来源：解放军报作者：郝嘉 周宁 周任飞责任编辑：张硕
● electromagnetic spectrum owned by the state, is the core of strategic resources for national development, promote social progress
● direct support operations of the electromagnetic spectrum, is building computerized armed forces and winning the information war of the central nervous system
Soul of the information war: the electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic spectrum resources for humanity, as indispensable as water and sun. Information age, the electromagnetic spectrum is changing the world, changing the way people live
Core Tip
Electromagnetic spectrum exists in war by land, sea, air, space the whole time and space, is the only ideal medium capable of supporting mobile operations, decentralized operations and high intensity warfare. Important support elements of the electromagnetic spectrum management as joint operations, throughout the operational readiness, operational planning, operational implementation of the entire process, the role of command and control, intelligence and reconnaissance, weapons guidance, early warning and detection, navigation and other operational elements of the whole, is to improve the combat Important basic capabilities directly related weapons and equipment play information Operational Effectiveness.
Electromagnetic spectrum Past and Present
The physical world there is such a strange phenomenon, alternating current generated in the surrounding space alternating magnetic field, electric field and magnetic field variations mutual contacts to form an alternating electromagnetic field, and can spread from the wave source which produces the distance, this planted in the space at a constant speed of alternating electromagnetic field propagation is electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum, it is by electromagnetic waves lined up according to wavelength or frequency, a formed structure from zero to infinity pedigree, which 0-3000 gigahertz frequency range of radio waves.
Back in October 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent. However, the future Queen of Spain, six months before he heard the news, unfortunately sudden and devastating. April 14, 1865, US President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated 13 days after the news spread was known industry’s most advanced British government, coping strategies are overtaken by events. Electromagnetic time unknown, human nature can not enjoy its magic.
In 1888, German physicist Hertz experiment is successful, humans finally touch the existence of electromagnetic waves. In 1901, as the “father of radio” Marconi trans-Atlantic radio communication test is successful, humanity has entered the era of electromagnetic radio communications sweeping the globe. In 1912, after the Titanic wreck, the United Kingdom, the United States and other maritime powers mandatory over a certain tonnage of the vessel must be installed radio stations, in order to protect the safety of life at sea. During World War I, the war all the major powers use radio communication to pass information and commands.
Since then, radio broadcasting, navigation, remote after another, to the development and progress of human society has brought great changes. Electromagnetic wave as an important carrier of information transmission, dash in land, sea, air, space four-dimensional space, accelerate the coming of the information age.
●电磁频谱属于国家所有，是促进国家发展、推动社会进步的核心战略资源
●电磁频谱直接支撑作战，是建设信息化军队、打赢信息化战争的中枢神经
电磁频谱：信息化战争之魂
电磁频谱资源对人类的影响，就像水和太阳一样不可或缺。信息时代，电磁频谱正在改变世界，改变人们的生活方式。（图片合成：胡亚军）
核心提示
电磁频谱存在于陆、海、空、天的作战全时空，是唯一能够支持机动作战、分散作战和高强度作战的理想媒介。电磁频谱管理作为联合作战的重要保障要素，贯穿于作战准备、作战筹划、作战实施的全过程，作用于指挥控制、情报侦察、武器制导、预警探测、导航定位等作战全要素，是提高体系作战能力的重要基础，直接关系信息化武器装备作战效能的发挥。
电磁频谱的前世今生
物理世界有这样一种奇特的现象，交变电流在周围空间会产生交变磁场，变化的电场和磁场相互联系，形成了交变的电磁场，并能脱离其产生的波源向远处传播，这种在空间以一定速度传播的交变电磁场就是电磁波。
电磁频谱，则是由电磁波按波长或频率排列起来，所形成的一个从零至无穷的结构谱系，其中0－3000吉赫兹频率范围为无线电波。
时间回到1492年10月，哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。然而，西班牙王后半年以后才得知这一消息，遗憾顿生。1865年4月14日，美国总统林肯惨遭暗杀，消息13天后才传到当时号称工业最为先进的英国政府，应对策略也时过境迁。电磁波那时不为人知，人类自然无法享受到它的神奇力量。
1888年，德国物理学家赫兹实验成功，人类终于触摸到电磁波的存在。1901年，随着“无线电之父”马可尼跨越大西洋的无线电通信试验成功，人类进入了电磁时代，无线电通讯席卷全球。1912年，泰坦尼克号失事后，英国、美国等航海大国强制规定，超过一定吨位的船只必须加装无线电台，以保障海上航行生命安全。在第一次世界大战期间，所有参战的大国都使用无线电通信传递情报和命令。
此后，无线电的广播、导航、遥控相继出现，给人类社会的发展进步带来了巨大变化。电磁波作为信息传递的重要载体，纵横驰骋在陆、海、空、天四维空间，加速了信息时代的到来。
Electromagnetic spectrum is a national resource strategy
Electromagnetic spectrum is the only human transmission of information over wireless media, owned by the state, land, forest, mineral and other resources, as it is both a scarce natural resource in the areas of economic development, national defense and social life indispensable , irreplaceable core strategic resources.
At present, humans can use the radio spectrum in the 275 gigahertz or less, mainly concentrated in the range of 30 Hz to 40 gigahertz, but most are in the 3 gigahertz or less, high-quality resources is extremely limited.Therefore, the world has become intense competition for them.
Frequency satellite orbit resources, for example, known as the 80% share of the “golden navigation frequency”, the US GPS and Russian GLONASS navigation system first to seize the countries in the world have to compete for the remaining resources.
Electromagnetic spectrum is widely used in the economic, military and other fields, combined with the scarcity of resources prominent contradictions, it gradually from the back to the front, electromagnetic space and the game become the world compete for important battlefield.
Each year, the US President issued specifically concerning electromagnetic spectrum “presidential memorandum”, leading the electromagnetic spectrum policy and national army. The British government published its “21st Century Spectrum Management” white paper, clearly the introduction of spectrum pricing, spectrum auction, spectrum trading and other means to encourage the efficient use of spectrum resources development and new technologies.
The study reports that the electromagnetic spectrum can contribute each year to 3-5 percent of the total national economy. From 1995 to 2011, the United States, Britain, France, Germany and other countries for the development of the third and fourth generation mobile communication network, spectrum auction value of $ 130 billion. Russia, France, Germany, Japan, Australia and other countries competing to improve the relevant laws and regulations, maintain the electromagnetic spectrum space to maximize their national interests, strongly promote the electromagnetic spectrum resources market and internationalization.
Manage electromagnetic space “traffic light”
Although the electromagnetic spectrum is present in the natural space, invisible, but it does not mean that the State, organizations and individuals are free to use occupied.
With modern urban traffic management have great similarities, at the technical level, the electromagnetic frequency spectrum management major from, space, time three-dimensional expansion, which is vividly called electromagnetic space “traffic lights.”
Currently, the international scope of the electromagnetic spectrum management mainly through the establishment of an international organization, signed an international agreement to allocate spectrum to resolve unified. States also set up frequency spectrum management and monitoring of the site, and to divide the spectrum resource use.
According to statistics, a US infantry division of about 70 radar, radio station 2800, a Russian motorized infantry division of about 60 radar, radio station 2040 to ensure so much electronic equipment to work smoothly, you need a strong power and spectrum management mechanism. After the baptism of several local wars, the US military high command from the field to have a specialized division of spectrum management agencies from the Department of Defense, the Joint Staff to the armed services, has established a complete set of joint campaign spectrum management system, formed a mature management mechanism.
According to the US Army website reported, the United States developed a new Joint Tactical Radio System, which contains the spectrum defragmentation technology, is not a continuous spectrum of debris re-polymerization, to achieve the integration of resources to meet the needs of purpose. European development of the “Spectrum pool” technology, but also the integration of free spectrum resource collection, and dynamically allocated based on customer needs, improve efficiency in the use of the spectrum.
Now, the world’s major countries are seeking to develop spectrum sharing technology, without changing the existing spectrum allocation rules, through technical analysis tools simulate actual combination, so that different systems can share the same frequency band compatible. In addition, many countries and organizations through the use of advanced signal transmission technology, using a frequency equipment to improve the level of technology, and other means to control the transmission frequency, both to avoid the deterioration of the electromagnetic environment, but also to achieve efficient use of spectrum.
“The 21st century will be the era of the spectrum war”
Traditional air and sea superiority play, must be based on the electromagnetic advantage, losing electromagnetic power, will lose control of the air, sea control, electromagnetic space and space has become, ground and ocean coexistence fourth dimension battlefield. It can be said that the future of information warfare, who won the electromagnetic power, grasps the initiative on the battlefield. Former Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff Thomas Muller said: “If a third world war, the winner will be the most adept at controlling the use of the electromagnetic spectrum and the party.”
Faced with escalating competition in the world of the electromagnetic spectrum, the US military has issued a joint spectrum vision, strategic planning and the Department of Defense Spectrum “Spectrum war” and other top-level strategic guidance documents, and to take away from the crowded band, the development of high-end spectrum, etc., developed microwave , laser, electromagnetic pulse weapons, etc., to actively seize the spectrum.British forces widely promote the use of intelligent and efficient radio modulation techniques to improve spectrum utilization efficiency of a wireless communication system.
In order to obtain the advantages of the spectrum in the future information warfare, Europe and the United States armed forces through the establishment of specialized agencies electromagnetic compatibility, the use of advanced simulation techniques to develop quality indicators management system, develop joint spectrum management system, etc., to improve battlefield electromagnetic spectrum management capabilities.
In recent years, cognitive radio, dynamic spectrum sensing, frequency control simulation deduction, emerging electromagnetic environmental adaptability analysis of new technologies, to the military electromagnetic spectrum management development has brought great opportunities and challenges. Experts predict that the future will share a common electromagnetic spectrum management towards spectrum resources, spectrum efficiency analysis and refinement of embedded dynamic spectrum management, direction and progress.
电磁频谱是一个国家的战略资源
电磁频谱是目前人类唯一理想的无线信息传输媒介，属于国家所有，与土地、森林、矿藏等资源一样，它既是一种稀缺的自然资源，也是经济发展、国防建设和社会生活各领域不可或缺、无法替代的核心战略资源。
目前，人类能够利用的无线电频谱在275吉赫兹以下，主要集中在30赫兹至40吉赫兹范围内，而且绝大部分是在3吉赫兹以下，优质资源极其有限。因此，世界各国对其争夺已经趋于白热化。
以卫星频率轨道资源为例，被誉为“黄金导航频率”80%的份额，被美国GPS和俄罗斯格洛纳斯导航系统率先抢占，世界各国不得不争夺剩余资源。
电磁频谱在经济、军事等领域的广泛应用，加之资源紧缺的突出矛盾，使其逐渐从后台走向前台，电磁空间成为世界各国争夺和博弈的重要战场。
每年，美国总统专门发表事关电磁频谱的《总统备忘录》，主导国家和军队的电磁频谱政策。英国政府在其发布的《21世纪的频谱管理》白皮书中，明确提出引入频谱定价、频谱拍卖、频谱贸易等手段，激励频谱资源的高效利用和新技术的研发。
有关研究报告表明，电磁频谱每年可为国家经济总量贡献3至5个百分点。1995年至2011年，美、英、法、德等国家，为发展第三、第四代移动通信网，所拍卖的频谱价值高达1300多亿美元。俄、法、德、日、澳等国家竞相完善相关法规，最大限度地维护本国的电磁频谱空间利益，极力推进电磁频谱资源市场化和国际化。
管好电磁空间的“红绿灯”
电磁频谱虽然是存在于自然空间，看不见摸不着，但并不意味着国家、组织和个人可以随意使用侵占。
同现代城市交通管理有很大的相似之处，在技术层面上，电磁频谱管理主要从频率、空间、时间三维展开，这也被形象地称为电磁空间的“红绿灯”。
目前，国际范围的电磁频谱管理主要是通过建立国际组织、签订国际协议、统一划分频谱来解决。各国也设立了频谱管理部门和监测站点，对频谱资源进行划分和使用。
据统计，美军一个步兵师约有70部雷达、2800部电台，俄罗斯一个摩托化步兵师约有60部雷达、2040部电台，保证如此多的电子装备有条不紊地工作，需要强大的频谱管理力量和机制。经过几次局部战争的洗礼后，美军从统帅部到野战师都设有专门的频谱管理机构，从国防部、联合参谋部到各军兵种，都建立了一整套完整的联合战役频谱管理体系，形成了成熟的管理机制。
根据美国陆军网站报道，美国研发的新型联合战术无线电系统，其中包含了频谱碎片整理技术，就是将不连续的频谱碎片重新聚合，实现整合资源、满足需求的目的。欧洲开发的“频谱池”技术，也是将空闲频谱资源收集整合，并根据用户需求进行动态分配，提高频谱的使用效益。
现在，世界主要国家都在大力发展频谱共享技术，在不改变现有的频谱分配规则下，通过仿真实测相结合的技术分析手段，使不同系统能够在同一频段兼容共用。此外，很多国家和组织通过采用先进信号传输技术、提高用频设备工艺水平、控制发射频率等手段，既避免了电磁环境的恶化，也实现频谱的高效利用。
“21世纪将是频谱战的时代”
传统海空优势的发挥，必须建立在电磁优势的基础上，失去制电磁权，必将失去制空权、制海权，电磁空间已成为与空间、地面和海洋并存的第四维战场。可以说，未来信息化作战，谁赢得了制电磁权，谁就掌握了战场主动权。美国前参谋长联席会议主席托马斯·穆勒曾说：“如果发生第三次世界大战，获胜者必将是最善于控制和运用电磁频谱的一方。”
面对世界范围内电磁频谱竞争的不断升级，美军先后出台联合频谱构想、国防部频谱战略规划以及“频谱战”战略等顶层指导文件，并采取避开拥挤频段、开发高端频谱等方式，研发微波、激光、电磁脉冲等武器装备，积极抢占频谱资源。英国在部队中广泛推广使用智能无线电和高效调制技术，提升无线通信系统的频谱使用效率。
为在未来信息作战中获得频谱优势，欧美等国军队还通过成立专门电磁兼容机构、采用先进仿真技术手段、制定质量指标管理体系、开发联合频谱管理系统等方式，提高战场电磁频谱管理能力。
近年来，随着认知无线电、动态频谱感知、频管仿真推演、电磁环境适应性分析等新技术的不断涌现，给军队电磁频谱管理发展带来了巨大机遇和挑战。专家预计，未来电磁频谱管理将朝着频谱资源共享共用、精细化频谱效能分析和频谱动态嵌入式管理等方向不断进步。
Classic examples of the electromagnetic spectrum
In 1914, the US Navy Atlantic Fleet in the first trial under the state of war radio communication equipment, results strongly spark near neighbor ship transmitters interference interrupt all radio communication, the participants had to make time allocation plan, assigned to the United States for two hours domestic radio transmitter, the other four countries 1 hour each. Thus, the Washington-based headquarters to an interval of 4 hours to its armed forces on the battlefield contact again.
In 1967, the US “Forrestal” aircraft carrier in the implementation of a particular military mission, carrier F-4 “Phantom” fighter ship radar beam is irradiated by the interference, the aircraft hanging space rocket was accidentally fired ignition, hit ship an a-4 “Skyhawk” attack aircraft fuel tank, causing a chain explosion, causing heavy casualties.
April 1980, the US Joint Task Force and local school Rangers joint implementation embassy hostage rescue mission in Iraq. In its way to evacuate due to a communication device and the Rangers are not compatible with the frequent collaboration errors, resulting in a helicopter and transport aircraft collided, eight commandos were burned to death and four serious burns.
May 4, 1982, the Falklands War, the British naval weapon known as a symbol and pride of the fleet, “Sheffield” cruiser by satellite communication and radar systems are not compatible, can only start work in turn, the result was Argentina “Super flag “aircraft launched the” flying fish “missile sunk.
June 9, 1982, the fifth Middle East war, Israel intercepted prior use of the Syrian army radar and “Sam” spectral parameters of the missile launch, just 6 minutes will be stationed in the Bekaa Valley which cost $ 2 billion in 19 “Sam” air defense missile sites completely destroyed. In the next two days of combat, Israeli fighter planes and electronic jamming aircraft with combat, created a miracle in the history of air combat.
After April 21, 1996, the Russian war in Chechnya, the hunting group through special electronic warfare, electronic signal war zone to collect, monitor, cell phone signal reconnaissance to Dudayev, was analyzed to confirm, and lock the phone signal coordinate system, cruise warplanes fired missiles on Dudayev was “targeted killings.”
May 2011, the US Navy Seals and Special Air Service regiment battle the implementation of “Neptune Spear” initiative. SEALs use of “Land Warrior” soldier system, and joint operations center for situation analysis and sharing of intelligence, special operations group UAV crew via satellite communication system commando operations return the White House and the Pentagon. Throughout its action, the US military weapons systems use spectrum resources covering all channels, in just 40 minutes, successfully kill Osama bin Laden.
1914年，美国海军大西洋舰队首次在战争状态下试验无线电通信设备，结果附近友邻舰艇发射机产生的强烈火花干扰中断了所有无线电通信，参加者不得不作出时间分配计划，分配2小时给美国对国内进行无线电发射，其他4个国家各1小时。这样，设在华盛顿的总部要间隔4小时才能与它在战场上的武装力量联络一次。
1967年，美军“福莱斯特”航母在执行某次军事任务时，舰载F-4“鬼怪”式战机受该舰雷达波束照射干扰，飞机悬挂的空地火箭弹被意外点火发射，击中舰上1架A-4“天鹰”式攻击机的副油箱，导致一系列连锁爆炸，造成重大伤亡。
1980年4月，美派联合特遣部队和当地别动队共同执行营救驻伊大使馆人质任务。在其撤离途中，由于和别动队的通信设备互不兼容，用频协同失误，造成1架直升机与运输机相撞，8名突击队员被烧死，4人严重烧伤。
1982年5月4日，英阿马岛之战，号称英海战利器和舰队骄傲象征的“谢菲尔德”号巡洋舰因卫星通信和雷达系统互不兼容，只能轮流开机工作，结果被阿根廷“超级军旗”飞机发射的“飞鱼”式导弹击沉。
1982年6月9日，第五次中东战争，以色列利用事先截获的叙利亚军队雷达和“萨姆”导弹发射的频谱参数，仅用6分钟就将其驻守在贝卡谷地的耗资20亿美元的19个“萨姆”防空导弹阵地彻底摧毁。在其后两天的空战中，以色列战斗机配合预警机和电子干扰机作战，创造了空战史上的奇迹。
1996年4月21日，俄罗斯在车臣战争中，通过特种电子战猎杀小组，对战区内的电子信号进行收集、监听，侦察到杜达耶夫的手机信号，进行分析确认后，锁定手机信号坐标，利用巡航战机发射导弹，对杜达耶夫进行了“定点清除”。
2011年5月，美军海豹突击队和特战空勤团实施“海王星之矛”行动。海豹突击队采用“陆地勇士”单兵系统，与联合行动中心进行态势分析和情报共享，特战空勤团无人机通过卫星通信系统将突击队行动回传白宫和五角大楼。整个行动过程，美军使用的武器系统频谱资源涵盖全频道，仅用时40分钟，便成功击杀本·拉登。