previous local wars and regional conflicts in the United States to intervene, or can be hidden or US Special Operations Forces found the figure, during record and failure of innovation and development have become the US military special operations “grindstone” so special operations the “United States of Blade,” the increasingly sharp.

Vietnam War can be said that the US large-scale, long the first attempt of special operations. During the war, US special operations forces are widely assumed to wipe out the guerrillas, special reconnaissance, sabotage attack, trainers and other “counter-insurgency” operations, and implementation of the attack, such as Vietnam prisoner of war camps Shanxi operations. Although the injustice of war and strategic guidance mistakes, tactical advantage the US has never been able to get the special operations strategy into a winning situation, sadly had to withdraw troops from Vietnam, but special operations forces in the war revealed adaptability, mobility, concealment, but be sure to get high-level US military, and has been the focus used in subsequent wars and armed conflicts.

In 1980, in order to rescue the detained American Embassy in Iran, more than 60 staff, 97 US special operations long-range raid from Cairo to Tehran. Since the aircraft suddenly encountered sandstorms and failures in the course of action, combined with ill emergency plan, the US military was forced to cancel plans. But the US military did not lose heart, but pay more attention to the lessons learned on the basis of a strong push development of special operations. April 1987, the US Special Operations Command was officially established, special operations forces govern the land, sea and air belongs marks SOF as an independent fighting force officially on the United States in war.

Subsequently, the invasion of Panama in 1989 action, the 1991 Gulf War, the war in Afghanistan in 2001, the 2003 Iraq war and the 2011 war in Libya, the US military will be more and more frequently used for special operations forces and strategic direction of the main season for completion one by one “mission impossible.” Especially in the war in Afghanistan, with the help of advanced information technology tools, the US special operations forces to work independently, creatively objective guidance, penetration strike, buy com collapse, US forces defeated the Taliban regime in a short time to achieve the purposes of war.

US special operations forces continue to promote the development, almost “every battle will be special,” The reason is: First, responsive, compiled capable, able to quickly respond to local emergencies and asymmetric threats; the second is action concealed, sudden strong often the enemy unexpectedly, with minimal resources quickly achieve strategic goals, action to reduce the risk; Third flexible means of warfare, as campaign “global strike” strategic concept important choice; four is better able to fight with other forces joint operations, conventional and unconventional forming closely integrated combat system.

 Great support system under the “sword easy road”

With the evolution of new military revolution in depth, US Special Operations increasingly showing the non-contact combat, to fight the elite fighting from the contact-scale operations, from strategic weapons platform support to support the system, from traditional areas to new areas of the rapidly evolving situation, special combat troops because it can carry out specific tasks to perform conventional forces should not be difficult to complete or to become military to defeat the enemy “killer.”

Trend direct command and control strategy. US Special Operations command and control consists of national and theater-level combat troops and three grade levels. Under normal circumstances, the national command authorities, Special Operations Command, Command theater, theater of military services under the command or function Command commander level performed by operational control. With the mandate of privacy, sensitivity continues to improve, more and more stressed by the US military strategic level special operations were “direct” type vertical command, enhanced controllability operational flexibility. For example, in 2011, and the residence of the US military in Pakistan killed Osama bin Laden raid, Obama and his decision-making team thousands of miles away from the White House situation room, through remote video, real-time synchronization command. This action fully reflects the strategic nature of special operations.

Special blitz highlighting system support. “Tactical operations, strategic support; elite action, system support; local action, global support” has become a significant feature of the US military special operations. Still killed Osama bin Laden, “Neptune Spear” raid, for example, in this battle, on the surface of the US military deployed only four helicopters, 24 “Seal” commandos, it took less than 40 minutes to kill al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden summit. But behind both heaven 35 satellites and more than 40 aircraft to provide a strong information security, there collusion aircraft carrier battle groups at sea, on land as well as support for two military bases in Central Asia, as well as various support ten thousand security personnel. This is a typical “large system support elite action” reflects the profound new form of war in the information age.

Towards a comprehensive joint operations. The US military believes, “joint” is one of the special nature of warfare requires the full participation of the military services and the depth of collaboration. Currently, the US Special Operations not only achieved with the Air Force from the “sensor to shooter” joint, greatly improving its “spike” combat capability, but also to break the union with CIA covert operations, the CIA intelligence-gathering capabilities and special operations forces strike capability combine complementary advantages. Especially after Afghanistan “Operation Enduring Freedom”, the US military special operations but will work with conventional forces from the joint campaign sink to the level of the tactical level, to achieve integrated operations teams level. According to statistics, code-named “Mountain Storm” military implementation of the 2004 crackdown, the US special operations troops with conventional forces conducted 62 joint tactical operations, 40 of which action is implemented in the company level, in action 22 battalion level performed.

The effect of a strike action to pursue the enemy. US Special Operations always attached importance to a direct attack on the enemy’s high-value targets in an attempt to speed up the process of speedy combat strategic objectives. From the recent local wars practice, often other US Special Operations Leadership Summit and pre-emphasis as targets, the implementation of the so-called “decapitation attack” by the sudden rapid surprise attacks, to “lock on”, a hit enemy’s strategic effect. For the first time on the war in Iraq from Saddam to use such tactics, the war in Libya Gaddafi trick, while not directly reach the goal, but the US military special operations against enemy decision-making psychological shock is immeasurable, greatly shaken each other’s will to resist, played a “strike hard” and “soft kill” double effect. It is envisioned that the US military this “sword pay” type of special operations will also continue to unfold.

 Efforts to forge “global power”

Currently, the US has special operations, combat drones and network operations as of great importance for the future operations of the “New Trinity” power, to focus on building, hoping to build a responsive, both small and hard, multi-dimensional and multi-functional special war “global power.”

Strengthening overseas deployment, to expand the number scale. Recently, the US significantly reduced military presence overseas, but the number of overseas US Special Operations forces have been continuously increased, but also a significant increase in the deployment of the number of countries and regions. According to reports, the end of the Bush administration, the US Special Operations Forces deployed in about 60 countries worldwide, to increase to 75 by 2010. As of 2015, the United States Special Operations Forces have been deployed to the world’s 135 countries. To meet the growing demand of the task, in the various branches of the background of widespread layoffs, the US special operations forces increased rather than decreased, the number from 2001 to 2014, 3.3 million to nearly 70,000 people, an increase of about one times, of which 80% deployed overseas. American executives believe scale special operations forces deployed abroad, will significantly improve the ability of US military intervention in global affairs in particular to respond to emergencies.

Optimizing operational grouping, build new units. In order to meet the diverse nature of the war on terror style, US special operations forces structure adjustment pace has accelerated noticeably. In recent years, the focus adjustment is: narrow special operations group size to achieve power “downsizing”; to add a new task forces have been established in the Civil Command, irregular warfare and psychological warfare wing brigade, enhance the combat capability of non-traditional areas, to achieve carry out the task “diversity”; optimization special operations units grouped according to the type of task, we will act flexibly experts, communications specialists, psychologists, explosives experts and other personnel mixed grouping of different expertise, improve the ability to adapt to complex battlefield, combat units to achieve “synthesis of . ”

Comprehensive update equipment, enhance the quality of new combat capability. In recent years, the US military continued to increase investment, research and development of new special operations equipment: First, “Individual Combat System”, mainly by the laser range finder, cameras, environmental sensors, ballistic computer and target tracking device component, with automatic transmission and shielding against was behind the target function, improve the combat capability independent of man; the second is a remote delivery tool to improve special operations MC-130H aircraft and purchase V-22 tilt-rotor aircraft, airborne accurate terrain-following radar, navigation systems and high-speed aircraft resistance, enhance special operations forces behind enemy lines and remote mobile penetration; the third is a new concept weapons, the main enemy is the destruction of electronic equipment computer viruses, electromagnetic pulse weapons. These new weapons once the troops will enable the US military special operations means richer, more diverse mission areas.XX

Not every commandos wore green berets

– Special Forces decryption

■ Chronicles Dazhaoweibin

In American terms, “special operations forces” (Special Operation Forces) and the “Special Forces” (Special Forces) are two concepts exist simultaneously. The former US Special Operations Command is under the jurisdiction of all forces referred to, including the Army Special Forces, 75 commandos, Navy Seals, “Delta” Force and SEAL Team 6; the latter refers specifically to the Army Special Forces, known as “Green Beret hat “forces. The force is due to Kennedy personally authorized to wear with other branches of the military are not the same Green Beret named.

It has a long history with the CIA origins very well. In 1952 the US created its first “Green Beret” troops, is to OSS (the predecessor of the CIA), “Jed fort” under the leadership of troops as a template. During World War II, “Jed fort” team was ordered to enter the territory of France, Belgium and the Netherlands were occupied, providing weapons and supplies for the resistance groups area, and act as the Supreme Allied Command with contact channels. Responsible for the formation of the force, Colonel Allen Burbank was a veteran of the Office of Strategic Services, the CIA after playing for, has a wealth of experience in covert operations. The task force was originally given is: Suppose the Soviet occupation of Western Europe, they will remain in the Soviet front organization behind the unconventional war. So far, unconventional warfare remains one of the core tasks of the Special Forces.Since the task often requires secrecy in times of peace or war before it started to prepare, and execute peacetime area of ​​responsibility belongs to the CIA’s covert operations mission, so often we need to work with the CIA when the Special Forces carry out such tasks or simply placed under the leadership of the CIA. CIA Special Operations agents are often recruited from the Special Forces veterans, it is not surprising.

Clear division of responsibility area worldwide. “Green Beret” troops now compiled five active duty brigades and two by the National Guard usually responsible for the supervision of trained reserve brigade. Five active-duty brigade Total Posts a million people, are responsible for the Pacific, Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Americas and Europe in five regions, corresponding to the formation of the US theater setting.According to their topography, political ecology, military deployment, the local language and customs of their respective areas of responsibility, etc., to carry out targeted training.Some troops were deployed in a long-term task of the region belongs to the friendly countries to better combat environment where the familiar. Under the big division, and each brigade has a very fine internal division of labor. A Special Forces squad as the basic combat unit, and its 12 members are familiar with the operations, intelligence, weapons, engineering, medical, communications expertise in one of the six, and by cross-training to master one to two additional expertise.

Ability comprehensive, one play multiple roles. Compared to the commando skills to the extreme to show “Delta” force and “SEAL Team 6”, “Green Beret” troops skill players is more comprehensive and balanced, they not only have excellent commando skills, but also possess a the US military called a “diplomatic warrior” skills that language and culture skills, interpersonal skills and political sensitivity. Due to the wide implementation of anti-terrorism, reconnaissance, foreign internal defense, unconventional warfare task, they have to play a role not only heroic commandos, more mature, alert and flexible intelligence agents, coaches and diplomats. In the recruitment process, the “Green Berets” force requirements should recruit must go through foreign language skills tested, along with social communication, military training, weapons, operational and organizational aspects of directing talent. Taking into account the language and cultural skills through short-term training is difficult to obtain, often targeting special forces in recruiting those with an ethnic minority background or appearance, with skilled foreign language ability. Shortlisted players to accept the harsh physical and fighting skills, while also learning psychological warfare course and language intensive training to ensure that they are trained to play multiple comprehensive ability and quality possible.

Frequent use of the name rarely made public. Since the formation of the “green beret” troops will be frequently used, but in view of the confidentiality of their duties, as well as its inherent low profile style, the message about these tasks rarely made public, it is difficult to see in newspapers. For example, in the late 1950s, they have been sent to Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, South Korea, Indonesia and other places, for the training of local forces; in 1967 was sent to Bolivia, Bolivian Army responsible for training camp do not move, and to assist them killed the central figure of the Cuban revolution, Che Guevara; in 1989 a large-scale invasion of Panama participated in the “just cause” to overthrow Noriega regime. After the Cold War, the United States authorities for their use continues unabated. “Desert Storm” operation, they were deployed in advance to Kuwait and Iraq depth zone, execute several months of secret reconnaissance missions provided an important headquarters for the coalition military intelligence; aggression in Afghanistan “Enduring Freedom” operation, they had a beard riding a mule, local people dressed in costumes, under air fire support, the leadership of the Northern Alliance armed overthrow of the Taliban regime.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

    自从第二次世界大战以来，特种作战就以其独特的灵活性、高效性、不对称性，日益成为美国维护战略利益、应对威胁挑战的重要手段方式。近年来，美军特种作战部队更是将任务类型从传统作战领域拓展至非传统作战领域，大有取代常规部队成为信息化战场主角，充当美国对外军事行动“战略尖刀”之势。

    战火磨砺“美利坚之刃”

虽然现代特种作战发端于第二次世界大战，但其地位作用被美军充分认识并广泛应用于战争实践则在二战以后。几乎在美国插手的历次局部战争和地区冲突中，都能或隐或现地发现美军特种作战部队的身影，其间的战绩与败笔都成为美军创新发展特种作战的“磨刀石”，使特种作战这一“美利坚之刃”愈加锋利。

越南战争可以说是美军实施大规模、长时间特种作战行动的首次尝试。战争期间，美军特种作战部队广泛承担了清剿游击队、特种侦察、袭击破坏、培训人员等“反暴乱”作战任务，实施了诸如偷袭越南山西战俘营等作战行动。虽然由于战争的非正义性和战略指导的失误，美军始终无法将特种作战取得的战术优势转化为战略胜势，不得不从越南战场黯然撤兵，但特种作战部队在战争中显露出的适应性、机动性、隐蔽性，却获得美军高层肯定，并在随后的战争和武装冲突中得到重点使用。

1980年，为解救被扣押的60多名美国驻伊朗使馆人员，97名美军特战队员从埃及开罗长途奔袭德黑兰。由于在行动过程中突遇沙暴和飞机故障，加之应急预案不周，美军被迫取消计划。但美军并没有丧失信心，反而更加注重在总结经验教训的基础上强力推动特种作战发展。1987年4月，美军正式成立特种作战司令部，统辖陆、海、空所属的特种作战力量，标志着特种作战部队作为一支独立的作战力量正式登上美国战争舞台。

随后，在1989年入侵巴拿马行动、1991年海湾战争、2001年阿富汗战争、2003年伊拉克战争以及2011年利比亚战争中，美军越来越频繁地将特种作战部队用于主要战略方向和关键时节，完成了一个个“不可能的任务”。特别是在阿富汗战争中，借助先进的信息化手段，美军特种作战部队独当一面，创造性地将目标引导、渗透打击、收买瓦解融为一体，使美军在短时间内实现打垮塔利班政权的战争目的。

美军不断推动特种作战部队发展，几乎“每战必特”的原因在于：一是反应灵敏、编成精干，能够快速应对地区性突发事件及非对称威胁；二是行动隐蔽性、突然性强，往往出敌不意，能以最小资源快速达成战略目的，有效降低行动风险；三是作战手段灵活多样，可以作为“全球打击”战役战略构想的重要选择；四是能够较好地与其他作战力量联合行动，形成常规与非常规紧密结合的一体化作战体系。

 大体系支撑下的“剑走偏锋”

随着新军事变革深入演进，美军特种作战日益呈现出从接触作战向非接触作战、从规模作战向精兵作战、从武器平台支撑向战略体系支撑、从传统领域向新型领域快速演变的态势，特种作战部队因为能够遂行常规部队不宜执行或难以完成的特殊任务，成为美军克敌制胜的“杀手锏”。

指挥控制趋向战略直达。美军特种作战的指挥控制由国家级、战区级和作战部队级三个层次构成。通常情况下，由国家指挥当局、特种作战司令部、战区司令部、战区下属军种部队司令部或职能司令部的指挥官按级进行作战控制。随着所执行任务的隐秘性、敏感性不断提高，美军越来越强调由战略高层对特种作战进行“直达式”垂直指挥，增强行动的可控性灵活性。例如，2011年，美军在巴基斯坦突袭本·拉丹住所并将之击毙时，奥巴马和他的决策团队在万里之遥的美国白宫情报室，通过远程视频，进行实时同步指挥。这次行动充分体现了特种作战的战略特质。

特种闪击突出体系支撑。“战术行动，战略支撑；精兵行动，体系支撑；局部行动，全局支撑”已成为美军特种作战的显著特征。仍以击毙本·拉丹的“海王星之矛”突击行动为例，在这场战斗中，表面上美军仅出动4架直升机、24名“海豹”特战队员，用了不到40分钟就击毙了基地组织首脑本·拉丹。但在背后，既有天上35颗卫星、40余架飞机提供强大情报保障，又有海上航母编队接应，还有陆上2个美军驻中亚军事基地的支援，以及近万名各类支援保障人员。这是一次典型的“大体系支撑精兵行动”，深刻折射出信息时代的新战争样式。

作战行动走向全面联合。美军认为，“联合”是特种作战本质之一，需要各军种的全面参与和深度协作。目前，美军特种作战不但实现了与空军从“传感器到射手”的联合，大大提高了其“秒杀”作战能力，而且突破了与中央情报局秘密行动的联合，将中情局情报搜集能力与特种作战部队打击能力有机结合，实现优势互补。尤其是在阿富汗“持久自由行动”以后，美军特种作战更是将与常规部队的联合从战役层次下沉至战术层次，实现小分队一级的一体化作战。据统计，2004年美军实施的代号“山地风暴”清剿行动中，美特种作战部队就与常规部队进行了62次联合战术行动，其中40次行动是在连一级实施的，22次行动是在营一级进行的。

行动效果追求一击制敌。美军特种作战历来重视对敌方高价值目标的直接打击，企图以此加快作战进程迅速达成战略目的。从近期几场局部战争实践看，美军特种作战经常将对方首脑及领导层作为先期重点打击目标，实施所谓的“斩首攻击”，通过突然迅猛出其不意的攻击，达到“一剑封喉”、一击制敌的战略效果。从伊拉克战争首次对萨达姆使用这种战法，到利比亚战争对卡扎菲故技重施，虽然没有直接达成目的，但美军的特种作战对敌方决策层的心理震撼却是不可估量的，极大动摇了对方的抵抗意志，起到了“硬打击”与“软杀伤”的双重功效。可以预想，美军这种“剑走偏锋”式的特种作战还将会不断上演。

 着力锻造“全球力量”

当前，美军已将特种作战、无人机作战和网络作战列为对未来作战有重大意义的“新三位一体”力量，加以重点建设，希望打造一支反应灵敏、既小又狠、多维多能的特战“全球力量”。

强化海外部署，扩大规模数量。近期，美军大幅减少海外军事存在，但海外美军特种作战部队人数却在不断增加，部署国家和地区数量也在显著上升。据报道，小布什政府末期，美军特种作战部队大约部署在全球60个国家，到2010年增加至75个。截至2015年，美国特种作战部队已经部署到世界上135个国家。为了满足不断增长的任务需求，在各军兵种普遍裁员的大背景下，美军特种作战部队不减反增，人数从2001年的3.3万人增至2014年的近7万人，增加了约一倍，其中80%部署在海外。美军高层认为，扩大特种作战部队海外部署的规模，将显著提高美军介入全球事务特别是应对突发事件的能力。

优化作战编组，增建新型部队。为适应反恐战争样式多样化的特点，美军调整特种作战部队结构的步伐明显加快。近几年调整重点为：缩小特种作战小组规模，实现力量“小型化”；增加新的任务部队，陆续组建民事司令部、非正规战联队及心理战大队，增强非传统领域作战能力，实现遂行任务“多元化”；优化特种作战分队编组，根据任务类型，灵活将行动专家、通信专家、心理专家、爆破专家等不同专长人员进行混合编组，提高复杂战场适应能力，实现作战单元“合成化”。

全面更新装备，提升新质作战能力。近年来，美军不断加大投入，研发新型特种作战装备：一是“单兵战斗系统”，主要由激光测距仪、摄像机、环境传感器、弹道计算机以及目标跟踪装置组成，具有自动发射和打击遮蔽物背后目标的功能，提高单兵独立作战能力；二是远程投送工具，改进MC-130H特种作战飞机和采购V-22偏转翼飞机，利用机载精确的地形跟踪雷达、导航系统以及飞机高速性，提升特种作战部队远程机动和敌后渗透能力；三是新概念武器，主要是破坏敌电子设备的计算机病毒、电磁脉冲武器等。这些新武器一旦装备部队，将使美军特种作战手段更加丰富，任务领域更加多样。

不是每名特战队员都戴绿色贝雷帽

——美国陆军特种部队解密

■史志达　赵蔚彬

在美军术语中，“特种作战部队”（Special Operation Forces）与“特种部队”（Special Forces）是同时存在的两个概念。前者是美军特种作战司令部下辖所有部队的统称，包括陆军特种部队、75突击队、海豹突击队、“三角洲”部队和海豹6队等；后者则专指陆军特种部队，即“绿色贝雷帽”部队。该部队因被肯尼迪亲自授权佩戴与其他兵种不一样的绿色贝雷帽而得名。

历史悠久，与中情局渊源甚深。1952年美军组建第一支“绿色贝雷帽”部队，便是以战略情报局（中情局前身）领导下的“杰德堡”部队为模板。二战期间，“杰德堡”队员曾受命进入被占领的法国、比利时和荷兰境内，为该地区抵抗组织提供武器和补给，并充当其与盟军最高指挥部的联系渠道。负责组建该部队的阿伦·班克上校曾是战略情报局的一名老兵，后效力于中情局，有着丰富的秘密行动经验。该部队最初被赋予的任务是：假设苏联占领西欧，他们将留在苏军战线后方组织非常规战。至今，非常规战依然是美国陆军特种部队的核心任务之一。由于该任务往往需要在和平时期秘密进行或在战争打响之前就做好准备，而和平时期执行秘密行动任务属于中情局的责任领域，所以特种部队执行此类任务时往往需要与中情局合作或干脆置于中情局的领导之下。中情局特别行动处的特工往往从特种部队老兵中招募，也就不足为奇。

分工明确，责任区域覆盖全球。“绿色贝雷帽”部队现编5个现役大队和2个平时由国民警卫队负责训练督导的后备役大队。5个现役大队总员额一万余人，分别负责太平洋、非洲、中东中亚、美洲和欧洲五个区域，与美国战区设置形成对应。他们根据各自责任区域的地形、政治生态、军事部署、当地语言和风土人情等特点，开展针对性训练。有些部队被长期部署在所属任务区域的某个友好国家，以更好地熟悉那里的作战环境。在大的分工之下，每个大队内部又有着极为精细的分工。作为特种部队最基本的作战单元的A小队，其12名队员分别谙熟作战、情报、武器、工程、医疗、通信六项专长中的一项，同时通过交叉训练掌握另外一到两项专长。

能力全面，一身扮演多重角色。相比将突击队技能展现到极致的“三角洲”部队和“海豹6队”，“绿色贝雷帽”部队队员的技能则更加全面和均衡，他们不仅拥有出色的突击队技能，还拥有一种被美军称为“外交勇士”的技能，即语言文化技能、人际交往能力和政治敏感性。由于广泛执行反恐、侦察、外国内部防卫、非常规战等任务，他们要扮演的角色不仅是英勇善战的突击队员，更是成熟、机警而灵活的情报员、教练员和外交官。在招募过程中，“绿色贝雷帽”部队要求应招人员必须经过外语技能测试，同时具备社会交际、军事训练、武器操作和组织指挥方面的天赋。考虑到语言和文化技能难以通过短期训练取得，特种部队在招募时往往瞄准那些具备少数民族背景或外貌、具备熟练外语能力的人。列入备选名单的队员在接受严酷的体能和战斗技能训练的同时，还要学习心理战课程并进行语言方面的强化训练，确保他们练就身兼多能的全面能力素质。

运用频繁，名字很少见诸报端。自组建以后，“绿色贝雷帽”部队便被频繁使用，但鉴于他们任务的保密性，以及其固有的低姿态作风，关于这些任务的消息很少公之于众，更是难见报端。比如上世纪50年代中后期，他们先后被派往泰国、越南、菲律宾、韩国、印尼等地，用于训练当地部队；1967年被派往玻利维亚，负责训练玻利维亚陆军别动营，并协助他们杀害了古巴革命核心人物切·格瓦拉；1989年大规模参与了入侵巴拿马的“正义事业”行动，推翻了诺列加政权。冷战结束后，美国当局对他们的运用有增无减。“沙漠风暴”行动中，他们被提前部署到科威特和伊拉克境内的纵深地带，执行为期数月的秘密侦察任务，为联军司令部提供了重要军事情报；在侵略阿富汗的“持久自由”行动中，他们留着胡须、骑着骡马、身着当地人民的服装，在空中火力的支援下，领导北方联盟武装推翻了塔利班政权。

来源：解放军报

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China Military Space Power: War to Seize Commanding Heights // 中國網絡戰爭太空力量：抢占战争制高点

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中國網絡戰爭太空力量：抢占战争制高点

With the continuous development of space technology, space, military applications increasingly widespread, more and more countries joined the ranks of the space race –

Source:
Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China
 Author: Zhang Zhi Time: 2016-01-29

 

    “Who controls the universe, whoever controls the earth; who controls the space, whoever controls the initiative in war.” Former US President John F. Kennedy is determined to promote the development of American space technology, space will also be incorporated into the great power game and competition category. With the development of space technology and space forces, military space is used widely in shaping the international strategic pattern, pushing the world’s new revolution in military affairs, and played a key role.

    Two-hegemony, the main purpose of the service strategy

July 1961, the United States has just successfully developed the use of “Samos” satellites, captured Soviet SS-7 and SS-8 deployed intercontinental ballistic missile tests, the Soviet Union opened a “missile gap” truth became the third the key Berlin crisis resolved smoothly, marking the space support forces boarded the stage of history.

Since then, the United States, the two superpowers, the Soviet Union from the strategic objective of global hegemony starting to build a more complete support for space power systems.

Since an important strategic position, it has been solely responsible for the construction of satellites by the US intelligence community, in order to facilitate confidential. US Department of Defense is leading the “Defense Satellite Communications System,” “Fleet Satellite Communication”, “Military Star” three communications satellite system construction, on this basis, build a “Air Force satellite communications” system for the US national command structure and strategic nuclear forces provided between the safe, reliable, high viability of the global two-way communications capability. Meanwhile, the US Department of Defense has also developed strategies for the deployment of ballistic missile early warning “Defense Support Program” satellite navigation for nuclear submarines “TRANSIT” satellite for global meteorological observation “DMSP” and other systems, the formation of a relatively complete system.

In order to compete with the United States, the Soviet Union launched a comprehensive space forces, from the development of “Zenith”, “amber” reconnaissance satellite “Lightning” communications satellite, “sail” navigation satellite, the “eye” early warning satellites and “Meteor” weather as the representative of satellite space power system.

Throughout the Cold War, the role of the US-Soviet space power is mainly reflected at the strategic level, both the use of near-real-time reconnaissance and early warning satellites to detect each other’s strategic dynamic use of communication satellites and navigation satellites for command and control of strategic nuclear forces, formation of an effective nuclear deterrence combat system, a profound impact on the world strategic pattern of the Cold war.

With space development focus to shift from military spacecraft launch vehicles, various military satellite systems gradually have the ability to use large-scale, the Soviet Union began to build a dedicated space forces command structure. In 1985, the US military set up a joint Space Command. Administration of the Soviet spacecraft in 1982, the formerly strategic rocket forces, responsible for the development of space power transfer scribe to support the Department of Defense, and later upgraded to bureau director of the spacecraft, so space support force directly under the arms of the Soviet Union became the Department of Defense.

    Pack and play, to expand the role of tactical action

The 1991 Gulf War, the US military space forces operations provided critical reconnaissance, early warning, communications, navigation, meteorological services, marking the beginning of space support from the strategic level into the tactical level.

Subsequently, the US military began to develop better able to support tactical space combat support forces launched a large-scale construction of various types of military satellites and upgrading. “Global Positioning System” fully completed “keyhole -12” “Future Imagery Architecture”, “space-based infrared system” and “Global Broadband Satellite Communication”, “Advanced Extremely High Frequency”, “Mobile User Objective System” and other new generation of satellites have been put into use. 2003 Iraq war, the total number up to 167 US satellite. By the end of 2015, US satellites in orbit nearly 400, of which more than 120 pieces of military satellites, forming a powerful space support operations capabilities.

In strengthening the power of construction, the US military in 2002, the Joint Space Command Strategic Command incorporated, unified management of the armed forces Space Command, in order to better organize and direct the power of space support strategic, operational and tactical military operations at all levels. The military services also formed their own space support forces and support the preparation of models to successfully achieve tactical level space support.

Russia’s lack of independence early strength, inherited the former Soviet space support force can maintain normal, resulting in a sharp decline in the number of satellites in orbit, and only 97 in orbit until 2002. In view of this situation, the Russian military space forces carried out the reform, the establishment of an independent space force in 2001, began to recover and rebuild its military satellite system. After the start of the “new look” reform, the Russian space force in 2011 to form the basis of the air and space defense troops, again in 2015 and the Air Force air and space defense troops merge to form air and space forces, responsible for the Russian spacecraft control, missile warning management system attacks and space monitoring system operation.

After the reform and adjustment, all kinds of Russian satellite system gradually restored. By the end of 2015, Russian satellites in orbit nearly 130, of which nearly 80 military satellites. But Russian military believes that blow from the air and space will be the main threat facing Russia, decide the future of air and space warfare has become the key to victory in the field, and therefore the full development of the Russian aerospace defense forces, space support forces in a subordinate position or service. In the previous reform, satellite surveillance, satellite communications, satellite navigation and other space support system construction management still the Russian Defense Ministry and General Staff Operations Department under the relevant commitment, the services are generally lacking space support personnel, operational and tactical levels than use low. During the Russia-Georgia war of 2008, the Russian military satellite reconnaissance had revealed not timely, satellite communication services and poor.

While the US and Russia to develop space forces, more and more countries joined the ranks of the space race. India announced in 2007 to establish the “Aerospace Defense Command”, to manage India’s national space assets, and space warfare weapon concept study, the Indian Air Force has been established aerospace brigade. Japan in 2009 adopted the “Basic Law Aviation”, the Japanese Air Self Defense Force to take advantage of space resources, and expand research-related policy formulation and planning to lay the legal basis for future space operations. Some other countries have also expressed varying degrees of military commitment to the development and use of space and plans.

    Defense against US efforts to seize the initiative

As more and more countries enter the field of space, space security environment has undergone significant changes. Especially in the US view, the space has a non-former “safe harbor.” US Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 edition of “space war” doctrine stated that the commander must take into account a malicious adversary action may be taken, and can continue to maintain military capability in the case of space capabilities downgrade. For this purpose, a step the US took the lead in the field of space, launched a series of offensive and defensive measures.

– Improve space surveillance capability. February 2015, the US Air Force and Lockheed – Martin launched the new “Space Fence” radar system construction work. The system can be monitored for the first time all over the United States via satellite from the master satellite elapsed time, attitude and orbit, etc., can also detect low orbit target as small as 10 cm in diameter, thereby greatly enhancing the US space situational awareness ability.The US Air Force ground-based photovoltaic system and deep space exploration systems, missile warning and space surveillance radar network system together constitute from low earth orbit to deep space orbit space surveillance systems perspective.

– Improve the existing space forces invulnerability. 2013 US military issued a “survivability and distributed space systems architecture” white paper proposes the use of structural separation, functional decomposition, load carrying, decentralized multi-track, multi-domain decomposition operations and other measures to improve the survivability of space systems support.

– Emphasis on the integrated use of space technology and traditional techniques. 2014 US release of “Towards a new strategy to offset the” proposed in the report, the US needs to soaring losses caused by the loss of the base system, the measures include accelerating the development of alternative GPS system, equipped with long endurance and / or aerial refueling capability. ” mixed level “intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance UAVs.

– The establishment of the development model construction space forces and civilian integration. US military plans to use leased wartime civil and commercial space systems and services, carrying a military payload on a commercial satellite, direct purchase of advanced commercial or commercial systems to the military, etc., to supplement the existing space support capabilities.

– By conducting military exercises in the development of space power construction using the theory. US Joint Staff, Air Force, Navy and Army space support operations in both the theme of military exercises. In 2001 the US Air Force Space Command began to dominate “Schriever” space war military exercises have been organized nine times.

– Strengthening Space Operations organization and command. September 2015, the US Defense Department and intelligence community established an inter-agency Joint Space Operations Center, responsible for the integration of satellite reconnaissance data, strengthening space reconnaissance capability, military satellite monitoring operation, to prevent potential adversaries to attack US space assets.

– Strengthening Space offensive forces. May 2015, the US X-37B flight test for the fourth time. Although the Americans called it “Orbital Test Vehicle,” but it remained silent on key information. Speculation, X-37B has the ability to take military action including control, capture and destroy enemy spacecraft, military reconnaissance on the enemy. In this sense, X-37B is likely to be the first human space fighter. In addition, the United States has stepped up the construction of space attack power laser, microwave, anti-satellite missiles, hoping to keep the lead in the space race in the future, continue to maintain its dominance.

    Overall, the world’s military powers have attached great importance to space support the construction and development of power, but the situation near several local wars, the only United States and Russia have a more comprehensive strategic, operational and tactical levels of space capabilities, other countries space is still the main force in the strategic use of the service. In the new space, the security situation, the US military has launched a new round of space forces change the face of the future US military space forces are likely to be a qualitative change occurs, information warfare appearance may therefore profoundly changed.

Original Manadrin Chinese:

随着太空技术不断发展，太空军事应用日益广泛，越来越多的国家加入了太空竞争行列

“谁控制了宇宙，谁就控制了地球；谁控制了空间，谁就控制了战争的主动权。”美国前总统肯尼迪的判断，推动了美国太空技术的发展，也将太空纳入了大国博弈和竞争的范畴。随着太空技术和太空力量的不断发展，太空军事应用日益广泛，在塑造国际战略格局、推动世界新军事变革等方面发挥了关键性作用。

    两强争霸，主要服务战略目的

1961年7月，美国利用刚刚研制成功的“萨莫斯”侦察卫星，拍摄到苏联SS-7和SS-8洲际弹道导弹试验部署情况，揭开了美苏“导弹差距”真相，成为第三次柏林危机顺利解决的关键，标志着太空支援力量登上了历史舞台。

此后，美、苏两个超级大国从全球争霸的战略目的出发，建起了较为完备的太空支援力量体系。

由于战略地位重要，侦察卫星的建设一直由美国情报界独立负责，以利保密。美国国防部则主导了“国防卫星通信系统”“舰队卫星通信”“军事星”三大通信卫星系统建设，在此基础上构建了“空军卫星通信”系统，为美国国家指挥机构和战略核部队之间提供安全、可靠、高存活性的双向全球通信能力。同时，美国国防部还研制部署了用于战略弹道导弹预警的“国防支援计划”卫星、用于核潜艇导航的“子午仪”卫星、用于全球气象探测的“国防气象卫星”等系统，形成了较为完备的体系。

为了与美国抗衡，苏联也开展了全面的太空力量建设，发展起以“天顶”“琥珀”侦察卫星、“闪电”通信卫星、“帆”导航卫星、“眼睛”预警卫星及“流星”气象卫星等为代表的太空力量体系。

整个冷战期间，美苏太空力量的作用主要体现在战略层面，双方利用侦察卫星和预警卫星近实时侦测对方的战略动态，利用通信卫星和导航卫星进行战略核部队指挥控制，形成了有效的核威慑作战体系，深刻影响了冷战时期的世界战略格局。

随着航天发展重点由运载火箭向军用航天器转变，各种军用卫星系统逐渐具备规模化运用能力，美苏开始组建专门的太空力量指挥机构。1985年，美军成立了联合太空司令部。苏联则于1982年把原属战略火箭军、负责发展太空支援力量的航天器总局转隶给国防部，而后又升格为航天器主任局，使太空支援力量成为了苏联国防部的直属兵种。

    群雄并起，作用向战役战术行动拓展

1991年的海湾战争中，太空力量为美军作战行动提供了关键的侦察、预警、通信、导航、气象等服务，标志着太空支援开始从战略层次进入到战役战术层次。

随后，美军开始大力发展能够更好地支持战役战术作战的太空支援力量，启动了各类军用卫星的大规模建设和升级换代。“全球定位系统”全面建成，“锁眼-12”“未来成像体系结构”“天基红外系统”“宽带全球卫星通信”“先进极高频”“移动用户目标系统”等新一代卫星相继投入使用。2003年的伊拉克战争中，美国使用卫星总数达167颗。截至2015年底，美国在轨卫星近400颗，其中军用卫星120余颗，形成了强大的太空支援作战能力。

在加强力量建设的同时，美军于2002年把联合太空司令部并入战略司令部，统管三军太空司令部，以更好地组织指挥太空支援力量战略、战役、战术各层次的军事行动。各军种也形成了各自的太空支援力量编制和支援模式，以顺利实现战役战术层次的太空支援。

俄罗斯独立初期国力不足，所继承的前苏联太空支援力量也无法正常维系，导致在轨卫星数量急剧下降，到2002年为止只有97颗在轨运行。针对这种局面，俄军进行了太空力量改革，于2001年成立了独立的航天兵，开始恢复和重建其军用卫星系统。“新面貌”改革开始后，俄于2011年以航天兵为基础组建了空天防御兵，2015年又把空军和空天防御兵合并组建了空天军，负责俄航天器发射控制、导弹预警袭击系统与太空监视系统的管理运行。

经过改革调整，俄各类卫星系统逐渐得到恢复。截至2015年底，俄在轨卫星近130颗，其中军用卫星近80颗。但俄军认为，来自空天的打击将是俄面临的主要威胁，空天已成为决定未来战争胜负的关键领域，因此俄全力发展空天防御力量，太空支援力量处于从属或服务地位。在历次改革中，卫星侦察、卫星通信、卫星导航等太空支援系统的建设管理仍由俄国防部及总参谋部下属的相关业务局承担，各军种也普遍缺乏太空支援人才，战役战术运用水平较低。在2008年俄格战争期间，俄军就曾暴露出卫星侦察不及时、卫星通信服务差等问题。

在美俄大力发展太空力量的同时，越来越多的国家加入了太空竞争的行列。印度2007年宣布要筹建“航空航天防御司令部”，以管理印度全国的空间资产，并对太空战武器进行概念研究，印度空军已经成立了航空航天大队。日本于2009年通过了《航空基本法》，使日本航空自卫队得以利用太空资源，并展开相关政策的研究、制定和规划，为未来太空行动奠定法理基础。其他一些国家也不同程度表达出军事开发和利用太空的决心和计划。

    攻防对抗，美国着力抢占先机

随着越来越多的国家进入太空领域，太空安全环境发生了显著变化。特别是在美军看来，太空已非昔日的“安全港”。美军参联会在2013年版《太空作战》条令中指出，指挥官必须考虑到敌对方可能采取的恶意行动，并能够在太空能力降级的情况下继续保持军事能力。为达到这一目的，美军率先一步，在太空攻防领域推出了一系列措施。

——提高太空监视能力。2015年2月，美空军和洛克希德-马丁公司启动了新型“太空篱笆”雷达系统建设工作。该系统可在第一时间监控到所有从美国上空经过的卫星，掌握卫星经过的时间、姿态和轨道等，还可探测直径小至10厘米的中低轨道目标，从而大大增强美国的太空态势感知能力。该系统与美空军陆基光电深空探测系统、导弹预警雷达网和太空监视系统共同构成从近地轨道到深空轨道的立体空间目标监视系统。

——提高现有太空力量的抗毁性。2013年美军发布了《抗毁性与分散式太空系统体系结构》白皮书，提出采用结构分离、功能分解、载荷搭载、多轨道分散、多作战域分解等措施，来提高太空支援系统生存能力。

——重视太空技术与传统技术的综合使用。2014年美发布的《迈向新抵消战略》报告中提出，美国需要对冲天基系统丧失所带来的损失，措施包括加快研发GPS替代系统、装备具有长持久力和/或空中加油能力的“高低混合”情报监视与侦察无人机等。

——建立军民融合的太空力量建设发展模式。美军计划采用战时租用民用与商用太空系统服务、在商业卫星上搭载军用载荷、直接购买先进的民用或商业系统转为军用等方式，补充现有太空支援能力的不足。

——通过开展军事演习发展太空力量建设运用理论。美军联合参谋部、空军、海军和陆军都有以太空支援作战为主题的军事演习。2001年美空军太空司令部开始主导“施里弗”太空战军事演习，迄今已举办9次。

——强化太空作战组织指挥。2015年9月，美国防部与情报界成立了机构间联合太空作战中心，负责整合卫星侦察数据、强化太空侦察能力，监控美军卫星运行情况，防范潜在对手攻击美国太空资产。

——加强太空进攻力量建设。2015年5月，美国X-37B进行了第四次飞行试验。虽然美国人将之称为“轨道试验飞行器”，但在关键信息上却三缄其口。外界猜测，X-37B有能力采取的军事行动包括控制、捕获和摧毁敌国航天器，对敌国进行军事侦察等。在这个意义上，X-37B很可能将是人类首架太空战斗机。此外，美国还加强了激光、微波、反卫星导弹等太空攻击力量的建设，希望在未来的太空竞赛中保持先机，继续维持其霸主地位。

总的看来，世界军事强国都高度重视太空支援力量的建设和发展，但就近几次局部战争情况来看，只有美、俄具备了较为完备的战略、战役和战术层次太空能力，其他国家的太空力量仍主要服务于战略运用。在新的太空安全形势下，美军又发起了新一轮太空力量变革，未来美军太空力量的面貌有可能会发生质的变化，信息化战争面貌也可能因此而发生深刻改变。

New Progress States space forces

    United States–

    Get rid of the GPS “dependency syndrome”

    Currently, almost all US military combat platforms and systems rely on GPS or GPS-based navigation system. However, GPS navigation presence signal is weak, poor penetration, vulnerable to interference, vulnerable to cyber attacks and other defects. To avoid huge risks due to excessive reliance GPS brought the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in recent years have launched the “micro-positioning, navigation, timing and technology”, “adaptive navigation system,” “Quantum Perception and auxiliary readout technology “” ultrafast laser Science and Engineering “,” get in the fight against environmental space, time, and location information “and does not rely on GPS navigation, positioning, timing and technology research projects.

    Russia –

    Restart “satellite killer” program

    Russia has shelved the case in the official anti-satellite weapons program, the “satellite killer” plan, but the Russian side the key technology in the field has never been completely lost. According to media reports, the Russian military had for launch in 2013, code-named “2014-28E” (also known as the Universe 2499) of the mysterious object. The object was observed using a series of non-normal but the engine very precise orbit maneuver, it seems have the ability to be able to sneak up on other satellites.

    Japan –

    Establishment of space surveillance units

    August 28, 2014, Japan’s defense ministry revised the “development and utilization of the basic principle of the universe,” clearly pointed out that Japan will set up a special space surveillance forces of the universe and garbage run dynamic satellite tracking and analysis, in order to gradually strengthen the perception of space ability. The move aims to strengthen the Japan-US cooperation in space, to deal with weapons to attack from satellites will strengthen the capacity to collect pictures from space using satellites for ballistic missile launch early monitoring and analysis, to enhance early warning capabilities.

    India –

    Construction of Regional Satellite Navigation System

    March 28, 2015, India’s fourth-navigation satellites successfully launched India’s regional satellite navigation system gradually formed. India according to plan, the work of the network system will be divided into two steps: The first step is to launch geostationary satellites covering the whole territory of India’s regional satellite navigation system, the second step is from regional satellite navigation systems to the Indian version of the global satellite positioning system forward. The system will provide civilian and military both services.

 各国太空力量建设新进展

    美国——

    摆脱GPS“依赖症”

    目前，美军几乎所有的军用系统和作战平台都依靠GPS或基于GPS的组合导航系统。但是，GPS导航存在信号较弱、穿透能力差、易受干扰、易受网络攻击等缺陷。为避免由于过度依赖GPS而带来的巨大风险，美国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）近年来陆续开展了“微型定位、导航、授时技术”“自适应导航系统”“量子辅助感知与读出技术”“超快激光科学与工程”“在对抗环境下获得空间、时间和定位信息”等不依赖GPS的导航、定位、授时技术研究项目。

    俄罗斯——

    重启“卫星杀手”计划

    俄罗斯曾在官方场合搁置了反卫星武器计划，即“卫星杀手”计划，但俄方在该领域的关键技术从未完全丢失。据媒体报道，俄军方曾于2013年发射代号为“2014-28E”（或称宇宙2499）的神秘物体。该物体被观测到使用发动机进行一系列非正常但非常精准的机动变轨，似乎具备能悄悄接近其他卫星的能力。

    日本——

    设立太空监视部队

    2014年8月28日，日本防卫省修改了《宇宙开发利用基本方针》，明确指出，日本将成立专门的太空监视部队，对宇宙卫星和垃圾的运行动态进行跟踪和分析，以逐步加强太空感知能力。此举旨在加强日美在太空的合作，应对来自卫星的武器攻击，将加强从太空收集图片的能力，利用人造卫星对弹道导弹的发射进行早期的监控和分析，增强早期预警能力。

    印度——

    构建区域卫星导航系统

    2015年3月28日，印度第四颗导航卫星发射成功，印度区域卫星导航系统逐渐成形。按照印度的计划，该系统的组网工作将分为两大步骤：第一步是发射地球同步卫星组成覆盖印度全境的区域卫星导航系统，第二步是从区域卫星导航系统向印度版全球卫星定位系统迈进。该系统将提供民用和军用两种服务。

Libya war action in space
■ Wang Pingping

Libya is the second war in Afghanistan and the US-led war in Iraq is not a scale but the high degree of information technology local war, preparations for war, initiated and progression to reconnaissance, navigation, communications support for the core space power to effectively support the multinational force and strategic campaign decisions to protect the fine planning and real-time command and control task.
Before the war, the US-led NATO military operations on the basis of the need for a full assessment on the strength of existing space system was substantial adjustment, built up by the imaging and electronic reconnaissance, maritime surveillance and missile warning, command and communications, space support system navigation, meteorological observation system consisting of satellites and satellite systems for civil use functionally complement in individual areas. In addition, according to operational needs, with fast access to space capability supplementary firing several satellites.
Libyan war, the multinational force to implement the diversification of space support operations.
Access to information on the battlefield, the multinational force by the imaging reconnaissance spacecraft, aerospace electronic reconnaissance means supplemented by special reconnaissance and surveillance network means, Libya’s strategic target architecture, an important goal distribution, composition and deployment of air defense systems, command and control relationship , means of communication and frequency distribution of a comprehensive reconnaissance. War is in progress, the multinational force by aerospace electronic reconnaissance and avionics reconnaissance combining means, real-time capture and analysis of radiation target operating parameter Libyan army, master Libyan army air defense system deployment adjustment, dynamic intelligence command and communications work full time monitoring Libya’s mobile communications and satellite communications, intelligence screening important clues.
In terms of battlefield information distribution, multinational force operations in front of more than 1100 kilometers wide, over a wide area of ​​more than 600 kilometers in depth expansion; air force were deployed in the war zone from 700 to more than 2800 km range and nearly 20 airports on aircraft carriers, a variety of information through a wide range of command and control, high-speed, high-capacity, high security satellite communications system to distribute real-time data sharing within the multinational force, for a variety of combat forces and the overall offensive and defensive operations provide linkage strong support.
In terms of navigation and positioning, navigation and positioning information needed for precision air strike all provided by space power, accuracy of less than meter-level positioning information to ensure effective control of collateral damage when clearing precision strike urban targets.
Throughout the war in Libya, the space forces to the multinational force to provide 80% of the intelligence information to help them achieve battlefield transparent way, firmly grasp the battlefield initiative. There are pre-prepared in the intelligence area, the US military to grasp the dynamics of the battlefield and complete the property identified in less than 5 minutes. Space power efficient support from discovery, to combat identification, evaluation precision air strike chains. Combat action against Gaddafi fled from Sirte, that is, by the space surveillance system to grasp the dynamics and guide warplanes and drones successful wars against the blockade.

利比亚战争中的太空行动

■王平平

    利比亚战争是继阿富汗和伊拉克战争之后美国主导的一场规模不大但信息化程度很高的局部战争，战争的准备、发起和进展过程，以侦察情报、导航定位、通信保障为核心的太空力量，有效支持了多国部队的战略与战役决策，保障了精细任务筹划和实时指挥控制。

战前，以美国为首的北约在对军事行动需要进行充分评估的基础上，对既有的太空力量体系进行了充实调整，构建起了由成像及电子侦察、海洋监视及导弹预警、指挥通信、导航定位、气象观测等卫星系统构成的太空支援体系，并利用民用卫星系统在个别领域进行功能性补充。此外，根据作战的需要，利用快速进入太空能力补充发射数颗卫星。

利比亚战争中，多国部队实施了多样化的太空支援行动。

在战场信息获取方面，多国部队通过航天成像侦察、航天电子侦察手段，辅之以特种侦察和网络侦察手段，对利比亚境内的战略目标体系结构、重要目标分布、防空体系构成及部署、指挥控制关系、通信手段及频率分布情况进行全面的侦察。战争进行过程中，多国部队通过航天电子侦察与航空电子侦察相结合的手段，实时截获和分析利比亚军队的辐射目标工作参数，掌握利比亚军队防空系统部署调整、指挥通信工作的动态情报，全时段监控利比亚的移动通信及卫星通信，筛选重要情报线索。

在战场信息分发方面，多国部队的作战行动在正面宽1100余千米、纵深600余千米的广阔区域内展开；空中力量分别部署在距战区700～2800余千米范围内近20个机场及航空母舰上，指挥控制的各种信息通过大范围、高速度、大容量、高保密性的卫星通信系统实时分发，在多国部队内部实现数据共享，为各种作战力量及攻防作战行动的整体联动提供有力支持。

在导航定位方面，空中精确打击所需要的导航定位信息全部由太空力量提供，精度小于米级的定位信息确保了对城区目标进行空地精确打击时有效控制附带损伤。

整个利比亚战争中，太空力量为多国部队提供了80%的情报信息，帮助其实现战场单向透明，牢牢掌握战场主动。在有预先情报准备的区域内，美军掌握战场动态情况并完成属性识别的时间小于5分钟。太空力量高效支持了从发现、识别到打击、评估的空中精确打击链。对从苏尔特出逃的卡扎菲进行的打击行动，就是由太空侦察系统掌握动态情况，并引导战机和无人机进行阻滞打击的成功战例。

Source:
Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China
 Author: Zhang Zhi Time: 2016-01-29
China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Strategic Support Forces

China’s Military, Information Warfare & Interpretation of the PLA’s Strategic Support Units

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中國軍事信息戰解读解放军战略支援部队

20160104131249755

December 31, 2015, People’s Liberation Army’s governing bodies, the PLA rocket forces, the PLA strategic support troops inaugural meeting was held in August Building.The Army is the armed forces of our party was first built, which needless to say, the military rocket is an upgraded version of the Second Artillery Corps, reflects the strategic support great power status, do not need to deny self, then this strategy support troops may be too mysterious.

Because at the inaugural meeting, the CPC Central Committee General Secretary and State President and CMC Chairman Xi Jinping to the Army, rocket forces, strategic support units and granted the flag caused precepts. This means that the strategic support units, and the People’s Liberation Army is the Army, Navy, Air Force, Army rocket same level independent military services. And with respect to the Army’s “name” and the Second Artillery Rocket Army “named” upgrade, strategic support since the Second Artillery Force of the PLA has become established, the birth of the only new military services. From the point of view of modern high-tech local wars, armed forces and strategic nuclear strike force contains basically the main mode of combat and battlefield environment, then this strategy support troops, and what capability, turned out to be able to come to the fore?

Strategic support troops inaugural meeting, President Xi strategic support units carried out the following qualitative: strategic support units is to maintain national security of new combat forces is an important growth point of our military combat capability of quality. Strategic support units to adhere to all officers and soldiers system integration, civil-military integration, and strive to achieve leapfrog development in key areas, starting point to promote high standards of combat forces to accelerate the development of new, integrated development, strive to build a strong modernization strategy support units.

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There are a few key words: new combat forces, combat new quality capability, system integration, civil-military integration, key areas.

Xinhua News Agency news show, strategic support unit’s first commander was Gaojin. Network data shows he originally from Jiangsu Province, of the Jingjiang people. 1985 Gao-Jin enters the PLA Second Artillery Command College. July 2006, promoted to the rank of major general, served as the PLA Second Artillery Force 52 base commander. In December 2011, he served as chief of staff of the PLA Second Artillery Force. August 2013, promoted to the rank of lieutenant.In July 2014, he was transferred to the Assistant Chief of Staff. In December 2014, he was promoted to president of Academy of Military Sciences, and replace older than 1 year old deputy chief of staff YiXiaoguang will become the youngest Chinese Military general officer, Military Academy is the youngest president in history.

On November 2, 2015,Gaojin became a strategic support troops commander in the first 60 days, “Liberation Army Daily” published a paper entitled “deepen defense and military reform is the only way the army strong army Hing,” the signed article . Article specifically mentioned: the world’s new military revolution is an important component of the key variables in the world today and the great development and changes and major adjustments, the large its speed, scope, degree of depth, the impact of the unprecedented. Following another face of this epoch-making revolution in military weapon cold, hot weapons, mechanized military revolution after the world’s major countries competing to adjust its military strategy, stepping up military transformation, in order to reshape the military information as the core morphology, reconstruction of military force system. In the form of war from mechanization to informationization of qualitative leap, under conditions of nuclear deterrence armed Skynet electrical integration of joint operations is increasingly becoming a reality, from the battlefield to the traditional space high, deep, very far from the physical space and virtual space to expand non symmetric, non-contact, non-line combat style more mature, battle to seize control of information has become a comprehensive control over the core mechanism of winning the war profoundly changed.

Armed Skynet electrical integration joint commander Gaojin said nuclear deterrence combat conditions, where “day”, it never refers to the Army’s rocket missile, but in outer space, “net” is in cyberspace, “power” is the electromagnetic space. Modern high-tech local wars, armed forces military remains the key to victory, but also the main battleground in the sea and air space, but a typical characteristic of information warfare is asymmetrical, non-contact, non-line operations, and achieve the key to this transformation is in outer space, cyberspace and electromagnetic space “three special battlefield.” Due to the large electromagnetic space and physical isolation from the impact, typically have only tactical significance. Whereas outer space and cyberspace, it is high, deep, very far from ubiquitous in the physical space and virtual space, which has a strategic significance. On both the battlefield flame, not flesh and blood flying, but dangerous worse than conventional battlefield, troops could have a corresponding force building and sound command response agencies, the result will be a conventional battlefield the outcome must have an important and even qualitative impact.

This is the meaning of China’s “strategic support” forces. Reasoning logically, Chinese strategic support units, it may be in outer space and cyberspace “new combat forces” for giving our military the “new mass combat capability” new growth point.

In order to achieve this capability “strategic support” of military power have set up competing celestial army (troops outer space) and Cyber ​​Army (network warfare units). US troops in outer space, from the “Decree” system, troops belonging to the armed forces, including missile and space defense forces, the Navy’s carrier-based anti-missile forces, the Air Force C4ISR and the use of space satellites Army troops, and in the “military orders on “system, these forces are unified owned by the US strategic command headquarters. In 2009, under the US Strategic Command has established a new subordinate command, namely Network Warfare Command, the unified command of the US Armed Corps network warfare units.

Russia in December 2011 set up air and space defense troops, but it was such a force has only arms and the operational level status, the military power of the central air and space defense forces only jurisdiction, but can not solve Russia’s air defense force under unified command of proposal question. August 1, 2015, the Russian air force and air defense forces, air defense forces merged to form the air and space forces. Which it is now Russia has no air force in the traditional sense. Air and space defense forces will remain the unified command of the Russian General Staff, and the direct leadership of the day will be empty Army General Headquarters. Aerospace duty Army is responsible for unified management of air, anti-aircraft and anti-missile forces, and Russian satellite orbit Cluster spacecraft launch and management. In addition, the missile attack warning systems and space surveillance systems within the scope of the jurisdiction of military air and space.

From the public point of view, so far Russia has not yet set up as a dedicated network warfare units like the US, but does not have a special unified command structure.

Advances in technology, to make human use of outer space and cyberspace, to achieve the purpose of the military, but that does not mean big opportunities for state-owned, have the ability and courage to break the old military system, to adapt to the new form of war requirements. How to build a national unified command and outer space and cyberspace defense system. Russia and the United States gave us a lot of lessons.

The United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War hegemony, had spent heavily in the development of military platforms and a lot of space weapons systems, but the US military space systems, almost all rests in the hands of the Air Force, and the Soviet Union established the Strategic Rocket Forces troops. Visible, the US military is relying on the armed services to build space defense system, and the former Soviet Union is the establishment of a new military services.

At the end of the Cold War, the Russian strategic rocket forces in the original, based on an independent arms to draw a military space forces. March 2011, the Russian military space forces again, based on the formation of air and space defense troops.However, under the oppression of US nuclear weapons, global strike, anti-missile and other space powers, Russia and aerospace field is still fragmented, air and space attack threats it faces increasingly severe pain, while there is no uniform national air and space defense command structure . To safeguard the security of Russian aerospace field, create a better organizational and technical conditions for the implementation of the strategic future of air and space battles, the Russians in August 2015 set up air and space forces. But have to say is that the so-called empty space forces, the Russian equivalent of the US back to the old way, both relying on a unified air defense system to re-member space. This shows that, although Russia considers itself aerospace suffered a big threat, but the economic and technological strength, has been insufficient to support the establishment of a development, a separate military services promising, but only on the basis of the Air Force “linger.”

Russian frustration with respect to the United States the development of air and space power is somewhat intentional play balance. The main part of the US Air Force air and space power, but in the “ABM” the US military in the 21st century the most important military operation of air and space, is the main operator of the US Army. In addition to the Navy’s “Aegis” missile defense system, the US military’s ground-based midcourse ABM, THAAD and Patriot anti-missile terminal, they are in control of the US Army, and a bunch of computer manipulation Army Air Force Base. Of course, whether it is armed soldiers, they eventually unify obey the command of US Strategic Command. But the US military services rely on different building space defense system, military services still reflects the inherent ideological balance thinking. This is because the US military very large volume, especially during the Cold War, which makes the US military services have funding research challenges of new technologies. And after 1986, the new Department of Defense Reorganization Act by the US military approach is from the perspective of the Joint Operations Command, the unified “collection” command the services of new combat forces to integrate. US Network Warfare Command was established, also a product of this approach.

US military advantage of this approach is that the services Eight Immortals recount, the final choice can be optimized in the competition, but the disadvantage is that there is a huge waste, and the services in peacetime and do not belong to the system, it is difficult wartime unity of action. Although the US military reform highlights the joint operations of thought, but the individual military services after all are not the same culture, and outer space and cyberspace, the required military personnel are a small number of capable staff, if the artificial formation of different military services background, a bit “for the United the joint “deliberate sense.

With respect to the United States and Russia, China’s military advantage is the revolution in military time scale, technological change and changes in the army almost simultaneously, the synchronization off, which makes the Chinese military have the opportunity to design the height from the top, in the lessons learned from military based on the construction of military services and more rational planning. While China’s national strength and technological level of rapid growth, but also to the construction of China’s new military services will not fall into the “make bricks without straw,” the fantasy embarrassment.

In the field of anti-missile, the Chinese Defense Ministry has confirmed that the January 11, 2010, September 11, 2012, January 27, 2013, July 23, 2014 were carried out four ground-based midcourse missile interception technical tests. In the field of anti-satellite, the Chinese Foreign Ministry acknowledged in January 2007 anti-satellite missile test. Out media speculation in 2010 and 2013. China has conducted two tests of anti-satellite weapons, but did not get China confirmed. Platform in space, China from 2010 into more than 15 times the average annual emission intensive stage, reaching an average growth of around 20 the number of satellites, the establishment of a chain of day, the Beidou, high scores, and a series of remote sensing satellites family now the number of satellites in orbit over Russia, after the United States. In 2014 MH370 lost contact incident, China urgent mobilization of four models ocean, clouds, high, remote sensing, nearly 10 satellites to provide technical support for ground search and rescue operations.

In network technology, China has become the world’s Internet and mobile Internet users than any other country, not only the birth of a group of like Alibaba, Tencent world-class Internet companies, such as Huawei also appeared in network technology giant. China in the next generation of Internet technology, has become one rule-makers. But while China has become the network against the most affected countries by the world, which means that China must consider the network security of the country from a strategic height, including the establishment of a unified defense force and a network system.

There is no doubt that the new military revolution has proved that outer space is to promote our army “system integration” an important heights, and cyberspace is the embodiment of “civil-military integration,” a typical example of these two historic space is the Chinese army reform the key areas. China established strategic support units, will likely be the world’s first and do not rely on traditional military services to establish a unified military force in outer space and cyberspace defense system. This initiative is bound to leave an indelible mark in the world’s new military revolution.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

凤凰军事作者：郑文浩

2015年12月31日，中国人民解放军陆军领导机构、中国人民解放军火箭军、中国人民解放军战略支援部队成立大会在八一大楼隆重举行。陆军是我党最早建立的武装力量，这就不用说了，火箭军是二炮的升级版，体现了大国地位的战略支撑，自不需要讳言，那么这支战略支援部队可就太神秘了。

因为在成立大会上，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平向陆军、火箭军、战略支援部队授予军旗并致训词。这就意味着，战略支援部队，是和解放军陆军、海军、空军、火箭军平级的独立军种部队。而相对于陆军的“正名”和第二炮兵到火箭军的“命名”升级，战略支援部队成为解放军自二炮成立以来，诞生的唯一新军种部队。从现代化高技术局部战争来看，陆海空军以及战略核打击部队基本上囊括了主要的作战方式和战场环境，那么这支战略支援部队，又有哪些能耐，能够脱颖而出横空出世呢？

在战略支援部队成立大会上，习主席对战略支援部队进行了如下的定性：战略支援部队是维护国家安全的新型作战力量，是我军新质作战能力的重要增长点。战略支援部队全体官兵要坚持体系融合、军民融合，努力在关键领域实现跨越发展，高标准高起点推进新型作战力量加速发展、一体发展，努力建设一支强大的现代化战略支援部队。

这里面有几个关键词：新型作战力量、新质作战能力、体系融合、军民融合、关键领域。

新华社新闻显示，战略支援部队的首任司令员是高津。网络资料显示高津是江苏靖江人。1985年高津进入解放军第二炮兵指挥学院。2006年7月，晋升少将军衔，担任解放军第二炮兵第52基地司令员。2011年12月，担任中国人民解放军第二炮兵参谋长。2013年8月，晋升中将军衔。2014年7月，调任总参谋长助理。2014年12月，升任军事科学院院长，并取代比其年长1岁的副总参谋长乙晓光中将，成为最年轻的正大军区级将领，也是军事科学院历史上最年轻的院长。

在2015年11月2日，也就是高津在成为战略支援部队司令员的前60天，在《解放军报》上发表了题为“深化国防和军队改革是强军兴军的必由之路”的署名文章。文章中特别提到：世界新军事革命是当今世界大发展大变革大调整的重要构成和关键变量，其速度之快、范围之广、程度之深、影响之大前所未有。面对这场继冷兵器、热兵器、机械化军事革命之后的又一次划时代军事革命，世界主要国家竞相调整军事战略，加紧推进军事转型，以信息化为核心重塑军队组织形态、重构军事力量体系。战争形态处于由机械化向信息化跃升的质变期，核威慑条件下陆海空天网电一体化联合作战日益成为现实，战场从传统空间向极高、极深、极远物理空间和虚拟空间拓展，非对称、非接触、非线式作战样式更趋成熟，制信息权成为夺取战场综合控制权的核心，战争制胜机理深刻改变。

高津司令员所说的核威慑条件下陆海空天网电一体化联合作战，其中的“天”，就绝不是指的火箭军部队的导弹，而是外层空间，“网”则是网络空间，“电”则是电磁空间。现代化高技术局部战争，陆海空军部队仍然是决胜的关键，而争夺的战场也主要在陆海空空间进行，但信息化战争的一个典型特色，就是非对称、非接触、非线式作战，而实现这一转变的关键环节，就是在外层空间、网络空间和电磁空间的“这三个特殊战场”。电磁空间由于受距离和物理隔绝的影响很大，通常只具有战术意义。而外层空间和网络空间，则是极高、极深、极远物理空间和无处不在的虚拟空间，从而具有战略上意义。在这两个战场上的拼杀，没有血肉横飞，但凶险却比常规战场有过之而无不及，军队能否拥有对应的力量建设和健全的指挥反应机构，其结果将对常规战场的胜负产生重要甚至绝定性影响。

这就是“战略支援”的含义所在。从逻辑上推理，中国战略支援部队，很可能就是针对外层空间和网络空间的“新型作战力量”，赋予我军“新质作战能力”新增长点。

为了获得这种“战略支援”的能力，军事大国都曾争相成立天军（外层空间部队）和网军（网络战部队）。美国的外层空间部队，从“政令”体制上，分属陆海空三军部队，包括陆军的空间和导弹防御部队，海军的舰载反导部队、空军的C4ISR和空间卫星使用部队，而在“军令”系统上，这些部队则统一归美国战略司令部指挥。在2009年，美军又在战略司令部之下成立了一个新的下级司令部，即网络战司令部，统一指挥美军陆海空陆战队的网络战部队。

俄罗斯在2011年12月成立了空天防御兵，但当时这一部队仅具有兵种和战役级地位，只有管辖中央军区空天防御部队的权力，但无法解决俄罗斯空提案防御力量统一指挥的问题。2015年8月1日，俄空天防御部队和空军、防空军合并，组成了空天军。也就是现在俄罗斯已经没有了传统意义上的空军。空天防御部队仍将由俄罗斯总参谋部统一指挥，而直接领导将是空天军总司令部。空天军将负责统一管理执勤的空中、防空和反导力量，以及俄罗斯轨道卫星集群航天器的发射和管理。另外，导弹袭击预警系统和太空监控系统也属于空天军管辖范围。

从公开资料上看，目前为止俄罗斯还没有像美军那样成立专门的网络战部队，更没有设立专门的统一指挥机构。

技术的进步，让人类的得以利用外层空间和网络空间，来实现军事上的目的，但这并不意味着大国有机会、有能力、有胆识打破旧有的军队体制，来适应新形态战争的要求。如何构建并统一指挥全国性的外层空间和网络空间防御体系。美国和俄罗斯给我们提供了很多经验教训。

美国和苏联在冷战争霸过程中，曾经耗费巨资开发了大量空间军事平台和武器系统，但美军的空间系统几乎都掌握在空军手中，而苏联则成立了战略火箭军部队。可见，美军是依托军种构建空间防御体系，而前苏联是成立新的军种。

在冷战结束后，俄罗斯在原有战略火箭军的基础上，划出了一个军事航天部队的独立兵种。2011年3月，俄罗斯又以军事航天部队为基础，组建了空天防御兵。然而在美国核武器、全球快速打击、反导等太空力量的压迫下，俄罗斯空天领域仍然是割裂的，痛感其面临的空天袭击威胁日益严峻，而同时本国又没有统一的空天防御指挥机构。为切实维护俄空天领域安全，为实施未来的空天战略性战役创造更好的组织和技术条件，俄军于2015年8月组建了空天军。然而不得不说的是，所谓的空天军，等于俄罗斯回到了美军的老路上，既依托空军重新构件统一的空间防御体系。这说明，俄罗斯虽然认为自身空天所遭受威胁很大，但其经济和技术实力，已经不足以支撑建立一个有发展、有前途的独立军种，而只能在空军的基础上”苟延残喘“。

相对于俄罗斯的无奈，美国空天力量发展则有些故意玩平衡。美国空天力量的主要部分在空军，然而在“反导”这个美军在21世纪最重要的空天军事动作上，主要的操作者却是美国陆军。除了海军的“宙斯盾”导弹防御系统之外，美军的陆基中段反导、THAAD和爱国者终端反导，都是美国陆军在掌控，而且是一帮陆军军人在美国空军基地中操纵电脑。当然，无论是陆海空军人，他们最终都统一听从美军战略司令部的指挥。但美国依托不同军种构建空间防御体系，仍然体现了固有军种平衡思维的思想。这是因为美国军费体量极为庞大，尤其在冷战期间，这使得美军各军种都有资金研究新技术的挑战。而1986年新国防部改组法通过后，美军的做法就是从联合作战司令部的角度，统一“收缴”指挥各军种新作战力量进行整合。而美国网络战司令部的成立，也同样是这一方法的产物。

美军这种方法的优点在于，各军种八仙过海各显神通，最后可以在竞争中优化选择，但缺点在于存在巨大浪费，且各军种在平时互不统属，很难在战时统一行动。固然美军改革突出了联合作战的思想，但各个军种文化毕竟不相同，而且外层空间和网络空间，所需军事人员都数量少、人员精干，如果再人为形成不同军种背景，就有点“为了联合而联合”刻意之感。

相对于美俄，中国军队的优势，是在军事革命的时间尺度上，技术变革和军队变革几乎同步进行、同步起飞，这使得中国军队有机会从顶层设计的高度，在借鉴外军经验教训的基础上，更合理地规划军种建设。而中国国力和科技水平的快速增长，也让中国新军种的建设不至于陷入“巧妇难为无米之炊”的空想尴尬。

在反导领域，中国国防部已经证实，在2010年1月11日、2012年9月11日、2013年1月27日、2014年7月23日分别进行了四次陆基中段反导拦截技术试验。在反卫星领域，中国外交部在2007年1月承认进行了反卫星导弹试验。而外媒猜测在2010年和2013年中国还进行过两次反卫星武器试验，但未获得中方证实。在太空平台上，中国从2010年开始，进入年均15次以上的密集发射阶段，年均卫星增长数量达到20枚左右，建立了天链、北斗、高分、遥感等一系列卫星家族，目前在轨卫星数量已经超过俄罗斯，仅次于美国。在2014年的MH370失联事件中，中国紧急调动海洋、风云、高分、遥感等4个型号，近10颗卫星为地面搜救行动提供技术支持。

在网络技术上，中国已经成为全球互联网和移动互联网用户最多的国家，不但诞生了一批像阿里巴巴、腾讯的世界级网络企业，也出现了像华为这样的网络技术巨头。中国在新一代互联网技术上，已经成为规则的制定者之一。但同时中国也成为世界上受到网络侵害最严重的国家，这就意味着中国必须从战略高度考虑国家的网络安全，其中也包括建立统一的网络防卫力量和体系。

毫无疑问，新军事革命已经证明，外层空间是推进我军“体系融合”的重要高地，而网络空间则是体现“军民融合”的典型范例，这两个空间则是中国军队历史性改革的关键领域。中国战略支援部队的成立，将可能是世界上首次不依托传统军种而建立统一的外层空间和网络空间防御军事力量体系。这项创举必然会在世界新军事革命中写下浓墨重彩的一笔。

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China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

China’s PLA core mission is winning local wars in conditions of informationization

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打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭是軍隊核心任務

來源：解放軍報

In order to win local wars under conditions of informatization, vigorously strengthen military struggle preparation, is a successful experience and important way to guide army building, our army is a major strategic task. Supremely important strategic task. People’s Army Central Military Commission established in accordance with the decisions and arrangements, preparations for military struggle toward a new journey stride forward.

Walking preparations for military struggle rational development road

New China came nearly 60-year history. For decades, the country was much larger rivals, dangerous, but always to stand up, continue to grow and live. There are a lot of successful experience, a very important one is to rely on comprehensive solid preparations for military struggle. It can be said, precisely because of the people’s army “ready”, was created a homeland security steel wall, the guardian of the people’s happiness and peace, prosperity and security of the economic and social development. Recalling decades stormy journey preparations for military struggle, glory Aureole achievements, we should also clearly see that not enough scientific areas. For example, many units ready for Military Struggle, the guiding ideology too much emphasis on specific threats, over-reliance on “the situation stimulus” caused suddenly strong suddenly weak level of combat readiness and combat effectiveness of the construction fluctuated, military preparations did not struggle to maintain autonomy and healthy sustainable development.

Different things when it moves, it is something different equipment variants. Currently, preparations for military struggle and stands at a new historical starting point. National security situation is undergoing complex and profound changes, on the one hand, traditional security threats and non-traditional security threats we face are increasing, the world’s major powers in my peripheral geostrategic competition intensified, neighboring countries, political turbulence, regional security environment, there are many hidden dangers domestic ethnic separatist forces and their activities is rampant, affecting national security instability, increasing uncertainty, preparations for military struggle facing unprecedented challenges; on the other hand, the international unilateralism setback, the financial crisis delayed the expansion of global hegemony, Taiwan situation has eased, I eased pressure on the main strategic directions, preparations for military struggle facing unprecedented opportunities.This opportunity is not only strategic, but also historic. How to seize the opportunity to make good use of the opportunity and momentum forward, the current preparations for military struggle to answer practical proposition. After 30 years of reform and development, army building a qualitative leap, the synthesis of troops, higher level of information, science and technology-intensive, quality and efficiency features more obvious preparations for military struggle with Keziliyong rich results and advancing the jump basic conditions. Into the new century, Hu focused on the special requirements of the party of national defense and army building, giving the army the “three offers, a play,” the historical mission, stressing that “in order to enhance our military must win local wars under information age conditions core, and constantly improve the ability to respond to multiple security threats and accomplish diverse military tasks. ” This series of major strategic thinking, adjust the point of preparations for military struggle to expand the mandate of the contents of preparations for military struggle.Scientific concept of development of this important guidelines established for military combat preparations put a higher demand good seek fast, according to a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development and people-oriented standards, there are many ideas need liberation, a lot of work need to innovate, many aspects need to be improved.

Advance preparations for military struggle in the new situation, because of the situation must change, because of the situation set policy, based on a new starting point, to seek new development. Should be based on the threat of grasping ready to strengthen all-round “threat awareness” and “enemy concept,” war is not far away and do not fully understand the only one of the grim reality, unswervingly push forward preparations for military struggle. Should be prepared based on the task grasp the fundamental task of the military is to fight and ready to fight, the battle can not fight a hundred years, but not a moment to relax ready, you must follow the standard effective functioning of the mission, to promote a comprehensive and systematic preparations for military struggle. Should be based on the ability to catch ready, out of the enemy carried away by emergency preparedness passive mode, active design of future wars, there are plans to increase planned to respond to multiple security threats and accomplish diverse military tasks ability, steadily push forward the scientific military preparations struggle.

In major breakthroughs improve the quality of preparations for military struggle

Unfocused no strategy, no emphasis on difficult to break. Make full use of important strategic opportunities, to seize the key content to seek a breakthrough, not only to follow the objective requirements of preparations for military struggle inherent laws, it is an urgent need to comprehensively improve the combat capability of the armed forces.

Practice basic military training as a peacetime army, and combat effectiveness is the basic way of development, is the most direct and most effective preparations for military struggle.We must further enhance awareness of the importance of military training, military training to effectively attach strategic position, really big catch in the army military training, training vigorously promote the formation of a new upsurge in transition. Joint training should seize the key to the combat effectiveness, strengthen joint awareness, improve the quality of the joint, improve joint training and regulations, improve the mechanism of joint training, promoting joint military training from form to substance. Should be training in complex electromagnetic environments as an important entry point and the starting point, and actively explore the organization and command training, research and technological measures for an effective way to combat training and weapons training, operational use, accelerating military training under conditions of mechanization to military training in conditions of informationization change. Training mission should be subject to the carrier, active configuration set up similar to actual battlefield environment, explore the combat training, field based training and base training, simulated training and network training as the main way to really, hard, in fact, test standards to test than pulling mechanism for the implementation of the path of combat training, enhance training effectiveness. Should actively carry out non-war military operations training to improve forces to carry out non-war military operations expertise, empowerment troops accomplish diverse military tasks.

People are fighting the various elements of the most active and most active element, talent preparations for military struggle preparation is the most important and the most difficult to prepare. Outcome of a war depends on the battlefield, but the link was to decide the outcome in the usual competition, in which the focus is talent. Currently, the key is to highlight the joint operations command personnel and high-level professional and technical personnel two “strategic starting point”, traction and promote the overall development of qualified personnel capacity building. Protruding joint operations command personnel training, establish and improve strategic and operational focus on training to improve pattern-level commanders around the joint operations to improve personnel training system, the reform of teaching contents and methods of joint operations, commanding officers to increase job rotation and cross-training, step up joint operational command emergency personnel training, strengthen and improve measures. Outstanding high-level professional and technical personnel training. Follow focus, both in general, to seize the lead, lead the overall principle, focus on training across disciplines planning to organize major research projects of leading scientists, to promote discipline capable of directing talents academic technology innovation and development, equipment and technology to solve complex security technical expert personnel problems, and provide a strong intellectual support information technology.

Soldiers rapidly guiding the iron law of war, under conditions of informationization more emphasis on “speed advantage.” Rapid response capacity has become an important indicator to measure the army’s combat readiness and combat capabilities. Should sound an agile and efficient emergency command mechanism. In recent years, the basis of summing up our military to accomplish diverse military tasks practical experience, grasp curing and conversion-related outcomes, the establishment of emergency response mechanisms and improve the regulatory system, improve the mechanism set up to develop response plans, organize relevant study and training, to ensure that if something happens quick response, efficient command, correct action. Should establish advanced and reliable command information system. In accordance with good interoperability, responsive, security and information sharing requirements established in the end longitudinal, transverse to the edge of the information networks and integrated one, simple hierarchy of command system, relying on information technology to improve emergency response command and rapid response capability. Grasp the strategic delivery of capacity-building characteristics and laws, focusing on the development of strategic transport aircraft (ship), military helicopters and new aircraft, and consider traffic battlefield, explore the establishment of smooth and efficient command and management mechanism, the overall advancement of the strategic transportation capacity building.

Security is a combat. Modern warfare combat operations at any one time, against all the system, comprehensive security have become increasingly demanding. Promoting military struggle preparation, must comprehensively improve the combat support, logistics and equipment support and other comprehensive support capabilities. Our military has historically focused on promoting the coordination of combat forces and combat support forces, reconnaissance, early warning, command and communications, mapping navigation, meteorology and hydrology, engineering, chemical defense and other support to improve the ability to achieve overall synchronization. However, with the continuous expansion and development of the situation changes in battlefield space combat support capability system began to appear new “short board” must be filled as soon as possible to form the overall advantages of joint operations full-dimensional battlefield. Logistics focus is to improve the level of modernization. In accordance with the requirements of the development, the steady implementation of the logistics reform, to promote the integration of the security system to protect the way to the community development, support means to move information, logistics management to scientific change, and promote sound and rapid development of the logistics building. Focusing on strengthening security equipment supporting construction. Improve the capability of independent innovation, accelerate the construction and development of new weapons and equipment, and constantly optimize the structure of armament systems.Focusing on supporting systems and equipment, and security systems supporting supporting construction, improve the equipment series, universal, standardized level, and gradually promote the formation of the organized system equipped to combat and support capabilities, accelerate the establishment of military and civilian production, integrating the armed forces weapons and equipment research and production system and maintenance support system, and further improve the integration of military and civilian equipment development path.

Adhere to scientific development and innovation of military struggle preparation path

Advance preparations for military struggle in the new starting point, we must adhere to the scientific concept of development as guidance, the practical application of the requirements of the times thinking, to explore the development path of innovation and preparations for military struggle.

Continue to emancipate the mind, reform of the army in the tide of the overall advancement of military preparations struggle. The more in-depth preparations for military struggle, the more touches concept of development, institutional mechanisms, policies and systems and other aspects of deep-seated contradictions and problems, and promote the greater the difficulty. The fundamental way to solve these problems, is to continue to emancipate the mind, deepen reform of national defense and army building. Strategic objectives of military reform is building computerized armed forces and winning the information war, which point preparations for military struggle is the same. Preparations for military struggle is the leading military reform and traction, military reform is an important part of preparations for military struggle and optimized conditions, both unity of purpose, mutually reinforcing. Thus, under the new situation to promote the preparations for military struggle, must be combined with promoting defense and military reform, to improve the combat effectiveness as a starting point and goal of reform, with the standards and unify thought reform measure reform measures, testing the effectiveness of reform, promote reform in preparations for military struggle.

Strengthen scientific co-ordination, in the process of modernization of the armed forces to coordinate the promotion preparations for military struggle. Military modernization is a big system, military struggle preparation is the key indeed affect the whole body. Well prepared for military struggle, will be able to provide clear and specific requirements for the overall development of our military modernization construction, provide real starting point, forming a huge traction force. Must stand on military modernization development overall perspective, the effective co-ordination with the main good times, far and near, and built with an equal relationship, the process of preparations for military struggle becomes strengthen military modernization process, the process of military modernization into service the process of preparations for military struggle, so that the two complement each other to promote the coordinated development.

Leading Position of Information, in the mode of generating combat transition to push ahead with preparations for military struggle. Currently, information technology is profoundly changing the mode of generating combat, is also changing all aspects of army building. Promoting military struggle preparation, must quickly adapt to this new situation, take the initiative out of the mindset of mechanization to strengthen the concept of information-led, focusing on scientific and technological progress to improve combat effectiveness, explore innovative adaptation of information requirements of the military concept of war, military technology, military organization and military management, focus on improving the training of military personnel, weapons and equipment development, the level of information the best combination of people and weapons, accelerate the transformation of military training, and gradually establish an effective mechanism to combat the new generation and improve and promote preparations for military struggle to achieve a qualitative leap.

Prominent real traction in accomplishing diversified military tasks to accelerate preparations for military struggle. Practice tells us that no matter how the evolution of the international situation, how to expand the Functions of the Army, how onerous diverse military tasks, containment and win wars, preservation of peace is always the most important functions of the army and winning conditions under local war always is the core mission of our military. Only with the core military capabilities and accomplish diverse military tasks have a solid foundation. We must always take to improve the core military capabilities in the first place, aimed at promoting the fundamental function fully prepared, ready to do more hands without “one-track mind,” not ready to classify “one size fits all”, without further preparation, “superficial”, trying to force the ability to adapt to various conditions, to cope with various situations and accomplish diverse military tasks.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

以打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭為重點，大力加強軍事鬥爭準備，是軍隊建設的一條成功經驗和重要指導方式，是我軍一項重大的戰略任務。戰略任務重千鈞。人民軍隊按照中央軍委既定的決策部署，向著軍事鬥爭準備新徵程闊步邁進。

走軍事鬥爭準備理性化發展之路

新中國走過近60年歷程。幾十年來，國家一度強敵環伺、危機四伏，卻始終屹立不屈，不斷生息壯大。成功的經驗有很多，很重要的一條就是靠全面扎實的軍事鬥爭準備。可以説，正是有了人民軍隊“時刻準備著”，才鑄就了祖國安全的鋼鐵長城，守護了人民群眾的幸福安寧，保障了經濟社會的繁榮發展。回顧幾十年軍事鬥爭準備的風雨徵程，在成績的榮耀光環背後，我們也要清醒看到不夠科學的地方。比如不少單位抓軍事鬥爭準備，在指導思想上過于強調具體威脅，過度依賴“情況刺激”，造成戰備水平忽強忽弱，戰鬥力建設忽高忽低，軍事鬥爭準備沒有保持自主、健康地持續發展。

時異則事移，事異則備變。當前，軍事鬥爭準備又站在了一個嶄新的歷史起點上。國家安全形勢發生復雜深刻變化，一方面，我們面臨的傳統安全威脅和非傳統安全威脅都在增加，世界主要大國在我周邊地緣戰略競爭不斷加劇，周邊國家政局持續動蕩，地區安全環境存在諸多隱患，國內民族分裂勢力及其活動猖獗，影響國家安全的不穩定、不確定因素增多，軍事鬥爭準備面臨前所未有的挑戰；另一方面，國際上單邊主義受挫，金融危機拖延了全球霸權擴張，臺海形勢明顯緩和，我主要戰略方向壓力有所減輕，軍事鬥爭準備面臨前所未有的機遇。這個機遇既是戰略性的，也是歷史性的。怎樣抓住機遇、用好機遇、乘勢推進，是當前軍事鬥爭準備需要回答的現實命題。經過30年改革發展，我軍建設出現質的跨越，部隊合成化、信息化程度更高，科技密集型、質量效能型特徵更加明顯，軍事鬥爭準備有了可資利用的豐富成果和推進躍升的基礎條件。進入新世紀新階段，胡主席著眼黨對國防和軍隊建設的特殊要求，賦予軍隊“三個提供、一個發揮”的歷史使命，強調“我軍必須以增強打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭能力為核心，不斷提高應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的能力”。這一係列重大戰略思想，調整了軍事鬥爭準備的基點，拓展了軍事鬥爭準備的任務內容。科學發展觀這一重要指導方針的確立，對軍事鬥爭準備提出了好中求快的更高要求，按照全面、協調、可持續發展和以人為本的標準來衡量，還有很多思想需要解放，很多工作需要創新，很多方面需要提高。

新形勢下推進軍事鬥爭準備，必須因勢求變、因情定策，立足新的起點，謀求新的發展。應基于威脅抓準備，強化全方位的“威脅意識”和“敵情觀念”，充分認清戰爭並不遙遠且不只一種的嚴峻現實，堅定不移地推進軍事鬥爭準備。應基于任務抓準備，軍隊的根本任務是打仗和準備打仗，仗可以百年不打，但準備一刻也不能放松，必須按照有效履行職能使命的標準，全面係統地推進軍事鬥爭準備。應基于能力抓準備，跳出被敵情牽著走的被動應急準備模式，主動設計未來戰爭，有規劃有計劃地提高應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務能力，穩步科學地推進軍事鬥爭準備。

以重點突破提高軍事鬥爭準備質量

沒有重點就沒有戰略，沒有重點就難以突破。充分利用重要戰略機遇期，抓住重點內容謀求突破，既是遵循軍事鬥爭準備內在規律的客觀要求，更是全面提高部隊實戰能力的迫切需要。

軍事訓練作為和平時期軍隊最基本的實踐活動，是戰鬥力生成和發展的基本途徑，是最直接、最有效的軍事鬥爭準備。必須進一步提高對軍事訓練重要性的認識，切實把軍事訓練擺到戰略位置，真正在部隊形成大抓軍事訓練、大力推進訓練轉變的新高潮。應抓住聯合訓練這個戰鬥力生成的關鍵環節，強化聯合意識，提高聯合素質，健全聯訓法規，完善聯訓機制，推動軍事訓練從形式到實質的聯合。應以復雜電磁環境下訓練為重要切入點和抓手，積極探索組織指揮訓練、戰技術對策研練和武器裝備操作使用訓練的有效辦法，加速推進機械化條件下軍事訓練向信息化條件下軍事訓練轉變。應以使命課題訓練為載體，積極構設近似實戰的戰場環境，探索以對抗訓練、野戰化訓練和基地化訓練、模擬化訓練、網絡化訓練等為主要方式，以真、難、實為檢驗標準，以考、比、拉為落實機制的實戰化訓練路子，增強訓練實效。應積極開展非戰爭軍事行動訓練，提高部隊遂行非戰爭軍事行動專業技能，增強部隊完成多樣化軍事任務的能力。

人是戰鬥力諸要素中最積極、最活躍的要素，人才準備是軍事鬥爭準備中最重要、最艱巨的準備。戰爭勝負決于戰場，但決定勝負的環節卻在平時的競爭之中，其中的重點就是人才。當前，關鍵是要突出聯合作戰指揮人才和高層次專業技術人才兩個“戰略抓手”，牽引和推動人才隊伍能力建設的整體發展。突出聯合作戰指揮人才培養，重點建立健全戰略戰役層次指揮員培養提高模式，圍繞完善聯合作戰人才培訓體係、改革聯合作戰教學內容和方法、加大指揮軍官崗位輪換和交叉培訓力度、加緊聯合作戰指揮人才應急培訓等，加強和完善有關措施。突出高層次專業技術人才培養。按照突出重點、兼顧一般、抓住龍頭、帶動整體的原則，重點培養能夠跨學科領域謀劃組織重大項目攻關的科技領軍人才、能夠指導推進學術技術創新發展的學科拔尖人才、能夠解決裝備技術保障復雜難題的技術專家人才，為信息化建設提供強有力的智力支撐。

兵貴神速是戰爭指導的鐵律，信息化條件下更強調“速度優勢”。快速反應能力已成為衡量一支軍隊戰備水平和實戰能力的重要標志。應健全靈敏高效的應急指揮機制。在總結梳理近年我軍完成多樣化軍事任務實踐經驗的基礎上，抓好相關成果的固化和轉化，建立應急機制，健全法規制度，完善機構設置，制定應對預案，組織相關研練，確保一旦有事能快速反應、高效指揮、正確行動。應建立先進可靠的指揮信息係統。按照互操作性好、反應靈敏、安全保密和信息共享的要求，建立縱向到底、橫向到邊的信息網絡和綜合一體、層級簡捷的指揮係統，依靠信息技術提高應急指揮與快速反應能力。把握戰略投送能力建設的特點規律，重點發展戰略運輸機(艦)、軍用直升機和新型航行器，統籌考慮交通戰場建設，探索建立順暢高效的指揮管理機制，整體推進戰略輸送能力建設。

保障也是戰鬥力。現代戰爭中的任何一次作戰行動，都是體係的對抗，對綜合保障的要求越來越高。推進軍事鬥爭準備，必須全面提高作戰保障、後勤保障和裝備保障等綜合保障能力。我軍歷來注重協調推進作戰力量與作戰保障力量建設，偵察預警、指揮通信、測繪導航、氣象水文、工程防化等保障能力總體實現了同步提高。但隨著形勢的發展變化和戰場空間的不斷拓展，作戰保障能力體係開始出現新的“短板”，必須盡快補齊，以形成全維戰場的聯合作戰整體優勢。後勤保障重點是提高現代化水平。按照時代發展要求，穩步實施後勤改革，將保障體制向一體化推進、保障方式向社會化拓展、保障手段向信息化邁進、後勤管理向科學化轉變，推動後勤建設又好又快發展。裝備保障重點是加強配套建設。提高自主創新能力，加快新型武器裝備建設發展，不斷優化我軍武器裝備結構體係。注重裝備的體係配套、係統配套和保障配套建設，提高裝備係列化、通用化、標準化水平，逐步推進裝備成係統成建制形成作戰能力和保障能力，加快建立軍民結合、寓軍于民的武器裝備科研生産體係和維修保障體係，進一步完善軍民融合發展裝備的路子。

堅持科學發展創新軍事鬥爭準備路徑

在新的起點上推進軍事鬥爭準備，必須堅持以科學發展觀為指導，切實運用符合時代要求的思維方式，探索創新軍事鬥爭準備的發展路徑。

繼續解放思想，在軍隊改革大潮中整體推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍事鬥爭準備越深入，觸及發展理念、體制機制、政策制度等方面的深層次矛盾和問題就越多，推進的難度也越大。解決這些問題的根本出路，在于繼續解放思想、深化國防和軍隊建設改革。軍隊改革的戰略目標是建設信息化軍隊、打贏信息化戰爭，這與軍事鬥爭準備的基點是一致的。軍事鬥爭準備是軍隊改革的龍頭和牽引，軍隊改革則是軍事鬥爭準備的重要內容和優化條件，二者目標一致、互為促進。因此，新形勢下推進軍事鬥爭準備，必須與推進國防和軍隊改革結合起來，把提高戰鬥力作為改革的出發點和落腳點，用戰鬥力標準統一改革思想，衡量改革措施，檢驗改革成效，在改革中推進軍事鬥爭準備。

加強科學統籌，在軍隊現代化建設進程中協調推進軍事鬥爭準備。軍隊現代化建設是個大係統，軍事鬥爭準備則是牽一發而動全身的關鍵。軍事鬥爭準備做好了，就能為我軍現代化建設整體發展提供明確具體的需求，提供實實在在的抓手，形成巨大的牽引力量。必須站在軍隊現代化建設發展全局的高度，切實統籌好主與次、遠與近、建與用等關係，把軍事鬥爭準備的過程變成加強軍隊現代化建設的過程，把軍隊現代化建設的過程變成服務軍事鬥爭準備的過程，使二者互為促進，協調發展。

堅持信息主導，在戰鬥力生成模式轉變中創新推進軍事鬥爭準備。當前，信息技術正在深刻改變著戰鬥力生成模式，也在改變著軍隊建設的方方面面。推進軍事鬥爭準備，必須敏銳地適應這個新形勢，主動跳出機械化思維定勢，強化信息主導觀念，注重依靠科技進步提高戰鬥力，探索創新適應信息化戰爭要求的軍事理念、軍事技術、軍事組織和軍事管理，著力提高軍事人才培養、武器裝備發展、人與武器最佳結合的信息化水平，加快推進軍事訓練轉變，逐步確立新型戰鬥力生成與提高的有效機制，推動軍事鬥爭準備實現質的躍升。

突出實戰牽引，在完成多樣化軍事任務中加速推進軍事鬥爭準備。實踐告訴我們，無論國際局勢如何演變、軍隊的職能使命如何拓展、多樣化軍事任務多麼繁重，遏制戰爭、打贏戰爭、維護和平始終是我軍職能的重中之重，打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭永遠是我軍的核心任務。只有具備了核心軍事能力，完成多樣化軍事任務才有堅實基礎。必須始終把提高核心軍事能力放在首要位置，瞄準根本職能推進全面準備，做到多手準備而不“單打一”，分類準備而不“一刀切”，深入準備而不“表面化”，努力使部隊具備適應各種條件、應對各種情況、完成多樣化軍事任務的能力。

Source: PLA Daily

Originally Published 2009年01月08日

China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

Chinese Military Reshuffle Carries Deep Significance

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02FEB2016 Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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China on Monday inaugurated the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) five new theater commands. The northern, southern, eastern, western and central theater commands replace the seven previous military area commands. The change from “military area command” to “theater command” carries more weight than the change from “seven” to “five.”

The essence of the theater commands is clear. The commands are prepared for combat and winning wars, about which the military and the public share a deep understanding. With such a military system, China’s peaceful development will be more serious and gain more respect from the outside.

It has been decades since the PLA was involved in a war. The outside world focuses more on the Dongfeng ballistic missile and the construction of aircraft carriers than about the military itself. The Chinese army has not made much impression on the world.

Perhaps some would prefer the Chinese military to keep a low profile, and it is even better that they advocate peace. The establishment of the five theater commands heralds a revolutionary change, highlighting the fundamentals of the military and the troops.

From now on, the strength of the Chinese military not only exists in historical documents or rests upon newly developed weapons, but also in its determination for victory and in its preparations.

The more powerful the PLA grows and the more capable it is of engaging in a war, the country will embrace a peaceful rise all the more. This will contribute to the nation’s peaceful rise, otherwise the outside world will only consider that peace is only our compulsory choice. If this happens, the peace of China and the world will face a dangerous future.

A major power will attract all kinds of opportunities for the world’s development and can share in global wealth distribution. But without corresponding military might, instability may brew. The security of a big power relates to the security of the whole world. That a big power is capable of fighting in a war but not obsessed in launching wars fits the common interests of all mankind.

Frankly speaking, the strength of the Chinese military can ensure the country is not intruded on by foreign troops, but it is not enough to promote fair competition and the evolution of order in a globalized era. Some external forces do not accept China’s rise. If such sentiments spread with military aid without restraint, it will hurt China’s security and world peace. There needs to be a tipping point where China is more secure, but how to find the tipping point is a subtle issue.

The Chinese military will shoulder heavier responsibilities in the future. China is close to the historical mission of a national rejuvenation. We are facing an unprecedented landscape, hopes and risks. The PLA will play a key role in helping the Chinese people pass the transition period smoothly and helping the world release some external grievances due to the power shifts of major countries.

Original Source: HERE

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

China Military Focus of Main Effort in Information Warfare: Electromagnetic Spectrum

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来源：解放军报作者：郝嘉 周宁 周任飞责任编辑：张硕

● electromagnetic spectrum owned by the state, is the core of strategic resources for national development, promote social progress

● direct support operations of the electromagnetic spectrum, is building computerized armed forces and winning the information war of the central nervous system

Soul of the information war: the electromagnetic spectrum

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Electromagnetic spectrum resources for humanity, as indispensable as water and sun. Information age, the electromagnetic spectrum is changing the world, changing the way people live

Core Tip

Electromagnetic spectrum exists in war by land, sea, air, space the whole time and space, is the only ideal medium capable of supporting mobile operations, decentralized operations and high intensity warfare. Important support elements of the electromagnetic spectrum management as joint operations, throughout the operational readiness, operational planning, operational implementation of the entire process, the role of command and control, intelligence and reconnaissance, weapons guidance, early warning and detection, navigation and other operational elements of the whole, is to improve the combat Important basic capabilities directly related weapons and equipment play information Operational Effectiveness.

Electromagnetic spectrum Past and Present

The physical world there is such a strange phenomenon, alternating current generated in the surrounding space alternating magnetic field, electric field and magnetic field variations mutual contacts to form an alternating electromagnetic field, and can spread from the wave source which produces the distance, this planted in the space at a constant speed of alternating electromagnetic field propagation is electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum, it is by electromagnetic waves lined up according to wavelength or frequency, a formed structure from zero to infinity pedigree, which 0-3000 gigahertz frequency range of radio waves.

Back in October 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent. However, the future Queen of Spain, six months before he heard the news, unfortunately sudden and devastating. April 14, 1865, US President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated 13 days after the news spread was known industry’s most advanced British government, coping strategies are overtaken by events. Electromagnetic time unknown, human nature can not enjoy its magic.

In 1888, German physicist Hertz experiment is successful, humans finally touch the existence of electromagnetic waves. In 1901, as the “father of radio” Marconi trans-Atlantic radio communication test is successful, humanity has entered the era of electromagnetic radio communications sweeping the globe. In 1912, after the Titanic wreck, the United Kingdom, the United States and other maritime powers mandatory over a certain tonnage of the vessel must be installed radio stations, in order to protect the safety of life at sea. During World War I, the war all the major powers use radio communication to pass information and commands.

Since then, radio broadcasting, navigation, remote after another, to the development and progress of human society has brought great changes. Electromagnetic wave as an important carrier of information transmission, dash in land, sea, air, space four-dimensional space, accelerate the coming of the information age.

●电磁频谱属于国家所有，是促进国家发展、推动社会进步的核心战略资源

●电磁频谱直接支撑作战，是建设信息化军队、打赢信息化战争的中枢神经

电磁频谱：信息化战争之魂

电磁频谱资源对人类的影响，就像水和太阳一样不可或缺。信息时代，电磁频谱正在改变世界，改变人们的生活方式。（图片合成：胡亚军）

核心提示

电磁频谱存在于陆、海、空、天的作战全时空，是唯一能够支持机动作战、分散作战和高强度作战的理想媒介。电磁频谱管理作为联合作战的重要保障要素，贯穿于作战准备、作战筹划、作战实施的全过程，作用于指挥控制、情报侦察、武器制导、预警探测、导航定位等作战全要素，是提高体系作战能力的重要基础，直接关系信息化武器装备作战效能的发挥。

电磁频谱的前世今生

物理世界有这样一种奇特的现象，交变电流在周围空间会产生交变磁场，变化的电场和磁场相互联系，形成了交变的电磁场，并能脱离其产生的波源向远处传播，这种在空间以一定速度传播的交变电磁场就是电磁波。

电磁频谱，则是由电磁波按波长或频率排列起来，所形成的一个从零至无穷的结构谱系，其中0－3000吉赫兹频率范围为无线电波。

时间回到1492年10月，哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。然而，西班牙王后半年以后才得知这一消息，遗憾顿生。1865年4月14日，美国总统林肯惨遭暗杀，消息13天后才传到当时号称工业最为先进的英国政府，应对策略也时过境迁。电磁波那时不为人知，人类自然无法享受到它的神奇力量。

1888年，德国物理学家赫兹实验成功，人类终于触摸到电磁波的存在。1901年，随着“无线电之父”马可尼跨越大西洋的无线电通信试验成功，人类进入了电磁时代，无线电通讯席卷全球。1912年，泰坦尼克号失事后，英国、美国等航海大国强制规定，超过一定吨位的船只必须加装无线电台，以保障海上航行生命安全。在第一次世界大战期间，所有参战的大国都使用无线电通信传递情报和命令。

此后，无线电的广播、导航、遥控相继出现，给人类社会的发展进步带来了巨大变化。电磁波作为信息传递的重要载体，纵横驰骋在陆、海、空、天四维空间，加速了信息时代的到来。

Electromagnetic spectrum is a national resource strategy

Electromagnetic spectrum is the only human transmission of information over wireless media, owned by the state, land, forest, mineral and other resources, as it is both a scarce natural resource in the areas of economic development, national defense and social life indispensable , irreplaceable core strategic resources.

At present, humans can use the radio spectrum in the 275 gigahertz or less, mainly concentrated in the range of 30 Hz to 40 gigahertz, but most are in the 3 gigahertz or less, high-quality resources is extremely limited.Therefore, the world has become intense competition for them.

Frequency satellite orbit resources, for example, known as the 80% share of the “golden navigation frequency”, the US GPS and Russian GLONASS navigation system first to seize the countries in the world have to compete for the remaining resources.

Electromagnetic spectrum is widely used in the economic, military and other fields, combined with the scarcity of resources prominent contradictions, it gradually from the back to the front, electromagnetic space and the game become the world compete for important battlefield.

Each year, the US President issued specifically concerning electromagnetic spectrum “presidential memorandum”, leading the electromagnetic spectrum policy and national army. The British government published its “21st Century Spectrum Management” white paper, clearly the introduction of spectrum pricing, spectrum auction, spectrum trading and other means to encourage the efficient use of spectrum resources development and new technologies.

The study reports that the electromagnetic spectrum can contribute each year to 3-5 percent of the total national economy. From 1995 to 2011, the United States, Britain, France, Germany and other countries for the development of the third and fourth generation mobile communication network, spectrum auction value of $ 130 billion. Russia, France, Germany, Japan, Australia and other countries competing to improve the relevant laws and regulations, maintain the electromagnetic spectrum space to maximize their national interests, strongly promote the electromagnetic spectrum resources market and internationalization.

Manage electromagnetic space “traffic light”

Although the electromagnetic spectrum is present in the natural space, invisible, but it does not mean that the State, organizations and individuals are free to use occupied.

With modern urban traffic management have great similarities, at the technical level, the electromagnetic frequency spectrum management major from, space, time three-dimensional expansion, which is vividly called electromagnetic space “traffic lights.”

Currently, the international scope of the electromagnetic spectrum management mainly through the establishment of an international organization, signed an international agreement to allocate spectrum to resolve unified. States also set up frequency spectrum management and monitoring of the site, and to divide the spectrum resource use.

According to statistics, a US infantry division of about 70 radar, radio station 2800, a Russian motorized infantry division of about 60 radar, radio station 2040 to ensure so much electronic equipment to work smoothly, you need a strong power and spectrum management mechanism. After the baptism of several local wars, the US military high command from the field to have a specialized division of spectrum management agencies from the Department of Defense, the Joint Staff to the armed services, has established a complete set of joint campaign spectrum management system, formed a mature management mechanism.

According to the US Army website reported, the United States developed a new Joint Tactical Radio System, which contains the spectrum defragmentation technology, is not a continuous spectrum of debris re-polymerization, to achieve the integration of resources to meet the needs of purpose. European development of the “Spectrum pool” technology, but also the integration of free spectrum resource collection, and dynamically allocated based on customer needs, improve efficiency in the use of the spectrum.

Now, the world’s major countries are seeking to develop spectrum sharing technology, without changing the existing spectrum allocation rules, through technical analysis tools simulate actual combination, so that different systems can share the same frequency band compatible. In addition, many countries and organizations through the use of advanced signal transmission technology, using a frequency equipment to improve the level of technology, and other means to control the transmission frequency, both to avoid the deterioration of the electromagnetic environment, but also to achieve efficient use of spectrum.

“The 21st century will be the era of the spectrum war”

Traditional air and sea superiority play, must be based on the electromagnetic advantage, losing electromagnetic power, will lose control of the air, sea control, electromagnetic space and space has become, ground and ocean coexistence fourth dimension battlefield. It can be said that the future of information warfare, who won the electromagnetic power, grasps the initiative on the battlefield. Former Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff Thomas Muller said: “If a third world war, the winner will be the most adept at controlling the use of the electromagnetic spectrum and the party.”

Faced with escalating competition in the world of the electromagnetic spectrum, the US military has issued a joint spectrum vision, strategic planning and the Department of Defense Spectrum “Spectrum war” and other top-level strategic guidance documents, and to take away from the crowded band, the development of high-end spectrum, etc., developed microwave , laser, electromagnetic pulse weapons, etc., to actively seize the spectrum.British forces widely promote the use of intelligent and efficient radio modulation techniques to improve spectrum utilization efficiency of a wireless communication system.

In order to obtain the advantages of the spectrum in the future information warfare, Europe and the United States armed forces through the establishment of specialized agencies electromagnetic compatibility, the use of advanced simulation techniques to develop quality indicators management system, develop joint spectrum management system, etc., to improve battlefield electromagnetic spectrum management capabilities.

In recent years, cognitive radio, dynamic spectrum sensing, frequency control simulation deduction, emerging electromagnetic environmental adaptability analysis of new technologies, to the military electromagnetic spectrum management development has brought great opportunities and challenges. Experts predict that the future will share a common electromagnetic spectrum management towards spectrum resources, spectrum efficiency analysis and refinement of embedded dynamic spectrum management, direction and progress.

电磁频谱是一个国家的战略资源

电磁频谱是目前人类唯一理想的无线信息传输媒介，属于国家所有，与土地、森林、矿藏等资源一样，它既是一种稀缺的自然资源，也是经济发展、国防建设和社会生活各领域不可或缺、无法替代的核心战略资源。

目前，人类能够利用的无线电频谱在275吉赫兹以下，主要集中在30赫兹至40吉赫兹范围内，而且绝大部分是在3吉赫兹以下，优质资源极其有限。因此，世界各国对其争夺已经趋于白热化。

以卫星频率轨道资源为例，被誉为“黄金导航频率”80%的份额，被美国GPS和俄罗斯格洛纳斯导航系统率先抢占，世界各国不得不争夺剩余资源。

电磁频谱在经济、军事等领域的广泛应用，加之资源紧缺的突出矛盾，使其逐渐从后台走向前台，电磁空间成为世界各国争夺和博弈的重要战场。

每年，美国总统专门发表事关电磁频谱的《总统备忘录》，主导国家和军队的电磁频谱政策。英国政府在其发布的《21世纪的频谱管理》白皮书中，明确提出引入频谱定价、频谱拍卖、频谱贸易等手段，激励频谱资源的高效利用和新技术的研发。

有关研究报告表明，电磁频谱每年可为国家经济总量贡献3至5个百分点。1995年至2011年，美、英、法、德等国家，为发展第三、第四代移动通信网，所拍卖的频谱价值高达1300多亿美元。俄、法、德、日、澳等国家竞相完善相关法规，最大限度地维护本国的电磁频谱空间利益，极力推进电磁频谱资源市场化和国际化。

管好电磁空间的“红绿灯”

电磁频谱虽然是存在于自然空间，看不见摸不着，但并不意味着国家、组织和个人可以随意使用侵占。

同现代城市交通管理有很大的相似之处，在技术层面上，电磁频谱管理主要从频率、空间、时间三维展开，这也被形象地称为电磁空间的“红绿灯”。

目前，国际范围的电磁频谱管理主要是通过建立国际组织、签订国际协议、统一划分频谱来解决。各国也设立了频谱管理部门和监测站点，对频谱资源进行划分和使用。

据统计，美军一个步兵师约有70部雷达、2800部电台，俄罗斯一个摩托化步兵师约有60部雷达、2040部电台，保证如此多的电子装备有条不紊地工作，需要强大的频谱管理力量和机制。经过几次局部战争的洗礼后，美军从统帅部到野战师都设有专门的频谱管理机构，从国防部、联合参谋部到各军兵种，都建立了一整套完整的联合战役频谱管理体系，形成了成熟的管理机制。

根据美国陆军网站报道，美国研发的新型联合战术无线电系统，其中包含了频谱碎片整理技术，就是将不连续的频谱碎片重新聚合，实现整合资源、满足需求的目的。欧洲开发的“频谱池”技术，也是将空闲频谱资源收集整合，并根据用户需求进行动态分配，提高频谱的使用效益。

现在，世界主要国家都在大力发展频谱共享技术，在不改变现有的频谱分配规则下，通过仿真实测相结合的技术分析手段，使不同系统能够在同一频段兼容共用。此外，很多国家和组织通过采用先进信号传输技术、提高用频设备工艺水平、控制发射频率等手段，既避免了电磁环境的恶化，也实现频谱的高效利用。

“21世纪将是频谱战的时代”

传统海空优势的发挥，必须建立在电磁优势的基础上，失去制电磁权，必将失去制空权、制海权，电磁空间已成为与空间、地面和海洋并存的第四维战场。可以说，未来信息化作战，谁赢得了制电磁权，谁就掌握了战场主动权。美国前参谋长联席会议主席托马斯·穆勒曾说：“如果发生第三次世界大战，获胜者必将是最善于控制和运用电磁频谱的一方。”

面对世界范围内电磁频谱竞争的不断升级，美军先后出台联合频谱构想、国防部频谱战略规划以及“频谱战”战略等顶层指导文件，并采取避开拥挤频段、开发高端频谱等方式，研发微波、激光、电磁脉冲等武器装备，积极抢占频谱资源。英国在部队中广泛推广使用智能无线电和高效调制技术，提升无线通信系统的频谱使用效率。

为在未来信息作战中获得频谱优势，欧美等国军队还通过成立专门电磁兼容机构、采用先进仿真技术手段、制定质量指标管理体系、开发联合频谱管理系统等方式，提高战场电磁频谱管理能力。

近年来，随着认知无线电、动态频谱感知、频管仿真推演、电磁环境适应性分析等新技术的不断涌现，给军队电磁频谱管理发展带来了巨大机遇和挑战。专家预计，未来电磁频谱管理将朝着频谱资源共享共用、精细化频谱效能分析和频谱动态嵌入式管理等方向不断进步。

Classic examples of the electromagnetic spectrum

In 1914, the US Navy Atlantic Fleet in the first trial under the state of war radio communication equipment, results strongly spark near neighbor ship transmitters interference interrupt all radio communication, the participants had to make time allocation plan, assigned to the United States for two hours domestic radio transmitter, the other four countries 1 hour each. Thus, the Washington-based headquarters to an interval of 4 hours to its armed forces on the battlefield contact again.

In 1967, the US “Forrestal” aircraft carrier in the implementation of a particular military mission, carrier F-4 “Phantom” fighter ship radar beam is irradiated by the interference, the aircraft hanging space rocket was accidentally fired ignition, hit ship an a-4 “Skyhawk” attack aircraft fuel tank, causing a chain explosion, causing heavy casualties.

April 1980, the US Joint Task Force and local school Rangers joint implementation embassy hostage rescue mission in Iraq. In its way to evacuate due to a communication device and the Rangers are not compatible with the frequent collaboration errors, resulting in a helicopter and transport aircraft collided, eight commandos were burned to death and four serious burns.

May 4, 1982, the Falklands War, the British naval weapon known as a symbol and pride of the fleet, “Sheffield” cruiser by satellite communication and radar systems are not compatible, can only start work in turn, the result was Argentina “Super flag “aircraft launched the” flying fish “missile sunk.

June 9, 1982, the fifth Middle East war, Israel intercepted prior use of the Syrian army radar and “Sam” spectral parameters of the missile launch, just 6 minutes will be stationed in the Bekaa Valley which cost $ 2 billion in 19 “Sam” air defense missile sites completely destroyed. In the next two days of combat, Israeli fighter planes and electronic jamming aircraft with combat, created a miracle in the history of air combat.

After April 21, 1996, the Russian war in Chechnya, the hunting group through special electronic warfare, electronic signal war zone to collect, monitor, cell phone signal reconnaissance to Dudayev, was analyzed to confirm, and lock the phone signal coordinate system, cruise warplanes fired missiles on Dudayev was “targeted killings.”

May 2011, the US Navy Seals and Special Air Service regiment battle the implementation of “Neptune Spear” initiative. SEALs use of “Land Warrior” soldier system, and joint operations center for situation analysis and sharing of intelligence, special operations group UAV crew via satellite communication system commando operations return the White House and the Pentagon. Throughout its action, the US military weapons systems use spectrum resources covering all channels, in just 40 minutes, successfully kill Osama bin Laden.

1914年，美国海军大西洋舰队首次在战争状态下试验无线电通信设备，结果附近友邻舰艇发射机产生的强烈火花干扰中断了所有无线电通信，参加者不得不作出时间分配计划，分配2小时给美国对国内进行无线电发射，其他4个国家各1小时。这样，设在华盛顿的总部要间隔4小时才能与它在战场上的武装力量联络一次。

1967年，美军“福莱斯特”航母在执行某次军事任务时，舰载F-4“鬼怪”式战机受该舰雷达波束照射干扰，飞机悬挂的空地火箭弹被意外点火发射，击中舰上1架A-4“天鹰”式攻击机的副油箱，导致一系列连锁爆炸，造成重大伤亡。

1980年4月，美派联合特遣部队和当地别动队共同执行营救驻伊大使馆人质任务。在其撤离途中，由于和别动队的通信设备互不兼容，用频协同失误，造成1架直升机与运输机相撞，8名突击队员被烧死，4人严重烧伤。

1982年5月4日，英阿马岛之战，号称英海战利器和舰队骄傲象征的“谢菲尔德”号巡洋舰因卫星通信和雷达系统互不兼容，只能轮流开机工作，结果被阿根廷“超级军旗”飞机发射的“飞鱼”式导弹击沉。

1982年6月9日，第五次中东战争，以色列利用事先截获的叙利亚军队雷达和“萨姆”导弹发射的频谱参数，仅用6分钟就将其驻守在贝卡谷地的耗资20亿美元的19个“萨姆”防空导弹阵地彻底摧毁。在其后两天的空战中，以色列战斗机配合预警机和电子干扰机作战，创造了空战史上的奇迹。

1996年4月21日，俄罗斯在车臣战争中，通过特种电子战猎杀小组，对战区内的电子信号进行收集、监听，侦察到杜达耶夫的手机信号，进行分析确认后，锁定手机信号坐标，利用巡航战机发射导弹，对杜达耶夫进行了“定点清除”。

2011年5月，美军海豹突击队和特战空勤团实施“海王星之矛”行动。海豹突击队采用“陆地勇士”单兵系统，与联合行动中心进行态势分析和情报共享，特战空勤团无人机通过卫星通信系统将突击队行动回传白宫和五角大楼。整个行动过程，美军使用的武器系统频谱资源涵盖全频道，仅用时40分钟，便成功击杀本·拉登。

https://www.81.cn/rd/2015-06/18/

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Strategic Support Forces

Chinese Military Focus on Future Innovation-driven Development & Competition Seize Strategic High Ground

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By An Weiping

Source: 2015年12月29   来源：解放军报

104109724

The use of “Internet +” to create a new quality of thinking and fighting

Chairman of the Central Military Commission Xi Reform Work Conference, to focus on the future military competition to seize the strategic high ground, give full play to the role of innovation-driven development, cultivate new growth point of fighting. At present, China is the depth of promoting the “Internet +” action plan, which is the development trend of the Internet era of profound insight and wisdom to cope. Its essence is to promote the Internet, cloud computing, big data, networking integration and innovation as the representative of information technology and traditional industries, create new productivity. And viewed from the military point of view, the “Internet +” concept of thinking is also important for military innovation, foster new growth point fighting. But the military use of “Internet +”, not simply on the Internet “+” on, but in the military field dedicated “cyberspace” a “+”, and the use of “Internet +” thinking and a new generation of information technology, the establishment of improve the database, by fast and efficient flow of accurate data to improve reconnaissance, command and control, battlefield mobility, firepower, integrated security and information protection, and combat capability, to achieve accurate and timely release of aggregation and the overall combat effectiveness, thus creating adaptation of information technology The new mass combat operations.

“Internet” + target characteristic data, real-time sensing reconnaissance intelligence. Real-time reconnaissance capability is perceived to reach the battlefield transparent, seize the basis and key information superiority.Internet biggest feature is the remote control into the remote “touch” to achieve a seamless link between the sensor and processor, unimpeded access to battlefield information, real-time sensing reconnaissance intelligence. But the actual combat operations, the target is characterized by continuous change, if the lack of accurate target feature “full-dimensional” data, it is difficult to analyze, contrast, identify mass, low-density value of battlefield data, dig out the real and effective information, to achieve timely and accurate perception reconnaissance intelligence. Therefore, we should fully learn the “Internet +” big data analysis model, relying on accurate battlefield information and intelligence center to build, multi-dimensional and dynamic characteristics of the target database to database for support, fast and accurate analysis judged the enemy goal. “Accurate”, refers to a database of all the characteristics of the target data must be true, valuable information and data, can accurately reflect the different characteristics of the target property. “Multi-dimensional” refers to the use of land, sea, air, space, power and other means to obtain the same objective, the different nature of intelligence data and get the target from different angles appearance characteristics, as well as electromagnetic, infrared, and other information; “Dynamic “it refers to adapt to changes in weaponry and other targets, timely reconnaissance target feature information, the first perfect time to update the database, ensure that you always maintain a high accuracy of the data. Relying on the target database should also be characterized by the establishment of operational data analysis model, through the “cloud” on the large amount of data collection operations analysis of intelligence information to accurately determine and predict the enhanced situational awareness and decision support capabilities.

“Internet” + information system integration, to achieve accurate and efficient command and control. Accurate and efficient command and control capability is based on the core information system operational capability.Cyberspace so that all branches of the military combat information systems to achieve remote, synchronous, interactive connection, the commander combat global real-time grasp and mastery of the battlefield situation, belongs to all levels of command elements, each combat unit dynamic and effective action to implement the regulation. Integration must take an integrated approach, different branches of the military, information from different professions, different levels of system integration and other construction. First, functional integration, an integrated command platform, based on the relevant member information systems transformation, embedded sharing member, according to a unified configuration and management strategies, ensemble having interoperability integrated command and control system to ensure that all military branches, interrelated levels of command, synchronous interaction, information exchange command job sharing. Second, the system hinges primarily by branches of engineering and technical specifications according to a unified organization and implementation, through changing, modified (making) the existing command and control system, improve the various branches of the military command and control systems, enhancements and weapons platforms “hinge” capability . Third, data fusion, through a unified data format or data format conversion, data integration between branches Information System.

“Internet” + geographical information, fast place battlefield maneuvers.The essence of battlefield mobility, capacity utilization is decisive and overwhelming operational tempo seize the target location advantage. This requires full-dimensional perception by battlefield battlefield information system geographical information such day or night, we are well aware of how to maneuver the entire road, what factors affect mobility, in order to select the best motor route, timing and fast way to place . The rapid development of Internet intelligent navigation system, real-time provides a convenient quick and precise maneuvering. Therefore, to refer to the “Internet +” geographic information system, the establishment of geographic information as soon as military combat support systems, building geographic information database, and continuously enrich and perfect meteorological, hydrological and other data and road information and data information via satellite data links, etc. Real-time application queries and automatically senses the change, so that regional operational commanders real-time control, the rapid set-motorized determination, commanding troops quickly arrived combat area, to seize the fleeting fighters fighting to win the initiative.

“Internet” + Detective play commentary system, the rapid reaction accurate firepower. The condition of information warfare biggest feature is the “information-led firepower battle,” Internet interconnection links are distributed to the effective integration of various weapons platforms, network-based firepower systems possible. But rapid reaction precision firepower and damage the effectiveness of the play, is an investigation, control, play, commentary closed circuit, the need to establish a body blow interconnected system, like “Internet” + taxi, a “Didi taxi” system software, can be the first to discover and pinpoint the user application, and then through the analysis of user needs, while according to the position information of the vehicle to determine who carried out the service, and the fastest way to push information to the user service vehicles, service vehicles last feedback, to complete the service process. Similarly, the rapid response fire precision strike, the urgent need to establish a “play Detective Comment on” one of the firepower system, surveillance systems, decision systems, control systems, sensor fusion interconnected, so that the data flow and operational processes and seamlessly links mutual drive, always monitor the target information and firepower cell information, a substantial increase in the ability to extract data from the mass targeted; the same time through real-time information exchange, sensor control, task allocation plan and fire damage assessment, greatly reducing identify the target, targeted, target and damage assessment time, effectively improve the dynamic ability to strike targets, found that the anti-forming ability of the best mode.

“Internet” + Things security system, to achieve timely and accurate comprehensive security. Accurate and timely comprehensive support, is adaptive, intelligent means to reach at the desired time and place to provide timely and accurate combat all kinds of resources needed. The adaptive, intelligent, must establish an integrated management and control, integrated transportation security system of things together, things like relying on the development of Internet technology, the Internet and radio frequency identification, infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanning technology, achieve mutual connection between anything, and through the exchange of information and communication, positioning, tracking, monitoring and precise management. Therefore, we should actively learn things the idea, and establishing information under combat conditions was associated support systems, integrated use of two-dimensional bar code, electronic tags, automatic identification technology, real-time monitoring and access to supply battle group team strength, guarantee supplies storage and consumption of dynamic information, accurately grasp logistical needs and resources, timely and accurate to the command structure at all levels, to provide comprehensive support group team information security needs. By precise control of the security resources to achieve transparent visualization controllable security process and improve efficiency battlefield support, logistical support adaptive capacity.

“Internet” + preset encrypted information, information protection security control. Effective delivery system based on the combat capability of information systems, data security depends combat controllable. As a result of the “Internet +” and bring the system vulnerability and threats and attacks from internal, external, so that security issues in information systems is very prominent. Therefore for the ever-changing battlefield, the effective implementation of dynamic data encryption. For example, by installing a micro-channel information encryption software that can encrypt messages on demand, voice, video and other information; another example, the terminal end smartphone encryption, anti-eavesdropping technology and SMS encryption and other network information security technology has gradually applied.Therefore, we should make full use of information technology, Internet security, cyberspace whole process of the implementation of dynamic encryption to ensure the confidentiality of information transmission, to ensure the integrity and non-repudiation of the information, communication channel resistance may be active or passive attacks. On the one hand “hard encryption”, and vigorously develop the user terminal installation of secrecy or confidentiality card machine; on the other hand is “soft encryption”, the development of intelligent terminal encryption software, use dynamic encryption algorithm, encrypted instant messages.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

习主席在中央军委改革工作会议上提出，要着眼于抢占未来军事竞争战略制高点，充分发挥创新驱动发展作用，培育战斗力新的增长点。当前，我国正在深度推进“互联网+”行动计划，这是对互联网时代发展潮流的深刻洞察和智慧因应。其实质就是促进以互联网、云计算、大数据、物联网为代表的信息技术与传统产业的融合创新，打造新的生产力。而从军事角度观察，“互联网+”思维理念对于军事创新，培育新的战斗力增长点同样重要。但军事领域运用“互联网+”，不是简单地在互联网上“+”，而是在军事领域专用的“网络空间”上进行“+”，并运用“互联网+”思维和新一代信息技术，建立完善的数据库，通过精准数据的快速高效流动，提高侦察情报、指挥控制、战场机动、火力打击、综合保障和信息防护等作战能力，达成整体作战效能的聚集和准确及时释放，进而打造适应信息化作战的新质战斗力。

“互联网”+目标特征数据，实现侦察情报的实时感知。实时感知的侦察能力是达成战场透明，夺取信息优势的基础和关键。互联网最大的特点就是将远程控制变为远程“触觉”，实现传感器与处理器间无缝链接，畅通战场信息获取渠道，实现侦察情报的实时感知。但实际作战行动中，目标特征是连续不断变化的，如果缺少目标特征准确的“全维”数据，就难以在海量的、价值密度低的战场数据中进行分析、对比、识别，挖掘出真实有效的信息，实现侦察情报的及时准确感知。为此，应充分借鉴“互联网+”大数据分析模式，依托战场信息情报中心构建准确、多维、动态的目标特征数据库，以数据库作支撑，快速准确分析研判敌情目标。“准确”，是指数据库中的所有目标特征数据必须是真实、有价值的信息数据，能够准确反映目标的不同属性特征。“多维”，是指运用陆、海、空、天、电等多种手段获取同类目标、不同性质的情报数据信息，并从不同角度获得目标的外观特征，以及电磁、红外等信息；“动态”，是指适应武器装备等目标的发展变化，及时侦搜目标特征信息，第一时间更新完善数据库，确保始终保持较高的数据精确度。同时应依托目标特征数据库建立作战数据分析模型，通过“云技术”对大量数据集合进行作战分析，对情报信息进行准确判断和预测，增强战场感知和辅助决策能力。

“互联网”+信息系统融合，实现指挥控制的精准高效。精准高效的指挥控制能力是基于信息系统作战能力的核心。网络空间使各个军兵种作战信息系统实现异地、同步、交互连接，指挥员可实时把握作战全局和掌握战场情况，对所属各级指挥要素、各个作战单元行动实施动态有效调控。必须采取综合集成的方式，进行不同军兵种、不同专业、不同层次等系统的信息融合建设。一是功能整合，以一体化指挥平台为基础，对相关信息系统进行构件化改造，嵌入共用功能构件，按照统一的配置和管理策略，组合集成为具有互操作能力的一体化指控系统，确保各军兵种、各级指挥相互衔接、同步互动，指挥作业信息互通共享。二是系统铰链，主要由各军兵种按照统一的工程技术规范组织实施，通过换装、改装（造）现有指挥控制系统，完善各军兵种指挥控制系统，增强与武器平台的“铰链”能力。三是数据融合，通过统一的数据格式或数据格式转换，实现军兵种间信息系统的数据融合。

“互联网”+地理环境信息，实现战场机动的快速到位。战场机动的实质，是利用决定性和压倒性作战节奏夺占目标位置优势的能力。这就需要通过全维战场信息系统感知战场地理环境信息，使得无论白天还是黑夜，都清楚知道机动全程路况怎么样、影响机动的因素有哪些，从而选择最佳的机动路线、时机、方式快速到位。互联网智能导航系统的迅速发展，为实时快速精确机动提供了便利。因此，要借鉴“互联网+”地理信息系统方式，尽快建立军事地理信息作战保障系统，构建地理信息基础数据库，不断充实完善气象、水文以及道路等数据信息，并通过卫星、数据链等实现数据信息的实时申请查询和变化自动感知，使指挥员实时掌握作战地域情况、快速定下机动决心，指挥部队快速抵达作战地域，抓住稍纵即逝的战机，赢得作战主动权。

“互联网”+侦控打评系统，实现火力打击的快反精确。信息化条件作战最大的特征就是“信息主导、火力主战”，互联网的互联互通为有效融合链接分散配置的各个武器平台，实现火力打击系统的网络化提供了可能。但火力打击的快反精确以及毁伤效能的发挥，是一个侦、控、打、评的闭合回路，需要建立互联一体的打击系统，就像“互联网”+出租车，出现“滴滴打车”系统软件一样，能够第一时间发现和准确锁定用户申请，然后通过分析用户需求，同时根据车辆的位置信息，确定由谁进行服务，并以最快的方式将用户信息推送至服务车辆，最后服务车辆进行反馈，完成整个服务过程。同样，实现火力精确打击的快速反应，亟须建立“侦控打评”一体的火力打击系统，将侦察系统、决策系统、控制系统、传感器进行互联融合，使数据流程与作战流程无缝链接并相互驱动，随时监控目标信息和火力单元信息，大幅提高从海量数据中提取锁定目标的能力；同时通过实时的信息交互、传感器控制、任务计划分配以及火力毁伤评估，大大缩短识别目标、锁定目标、攻击目标和毁伤评估时间，有效提高对动态目标的打击能力，形成发现即打击的最佳能力模式。

“互联网”+物联保障系统，实现综合保障的及时准确。准确及时的综合保障，就是以自适应、智能化的手段，达成在需要的时间、地点及时准确提供作战所需的各类资源。而实现自适应、智能化，必须建立综合管控、综合调运的物联保障系统，就像依托互联网技术发展的物联网，通过互联网以及射频识别、红外感应器、全球定位系统、激光扫描等技术，实现了任何物品间的相互连接，并通过信息交换和通信、定位、跟踪，实现精确的监控和管理。为此，应积极借鉴物联网的理念，建立适应信息化条件下作战的物联保障系统，综合运用二维条码、电子标签、自动识别等技术，实时监测和获取作战群队供应实力、保障物资的存储量及消耗等动态信息，准确掌握后勤保障需求和资源，及时准确向各级指挥机构、综合保障群队提供保障需求信息。通过对保障资源的精确控制，实现保障过程的透明可视可控，提高战场保障效益，实现自适应的后勤保障能力。

“互联网”+信息预置加密，实现信息防护的安全可控。基于信息系统的体系作战能力的有效释放，有赖于作战数据信息的安全可控。由于采用“互联网+”而带来的系统脆弱性和来自内、外部的各种威胁和攻击，使得安全问题在信息系统中十分突出。因此要针对瞬息万变的战场，对数据实施动态有效的信息加密。比如，微信通过安装一种信息加密软件，可以实现对短信、语音、视频等信息的按需加密；再比如，智能手机终端的端到端加密、防窃听技术和短信加密等网络信息安全技术已逐渐得到应用。为此，应充分借助互联网安全信息技术，对网络空间实施全过程的动态加密，保证信息传输的保密性，确保信息的完整性和不可抵赖性，抵抗对通信通道可能的主动或被动攻击。一方面要“硬加密”，大力开发用户终端加装保密卡或保密机；另一方面是“软加密”，开发智能终端加密软件，使用动态加密算法，实现信息的即时加密。

http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2015/1229/

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Strategic Support Forces

China PLA General An Weiping: Developing Asymetric & Cyber Forces A Requirement for Winning

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By Major General An Weiping, Deputy Chinese Army Commander of the PLA 16th Group Army

China’s new-type combat forces have developed rapidly in the past five years with great achievements, but we still lag far behind world military powers in that regard.

Going forward, the construction of new-type combat forces is of critical importance. China should focus on fostering advanced forces and means that are essential for us to seize the high ground in military competition and win information-based battles, and improve our combat capacity through leapfrog development.

New-type combat forces are the important source that leads military reform

Considering the development of the form of warfare, we should have a clear idea of the position and role of new-type combat forces.

First, it is a sharp weapon to win future warfare. The world history of military development shows us that new-type combat forces always decide the outcome of wars with “intergenerational” advantages.

Today, the U.S. and Russia still insist on the path of high-end technological advantages and emphasize the possession of strategic advantages over rivals. This tells us that whoever takes a preemptive step in fostering new-type combat forces will establish winning advantages in the war.

Second, it is the supportive force that pushes tactical innovation. New-type combat forces are a relative term that carries the characteristics of the time. It not only refers to the latest military practices in each period, but also directly drives tactical innovation.

From the famous theories on air/sea supremacy in military history to theories on blitzkrieg and firefight and to today’s air-sea integrated operations, precise and fast operations, cyberspace warfare and long-distance coordinated operations, they have all experienced the same process from emergence to development. The appearance of every tactical theory is backed by corresponding new-type combat forces.

Third, it is an important source that leads the military reform. With special combat mechanism, unique fighting efficiency and brand new fighting approaches, new-type combat forces are the vanguards that push the military reform.

We shall establish advantages featuring “we have what the enemy has not, we excel in what the enemy has”.

The several recent local warfare has proven that “all-domain, long-distance, integrated and precise” have become the typical features of combats in information-based conditions. To adapt to the needs of future warfare, we shall accelerate the construction of a range of new-type combat forces and establish advantages featuring “we have what the enemy has not, we excel in what the enemy has”.

We shall reinforce the aerospace early warning forces. Seizing the room for aerospace combat is not only an effective means to ensure a transparent status on the battlefield, but also an important way of forming relative advantages.

Based on our military aerospace weapon and reconnaissance satellites operating in the space, we shall form the aerospace support forces. Meanwhile, we shall also develop space weapon and foster space strike capability to secure the space supremacy.

We shall strengthen the strategic delivery force. Given its long strategic depth, China urgently needs a long-distance delivery force commensurate with its position as a strong power to effectively deal with international situations and safeguard the nation’s strategic security.

We shall insist on the development direction of military-civilian integration, rely on a number of military and civilian departments to build strategic delivery platforms and transportation mechanisms integrating railway, road, water transport, aviation and spaceflight, so as to guarantee military-civilian coordination, fast combat readiness and deployments in case of any situation.

We shall expand the unmanned combat force. Boasting such advantages as strong adaptability, fast response, long working hours and high functional integration, unmanned combat force is an important means to reduce casualties in future manned combats.

At present, China’s military unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been developed and used at a fast rate, but the development of emerging unmanned forces such as unmanned vehicle, vessel and underwater vehicle is backward.

Therefore, we shall step up comprehensive construction and form a professional unmanned troop that can both fight independently and cooperate with manned troops, integrating reconnaissance, strike and evaluation.

Cyberspace combat is the strategic means to obtain asymmetrical advantages.

The cyberspace is an important battlefield to obtain the information supremacy and a strategic means to obtain asymmetrical advantages. As the U.S. has applied a string of cyber virus weapons such as Stuxnet, Flame and Suter, main countries around the world are all building their “cyber forces”.

Building a “cyber force” as soon as possible is a requirement raised by the time to safeguard national cyber security and sovereignty and win information-based war.

We shall foster a standard and professional new-type “cyber force” integrating cyber attack and defense as well as information security to obtain the cyber supremacy.

Moreover, cyber terrorism is a new form of terrorism arising from the information network, and fighting cyber terrorism has become a prominent topic in national security, international policies and relation.

Therefore, it is imperative to carry out international cooperation and form an “international peacekeeping” force to fight against cyber terrorism.

http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/2016-01/

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

China’s PLA Secret Military Information Troop Strategy //中國軍隊揭秘我军首支战略支援部队

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《 人民日报 》（ 2016年01月24日 )

中国解放军事科学院_lit

China’s People’s Liberation Army in 2016, a new combat force joins the PLA combat organization, it will become an important growth point of China’s  military combat capability and key strength leading to decisive nature of future wars…Secret military first team strategy support troops

December 31, 2015, and the Army leadership organization, listed with rocket forces, strategic support troops officially unveiled the PLA’s “family”!

“Strategic Support Unit is to safeguard the national security of the new combat forces, is an important qualitative growth of our military combat capability.” Chairman Xi Jinping stressed that the establishment of strategic support troops, military help to optimize the structure, improve the comprehensive support capabilities.Strategic support troops to adhere to system integration, civil-military integration, and strive to achieve leapfrog development in key areas, starting point to promote high standards of combat forces to accelerate the development of new, integrated development, strive to build a strong, modern strategic support units.

This is exactly what the troops support? Where highlights? Inception, the soldiers doing? Recently, this reporter approached the strategic support units, truly feel this nascent boom strong army troops.

“Without a high degree of integration, there will be no joint operations”

What is the strategic support? Case before us:

May 2011, the US military killed Osama bin Laden’s operations for the armed forces around the world a vivid lesson. On the surface, is the two “Black Hawk” helicopters and 24 “seal” commando on a mission, but behind it has a huge support system: Several pieces of reconnaissance and communications satellites, one responsible for real-time transmission and radio listening stealth unmanned reconnaissance missions, more aerial cover for the war to be F / A-18 fighter, an aircraft carrier battle groups responsible for strategic support, two of the five Central Asian bases and command centers, as well as various support guarantee ten thousand personnel……

This small-scale operations, major systems supporting combat style, demonstrating the winning mechanism of modern warfare. Information leading, system support, elite combat, joint victory, has become the basic characteristics of modern warfare.

“Strategic Support Unit is to support the battlefield, to ensure smooth operations, it is an important force in joint operations.” Military experts briefed reporters, figuratively speaking, strategic support troops for the army to provide accurate and reliable information to support efficient and strategies support guarantee, propped army system “information umbrella” that will blend action and armed with rocket forces, and throughout the war always, is the key to winning the war power.

“Without a high degree of integration, there will be no joint operations.” Strategic support units formed at the beginning, tightly pegged to the bottleneck restricting military joint operations in order to organize the work of planning military research started around how to understand the task, how construction and development, and how a good beginning in a higher starting point, different organizations Category troops, military leaders and experts in related fields, extensive research and discussion exchange, on major issues troop positioning functions, organization and structure, leadership and command system and other ongoing research and feasibility studies.Recently, the main leaders also dispatched military forces to the relevant units, mass fighting around the new generation to carry out special investigations.

Civil-military integration is the information war “nature.” According to statistics, the First World War, the number of industries involved in the development of weapons and equipment technology categories to ten dollars; World War II, extended to hundreds; to the Gulf War, it is in the thousands. In recent years, the proportion of military special technology United States, Britain, France, Germany, Japan and other developed countries, more and more low, while military and civilian technology for more than 80%, the construction of military information technology for more than 80% are from the civil information systems.

Around the realization of civil-military integration, strategic support units proposed aspects from planning, mechanisms, resources, projects, and talent continue to promote the use of the depth of integration. New Year’s a start, force planning construction of a number of strategies, many military enterprises, scientific research institutions, experts figure has emerged, based on a unit, for the country, strong army service, “says think-tank” on the horizon.

“Accelerate the cultivation of new mass combat capability, create new combat forces.”

In the 21st century, the new military revolution shock avalanche. Especially with the continuous breakthroughs in information, intelligence, invisible, nanotechnology and other emerging technologies strategy, the new combat forces into a military capability leapfrog development “growth pole”, a new military power to compete, “darling.”

Public information, the United States set up space combat troops, built a Cyber ​​Command under the jurisdiction of 100,000 troops, to create the world’s largest network warfare forces. Russia’s integration with the Air Force Space combat forces to establish air and space forces, formed a network warfare command structure and the forces. British promoter cutting-edge network warfare units “77th Brigade”, specializing in “unconventional information warfare” by Facebook website platform. Japan through the “Basic Universe” speed up the process of militarization of space, and actively organize a “cyberspace defense team.”

Faced with surging wave of this new revolution in military affairs, who insight into the initiative, who will win in the future. Chairman of the Central Military Commission Xi and decisive decision-making, the formation of strategic support units, to create a new type of war to safeguard national security forces, and the quality of our military combat capability as an important growth point.

Around accelerate the cultivation of new mass combat troops established a technology weaponization of power systems, the ability to combat the direction of development, to enter the combat readiness as an index, advancing step by step actual combat capacity building.

Military construction focus to the war, the work to fight hard. Reporters in an interview that the strategic support units, at all levels of urgency in order to focus on reform, promote transformation, many feel accustomed to the keyboard and mouse of science and technology experts put training uniform, embarked on a parade ground. He has been shelved, parked in the research paper, was taken to the test site and the development of weapons and equipment training ground troop maneuvers, become a new quality to enhance the operational capability of the “multiplier.”

It is understood that a unit of strategic support troops adhere to seek a breakthrough in the prospective, pilot, exploration, disruptive technology, research and development of a new type of combat equipment has passed the preliminary assessment, damage the effectiveness of the equipment reached the international advanced level.

“Only innovation, to seize the strategic high ground military competition”

This year New Year period, strategic support military leaders by telephone, video and checking to your combat troops on duty. From the deep ocean to mountain forests, from the Gobi desert to the border of the motherland, the troops together full member, combat readiness, to meet the troops in combat roles established.

As a safeguard national security, new combat forces, strategic support troops to innovation as a source of power to seize the strategic high ground of military competition, cohesion innovative new combat forces in combat theory, organizational form and mode of development.

On the organizational form of innovation, focusing on a new command structure, strengthen research and exploration of new combat forces woven patterns and leadership and command relationships. Focus to achieve leapfrog development, troops raised to operational requirements for traction, with technological breakthroughs driven, problem-oriented Forced to compete for the development of model approaches beyond, out to chase style, imitative development of passive situation.

“The best way to maintain peace, in accordance with their own terms to redefine the war.” Focus on accelerating the transformation of troops functions, and actively adapt to the mission mandate expansion, strategic support troops keep up with world trends of new military revolution, advance planning the layout of the new combat forces, to establish their own led “war rules” to achieve asymmetric competitive advantage.

Reporters in an interview that the strategic support units, to the troops from the authorities, from the laboratory to the training ground, a “brainstorming” is being rolled rushes –

A unit organized the workshop, big data, cloud computing, 3D printing, a new term nanotechnology often blurted out in the discussion. Graduated from a prestigious university, Dr. Young told reporters a firm voice, “the military planning and preparation is always tomorrow’s war, and even the day after the war.”

In this interview, the reporter for the officers and soldiers often high-spirited spirit, sharp shock of forward thinking on the future of this nascent force confidence.

Orriginal Mandarin Chinese:

2015年12月31日，与陆军领导机构、火箭军一同挂牌，战略支援部队正式亮相中国人民解放军的“大家庭”！

“战略支援部队是维护国家安全的新型作战力量，是我军新质作战能力的重要增长点。”习近平主席强调，成立战略支援部队，有利于优化军事力量结构、提高综合保障能力。战略支援部队要坚持体系融合、军民融合，努力在关键领域实现跨越发展，高标准高起点推进新型作战力量加速发展、一体发展，努力建设一支强大的现代化战略支援部队。

这究竟是支什么样的部队？亮点在哪里？成立之初，官兵们在做些什么？近日，本报记者走近战略支援部队，真切感受这支新生部队的强军热潮。

“没有高度融合，就没有联合作战”

什么是战略支援？案例摆在眼前：

2011年5月，美军击毙本·拉登的作战行动，为世界各国军队上了生动一课。表面看来，是两架“黑鹰”直升机和24名“海豹”突击队员在执行任务，但其背后却有着一个庞大系统在支撑：若干颗侦察和通信卫星、一架担负实时传输和无线监听任务的隐形无人侦察机、多架空中待战掩护的F/A—18战斗机、一支担负战略支援的航母编队、两个中亚基地和五个指挥中心，以及近万名各类支援保障人员……

这种小规模行动、大体系支撑的作战样式，充分展示了现代作战的制胜机理。信息主导、体系支撑、精兵作战、联合制胜，已成为现代战争的基本特点。

“战略支援部队就是支援战场作战，保证作战的顺利进行，它是联合作战的重要力量。”有军事专家向记者介绍，形象地说，战略支援部队为全军提供准确高效可靠的信息支撑和战略支援保障，撑起全军体系的“信息伞”，它将与陆海空和火箭军的行动融为一体，贯穿整个作战始终，是战争制胜的关键力量。

“没有高度融合，就没有联合作战”。战略支援部队组建之初，就紧紧盯住制约我军联合作战的瓶颈，以组织开展军事工作筹划研究起步，围绕如何理解任务、如何建设发展、如何在更高起点上开好局，组织不同类别部队、军地相关领域的领导和专家，广泛开展调查研究和座谈交流，对部队职能定位、编成结构、领导指挥体制等重大问题进行持续研究论证。近日，部队主要领导还分赴军地相关单位，围绕新质战斗力生成开展专题调研。

军民融合是信息化战争的“天性”。据统计，一战时期，武器装备研制涉及的工业行业技术门类数以十计；二战时期，扩展到数以百计；到海湾战争时期，则是数以千计。近些年来，美、英、法、德、日等发达国家军事专用技术比重越来越低，而军民通用技术已超过80%，军队信息化建设80%以上的技术均来自民用信息系统。

围绕实现军民融合，战略支援部队提出，要从规划、机制、资源、项目、运用和人才等方面持续推动深度融合。新年一开局，部队谋划建设的多项战略工程中，已出现不少军工企业、科研院校专家的身影，一座立足部队、面向全国、服务强军的“云智库”初露端倪。

“加速培育新质作战能力，打造新型作战力量”

进入21世纪，新军事革命的冲击波汹涌而来。特别是随着信息、智能、隐形、纳米等战略新兴技术的持续突破，新型作战力量成为军事能力跨越式发展的“增长极”，成为军事强国竞争的新“宠儿”。

公开资料显示，美国组建太空作战部队，建成了下辖10万部队的网络司令部，打造了世界上规模最大的网络战力量。俄罗斯整合空军与航天作战力量建立空天军，组建了网络战指挥机构和部队。英国启动新锐网络战部队“第77旅”，通过脸书网站平台专攻“非常规信息战”。日本则通过《宇宙基本法》加快太空军事化进程，积极组建“网络空间防卫队”。

面对这场新军事革命的汹涌浪潮，谁洞察先机，谁就能赢得未来。习主席和中央军委果断决策，组建战略支援部队，打造维护国家安全的新型作战力量，并将其作为我军新质作战能力的重要增长点。

围绕加速培育新质作战能力，部队确立了技术武器化、力量体系化、能力实战化的发展方向，以进入战备为指标，分阶段推进实战化能力建设。

部队建设向打仗聚焦，各项工作向打仗用力。记者在战略支援部队采访时看到，各级都在以时不我待的紧迫感抓改革、促转型，许多摸惯了键盘鼠标的科技专家穿上了作训服、走上了练兵场。曾经束之高阁、停在纸上的科研成果，被带到了武器装备研制试验现场和部队演习训练场，成为提升新质作战能力的“倍增器”。

据了解，战略支援部队某部坚持在前瞻性、先导性、探索性、颠覆性技术手段上求突破，研发的某新型作战装备已通过初步评估，毁伤效能达到国际同类装备先进水平。

“只有锐意创新，才能抢占军事竞争战略制高点”

今年元旦期间，战略支援部队领导通过电话、视频抽查所属部队作战值班情况。从深山密林到深海远洋，从大漠戈壁到祖国边陲，部队官兵齐装满员、枕戈待旦，在战斗岗位上迎接部队组建。

作为一支维护国家安全的新型作战力量，战略支援部队把创新视为抢占军事竞争战略制高点的动力之源，聚力创新新型作战力量的作战理论、组织形态和发展模式。

在组织形态创新上，着眼新的领导指挥体制，加强对新型作战力量编成模式和领导指挥关系的研究探索。着眼实现跨越发展，部队提出了以作战需求为牵引、以技术突破为驱动、以问题倒逼为导向、以竞争超越为途径的发展模式，摆脱尾追式、模仿式发展的被动局面。

“维护和平的最好方法，就是根据自己的条件来重新定义战争”。围绕加快部队职能转型、积极适应使命任务拓展，战略支援部队紧跟世界新军事革命发展趋势，超前谋划新型作战力量布局，确立自己主导的“战争规则”，实现非对称竞争优势。

记者在战略支援部队采访时看到，从机关到部队，从实验室到演兵场，一场“头脑风暴”正在翻卷奔涌——

某部组织的研讨会上，大数据、云计算、3D打印、纳米技术等新名词不时在讨论中脱口而出。一位毕业自名牌大学的青年博士语气坚定地告诉记者，“军人谋划和准备的，永远是明天的战争，甚至后天的战争。”

在这里采访，记者每每为官兵昂扬的精神面貌、敏锐的前瞻思考所震撼，对这支新生部队的未来充满信心。

 

Source: 《 人民日报 》（ 2016年01月24日 )

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

Chinese Military Cyberspace Deterrence Characteristics // 中國軍隊的浅析网络空间威慑的特征

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2016年01月04日

中国人民解放军军事科学院 袁艺

Editor’s Note: When the opposing sides have the ability to ensure the destruction invade other networks, you can bring two-way network containment, the two sides have, under certain conditions, to comply with the network and do not attack the other rules of the game, forming an invisible safety valve, even internationally will form a network and do not attack each other customary agreements or conventions, cyberspace became strategic areas can generate a huge deterrent effect. After following the nuclear deterrence deterrence in cyberspace, they began to enter the strategic vision of the big country politicians and military strategist. Research cyberspace deterrence characteristics, type and use points, a must consideration and necessary action network power, network and strong army.

As human society’s dependence on cyberspace deepening human production and life in cyberspace has become “second class living space” and military confrontation “fifth-dimensional battle space.” States initiative, control over the right to speak about the world of cyberspace in a fierce competition, competition in cyberspace has reached a level of survival, fate of the country and the success of the military struggle of human solidarity. Thinking of cyberspace deterrence capacity building of great practical and theoretical value.

First, analyze the pros and cons of deterrence in cyberspace

Cyberspace deterrence refers to various actions in cyberspace, showing the enemy paralyzed control cyberspace and physical space cross-border control of enemy’s determination and strength through cyberspace to achieve deterrence enemy, the enemy stops, stopping the enemy, stop An enemy form of strategic deterrence purposes. Cyberspace and physical space has compared to the “actual situation biphasic” network warfare, compared with the traditional style of warfare has unique nature determines the advantages and disadvantages of deterrence in cyberspace are very obvious.

Advantages (a) deterrence in cyberspace

Advantages of deterrence in cyberspace, mainly reflected in: First, become more civilized and humane way of deterrence. Compared with nuclear and biological weapons, physical, biological, chemical destruction mechanism-based, direct killing and destruction effects of network warfare weapons is far smaller than the former, usually does not cause permanent damage and pollution of the natural environment, it will not cause a lot of people casualties, and trigger a humanitarian disaster. Second, the cost of deterrence to cost-inefficient. Network warfare weapons to viruses, Trojan horses and other software-based, relatively low cost, low technology threshold, and damage caused by the effect has been amazing. Cyber ​​Defense broad area, are very hard to improve network security level of a grade each input costs increase exponentially. Low-cost network attack and defense of the high cost of network contrast, making the network attack and defense presented “spear shield thin” features, network warfare weapon which is called “poor atomic bomb.” Third, diverse practical means of deterrence. A variety of network warfare weapons, cyber attacks target pluralism, the decision has diverse cyberspace deterrent to choose from. Network attack effect to a certain extent is recoverable, if used properly implemented, the initiation and escalation of the war to promote war risk is relatively small. In a sense, the deterrent value of nuclear weapons is much greater than the actual value, and network warfare weapons is both practical value and deterrent value.Fourth, deterrence using reusable flexibility. “Nuclear threshold” Once across the full nuclear war will break out, both sides in the nuclear balance of mutual destruction will fall into the state, easily a nuclear deterrent against non-nuclear countries in particular, nuclear deterrence, but also lead to international condemnation, these factors which greatly limits the use of the nuclear deterrent. The cyberspace deterrence Flex, controllable power characteristics, which can be determined according to the change and the need for military struggle situation, timely regulatory deterrence strength, the initial use, full use, re-use, and highly flexible.

(B) lack of deterrence in cyberspace

Inadequate deterrence in cyberspace, mainly reflected in: First, the credibility of the deterrent effect has not been fully verified. The credibility of nuclear deterrence has been verified in actual combat. However, until now, the war in the true sense of the network have not really broken out. People cyberwarfare amazing destructive power, more of a speculation and worry, the real power of cyber warfare only after the actual test, we can really convincing. Second, the reliability of the means of deterrence is not too high. Cyberwar is a dynamic process two sides of continuous interaction network attack and defense, the network against complex, highly technical characteristics, determine the effect of cyber warfare attacks with greater uncertainty, there may not achieve the desired objective of the operation, so that the deterrent effect of greatly reduced . For example, when you attack the enemy in cyberspace combat deter enemy if promptly take all effective means of defense, it will increase the difficulty of one’s own cyber attacks and reduce the destructive effect, and even lead to the failure of the attack.Third, deterrence scope for further improvement in controllability. Virus weapons as an important weapon cyber warfare, the spread of resistance, controllability is poor, affecting relatively wide range, it is difficult for the enemy to launch specialized computers and networks, highly targeted attacks. If you can not control its effective scope, it will spread to a third-party neutral countries and even make itself a victim, thus using viral weapons are “legislator” of the suffering. Four is selectively limited deterrence object. Nuclear deterrence for any country is clear and effective, and the degree of information in cyberspace deterrent effect of a great relationship with the enemy. Cyberspace deter high degree of information is extremely effective countries, and for that information infrastructure is weak, not strong network dependent LDCs, the effect is difficult to play, or even completely ineffective. Five is relatively complex organization deterrence implementation. Various nuclear countries in the world are all focused on the implementation of the strategic nuclear forces unified management, command and control of the highly centralized organization and implementation of nuclear deterrence when action can be accurately controlled to each combat unit, very well organized and implemented. The organization and implementation of deterrence in cyberspace, to be involved in reconnaissance, control, prevent, control and other support forces, personnel, large scale, and scattered in different departments and units of the military, the organization is very complex and not easy to form a joint force.

Second, the main type of deterrence in cyberspace

Deterrence in cyberspace there are cyberspace technology test deterrence, deterrence in cyberspace display equipment, network space and cyberspace combat exercise deterrence deterrence four types of operations. Among them, the first three are shown in form of deterrence, the latter is the real deterrent.

(A) technical trial deterrence in cyberspace

Cyberspace technology test of deterrence, is in the field of cyber warfare, regularly carry out new operational concepts early exploratory trials, new attacks and tactical mechanism confirms test results, new technologies weaponization practical tests, and through the media and disclose to demonstrate their strong information technology infrastructure research capabilities, and network warfare capability into the enormous potential to achieve deterrence opponent’s goal. Currently, the network attack and defense technology is still rapid development, a key breakthrough technology, cyberspace and often have a significant impact on operations, or even lead to revolutionary change. Who is the first to occupy the strategic high ground network attack and defense technology, who will be able to achieve significant advantages in the future network warfare.

(B) equipment display deterrence in cyberspace

Cyberspace equipment display deterrence in cyber warfare equipment development plan formulation, technology development, targeting all stages of development testing, stereotypes production, according to the need for appropriate disclosure of network warfare equipment models, performance, features, parameters, and the development schedule, etc., in order to achieve deterrence opponent’s goal. Its methods are mainly two: one is by the defense white paper, diplomatic communiques and newspapers, periodicals, websites and other large-scale public disclosure of authoritative media from official sources, the implementation of explicit deterrence; the other is through a network of social media or other unofficial channels, deliberately leaking equipment relevant circumstances, the implementation of implicit deterrence.Cyberspace equipment display deterrence, one can fictitious new mechanism, the new concept of the new cyber-warfare equipment, and render their unique combat capability; on the other hand can be deliberately exaggerated the combat effectiveness of the existing network warfare equipment. There are virtual reality, real There are virtual, the implementation of a policy of ambiguity, so that the other lost in one’s own truth and strength, fear and psychological fear. For example, the US military’s “chute” airborne network attack system electrical integration has been repeatedly put into practical use, its hostile air defense system of the country pose a serious threat, but the basic principle, the working mechanism, tactical and technical indicators have neither publicly disclosed, nor by his country fully grasp cracks, has been shrouded in secrecy, it is difficult to distinguish the actual situation, it played a very good deterrent.

(C) combat exercise deterrence in cyberspace

Cyberspace exercise deterrence, is the way real soldiers or virtual exercises launched in cyberspace, and through various media channels to combat potential rival to show their cyber capabilities, strength and determination to achieve deterrence opponent’s goal. Cyberspace war exercises and military exercises can be divided into two kinds of virtual exercises. The former is usually the country or jointly with allies, generally joint military exercises in cyberspace defense action-oriented. In recent years, the United States and its allies held a number of “Cyber ​​Storm” series of network warfare exercises, and “Schriever” series of space – cyberspace exercise, a good show cyberwarfare mobilization strength, overall defense level, and the implementation of network warfare determination. The latter is usually the national large-scale integrated network Range held generally exercise the power of the military professional network warfare offensive action-oriented.

(D) operations in cyberspace deterrence

Cyberspace operations deterrence, refers to a particular network targets Attack effect to make sure to deter an actual combat the opponent’s deterrence. The timing of its use are two: First, when one’s own perceived enemy is about to wage war on one’s own, the focus of one’s own choice of enemy defenses against network-critical objectives targeted, preventive, dissuasive deterrence; the second is when the enemy When the party through one’s own network launched probing attacks, the implementation of deterrence in cyberspace, one’s own need for effective retaliatory, punitive deterrence immediately. Network warfare operations deterrent effect of a variety. For example, infiltration and sabotage the enemy telecommunications network, the phone sends a large number of people to its anti-war message enemy; the enemy to attack the power grid, causing the enemy’s major cities short of blackouts; broadcast television network to attack the enemy in one’s own prime-time spots a special video program; and so on.

Third, the use of elements of deterrence in cyberspace

The overall use of cyberspace deterrence requirements are: deterrence of war combined with strength, combat capability and determination to show, and strive to reflect the small war deterrence to ensure deterrence fine fight, with little cost to achieve deterrence purposes. Specifically, you should do the following.

(A) both peacetime and wartime, long-term preparations

“Rome was not built in a day.” The successful implementation of cyberspace deterrence, peacetime and wartime needs, will be carried out in the usual full detailed preparation. First, we must conduct a comprehensive and thorough network reconnaissance. Requires intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance technology, wireless surveillance and reconnaissance wired combined network enemy targets long-term sustainability of the network reconnaissance, and gradually find out the basic situation of the enemy network, draws its network topology map, especially analysis to find out the enemy all kinds of soft Vulnerability hardware system. The second is to carry out a large number of effective strategies presets. Using hacking tools, through the use of loopholes in the system or other measures to decipher passwords, secret penetration into enemy various types of networks, leaving the back door, set the stepping stones, planted logic bombs and Trojans, cyber attacks aside for the future launch breakthrough. Third, pre-network defenses are prepared. When the enemy to implement cyberspace deterrence, adjust the network’s own defense deployment in advance, so that the enemy attack path predesigned expected use of system vulnerabilities to attack the program scheduled to be executed difficult to implement, or to implement greatly reduced, to minimize the enemy Network revenge losses.

(B) careful decision-making, control the intensity

Sun Tzu said: “Lord, not anger and Xingshi, will not be indignant caused the war.” Cyberspace deterrence strategy game behavior between countries, especially real deterrence and sensitivity, we must do rational, beneficial, section, must not because deterrence “threshold” low abuse indiscriminate use, otherwise the effect may be counterproductive . Cyberspace real deterrent to combat the strength of the control of demanding. On the one hand, if the intensity is too small, an enemy government and people will not have fear, not achieve the desired deterrent effect, the person may also take the same means to implement anti-deterrence, eventually leading to confrontation upgrade, make one’s own deterrence fail. On the other hand, if the intensity is too large, to the enemy causing huge economic losses and casualties caused by the international community to condemn and enemy government, people’s hatred, it could lead to the use of conventional enemy forces massive retaliation, even nuclear states might use nuclear power, so not only can not deter war ended, it will play the role of the fuse of war.

(C) unity of command, well-organized

Organization and implementation of deterrence in cyberspace, to centralized command, unified planning, improve collaboration. First, the well-organized force. Unified organization of military reconnaissance, attack, defense, control four forces, actively coordinate military forces the parties to form a joint force cyberwarfare. In particular, to organize and coordinate the civil non-professional cyber warfare forces especially patriotic hackers, can not appear “rashness” phenomenon, so as not to lead to friction, misfires, causing cyber warfare upgrades, or premature disclosure attack intentions, a handle , resulting in uncontrollable situation or action fails. Second, the precise and appropriate choice target. It should affect a wide selection, easy to produce significant deterrent effect of the goal. For example, the ratings ranking of radio and television channels, access to a huge amount of portals, many users of wireless communication networks. You can not select innocuous, the impact was small, the public indifference to attack targets, easily mistaken for network security incidents ordinary hackers manufactured not achieve the desired deterrent effect. Also, consider the constraints of international law and the laws of war, you can not select targets could easily lead to a humanitarian catastrophe, try not to choose the network destination railway, aviation, financial, medical and other sectors, so as not to provoke the international community and other public condemnation and resentment.Third, the precise control of the process. Before implementing cyberspace deterrent against, to issue a warning to the enemy hit by extensive propaganda campaign, declared to the world the justice of one’s own actions, to gain the understanding and support of international public opinion. To highlight the deterrent effect, can one’s own network announced high-profile target enemy to attack, then break the enemy defense layers of the network, implement firm and effective network attacks, and finally, if necessary, but also on the effect of timing recovery network attacks to demonstrate one’s own superb network attack techniques and tools, so that policy makers and the public to produce enemy off guard, overwhelming psychological frustration, thereby forming a strong deterrent effect.

(D) the actual situation, focusing on strategy

Sun Tzu said, “it can and can not be shown, and illustrates it with no”, applied to cyberspace deterrence, summed up the gist of “show undeclared, declared and not shown.” “Show undeclared”, is the use of cyber attacks is difficult to track the location of this, cyber attacks on specific targets, but not announced is that of one’s own, both showing one’s own ability, but also makes the enemy, although suspicion is that as one’s own, But there is no evidence, can not be pursued. “Vision does not show”, it is publicity or inadvertently disclose one’s own research or advanced network warfare equipment fictional models, performance, features, deliberately exaggerate their operational effectiveness, falsehoods, actual situation, make the enemy unable to figure out the true strength of one’s own to produce a deterrent effect. Network warfare operations traceable having difficulty tracing, forensics complex features, the initiator can either admit to be denied, or put the blame on civil hackers.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

编者按：当敌对双方都具有确保侵入破坏对方网络的能力时，就可以带来双向网络遏制，使得双方不得不在一定条件下，遵守互不攻击对方网络的游戏规则，形成一个无形的安全阀，甚至国际上也会形成互不攻击对方网络的惯例协议或公约，网络空间由此成为可以产生巨大威慑效应的战略领域。网络空间威慑继核威慑之后，开始进入大国政治家和军事家的战略视野。研究网络空间威慑的特征、类型和运用要点，成为网络强国、网络强军的必须考量和必要行动。

随着人类社会对网络空间依赖程度的不断加深，网络空间成为人类生产生活的“第二类生存空间”和军事对抗的“第五维作战空间”。世界各国围绕网络空间的主导权、控制权、话语权展开了激烈的争夺，网络空间的竞争已达到与人类生存、国家命运和军事斗争成败休戚相关的程度。思考网络空间威慑能力建设，具有重大现实和理论价值。

一、网络空间威慑的优劣分析

网络空间威慑，是指在网络空间采取各种行动，展示瘫痪控制敌方网络空间，并通过网络空间跨域控制敌方实体空间的决心和实力，从而达到慑敌、止敌、阻敌、遏敌目的的一种战略威慑形式。网络空间与实体空间相比所具有的“虚实二相性”，网络战与传统作战样式相比所具有的独特性，决定了网络空间威慑的优缺点都非常明显。

（一）网络空间威慑的优点

网络空间威慑的优点，主要体现在：一是威慑方式更趋文明和人道。与基于物理、生物、化学杀伤机理的核生化武器相比，网络战武器的直接杀伤和破坏效应要远小于前者，通常不会对自然环境造成永久性破坏和污染，也不会造成大量的人员伤亡，并引发人道主义灾难。二是威慑成本低效费比高。网络战武器以病毒、木马等软件为主，成本相对低廉，技术门槛较低，而造成的破坏效果却相当惊人。网络防御点多面广，防不胜防，要网络安全程度每提高一个等级，投入成本会呈指数级增加。网络进攻的低成本与网络防御的高成本对比鲜明，使得网络攻防呈现“矛尖盾薄”的特点，网络战武器因而被称为“穷国的原子弹”。三是威慑手段多样实用性强。网络战武器多种多样，网络攻击目标多元，决定了有多样化的网络空间威慑手段可供选择。网络攻击效果在一定程度上是可恢复的，只要运用实施得当，引发战争和促使战争升级的风险相对较小。从某种意义上讲，核武器的威慑价值远大于实战价值，而网络战武器则是实战价值与威慑价值兼具。四是威慑运用可重复灵活性强。“核门槛”一旦跨过就会爆发全面核战争，处于核均势的双方将陷入相互摧毁状态，轻易实施核威慑特别是对无核国家进行核威慑，还会招致国际舆论的谴责，这些因素都极大地限制了核威慑手段的使用。而网络空间威慑软硬结合、威力可控的特点，决定了其可根据军事斗争形势的变化和需要，适时调控威慑强度，先期使用、全程使用、反复使用，具有很强的灵活性。

（二）网络空间威慑的不足

网络空间威慑的不足，主要体现在：一是威慑效果的可信性未得到充分验证。核威慑的可信度已在实战中得到了验证。然而，截止目前，真正意义上的网络大战还没有真正爆发过。人们对网络战惊人的破坏力，更多的只是一种猜测和担忧，网络战的真实威力只有经过实战检验后，才能真正令人信服。二是威慑手段的可靠性不太高。网络战是敌我双方网络攻防持续互动的动态过程，网络对抗复杂、技术性强的特点，决定了网络战攻击效果具有较大的不确定性，有可能达不到预期作战目的，使威慑效果大打折扣。例如，对敌实施网络空间实战威慑时，敌方若及时采取各种有效防御手段，就会增加己方网络攻击的难度和降低破坏效果，甚至导致攻击行动的失败。三是威慑范围的可控性需进一步改善。病毒武器作为网络战的重要武器之一，其传播性强、可控性较差、影响范围比较广，很难针对敌国计算机和网络发动专门性、针对性极强的攻击。如果不能控制其有效作用范围，就会波及第三方中立国家，甚至使自身也成为受害者，因而病毒武器的使用有“投鼠忌器”之患。四是威慑对象的可选择性受限。核威慑对任何国家都是明确而有效的，而网络空间威慑的效果与敌国的信息化程度有很大关系。网络空间威慑对信息化程度高的国家极为有效，而对那些信息基础设施薄弱，网络依赖性不强的不发达国家，则很难发挥效果，甚至完全不起作用。五是威慑实施的组织相对复杂。世界各个核国家无不对战略核力量实施集中统管，指挥控制权高度集中，组织实施核威慑行动时可以准确控制到每一个作战单元，组织实施十分周密。而网络空间威慑的组织实施，要涉及侦、控、防、控等多支力量，人员多、规模大，且分散在军地不同部门和单位，组织起来非常复杂，形成合力不易。

二、网络空间威慑的主要类型

网络空间威慑主要有网络空间技术试验威慑、网络空间装备展示威慑、网络空间作战演习威慑和网络空间作战行动威慑四种类型。其中，前三种是示形威慑，后一种是实战威慑。

（一）网络空间技术试验威慑

网络空间技术试验威慑，是在网络战领域，经常性地进行新作战概念的先期探索性试验、新攻击机理和战术的效果印证性试验、新技术的实用化武器化试验等，并通过媒体向外界披露，以展现本国雄厚的信息技术基础研究实力，以及转化为网络战能力的巨大潜力，以达到威慑对手的目的。当前，网络攻防技术仍在快速发展，一项关键性技术的突破，往往会对网络空间安全和作战产生重大影响，甚至引发革命性变化。谁抢先占领了网络攻防技术的战略制高点，谁就能在未来网络战中取得明显优势。

（二）网络空间装备展示威慑

网络空间装备展示威慑，是在网络战装备发展规划制定、技术开发、打靶试验、定型生产等各个发展阶段，根据需要适当披露网络战装备的型号、性能、特点、参数以及研制进度等情况，以达到威慑对手的目的。其方式主要有两种：一种是通过在国防白皮书、外交公报以及报纸、期刊、大型网站等权威媒体从官方渠道公开披露，实施显性威慑；另一种是通过网络社交媒体或其他非官方渠道，刻意泄露装备相关情况，实施隐性威慑。网络空间装备展示威慑，一方面可以虚构新机理、新概念的新型网络战装备，并渲染其独特的作战能力；另一方面可以刻意夸大已有网络战装备的作战效能。虚中有实、实中有虚，实施模糊政策，使对方摸不清己方真实情况和实力，产生恐惧和忌惮心理。例如，美军的“舒特”机载网电一体攻击系统已多次投入实战使用，对其敌对国家的防空体系构成了严重威胁，但其基本原理、工作机制、战技指标既没有公开披露，也没有被他国完全掌握破解，一直处于保密状态，令人虚实难辨，起到了很好的威慑作用。

（三）网络空间作战演习威慑

网络空间作战演习威慑，是以实兵或虚拟的方式在网络空间展开演习活动，并借助各种媒体渠道，向潜在作战对手展现本国网络战能力、实力与决心，以达到威慑对手的目的。网络空间作战演习可分为实兵演习和虚拟演习两种。前者通常在全国范围内或与盟国联合进行，一般以演练军地联合网络空间防御行动为主。近几年来，美国及盟国多次举行“网络风暴”系列网络战演习，以及“施里弗”系列太空-网络空间演习，很好展现了网络战的动员实力、整体防御水平，以及实施网络战的决心。后者通常在国家大型网络综合靶场举行，一般以演练军队专业网络战力量的进攻行动为主。

（四）网络空间作战行动威慑

网络空间作战行动威慑，是指对特定的网络目标实施攻击，以确信的攻击效果来威慑作战对手的一种实战性威慑。其运用的时机有两个：一是当己方觉察敌方即将对己方发动战争时，己方选择敌方重点防御的关键性网络目标进行针对性打击，进行预防性、遏制性威慑；二是当敌方通过对己方发起试探性网络攻击，实施网络空间威慑时，己方应立即进行有效的报复性、惩戒性威慑。具有威慑效果的网络战行动有多种。例如，对敌电信网渗透破坏，向敌国民众手机大量发送宣传反战短信；对敌电力网进行攻击，造成敌重要城市短时间的大面积停电；对敌广播电视网进行攻击，在黄金时段插播己方特制的视频节目；等等。

三、网络空间威慑的运用要点

网络空间威慑总的运用要求是：慑战结合，以实力、实战展示能力和决心，力求以小战体现威慑、以精打确保威慑，以较小的代价实现威慑目的。具体说来，应做到以下几点。

（一）平战结合，长期准备

“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒”。成功实施网络空间威慑，需要平战结合，在平时就要进行充分细致的准备。一是要进行全面周密的网络侦察。要求谍报侦察与技术侦察、无线侦察与有线侦察相结合，对敌网络目标进行长期持续的网络侦察，逐步摸清敌网络基本情况，绘制其网络拓扑结构图，尤其是分析查找出敌各种软硬件系统的漏洞。二是要进行大量有效的战略预置。采用黑客手段，通过利用系统漏洞或口令破译等办法，秘密渗透进入敌各类网络，留下后门，设置跳板机，埋设逻辑炸弹和木马，为未来发动网络攻击预留突破口。三是进行预有准备的网络防御。在对敌实施网络空间威慑时，己方应提前调整网络防御部署，使敌预先设计的攻击路径，预期利用的系统漏洞，预定执行的攻击方案难以实施，或实施效果大打折扣，最大限度地降低敌网络报复造成的损失。

（二）慎重决策，控制强度

孙子曰：“主不可以怒而兴师，将不可以愠而致战”。网络空间威慑是国家之间的战略博弈行为，尤其是实战威慑，敏感性强，必须做到有理、有利、有节，决不能因为威慑“门槛”较低而滥用乱用，否则其效果可能会适得其反。网络空间实战威慑对作战强度控制的要求很高。一方面，若强度太小，敌国政府和民众不会产生畏惧心理，起不到应有的威慑效果，对方还可能采取同样的手段实施反威慑，最终导致对抗升级，使己方威慑失效。另一方面，若强度过大，给敌国造成巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡，引起国际社会的谴责和敌国政府、民众的仇恨心理，就可能引发敌国运用常规力量进行大规模报复，有核国家甚至可能会动用核力量，这样不但不能慑止战争，反而会起到战争导火索的作用。

（三）统一指挥，周密组织

网络空间威慑的组织实施，要集中指挥，统一筹划，搞好协同。一是精心组织力量。统一组织军队侦、攻、防、控四支力量，积极协调军地各方网络战力量形成合力。尤其是要组织和协调好民间非专业网络战力量特别是爱国黑客，不能出现“盲动”现象，以免引发磨擦，擦枪走火，引起网络战的升级，或过早暴露攻击意图，授人以柄，导致局势不可控或行动失败。二是精当选择目标。应选择影响面广，易产生明显威慑效果的目标。例如，收视率排名靠前的广播电视频道、访问量巨大的门户网站、用户众多的无线通信网络等。不能选择无关痛痒、影响面小、民众漠不关心的目标进行攻击，易被误认为是普通黑客制造的网络安全事件，起不到应有的威慑效果。此外，还要考虑国际法和战争法约束，不能选择易造成人道主义灾难的目标，尽量不选取铁路、航空、金融、医疗等部门的网络目标，以免激起国际社会和对方民众的谴责和反感。三是精确控制进程。实施网络空间威慑性打击之前，要通过广泛的舆论宣传造势，向敌国发出打击警告，并向全世界宣告己方行动的正义性，以争取国际舆论的理解和支持。为突出威慑效果，己方可以高调宣布要攻击的敌国网络目标，再突破敌方层层网络防御，实施坚决有效的网络攻击，必要时最后还可对网络攻击效果进行定时恢复，以展现己方高超的网络攻击技术和手段，让敌方决策者和民众产生防不胜防、难以招架的心理挫折感，从而形成强烈的震慑效果。

（四）虚实结合，注重谋略

孙子所说的“能而示之不能，用而示之不用”，运用到网络空间威慑，其要点概括起来就是“示而不宣、宣而不示”。“示而不宣”，就是利用网络攻击难以追踪定位这一点，对特定目标实施网络攻击，但不对外宣布是己方所为，既展示了己方能力，又使得敌方虽然怀疑是己方所为，但没有证据，无法追究。“宣而不示”，就是公开宣传或不经意透露己方研制或虚构的先进网络战装备的型号、性能、特点，刻意夸大其作战效能，虚虚实实，虚实结合，使敌摸不清己方真实实力，从而产生威慑效果。网络战行动具有追踪溯源困难、取证复杂的特点，发起方既可以承认，也可以矢口否认，或把责任推给民间黑客组织。

Source: 来源：中国信息安全

http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0104/