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Artificial Intelligence Changes the Mechanism of China Winning Future Wars

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人工智慧改變中國贏得未來戰爭的機制

現代英語：

Artificial intelligence technology is an important support for improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields. In recent years, it has developed rapidly and has been widely used in the military field, constantly giving rise to new asymmetric advantages, and profoundly changing the basic form, combat methods and winning mechanisms of future wars. We should have a deep understanding of artificial intelligence as a revolutionary technological driving force, accurately recognize changes, respond to changes scientifically, and actively seek changes, strive to explore ways to win future wars, and gain the initiative in the accelerating intelligent war.

Information mechanism

Knowing yourself and the enemy will ensure victory in a hundred battles. Quickly and effectively mastering all-round information is the primary prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can realize intelligent perception of battlefield situations, intelligent analysis of massive data, and intelligent processing of multiple information, and can form a “transparent” advantage on the battlefield.

Autonomous implementation of battlefield perception. By embedding intelligent modules into the wartime reconnaissance system, various reconnaissance node units can realize random networking, ad hoc coordination, and organic integration, and can autonomously capture battlefield information in all directions and dimensions, build a relatively “transparent” digital battlefield environment and combat situation, and then dispel the “fog” of war and present the combat scene in a panoramic manner.

Accurately identify massive amounts of data. Relying on intelligent technologies such as precise sensing technology and analytical recognition technology, it accurately judges, analyzes, compares, and integrates diversified voice, text, pictures, videos, and other data to obtain faster, more complete, more accurate, and deeper battlefield situation results, far exceeding the speed and accuracy of human brain processing.

Efficient response to key information. Based on intelligent technologies such as combat cloud, big data, and the Internet of Things, it can quickly discover large quantities of non-standardized and heterogeneous intelligence data, autonomously discover symptoms, identify intentions, analyze trends, find patterns, and respond to commanders’ needs for key information in real time and accurately.

Synchronous sharing of integrated situation. The intelligent control system can optimize and integrate various reconnaissance and surveillance systems distributed in different spaces and frequency domains such as land, sea, air, space and radio networks, and play an important hub role in sharing information and unified cognition, building a situation based on “one picture”, “one network” and “one chain”, so that all combat units can synchronously share the required information from different spaces, distances and frequencies in all domains and at all times, realizing intelligent sharing.

Decision-making mechanism

Those who can plan for victory before the battle have made more calculations. Scientific and accurate decision-making is a prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can conduct dynamic battlefield simulation and deduction, quickly give feasible decisions, greatly shorten the decision-making cycle of combat planning, and form a decision-making advantage.

Intelligent strategic situation analysis. The decision-making support system that incorporates artificial intelligence technology has functions such as information collection, query management, data processing, and correlation analysis. It can effectively break through the limitations of human analysis capabilities, maximize the separation of false and true, correlation verification, and link thinking, and automatically conduct big data analysis such as enemy situation, our situation, and battlefield environment, forming comparative data on related forces and weapons, which can efficiently assist combat commanders and help commanders quickly make combat decisions.

Intelligent optimization of combat plans. Relying on the intelligent combat simulation system, it automatically generates multiple sets of intuitive plans and programs based on the pre-input combat missions and strike target information, comprehensively evaluates their advantages and disadvantages and potential risks, and selects the plan that is most conducive to realizing the commander’s intention for the commander to make the final decision. After receiving the combat missions and target requirements from the superior, each combat unit will further screen the battlefield target information in combination with the tasks and requirements of its own level, and independently formulate the best plan and program at its own level to maximize combat effectiveness.

Intelligent prediction of decision-making effectiveness. The intelligent decision-making auxiliary system relies on intelligent technologies such as big data, high-performance computing, and neural network algorithms to give the command and control system a more advanced “brain-like” ability, which can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and quickly come to a relatively objective combat result.

Power control mechanism

The dominant position is to control power by taking advantage of the situation. Seizing control power is the key factor to win the war. Artificial intelligence can “transplant” part of human intelligence to weapons, making the combination of humans and weapon systems more and more close. The deep interaction between humans and machines has changed the traditional control elements, endowed new control connotations, and can help gain new control advantages.

The dominance of the domain is expanding to the high frontier. In the future, highly intelligent unmanned systems will be able to carry out a variety of combat missions even in harsh conditions such as high temperature, extreme cold, high pressure, lack of oxygen, toxicity, radiation, and in extreme environments such as extreme height, extreme distance, extreme depth, extreme micro, extreme darkness, and extreme brightness. The competition for dominance of the combat domain and combat space will extend to the high frontier, the far frontier, and the deep frontier.

The right to control information is expanding to multiple means. The traditional way to seize the right to control information is to control the channels of information acquisition, processing, and distribution by attacking the enemy’s reconnaissance and early warning system and destroying its command and control system. However, information warfare under the guidance of artificial intelligence uses information itself as “ammunition”, and the means to seize the right to control information are more diverse.

The network control power is expanding to distributed. The network information system built based on intelligent technology provides a ubiquitous network “cloud” to aggregate battlefield resources of various terminals and provide services, which can realize modular organization and automatic reorganization of combat forces. The traditional purpose of disconnecting the network and destroying the chain by striking key nodes will no longer be achieved. It is inevitable to respond to the “decentralized” battlefield with an intelligent distributed strike mode.

The power to control the brain is expanding to new dimensions. Brain-like technology and simulation technology are gradually militarized, forming new areas of competition and confrontation. The focus has shifted from focusing on confrontation in the physical and information domains to more emphasis on influencing and controlling the opponent’s psychology. Technologies such as virtual reality and audio-visual synthesis can confuse the real with the fake. “Core attack” can quietly change the enemy’s command and control system algorithm. “Brain control” can directly control the enemy’s decision-making. By controlling and influencing the enemy’s psychology, thinking, and will, the goal of stopping and winning the war can be achieved at the lowest cost.

Mechanism of action

The key to victory in war is speed. Taking unexpected actions against the enemy is the key to victory in war. Artificial intelligence can improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment, command and control systems, and action decisions, making mobile response capabilities faster and joint strike capabilities more accurate, creating a super action advantage.

The speed of action is “killed in seconds”. The intelligent combat system can see, understand, learn and think, effectively shortening the “OODA” cycle. Once an “opportunity” is found, it will use intelligently controlled hypersonic weapons, kinetic weapons, laser weapons, etc. to quickly “kill” the target at a long distance.

Action style is “unmanned”. “Unmanned + intelligent” is the future development direction of weapons and equipment. Low-cost unmanned vehicles, drones, unmanned submarines and other unmanned autonomous equipment, with the support of cluster autonomous decision-making systems, can plan the task division of each unit according to combat targets, and unmanned devices can accurately dock, autonomously combine, and covertly penetrate to carry out cluster saturation attacks on the enemy.

The action space is “fuzzy”. In future wars, using interference means to carry out soft strikes on the enemy’s intelligent combat systems and intelligent weapons, and using intelligent weapons to delay or influence the enemy’s decision-making and psychology will become the key to victory. Most of these actions are completed unconsciously or silently, presenting a “fuzzy” state where the enemy and us are invisible, the boundaries between the front and the rear are unclear, and it is difficult to distinguish between the visible and the invisible.

The action deployment is “stealth”. The intelligent command system and weapon equipment have bionic and stealth properties. As long as they are deployed in advance in possible combat areas during peacetime preparations or training exercises, they can be hidden and dormant and ready for combat. Once they are activated in time in wartime, they can launch a sudden attack on the enemy, which will help to quickly seize the initiative in the war.

System Mechanism

Five things and seven strategies determine victory or defeat. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, full-process system confrontations, and a stable and efficient combat system is the basic support for winning the war. With the continuous expansion of the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, the combat system is becoming more and more intelligent, and the full-domain integrated combat system will produce a strong system advantage.

There are more means of “detection”. Intelligent combat clusters rely on network information systems to connect with various large sensors, electronic warfare systems and other human-machine interaction platforms, use the detection and perception equipment of each combat unit to obtain battlefield data, give play to the self-organizing characteristics of intelligent groups, strengthen real-time detection and support for joint combat systems and back-end intelligence analysis, and can achieve full-domain detection, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, forming a multi-dimensional, full-domain coverage of large-area joint detection intelligence system.

The scope of “control” is wider. The use of intelligent unmanned combat platforms can break through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of the senses, and the physical limits of existence, and replace humans to enter traditional life restricted areas such as the deep sea, space, polar regions, and strong radiation areas, and stay there for a long time to implement “unconventional warfare”, thereby further expanding the combat space and having the ability to continuously repel opponents in a wider range of fields.

The speed of “fighting” is faster. With the support of intelligent network information system, the intelligence chain, command chain and killing chain are seamlessly connected, the speed of information transmission, decision-making speed and action speed are accelerated simultaneously, and the intelligent combat units can be flexibly organized, autonomously coordinated and quickly strike. All of these make the time utilization efficiency extremely high and the battlefield response speed extremely fast.

The “evaluation” is more accurate. Using intelligent technologies such as experiential interactive learning and brain-like behavioral systems, the intelligent combat evaluation system can autonomously complete the collection, aggregation, grading and classification of multi-means action effect evaluation information, accurately perceive battlefield actions based on big data and panoramic images, dynamically identify combat processes and correct defects, predict complex battlefield changes, and make comprehensive plans and flexibly respond.

The “security” is more efficient. The widespread application of intelligent comprehensive security systems represented by equipment maintenance expert systems and intelligent sensing equipment can efficiently respond to security needs in various domains, intelligently plan security resources, and ensure that the “cloud” aggregates various battlefield resources, effectively improving the comprehensive security capabilities of the networked battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Henan Provincial Military Region)

現代國語：

人工智慧技術是提高新興領域戰略能力的重要支撐，近年來獲得快速發展並廣泛運用於軍事領域，不斷催生新的非對稱優勢，深刻改變未來戰爭的基本形態、作戰方式和製勝機理。應該深刻認識人工智慧這一革命性技術動力，準確識變、科學應變、主動求變，努力探尋制勝未來戰爭之道，在加速來臨的智能化戰爭中贏得主動。

資訊機理

知彼知己，百戰不殆。快速有效地掌握全方位資訊是戰爭制勝的首要前提。人工智慧可實現戰場態勢智慧感知、大量數據智慧分析、多元資訊智慧處理，能夠形成戰場「透明」優勢。

戰場感知自主實施。將智慧模塊嵌入戰時偵察系統，各類偵察節點單元可以實現隨機組網、臨機協同、有機整合，能夠全方位、多維度自主捕獲戰場信息，構建相對“透明”的數字化戰場環境和作戰態勢，進而撥開戰爭“迷霧”，全景式呈現作戰場景。

海量數據精準識別。依托精準感知技術和分析識別技術等智慧化科技，精準判讀、分析、比對、融合多元化的語音、文字、圖片、視頻等數據，從而獲取更快、更全、更準、更深的戰場態勢結果，遠超人腦處理的速度和精度。

關鍵資訊高效響應。基於作戰雲、大數據、物聯網等智慧化技術群，能夠從大批量、非標準化、異構化的情報數據中快速發掘，自主發現徵候、識別意圖、研判趨勢、找到規律，實時精準地響應指揮員對關鍵信息的需求。

融合態勢同步共用。智慧化控制系統能夠將分佈在陸海空天電網等不同空間、不同頻域的各種偵察監視系統優化整合，並發揮共享信息和統一認知的重要樞紐作用，構建形成基於“一幅圖”“一張網”“一條鏈”的態勢，使各作戰單元全局全頻全時從不同空間、不同距離、不同頻率同步共享所需信息，實現智能共享。

決策機理

夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也。科學準確決策是戰爭制勝的先決條件。人工智慧可進行動態戰場模擬推演，快速給出可行決策，大幅縮短作戰籌劃決策週期，能夠形成決策優勢。

戰略形勢智能研判。融入人工智慧技術的決策輔助系統，具備資訊收集、查詢管理、數據處理、關聯分析等功能，可有效突破人類分析能力的限制，最大限度去偽存真、關聯印證、鏈接思考，自動進行敵情、我情和戰場環境等大數據分析，形成相關兵力、兵器等對比數據，能夠高效輔助作戰指揮，幫助指揮員快速定下作戰決心。

作戰方案智能優選。依托智能化作戰模擬系統，根據預先輸入的作戰任務和打擊目標訊息，自動產生多套形象直觀的方案和計劃，綜合評估其優缺點及潛在風險，優選出最有利於實現指揮員意圖的方案，供指揮員作出最後決斷。各作戰單元接到上級作戰任務和目標需求後，結合本級任務和要求，進一步對戰場目標資訊進行甄別篩選，自主訂定本級最優方案和計畫，實現作戰效能最大化。

決策效能智能預測。智慧化輔助決策系統依賴大數據、高效能計算、神經網絡演算法等智慧化技術，賦予指揮控制系統更高階的「類腦」能力，可以更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況，快速得出相對客觀的交戰結果。

制權機理

勢者，因利而製權也。奪取制權是贏得戰爭制勝優勢的關鍵因素。人工智慧可將人的部分智慧「移植」到武器上，使得人與武器系統結合越來越緊密，人機一體深度互動改變了傳統的製權要素，賦予新的製權內涵，能夠助力獲得新的製權優勢。

制域權向高邊疆拓展。未來高度智慧化的無人系統，即使在高溫、極寒、高壓、缺氧、有毒、輻射等惡劣條件下，在極高、極遠、極深、極微、極黑、極亮等極端環境中，仍然可以遂行多種作戰任務，作戰領域和作戰空間的製權之爭向高邊疆、遠邊疆、深邊疆延伸。

制資訊權向多手段拓展。傳統的奪取制資訊權，是通過打擊敵偵察預警體系、破壞其指揮控制系統等手段實現對信息獲取、處理、分發等途徑的控制，而人工智能主導下的信息作戰是將信息本身作為“彈藥”，奪取制信息權的手段更加多樣。

製網權向分散式拓展。基於智慧科技構建的網絡資訊體系，提供泛在網絡「雲」以聚合各類終端的戰場資源並提供服務，能夠實現作戰力量模塊化編組、自動化重組，傳統的通過打擊關鍵節點，達成斷網毀鏈的目的將很難再實現，必然是以智能化分佈式打擊模式來應對「去中心化」的戰場。

制腦權向新維域拓展。類腦技術、模擬技術等逐步軍事化，形成了新的博弈和對抗領域，重心由注重物理域、信息域對抗向更加註重影響和控制對手心理轉變，虛擬現實、聲像合成等技術能夠以假亂真，「攻芯戰」能夠悄無聲息地改變敵方指揮控制系統之止，「控戰」能夠直接控制敵人做出決定，通過思維和影響力的演算法。

行動機理

兵之情主速，乘人之不及。採取敵方意料不到的行動是戰爭制勝的關鍵要害。人工智慧可提高武器裝備、指控系統、行動決策等方面的智慧化程度，使機動反應能力更快、聯合打擊能力更準，創造出超強的行動優勢。

行動速度「秒殺化」。智慧化作戰系統看得見、聽得懂、能學習、會思考，有效縮短了“OODA”循環週期，一旦發現“有機可乘”，便運用智能化控制的超高聲速武器、動能武器、激光武器等，對目標進行遠距離快速“秒殺”。

行動樣式“無人化”。 「無人+智慧」是未來武器裝備發展方向。低成本的無人車、無人機、無人潛航器等無人自主裝備，在集群自主決策系統支援下，可針對作戰目標規劃各單元的任務分工，無人器之間精準對接、自主組合、隱蔽突防，對敵進行集群飽和攻擊。

行動空間「模糊化」。未來戰爭中，利用乾擾手段對敵方的智慧化作戰系統和智慧武器實施軟打擊，利用智慧武器遲滯或影響敵方人員的決策和心理將成為製勝關鍵。這些行動大都是在不知不覺或無聲無息中完成的，呈現敵我雙方不見人影、前方後方界限不清、有形無形難以辨別的「模糊」狀態。

行動布勢「隱身化」。智慧化指揮系統和武器裝備具有生物仿生和隱身性能。只要在平時備戰或訓練演習時提前佈設在可能交戰地域，潛伏預置、休眠待戰，戰時一旦需要適時激活，對敵實施猝然打擊，有助於快速掌握戰爭主動權。

體系機理

五事七計知勝負。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗，穩定高效的作戰體係是戰爭制勝的基礎支撐。隨著人工智慧在軍事領域應用不斷拓展，作戰體系智慧化程度越來越高，全域融合的作戰體係將產生強大的體系優勢。

「偵」的手段更多。智能化作戰集群依托網絡資訊體係與各類大型傳感器、電子戰系統及其他人機交互平台進行連接，運用各作戰單元自身檢測感知設備獲取戰場數據，發揮智能群體自組織特性，強化對聯合作戰體係及後端情報分析的實時偵監支持，能夠實現全局偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證，形成多維一體、全域覆蓋情報體的大統偵察體系。

「控」的領域更廣。運用智慧化無人作戰平台，能夠突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限，並代替人類進入深海、太空、極地、強輻射地域等傳統的生命禁區，並長時間置身其中實施“非常規作戰”，從而使作戰空間進一步拓展，具備在更廣的領域持續懾對手的實力。

「打」的速度更快。在智慧化網路資訊體系支撐下，情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈無縫連接，資訊傳輸速度、決策速度與行動速度同步加快，智慧化作戰單元能夠靈活編組、自主協同、快速打擊。這些都使得時間利用效率極高、戰場反應速度極快。

「評」的精度更準。運用經驗式互動學習、類腦行為體係等智慧化科技，智慧化作戰評估系統能夠自主完成多手段行動效果評估資訊的擷取匯聚、分級分類，基於大數據和全景圖精準感知戰場行動，動態識別作戰進程並糾正缺陷問題，預判復雜戰場變化，綜合規劃、靈活應對。

「保」的效率更高。以裝備維修專家系統、智慧化感知設備為代表的智慧化綜合保障系統的廣泛應用，能夠高效響應各域保障需求，智慧規劃保障資源，保障「雲」聚合各類戰場資源，有效提升網絡化戰場綜合保障能力。

（作者單位：河南省軍區）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-05-02&paperNumber=03&articleid=93033888

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China’s Competition for Militarization of Artificial Intelligence Continues to Accelerate

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中國人工智慧軍事化競爭持續加速

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2022年9月1日 星期四

現代英語：

Artificial intelligence is a general term for cutting-edge technology groups such as big data, automated decision-making, machine learning, image recognition and space situational awareness. It can liberate the “cognitive burden” of human intelligence and physical energy, and enable technology users to gain the advantages of foresight, preemption and preemptive decision-making and action. As a “force multiplier” and “the foundation of future battles”, artificial intelligence will fundamentally reshape the future war form, change the country’s traditional security territory, impact the existing military technology development pattern, reconstruct the future combat system and military force system, and become an important dominant force on the future battlefield.

With the rapid development of technology and the continuous acceleration of competition, major countries have launched their own artificial intelligence development plans, and accelerated the promotion of organizational mechanism reform, scientific and technological research and development, and tactical and combat innovation, promoting the military use of artificial intelligence and seizing the commanding heights of future wars.

Accelerate organizational form innovation

Promote technology transformation and application

Unlike traditional technologies, the research and development and transformation of artificial intelligence have their own characteristics. The institutional settings and operation methods of the traditional national defense system are difficult to adapt to the needs of the rapid development of artificial intelligence. To this end, the armed forces of relevant countries have vigorously carried out organizational system reform and innovation, breaking the institutional barriers in the process of artificial intelligence technology research and development, and accelerating the transformation and application of related technologies.

Emphasize “connection between the near and the far”. The United Kingdom, with the “Defense Data Office” and the “Digital Integration and Defense Artificial Intelligence Center” as the main body, integrates route planning, specification setting, technology governance and asset development, and removes administrative obstacles that restrict the development and application of artificial intelligence technology. The United States, relying on the “Strategic Capabilities Office” and the “Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Officer”, uses the Army Future Command as a pilot to integrate decentralized functions such as theoretical development, technology research and development, and equipment procurement, focusing on strengthening the innovative application of existing platforms in a “potential tapping and efficiency increase” manner, while buying time for the medium- and long-term technological innovation of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, so as to effectively balance practical needs and long-term development.

Attach importance to “research and use conversion”. The application of artificial intelligence in the military field will have a profound impact on battlefield combat methods, tactical and combat selection, and other aspects. Russia has established institutions such as the “Advanced Research Foundation” and the “National Robotics Technology Research and Development Center” to guide the design, research and development and application of artificial intelligence technology in the Russian military to improve the practical conversion rate of scientific research results. The United States has established the “Joint Artificial Intelligence Center” and relied on the “National Mission Plan” and “Service Mission Plan” to coordinate military-civilian collaborative innovation and scientific and technological achievements transformation, and promote the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the U.S. Department of Defense and various services.

Focus on “military-civilian integration”. Russia has established institutions such as the “Times Science and Technology City” in Anapa and other places, relying on the “Advanced Research Foundation” to fully absorb military and civilian talents, actively build scientific and technological production clusters and research clusters, and effectively expand the two-way exchange mechanism of military and civilian talents. The United States has established institutions such as the “Defense Innovation Experimental Group” in Silicon Valley and other places, relying on the “Defense Innovation Committee”, so that the latest achievements in technological innovation and theoretical development in the field of artificial intelligence can directly enter high-level decision-making. France has established innovative defense laboratories, defense innovation offices and other technical research and development institutions in the Ministry of Defense, aiming to solicit private capital investment and defense project cooperation to improve scientific research efficiency.

Highlight the “combination of science and technology”. The Israel Defense Forces has established a digital transformation system architecture department, which fully demonstrates new technologies, new theories, and new concepts based on the specific effects of various systems organically integrated into various services and arms, so as to determine the corresponding technology research and development priorities and strategic development directions. The United States has enhanced the overall management of national defense technology innovation and application by re-establishing the position of Deputy Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering and creating the Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Officer. It has also relied on theoretical methods such as red-blue confrontation, simulation and deduction, and net assessment analysis to conduct practical tests on various new ideas, concepts, and methods, so as to select the focus of various technology research and development and the direction of strategic and tactical research, and achieve a benign interaction between technology development and theoretical innovation.

Project establishment for military needs

Seize the opportunity for future development

In recent years, various military powers have aimed at the research and development of cutting-edge artificial intelligence technologies, and have widely established projects in the fields of situational awareness, data analysis, intelligence reconnaissance, and unmanned combat, intending to seize the opportunity for future development.

Situational awareness field. Situational awareness in the traditional sense refers to the collection and acquisition of battlefield information by means of satellites, radars, and electronic reconnaissance. However, under the conditions of “hybrid warfare” with blurred peace and war, integration of soldiers and civilians, internal and external linkage, and full-domain integration, the role of situational awareness in non-traditional fields such as human domain, social domain, and cognitive domain has received unprecedented attention. The US “Computable Cultural Understanding” project aims to process multi-source data through natural language processing technology to achieve cross-cultural communication; the “Compass” project aims to extract cases from unstructured data sources, integrate key information, and respond to different types of “gray zone” operations. The French “Scorpion” combat system project aims to use intelligent information analysis and data sharing platforms to improve the fire support effectiveness of the French army’s existing front-line mobile combat platforms to ensure the safety of operational personnel.

Data analysis field. Relying on artificial intelligence technology to improve intelligent data collection, identification analysis and auxiliary decision-making capabilities can transform information advantages into cognitive and operational advantages. Russia’s “Combat Command Information System” aims to use artificial intelligence and big data technology to analyze the battlefield environment and provide commanders with a variety of action plans. The UK’s “THEIA Project” and France’s “The Forge” digital decision support engine are both aimed at enhancing information processing capabilities in command and control, intelligence collection, and other aspects, and improving commanders’ ability to control complex battlefields and command effectiveness.

Intelligence reconnaissance field. Compared with traditional intelligence reconnaissance, using artificial intelligence algorithms to collect and process intelligence has the advantages of fast information acquisition, wide content sources, and high processing efficiency. The Japanese Self-Defense Forces’ satellite intelligent monitoring system is designed to identify and track foreign ships that may “infringe” its territorial waters near key waters. The U.S. military’s “Causal Exploration of Complex Combat Environments” project aims to use artificial intelligence and machine learning tools to process multi-source information and assist commanders in understanding the cultural motivations, event roots, and relationships behind the war; the “Marvin” project uses machine learning algorithms and face recognition technology to screen and sort out various suspicious targets from full-motion videos, providing technical support for counter-terrorism and other operations.

Unmanned combat field. In some technologically advanced countries, unmanned combat systems are becoming more mature and equipment types are becoming more complete. The Israeli military’s M-RCV unmanned combat vehicle can perform a variety of tasks such as unmanned reconnaissance, firepower strikes, and transport and recovery of drones in all-terrain and all-time conditions. The Russian military’s “Outpost-R” drone system, which has the ability to detect and strike in one, can detect, track, and strike military targets in real time. It also has certain anti-reconnaissance and anti-interference capabilities, and has been tested on the battlefield. The U.S. military’s “Future Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System” project aims to comprehensively improve the U.S. Army’s effectiveness in performing combat missions such as reconnaissance and surveillance, auxiliary targeting, battle damage assessment, and communication relay.

Adapting to the transformation of future battlefields

Continuously exploring new tactics

In order to adapt to the tremendous changes in the battlefield environment in the intelligent era, relevant countries have explored a series of new tactics by improving the participation efficiency of artificial intelligence in key military decisions and actions.

Algorithmic warfare, that is, relying on big data and artificial intelligence technology, fully utilizing the powerful potential of combat networks, human-machine collaboration, and autonomous and semi-autonomous weapons, so that the “observation-adjustment-decision-action” cycle of the side always leads the opponent, thereby destroying the enemy’s combat plan and achieving preemptive strike. In December 2015, the Russian army relied on unmanned reconnaissance and intelligent command information systems to guide ground unmanned combat platforms to cooperate with Syrian government forces, and quickly eliminated 77 militants within the target range at the cost of 4 minor injuries. In 2021, the U.S. Air Force conducted a test flight of the first intelligent drone “Air Borg”, marking the U.S. military’s algorithmic warfare further moving towards actual combat.

Unmanned warfare, guided by low-cost attrition warfare of saturated quantity attack and system attack and defense operations, strives to achieve all-round situation tracking, dynamic deterrence and tactical suppression of the enemy’s defense system through human-machine collaboration and group combat mode. In May 2021, the Israeli army used artificial intelligence-assisted drone swarms in the conflict with the Hamas armed group, which played an important role in determining the enemy’s position, destroying enemy targets, and monitoring enemy dynamics. In October 2021 and July 2022, the US military launched drone targeted air strikes in northwestern Syria, killing Abdul Hamid Matar, a senior leader of al-Qaeda, and Aguer, the leader of the extremist organization “Islamic State”.

Distributed warfare, relying on the unlimited command and control capabilities of artificial intelligence and new electronic warfare means, uses shallow footprints, low-feature, fast-paced forces such as special forces to form small groups of multi-group mobile formations, disperse and infiltrate the combat area in a multi-directional and multi-domain manner, continuously break the enemy’s system shortcomings and chain dependence, and increase the difficulty of its firepower saturation attack. In this process, “people are in command and machines are in control”. In recent years, the US military has successively launched a number of “distributed combat” scientific research projects such as “Golden Tribe” and “Elastic Network Distributed Mosaic Communication”.

Fusion warfare, relying on network quantum communication and other means, builds an anti-interference, high-speed “combat cloud” to eliminate the technical barriers of data link intercommunication, interconnection and interoperability between military services and achieve deep integration of combat forces. In 2021, the joint common basic platform developed by the US Joint Artificial Intelligence Center officially has initial operational capabilities, which will help the US military break data barriers and greatly improve data sharing capabilities. During the NATO “Spring Storm” exercise held in Estonia in 2021, the British Army used artificial intelligence technology to conduct intelligent analysis and automated processing of battlefield information of various services, which improved the integration between services and enhanced the effectiveness of joint command and control.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

程柏华

現代國語：

人工智慧是大數據、自動化決策、機器學習、圖像識別與空間態勢感知等前沿技術群的統稱，可解放人類智能體能的“認知負擔”，使技術使用者獲得先知、先佔、先發製人的決策行動優勢。作為“力量倍增器”和“未來戰鬥的基礎”，人工智慧將從根本上重塑未來戰爭形態、改變國家傳統安全疆域、衝擊現有軍事技術發展格局、重建未來作戰體系和軍事力量體系，成為未來戰場的重要主導力量。

隨著科技的快速發展和競爭的不斷提速，主要國家紛紛推出自己的人工智慧發展規劃，並加速推動組織機制變革、科技研發和戰術戰法創新，推動人工智慧軍事運用，搶佔未來戰爭制高點。

加速組織形態創新

推進技術轉換應用

有別於傳統的技術，人工智慧的研發和轉化有自身的特點，傳統國防體系的機構設置和運作方式，很難適應人工智慧快速發展的需求。為此，相關國家軍隊大力進行組織體制改革與創新，破除人工智慧技術研發過程中的體制障礙，加速推廣相關技術的轉換與應用。

強調「遠近銜接」。英國以「國防資料辦公室」與「數位整合與國防人工智慧中心」為主體，將路線規劃、規範設定、技術治理與資產開發等能效聚攏整合，破除限制人工智慧技術發展應用的行政阻礙。美國以「戰略能力辦公室」和「首席數位與人工智慧長」為依托，以陸軍未來司令部為試點，將理論開發、技術研發、裝備採辦等分散職能整合到一起，重點以「挖潛增效」方式加強現有平台的創新運用，同時為國防高級研究計劃局的中長期技術創新爭取時間，從而有效兼顧現實需求與長遠發展。

重視「研用轉換」。人工智慧在軍事領域的運用，將對戰場戰斗方式、戰術戰法選擇等方面產生深刻影響。俄羅斯透過組成「先期研究基金會」和「國家機器人技術研發中心」等機構，指導俄軍人工智慧技術的設計、研發與應用工作，以提高科學研究成果的實用轉換率。美國透過設立“聯合人工智慧中心”，依托“國家任務計畫”和“軍種任務計畫”，著力統籌軍地協同創新和科技成果轉化，促進人工智慧在美國國防部和諸軍種的廣泛應用。

注重「軍民一體」。俄羅斯在阿納帕等地設立“時代科技城”等機構，依托“高級研究基金會”，充分吸收軍地人才，積極構建科技生產集群和研究集群，有效拓展軍地人才雙向交流機制。美國透過在矽谷等地設立“國防創新試驗小組”等機構，依托“國防創新委員會”，使人工智慧領域的技術創新與理論發展最新成果可以直接進入高層決策。法國在國防部建立創新防務實驗室、防務創新處等技術研發機構，旨在徵集民間資本投資與國防專案合作，提昇科研能效。

突顯「理技結合」。以色列國防軍設立數位轉型體​​系架構部，依據各類系統有機融入各軍兵種的具體效果，對新技術、新理論、新概念進行充分論證，以確定相應技術研發重點與戰略發展方向。美國透過重設國防部研究與工程副部長、創建首席數位與人工智慧長等職位，提升國防技術創新與應用的統管力度，並依托紅藍對抗、模擬推演、淨評估分析等理論方法，對各類新思想、新理念、新方法進行實踐檢驗，以選定各類技術研發焦點與戰略戰術攻關方向，實現技術發展與創新理論的良性互動。

針對軍事需求立項

搶佔未來發展先機

近年來，各軍事強國瞄準人工智慧前線技術研發，在態勢感知、資料分析、情報偵察、無人作戰等領域廣泛立項，意圖搶佔未來發展先機。

態勢感知領域。傳統意義的態勢感知是指依托衛星、雷達和電子偵察等手段收集和取得戰場資訊。然而，在平戰模糊、兵民一體、內外連動、全域融合的「混合戰爭」條件下，人類域、社會域、認知域等非傳統領域態勢感知的作用受到前所未有的重視。美國「可計算文化理解」項目，旨在透過自然語言處理技術處理多源數據，實現跨文化交流；「指南針」項目，旨在從非結構化數據源中提取案例，整合關鍵訊息，應對不同類型的「灰色地帶」行動。法國「蠍子」戰鬥系統項目，旨在運用智慧化資訊分析與資料共享平台，提升法軍現有前線移動作戰平台的火力支援效力，以保障行動人員安全。

數據分析領域。依託人工智慧技術提高智慧化資料蒐集、識別分析和輔助決策能力，可將資訊優勢轉化為認知和行動優勢。俄羅斯“戰鬥指揮資訊系統”，旨在藉助人工智慧與大數據技術分析戰場環境，為指揮官提供多類行動預案。英國「THEIA計畫」和法國的「The Forge」數位決策支援引擎，都旨在增強指揮控制、情報蒐集等方面的資訊處理能力，提高指揮官駕馭複雜戰場的能力和指揮效能。

情報偵察領域。相較於傳統情報偵察，利用人工智慧演算法蒐集處理情報，具備獲取資訊快、內容來源廣、處理效率高等優勢。日本自衛隊衛星智慧監控系統，旨在識別、追蹤重點水域附近可能「侵犯」其領海的外國船隻。美軍「複雜作戰環境因果探索」項目，旨在利用人工智慧和機器學習工具處理多源信息，輔助指揮官理解戰爭背後的文化動因、事件根源和各因素關係；「馬文」項目則透過運用機器學習演算法、人臉辨識技術等，從全動態影片中篩選排列出各類可疑目標，為反恐等行動提供技術支撐。

無人作戰領域。一些技術先進的國家，無人作戰體係日臻成熟、裝備種類譜係日趨完善。以軍M-RCV型無人戰車，可在全地形、全時段條件下，執行無人偵察、火力打擊、運載及回收無人機等多樣化任務。具備察打一體能力的俄軍「前哨-R」無人機系統，可即時偵測、追蹤、打擊軍事目標，也具備一定反偵察和抗干擾能力，已在戰場上經過檢驗。美軍「未來戰術無人機系統」項目，旨在全面提升美陸軍執行偵察監視、輔助瞄準、戰損評估、通訊中繼等作戰任務的效能。

適應未來戰場轉變

不斷探索全新戰法

為適應智慧化時代戰場環境的巨大變化，相關國家透過提升人工智慧在各關鍵軍事決策與行動的參與能效，探索出一系列全新戰法。

演算法戰，即以大數據和人工智慧技術為依托，充分發揮作戰網路、人機協作以及自主和半自主武器的強大潛能，使己方「觀察-調整-決策-行動」的循環週期始終領先對手，進而破壞敵作戰計劃，實現先發製人。 2015年12月，俄軍依托無人偵察與智慧化指揮資訊系統，引導地面無人作戰平台與敘利亞政府軍配合，以4人輕傷代價，迅速消滅了目標範圍內的77名武裝分子。 2021年，美空軍進行了首架智慧無人機「空中博格人」的試飛，標誌著美軍演算法戰進一步向實戰化邁進。

無人戰，以飽和數量攻擊、體系攻防作戰的低成本消耗戰為指導，力求透過人機協同、群體作戰模式，實現對敵防禦體系全方位的態勢追蹤、動態威懾和戰術壓制。 2021年5月，以軍在同哈馬斯武裝組織的衝突中使用人工智慧輔助的無人機蜂群，在確定敵人位置、摧毀敵方目標、監視敵方動態等方面發揮了重要作用。 2021年10月和2022年7月，美軍在敘利亞西北部發起無人機定點空襲，分別擊斃「基地」組織高階領導人阿卜杜勒·哈米德·馬塔爾和極端組織「伊斯蘭國」領導人阿蓋爾。

分佈戰，以人工智慧無限指揮控制能力和全新電子戰手段為依托，利用特種部隊等淺腳印、低特徵、快節奏的兵力，形成小股多群機動編隊，以多向多域方式分散滲入作戰區域，持續破擊敵體系短板和鍊式依賴，增大其火力飽和攻擊的難度。在這個過程中，實現「人在指揮、機器在控制」。近年來，美軍相繼啟動「金色部落」「彈性網路分散式馬賽克通訊」等多個「分散式作戰」科學研究立項。

融合戰，依托網路量子通訊等手段，建構抗干擾、高速率的“作戰雲”，以消除軍兵種數據鏈互通、互聯和互操作技術障礙，實現作戰力量的深度融合。 2021年，美聯合人工智慧中心研發的聯合通用基礎平台正式具備初始操作能力，將協助美軍打破資料壁壘，大幅提升資料共享能力。 2021年在愛沙尼亞舉行的北約「春季風暴」演習期間，英軍運用人工智慧技術，對各軍種戰場資訊進行智慧分析與自動化處理，提升了軍種間的融合度，增強了聯合指揮控制效能。

（作者單位：國防科技大學）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/01/content_32324488.htm

#Artificial #Intelligence, #Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Dissipative Warfare, 認知戰

People’s Republic of China’s Development Trend & Governance Strategy for Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence

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中華人民共和國人工智慧武器化發展趨勢與治理策略

現代英語：

The weaponization of artificial intelligence is an inevitable trend in the new round of military transformation. Local wars and conflicts in recent years have further stimulated relevant countries to promote the strategic deployment of artificial intelligence weaponization and seize the commanding heights of future wars. The potential risks of artificial intelligence weaponization cannot be ignored. It may intensify the arms race and break the strategic balance; empower the combat process and increase the risk of conflict; increase the difficulty of accountability and increase collateral casualties; lower the threshold of proliferation and lead to misuse and abuse. In this regard, we should strengthen international strategic communication to ensure consensus and cooperation among countries on the military application of artificial intelligence; promote dialogue and coordination on the construction of laws and regulations to form a unified and standardized legal framework; strengthen the ethical constraints of artificial intelligence to ensure that technological development meets ethical standards; actively participate in global security governance cooperation and jointly maintain peace and stability in the international community.

    The weaponization of artificial intelligence is to apply artificial intelligence-related technologies, platforms and services to the military field, making it an important driving force for enabling military operations, thereby improving the efficiency, accuracy and autonomy of military operations. With the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field, major powers and military powers have increased their strategic and resource investment and accelerated the pace of research and development and application. The frequent regional wars and conflicts in recent years have further stimulated the battlefield application of artificial intelligence, and profoundly shaped the form of war and the future direction of military transformation.

    It cannot be ignored that, as a rapidly developing technology, AI itself may have potential risks due to the immaturity of its inherent technology, inaccurate scene matching, and incomplete supporting conditions. It is also easy to bring various risks and challenges to the military field and even the international security field due to human misuse, abuse, or even malicious use. To conscientiously implement the global security initiative proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping, we must face the development trend of weaponization of AI worldwide, conduct in-depth analysis of the security risks that may be brought about by the weaponization of AI, and think about scientific and feasible governance ideas and measures.

    Current trends in the weaponization of artificial intelligence

    In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence in the military field is fundamentally reshaping the future form of war, changing the future combat system, and affecting the future direction of military reform. Major military powers have regarded artificial intelligence as a subversive key technology that will change the rules of future wars, and have invested a lot of resources to promote the research and development and application of artificial intelligence weapons.

    The weaponization of artificial intelligence is an inevitable trend in military transformation.

    With the rapid development of science and technology, the necessity and urgency of military reform have become increasingly prominent. Artificial intelligence can simulate human thinking processes, extend human brainpower and physical strength, realize rapid information processing, analysis and decision-making, and develop increasingly complex unmanned weapon system platforms, thus providing unprecedented intelligent support for military operations.

    First, it provides intelligent support for military intelligence reconnaissance and analysis. Traditional intelligence reconnaissance methods are constrained by multiple factors such as manpower and time, and it is difficult to effectively respond to large-scale, high-speed and high-complexity intelligence processing needs. The introduction of artificial intelligence technology has brought innovation and breakthroughs to the field of intelligence reconnaissance. In military infrastructure, the application of artificial intelligence technology can build an intelligent monitoring system to provide high-precision and real-time intelligence perception services. In the field of intelligence reconnaissance, artificial intelligence technology has the ability to process multiple “information flows” in real time, thereby greatly improving analysis efficiency. ① By using technical tools such as deep learning, it is also possible to “see the essence through the phenomenon”, dig out the deep context and causal relationship in various types of fragmented intelligence information, and quickly transform massive fragmented data into usable intelligence, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of intelligence analysis.

    Second, provide data support for combat command and decision-making. Artificial intelligence provides strong support for combat command and military decision-making in terms of battlefield situation awareness. ② Its advantage lies in the ability to perform key tasks such as data mining, data fusion, and predictive analysis. In information-based and intelligent warfare, the battlefield environment changes rapidly, and the amount of intelligence information is huge, requiring rapid and accurate decision-making responses. Therefore, advanced computer systems have become an important tool to assist commanders in managing intelligence data, making enemy situation judgments, proposing combat plan suggestions, and formulating plans and orders. Taking the US military as an example, the ISTAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Identification and Tracking) system developed by Raytheon Technologies Corporation of the United States covers intelligence collection, surveillance, target identification and tracking functions, and can gather data from multiple information sources such as satellites, ships, aircraft and ground stations, and conduct in-depth analysis and processing. This not only significantly improves the speed at which commanders obtain information, but also can provide data support with the help of intelligent analysis systems, making decisions faster, more efficient and more accurate.

    Third, it provides important support for unmanned combat systems. Unmanned combat systems are a new type of weapon and equipment system that can independently complete military tasks without direct human manipulation. They mainly include intelligent unmanned combat platforms, intelligent ammunition, and intelligent combat command and control systems, and have significant autonomy and intelligent features. As a technical equipment that leads the transformation of future war forms, unmanned combat systems have become an important bargaining chip in military competition between countries. The system has achieved adaptability to different battlefield environments and combat spaces by using key technologies such as autonomous navigation, target recognition, and path planning. With the help of advanced algorithms such as deep learning and reinforcement learning, unmanned combat systems can independently complete navigation tasks and achieve precise strikes on targets. The design concept of this system is “unmanned platform, manned system”, and its essence is an intelligent extension of manned combat systems. For example, the “MQM-57 Falconer” drone developed by the US Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) uses advanced artificial intelligence technology and has highly autonomous target recognition and tracking functions.

    Fourth, provide technical support for military logistics and equipment support. In the context of information warfare, the war process has accelerated, mobility has improved, and combat consumption has increased significantly. The traditional “excessive pre-storage” support model can no longer adapt to the rapidly changing needs of the modern battlefield. Therefore, higher requirements are placed on combat troops to provide timely, appropriate, appropriate, appropriate, and appropriate rapid and accurate after-sales support. As a technology with spillover and cross-integration characteristics, artificial intelligence is integrated with cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing, allowing artificial intelligence knowledge groups, technology groups, and industrial groups to fully penetrate the military after-sales field, significantly improving the logistics equipment support capabilities.

    Major countries are planning to develop military applications of artificial intelligence.

    In order to enhance their global competitiveness in the field of artificial intelligence, major powers such as the United States, Russia, and Japan have stepped up their strategic layout for the military application of artificial intelligence. First, by updating and adjusting the top-level strategic planning in the field of artificial intelligence, they provide clear guidance for future development; second, in response to future war needs, they accelerate the deep integration of artificial intelligence technology and the military field, and promote the intelligent, autonomous, and unmanned development of equipment systems; in addition, they actively innovate combat concepts to drive combat force innovation, thereby improving combat effectiveness and competitive advantages.

    The first is to formulate a strategic plan. Based on the strategic paranoia of pursuing military hegemony, political hegemony, and economic hegemony with technological hegemony, the United States is accelerating its military intelligence process. In November 2023, the U.S. Department of Defense issued the “Data, Analysis and Artificial Intelligence Adoption Strategy”, which aims to expand the advanced capabilities of the entire Department of Defense system to gain lasting military decision-making advantages. The Russian military promulgated the “Russian Weapons and Equipment Development Outline from 2024 to 2033”, known as the “3.0 version”, which aims to provide guidance for the development of weapons and equipment in the next 10 years. The outline emphasizes the continued advancement of nuclear and conventional weapons construction, and focuses on the research of artificial intelligence and robotics technology, hypersonic weapons and other strike weapons based on new physical principles.

    The second is to develop advanced equipment systems. Since 2005, the U.S. military has released a version of the “Unmanned System Roadmap” every few years to look forward to and design unmanned system platforms in various fields such as air, ground, surface/underwater, and connect the development chain of unmanned weapons and equipment such as research and development-production-testing-training-combat-support. At present, more than 70 countries in the world can develop unmanned system platforms, and various types of drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned ships (boats), and unmanned submarines are springing up like mushrooms after rain. On July 15, 2024, Mark Milley, former chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in an interview with U.S. Defense News that by 2039, one-third of the U.S. military will be composed of robots. The Platform-M combat robot, the “Lancet” suicide drone, and the S70 “Hunter” heavy drone developed by the Russian army have been put into actual combat testing.

    The third is to innovate future combat concepts. The combat concept is a forward-looking study of future war styles and combat methods, which can often lead to the leapfrog development of new combat force formations and weapons and equipment. In recent years, the US military has successively proposed combat concepts such as “distributed lethality”, “multi-domain warfare” and “mosaic warfare” in an attempt to lead the development direction of military transformation. Taking “mosaic warfare” as an example, this combat concept regards various sensors, communication networks, command and control systems, weapon platforms, etc. as “mosaic fragments”. These “fragment” units, with the support of artificial intelligence technology, can be dynamically linked, autonomously planned, and collaboratively combined through network information systems to form an on-demand integrated, highly flexible, and flexible killing network. In March 2022, the US Department of Defense released the “Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) Strategic Implementation Plan”, which aims to expand multi-domain operations to all-domain operations concepts, connect sensors of various services to a unified “Internet of Things”, and use artificial intelligence algorithms to help improve combat command decisions. ③

    War conflicts stimulate the weaponization of artificial intelligence.

    In recent years, local conflicts such as the Libyan conflict, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the Ukrainian crisis, and the Israeli-Kazakh conflict have continued, further stimulating the development of the weaponization of artificial intelligence.

    In the Libyan conflict, the warring parties used various types of drones to perform reconnaissance and combat missions. According to a report released by the United Nations Panel of Experts on Libya, the Turkish-made Kargu-2 drone carried out a “hunt and engage remotely” operation in Libya in 2020, and could autonomously attack retreating enemy soldiers. This incident marked the first use of lethal autonomous weapon systems in actual combat. As American scholar Zachary Cullenborn said, if someone unfortunately died in such an autonomous attack, this would most likely be the first known example in history of artificial intelligence autonomous weapons being used for killing. In the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Azerbaijan used a formation of Turkish-made “Flagship” TB2 drones and Israeli-made “Harop” drones to successfully break through the Armenian air defense system and gain air superiority and initiative on the battlefield. ④ The remarkable results of the Azerbaijani army’s drone operations are largely due to the Armenian army’s “underestimation of the enemy” mentality and insufficient understanding of the importance and threat of drones in modern warfare. Secondly, from the perspective of offensive strategy, the Azerbaijani army has made bold innovations in drone warfare. They flexibly use advanced equipment such as reconnaissance and strike drones and cruise missiles, which not only improves combat efficiency, but also greatly enhances the suddenness and lethality of combat. ⑤

    During the Ukrainian crisis that broke out in 2022, both Russia and Ukraine widely used military-grade and commercial drones to perform reconnaissance, surveillance, artillery targeting and strike missions. The Ukrainian army used the “Flagship” TB2 drone and the “Switchblade” series of suicide drones assisted by the United States to carry out precision strikes and efficient killings, becoming a “battlefield killer” that attracted worldwide attention. In the Israeli-Kazakhstan conflict, the Israeli military was accused of using an artificial intelligence system called “Lavender” to identify and lock bombing targets in Gaza. It once marked as many as 37,000 Palestinians in Gaza as suspected “militants” and identified them as targets that could be directly “assassinated”. The Israeli military’s actions have attracted widespread attention and condemnation from the international community. ⑥

    Security risks posed by weaponization of artificial intelligence

    From automated command systems to intelligent unmanned combat platforms, to intelligent decision-making systems in network defense, the application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field is becoming more and more common and has become an indispensable part of modern warfare. However, with the trend of weaponization of artificial intelligence, its misuse, abuse and even malicious use will also bring risks and challenges to international security that cannot be ignored.

    Intensify the arms race and disrupt the strategic balance.

    In the information and intelligent era, the disruptive potential of artificial intelligence is hard for major military powers to resist. They are all focusing on the development and application of artificial intelligence military capabilities, fearing that they will fall behind in this field and lose strategic opportunities. Deepening the military application of artificial intelligence can gain “asymmetric advantages” at a lower cost and with higher efficiency.

    First, countries are scrambling to seize the “first mover advantage”. When a country achieves technological leadership in the development of intelligent weapon systems, it means that the country has more advanced artificial intelligence and related application capabilities, giving it a first-mover advantage in weapon system development, control, and emergency response. This advantage includes higher autonomy, intelligence, and adaptability, which increases the country’s military strength and strategic competitive advantage. At the same time, the military advantage of the first mover may become a security threat to competitors, leading to a scramble among countries in the military application of advanced technologies. ⑦ In August 2023, US Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathryn Hicks announced the “Replicator initiative”, which seeks to deploy thousands of “autonomous weapon systems” in the Indo-Pacific region in less than two years. ⑧

    Second, the opacity of AI armament construction in various countries may intensify the arms race. There are two main reasons for this: First, AI technology is an “enabling technology” that can be used to design a variety of applications, which means that it is difficult to verify the specific situation of AI military applications. It is difficult to determine whether a country is developing or deploying nuclear weapons by monitoring uranium, centrifuges, weapons and delivery systems, as is the case with nuclear weapons. The difference between semi-autonomous and fully autonomous weapon systems is mainly due to different computer software algorithms, and it is difficult to verify the implementation of treaties by various countries through physical verification. Second, in order to maintain their strategic advantages, countries often take confidentiality measures for the details of the military application of advanced technologies, so that opponents cannot detect their strategic intentions. In the current international environment, this opacity not only intensifies the arms race, but also lays the groundwork for future escalation of conflicts.

    Third, the uncertainty of the strategic intentions of various countries will also intensify the arms race. The impact of artificial intelligence on strategic stability, nuclear deterrence and war escalation depends largely on other countries’ perception of its capabilities rather than its actual capabilities. As American scholar Thomas Schelling pointed out, international relations often have the characteristics of risk competition, which is more of a test of courage than force. The relationship between major opponents is determined by which side is ultimately willing to invest more power, or make it look like it is about to invest more power. ⑨ An actor’s perception of the capabilities of others, whether true or false, will greatly affect the progress of the arms race. If a country vigorously develops intelligent weapon systems, competitors will become suspicious of their competitors’ armament capabilities and intentions to develop armaments without being sure of the other party’s intentions, and often take reciprocal measures, that is, to meet their own security needs by developing armaments. It is this ambiguity of intention that stimulates technological accumulation, exacerbates the instability of weapons deployment, and ultimately leads to a vicious cycle.

    Empowering operational processes increases the risk of conflict.

    Empowered by big data and artificial intelligence technologies, traditional combat processes will be rebuilt intelligently, that is, from “situational awareness – command decision-making – attack and defense coordination – comprehensive support” to “intelligent cognition of global situation – human-machine integrated hybrid decision-making – manned/unmanned autonomous coordination – proactive on-demand precise support”. However, although the intelligent reconstruction of combat processes has improved the efficiency and accuracy of operations, it has also increased the risk of conflict and misjudgment.

    First, wars that break out at “machine speed” will increase the risk of hasty actions. Artificial intelligence weapon systems have demonstrated strong capabilities in accuracy and response speed, making future wars break out at “machine speed”. ⑩ However, too fast a war will also increase the risk of conflict. In areas such as missile defense, autonomous weapon systems, and cyberspace that value autonomy and response speed, faster response speeds will bring huge strategic advantages, but will also greatly compress the time window for the defender to respond to military actions, causing combat commanders and decision makers to be under tremendous “time pressure”, exacerbating the risk of “hasty action” and increasing the possibility of accidental escalation of crises.

    Second, reliance on system autonomy may increase the chance of misjudgment under pressure. The U.S. Department of Defense believes that “highly autonomous artificial intelligence systems can autonomously select and execute corresponding operations based on the dynamic changes in mission parameters, and efficiently achieve human preset goals. The increase in autonomy not only greatly reduces dependence on manpower and improves overall operational efficiency, but is also regarded by defense planners as a key factor in maintaining tactical leadership and ensuring battlefield advantage.” ⑪ However, since human commanders cannot respond quickly enough, they may gradually delegate control to autonomous systems, increasing the chance of misjudgment. In March 2003, the U.S. Patriot missile system mistakenly marked a friendly Tornado fighter as an anti-radiation missile. The commander chose to launch the missile under the pressure of only a few seconds to react, resulting in the death of two pilots. ⑫

    Third, it weakens the effectiveness of the crisis termination mechanism. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union led the construction of a series of restrictive measures to curb the escalation of crises and prevent them from evolving into large-scale nuclear wars. In these measures, humans play a vital role as “supervisors”. When risks may get out of control, they can initiate termination measures in sufficient time to avoid large-scale humanitarian disasters. However, with the improvement of the computing power of artificial intelligence systems and their deep integration with machine learning, combat responses have become faster, more precise and destructive, and humans’ termination intervention mechanism for crises may be weakened.

    War accountability is difficult and collateral casualties increase.

    Artificial intelligence weapon systems make it more difficult to define responsibility for war. In traditional combat modes, weapons systems are controlled by humans. Once errors or crises occur, human operators or developers of operating systems will bear corresponding responsibilities. Artificial intelligence technology itself weakens human initiative and control capabilities, making the attribution of responsibility for technical behavior unclear.

    The first is the problem of the “black box” of artificial intelligence. Although artificial intelligence has significant advantages in processing and analyzing data, its internal operating rules and causal logic are often difficult for humans to understand and explain, which makes it difficult for programmers to correct errors in the algorithm. This problem is often referred to as the “black box” of the algorithm model. Once the artificial intelligence weapon system poses a safety hazard, the “algorithm black box” may become a rational excuse for the relevant responsible parties to shirk responsibility. Those who pursue responsibility can only face generalized shirking and shirking of responsibility, and point the finger of responsibility at the artificial intelligence weapon system. In practice, if the decision-making process of artificial intelligence cannot be understood and explained, it may cause a series of problems, such as decision-making errors, trust crises, and information abuse.

    The second is the division of responsibilities between humans and machines in military operations. When an AI system fails or makes a wrong decision, should it be considered an independent entity to bear responsibility? Or should it be considered a tool, with human operators bearing all or part of the responsibility? The complexity of this division of responsibilities lies not only in the technical level, but also in the ethical and legal levels. On the one hand, although AI systems can make autonomous decisions, their decision-making process is still limited by human preset procedures and algorithms, so their responsibilities cannot be completely independent of humans. On the other hand, AI systems may go beyond the preset scope of humans and make independent decisions in some cases. How to define their responsibilities at this time has also become a difficult problem in the field of arms control.

    The third is the issue of the allocation of decision-making power between humans and artificial intelligence weapon systems. According to the different autonomous powers of the machine, the artificial intelligence system can perform tasks in three decision-making and control modes: semi-autonomous, supervised autonomous, and fully autonomous. In a semi-autonomous system, the decision-making power of the action is controlled by humans; in supervised autonomous actions, humans supervise and intervene when necessary; in fully autonomous actions, humans do not participate in the action process. With the gradual deepening of the military application of artificial intelligence, the role of humans in the combat system is undergoing a gradual transformation from the traditional “man in the loop” mode to the “man on the loop”, and humans have evolved from direct operators inside the system to supervisors outside the system. However, this transformation has also raised new problems. How to ensure that artificial intelligence weapon systems can still follow human ethics and values ​​when operating independently is a major challenge facing the current field of artificial intelligence weapon research and development.

    Lowering the threshold for proliferation leads to misuse and abuse.

    Traditional strategic competition usually involves large-scale research and development and procurement of weapons systems, which requires a lot of money and technical support. After AI technology matures and spreads, it has the advantages of being easy to obtain and inexpensive. Even small and medium-sized countries may have the ability to develop advanced intelligent weapon systems. At present, strategic competition in the field of military AI is mainly concentrated between major military powers such as the United States and Russia. However, in the long run, the spread of AI technology will expand the scope of strategic competition and pose a destructive threat to the existing strategic balance. Once smaller countries that master AI technology have relatively strong competitiveness, their willingness to initiate confrontation when facing threats from major powers may increase.

    First, artificial intelligence helps develop some lightweight and agile means of warfare, thereby encouraging some small and medium-sized countries or non-state actors to use it to carry out small, opportunistic military adventures, achieving their strategic goals at a lower cost and with more abundant channels. Second, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has made new forms of warfare such as cyber warfare and electronic warfare increasingly prominent. In a highly competitive battlefield environment, malicious third-party actors can influence military planning and strategic deterrence by manipulating information, leading to an escalation of the situation. In the Ukrainian crisis that broke out in 2022, a lot of false information was spread on the Internet to confuse the public. Third, the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology has also reduced strategic transparency. Traditional military strategies often rely on a large amount of intelligence collection, analysis and prediction, and with the assistance of artificial intelligence technology, combat planning and decision-making processes have become more complex and unpredictable. This opacity may lead to misunderstandings and misjudgments, thereby increasing the risk of escalating conflicts.

    Governance Path for Security Risks of Weaponized Artificial Intelligence

    To ensure the safe development of artificial intelligence and avoid the potential harm caused by its weaponization, we should strengthen international communication on governance strategies, seek consensus and cooperation among countries on the military application of artificial intelligence; promote dialogue and coordination on laws and regulations to form a unified and standardized legal framework; strengthen the constraints on artificial intelligence ethics to ensure that technological development complies with ethical standards; and actively participate in global security governance cooperation to jointly maintain peace and stability in the international community.

    Attach great importance to strategic communication at the international level.

    AI governance is a global issue that requires the concerted efforts of all countries to solve. On the international stage, countries have both mixed and conflicting interests. Therefore, dealing with global issues through effective communication channels has become the key to maintaining world peace and development.

    On the one hand, we need to accurately grasp the challenges of international governance of AI. We need to grasp the consensus of various countries on the development of weaponized AI, pay close attention to the policy differences among countries in the security governance of weaponized AI applications, and coordinate relevant initiatives with the UN agenda through consultation and cooperation, so as to effectively prevent the military abuse of AI and promote the use of AI for peaceful purposes.

    On the other hand, governments should be encouraged to reach relevant agreements and establish strategic mutual trust through official or semi-official dialogues. Compared with the “Track 1 Dialogue” at the government level, the “Track 1.5 Dialogue” refers to dialogues between government officials and civilians, while the “Track 2 Dialogue” is a non-official dialogue between scholars, retired officials, etc. These two forms of dialogue have higher flexibility and are important supplements and auxiliary means to official dialogues between governments. Through a variety of dialogue and communication methods, officials and civilians can widely discuss possible paths to arms control, share experiences and expertise, and avoid the escalation of the arms race and the deterioration of tensions. These dialogue mechanisms will provide countries with a continuous communication and cooperation platform, help enhance mutual understanding, strengthen strategic mutual trust, and jointly respond to the challenges brought about by the militarization of artificial intelligence.

    Scientifically formulate laws and ethical norms for artificial intelligence.

    Artificial intelligence technology itself is neither right nor wrong, good nor evil, but there are differences in good and bad intentions in the design, development, manufacturing, use, operation and maintenance of artificial intelligence. The weaponization of artificial intelligence has aroused widespread ethical concerns. Under the framework of international law, can autonomous weapon systems accurately distinguish between combatants and civilians on a complex battlefield? In addition, if artificial intelligence weapon systems cause unexpected harm, how to define the responsibility? Is it in line with moral and ethical standards to give machines the decision-making power of life and death? These concerns highlight the need to strengthen the ethical constraints of artificial intelligence.

    On the one hand, we must insist on ethics first and integrate the concept of “intelligent for good” from the source of technology. In the design process of artificial intelligence military systems, values ​​such as people-oriented and intelligent for good will be embedded in the system. The purpose is to eliminate the indiscriminate killing and injury that may be caused by artificial intelligence from the source, control its excessive lethality, and prevent accidental damage, so as to limit the damage caused by artificial intelligence weapon systems to the smallest possible range. At present, nearly 100 institutions or government departments at home and abroad have issued various artificial intelligence ethical principle documents, and academia and industry have also reached a consensus on the basic ethical principles of artificial intelligence. In 2022, China’s “Position Paper on Strengthening the Ethical Governance of Artificial Intelligence” submitted to the United Nations provided an important reference for the development of global artificial intelligence ethical supervision. The document clearly emphasizes that artificial intelligence ethical supervision should be promoted through institutional construction, risk control, collaborative governance and other measures.

    On the other hand, we need to improve relevant laws and regulations and clarify the boundaries of rights and responsibilities of AI entities. We need to formulate strict technical review standards to ensure the security and reliability of AI systems. We need to conduct comprehensive tests before AI systems go online to ensure that they do not have a negative impact on human life and social order. We need to clarify the legal responsibilities of developers, users, maintainers and other parties throughout the life cycle of AI systems, and establish corresponding accountability mechanisms.

    Pragmatically participate in international cooperation on artificial intelligence security governance.

    The strategic risks brought about by the military application of artificial intelligence further highlight the importance of pragmatic cooperation in international security. It is recommended to focus on three aspects:

    First, promote the formulation of guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence in the military field. Formulating a code of conduct for the military application of artificial intelligence is an important responsibility of all countries to regulate the military application of artificial intelligence, and it is also a necessary measure to promote international consensus and comply with international laws and regulations. In 2021, the Chinese government submitted the “China’s Position Paper on Regulating the Military Application of Artificial Intelligence” to the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Conference, and issued the “Global Artificial Intelligence Governance Initiative” in 2023. These have provided constructive references for improving the code of conduct for regulating the military application of artificial intelligence.

    The second is to establish an applicable regulatory framework. The dual-use nature of AI involves many stakeholders. Some non-state actors, such as non-governmental organizations, technology communities, and technology companies, will play a more prominent role in the global governance of AI and become an important force in the construction of a regulatory framework for the military application of AI. The technical regulatory measures that countries can take include: clarifying the scope of use of AI technology, responsible entities, and penalties for violations; strengthening technology research and development to improve the security and controllability of technology; establishing a regulatory mechanism to supervise the development and application of technology throughout the process, and promptly discover and solve problems.

    Third, jointly develop AI security prevention technologies and solutions. Encourage bilateral or multilateral negotiations between governments and militaries to be included in the dialogue options for military AI applications, conduct extensive exchanges on military AI security prevention technologies, operating procedures and practical experience, promote the sharing and reference of relevant risk management technical standards and usage specifications, and continuously inject new stability factors into the international security mutual trust mechanism under the background of AI militarization.

    (The author is the director, researcher, and doctoral supervisor of the National Defense Science and Technology Strategic Research Think Tank of the National University of Defense Technology; Liu Hujun, a master’s student at the School of Foreign Languages ​​of the National University of Defense Technology, also contributed to this article)

現代國語：

【摘要】人工智慧武器化是新一輪軍事變革的必然趨勢，近年來局部戰爭的衝突進一步刺激相關國家推動人工智慧武器化戰略部署，搶佔未來戰爭制高點。人工智慧武器化的潛在風險不容忽視，將可能加劇軍備競賽，打破戰略平衡；賦能作戰流程，加大衝突風險；提升問責難度，增加附帶傷亡；降低擴散門檻，導致誤用濫用。對此，應加強國際間戰略溝通，確保各國在人工智慧軍事應用上的共識與協作；推動法律法規建設的對話與協調，以形成統一規範的法律架構；加強人工智慧倫理約束，確保技術發展符合道德標準；積極參與全球安全治理合作，共同維護國際社會的和平與穩定。

【關鍵字】人工智慧 軍事應用 安全風險 安全治理 【中圖分類號】F113 【文獻識別碼】A

人工智慧武器化，是將人工智慧相關技術、平台與服務應用到軍事領域，使其成為賦能軍事行動的重要驅動力量，進而提升軍事行動的效率、精準度與自主性。隨著人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，各主要大國及軍事強國紛紛加大戰略與資源投入，加速研發應用步伐。近年來頻繁的區域戰爭衝突也進一步刺激了人工智慧的戰場運用，並深刻塑造戰爭形態以及軍事變革的未來走向。

不容忽視的是，人工智慧作為一類快速發展中的技術，其本身由於內在技術的不成熟、場景匹配的不準確、支持條件的不完備，可能存在潛在風險，而由於人為的誤用、濫用甚至惡意使用，也容易給軍事領域乃至國際安全領域帶來多種風險挑戰。認真貫徹實習近平總書記提出的全球安全倡議，必須直面世界範圍內人工智慧武器化的發展趨勢，深入分析人工智慧武器化應用可能帶來的安全風險，並思考科學可行的治理思路與舉措。

當前人工智慧武器化的發展趨勢

近年來，人工智慧在軍事領域的應用，正從根本上重塑未來戰爭形態、改變未來作戰體系，影響軍事變革的未來走向。主要軍事大國已將人工智慧視為改變未來戰爭規則的顛覆性關鍵技術，紛紛挹注大量資源，並推動人工智慧武器的研發與應用。

人工智慧武器化是軍事變革的必然趨勢。

隨著科學技術的快速發展，軍事變革的必要性與緊迫性愈發凸顯。人工智慧透過模擬人類的思考過程，延展人類的腦力與體力，可實現資訊快速處理、分析與決策，研發日益複雜的無人化武器系統平台，進而為軍事行動提供前所未有的智慧化支援。

一是為軍事情報偵察與分析提供智慧支援。傳統的情報偵察方式受到人力和時間等多重因素制約，難以有效應對大規模、高速度和高複雜度的情報處理需求。人工智慧技術的引進，為情報偵察領域帶來革新和突破。在軍事基礎設施中，應用人工智慧技術，可建構智慧監測系統，提供高精度即時的情報感知服務。在情報偵察領域，人工智慧技術具備對多個「資訊流」進行即時處理的能力，從而大大提高分析效率。 ①透過使用深度學習等技術工具，還可以“透過現像看本質”，挖掘出各類碎片化情報信息中的深層脈絡與因果聯繫，將海量碎片化數據快速轉變為可以利用的情報，從而提升情報分析的質效。

二是為作戰指揮與決策提供資料支援。人工智慧在戰場態勢感知方面為作戰指揮和軍事決策提供有力支援。 ②其優點在於能夠進行資料探勘、資料融合以及預測分析等關鍵任務。在資訊化智能化戰爭中，戰場環境瞬息萬變，情報資訊量龐大，要求決策反應迅速且準確。因此，先進的電腦系統就成為協助指揮人員管理情報資料、進行敵情判斷、提出作戰方案建議以及擬制計畫與命令的重要工具。以美軍為例，美國雷神科技公司（Raytheon Technologies Corporation）研發的ISTAR（情報、監視、目標辨識與追蹤）系統，涵蓋了情報採集、監視、目標辨識及追蹤功能，可匯聚來自衛星、艦船、飛機及地面站等多元資訊來源的數據，並對其進行深度分析與處理。這不僅顯著提高了指揮官獲取資訊的速度，而且可藉助智慧分析系統提供數據支持，使決策更加快速、高效和精準。

第三是為無人作戰系統提供重要支撐。無人作戰系統是一種無需人類直接操縱，便可獨立完成軍事任務的新型武器裝備系統，主要包括智慧化無人作戰平台、智慧化彈藥和智慧化作戰指揮控制系統等組成部分，具備顯著的自主性和智慧化特徵。無人作戰系統，作為引領未來戰爭形態變革的技術裝備，成為國家間軍事競爭的重要籌碼。該系統透過運用自主導航、目標辨識、路徑規劃等關鍵技術，實現了不同戰場環境及作戰空間的適應能力。透過深度學習、強化學習等先進演算法，無人作戰系統能夠獨立完成導航任務，並實現精準打擊目標。這種系統的設計理念是“平台無人，系統有人”，其本質是對有人作戰系統的智慧化延伸。例如，美國國防部高級研究計畫局（DARPA）研發的「MQM-57獵鷹者」無人機，就採用了先進的人工智慧技術，具備高度自主的目標識別和追蹤功能。

四是為軍事後勤與裝備保障提供技術支援。在資訊化戰爭的背景下，戰爭進程加快、機動性提升、作戰消耗顯著增加。傳統的「超量預儲」保障模式已無法適應現代戰場快速變化的需求，因此，對作戰部隊進行適時、適地、適需、適量的快速精確後裝保障提出了更高的要求。人工智慧作為一種具有溢出帶動和交叉融合特性的技術，與物聯網、大數據、雲端運算等尖端技術相互融合，使得人工智慧知識群、技術群和產業群全面滲透到軍事後裝領域，顯著提升了後勤裝備保障能力。

主要國家紛紛佈局人工智慧軍事應用。

為增強人工智慧領域的全球競爭力，美國、俄羅斯、日本等主要大國加緊人工智慧軍事應用的戰略佈局。首先，透過更新和調整人工智慧領域的頂層策略規劃，為未來的發展提供明確指導；其次，針對未來戰爭需求，加速人工智慧技術與軍事領域的深度融合，推動裝備系統的智慧化、自主化和無人化發展；此外，積極創新作戰概念，以驅動作戰力量創新，進而提升作戰效能和競爭優勢。

一是製定戰略規劃。基於技術霸權追求軍事霸權、政治霸權、經濟霸權的戰略偏執，美國正加速自體軍事智慧化進程。 2023年11月，美國國防部發布《數據、分析與人工智慧採用戰略》，旨在擴展整個國防部體系的先進能力，以獲得持久的軍事決策優勢。俄軍頒布被稱為「3.0版本」的《2024年至2033年俄羅斯武器裝備發展綱要》，旨在為未來10年武器裝備發展提供指導，綱要強調繼續推進核武器和常規武器建設，並重點研究人工智慧和機器人技術、高超音速武器和其他基於新物理原理的打擊兵器。

二是研發先進裝備系統。美軍自2005年開始每隔幾年都會發布一版“無人系統路線圖”，以展望並設計空中、地面、水面/水下等各領域無人系統平台，貫通研發—生產—測試—訓練—作戰—保障等無人化武器裝備發展鏈路。目前，世界上已有70多個國家可以研發無人化系統平台，各種類型的無人機、無人車、無人船（艇）、無人潛航器如雨後春筍般不斷出現。 2024年7月15日，美軍參會前主席馬克‧米利接受《美國防務新聞》採訪時稱，到2039年，三分之一的美軍部隊將由機器人組成。俄軍研發的平台-M作戰機器人、「柳葉刀」自殺式無人機和S70「獵人」重型無人機等，已投入實戰檢驗。

三是創新未來作戰概念。作戰概念是對未來戰爭樣式與作戰方式進行的前瞻性研究，往往可牽引新的作戰力量編組及武器裝備跨越發展。美軍近年來提出「分散式殺傷」「多域戰」「馬賽克戰」等作戰概念，試圖引領軍事變革的發展方向。以“馬賽克戰”為例，該作戰概念將各種感測器、通訊網路、指揮控制系統、武器平台等視為“馬賽克碎片”，這些“碎片”單元在人工智慧技術賦能支援下，透過網路資訊系統可動態連結、自主規劃、協同組合，從而形成一個按需整合、極具彈性、靈活機動的殺傷網。 2022年3月，美國國防部發布《聯合全域指揮控制（JADC2）戰略實施計畫》，該計畫旨在將多域作戰向全局作戰概念拓展，將各軍種感測器連接到一個統一「物聯網」中，利用人工智慧演算法幫助改善作戰指揮決策。 ③

戰爭衝突刺激人工智慧武器化進程。

近年來，利比亞衝突、納卡衝突、烏克蘭危機、哈以衝突等局部衝突不斷，進一步刺激了人工智慧武器化的發展進程。

在利比亞衝突中，交戰雙方採用多種型號無人機執行偵察和作戰任務。根據聯合國利比亞問題專家小組發布的報告指出，土耳其製造的「卡古-2」（Kargu-2）無人機2020年在利比亞執行了「追捕並遠程交戰」行動，可自主攻擊撤退中的敵方士兵。這事件標誌著致命性自主武器系統在實戰中的首次運用。如美國學者扎卡里·卡倫伯恩所述，若有人在此類自主攻擊中不幸喪生，這極有可能是歷史上首個已知的人工智慧自主武器被用於殺戮的例子。在2020年納卡衝突中，阿塞拜疆運用土耳其生產的「旗手」TB2無人機編隊和以色列生產的「哈洛普」無人機成功突破了亞美尼亞防空系統，掌握了戰場制空權和主動權。 ④ 阿塞拜疆軍隊無人機作戰的顯著成效，在很大程度上源於亞美尼亞軍隊的「輕敵」心態，對無人機在現代戰爭中的重要性和威脅性認識不足。其次，從進攻策略的角度來看，阿塞拜疆軍隊在無人機戰法上進行了大膽的創新。他們靈活運用察打一體無人機和巡彈等先進裝備，不僅提升了作戰效率，也大大增強了戰鬥的突然性和致命性。 ⑤

在2022年爆發的烏克蘭危機中，俄羅斯和烏克蘭都廣泛使用軍用級和商用無人機執行偵察監視、火砲瞄準和打擊任務。烏克蘭軍隊透過使用「旗手」TB2無人機以及美國援助的「彈簧刀」系列自殺式無人機，實施精準打擊和高效殺傷，成為令世界矚目的「戰場殺手」。在哈以衝突中，以色列軍方被指控使用名為「薰衣草」（Lavender）的人工智慧系統來識別並鎖定加薩境內的轟炸目標，曾將多達3.7萬名加薩巴勒斯坦人標記為「武裝分子」嫌疑對象，並將其認定為可直接「暗殺」的目標，以軍事行動引發了國際社會廣泛關注和譴責對象。 ⑥

人工智慧武器化帶來的​​安全風險

從自動化指揮系統到智慧無人作戰平台，再到網路防禦中的智慧決策系統，人工智慧技術在軍事領域的應用正變得愈發普遍，已成為現代戰爭不可或缺的一部分。然而，在人工智慧武器化的趨勢下，其誤用、濫用甚至惡意使用，也將為國際安全帶來不可忽視的風險挑戰。

加劇軍備競賽，打破戰略平衡。

在資訊化智能化時代，人工智慧所具有的顛覆潛力讓軍事大國都難以抗拒，紛紛聚焦人工智慧軍事能力的開發與運用，唯恐在這一領域落後而喪失戰略機會。深化人工智慧軍事應用，則能夠以更低成本、更高效率的方式獲得「非對稱優勢」。

一是各國紛紛搶抓「先行者優勢」。當一個國家在智慧武器系統開發領域取得技術領先地位時，意味著該國具備更高階的人工智慧和相關應用能力，使其在武器系統開發、控制和緊急應變等方面具有先發優勢。這種優勢包括更高的自主性、智慧化程度和自適應能力，從而增加了該國的軍事實力和戰略競爭優勢。同時，先行者的軍事優勢可能會成為競爭對手的安全威脅，導致各國在先進技術的軍事應用上呈現出你爭我趕的態勢。 ⑦ 2023年8月，美國國防部副部長凱瑟琳·希克斯宣布了「複製者計畫」（Replicator initiative），該倡議力求在不到兩年的時間內在印太地區部署數千個「自主武器系統」。 ⑧

二是各國人工智慧軍備建設的不透明性可能加劇軍備競賽。這主要有兩個方面的原因：一是人工智慧技術是一種可用於設計多種應用的“使能技術”，這意味著人工智能軍事應用具體情況核查難度較高，難以像核武器可以通過對鈾、離心機以及武器和運載系統的監測來判斷一個國家是否在進行核武器的開發或部署。半自主、完全自主武器系統之間的差異主要是由於電腦軟體演算法不同導致的，很難透過物理核查手段來對各國的條約執行情況進行核查。二是各國為了維持己方的戰略優勢，往往對先進技術的軍事應用相關細節採取保密措施，使對手無法探知其戰略意圖。在當前國際環境中，這種不透明性不僅加劇了軍備競賽，更為未來衝突升級埋下了伏筆。

三是各國戰略意圖的不確定性也會加劇軍備競賽。人工智慧對於戰略穩定、核威懾和戰爭升級的影響，很大程度上取決於他國對其能力的感知，而非其實質能力。正如美國學者托馬斯·謝林指出，國際關係常常具有風險競爭的特徵，更多的是對勇氣而不是武力的考驗，主要對手之間的關係是由哪一方最終願意投入更大的力量，或使之看起來即將投入更大的力量來決定的。 ⑨ 一個行為體對於他者能力的感知，無論真假，都會在很大程度上影響軍備競賽進程。如果一個國家大力發展智慧武器系統，競爭對手在不確定對方意圖的情況下，會對競爭對手的軍備能力及發展軍備的意圖產生猜忌，往往採取對等措施，即透過發展軍備來滿足自身安全需求。正是這種意圖的模糊性刺激了技術積累，加劇武器部署的不穩定性，最終導致惡性循環。

賦能作戰流程，增加衝突風險。

在大數據與人工智慧技術賦能下，傳統作戰流程將實現智慧化再造，即由「態勢感知—指揮決策—攻防協同—綜合保障」轉向「全局態勢智慧認知—人機一體混合決策—有人/無人自主協同—主動按需精準保障」轉變。然而，作戰流程的智慧化再造雖然提高了作戰的效率和精準性，但也提升了衝突和誤判的風險。

一是以「機器速度」爆發的戰爭將增加倉促行動的風險。人工智慧武器系統在精確度和反應速度上表現出強大的能力，使得未來戰爭將以「機器速度」爆發。 ⑩ 但戰爭速度過快也將增加衝突風險。在飛彈防禦、自主武器系統和網路空間等重視自主性以及反應速度的領域，更快的反應速度將帶來巨大的戰略優勢，同時也極大地壓縮了防禦方對軍事行動作出反應的時間窗口，導致作戰指揮官和決策者置身於巨大的「時間壓力」之下，加劇了「倉促行動」的風險，並增加了危機意外升級的可能性。

二是依賴系統自主性可能增加壓力下的誤判幾率。美國國防部認為，「高度自主化的人工智慧系統，能夠根據任務參數的動態變化，自主選擇並執行相應操作，高效實現人類預設的目標。自主性的增加不僅大幅減少了對人力的依賴，提高了整體操作效率，更被國防規劃者視為保持戰術領先、確保戰場優勢的關鍵要素。」⑪然而，由於人類指揮官無法做出足夠快的決定權，可能會逐漸增加自己。 2003年3月，美國「愛國者」飛彈系統曾錯誤地將友軍的「龍捲風」戰鬥機標記為反輻射飛彈，指揮人員在只有幾秒鐘反應時間的壓力狀態下，選擇發射飛彈，造成了兩名飛行員的死亡。 ⑫

三是削弱了危機終止機制的有效性。冷戰時期，美蘇主導建構了一系列限制性措施來遏止危機的升級，避免其演變為大規模的核戰。在這些措施中，人類扮演著至關重要的「監督者」角色，在可能出現風險失控時，能夠在充足的時間內啟動終止措施，避免大規模人道災難發生。但是，隨著人工智慧系統運算能力的提升及其與機器學習的深度融合，作戰反應變得更為迅捷、精確和具有破壞性，人類對於危機的終止幹預機制將可能被削弱。

戰爭問責困難，增加附帶傷亡。

人工智慧武器系統使得戰爭責任更難界定。在傳統作戰模式下，由人類控制武器系統，一旦造成失誤或危機，人類操作員或作業系統的研發者將承擔相應的責任。人工智慧技術本身弱化了人類的能動性和控制能力，致使技術性行為的責任歸屬變得模糊不清。

一是人工智慧「黑箱」問題。儘管人工智慧在處理和分析資料方面有著顯著優勢，但是其內部運作規律和因果邏輯卻常常難以被人類理解和解釋，這使得程式設計師難以對錯誤演算法進行糾偏除誤，這一問題常常被稱為演算法模型的「黑盒子」。一旦人工智慧武器系統產生安全危害，「演算法黑箱」可能成為相關責任方推卸責任的合理化藉口，追責者只能面臨泛化的卸責與推諉，並將責任矛頭指向人工智慧武器系統。在實踐中，如果無法理解並解釋人工智慧的決策過程，可能會引發一系列的問題，如決策失誤、信任危機、資訊濫用等。

二是軍事行動中人機責任劃分問題。當人工智慧系統出現故障或決策失誤時，是否應將其視為一種獨立的實體來承擔責任？或者，是否應該將其視為一種工具，由人類操作者承擔全部或部分責任？這種責任劃分的複雜性不僅在於技術層面，更在於倫理和法律層面。一方面，人工智慧系統雖然能夠自主決策，但其決策過程仍受到人類預設的程式和演算法限制，因此其責任無法完全獨立於人類之外。另一方面，人工智慧系統在某些情況下可能會超越人類的預設範圍，做出獨​​立的決策，此時其責任又該如何界定，也成為軍控領域的難題。

三是人與人工智慧武器系統的決策權分配問題。依照機器自主權限的不同，人工智慧系統能夠以半自主、有監督式自主以及完全自主三種決策與控制方式執行任務。在半自主系統中，行動的決策權由人類掌控；在有監督式自主行動中，人類實施監督並在必要時幹預；在完全自主行動中，人類不參與行動過程。隨著人工智慧軍事應用程度的逐漸加深，人類在作戰系統中的角色正經歷由傳統的「人在迴路內」模式逐步向「人在迴路」轉變，人類從系統內部的直接操控者演化為系統外部的監督者。然而，這項轉變也引發了新的問題。如何確保人工智慧武器系統在獨立運作時仍能遵循人類倫理和價值觀，這是當前人工智慧武器研發領域面臨的重大挑戰。

降低擴散門檻，導致誤用濫用。

傳統的戰略競爭通常涉及大規模的武器系統研發和採購，需要大量資金和技術支援。人工智慧技術成熟擴散後，具有易取得且價格低廉等優勢，即便是中小國家也可能具備開發先進智慧武器系統的能力。目前，軍用人工智慧領域的戰略競爭主要集中在美俄等軍事大國之間。但長遠來看，人工智慧技術的擴散將擴大戰略競爭的範圍，對現有的戰略平衡構成破壞性威脅。一旦掌握人工智慧技術的較小規模國家擁有相對較強的競爭力，這些國家在面臨大國威脅時發起對抗的意願可能就會增強。

一是人工智慧有助於發展一些輕便靈巧的作戰手段，從而鼓勵一些中小國家或非國家行為體利用其開展小型的、機會主義的軍事冒險，以更低廉的成本和更豐富的途徑來達到其戰略目地。二是人工智慧的快速發展使得網路戰、電子戰等新型戰爭形態日益凸顯。在競爭激烈的戰場環境中，惡意的第三方行為體可以透過操縱資訊來影響軍事規劃和戰略威懾，導致局勢升級。在2022年爆發的烏克蘭危機中，就有眾多網路假訊息傳播混淆視聽。三是人工智慧技術的廣泛應用也降低了戰略透明度。傳統的軍事戰略往往依賴大量的情報收集、分析和預測，而在人工智慧技術的輔助下，作戰計畫和決策過程變得更加複雜和難以預測。這種不透明性可能導致誤解和誤判，增加了衝突升級的風險。

人工智慧武器化安全風險的治理路徑

為確保人工智慧安全發展，避免其武器化帶來的​​潛在危害，應加強國際間的治理戰略溝通，尋求各國在人工智慧軍事應用方面的共識與協作；推進法律法規對話協調，以形成統一規範的法律框架；加強人工智慧倫理的約束，確保技術發展符合道德標準；積極參與全球安全治理合作，共同維護國際社會的和平與穩定。

高度重視國際層面戰略溝通。

人工智慧治理是全球性問題，需要各國通力合作，共同解決。在國際舞台上，各國利益交融與利益衝突並存，因此，透過有效的溝通管道來處理全球性議題成為維護世界和平與發展的關鍵。

一方面，要精準掌握人工智慧國際治理挑戰。既要掌握各國對人工智慧武器化發展的共識，也要密切關注各國在人工智慧武器化應用安全治理方面的政策差異，透過協商合作，使相關倡議與聯合國議程相協調，從而有效防止人工智慧在軍事上的濫用，推動人工智慧用於和平目的。

另一方面，推動各國政府透過官方或半官方對話，達成相關協議，建立戰略互信。相較於政府層面的“1軌對話”，“1.5軌對話”指的是政府官員與民間人士共同參與的對話，而“2軌對話”則是由學者、退休官員等進行的民間非官方形式的對話。這兩種對話形式具有更高的彈性，是政府間官方對話的重要補充和輔助。透過多樣化的對話交流方式，官方和民間人士可以廣泛諮詢軍備控制的可能實現路徑，分享經驗和專業知識，以避免軍備競賽的升級和緊張局勢的惡化。這些對話機制將為各國提供持續的溝通與合作平台，有助於增進相互理解、加強戰略互信，共同因應人工智慧軍事化應用帶來的挑戰。

科學制定人工智慧法律和倫理規約。

人工智慧技術本身並無對錯善惡之分，但對於人工智慧的設計、研發、製造、使用、運作以及維護確有善惡意圖之別。人工智慧武器化引發了廣泛的倫理關注。國際法框架下，自主武器系統是否能夠在複雜戰場上精準區分戰鬥人員與平民？此外，若人工智慧武器系統導致非預期的傷害，其責任歸屬如何界定？將關乎生死的決策權交付於機器，這項做法是否符合道德倫理標準？這些擔憂凸顯了加強人工智慧倫理約束的必要性。

一方面，要堅持倫理先行，從技術源頭融入「智能向善」的概念。在人工智慧軍事系統的設計過程中，將以人為本、智能向善等價值觀內嵌於系統中。其目的是從源頭杜絕人工智慧可能引發的濫殺濫傷行為，控制其過度殺傷力，防範意外毀傷的發生，從而將人工智慧武器系統所帶來的毀傷程度限制在盡可能小的範圍內。目前，國內外已有近百家機構或政府部門發佈各類人工智慧倫理原則文件，學術界和產業界亦就人工智慧基本倫理原則達成共識。 2022年，中國向聯合國遞交的《關於加強人工智慧倫理治理的立場文件》為全球人工智慧倫理監管的發展提供了重要參考。文件明確強調，應透過制度建置、風險管控、協同共治等多方面的措施來推動人工智慧倫理監管。

另一方面，要完善相關法律法規，明確人工智慧主體的權責邊界。制定嚴格的技術審核標準，確保人工智慧系統的安全性和可靠性。在人工智慧系統上線前進行全面的測試，確保其不會對人類生活和社會秩序造成負面影響。明確開發者、使用者、維護者等各方在人工智慧系統全生命週期中的法律責任，以及建立相應的追責機制。

務實參與人工智慧安全治理國際合作。

人工智慧軍事應用所帶來的戰略風險，更凸顯國際安全務實合作的重要性。建議重點從三個面向著手：

一是推動制定人工智慧在軍事領域的運用準則。制定人工智慧軍事應用的行為準則，是各國規範人工智慧軍事應用的重要責任，也是推動國際共識和遵守國際法規的必要措施。中國政府在2021年向聯合國《特定常規武器公約》大會提交了《中國關於規範人工智慧軍事應用的立場文件》，2023年發布《全球人工智慧治理倡議》，這些都為完善規範人工智慧軍事應用的行為準則提供了建設性參考。

二是建立適用的監理架構。人工智慧軍民兩用性使其涉及眾多利益攸關方，一些非國家行為體如非政府組織、技術社群、科技企業在人工智慧全球治理過程中的作用將更加突出，成為人工智慧軍事應用監管框架建設的重要力量。各國可採取的技術監管措施包括：明確人工智慧技術的使用範圍、責任主體和違規處罰措施；加強技術研發，提高技術的安全性和可控性；建立監管機制，對技術的研發和應用進行全程監管，及時發現和解決問題。

三是共同研發人工智慧安全防範技術和解決方案。鼓勵將政府間和軍隊間的雙邊或多邊談判納入軍用人工智慧應用的對話選項，就軍用人工智慧安全防範技術、操作規程及實踐經驗廣泛交流，推動相關風險管理技術標準和使用規範的分享借鑒，為人工智慧軍事化背景下的國際安全互信機制不斷注入新的穩定因素。

（作者為國防科技大學國防科技戰略研究智庫主任、研究員，博導；國防科技大學外國語學院碩士研究生劉胡君對本文亦有貢獻）

中國原創軍事資源：http://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/pc/content/202502/05/content_30059349.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations

Chinese Military Demanding Combat Power from Scientific and Technological Innovation

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中國軍隊需要科技創新提升戰力

現代英語：

Demand combat power from technological innovation

■National Defense University of Science and Technology Party Innovation Theory Research Center

Scientific and technological innovation is the core element of developing new quality productivity and a powerful engine for generating new quality combat capability. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, President Xi has profoundly grasped the internal laws of the new military reform and strengthening the army, made the important conclusion that science and technology are the core combat capability, clearly put forward and fully implemented the strategy of strengthening the army through science and technology, and continuously promoted the transformation of our army’s construction model to innovation-driven development. On the new journey, we must persist in innovation-driven development, promote the efficient integration and two-way pull of new quality productivity and new quality combat capability, and continuously improve the contribution of scientific and technological innovation to the construction of the army and the development of combat capability.

Deeply understand the internal logic of how technological innovation generates combat power

Science is a revolutionary force that has played a driving role in history. President Xi’s important statement that science and technology are the core combat power clarifies the inherent logic of scientific and technological innovation and combat power development, and provides scientific guidance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the military.

Scientific and technological innovation promotes the leap of endogenous elements of combat effectiveness. Marxism believes that the basic elements of combat effectiveness are people, weapons and equipment, and the combination of people and weapons and equipment. Science and technology are not independent elements of combat effectiveness, but they deeply penetrate and integrate into the elements of combat effectiveness, becoming the leading force for the growth of combat effectiveness. From the perspective of people, with the continuous development of science and technology, the technical composition of the army is becoming more and more complex, the degree of specialization is getting higher and higher, and higher and higher requirements are placed on the comprehensive quality of people. From the perspective of weapons and equipment, they themselves are the materialization of science and technology in the military field. Not only does their design and research and development reflect the application of scientific and technological innovation results in the military field, but their production and manufacturing process is also the result of the joint action of high-tech production equipment, high-quality production processes and high-level scientific management. From the perspective of the combination of man and weapon, whether it is inspiring innovation in military theory, leading the adjustment of system organization, or catalyzing the change of combat command, science and technology are increasingly active and revolutionary factors, and have become the catalyst for achieving the best combination of man and weapon. It can be said that the more advanced science and technology are, the higher the degree of informationization and intelligence of war, and the more obvious the role of science and technology in reshaping and improving combat effectiveness.

Scientific and technological innovation leads the development direction of new quality combat power. Looking back at history, every breakthrough in military technology is an important driving force for the gradual disintegration of the old combat force system and the gradual formation of a new combat force system. The invention and use of gunpowder “blew the cavalry class to pieces” and also made infantry and artillery gradually become the main forces on the battlefield; military technological innovations such as tanks and airplanes, while leading human warfare into the mechanized era, gave birth to mechanized combat forces such as armored troops and aviation; the application of emerging technologies such as information network technology has brought new quality combat capabilities such as information attack and defense. At present, a new round of scientific and technological and industrial revolution is surging, with the main features of the continuous emergence of major disruptive technologies, the accelerated transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and the extensive application of a large number of advanced technologies in the military field. Scientific and technological innovation has become the main battlefield of international strategic games. Whoever holds the “bull’s nose” of scientific and technological innovation and takes the first step in scientific and technological innovation will be able to improve combat effectiveness faster, gain technical advantages, and win the initiative.

Scientific and technological innovation catalyzes changes in the way combat power is used. War practice has shown that science and technology are the most direct, powerful and decisive factors in military development. Every major technological advancement has triggered major changes in the form of war and the way of fighting. For example, the emergence of firearms led to the collapse of formation tactics and the emergence of linear tactics; in the information age, integrated joint operations have become the basic form of operations, and platform operations, system support, tactical actions, and strategic guarantees have become the prominent features of modern warfare. With the emergence of high-tech groups such as artificial intelligence, network information, and big data, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms, profoundly affecting the future war winning mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods. We must make greater efforts to strengthen the military through science and technology, insist on seeking combat effectiveness from scientific and technological innovation, and seize the strategic initiative of information-based and intelligent warfare.

Accurately grasp the scientific path to gain combat effectiveness through scientific and technological innovation

Innovation capability is the core competitiveness of an army and an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. We must focus on actual combat, accurately grasp the scientific path of generating combat effectiveness, and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological innovation into combat effectiveness.

Improve the level of military training with scientific and technological innovation. High-tech represented by the new generation of information technology has accelerated its breakthrough application, providing simulation, networking, and confrontational means for actual combat training, joint combat training, scientific and technological training, and training under the rule of law, becoming an important foundation and key guarantee for improving the quality and effectiveness of training and the ability to win. Empower training conditions with science and technology, deeply explore the application of technologies such as generative artificial intelligence, effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, construct a vivid and realistic actual combat training environment, develop advanced means such as combat experiments and war games, and explore new training methods such as “science and technology +” and “network +”. Use science and technology to empower the transformation of training models, keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, fully rehearse the next war in military training, actively develop new combat concepts and training theories, comprehensively use “temple computing”, “machine computing” and “intelligent computing” to improve the level of intelligent command research and training, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, and promote the integration of new quality forces into the combat system.

Promote the development of weapons and equipment with scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological innovation is the most active element and the most powerful driving force for the modernization of weapons and equipment. The long-term construction of the equipment system must be guided by the future combat needs brought about by the progress of military science and technology, and the leapfrog development of the weapons and equipment system must be achieved. The concept and development ideas of military demand generation that are oriented to long-term development and focus on the promotion of scientific and technological innovation must be established, and the strategic needs of short-term and long-term development must be well connected. It is necessary to accelerate the upgrading and replacement of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strengthen the construction of high-tech weapons and equipment and new concept weapons and equipment, and promote the modernization level of weapons and equipment to accelerate into the ranks of the world’s advanced countries. It is necessary to accelerate the transformation from the development of single equipment elements to the formation of system capabilities, use network information systems to connect various combat elements, clench fingers into a fist to exert overall effectiveness, and form joint combat capabilities.

Strengthen the effectiveness of military governance through scientific and technological innovation. Comprehensively strengthening military governance is a strategic requirement for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the military, and science and technology are important means to promote the modernization of military governance capabilities. At present, our military construction is at a critical stage of improving quality and efficiency. We must use scientific thinking to update governance concepts, strengthen system concepts, strengthen overall coordination, focus on aggregating governance resources, reducing governance costs, and improving governance effectiveness, and improve the systematicity, integrity, and coordination of military governance. We must use scientific and technological means to improve strategic management, strengthen the application of advanced technologies in military governance, further open up strategic management links, substantially promote the military management revolution, accelerate the construction of a modern military logistics system and a modern military asset management system, and improve the operational efficiency of the military system and the efficiency of the use of national defense resources.

We must firmly grasp the practical implementation of accelerating the transformation of science and technology into combat power

The purpose of national defense science and technology innovation is application. It must serve the construction of the troops and military combat readiness and increase its contribution to combat effectiveness. We must firmly grasp the key points of focusing, transforming and implementing science and technology into combat effectiveness, so that advanced science and technology can be transformed into real combat effectiveness as soon as possible.

Accelerate the research of key core technologies. Key core technologies are the country’s heavy weapons, an important foundation for the comprehensive strength of a modern country, and the most direct core combat power of the military. We must take practical measures to achieve practical results in close contact with military needs, clarify the direction and focus of key core technology research, distinguish between priorities, design key core technology systems, focus on being able to fight and win battles, and concentrate on breakthroughs in key core technologies. We must make every effort to tackle “stuck neck” technologies, focus on blocking points, breakpoints, and card points to make up for shortcomings, and concentrate on tackling key problems. We must aim at high-end frontiers, strengthen forward-looking, leading, exploratory, and disruptive technology research, and strive to seize the strategic commanding heights of military competition. We must increase investment in basic research on national defense, adhere to the principle of giving equal importance to free exploration and goal-oriented research, drive through major scientific and technological issues, abstract theoretical problems from major applied research, and then explore scientific laws, strive to achieve major breakthroughs in forward-looking basic research and leading original achievements, and enhance the driving force of national defense science and technology innovation.

We must do a good job in the transformation and application of innovative achievements. Achievements that are shelved are useless, while innovations that take root are worth ten times as much. We must establish a clear orientation of serving the military and fighting, pay close attention to prominent issues such as long transformation cycles and low utilization rates, and face the battlefield, the troops, and the future from the beginning of the project. We must increase the promotion and application of advanced and mature independent innovation achievements so that scientific and technological innovation can better serve combat power construction. We must promote the deep integration of national defense science and technology innovation into the national innovation system, actively discover, cultivate, and use cutting-edge technologies that can serve national defense and military construction, capture potential growth points for the development of military capabilities, and form comparative advantages and asymmetric checks and balances. We must further explore the transformation mechanism and operation model of scientific and technological achievements, adopt comprehensive measures from the aspects of improving the evaluation system, carrying out institutional reform, and improving service guarantees, so as to open up the innovative chain of scientific and technological achievements from basic research, applied research, technology development to military application, and provide strong scientific and technological support for winning information-based and intelligent wars.

Continuously improve the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers. Accelerating the transformation of science and technology into combat effectiveness requires officers and soldiers of the whole army to master new equipment, improve new skills, explore new tactics, and enhance scientific and technological cognition, innovation, and application. We must continue to increase the intensity of learning and applying scientific and technological knowledge, so that our own scientific and technological literacy will always be in sync with the development of the times and resonate with job requirements. In particular, leading cadres at all levels must take the lead and strive to become leaders in learning high-tech knowledge, guides in practicing science and technology to strengthen the army, and people who understand information warfare. We must strengthen scientific and technological training, make good use of scientific and technological forces, significantly increase the scientific and technological content of training, keep a close eye on strong enemies in training, aim at learning on future battlefields, and strive to transform the scientific and technological advantages of the troops into capability advantages and combat advantages. We must take improving the scientific and technological literacy of officers and soldiers as a basic task, popularize scientific knowledge and promote the scientific spirit throughout the army, and pool the wisdom and strength to win the battle to achieve the goal of building the army for the centenary.

(Written by: Liu Yangqian, Zhang Xiubo, Wang Tao)

現代國語：

向科技創新要戰鬥力

■國防科技大學黨的創新理論研究中心

科技創新是發展新質生產力的核心要素，也是生成新質戰鬥力的強大引擎。黨的十八大以來，習主席深刻把握新軍事變革和強軍興軍內在規律，作出科技是核心戰鬥力的重大論斷，鮮明提出並全面實施科技強軍戰略，不斷推動我軍建設模式向創新驅動發展轉變。新征途上，我們必須堅持創新驅動，推動新質生產力同新質戰鬥力高效融合、雙向拉動，不斷提高科技創新對軍隊建設和戰鬥力發展的貢獻率。

深刻理解科技創新催生戰鬥力的內在邏輯

科學是一種在歷史上起推動作用的、革命的力量。習主席關於科技是核心戰鬥力的重要論述，闡明了科技創新與戰鬥力發展的內在邏輯，為加速國防和軍隊現代化提供了科學指引。

科技創新推動戰鬥力內生要素躍升。馬克思主義認為，戰鬥力的基本構成要素是人、武器裝備以及人與武器裝備的結合方式。科技不是戰鬥力構成的獨立要素，但卻深度滲透和融入戰鬥力構成要素之中，成為戰鬥力增長的先導力量。從人的角度來看，隨著科學技術不斷發展，軍隊的技術構成越來越複雜，專業化程度越來越高，對人的綜合素質提出越來越高的要求。從武器裝備的角度來看，其本身就是科技在軍事領域的物化表現，不僅其設計研發體現著科技創新成果在軍事領域的應用，其生產製造過程也是高技術生產設備、高質量生產工藝和高水平科學管理等共同作用的結果。從人與武器的結合來看，無論是激發軍事理論創新、引領體制編制調整，或是催化作戰指揮變革，科學技術都是日趨活躍和具有革命性的因素，已成為實現人與武器最優結合的催化劑。可以說，科學技術越先進，戰爭資訊化、智慧化程度越高，科技對重塑和提升戰鬥力的作用就愈發明顯。

科技創新引領新質戰鬥力發展方向。回顧歷史，軍事技術的每一次突破，都是推動舊有作戰力量體系逐步瓦解和新型作戰力量體系逐步形成的重要動力。火藥的發明和使用，“把騎士階層炸得粉碎”，也使步兵和砲兵逐步成為戰場的主要力量；坦克、飛機等軍事科技革新，在把人類戰爭引向機械化時代的同時，催生了裝甲兵、航空兵等機械化作戰力量；信息網絡技術等信息攻防等新質作戰能力。當前，新一輪科技與產業革命風起雲湧，其主要特點是重大顛覆性技術不斷湧現，科技成果轉化速度加快，大量先進科技在軍事領域廣泛應用，科技創新成為國際戰略博弈的主要戰場。誰牽住了科技創新這個“牛鼻子”，誰走好了科技創新這步先手棋，誰就能較快提升戰鬥力，佔得技術優勢、贏得制勝先機。

科技創新催化戰鬥力運用方式變革。戰爭實踐表明，科學技術是軍事發展最直接、最強大、最具決定性的因素，每次重大技術進步都引發了戰爭形態和作戰方式的重大變革。例如，火器的出現導致了陣戰戰術的瓦解和線式戰術的產生；資訊化時代，一體化聯合作戰成為基本作戰形式，平台作戰、體系支撐、戰術行動、戰略保障成為現代戰爭的顯著特點。隨著人工智慧、網路資訊、大數據等高新技術群體迸發，軍事智慧化正成為推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力，深刻影響著未來戰爭制勝機理、作戰規則和作戰方法。我們必須下更大氣力推動科技強軍，堅持向科技創新要戰鬥力，掌握資訊化智慧化戰爭戰略主動。

準確掌握向科技創新要戰鬥力的科學路徑

創新能力是一支軍隊的核心競爭力，也是產生和提升戰鬥力的加速器。必須堅持聚焦實戰，準確掌握戰鬥力生成科學路徑，讓科技創新向戰鬥力加速轉化。

以科技創新提升軍事訓練水準。以新一代資訊科技為代表的高新科技加速突破應用，為實戰實訓、聯戰聯訓、科技強訓、依法治訓提供了模擬化、網絡化、對抗性手段，成為提升訓練質效和打贏能力的重要基礎和關鍵保障。以科技賦能訓練條件建設，深入探索生成式人工智慧等技術應用，把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各領域有效融合起來，構設生動逼真的實戰化訓練環境，發展作戰實驗、兵棋推演等先進手段，探索“科技+”“網絡+”等訓練新方法。以科技賦能訓練模式轉變，緊盯智能化戰爭特點，創新智能化軍事訓練模式，在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭，積極開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論，綜合運用“廟算”“機算”“智算”提升智能指揮研練水平，加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練，推動新質力量融入作戰體系。

以科技創新推動武器裝備發展。科技創新是武器裝備現代化最活躍的元素和最強大的驅動力量。必須以軍事科技進步帶來的未來作戰需求引領裝備體系的長遠建設，實現武器裝備體系的跨越式發展，確立起面向長遠發展、注重科技創新推動的軍事需求生成理念和發展思路，對接好短期與長遠發展的戰略需求。必須加速武器裝備升級換代和智慧化武器裝備發展，加強高技術武器裝備、新概念武器裝備建設，推動武器裝備現代化水準加速邁入世界先進行列。必須加速由單裝要素發展到形成體系能力轉變，用網絡資訊系統聯結各作戰要素，攥指成拳發揮整體效能，形成聯合作戰能力。

以科技創新增強軍事治理效能。全面加強軍事治理是加速國防和軍隊現代化的戰略要求，科技是促進軍事治理能力現代化的重要手段。當前，我軍建設正處在提質增效的關鍵階段。要運用科學思維更新治理理念，強化系統觀念，加強全局統籌，著力聚合治理資源、降低治理成本、提升治理效能，提升軍事治理系統性、整體性、協同性。要運用科技手段改進戰略管理，加強先進技術在軍事治理中的應用，進一步暢通戰略管理鏈路，實質性推進軍事管理革命，加快建設現代軍事物流體系、軍隊現代資產管理體系，提高軍事系統運行效能和國防資源使用效益。

緊緊扭住加速科技向戰鬥力轉化的實踐落點

國防科技創新目的在於應用，必須為部隊建設和軍事鬥爭準備服務，提高對戰鬥力的貢獻率。要牢牢扭轉科技向戰鬥力聚焦、轉化、落地的關鍵點發力，讓先進科學技術盡快轉化為現實戰鬥力。

加快關鍵核心技術攻關。關鍵核心技術是國之重器，是現代化國家綜合實力的重要基礎，也是軍隊最直接的核心戰鬥力。要在緊貼軍事需求上出實招求實效，明確關鍵核心技術攻關方向和重心，區分輕重緩急，設計關鍵核心技術體系，聚焦能打仗打勝仗，集中突破關鍵核心技術。要在「卡脖子」技術上全力攻堅，聚焦堵點、斷點、卡點補短板，聚力攻關。要瞄準高端前沿，加強前​​瞻性、先導性、探索性、顛覆性技術研究，奮力搶佔軍事競爭戰略制高點。要加大國防基礎研究投入，堅持自由探索和目標導向並重，透過重大科技問題帶動，在重大應用研究中抽像出理論問題，進而探索科學規律，努力實現前瞻性基礎研究、引領性原創成果重大突破，增強國防科技創新的原動力。

抓好創新成果轉化運用。束之高閣的成果百無一用，落地生根的創新以一當十。要立起姓軍為戰的鮮明導向，緊盯轉化週期長、利用率低等突出問題，在立項之初就面向戰場、面向部隊、面向未來，加大先進成熟的自主創新成果推廣應用，使科技創新更好為戰鬥力建設服務。推動國防科技創新深度融入國家創新體系，主動發現、培育、運用可服務於國防和軍隊建設的前沿尖端技術，捕捉軍事能力發展的潛在增長點，形成比較優勢和非對稱制衡能力。要進一步探索科技成果轉化機制和運作模式，從健全評價體系、抓好制度改革、完善服務保障等方面綜合施策，暢通科技成果從基礎研究、應用研究、技術開發到軍事應用的創新鏈路，為打贏資訊化智能化戰爭提供堅強有力的科技支撐。

不斷提高官兵科技素養。加速科技向戰鬥力轉化，要求全軍官兵熟練新裝備、提升新技能、探索新戰法，增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力。要不斷加大科技知識的學用力度，讓自身科技素養始終與時代發展同頻、與崗位需求共振，特別是各級領導幹部要率先垂範，努力成為學習高科技知識的帶頭人，實踐科技強軍的引路人，駕馭資訊化戰爭的明白人。要強化科技練兵，用好用足科技力量，大幅提升訓練科技含量，緊盯強敵對手練，瞄準未來戰場學，努力把部隊的科技優勢轉化為能力優勢、作戰優勢。要把提高官兵科技素養作為基礎工作來抓，在全軍普及科學知識、弘揚科學精神，凝聚起全力打贏實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰的智慧力量。

（執筆：劉楊鉞、張秀波、王濤）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/163155888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Professor Chen Yingwen China National University of Defense Technology Describes Military Internet of Things: Everything is Connected, Attacking & Winning from Thousands of Miles Away

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國防科技大學陳英文教授闡述軍事物聯網：萬物互聯，千里之外也能攻打

現代英語：

In mid-July 2021 World Internet of Things Expo held a press conference and revealed that the expo is scheduled to be held in Wuxi in early September. At that time, the expo will be themed “Intelligently Connecting Everything and Leading the Future with Digital”, focusing on showcasing the latest achievements in the global Internet of Things field.

The Internet of Things is changing people’s daily lives, quietly changing the form of modern warfare, and promoting the development of intelligent warfare.

Professor Chen Yingwen from the National University of Defense Technology tells you about the military Internet of Things——

Everything is connected, winning thousands of miles away

■Feng Zijian, Qu Shenghui, Qi Xucong

Schematic diagram of military Internet of Things technology simulation.

A “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world

The so-called Internet of Things can be simply understood as an Internet that connects everything. If the Internet is a “dialogue” in the virtual world, then the Internet of Things is a “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world.

The application of the Internet of Things had already appeared in wars under the name of “sensor networks” more than half a century before it attracted people’s attention.

In the 1960s, the “Ho Chi Minh Trail” on the Vietnam battlefield was covered with tens of thousands of “tropical tree” vibration sensors. These sensors are like a dense “spider web”, waiting for the “prey” to arrive. Whenever a person or vehicle passes by, the sensor detects the vibration generated by the target and records data such as its direction and speed.

At this time, tens of thousands of kilometers away, in an infiltration surveillance center code-named “Task Force Alpha”, US military technicians were receiving and processing relevant information sent back by the “sensor network”. Once a Vietnamese military convoy was discovered passing by, the command center would send instructions to the US troops stationed in Vietnam, instructing fighter planes to fly over the target and carry out bombing.

Due to the limited technology at the time, the sensors could only work for a few weeks. The “spider web” carefully built by the US military ultimately failed to prevent the Vietnamese army from transporting troops and supplies.

Although this “cooperative” combat method between humans and objects did not achieve any good results in history, it has prompted Western countries led by the United States to conduct in-depth research on Internet technology and continuously explore the interconnection between humans and objects, and objects and objects. Its highly informationized advantages are highlighted in many areas of military applications.

After decades of development, some military powers have successively developed a series of military sensor network systems, including the “Smart Dust” system for collecting battlefield information, the “Lumbas” system for remotely monitoring the battlefield environment, the “Sand Straight Line” system for monitoring the movement of weapon platforms, and the “Wolf Pack” system specifically for detecting electromagnetic signals.

Among them, the detection element of the “smart dust” system is only the size of a grain of sand, but it can realize all functions such as information collection, processing and sending, thereby enhancing the ability to control information during combat.

No combat entity will become an “island”

In the world of the Internet of Things, every grain of “sand” will have its network address. For the military Internet of Things, no operational entity will become an “island”.

During the first Gulf War, many weapons and equipment transported by the US military could not be found, resulting in a large waste of war resources. The reason is that the containers transporting weapons and equipment were not clearly marked, and personnel were unable to track the location of the transported weapons and equipment, which led to the loss of a large number of weapons and equipment.

Twelve years later, during the Iraq War, the US military installed radio frequency microchips on every container shipped to the Gulf region, and placed readers and writers according to transportation and storage needs, thereby achieving full tracking of personnel, equipment, and materials, greatly improving the effectiveness of military logistics support.

Foreign research data revealed that compared with the Gulf War, the Iraq War’s sea transport volume decreased by 87%, air transport volume decreased by 88.6%, combat equipment reserves decreased by 75%, and strategic support equipment mobilization decreased by 89%.

In fact, from the moment the electronic tags are attached and the sensing systems are installed, the originally silent equipment becomes like an organic life form that can sense and communicate with each other. Through the transformation of the Internet of Things technology, each combat entity such as combat personnel and combat equipment has become a “network node”. Through perception and communication with each other, the battlefield situation is clearer and combat operations are more efficient.

Take the personnel assessment network established by the Australian Department of Defense as an example: during combat, commanders can assess the physical functions and conditions of soldiers through sensors worn by soldiers, and then combine them with satellite positioning information to obtain the physical function status of all personnel. Commanders can use this as a basis for allocating troops, which can greatly improve the efficiency of battlefield decision-making.

Military IoT technology will play a big role in future battlefields

In today’s world, there are more and more similar military news——

In June 2016, the US military launched an airstrike using drones, killing 16 Taliban members; in September of the same year, Turkish security forces killed 6 terrorists under the guidance of their domestically produced drones.

In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the Middle East in 2020, a video released by Azerbaijan made many people feel the power of networked and intelligent weapons: after the drone discovered the enemy tank, it aimed and fired…

From sensing the battlefield situation to locking onto the target and then launching an attack on the target, the reason behind unmanned equipment becoming the main offensive entity is the huge support of military Internet of Things technology. This huge intelligent information network is like the “clairvoyance” and “super hearing” on the battlefield, allowing combat personnel to sit firmly in the “central military camp” and win the battle thousands of miles away.

“Everything is connected, and victory can be won thousands of miles away.” This is the development trend of military Internet of Things technology and an important feature of future intelligent warfare. In the era of the Internet of Everything, the military Internet of Things will connect several individual combat entities into intelligent combat groups and generate a smart combat system. In the future, it will only be necessary to give the smart combat system clear combat objectives, and military combat personnel will not have to participate in its execution process.

At present, the development of military Internet of Things technology still has a long way to go before it can realize the Internet of Everything, but we should be aware that when smart nodes reach a certain scale, the military Internet of Things will achieve a qualitative leap.

In future battlefields, military Internet of Things technology will surely play a big role in achieving victory through “connection”.

現代國語：

今年7月中旬，2021世界物聯網博覽會組委會召開新聞發布會透露，此次博覽會預定9月上旬在無錫舉行。屆時，博覽會將以「智聯萬物 數領未來」為主題，集中展現全球物聯網領域的最新成果。

物聯網，改變人們的日常生活，也悄悄改變現代戰爭形式，推動智慧化戰爭發展進程。

國防科技大學教授陳穎文為您講述軍事物聯網—

萬物互聯，決勝千里之外

■馮劍 曲晟暉 齊旭聰

軍用物聯網技術模擬示意圖。

連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”

所謂物聯網，我們不妨將其簡單理解為物物相連的互聯網。如果說互聯網是虛擬世界中的一種“對話”，那麼物聯網則是連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”。

物聯網應用，早在受到人們關注前的半個多世紀，就已在戰爭中以「傳感器網絡」之名現身。

上世紀60年代，越南戰場的「胡志明小徑」上，佈滿了數以萬計的「熱帶樹」振動傳感器。這些傳感器就像密密麻麻的「蛛網」一般，等待著「獵物」到來。每當有人員或車輛經過時，傳感器就會探測到目標產生的震動，並記錄其方向和速度等數據。

此時，數萬公裡之外，一家代號為「阿爾法特混部隊」的滲透監視中心裡，美軍技術人員在接收和處理著「傳感器網絡」回傳的相關資訊。一旦發現越軍車隊經過，指揮中心就會向駐紮在越南的美軍發出指令，讓戰機飛臨目標實施轟炸。

當時技術有限，傳感器實際工作時間只能維持幾週時間。美軍處心積慮搭建的這張“蛛網”，最終未能阻止越南軍隊對兵力和物資的運送。

雖然歷史上這次人與物「協同」的作戰方式並未取得什麼好的效果，卻推動了以美國為首的西方國家深入研究互聯技術，不斷探索人與物、物與物之間的互聯互通。其高度資訊化優勢，在軍事應用的多個領域凸顯出來。

經過幾十年發展，一些軍事強國先後研製出收集戰場資訊的「智慧微塵」系統、遠程監視戰場環境的「倫巴斯」系統、偵聽武器平台運動的「沙地直線」系統、專門偵收電磁信號的「狼群」系統等一系列軍事傳感器網絡系統。

其中，「智慧微塵」系統的探測元件只有沙粒大小，卻能實現資訊收集、處理和發送等全部功能，從而提升了作戰過程中的製資訊權能力。

沒有一個作戰實體會成為“孤島”

在物聯網世界裡，每一粒「沙子」都將擁有它的網路位址。對軍事物聯網來說，沒有一個作戰實體會成為「孤島」。

在第一次海灣戰爭中，美軍運送的許多武器裝備無從查找，造成了大量戰爭資源浪費。究其原因，是由於運送武器裝備的集裝箱標誌不清，人員對於傳送的武器裝備位置無法跟踪，進而導致武器裝備的大量遺失。

12年後，在伊拉克戰爭中，美軍給運送到海灣地區的每一個集裝箱均加裝了射頻微型晶片，並依據運輸和存儲需要安放了讀寫器，從而實現了對人員、裝備、物資的全程跟踪，使得軍事物流保障的有效性大大提高。

國外研究資料揭露，相較於海灣戰爭，伊拉克戰爭的海運量減少87%，空運量減少88.6%，戰役裝備儲備減少75%，戰略支援裝備動員量減少89%。

實際上，從貼上電子標簽、裝上感知系統的那一刻起，原本靜默的裝備就像一個有機生命體，它們可以相互感知和交流。透過對物聯網技術的改造，作戰人員、作戰裝備等每一個作戰實體都成了一個“網絡節點”，相互間通過感知與交流，讓戰場態勢更加清晰，也使得作戰行動更加高效。

以澳洲國防部所建立的人員評估網為例：作戰期間，指揮人員可通過士兵身上穿戴的傳感器，對士兵身體的機能與狀態進行評估，再結合衛星定位的位置信息，可獲得全體人員身體機能的態勢情況。指揮人員以此為依據進行兵力分配，可大幅提升戰場決策效率。

軍事物聯網技術在未來戰場上大有作為

當今世界，類似軍事新聞越來越多——

2016年6月，美軍利用無人機發動空襲，擊斃16名塔利班成員；同年9月，土耳其安全部隊在其國產無人機的指引下擊斃了6名恐怖分子。

在2020年中東地區的納卡沖突中，阿塞拜疆發布的一段視頻，讓許多人感受到了網絡化、智能化武器的力量：無人機發現敵方坦克後，瞄準、發射…

從感知戰場態勢到鎖定目標、再到對目標展開攻擊，無人裝備成為進攻主體的背後，是軍事物聯網技術的巨大支撐。這個龐大的智慧化資訊網絡，就如同戰場上的“千裡眼”“順風耳”，讓作戰人員穩坐“中軍帳”，就能決勝於千里之外。

「萬物互聯，決勝千里之外。」這是軍事物聯網技術的發展趨勢，也是未來智慧化戰爭的重要特徵。在萬物互聯的時代，軍事物聯網會將若干單一作戰實體連接成為智慧作戰群，生成智慧作戰體系。未來，只需給智慧作戰體係明確作戰目的，軍隊作戰人員不必參與其執行過程。

當前，軍事物聯網技術的發展距離萬物互聯還有很長一段路要走，但應清醒看到，當智慧節點達到一定規模後，軍事物聯網就會形成質的飛躍。

未來戰場，軍事物聯網技術必將大有作為，實現以「聯」制勝。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：馮子劍 曲晟暉 齊旭聰 責任編輯：楊紅
2021-08-27 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10081763888.html?big=fan

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Metaverse-enabled Military Training Accelerating for China’s People’s Liberation Army

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元宇宙協助中國人民解放軍軍事訓練加速發展

現代英語：

Hou Chunmu and Wang Yong

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, and provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of Cognitive Metaverse Empowered Military Training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecology of military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things have accelerated their development. Technology giants have laid out the metaverse, and human real life has migrated to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtual and real are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war has dominated the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war situation has accelerated its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to the intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment has become more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has constructed a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel interactions occur. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and changes in the form of intelligent warfare have compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the accelerated transformation and upgrading of military training, greater attention to the impact of technological development and changes on warfare, and the use of the “new engine” of training and warfare to achieve “accelerated” preparations.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models. Some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies to military training. For example, the United States has successively released the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy and the Department of Defense Transformation Plan, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. It has also simultaneously formulated the Training Transformation Strategic Plan and the Training Transformation Implementation Plan, and proposed the concept of a comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and gaming environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are moving towards universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarifying the Advantages of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

The emergence of new concepts in military training. Only by leading the opponent in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” has organically connected training with actual combat, and upgraded to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent drive, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. In the future, the metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by both. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific, powerful and solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognition, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an innovative model of intelligent military training theory with the characteristics of the times, allowing the metaverse to empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new military training model. The combat style determines the training mode, and intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. First, it can build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing power support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. Second, it can carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new forms of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new types of military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” into “scientists” and “technicians.”

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, a Metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment will be built. The platform will have functions such as new weapon and equipment design demonstration, weapon and equipment performance test, weapon and equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the Metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline for weapons and equipment to go from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, realizing the intelligence multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasping the Key Points of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse is a new thing, and its maturity has yet to be verified. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development trends and technological trends of the metaverse, and scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”. In the context of the integration of intelligence, informatization and mechanization, we should give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse, such as enabling trainees to undergo immersive experiential training, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the Metaverse has reintegrated existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, proposed an overall innovative concept, and provided comprehensive application scenarios, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training Metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and research and development of the Metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may create a vast virtual war space, recreate the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be built, military training concepts should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management support, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. A dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse should be built to fully support strategic, campaign, and tactical training as well as war simulations. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, we will achieve the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, diversified iteration, and new intelligent ecology”.

Attach importance to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the Metaverse brings innovative opportunities to intelligent military training, but the potential risks associated with the technology itself cannot be ignored. The Metaverse is a huge technology group, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of various emerging technologies in the construction process, the complexity and confidentiality in the application process will be the unknown factors for the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

現代國語：

侯春牧　王　勇

閱讀提示

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙為軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論與實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的可持續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更加明顯，智能化作戰浮出水面。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正在被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和環境到綜合培訓環境到綜合培訓中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極發展各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合集成的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間開展「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。 「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突出優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提高軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的集成運用，運用過程中的復雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範和風險挑戰的未知數。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：侯春牧　王勇 責任編輯：於雅倩 出版：2024-01-16 06:50

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280522.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Emphasis on Essential Aspects of Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligence

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我軍重視機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展關鍵點 

現代英語：

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, while emphasizing the need to accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military and achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military, pointed out that we should accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence (hereinafter referred to as the “three modernizations”), thereby raising the requirements for the integrated development of the “three modernizations” to a strategic level. We should conscientiously implement the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, carry out scientific strategic positioning, strategic planning, and strategic deployment for the integrated development of the “three modernizations”, vigorously promote the integrated development of the “three modernizations” to expand in depth and breadth, and accurately grasp the essential connotation of the integrated development of the “three modernizations”.

The historical background of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

The parallel advancement, mutual promotion and integrated development of the “three transformations” have profound historical inevitability and are the only way for our military to modernize its national defense and the armed forces in the future period.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” is consistent with the concept of mechanization and informationization. Since the late 1990s, our army has timely proposed to promote the integrated development of mechanization and informationization. At that time, the form of war was changing from mechanization to informationization. National defense and military construction must take the road of leapfrog development. There is no need to wait until the entire process of mechanization construction of the military of developed countries is completed before engaging in informationization. We should strive to promote the integrated development of mechanization and informationization. We should strive to leapfrog certain stages of mechanization development, and at the same time learn from the mistakes of mechanization and informationization construction of the military of developed countries, and take as few detours as possible. The experience and lessons learned from the integrated development of national defense and military mechanization and informationization provide valuable experience for how to coordinate the integrated development of the “three transformations” at this stage.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” reflects the reality of the current “multiple coexistence” of war forms. In today’s world, a new wave of military revolution characterized by military intelligence is coming, and the armies of major countries in the world are striding towards the threshold of intelligence. However, due to the imbalance in the development of scientific and technological levels and military strength among countries in the world, several local wars and armed conflicts in the world have shown the characteristics of “multiple coexistence” of mechanized, informationized and intelligentized wars. In the Syrian war, low-end and cheap civilian pickup trucks danced with high-end and expensive stealth aircraft, and crudely made homemade rockets flew with high-precision cruise missiles. The highly informationized and intelligentized U.S. and Russian armies, the Syrian and Turkish armies with relatively high mechanization levels, and the opposition with very low mechanization levels jointly performed an alternative “hybrid war” on the Syrian battlefield, in which the three war forms of mechanized warfare, informationized warfare and primary intelligent warfare overlapped with each other.

The integrated development of the “three modernizations” is in line with the current stage characteristics of the country’s social and economic development. my country’s path to modernization is very different from that of Western developed countries. Western developed countries are a “serial” development process, with industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization, and informatization developing in sequence, and it took more than 200 years to develop to the current level. my country’s development is bound to be a “parallel” process, with industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization developing in a superimposed manner. The country’s social and economic foundation is the basic support for national defense and military construction. It is precisely the “parallel” development characteristics of my country’s current social economy that determine that national defense and military construction must adopt the “three modernizations” integrated development mode.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” adapts to the current level of development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence in the military. After long-term efforts, our military has basically achieved mechanization, and has made significant progress in informatization. It is also facing opportunities and challenges of intelligence. The special national conditions and military conditions make it impossible and impossible for our military to copy the development path of the military of Western developed countries represented by the US military. “Step-by-step” development may lead to the loss of the historical opportunity to promote the accelerated completion of mechanization and informatization through intelligence, and to lead and promote the development of mechanization and informatization to a higher stage.

The report of the 19th CPC National Congress pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence, improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on the network information system”, “basically realize mechanization by 2020, make significant progress in informatization, and greatly enhance strategic capabilities”, “strive to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and build the people’s army into a world-class army by the middle of this century”. On the eve of the August 1st Army Day this year, President Xi Jinping proposed the strategic idea of ​​”accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence” when presiding over the 22nd collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on strengthening the modernization of national defense and the army. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized and deployed this, and incorporated it into the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 Vision Goal for implementation, indicating that the requirements for the integrated development of the “three modernizations” have been elevated to the strategic overall level and have become an important guiding ideology for leading national defense and military construction.

The essential connotation of the integrated development of “three transformations”

The “integration” in the “three transformations” does not mean mixing, combining or compounding. The word “integration” in the physical sense means melting or melting into one; in the psychological sense, it means that different individuals or groups become one after a certain collision or contact, and their cognition, emotions or attitudes become one. The integrated development of the “three transformations” in national defense and military construction refers to the coordinated and coordinated mutual tolerance, mutual penetration and mutual promotion of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, from “you are you and I am me” to “you have me and I have you”, and then to “you are me and I am you”, reaching the level of perfect integration and unity, and thus producing superposition effect, aggregation effect and multiplication effect, and achieving a qualitative leap in overall combat effectiveness.

The basic laws and main characteristics of the integrated development of the “three transformations”. The main ones are: First, the “three transformations” are progressive and orderly dependent. From a chronological perspective, the “three transformations” did not originate at the same time. Without the previous “transformation” as a premise, foundation and input, there would be no occurrence and development of the next “transformation”. The previous “transformation” provides an important material basis for the next “transformation”. Second, the “three transformations” overlap and penetrate each other. Informatization is not the end of mechanization. There is still a certain degree of mechanization in the process of informatization. Intelligence is not the end of mechanization and informatization. There is still a certain degree of informatization and mechanization in the process of intelligence. Third, intelligence and informatization empower mechanization with virtual control and real efficiency. The “real” here mainly refers to the hardware represented by physical entities such as combat platforms and ammunition, and the “virtual” mainly refers to software with combat data, algorithms, etc. as the core. Mechanization is mainly based on hardware construction, while informatization and intelligence are mainly based on software construction. “Software defines everything”, and hardware is optimized, upgraded, empowered and increased through software. With the in-depth development of the integration of the “three transformations”, the construction priority will be payload surpassing platform, software surpassing payload, and algorithm surpassing software.

The internal mechanism and driving mechanism of the integrated development of the “three transformations”. The main ones are: First, the superposition of advantages. Practice has proved that no matter whether it is mechanization, informatization or intelligence, each supporting technology group of “transformation” will give birth to new weapons and equipment, generate new combat forces, and ultimately form new combat capabilities with different combat mechanisms. These new combat capabilities and the original combat capabilities are combined with advantages to produce a system emergence effect, greatly enhancing the overall combat capability of the army.

The second is upgrading and expansion. Informatization aggregates and upgrades mechanized combat systems into informationized combat systems through digital transformation and network connection of various mechanized combat platforms, making a qualitative leap in combat effectiveness. Intelligence can also be integrated with mechanization and informatization through upgrading and expansion. On the one hand, the “brain” of the combat platform, the control system, is upgraded using intelligent technology to promote the control mode of unmanned combat platforms such as drones, unmanned boats, and unmanned ground vehicles, and is upgraded in a progressive manner according to the direct human operation mode, human assistance mode, human authorization mode, fully autonomous mode, and machine adaptive mode. After some old combat platforms are upgraded through informatization and intelligent transformation, they can also be remotely controlled and work in coordination with manned platforms. On the other hand, the informationized combat system is optimized and upgraded using intelligent technology, so that its information acquisition, transmission, processing, sharing, security and other aspects of its capabilities are greatly enhanced, and the system combat capability is once again comprehensively improved.

The third is to make up for shortcomings and replace them. From the history of military construction, in the process of deepening development of a certain “ization”, bottleneck problems that are difficult to solve by its own technical system often appear, and other “ization” technical means and development ideas are urgently needed to find a new way to solve them. At present, machinery is becoming more and more sophisticated and complex, and the difficulty of design and control is increasing; informatization leads to “information explosion”, massive data is generated, rapidly spread, true and false are mixed, and it is increasingly difficult to quickly convert them into useful information. These problems are difficult to be effectively solved within the technical system of mechanization and informatization itself. To break through the bottleneck of mechanical control ability and information processing ability, the use of intelligent technical means is an important option. Conversely, the technological breakthroughs and applications generated by the previous “ization” may also offset the shortcomings of the latter “ization”. For example, the speed of hypersonic missiles can exceed the reaction capability of the informationized defense combat system to achieve rapid penetration, and high-energy microwave weapons can directly destroy networks and electronic equipment, which to a certain extent offset the opponent’s information advantage.

現代國語：

黨的十九屆五中全會在強調加速國防和軍隊現代化，實現富國和強軍相統一時指出，加快機械化資訊化智能化（以下簡稱「三化」）融合發展，從而把「三化」融合發展要求提升到了戰略全局高度。認真貫徹落實十九屆五中全會精神，對「三化」融合發展進行科學的戰略定位、戰略規劃和戰略部署，大力推動「三化」融合發展向深度廣度拓展，要準確把握好「三化」融合發展的本質內涵。

「三化」融合發展的時代背景

「三化」並行推進、互促共生、一體發展，具有深刻的歷史必然性，是我軍未來一段時期國防和軍隊現代化建設的必經之路。

「三化」融合發展與機械化資訊化複合發展概念一脈相承。自上世紀90年代末期以來，我軍及時提出推動機械化資訊化複合發展。當時，戰爭形態正由機械化轉變為資訊化。國防和軍隊建設必須走跨越式發展的道路，沒有必要等到走完發達國家軍隊機械化建設的全部過程再來搞資訊化，應該努力推進機械化和資訊化的複合發展。既要努力跨越機械化發展的某些階段，同時還要吸取發達國家軍隊機械化和資訊化建設失誤教訓，盡可能少走彎路。國防與軍隊機械化資訊化復合發展的經驗教訓，為如何統籌現階段「三化」融合發展提供了寶貴經驗。

「三化」融合發展反映了當前戰爭形態「多態並存」的現實狀況。當今世界，以軍事智能化為特徵的新一輪軍事革命浪潮撲面而來，世界主要國家軍隊正大步向智能化的門檻邁進，但由於世界各國科技水平和軍事實力發展的不平衡，使得在幾次世界局部戰爭和武裝沖突中，呈現出機械化信息化智能化戰爭“多態並存”的特點。在敘利亞戰爭中，低端廉價的民用皮卡與高端昂貴的隱身飛機共舞，粗製濫造的土製火箭與高精度的巡航導彈齊飛，高度信息化並向智能化邁進的美軍、俄軍，較高機械化水平的敘軍、土軍，以及機械化水平很低的反對派，在敘利亞戰場共同演繹了機械化戰爭、信息化戰爭和初級相互智能化戰爭和初級相互智能化的戰爭形態相互化。

「三化」融合發展符合當前國家社會經濟發展的階段性特徵。我國實現現代化之路同西方發達國家有很大不同。西方發達國家是一個「串聯式」的發展過程，工業化、城鎮化、農業現代化、資訊化順序發展，發展到目前水準花了二百多年時間。我國發展必然是一個「並聯式」的過程，工業化、資訊化、城鎮化、農業現代化是疊加發展的。國家社會經濟基礎是國防和軍隊建設的基本依托，正是當前我國社會經濟的「並聯式」發展特點，決定了國防和軍隊建設必然採取「三化」融合發展方式。

「三化」融合發展適應了當前軍隊機械化資訊化智慧化發展水準。經過長期努力，當前我軍基本上實現機械化，資訊化建設取得重大進展，又面臨智慧化的機會與挑戰。特殊的國情軍情，使得我軍不可能也不會複製以美軍為代表的西方發達國家軍隊的發展路徑。 「按部就班」式發展可能導致錯失智能化促進加速完成機械化資訊化、並引領和推動機械化資訊化向更高階段發展的歷史機遇。

黨的十九大報告指出，「加速軍事智慧化發展，提高基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」「到二○二○年基本實現機械化，資訊化建設取得重大進展，戰略能力有大的提升」「力爭到二○三五年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化，到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊」。今年八一建軍節前夕，習主席在主持中共中央政治局就加強國防和軍隊現代化建設舉行的第二十二次集體學習時，提出「加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展」這一戰略思想，黨的十九屆五中全會對此做了進一步強調部署，並納入十四五景規劃和二○三五年遠景目標中加以落實，引領著「三化」指導了全球重要防禦主義的全球重要戰略發展到重要官員發展到重要官員發展到重要的發展戰略。

「三化」融合發展的本質內涵

「三化」融合中的「融合」不等於混合、化合或複合。 「融合」一詞，物理意義上是指熔成或如熔化那樣融成一體；心理意義上是指不同個體或不同群體在一定的碰撞或接觸之後，認知、情感或態度傾向融為一體。國防和軍隊建設中的「三化」融合發展，則是指統籌協調機械化資訊化智能化相互​​包容、相互滲透、相互促進，從“你是你、我是我”變成“你中有我、我中有你”，進而變成“你就是我，我就是你”，達到水乳交融、合而為一的程度，並由此產生一倍效應、聚合效應和升力的整體效應。

「三化」融合發展的基本規律與主要特點。主要有：一是「三化」逐次遞進有序依存。從時序來看，「三化」不是同時起源的，沒有前一「化」作為前提、基礎和輸入，就沒有後一「化」的發生和發展，前一「化」為後一「化」提供了重要的物質基礎。二是「三化」相互交疊相互滲透。資訊化不是機械化的終結，資訊化過程中還有一定的機械化，智慧化也不是機械化、資訊化的終結，智慧化過程中還有一定的資訊化、機械化。三是智慧化資訊化對機械化以虛控實賦能增效。這裡所說的「實」主要是指以作戰平台、彈藥等物理實體為代表的硬件，「虛」主要是指以作戰數據、演算法等為核心的軟件。機械化以硬體建設為主，資訊化和智能化則以軟件建設為主，“軟件定義一切”，通過軟件對硬體進行優化升級和賦能增效。隨著「三化」融合的深入發展，在建設優先級上，將會是載荷超越平台、軟件超越載荷、演算法超越軟件。

「三化」融合發展的內在機理與驅動機制。主要有：一是優勢疊加。實踐證明，不管是機械化、資訊化或智慧化，每一「化」的支撐技術群都會催生出新型武器裝備，產生新型作戰力量，最終形成不同作戰機理的新質作戰能力。這些新質作戰能力與原有作戰能力綜合運用優勢疊加，能夠產生系統湧現效應，極大提升軍隊整體作戰能力。

二是升級拓展。資訊化透過對各類機械化作戰平台進行數字化改造和網絡化鏈接，將機械化作戰體系聚合升級為信息化作戰體系，使得戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。智能化也可透過升級拓展方式，與機械化、資訊化融為一體。一方面，運用智慧技術升級作戰平台的「大腦」──操控系統，推動無人機、無人艇、無人地面車輛等無人化作戰平台的控制方式，依照人類直接操作模式、人類協助模式、人類授權模式、完全自主模式、機器自適應模式的逐次遞進方式升級。一些老舊作戰平台進行資訊化智慧化改造升級後，也可以實現遙控操作並與有人平台協同作戰。另一方面，運用智慧技術優化升級資訊化作戰體系，使其資訊取得、傳輸、處理、分享、安全等各個環節能力都大幅增強，體係作戰能力再次全面提升。

三是補短替代。從軍隊建設歷史來看，某一「化」在深化發展過程中，往往會出現僅靠自身技術體系難以解決的瓶頸問題，迫切需要其他「化」的技術手段和發展思維另闢蹊徑來加以解決。當前，機械越來越精密復雜，設計和控制難度越來越大；信息化導致“信息爆炸”，海量數據產生、急劇擴散、真假混雜，快速轉化為有用信息的難度越來越大，這些問題在機械化、信息化自身技術體系內難以得到有效解決。要突破機械操控能力、資訊處理能力瓶頸，運用智慧化的技術手段是重要選項。反過來說，前一「化」產生的技術突破及應用也可能抵消後一「化」的不​​足。如高超聲速導彈速度可以超出資訊化防禦作戰體系的反應能力實現快速突防，高能量微波武器可直接破壞網絡和電子設備等，這都在一定程度上抵消了對手的信息優勢。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4874873888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰

AI integrated into Chinese Armed Forces: PLA Strategic Support Force Developed Artificial Intelligence Innovation Capabilities

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人工智慧融入中國軍隊：解放軍戰略支援部隊發展人工智慧創新能力

現代英語：

Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) technology has advanced by leaps and bounds in recent years . All major powers have developed advanced AI capabilities and attempted to effectively integrate AI into their armed forces. Beijing has also released an ambitious plan to make China a global leader in advanced artificial intelligence by 2030. Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping also reiterated at the 20th Party Congress that China should attach equal importance to the development of artificial intelligence and “intelligent warfare.”

Although China’s strategic goals in the field of artificial intelligence are clear, how it will integrate artificial intelligence into the People’s Liberation Army remains opaque. But at least the recently established PLA Strategic Support Force (SSF) provides some clues: the organization has been given an innovative mission and is responsible for integrating multiple “strategic functions.” To effectively understand the Strategic Support Force, we need to explore whether it will have a “game-changing” impact in future conflicts, where mastery of the information domain and effective integration of artificial intelligence may determine victory or defeat.

The PLA’s “Joint Operationality”: Strategic Support Force

The PLA underwent major reforms in 2015, partly motivated by the need to shift the PLA’s force focus from land territorial defense to extended force projection to ensure China’s strategic interests in areas such as space, cyber warfare and the far seas. A key element of these reforms is the creation of the Strategic Support Force, which concentrates tasks in these broad areas.

The Strategic Support Force (SSF) is tasked with integrating many “strategic” functions and capabilities previously dispersed across the PLA, including space, cyber, information, and psychological warfare. Today, the Strategic Support Force consists of two departments covering these functions: the Space Systems Department, which is responsible for all space-related missions; and the Cyber ​​Systems Department, which undertakes the PLA’s broad information warfare activities.

The ultimate goal of the Strategic Support Force is to gain information advantage, achieve decision-making advantage, and thus achieve ultimate victory. Analysts recently concluded that its mission is likely to support the pursuit of information superiority and can be divided into two categories: providing strategic information superiority and support capabilities to the PLA’s top leadership, including counter-space operations and offensive cyber warfare, and providing information support services to theater military commands.

The Strategic Support Force appears to be designed to enhance the PLA’s “jointness,” or its ability to conduct joint operations. Historically, the PLA has faced challenges integrating joint operations due to the difficulty in innovating and implementing new command and control and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Because the information support provided by the Strategic Support Force is likely to include “intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance to achieve operational and strategic objectives”, some experts believe that the Strategic Support Force plays a key role in improving the overall joint combat effectiveness of the PLA.

The SSF also appears to have several mechanisms in place to develop or acquire technology in order to carry out its mission effectively. While the SSF is not the only agency within the PLA with this function, the SSF is responsible for more AI-related equipment contracts than any other service in the PLA. For example, the Strategic Support Force has made significant investments in artificial intelligence innovation, leveraging citizen partnerships to acquire new technologies such as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, autonomous vehicles, information and electronic warfare, simulation and training, and target identification.

On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency
On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency

PLA Artificial Intelligence Innovation

The U.S. National Security Council pointed out in its 2022 final report that “while artificial intelligence will be widely used in all fields, the large amount of data associated with space, cyber, and information operations makes these application cases particularly suitable for priority integration of AI technology in war simulations, exercises, and experiments.” This is exactly the area where the Strategic Support Force operates.

Many of the Strategic Support Force’s functions involve processing a variety of diverse, large volumes of rapidly changing information flows at speeds exceeding human capacity, making them excellent candidates for the application of artificial intelligence. For example, AI can help create and maintain situational awareness and can be used for prediction by collecting, integrating and analyzing information. AI can also be used to analyze the consequences and planning of potential actions and conduct war simulations.

However, actual command decisions are made by the theater military command or the Joint Chiefs of Staff. At the same time, the development of AI for decision-support applications may be the responsibility of other PLA components, such as the National University of Defense Technology and the Academy of Military Sciences, rather than the Strategic Support Force. Nevertheless, in providing information support to these decision makers, the Strategic Support Force is likely to play an important role in human-machine interface interaction with such artificial intelligence systems, thereby effectively supporting decision making.

At the same time, of the twelve major military applications currently being developed by the PLA, at least five are closely related to the missions of the Strategic Support Force, namely smart satellites, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance software, automated cyber attack software, cognitive electronic software, and possible automated vehicles, including:

  1. Space Battle
  2. Cyber ​​Warfare
  3. Electronic warfare
Schematic diagram. The picture shows facial recognition technology demonstrated at the "Security China" held in Beijing, China in 2018. Photo/Associated Press

While many applications of AI within the SSU mission area can be identified today, the most important long-term impacts may be difficult to predict. Furthermore, the AI ​​plans proposed in China’s national white paper are not consistent with actual innovation progress.

In fact, most of China’s major investments in AI appear to be business-related and have little to do with military missions. Some assessments suggest that previous estimates of China’s current AI capabilities may be overstated. This means that it is not possible to immediately see the effective integration of artificial intelligence into the PLA’s mission areas, but the Strategic Support Force does have the mission of gaining information advantages to achieve decision-making advantages and ultimate victory.

As for artificial intelligence, it means that the Strategic Support Force must integrate artificial intelligence applications to make up for the PLA’s weaknesses in ensuring and utilizing information advantages. But this does not mean that the Strategic Support Force will become the focus of the PLA’s overall artificial intelligence innovation.

While many of the SSF’s missions are amenable to AI and there may be synergies between missions for applying AI, it is unclear which applications the SSF will use, whether these synergies are feasible, and whether the SSF has the capability to execute them. There will inevitably be a certain degree of prioritization in innovation for specific AI applications that are differentiated across different tasks.

China is determined to become a global leader in artificial intelligence and apply its technology to military missions to suppress U.S. advantages in the Indo-Pacific region. In many ways, the SSF has the advantages to achieve these goals, including a relaxed policy environment that promotes innovation, the SSF’s clear innovation responsibilities, and senior leadership support for “smartness.” The SSF also builds partnerships with China’s high-tech commercial sector and academia. These efforts are consistent with China’s military-civil fusion agenda, which aims to overcome barriers that prevent the People’s Liberation Army from acquiring resources from the commercial sector.

Schematic diagram. Photo/Associated Press
Schematic diagram. Photo/Associated Press

Obstacles to the Strategic Support Force’s Implementation of the PLA’s Innovation Plan

However, the Strategic Support Force also faces huge obstacles in implementing the People’s Liberation Army’s innovation-driven plan. The SSF and the PLA as a whole will face several challenges in AI applications, including attracting and retaining high-quality high-tech talent and mainland China’s inability to domestically develop and manufacture advanced logic and memory chips that are critical to developing cutting-edge AI—a clear weakness now that the United States has disrupted its supply of high-end semiconductors. In addition, research institutions in the United States and other Western countries are now increasingly cautious about collaborating with Chinese researchers in fields such as artificial intelligence, which have significant military potential.

The PLA’s limited combat experience has led to a lack of relevant “real and empirical” data, which may hinder the development of decision-making support artificial intelligence systems. More importantly, unless the PLA focuses on understandable, trustworthy AI, the use of AI systems with opaque operations, uncertain effective areas, and uncertain failure modes could cause serious damage.

For the national army , although there may be some limitations and uncertainties in the military application of artificial intelligence, with the continuous development and maturity of artificial intelligence technology, its application potential in the military field is still huge. As technology advances, we can expect to see more artificial intelligence systems introduced into military applications to improve operational efficiency and combat effectiveness.

However, to ensure that artificial intelligence technology can be robustly applied to military missions, it is necessary to strengthen technology research and development and testing, ensure the safety and reliability of the system, and rationally plan and manage the use of artificial intelligence technology. Only in this way can we better utilize artificial intelligence technology to enhance the information-based combat effectiveness of our military and achieve stronger and more robust combat capabilities.

現代國語：

近年來人工智能（Artificial Intelligence, AI）技術突飛猛進，所有主要大國都發展先進的AI能力，並試圖將AI有效地融入武裝力量。北京亦發佈雄心勃勃之計畫，要求2030年將中國建設成為全球先進人工智能強國。中共領導人習近平亦於第20次黨代表大會再次強調，中國應於人工智慧領域發展與「智慧戰爭」 並重。

雖然中國大陸於人工智能領域的戰略目標明確，但其如何將人工智能融入解放軍仍然是不透明的。但至少，最近成立的解放軍戰略支援部隊（Strategic Support Force, SSF）提供了一些線索：該組織賦予了創新任務，負責整合多種「戰略功能」。為了有效理解戰略支援部隊，探究它是否將在未來衝突中產生「改變遊戲規則」的影響，其中掌握資訊領域和有效整合人工智能可能決定勝負。

解放軍的「聯合作戰性」：戰略支援部隊

2015年解放軍軍隊進行重大改革，部分動機是將解放軍武力重點從陸地領土防禦轉向延伸武力投射，以確保中國在太空、網絡戰和遠海等領域的戰略利益。這些改革的主要關鍵要素即為成立戰略支援部隊，集中了這些廣泛領域中的任務。

戰略支援部隊（SSF）的任務是整合先前分散在解放軍各部隊的許多「戰略」職能和能力，包括太空、網絡、資訊與心理戰等。如今，戰略支援部隊由兩個部門組成，涵蓋了這些職能：太空系統部門，負責所有與太空有關的任務；網路系統部門，承擔解放軍廣義的資訊戰活動。

戰略支援部隊最終目標是獲得資訊優勢，實現決策優勢，從而取得最終勝利。分析家最近得出結論，其任務很可能是支援追求資訊優勢，並可分為兩類：為解放軍最高層領導提供戰略資訊優勢和支援能力，包括反太空行動和攻擊性網絡戰，以及向戰區軍事指揮部提供資訊支援服務。

戰略支援部隊設計似乎旨在提升解放軍的「聯合作戰性」，或其進行聯合作戰的能力。歷史上，因新的指揮掌控與情報、監視和偵察能力的創新和實施方面實存在困難性，解放軍在整合聯合作戰方面面臨挑戰。因戰略支援部隊提供的資訊支援很可能包含「情報、監視和偵察，以實現作戰和戰略目標」，一些專家認為戰略支援部隊在提高解放軍整體聯合作戰性方面起到了關鍵作用。

為了有效遂行任務，戰略支援部隊似乎還擁有若干機制來開發或取得技術。雖然戰略支援部隊並非解放軍內唯一承擔此功能的機構，戰略支援部隊負責與人工智能相關的裝備合約比解放軍的任何一個服務都要多。例如戰略支援部隊在人工智慧創新方面進行了大量投資，利用公民合作夥伴關係來獲取情報、監視和偵察、自主車輛、資訊與電子戰、模擬與訓練、以及目標識別等新技術。

2015年12月31日，中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。 圖／新華社
2015年12月31日，中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。 圖／新華社

解放軍人工智慧創新

美國國家安全委員會於2022年最終報告中指出，「雖然人工智能將在所有領域普遍應用，但與空間、網絡和信息作戰領域相關的大數據量，使得這些領域的應用案例特別適合優先整合AI技術應用於戰爭模擬、演習和實驗。」而這正是戰略支援部隊所運營的領域。

戰略支援部隊許多功能涉及處理各種多樣、大量和快速變化之信息流，處理速度超過人類容量，都是應用人工智能的絕佳候選領域。例如，人工智慧可以幫助創建和維持態勢感知，透過收集、整合和分析信息，也可用於預測；另人工智能還可於分析潛在行動的後果與規劃、進行戰爭模擬。

然而實際指揮決策則由戰區軍事指揮部或聯合參謀部負責。同時，用於決策支援應用的人工智慧的開發可能由其他解放軍組成部分，如中國國防科技大學和軍事科學院，並非由戰略支援部隊負責。儘管如此，在為這些決策者提供資訊支援方面，戰略支援部隊很可能在與此類人工智慧係統進行人機界面互動發揮重要作用，並進而有效支援決策制定。

與此同時，解放軍刻正開發的十二個主要軍事應用中，至少五個與戰略支援部隊的任務密切相關，分別是智慧衛星、情報、監視和偵察軟件、自動化網絡攻擊軟件、認知電子軟件以及可能的自動化車輛，包含：

太空戰
對於太空戰，解放軍可能探索應用人工智能，內含用於管理大規模衛星；與在地球觀測資料集分析（處理和目標識別衛星圖像）；認知無線電技術，一種「智慧」無線電技術，旨在藉由自主切換頻道來避免干擾和擁擠，從而使空間通訊更加高效；自主衛星操作，以彌補有限的帶寬和延遲與減輕地面衛星操作員的工作負荷。

網路戰
網路戰，即為網路安全和電子戰都依賴於即時處理大量資料以識別威脅並更新防禦措施。如藉由人工智能引導對敵對網絡的指引，亦可同時支援技術偵察和網絡攻擊。此任務處於戰略支援部隊的職責範圍內，此部隊的創立旨在鞏固解放軍在網路安全和電子戰方面的聯繫。自動化還可以提高網絡防禦的速度和規模，減輕先前解放軍面臨的限制。

電子戰
人工智能亦可協助電子戰，增強電子戰系統的自主性。如人工智能可以識別和分類雷達或通訊系統的信號，檢測和分類幹擾器，提高幹擾信號的到達方向估計，開發高效的抗干擾協議與即時更新防禦措施（認知電子戰）。


示意圖。圖為2018年中國北京舉行的「安全中國」（Security China）上展示的人臉辨識技術。 圖／美聯社

雖然目前可確定戰略支援單位任務範圍內許多人工智能的應用，但最重要的長期影響可能難以預測。此外，中共國家白皮書中提出的人工智慧計劃並非與實際的創新進展一致。

實際上，中共於人工智能大部分重要投資似乎與商業相關，與軍事任務關係不大。一些評估先前關於中國當前人工智能能力的估計可能過於誇大。意謂不可能立即看到人工智能有效整合於解放軍的任務領域，但戰略支援部隊確實賦予提取信息優勢以實現決策優勢和最終勝利的任務。

至於人工智能方面，意謂戰略支援部隊必然整合人工智能應用，以彌補解放軍在確保和利用資訊優勢方面之弱點。但這不意謂戰略支援部隊將成為解放軍整體人工智慧創新的焦點。

儘管戰略支援部隊的許多任務均適用於人工智能，而且在任務之間可能存在應用人工智能的協同效應，但目前尚不清楚戰略支援部隊將使用哪些應用，這些協同效應是否具有可行性，與戰略支援部隊是否有能力執行。對於在不同任務中具有差異的特定人工智慧應用，創新中必然會存在一定程度的優先考慮。

中國決心成為全球人工智慧領域領導者，並將其技術應用於軍事任務，以壓制美國在印太地區的優勢。在許多方面，戰略支援部隊都具備説明實現這些目標的優勢，包括寬鬆的政策環境促進創新、戰略支援部隊明確的創新職責以及高層領導對「智慧化」的支持。戰略支援部隊也與中國的高科技商業部門和學術界建立合作關係。這些努力與中國的軍民融合協議一致，旨在克服妨礙解決中國人民解放軍從商業部門獲取資源屏障。

戰略支援部隊執行解放軍創新計畫的障礙

不過戰略支援部隊在執行中國人民解放軍創新驅動計畫時，亦面臨巨大障礙。戰略支援部隊和解放軍總體上將在人工智能應用面臨一些挑戰，包括吸引和留住高素質高科技人才，與中國大陸無法於國內研發和製造對開發尖端人工智能至關重要的先進邏輯和存儲芯片——這是目前美國已中斷對高端半導體的供應所導致的明顯弱點。此外，美國和其他西方國家的研究機構現在對與具有重大軍事潛力的人工智能等領域的中國研究人員進行合作越來越謹慎。

根據解放軍有限的戰鬥經驗，導致了相關「實踐實證」資料匱乏，可能妨礙發展決策支援人工智慧系統。更重要的是，除非解放軍專注於可理解、值得信賴的人工智能，否則使用具有不透明操作、不確定有效區域和不確定故障模式的人工智能係統可能會造成嚴重損害。

對於國軍而言，儘管人工智能於軍事應用可能存在一些限制和不確定性，但隨著人工智能技術的不斷發展和成熟，其在軍事領域的應用潛力仍然巨大。隨著技術的進步，我們有望看到更多人工智慧係統被引入軍用應用中，提高作戰效率和戰鬥力。

然而，要確保人工智能技術能夠穩健地應用於軍事任務中，需要加強技術研發和測試，確保系統的安全性和可靠性，以及合理規劃和管理人工智能技術的使用。只有這樣，我們才能更好地利用人工智慧技術來提升國軍資訊化戰鬥力，並實現更強大、更穩健的作戰能力。

中國原創軍事資源：https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/123525/7360758884

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Create a New Situation for China’s National Defense and Chinese Military Modernization

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開創中國國防與軍隊現代化建設新局面

現代英語：

National Defense University Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee is a very important meeting held at a critical period of comprehensively promoting the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization. It focuses on studying and deploying the issues of further comprehensively deepening reform and promoting Chinese-style modernization, and makes strategic deployments for continuously deepening national defense and military reforms, drawing a blueprint for the new journey of relaying reforms to strengthen the military and constantly creating a new situation in national defense and military modernization. All levels of the military should earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, unify their thoughts, wills and actions, and thoroughly implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military, so as to provide strong guarantees for achieving the goal of building the army for 100 years as scheduled and basically realizing national defense and military modernization.

Reform is a key move in designing and shaping the future of the military

Reform and opening up are the most prominent features and the most magnificent aura of contemporary China. The military field is the field with the most intense competition and confrontation, and it is also the field with the most innovative vitality and the most need for reform and innovation. Whether a military can possess an unremitting spirit of reform and a pioneering and enterprising spirit of innovation is an important indicator of its ability to win. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the only way to strengthen the military. The driving force for strengthening the military lies in reform, the way out lies in reform, and the future also lies in reform.

The strength of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation, and the victory of the People’s Army comes from reform and innovation. The history of the growth and development of the People’s Army is a history of reform and innovation. From the establishment of a complete set of principles and systems for building the army under the absolute leadership of the Party during the Agrarian Revolution, to the implementation of the policy of streamlining the military during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression; from the establishment of five major field armies during the War of Liberation, to the repeated adjustments to the system and organization after the founding of New China, to the massive reduction of millions of troops in the new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization… The People’s Army has been fighting and reforming, building and reforming, and has become stronger and stronger. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” of the Red Army period, to the “Protracted War” of the Anti-Japanese War, from the “Ten Military Principles” of the Liberation War, to the “piecemeal” of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, to the continuous adjustment of military strategic policies after the founding of New China… The People’s Army learned war from war, explored laws from practice, and wrote a vivid chapter of continuous innovation in the art of war leadership in the history of world military. Along the way, reform and innovation have always been an important magic weapon for our army to grow from small to large, from weak to strong, and continuously from victory to victory. Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of a strong military, the only way to strengthen the military, and a key move to determine the future of the military. At present, it is a period of hard struggle to achieve the goal of building the army for 100 years. In order to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests with stronger capabilities and more reliable means, and to provide strategic support for comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization, it is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military.

Only reformers can make progress, and only innovators can become strong. President Xi Jinping stressed that “the new military revolution has provided us with a golden opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard to not only keep up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.” In today’s world, the new military revolution is surging, the intelligent warfare form is gradually showing its true face in the practice of war, and the new military technology and weapons and equipment system are further affecting the rules of war. All these require us to maintain a keen sense of reform and cutting-edge innovative thinking, base ourselves on the actual development of our army, focus on the needs of preparing for war, think deeply about the new force structure and winning logic necessary to win modern wars, rely on reform to continuously optimize the military system, improve the effectiveness of military governance in line with actual combat requirements, and go all out to fight a tough battle to achieve the goal of building the army for the centenary.

Comprehensively deepening reform has achieved great changes in the People’s Army in the new era

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as its core has, with great political courage and wisdom, pushed forward the theory and practice of reform of socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new breadth and depth. In the new era and new journey, we must insist on deepening reform to gain creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness, and insist on the unchanged direction, unswerving path and unreduced efforts, and continuously push forward the modernization of national defense and the army with better strategies, higher efficiency and faster speed, and resolutely complete the mission and tasks of the new era entrusted by the Party and the people.

Grasp the overall changes in deepening national defense and military reforms. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, and taken the Party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era as its guide. It has comprehensively implemented the strategy of reform and strengthening the army, and has thoroughly resolved the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long constrained national defense and army building, promoted the reform of the leadership and command system, the reform of the scale structure and force composition, and the reform of military policies and systems, and achieved historic achievements in deepening the reform of national defense and the army. The People’s Army has achieved an overall revolutionary reshaping; the new system, structure, pattern, and appearance have made our army’s winning advantage more prominent, its innovative vitality continuously released, and its morale more uplifting. Practice has fully proved that as long as we unswervingly continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the military, we will be able to create a new situation in the modernization of national defense and the military.

Adhere to the ideological guidance of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. President Xi’s series of important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which are directional, fundamental, and overall, have profoundly clarified the contemporary significance, essential attributes, fundamental guidance, goals and tasks, core requirements, important directions, strategic measures, and scientific methods of deepening the reform of national defense and the military. To carry out the reform of national defense and the military to the end, we must adhere to Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military as the general guidance and general compliance, and consistently use Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Military to arm the minds of officers and soldiers, further unify thoughts, deepen understanding, and use it to guide reform practice, further work on resolving deep-seated contradictions and problems, promote the implementation of reform arrangements, and realize the determination and intentions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi at a high standard.

Advancing national defense and military modernization requires continued reform

President Xi stressed: “On the road ahead, the People’s Army must be brave in reform and good at innovation, and never become rigid or stagnant at any time or under any circumstances.” The People’s Army is a strong backing for national security. The deeper the reform goes, the more it must take responsibility, move forward steadily and courageously, and there must be no slackness or rest. It is necessary to continue to deepen the reform of national defense and the army to provide security guarantees and strategic support for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization.

The cause of strengthening the military is inspiring, and the goal of strengthening the military inspires fighting spirit. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for deepening the implementation of the strategy of reform and strengthening the military. This is not only a call to action for continued reform and attack, but also a drumbeat for determination to strengthen the military. We must focus our efforts on implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, and continuously push forward the cause of strengthening the military in the new era. The mission is imminent, and the goal calls. The goal of strengthening the military depicts the goal map, roadmap and development map for strengthening and revitalizing the military. It is the soul and main line that runs through the deepening of national defense and military reform. The promotion of reform must not deviate from the goal of strengthening the military for a moment or a single moment. The goal of strengthening the military must always be used to measure, regulate and correct, providing a strong impetus for advancing the modernization of national defense and the military.

A strong country must have a strong military, and a strong military must reform. National defense and military modernization are important components of China’s modernization. Further deepening reform and promoting China’s modernization will inevitably put forward new and higher requirements for deepening national defense and military reform. On the one hand, with the increase in the breadth and depth of the practice of China’s modernization, the new progress of comprehensively deepening reform requires our military construction to accelerate and build high quality in improving quality and efficiency. We must uphold the core position of innovation in our military construction and promote national defense and military modernization through reform and innovation. On the other hand, with the practice of modern warfare, especially the militarization of artificial intelligence, the profound changes in the internal mechanism of war and the mode of winning, etc., all require national defense and military reform to seize the opportunity and act in response to the times, and make greater efforts to enhance our military’s joint combat capability based on the network information system and the all-domain combat capability. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made major strategic arrangements around the continued deepening of national defense and military reforms, and proposed a number of important reform measures involving the optimization and adjustment of systems, mechanisms, and institutions, which are highly contemporary, forward-looking, and targeted. All levels of the military must earnestly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, focus on improving the leadership and management system and mechanism of the People’s Army, deepen the reform of the joint combat system, deepen cross-military and local reforms, and constantly create a new situation in strengthening and revitalizing the army.

We should follow the general trend of reform and gather strong forces. To thoroughly implement the strategy of reform and strengthening the military, we need unity of purpose and unity of purpose. We should persist in using the Party’s innovative theories to unite our hearts and minds and strengthen our foundations, arm our heads with Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military, unify our thoughts and actions with the decisions of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, and take on the responsibility of thoroughly implementing the strategy of reform and strengthening the military with a high degree of historical consciousness and a strong sense of mission, further consolidate the consensus on reform, strengthen the will to reform, and enhance the confidence in reform. We should focus on summarizing and applying the successful experience of national defense and military reform, deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of reform and strengthening the military, use reform to solve the problems encountered in development, and continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the military to break through obstacles. Party members and cadres in the military, especially leading cadres, must be good promoters and doers of reform, take the lead in tackling tough problems with practical actions, work hard and fast, and make great strides forward in the journey of building a world-class military in an all-round way.

(Written by: Tang Junfeng)

現代國語：

國防大學習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想研究中心

黨的二十屆三中全會是在以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業的關鍵時期召開的一次十分重要的會議，重點研究部署進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化問題，對持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出戰略部署，為新征程接力推進改革強軍、不斷開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面繪就了藍圖。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神，統一思想、統一意志、統一行動，深入實施改革強軍戰略，為如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標、基本實現國防和軍隊現代化提供有力保障。

改革是設計和塑造軍隊未來的關鍵一招

改革開放性是當代中國最顯著的特徵、最壯麗的氣象。軍事領域是競爭和對抗最激烈的領域，也是最具創新活力、最需改革創新的領域。能否具備永不停頓的改革精神和開拓進取的創新精神，是衡量一支軍隊打贏能力的重要標志。深化國防和軍隊改革是強軍興軍必由之路，強軍興軍動力在改革，出路在改革，前途也在改革。

人民軍隊的力量來自改革創新，人民軍隊的勝利來自改革創新。人民軍隊成長發展史，就是一部改革創新史。從土地革命戰爭時期創立黨對軍隊絕對領導一整套建軍原則制度，到抗日戰爭時期實行精兵簡政；從解放戰爭時期組建五大野戰軍，到新中國成立後多次調整體制編制，再到改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期百萬大裁軍……人民軍隊邊戰邊改，邊建邊改，愈改愈強。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”，再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整……人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭，從實踐中探索規律，在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的生動篇章。一路走來，改革創新始終是我軍從小到大、由弱到強，不斷從勝利走向勝利的重要法寶。深化國防與軍隊改革，是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求，是強軍興軍的必經之路，也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。當前，實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標到了吃勁奮鬥的攻堅期，以更強大的能力、更可靠的手段捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益，為以中國式現代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐，必須持續深化防衛和軍隊改革。

惟改革者進，惟創新者強。習主席強調指出：「新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇，我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為，不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代，還要力爭走在時代前列。」當今世界，新軍事革命風起雲湧，智慧化戰爭形態在戰爭實踐中漸顯真容，新的軍事技術和武器裝備體系進一步影響戰爭規則，這些都要求我們必須保持敏銳的改革意識、前沿的創新思維，立足我軍發展實際，聚焦備戰打仗需求，深入思考打贏現代戰爭所必需的全新力量結構、制勝邏輯，依靠改革持續優化軍事體系，對標實戰化要求提高軍事治理效能，全力以赴打好實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標攻堅戰。

全面深化改革成就新時代人民軍隊偉大變革

黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央以巨大的政治勇氣和智慧，把中國特色社會主義改革理論和改革實踐推進到新的廣度和深度。新時代新征程，必須堅持向深化改革要創造力、凝聚力、戰鬥力，堅持方向不變、道路不偏、力度不減，以更優策略、更高效益、更快速度把國防和軍隊現代化不斷推向前進，堅決完成黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

把握深化國防和軍隊改革的整體性變革。黨的十八屆三中全會以來，人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，深入貫徹習近平強軍思想，以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領，全面實施改革強軍戰略，深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進領導指揮體制改革、規模結構和力量編成改革、軍事政策制度改革，深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就，人民軍隊實現整體性革命性重塑；體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新，使我軍制勝優勢更加彰顯、創新活力不斷釋放、精神面貌更為昂揚。實踐充分證明，只要堅定不移持續深化國防和軍隊改革，就一定能開創國防和軍隊現代化新局面。

堅持深化國防和軍隊改革的思想引領。習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革的一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想，深刻闡明了深化國防和軍隊改革的時代意義、本質屬性、根本引領、目標任務、核心要求、重要指向、戰略舉措和科學方法。把國防和軍隊改革進行到底，必須堅持習近平強軍思想這個總指導總遵循，一以貫之地用習近平強軍思想武裝官兵頭腦，進一步統一思想、深化認識，用以指導改革實踐，進一步向破解深層次矛盾問題發力，推動改革部署落實，高標準實現黨中央、中央軍委會和習主席的決心意圖。

推進國防和軍隊現代化需要持續深化改革

習主席強調：「前進道路上，人民軍隊必須勇於改革、善於創新，任何時候任何情況下都永不僵化、永不停滯。」人民軍隊是國家安全的堅強後盾，改革越到深處，就越要擔當作為、蹄疾步穩、奮勇前進，不能有任何停一停、歇一歇的懈怠。必須持續深化國防和軍隊改革，為以中國式現代化全面推進強國建設、民族復興偉業提供安全保障和戰略支撐。

強軍事業催人奮進，強軍目標激勵鬥志。黨的二十屆三中全會對深入實施改革強軍戰略作出戰略部署，這既是繼續改革攻堅的動員號令，也是矢志強軍的催徵戰鼓。凝心聚力實施改革強軍戰略，把新時代強軍事業不斷推向前進。使命在即，目標召喚。強軍目標描繪了強軍興軍的目標圖、路線圖和展開圖，是貫穿深化國防和軍隊改革的靈魂和主線，推進改革一時一刻、一絲一毫都不能偏離強軍目標，必須始終用強軍目標來衡量、規範和校正，為推進國防和軍隊現代化提供強大動力。

強國必強軍，強軍必改革。國防和軍隊現代化是中國式現代化的重要組成部分。進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化，必然對深化國防和軍隊改革提出新的更高要求。一方面，隨著中國式現代化的實踐廣度和深度的增加，全面深化改革的新進展需要我軍建設在提質增效中跑出加速度、建出高質量。要堅持創新在我軍建設中的核心地位，以改革創新推進國防和軍隊現代化。另一方面，隨著現代戰爭實踐特別是人工智慧的軍事化運用，戰爭內在機理、制勝模式的深刻轉變等，都要求國防和軍隊改革乘勢而為、應時而動，在提升我軍基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力等方面下更大功夫。黨的二十屆三中全會圍繞持續深化國防和軍隊改革作出重大戰略部署，提出多項重要改革舉措，涉及體制、機制、制度等方面的優化調整，具有很強的時代性、前瞻性、針對性。全軍各級要認真學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神，著力完善人民軍隊領導管理體制機制、深化聯合作戰體系改革、深化跨軍地改革，不斷開創強軍興軍新局面。

順應改革大勢，匯聚強大合力。深入實施改革強軍戰略，需要上下齊心、眾志成城。要堅持用黨的創新理論凝心鑄魂、強基固本，用習近平強軍思想武裝頭腦，把思想和行動統一到黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策上來，以高度的歷史自覺和強烈的使命擔當深入實施改革強軍戰略，進一步凝聚改革共識、堅定改革意志、增強改革信心。要注重總結運用國防和軍隊改革成功經驗，深入把握改革強軍的特點規律，用改革解決發展中遇到的問題，不斷推動國防和軍隊現代化破障前行。軍隊黨員幹部尤其領導幹部要當好改革的促進派和實干家，以實際行動帶頭攻堅、真抓實幹、緊張快幹，在全面建成世界一流軍隊的征程上闊步前行。

（執筆：湯俊峰）

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：湯俊峰 責任編輯：張碩 發布：2024-07-29 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16327611888.html

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China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligentization

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我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

中国军网 国防部网

2020年11月25日 星期三

現代英語：

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made new and comprehensive arrangements for national defense and military construction, aimed at achieving the goal of the centenary of the founding of the army, and clearly put forward the contemporary requirements and strategic measures for accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Forging ahead on a new journey, focusing on accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, seizing opportunities, responding to challenges, and taking advantage of the situation are of great significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and comprehensively improving the ability to prepare for war in the new era.

Recognize the necessity of accelerating the integration of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Those who follow the trend will win, and those who control the trend will prevail. At present, the new round of scientific and technological revolution is showing a strong trend of intelligent technology leading the way, pushing the world’s new military revolution to develop in depth. The trend of intelligent weapons and equipment is obvious, and the superposition and aggregation effect with mechanization and informatization is prominent. The war form is accelerating from mechanization to informatization, entering the stage of giving birth to intelligent warfare. It is the development and change of the times that has made the acceleration of the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence become the general trend and powerful driving force for promoting the in-depth development of military transformation, and the inevitable choice to ensure winning the initiative, winning advantages and winning the future.

Comply with the trend of the world’s military revolution. At present, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology is increasingly having a subversive impact on the field of war and combat. Seizing the strategic commanding heights of artificial intelligence and accelerating the development of artificial intelligence militarization and practical combat have become the strategic frontiers of military competition among major countries in the world. Increasing the intensity of military application of artificial intelligence technology, realizing the deep transformation and comprehensive upgrading of mechanized and informationized combat equipment, embedding artificial intelligence systems into the informationized combat command chain and action chain, and making the combat force organization more modular and integrated through intelligent transformation are the common practices of the world’s military powers in seeking new military advantages. Whether it is possible to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, especially to fully release the efficiency expansion of intelligence on mechanization and informatization, so that platform operations, system operations and precision operations can obtain higher quality and efficient intelligent support, is undoubtedly a key to whether the strategic initiative of military competition can be firmly grasped.

The need to comprehensively improve the level of modernization. Modernization has a distinct timeliness, and the requirements of the times are the key measure to measure the degree of modernization of a country and an army. Today, we are entering a stage where intelligence is the core driving force of change. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is not only an important symbol of the level of modernization of the country and the army, but also a fundamental measure to promote the modernization of national defense and the army. To accelerate the modernization of military theory, military organizational form, military personnel and weapons and equipment, we need to obtain a powerful engine and support for reform and innovation, transformation and upgrading, quality improvement and efficiency increase from the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and in a certain sense, it plays an important role in determining the direction, mode and path of modernization. Only by accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, and making it run through all aspects of the whole process of promoting modernization, and promoting quality change, efficiency change and power change from a high starting point, can we comprehensively improve the level of national defense and military modernization.

The need to accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode. The generation of combat effectiveness, from the combination of people and weapons to the element structure and the way of force release, has its mandatory era orientation and positioning. With the advent of the era of intelligent warfare, unmanned intelligent warfare has become a key factor affecting the direction of the war and even the outcome of the war. Intelligent technology and equipment have become a multiplier of mechanized and informationized combat effectiveness. Accelerating the development of military intelligence has become the strategic focus of improving the combat capability of the system and building new domains and new qualities of combat forces, making the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness increasingly dependent on the level of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence. Only by incorporating the transformation of combat effectiveness generation mode into the track of integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, building an intelligent and networked combat command platform, forming a human-machine efficient collaborative combat force use method, and making “smart victory” the core direction of combat theory innovation and combat method transformation, can combat effectiveness construction achieve substantial breakthroughs and overall leaps.

Grasp the requirements of the times to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a new proposition of the times. Grasping its requirements of the times from the perspective of its essential connotation, mode of action and basic laws is an important prerequisite for ensuring that the integrated development has a clear direction, accurate positioning, clear ideas and practical measures.

Grasp the essential connotation of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligentization are integrated and developed, with mechanization as the foundation, informatization as the leading factor and intelligence as the direction. The so-called integrated development is to form an integrated and unified promotion pattern, build an integrated design, and gather the best and release the energy operation mode, and produce an overall effect of superposition aggregation and quality and efficiency doubling. This deep integrated development is mainly reflected in: taking cognitive integration as the guide, having a scientific understanding of the advantages of firepower, mobility, information power and intellectual value, and establishing the operational concept of comprehensive control, comprehensive integration and comprehensive victory; relying on platform integration, building a combat platform integrating main combat equipment, information network and artificial intelligence, and improving the comprehensive combat capability of full-domain, precise and unmanned; taking system integration as the core, through the embedded transformation of weapon equipment system and information network system by artificial intelligence system, the overall potential of combat force and combat elements is demonstrated with higher quality and level of system integration; with system integration as the support, coordinating the construction of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, coordinating the construction of combat force and support guarantee force, and creating an integrated joint combat system that adapts to the needs of actual combat.

Grasp the role of integrated development. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence is a process of showing their strengths, interacting with each other and promoting each other. It is a process of aggregating equipment advantages, information advantages and intelligence advantages. Its role is mainly reflected in: strengthening the leading role of intelligence, focusing on accelerating the development of military intelligence, insisting on using intelligence to drive the leapfrog development of mechanization and informatization, taking intelligence as the core direction of the development of weapons and equipment and information network construction, increasing the research and development of unmanned and autonomous weapons and equipment, and improving the intelligent application, intelligent management and control, and intelligent operation level of information networks, and giving full play to the maximum effect of controlling energy with intelligence, gathering excellence with intelligence, and winning with intelligence; strengthening the leading role of informatization, grasping the information network system as a handle, accelerating the construction of command information systems and information combat systems, using the advantages of information technology to upgrade and transform existing weapons and equipment, and developing precise, intelligent, integrated, and efficient informationized weapons and equipment, and maximizing the adhesion and integration of information networks on combat systems and effectiveness; strengthening the basic role of mechanization, insisting on taking the mechanization of weapons and equipment as the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization, strengthening the construction of weapons and equipment systems, and working hard to fill the gaps in the system and make up for the shortcomings and weaknesses, greatly improving the application level of information technology and intelligent technology in weapons and equipment, and enhancing the scientificity, pertinence, and cutting-edge nature of equipment construction and development.

Grasp the basic laws of integrated development. Mechanization, informatization and intelligence are inevitably closely linked, and together they constitute the key support for the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. The basic laws of integrated development are mainly manifested in: the progressive nature of development and change, which reflects the different historical stages of the evolution of war forms, changes in combat methods, and the development of weapons and equipment in the time sequence; in terms of interaction, the former is the premise and foundation of the latter (for example, mechanization is the foundation and premise of informatization, and informatization is the foundation and premise of intelligence), and the latter is the development trend and higher potential of the former. With the long-term nature of overlapping and coexisting, the former will produce a marginal diminishing effect when it develops to a certain stage, and the latter needs to inject new momentum and vitality into it, but the latter is not a negation or end of the former, but a repositioning and orientation of the former. What needs to be achieved is the “three-in-one” inclusiveness, rather than the “three-choice” mutual exclusion. It has inclusive complementarity. Mechanization focuses on entities, informatization focuses on data, and intelligence focuses on algorithms. The stronger the foundation of the former, the greater the degree of realization of the latter; the stronger the traction of the latter, the faster the upgrading of the former. It has the empowerment of improving quality and efficiency. Weapon platforms need information networks to empower them, and weapon platforms and information networks need artificial intelligence to empower them. This is a process of optimization and upgrading, improving quality and efficiency, and achieving a new leap in combat effectiveness, quality and efficiency.

Tighten the strategic grasp to accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence

To accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, we should plan, act and follow the trend, focus on combat effectiveness as the only fundamental standard, continuously promote the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and realize the party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era.

We should focus on preparing for war. Wars change with the times, and victory changes with the times. We should take accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as an important mission topic to comprehensively improve the ability to prepare for war in the new era. Focus on mission tasks, focus on the new requirements for winning modern wars, conduct in-depth research on the winning mechanism and changes in combat methods brought about by the evolution of war forms, grasp the new characteristics of the informationized and intelligent battlefield, actively explore new tactics for using and responding to intelligent weapons, and improve the informationized and intelligent combat capabilities; focus on transformation and construction, accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness generation to informatization and intelligence, take military intelligent construction and combat as the main line, accelerate the construction of new domains and new types of combat forces, increase the training of informationized and intelligent talents, and strive to achieve the overall reshaping of combat forces and combat systems; focus on training with war, actively explore new ways of informationized and intelligent training, examine future battlefields and combat opponents from the perspective of “smart war” and “smart victory”, enhance the pertinence of mission topics and emergency response training, use intelligent technology to improve the level of science and technology training, and promote practical training to a higher quality level.

We must focus on deepening reform. Reform is a key move to strengthen the army and win the future. We must accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence as an important focus of deepening national defense and military reform. We must insist on seeking combat effectiveness from reform, focus on the prominent characteristics of the army’s lean, integrated, miniaturized, modular, and multi-functional nature in the intelligent era, design reforms with a forward-looking, innovative, and open mind, establish a smooth and efficient leadership, command, and support mechanism, further integrate force resources, streamline the construction and management mechanism, and optimize the organizational structure. Adapting to the requirements of being able to fight and win battles, we must build a strategic and campaign command system that is integrated in peacetime and wartime, operates normally, specializes in the main business, is lean and efficient, and build a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as the main body, promote the development of the force organization in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, multi-functionality, and flexibility, implement modular organization, building block combination, and task-based joint, build a force with multiple capabilities and broad adaptability, and promote the overall leap in combat effectiveness through system structure optimization and reconstruction.

We should stick to the support point of innovation-driven development. Innovation is the core support for the development of combat effectiveness. We should accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence as the focus of implementing the innovation-driven development strategy. We should seek breakthroughs in the innovation of combat theory, closely follow the development trend of military revolution and the recent wars in the world, study the development and application of high-tech, especially intelligent technology and its impact on war, study the new characteristics, new styles and new mechanisms of intelligent warfare, study the winning strategies of intelligent warfare and combat, and accelerate the construction of a combat theory system with the characteristics of our army and in line with the laws of modern warfare. We should seek breakthroughs in scientific and technological innovation, focus on independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, take the military application of high-tech, especially artificial intelligence technology, as the main direction, accelerate the implementation of major strategic projects in national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment, accelerate the development of strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies, accelerate the upgrading and replacement of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment, strive to achieve the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading, and provide stronger scientific and technological support for the transformation and construction of our army’s combat effectiveness.

(Author’s unit: Joint Operations College of National Defense University)

現代國語：

黨的十九屆五中全會對國防和軍隊建設作出新的全面部署，著眼實現建軍百年奮鬥目標，明確提出加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代要求和戰略舉措。奮進新征程，聚力加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展，搶抓機遇，應對挑戰，乘勢而上，對於加速國防和軍隊現代化、全面提高新時代備戰打仗能力具有極其重要的意義。

認清加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展的時代必然性

順勢者贏，駕馭者勝。目前，新一輪科技革命呈現智慧化技術強勁引領的態勢，推動世界新軍事革命向縱深發展，武器裝備智慧化趨勢明顯、與機械化資訊化的疊加聚合效應凸顯，戰爭形態在加速由機械化向訊息化演變中，進入到催生智慧化戰爭階段。正是時代發展與變革，使加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，成為推動軍事變革深入發展的大勢所趨和強大動力，成為確保贏得主動、贏得優勢、贏得未來的必然選擇。

順應世界軍事革命潮流之需。目前，人工智慧技術正在高速發展，正日益對戰爭和作戰領域產生顛覆性影響。搶佔人工智慧戰略制高點，加速人工智慧軍事化實戰化發展，成為世界主要國家軍事競爭的戰略前線。加大人工智慧技術軍事應用的力度，實現對機械化、資訊化作戰裝備的深度改造、全面升級，把人工智慧系統嵌入資訊化作戰指揮鏈、行動鏈，透過智慧化改造使作戰力量編成更加模組化、一體化，是世界軍事大國謀求新的軍事優勢的通行做法。能否加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，特別是充分釋放智慧化對機械化、資訊化的效能拓展，讓平台作戰、體係作戰、精準作戰獲得更高質高效的智慧化支撐，無疑是能否牢牢把握軍事競爭戰略主動權的一個關鍵。

全面提升現代化建設水準之需。現代化有著鮮明的時代性，時代要求是衡量一個國家、一支軍隊現代化程度的關鍵尺度。當今時代，正進入到以智慧化為核心變革動力的階段，機械化資訊化智能化的融合發展，既是國家和軍隊現代化水平的重要標誌，也是推進國防和軍隊現代化的根本性舉措。加速軍事理論、軍隊組織形態、軍事人員和武器裝備現代化，都需從機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展中，獲得變革創新、轉型升級、提質增效的強力引擎和支撐，並在一定意義上起著決定現代化建設發展方向、發展方式、發展路徑的重要角色。只有加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，使之貫穿到推動現代化建設的全過程各環節，在高起點上推動品質變革、效率變革、動力變革，才能全面提升國防與軍事現代化建設水準。

加快轉變戰鬥力生成模式之需。戰鬥力的生成，從人與武器的結合到要素結構、力量釋放方式，都有其強制性的時代定向、定位。智慧化戰爭時代的到來，無人智慧化作戰成為影響戰局走向乃至戰爭勝負的關鍵要素，智慧化技術裝備成為機械化、資訊化作戰效能的倍增器，加速軍事智慧化發展成為提升體係作戰能力、打造新域新質作戰力量的戰略重心，使戰鬥力的生成與提升愈來愈取決於機械化資訊化智慧化的融合發展水準。只有把轉變戰鬥力生成模式納入機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的軌道，建構智慧化網路化的作戰指揮平台，形成人機高效協同的作戰力量運用方式，讓「智勝」成為作戰理論創新、作戰方式變革的核心指向，才能使戰鬥力建設取得實質突破、實現整體性躍升。

掌握加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的時代要求

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展是一個全新的時代命題，從本質內涵、作用方式、基本規律上把握其時代要求，是確保融合發展方向明、定位準、思路清、舉措實的重要前提。

掌握融合發展本質內涵。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展，機械化是基礎，資訊化是主導，智能化是方向。所謂融合發展，就是形成融為一體、合而為一的推進格局，建構一體設計、聚優釋能的運作模式，產生疊加聚合、質效倍增的整體效應。這種深度融合發展主要體現在：以認知融合為先導，具有對火力、機動力、資訊力和智力價值優勢的科學認知，確立綜合製權、綜合整合、綜合製勝的作戰理念；以平台融合為依托，建構主戰裝備、資訊網路、人工智慧融為一體的作戰平台，提升全域化、精確化、無人化的綜合作戰能力；以系統融合為內核，透過人工智慧系統對武器裝備系統、資訊網路系統的嵌入式改造，以更高品質和水平的系統整合展現作戰力量、作戰要素的整體勢能；以體系融合為支撐，統籌機械化資訊化智能化建設，統籌作戰力量、支援保障力量建設，打造適應實戰需求的一體化聯合作戰體系。

把握融合發展作用方式。機械化資訊化智能化融合發展，是各展其長、互為作用、相互促進的過程，是聚合裝備優勢、資訊優勢、智能優勢的過程。其作用方式集中體現在：強化智能化的引領作用，聚焦加速軍事智能化發展，堅持以智能化牽引機械化、信息化跨越式發展，把智能化作為武器裝備和信息網絡建設發展的核心指向，加大研發無人化、自主化武器裝備的力度，提升資訊網路的智慧應用、智慧管控、智慧運作水平，發揮以智駕馭能、以智聚優、以智取勝的最大效應；強化資訊化的主導作用，扭住資訊網路體系這個抓手，加快指揮資訊系統、資訊作戰系統建設，運用資訊科技優勢升級改造現有武器裝備，開發精確、智慧、融通、高效的資訊化武器裝備，最大限度地發揮資訊網路對作戰體系與效能的黏合力、整合力；強化機械化的基礎作用，堅持將武器裝備機械化作為智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎與載體，加強武器裝備體系建設，在填補體系空白、補齊短板弱項上下功夫，大幅提升武器裝備的資訊科技、智慧技術應用水平，增強裝備建設發展的科學性、針對性、前沿性。

把握融合發展基本法則。機械化資訊化智能化之間有著必然的內在的緊密聯繫，共同構成戰鬥力生成和提升的關鍵支撐。其融合發展的基本法則主要表現在：具有發展變革的遞進性，在展開時序上，反映了戰爭形態演進、作戰方式變革、武器裝備發展的不同歷史階段；在相互作用上，前者是後者的前提和基礎（例如機械化是資訊化的基礎和前提，資訊化是智慧化的基礎和前提），後者是前者的發展趨向和更高位能。具有交疊並存的長期性，前者發展到某一階段會產生邊際遞減效應，需要後者為其註入新動能、新活力，但後者不是對前者的否定和終結，而是對前者的重新定位和定向，所要達成的是「三合一」式的兼容並蓄，而不是「三選一」式的互斥排他。具有相容且蓄的互補性，機械化以實體為重心，資訊化以數據為重心，智能化以演算法為重心，前者的基礎越牢，後者的實現程度就越大；後者的牽引作用越強，前者的升級換代就越快。具有提質增效的賦能性，武器平台需要資訊網路為其賦能，武器平台、資訊網路需要人工智慧為其賦能，這是優化升級、提質增效的過程，是實現戰鬥力品質效能新躍升的過程。

緊扭加快機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展的策略性抓手

加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展，應因勢而謀、應勢而動、順勢而為，緊緊圍繞以戰鬥力這個唯一的根本標準，不斷推進國防和軍隊現代化建設，實現黨在新時代的強軍目標。

扭住備戰打仗這個聚焦點。戰爭因時而化，勝戰據時而變。要把加速機械化資訊化智能化融合發展，作為全面提升新時代備戰打仗能力的重要使命課題。聚焦使命任務，著眼打贏現代化戰爭的新要求，深入研究戰爭形態演變帶來的致勝機理、作戰方式之變，掌握資訊化智能化戰場的新特點，積極探索運用與應對智慧武器的新戰法，提升資訊化智慧化作戰能力；聚焦轉型建設，加速推進戰鬥力生成向資訊化、智慧化轉型，以軍事智慧化建設與作戰為主線，加速新域新質作戰力量建設，加大資訊化智慧化人才的培養力度，著力實現作戰力量、作戰體系的整體重塑；聚焦以戰領訓，積極探索資訊化智慧化訓練的新路子，從「智戰」「智勝」視角審視未來戰場、作戰對手，增強使命課題、應急應戰訓練的針對性，運用智能技術提昇科技興訓水平，推動實戰化訓練向更高質量水平發展。

扭住深化改革這個著力點。改革是強軍興軍、制勝未來的關鍵一招。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，作為深化國防和軍事改革的重要著力點。堅持向改革要戰力，著眼智慧時代軍隊精幹化、一體化、小型化、模組化、多能化的突出特徵，以前瞻、創新、開放的思路設計改革，建立順暢高效的領導、指揮、保障機制，進一步整合力量資源、理順建管機制、優化編成結構。適應能打仗、打勝仗的要求，建構平戰一體、常態運作、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系，建構以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體系，推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展，實行模組化編組、積木式組合、任務式聯合，打造具備多種能力和廣泛適應性的部隊，透過體系結構優化再造促進戰鬥力整體躍升。

扭住創新驅動這個支撐點。創新是戰鬥力建設發展的核心支撐力。要把加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，作為實施創新驅動發展策略的重心。在作戰理論創新上求突破，密切追蹤軍事革命發展趨勢和近期世界發生的戰爭，研究高新技術特別是智慧化技術發展運用及對戰爭的影響，研究智能化作戰的新特徵、新樣式、新機理，研究智慧化戰爭與作戰的致勝方略，加速建構具有我軍特色、符合現代戰爭規律的作戰理論體系。在科技創新上求突破，聚力國防科技自主創新、原始創新，把高新技術特別是人工智慧技術的軍事應用作為主攻方向，加速實施國防科技與武器裝備重大戰略工程，加速戰略性前沿性顛覆性技術發展，加速武器裝備升級換代和智慧化武器裝備發展，奮力實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑的轉變，為我軍戰鬥力轉型建設提供更強勁的科技支撐。

（作者單位：國防大學聯合作戰學院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/gfbmap/content/2020-11/25/content_276619888.htm