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Chinese Military Guidelines for Analyzing Fundamental Mechanism of Winning Wars

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中國軍事勝利基本機制分析指導方針

來源：解放軍報 作者：張佔軍 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2018-07-24 

英文翻譯：

There are universal and special mechanisms for winning wars. Special winning mechanisms are conditional, while universal and fundamental winning mechanisms are relatively stable. Anyone and any era’s war guidance that violates these mechanisms will lose the war. Revealing the fundamental winning mechanism of wars can not only help us more deeply understand the scientific correctness of classical war theories and enhance theoretical confidence in war guidance, but also help us continuously innovate war and combat guidance that adapts to the conditions of the times according to changes in the war environment and conditions, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative.

To understand, prepare for, and direct war, the first thing is to uncover the fundamental mechanism of victory

Studying the fundamental mechanisms for winning wars is the logical starting point for understanding wars and the fundamental basis for preparing for and waging wars.

Studying the fundamental mechanism of winning a war is to reveal the necessary and sufficient conditions for winning. In essence, the mechanism of winning is the reason and condition for winning a war. Studying the fundamental mechanism of winning a war is to answer the fundamental question of “when and only when what conditions are met can we win a war”, aiming to make us realize that if this condition is met, we will definitely win, if this condition is not met, we will definitely fail; if we win, it must be because we have this fundamental condition. Philosophically speaking, this condition definitely exists, but it is just a matter of whether we can recognize it and reveal it. Otherwise, there will be no way to know the laws of winning so many battles in history.

“Winning with immediate advantage” is the fundamental winning mechanism of war. The advantage in immediate advantage is not a simple comparison of resources, but the comprehensive ability and favorable situation to defeat the enemy at the moment of exerting force on the enemy and in the confrontation at the decisive point of the war. “Winning with immediate advantage” means that with immediate advantage, victory will be achieved at the moment of confrontation with the enemy at the decisive point. If this advantage is maintained for only one moment, then this round can be won; if this advantage can be maintained at every moment and every round of confrontation, then the war will inevitably be won. The author believes that the winning mechanism of “winning with immediate advantage” is the “law behind the law” and the fundamental basis for war guidance, and it is also the fundamental winning mechanism of war and combat.

“Instant superiority wins” is the fundamental basis of the classical war guidance theory. All the classical war guidance theories are based on the mechanism of “instant superiority wins”. From the first Chinese civil war to the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, Mao Zedong always adhered to the guidance of using superior forces and favorable weather, terrain and people to launch a devastating attack on the enemy’s one point, and achieved victory, which proved that “instant superiority wins” is the fundamental law for achieving victory. In history, Sun Tzu’s ideas of “attacking the enemy when they are least prepared and taking them by surprise” and “attacking where they are least prepared”; the Thirty-Six Stratagems of “Deceiving the Heavens and Crossing the Sea”, “Besieging Wei to Save Zhao”, “Taking Advantage of the Troubled Times”, “Taking Advantage of the Fire to Loot”, “Attack the East and West by Making a Feint” and other strategies; Napoleon’s idea that “the secret of military art is to make your own military force surpass the enemy at the necessary place and time”; the “blitzkrieg” used by the German army in World War II etc., all focus on gathering immediate advantages and suddenly defeating the opponent when the opponent has no precautions; the U.S. military proposed the “air-ground integrated battle” 30 years ago, and in recent years proposed the “air-sea integrated battle”, which was later renamed the “global commons access and mobility” concept. In 2016, the U.S. Army proposed the “multi-domain battle”, which, in essence, is also through the operation of factors such as force and space to form immediate advantages over the opponent.

Understand and grasp the rich connotation of “instant advantage wins”

Regarding the mechanism of winning by immediate advantage, we can summarize its connotation into the following main aspects.

Immediate advantage is the unity of object, time and resources. Immediate advantage wins, including the three elements of object, instant and advantage. Object refers to the selected decision point, which may be a physical target with certain resistance of the opponent, or a unit with certain capabilities; instant refers to the moment of exerting force on the enemy in the war; advantage refers to the comprehensive capabilities and postures composed of various available war resources and elements (including spatial elements) that are superior to the opponent (object), and is the product of objective conditions and subjective efforts. Whether or not there is an immediate advantage is not necessarily related to the overall military strength of the army. When the overall military strength does not have an advantage, it can also win by gathering an advantage over the enemy at the moment of confrontation at the decisive point. Time advantage is an important decisive factor. Mastering time advantage means that the opponent will be suddenly attacked in the “gap” when he is not fully prepared. However, on the battlefield, the unity of target, time and advantage must be achieved. If we only emphasize the speed of time, but it is not good, then speed is meaningless; if we only emphasize the quality of resources, but it is not timely, then it will not play a role at the moment of confrontation, and the actual ability is equal to zero. This is the reason why many powerful armies in history were defeated.

Immediate advantage is the system advantage at the moment of confrontation. In wars of different eras, immediate advantage has different manifestations. Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The elements in the system are divided into primary and secondary. The dominant factors of the system are naturally important to the system advantage, but the secondary factors will also eliminate and destroy the immediate advantage, and then turn victory into defeat. Strength advantage is the basis of immediate advantage, but it is only one of the many conditions for the formation of immediate advantage. In modern warfare, the more complex the technology and force structure, the stronger the complementarity of different resources and the variability of the structure, and the more complex the mechanism for forming immediate advantage. For example, in an integrated joint operation based on a network information system, if the traditionally unappreciated network backend operation and maintenance personnel cannot keep the system running normally, the advantages of this system may be greatly eliminated.

Immediate advantage is the unity of static and dynamic. The process of winning wars and operations is a process of constantly gathering and exerting immediate advantages at decisive points, gradually consuming the enemy, and expanding immediate advantages. Once it is impossible to form an advantage at a decisive point at a certain moment, this moment will become a turning point in the operational process. This is the inherent principle of emphasizing the ability to fight in one go and continuous operations. During the Korean War, our military’s support could only support about 7 days of continuous operations. At this turning point, we took the initiative to withdraw our troops and switch to defense because if we continued to fight, we would not have immediate advantages.

Real-time advantage only exists in a certain time window. On the battlefield, enemies and friends are opponents, fighting for life and death, and real-time advantage only exists in a certain period of time. In modern warfare, information transmission has reached the millisecond level, and the detection-judgment-decision-strike process is measured in seconds. The responsiveness of many long-range strike means no longer needs to take into account the platform’s spatial movement time. In particular, with the advancement of the intelligentization of combat systems, the time window for maintaining advantage will become shorter, which puts forward new requirements for gathering and exerting the effectiveness of real-time advantage.

Continuously optimize war and combat guidance based on the “instant advantage wins” mechanism

The winning mechanism is the “law behind” combat guidance and combat methods. We should continuously optimize war and combat guidance based on the mechanism of “winning by immediate advantage.”

Strive to seek distinctive advantages. Distinctive advantages are the special advantages of an army. For our army, it means that we must always seek distinctive advantages such as what the enemy does not have and what we are strong and the enemy is weak. We insist on you fight yours and I fight mine, implement asymmetric warfare, and strive to find the moment when the enemy is weakest, and give full play to our advantages to form our immediate advantages. In the future, we need to continue to give full play to our political advantages, and at the same time, we should gather and cultivate new distinctive advantages from the new system, new system, and new equipment. We must firmly believe that the side with weaker weapons and equipment always has the possibility of winning locally and gradually achieving overall victory. Based on this possibility, we should strive to design and guide operations around whether it is conducive to creating superior fighters and whether we can defeat the enemy before the fighters disappear.

We are committed to gathering the power of the system to form an immediate advantage. The information age is a system war, and what matters is the system capability. It is necessary to study how a single factor can win, but in actual combat, the real way to win is the comprehensive application of all factors. The concept of “multi-domain warfare” proposed by the US military in recent years is centered on the ability to form a multi-domain fusion and release energy at a decisive point. If we cannot gather the power of the system to form an immediate advantage, we will have to respond to the enemy with the shortcomings of the system, and defeat will naturally be inherent in it.

Form an immediate advantage around the enemy. Adapting to the enemy is an important manifestation of the art of war command. The key is not to change, but to constantly create new immediate advantages in the change. This needs to be achieved through correct command and scientific tactics. Future wars are increasingly showing an intelligent trend, but in essence, they are still about measuring the enemy’s strength and taking measures according to the enemy’s situation. It’s just that the pace of this change is faster and the situation is more confusing. If the speed of gathering capabilities cannot keep up with the changes in the battlefield situation, it is impossible to achieve “instant” by adapting to the enemy. It can be said that, under certain conditions of combat resources, the entire connotation of the art of command is to create and find the enemy’s weaknesses, and to plan and create immediate advantages over the enemy. This is the soul of war command and tactics.

Weakening the opponent’s advantage is an important way to form and maintain immediate advantage. Immediate advantage is compared with the opponent. In terms of resource comparison, this advantage can be obtained by aggregating one’s own advantages and weakening the enemy’s advantages, from technology to tactics, from strategy to battles and battles. Technically weakening the opponent is the most fundamental weakening; in terms of strategy and tactics, through deception, containment, and disruption at non-decisive points, dispersing and weakening the opponent to influence the opponent’s advantage concentration at the decisive point is an important way to transform the advantage and disadvantage comparison at the decisive point and win the victory.

Firmly grasp the principles of reconnaissance, concealment, initiative, offense, and quick decision. Reconnaissance, concealment, initiative, offense, and quick decision are ancient principles, but they have new connotations and new requirements in modern warfare. Fighting a battle for immediate advantage is even more indispensable. Accurately grasping the enemy’s ability and situation at the “predetermined strike point” is a prerequisite for forming an immediate advantage; in order to maintain an immediate advantage for a longer period of time, it is necessary to delay the time of being discovered by the enemy as much as possible by concealing intentions and actions; although we have an advantage in strength and deployment, once the enemy makes the first move, our immediate advantage may be eliminated. The US military even asserts that “whoever launches first will be saturated and hit first.” “You can win if you strike first, and whether you can effectively conceal yourself”; facing a strong enemy, simple defense becomes increasingly difficult. Whether it is a big war or a small war, offense can maximize the effectiveness of advantages and is the best defense; the battlefield situation changes very quickly, and the time window for immediate advantage is short. A quick battle and a quick decision may be the best choice to make full use of this time window.

Design and prepare for war with the core of “fighting a war for immediate advantage”

The key to judging whether an army has the combat capability to defeat the enemy is whether it can gain an immediate advantage over the enemy at the moment of exerting its strength in the confrontation with the enemy. The development of new operational concepts, design and preparation for future wars all require a firm grasp of the core of “fighting a war of immediate advantage.”

Design wars around the core concept of “fighting a war of immediate advantage”. In the future, if our army wants to defeat opponents with strong overall strength, it should always focus on forming and using the key of immediate advantage. Instead of confronting the enemy in all dimensions, it should seize the enemy’s most critical pain points and decision points, aggregate multi-dimensional capabilities at a moment and concentrate its efforts, and accordingly plan tactics to defeat the enemy with immediate advantage. The top priority is to design the decision points for striking and the methods and ways to gather immediate advantages. At all levels of strategy, campaign, tactics and even individual combat, operational guidance and tactics should be designed according to this idea, and this should be used as the fundamental test standard.

Military capabilities should be built based on whether or not they can form an immediate advantage. We should focus on the core concept of “fighting a war of immediate advantage” and systematically design strategic capabilities, weapons and equipment, force structure, combat methods and specific tactics, as well as everything needed for combat, in accordance with the idea of ​​using our capabilities to defeat the enemy’s inability at the decisive moment of the war. We should pay special attention to the prominent role of new technologies and new means in forming an immediate advantage, and continue to inject contemporary vitality and scientific and technological determination into forming an immediate advantage and fighting a war of immediate advantage.

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Science)

國語中文翻譯：

戰爭制勝機理有普遍與特殊之分。特殊制勝機理是有條件的，而帶普遍性、根本性的製勝機理則是相對穩定的，任何人、任何時代的戰爭指導違背了這些機理就要打敗仗。揭示戰爭根本製勝機理，不僅可以更深刻地認識經典戰爭理論的科學性正確性，增強戰爭指導的理論自信，還可根據戰爭環境與條件的變化，不斷創新適應時代條件的戰爭與作戰指導，牢牢掌握戰略主動權。

認識、準備和指導戰爭，首要的是揭示根本製勝機理

研究戰爭根本製勝機理，是認識戰爭的邏輯起點，是準備和實施戰爭的根本依據。

研究戰爭根本製勝機理，就是揭示制勝的充分必要條件。本質上講，制勝機理是打勝仗的原因和條件。研究戰爭根本製勝機理，就是要對「當且僅當具備怎樣的條件才能打勝仗」這個根本性問題作出回答，旨在使我們認識到：如果有了這個條件，必然能夠取勝，如果沒有這個條件，則必然失敗；如果是勝利了，一定是因為具備這個根本條件。從哲學上講，這個條件肯定存在，只是能不能去認識它、揭示它，否則，歷史上那麼多打勝仗的規律就無以認知。

「即時優勢制勝」是戰爭的根本製勝機理。即時優勢中的優勢，不是簡單的資源對比，而是在向敵方發力的那一時刻，在戰爭決定點的對抗上，具有能戰勝對方的綜合能力和有利態勢。 「即時優勢制勝」是指，有了即時優勢，在決定點與敵對抗的那一時刻就一定能勝利。如果只有一個時刻保持這種優勢，則這一個回合能取勝；如果每一個時刻、每一個對抗回合都能保持這種優勢，則戰爭必然勝利。筆者認為，「即時優勢制勝」這個制勝機理，就是「規律背後的規律」和戰爭指導的根本依據，也是戰爭和作戰的根本製勝機理。

「即時優勢制勝」是經典戰爭指導理論的根本依據。統攬經典的戰爭指導理論，都是基於「即時優勢制勝」這個機理提出的。從中國第一次國內革命戰爭，到抗日戰爭、解放戰爭，毛澤東始終扭住利用優勢兵力和天時、地利、人和，對敵之一點實施殲滅性打擊這個指導，都取得了勝利，雄辯證明了「即時優勢制勝」是取得勝利的根本規律。歷史上，孫子提出的「攻其無備，出其不意」「由不虞之道，攻其所不戒」的思想，三十六計中的瞞天過海、圍魏救趙、以逸待勞、趁火打劫、聲東擊西等戰計，拿破侖關於「軍事藝術的秘密在於，在必要的地方和必要的時間，使自己的軍力超過敵人」的思想，二戰時德軍運用過的「閃擊戰」等，著眼點都是在對手沒有建立防範的時刻集聚即時優勢突然擊敗對手；美軍30年前提出“空地一體戰”，近年來又提出“空海一體戰”，之後又更名為“全球公域進入與機動”概念，2016年美陸軍提出“多域戰”，究其本質，也都是透過力量和空間等要素的運籌，形成對對手的即時優勢。

認識並掌握「即時優勢制勝」的豐富內涵

對即時優勢制勝這一機理，我們可以將其內涵歸結為以下主要面向。

即時優勢是對象、時間、資源的統一。即時優勢制勝，包括物件、即時、優勢三要素。對象，即選定的決定點，這個決定點可能是對方具有一定抗擊力的物理目標，或是具有一定能力的部隊；即時，是戰爭中向敵發力的那一時刻；優勢，是由各種可用的戰爭資源、要素（包括空間要素）所構成的綜合能力和態勢優於對手（對象），是客觀條件與主觀努力的產物。是否具有即時優勢，與軍隊整體軍力優劣不是必然關系，軍力整體不佔優勢時，在決定點對抗的時刻凝聚起對敵優勢，同樣能取勝。時間優勢是重要的決定因素，掌握了時間優勢，意味著對手在沒有充分準備的「空檔」中突然遭到打擊。但在戰場上，必須實現對象、即時、優勢的統一。只強調時間之快，若快而不優，快速則無意義；只強調資源之優，若優不逢時，在對抗那一時刻發揮不了作用，實際能力等於零。這就是歷史上許多強勢之軍吃敗仗的原因。

即時優勢是對抗發力時刻的體系優勢。不同時代的戰爭，即時優勢有不同體現。現代戰爭是體係與體系的對抗，體系中的要素有主次之分，體系的主導因素對體系優勢自然重要，但次要因素也會消解和破壞即時優勢，進而使勝勢淪為敗勢。力量優勢是即時優勢的基礎，但它只是形成即時優勢多個條件中的一個。在現代戰爭中，技術和力量結構越復雜，不同資源的互補性和結構的可變性就越強，形成即時優勢的機制就越復雜。例如，在基於網絡資訊體系的一體化聯合作戰中，傳統上並不受重視的網絡後台運維人員如果不能保持系統正常運行，這個體系優勢就可能被極大消解。

即時優勢是靜態與動態的統一。戰爭和作戰制勝過程，是一個不斷在決定點聚集和發揮即時優勢、逐步消耗敵人、擴大即時優勢的過程。一旦某一時刻無法形成決定點上的優勢，這個時刻將成為作戰進程的轉折點，這就是強調一鼓作氣和連續作戰能力的內在原理。在朝鮮戰爭中，我軍的保障只能支持7天左右的連續作戰，到了這個轉​​折點，我們主動收兵轉入防禦，原因是再繼續作戰，我們將不會有即時優勢。

即時優勢只存在於一定時間窗口。戰場上，敵我互為對手、生死相爭，即時優勢只會存在於一定的時段。現代戰爭，訊息傳輸已達毫秒級，偵察—判斷—決策—打擊流程時以秒計，許多遠程打擊手段的反應力已經不需要再計入平台空間移動的時間，特別是隨著作戰體系智能化的推進，保持優勢的時間窗口會變得更短，這對聚集和發揮即時優勢效力提出了新要求。

基於「即時優勢制勝」機理不斷優化戰爭與作戰指導

制勝機理是作戰指導和作戰方法“背後的規律”，我們應依據“即時優勢制勝”的機理不斷優化戰爭和作戰指導。

努力謀求特色優勢。特色優勢即一支軍隊的特殊優長。對我軍來說，就是要在任何時候都謀求我有敵無、我強敵弱等特色優長，堅持你打你的、我打我的，實施不對稱作戰，致力尋找敵最薄弱的那個時刻，發揮我之優長形成我們的即時優勢。未來，我們需要繼續發揮我們的政治優勢，同時應從新體制、新體系、新裝備中凝聚和培育新的特色優勢。要堅信武器裝備弱的一方始終擁有局部取勝而逐步實現全局勝利的可能性，基於這種可能性，應致力圍繞是否能有利於營造優勢戰機、是否能在戰機消失前戰勝敵人設計與指導作戰。

致力凝聚體系力量形成即時優勢。資訊時代是體係作戰，拼的是體系能力。研究單一要素如何制勝固然必要，但實戰中，真正的製勝之道是諸要素的綜合運用。美軍近年提出的「多域戰」概念，核心在於在一個決定點形成多域融合聚能釋放的能力。不能聚體系之力形成即時優勢，就不得不以體系短板應敵，敗戰自然寓於其中。

圍繞形成即時優勢因敵而變。因敵而變是戰爭指導藝術的重要體現，其中的根本不在於變，而是在變化中不斷塑造新的即時優勢，這需要通過正確的指揮和科學的戰法來實現。未來戰爭越來越呈現智慧化趨勢，但本質上依然是量敵用力、因敵施法，只是這種變化節奏更快、態勢更加撲朔迷離，如果集聚能力的速度跟不上戰場形勢的變化，因敵而變就不可能達到「即時」。可以說，在作戰資源一定的情況下，指揮藝術的全部內涵，就是製造和尋找敵人的軟肋，運籌和營造對敵的即時優勢，這是戰爭指導和戰法的靈魂。

削弱對手優勢是形成和維持即時優勢的重要途徑。即時優勢是與對手比較而言的。在資源對比上，這種優勢可以透過聚集己方優勢和削弱敵方優勢兩個途徑獲得，從技術到戰術、從戰略到戰役戰鬥各層面展開。在技​​術上削弱對手是最具根本性的削弱；在戰略戰術上，通過在非決定點的欺騙、牽制、擾亂，分散削弱對手，以影響對方在決定點上的優勢聚集，則是轉化在決定點上的優劣對比、贏得勝勢的重要途徑。

堅定把握偵察、隱蔽、先機、攻勢和速決原則。偵察、隱蔽、先機、攻勢、速決，是古老原則，但現代作戰有新內涵、新要求，打即時優勢之戰，更具不可或缺性。準確掌握「預定打擊點」之敵的能力態勢，是形成即時優勢的前提；為保持更長時間的即時優勢，需要通過隱蔽意圖和行動，盡可能推遲被敵發現的時間；力量、部署雖然佔優，而一旦敵方首先發力，我之即時優勢將可能被消解，美軍甚至斷言，「誰先發動飽和打擊誰就能夠獲得勝利，能否率先打擊取決於是否能有效隱蔽自己」；面對強敵，單純防守越來越困難，無論大戰、小戰，攻勢才能最大限度發揮優勢效力，才是最好的防禦；戰場態勢變化極快，即時優勢的時間窗口短暫，速戰速決可能是充分利用這一時間視窗的最佳選擇。

以「打即時優勢之戰」為核心設計與準備戰​​爭

看一支軍隊是否具有克敵制勝的戰鬥力，核心是看這支軍隊能不能在與敵對抗的發力時刻，先敵形成即時優勢。開發新的作戰概念、設計和準備未來戰爭，都需要緊緊把握住「打即時優勢之戰」這個核心。

圍繞「打即時優勢之戰」這個核心概念設計戰爭。未來一個時期，我軍要戰勝整體實力強大的對手，應當始終著眼形成和運用即時優勢這個關鍵，不與敵全維全面對陣，而是抓住敵最要害的痛點和決定點，在一個時刻聚合多維能力集中發力，照此運籌以即時優勢敗敵的戰法。其中的重中之重，是設計好打擊的決定點和聚集即時優勢的方法途徑。在戰略、戰役、戰術甚至單兵作戰各層次，都應依此思想設計作戰指導與戰法，並以此作為根本的檢驗標準。

以是否能形成即時優勢為標準建設軍事能力。應圍繞「打即時優勢之戰」這個核心概念，按照在戰爭的決定點上打擊敵人的那一時刻以我之能擊敵之不能的思路，系統設計戰略能力、武器裝備、力量結構、作戰方式和具體戰法，以及作戰所需的一切。特別應關注新技術新手段在形成即時優勢中的突出作用，持續為形成即時優勢、打即時優勢之戰注入時代活力和科技定力。

（作者單位：軍事科學院戰爭研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4820888.html?

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Chinese Intelligent Warfare is Accelerating and Advancing

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中國智能化戰爭正在加速推進

中國軍網 國防部網. 2022年3月17日 星期四

現代英語：

With the widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field, intelligent warfare has gradually become a hot topic. History has repeatedly proved that the evolution of war forms will lead to profound changes in the winning mechanism. In today’s era when information warfare is developing in depth and intelligent warfare is beginning to emerge, the armies of major countries in the world have made great efforts to promote military intelligence, and many of these trends are worthy of attention.

Strengthen top-level design

Outlining a “roadmap” for intelligent warfare

Driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, intelligent military transformation is developing in depth. The United States, Russia, Japan and other countries have regarded artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology that “changes the rules of the war game” and have made early arrangements, strengthened top-level design and planning guidance, and explored the direction of military application of artificial intelligence.

The U.S. military has detailed the current status and development plan of artificial intelligence in documents such as “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, “Integrated Roadmap for Unmanned Systems, Fiscal Year 2017-2042”, and “American Artificial Intelligence Initiative: First Annual Report”, and has elevated the development of artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. In 2021, the U.S. military pointed out in its “U.S. Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Posture: Assessment and Improvement Recommendations” that the U.S. military should consider three guiding questions in developing artificial intelligence: what is the current state of artificial intelligence related to the U.S. military; what is the current situation of the U.S. military in artificial intelligence; and what internal actions and potential legislative or regulatory actions may enhance the U.S. military’s artificial intelligence advantage.

Russia has invested a lot of resources to maintain a balance with the United States in the competition for the application of artificial intelligence in the military field. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at the first Defense Ministry meeting of the year that artificial intelligence will greatly promote changes in the military field, and the Russian Federation Armed Forces must accelerate the research and development of artificial intelligence application technologies such as robots, intelligent individual systems, and intelligent weapon modules, so as to form core technical capabilities and battlefield competitive advantages as soon as possible. Documents such as “Special Outline for the Research and Development of Future Military Robot Technology and Equipment before 2025”, “Future Russian Military Robot Application Concept”, and “The Development Status and Application Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Field” have established a series of mechanisms at the national level for the Russian military to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.

The Japanese government has also issued an “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” to lead the research and development of artificial intelligence technology and industrial development. In the “Robotics and Artificial Intelligence” strategic plan formulated by the United Kingdom, the application of artificial intelligence in battlefield construction is emphasized. In January 2021, the Australian Department of Defense released “Fighting the Artificial Intelligence War: Operational Concepts for Future Intelligent Warfare”, which explores how to apply artificial intelligence to land, sea and air combat.

Innovative combat concepts

Promoting the “Thinking First” Approach to Intelligent Warfare

The innovation of operational concepts has an ideological driving effect on the development of military science and technology and the evolution of war forms. In the past, people’s understanding and grasp of war mainly came from the summary of practical experience, and operational concepts were empirical concepts. In the future era of intelligent warfare, operational concepts are not only empirical concepts, but also the conception, design and foresight of operations.

The U.S. Army has proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”, which requires deep integration and close coordination of combat capabilities in various domains such as land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, and network. To this end, the U.S. Army has successively issued white papers such as “Multi-Domain Warfare: The Development of Synthetic Arms in the 21st Century (2025-2040)”, “U.S. Army Multi-Domain Warfare (2028)”, and “Using Robotics and Autonomous Technologies to Support Multi-Domain Warfare”. In March 2021, the U.S. Department of the Army issued the document “Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Preparing to Win in Competition and Conflict”, indicating that “multi-domain warfare” has become a “flag” leading the transformation and development of the U.S. Army. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”, which aims to create a highly decentralized and highly adaptable “kill net” composed of different combat functional units, based on advanced computer technology and network technology. The U.S. Department of Defense strongly supports the concept of “joint all-domain operations”. In March 2020, the U.S. Air Force took the lead in writing “joint all-domain operations” into the doctrine to explore how the Air Force can play a role in “joint all-domain operations”.

The Russian military proposed the concept of “charge disintegration”. “Disintegration” is one of the most important operational concepts in Russia at present. The Russian electronic warfare forces set the goal of making the enemy’s information, charge, electronic warfare and robot systems ineffective, and believe that this goal will “determine the fate of all military operations”. Disrupting the command and control of enemy forces and weapon systems and reducing the efficiency of enemy reconnaissance and use of weapons are the primary tasks of electronic warfare. At present, the Russian military is considering forming 12 types of electronic warfare forces. The Russian military also proposed the concept of “non-nuclear containment system”, the core of which is to use non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons to contain opponents. The non-nuclear offensive strategic weapons it defines include all ballistic missiles equipped with non-nuclear warheads, as well as strategic bombers and long-range air-based and sea-based cruise missiles. In addition, the Russian military also proposed the concept of “hybrid warfare”, hoping to use artificial intelligence systems to seek battlefield information advantages.

The British Ministry of Defense has proposed the concept of “multi-domain integration” and will develop a new command and control system with intelligent capabilities to achieve comprehensive, persistent, accurate and rapid battlefield perception and force coordination.

Focus on technology research and development

Shaping the Intelligent Warfare Operational Model

The key to the effectiveness of artificial intelligence is the combination with other technologies, which is also described as the “AI stack”. Various technologies interact to produce a combined effect, thereby enhancing the capabilities and effects of each technology. In the intelligent warfare supported by artificial intelligence technology, the collaborative combat mode of “man-machine integration, cloud brain control”, the cluster combat mode of “mixed formation, group intelligence”, and the cognitive combat mode of “intelligence-led, attacking with intelligence first” will constantly update people’s understanding of war.

Focus on the research and development of innovative projects. The US military is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence chips in existing weapons and equipment systems, adding “intelligent brains” to weapons to enable them to have human-like thinking and autonomous interaction capabilities. In October 2021, the US Navy launched the “Beyond Plan”, which is regarded as the “current highest priority”. It aims to accelerate the delivery of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools by building a military Internet of Things for maritime operations, integrating manned and unmanned joint formations, supporting a new intelligent naval architecture, enhancing large-scale firepower killing, and realizing intelligent distributed operations of the navy. In addition, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also carried out cognitive electronic warfare projects such as “Adaptive Electronic Warfare Behavior Learning”, “Adaptive Radar Countermeasures”, and “Communications under Extreme Radio Frequency Spectrum Conditions”, and developed a prototype of a cognitive radar electronic warfare system. The Russian Ministry of Defense’s Intelligent Technology and Equipment Research and Experimental Center cooperated with the Institute of Control Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences to develop and test autonomous intelligent algorithms including drone swarm command and control, and also jointly developed an object automatic recognition software system based on neural network principles with the National Aviation System Research Institute.

Establish innovative R&D institutions. The continuous emergence of new technologies is an inexhaustible driving force for the vigorous development of military intelligence. High-level military intelligence construction cannot be separated from the technical research and development of professional institutions. Some countries and militaries have established R&D centers, focusing on innovative development from a technical level. The U.S. Department of Defense has established a joint artificial intelligence center, which is planned to be built into a national key laboratory to lead the promotion of hundreds of artificial intelligence-related projects and ensure the efficient use of artificial intelligence-related data and information to maintain the United States’ technological advantage in this field. Russia has established an artificial intelligence and big data alliance, a national artificial intelligence center, and a robotics technology research and experimental center under the Ministry of Defense, mainly conducting theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology. France has established an innovative defense laboratory, the United Kingdom has set up an artificial intelligence laboratory, and India has established an artificial intelligence task force to explore related technologies.

Strengthen equipment research and development and deployment. In recent years, many countries have attached great importance to the research and development of intelligent weapons and equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned combat vehicles, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have continued to emerge. At present, the US Air Force has begun to practice the combat concept of “man-machine collaboration, man in the loop” on the F-35 fighter. The US XQ-58A “Valkyrie” stealth drone previously mainly carried out man-machine collaborative operations with F-35 and F-22 fighters. In April 2021, the stealth drone successfully launched the ALTIUS-600 small drone system, further enhancing its manned and unmanned collaborative combat capabilities. Russia is focusing on reconnaissance and surveillance, command and decision-making, firepower strikes, combat support and other fields, and is developing and deploying intelligent equipment. It plans to increase the proportion of unmanned combat systems in weapons and equipment to more than 30% by 2025. Russia’s ground unmanned combat weapons, represented by the “Uranus” series and “Platform-M” and “Argo” models, are developing rapidly. Among them, the Nerekhta unmanned combat vehicle can be equipped with remote-controlled machine guns and rocket launchers. In addition to the combat capabilities of ordinary armored vehicles, it also has transportation and reconnaissance functions. In addition, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces plan to officially deploy an unmanned aerial formation with strong combat capabilities in 2035.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

國語中文：

■賈珍珍 丁 寧 陳方舟

隨著人工智慧在軍事領域的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭逐漸成為備受矚目的焦點話題。歷史多次證明，戰爭形態的演進將引發致勝機理的深刻改變。在資訊化戰爭向縱深發展、智慧化戰爭初露端倪的當今時代，世界主要國家軍隊紛紛下大力推動軍事智慧化，其中的諸多動向值得關注。

加強頂層設計

勾勒智能化戰爭“路線圖”

在新一輪科技革命與產業革命推動下，智慧化軍事變革正向縱深發展。美國、俄羅斯、日本等國紛紛把人工智慧視為「改變戰爭遊戲規則」的顛覆性技術，並事先佈局，加強頂層設計和規劃引領，探索人工智慧的軍事應用方向。

美軍在《為人工智慧的未來做好準備》《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》《人工智慧與國家安全》《2017至2042財年無人係統綜合路線圖》《美國人工智慧計畫》：在首個年度報告》等文件中，詳述了人工智慧的發展現狀和發展規劃，並將人工智慧發展提升至國家戰略層面。 2021年，美軍在發布的《美國防部人工智慧態勢：評估與改進建議》中指出，美軍發展人工智慧應考慮三個指導性問題：與美軍相關的人工智慧現處於何種狀態；美軍目前在人工智慧方面的態勢如何；哪些內部行動以及潛在的立法或監管行動可能會增強美軍的人工智慧優勢。

俄羅斯投入大量資源，以維持與美國在人工智慧軍事領域應用競爭的平衡。 2021年，俄總統普丁在年度首場國防部會議上表示，人工智慧將大幅推動軍事領域變革，俄國聯邦武裝力量要加速機器人、智慧單兵系統和武器智慧化模組等人工智慧應用技術的研發工作，早日形成核心技術能力和戰場競爭優勢。 《2025年前未來軍用機器人技術裝備研發專題綱要》《未來俄軍用機器人應用構想》《人工智慧在軍事領域的發展現狀以及應用前景》等文件，從國家層面為俄軍推動人工智慧軍事應用確立了一系列機制。

日本政府也推出了《人工智慧戰略》，旨在引領人工智慧技術研發和產業發展。在英國制定的《機器人與人工智慧》戰略規劃中，強調了人工智慧在戰場建設中的應用。 2021年1月，澳洲國防部發布《打好人工智慧戰爭：未來智慧化戰爭之作戰構想》，這份文件探討如何將人工智慧應用到陸、海、空作戰領域。

創新作戰概念

推動智慧化戰爭“思想先行”

作戰概念創新對軍事科技發展、戰爭形態演變具有思想牽引作用。過去人們對戰爭的認識與掌握，主要源自於對實踐經驗的歸納總結，作戰概念即經驗概念。未來智慧化戰爭時代，作戰概念不僅是經驗概念，更是對作戰的構想、設計與前瞻。

美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念，要求陸、海、空、天、電磁、網路等各域作戰能力深度整合與密切協同。為此，美陸軍先後發布《多域戰：21世紀合成兵種的發展（2025至2040）》《美國陸軍多域戰（2028）》《運用機器人與自主技術支援多域戰》等白皮書。 2021年3月，美陸軍部發布文件《陸軍多域轉型：準備在競爭和衝突中取勝》，顯示「多域戰」已成為引領美陸軍轉型發展的一面「旗幟」。美國防高級研究計畫局提出「馬賽克戰」概念，旨在打造一種由不同作戰功能單元構成的、以先進電腦技術與網路技術為基礎的、高度分散、具有高度適應性的「殺傷網」。美國防部大力支持「聯合全域作戰」概念。 2020年3月，美空軍率先將「聯合全域作戰」寫入條令，探討空軍如何在「聯合全域作戰」中發揮作用。

俄軍提出「指控瓦解」概念。 「瓦解」是當前俄羅斯最重要的作戰概念之一，俄軍電子戰部隊把使敵人的訊息、指控、電子戰和機器人系統失效作為目標，認為這一目標將「決定所有軍事行動的命運」。擾亂敵方部隊和武器系統的指揮和控制，降低敵方偵察和使用武器的效率，是進行電子戰的首要任務。目前，俄軍正在考慮組建12種類型的電子戰部隊。俄軍也提出「非核武遏制體系」概念，核心是使用非核武進攻性戰略武器來遏制對手。其所定義的非核武攻擊性戰略武器既包括所有裝備非核彈頭的彈道飛彈，也包括戰略轟炸機和遠程空基、海基巡航飛彈。此外，俄軍也提出「混合戰爭」概念，希望利用人工智慧系統謀求戰場資訊優勢。

英國防部提出「多域融合」概念，將發展具備智慧化能力的新型指控系統，以實現全面、持久、準確、快速的戰場感知與力量協同。

注重技術研發

塑造智慧化戰爭作戰模式

人工智慧發揮效用的關鍵是與其他多種技術的組合，這種組合也被描述為「人工智慧堆疊」。各種技術透過互動的方式產生組合效應，進而提升每項技術所產生的能力與效果。在人工智慧技術支援的智慧化戰爭中，「人機一體、雲腦控制」的協同作戰模式，「混搭編組、群體智慧」的集群作戰模式，「智慧主導、攻智為上」的認知作戰模式等，將不斷更新人們對戰爭的認知。

聚焦創新專案研發。美軍正在大力推廣人工智慧晶片在現有武器裝備系統中的應用，為武器加上“智慧大腦”，使之具備類人思考和自主互動能力。 2021年10月，美海軍推出被視為“當前最高優先事項”的“超越計劃”，旨在通過構建海上作戰軍事物聯網，整合有人無人聯合編隊，加速交付人工智能和機器學習工具，支撐全新的智慧化海軍架構，提升大規模火力殺傷、實現海軍智慧化分散式作戰。此外，美國防高級研究計畫局也進行了「自適應電子戰行為學習」「自適應雷達對抗」「極端射頻頻譜條件下的通訊」等認知電子戰項目，研發出認知雷達電子戰系統原型機。俄國防部智慧技術裝備科研試驗中心與俄聯邦科學院控制問題研究所合作，開發測試了包括無人機群指揮控制在內的自主智慧演算法，也與國家航空系統科研所共同開發基於神經網路原理的物體自動辨識軟體系統。

組成創新研發機構。新技術的不斷湧現是軍事智慧化蓬勃發展的不竭動力，高水準的軍事智慧化建設離不開專職機構的技術研發。一些國家和軍隊組成研發中心，注重從技術層面創新發展。美國國防部建立了聯合人工智慧中心，計劃將該中心打造成國家級重點實驗室，用於領導數百個與人工智慧相關的項目，確保對人工智慧相關數據資訊的高效利用，以保持美國在該領域的技術優勢。俄羅斯組成了人工智慧和大數據聯盟、國家人工智慧中心和隸屬國防部的機器人技術科研試驗中心，主要進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論和應用研究。法國成立了創新國防實驗室，英國設立了人工智慧實驗室，印度組成了人工智慧特別工作小組，進行相關技術探索。

加強裝備研發列裝。近年來，多國重視研發智慧武器裝備，無人飛行器、無人戰車、無人艦艇、無人潛航器等不斷湧現。目前，美空軍已開始在F-35戰機上實踐「人機協同，人在迴路」的作戰理念。美XQ-58A「女武神」隱身無人機先前主要與F-35和F-22戰機進行人機協同作戰，2021年4月該隱身無人機成功投放ALTIUS-600小型無人機系統，進一步提升了其有人無人協同作戰能力。俄羅斯正聚焦偵察監視、指揮決策、火力打擊、作戰支援等多個領域，展開智慧裝備研發和列裝工作，計畫到2025年將無人作戰系統在武器裝備中的比例提高到30%以上。以“天王星”系列和“平台-M”“阿爾戈”等型號為代表的俄地面無人作戰武器發展迅速。其中，Nerekhta無人戰車可搭載遙控機槍和火箭發射器，除擁有一般裝甲車的戰鬥力外，還兼具運輸和偵察功能。此外，日本自衛隊計劃在2035年正式部署具有較強作戰能力的無人空中編隊。

（作者單位：國防科技大學）

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-03/17/content_311555.htm

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How the Chinese Military Identify Key Targets for Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊如何辨識認知域作戰的關鍵目標

現代英語：

Cognitive domain combat targets refer to the specific role of cognitive domain combat. In cognitive domain combat, compared with combat targets, combat targets solve the problem of precise aiming, that is, to let commanders understand and grasp the precise coordinates of what to hit, where to hit, and to what extent. Only by deeply understanding the connotation and characteristics of cognitive domain combat targets can we accurately find key targets through appearances and thus seize the initiative in future combat.

Cognitive focus that influences behavioral choices

The cognitive focus is the “convergence point” of the cognitive subject’s multi-dimensional thinking cognition in war activities. As a dynamic factor, it affects the cognitive process and behavioral results. Generally speaking, the cognitive factors that affect individual behavioral choices in war activities mainly include political attribute cognition, interest-related cognition, group belonging cognition, risk loss cognition, emotional orientation cognition, war morality cognition, etc. For war activities and groups or individuals who pay attention to war activities, the cognitive focus that affects their attitudes, tendencies and behaviors is not the same. Judging from the local wars and regional conflicts in the world in recent years, there are obvious differences in the cognitive focus of different groups or individuals. Politicians pay more attention to political attribute cognition and interest-related cognition, those who may intervene in the war pay more attention to risk loss cognition and interest-related cognition, ordinary people pay more attention to interest-related cognition and emotional orientation cognition, and people in other countries outside the region generally pay more attention to war morality cognition and group belonging cognition because their own interests will not be directly lost. In combat practice, foreign militaries are good at targeting the cognitive focus of different objects, accurately planning topics, and pushing related information to induce specific behavioral choices. For example, before the Gulf War, the Hill Norton public relations company fabricated the non-existent “incubator incident” by using Naira, the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, as a “witness” to show the “inhumanity” of the Iraqi army, induce the American people’s ethical and moral cognition, and then support the US government to send troops to participate in the Gulf War.

Style preferences that constrain command decisions

Cognitive style directly affects decision-making behavior preferences. Cognitive style refers to the typical way of individual cognition, memory, thinking, and problem solving. According to the preference of command decision-making style, commanders can be divided into calm cognitive style and impulsive cognitive style. Commanders with calm cognitive style pay attention to accuracy but not speed in the decision-making process. The quality of the decisions they make is high, but they are prone to fall into the comparison and analysis of various intelligence information sources and overemphasize the accuracy and objectivity of information analysis. Commanders with calm cognitive style are often easily disturbed by the diverse and diverse information stimulation in battlefield cognitive offensive and defensive operations, and their mental energy is easily disturbed and dissipated, which may lead to missed opportunities. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style pay attention to speed but not accuracy. The decision-making reaction speed is fast, but the quality is not high. They are easily emotional and prone to conflict with team members. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style are also prone to over-interpret the ambiguous external security environment, and constantly look for “evidence” to strengthen and verify individual erroneous thinking, narrowing individual attention and leading to command decision-making deviations. In combat practice, foreign armies pay more attention to analyzing the decision-making style of commanders of combat opponents, and then select specific information to influence them psychologically. For example, during the U.S. invasion of Panama, when besieging the hiding place of Panamanian President Noriega, the U.S. military repeatedly played rock and heavy metal music, and used language that stimulated and humiliated Noriega to carry out cognitive and psychological attacks on him, causing Noriega to gradually collapse physically and mentally.

Backdoor channel to control thinking and cognition

Once a computer is infected with a “Trojan” virus, it will send a connection request to the hacker control terminal at a specific time. Once the connection is successful, a backdoor channel will be formed, allowing the hacker to control the computer at will. Similarly, the human brain also has a cognitive “backdoor” and may be controlled by others. Cognitive psychologists have found that by sending information to the target object’s audio-visual perception channel, carefully pushing information content that the target object recognizes and accepts, catering to the target object’s existing experience memory, conforming to the target object’s thinking habits, and stimulating the target object’s emotional pain points, it is possible to control and interfere with the target object’s cognition and promote its instinctive emotional and behavioral reactions. With the support of cutting-edge cognitive science and technology, using the two modes of automatic start and control processing of brain information processing, the target object can easily fall into a “cognitive cocoon”. In cognitive domain operations, by immersing individuals in massive amounts of artificially constructed information, and continuously providing them with “evidence” to prove that their judgments and cognitions are “correct”. Over time, the individual’s cognitive vision becomes smaller and smaller, and the ability to perceive the external environment gradually decreases. Eventually, they will not be able to see the truth of the matter and will be immersed in the “cognitive cocoon” and unable to extricate themselves. When foreign militaries conduct operations in the cognitive domain, they often target their opponents’ cognitive biases on a certain issue and continuously push situational information and intelligence information through various channels to support their opponents’ so-called “correct cognition,” causing errors and deviations in their opponents’ command decisions.

Sensory stimuli that induce attention

Effective perceptual stimulation is the first prerequisite for attracting the attention of the target object. The human brain will perceive and react to stimuli within the perceptual range. Cognitive psychology experimental research has found that information such as dynamic, dangerous, relevant, survival safety, and contrast between before and after is more likely to attract the attention of the human brain. In the era of intelligence, the psychological cognitive process of the target object often follows the law of “attracting attention, cultivating interest, actively searching, strengthening memory, actively sharing, and influencing others”. In combat, foreign troops often use exclusive revelations, intelligence leaks, authoritative disclosures, on-site connections, and other methods, and cleverly use exaggeration, contrast, association, metaphor, suspense, and contrast to push information that subverts common sense, cognitive conflicts, and strong contrasts to attract the attention of the target object. For example, the “Lin Qi rescue incident” created by the US military in the Iraq War and the “Gaddafi Golden Toilet” in the Libyan War mostly choose stories familiar to the audience as the blueprint, hiding the purpose and embedding the viewpoint in the story plot, which attracted the attention of the general public. In addition, the human brain will also process stimuli outside the perceptual range. In recent years, the military of Western countries has attached great importance to the research of subthreshold information stimulation technology, and has developed subthreshold visual information implantation technology, subthreshold auditory information implantation technology, subthreshold information activation technology, subconscious sound manipulation technology of the nervous system, etc., continuously expanding the application scope of neurocognitive science and technology in the military field.

Meta-value concepts that give rise to cognitive resonance

In cognitive theory, cognitive resonance refers to information that can cross the cognitive gap between the two parties and trigger the ideological and psychological resonance and cognitive empathy of both parties, thereby achieving the deconstruction and reconstruction of the other party’s cognitive system. In cognitive domain warfare, this cognitive energy-gathering effect is not a simple concentration of power, but an internal accumulation of system synergy. Under the diffusion and dissemination of modern information media, this cognitive resonance effect can spread rapidly to all parts of the world in a short period of time, and produce secondary indirect psychological effects or more levels of derivative psychological effects, presenting a state of cumulative iteration. Once it exceeds the psychological critical point, it will present a state of psychological energy explosion, thereby changing the direction or outcome of the event. The targets that can induce this cognitive resonance are mainly value beliefs, moral ethics, common interests, etc. In war, if one party touches or violates human meta-values, common emotional orientation, etc., it is very easy to induce collective condemnation, bear the accusation of violating human morality, and fall into a moral trough. For example, a photo during the Vietnam War shows a group of Vietnamese children, especially a 9-year-old girl, running naked on the road because of burns after being attacked by US napalm bombs. In 1972, this photo caused a huge sensation after it was published, setting off an anti-war wave in the United States and even the world, and accelerating the end of the Vietnam War.

Cognitive gaps in a split cognitive system

In daily life, seemingly hard steel is very easy to break due to the brittleness of the material due to factors such as low temperature environment, material defects, and stress concentration. The same is true for the cognitive system. Cognitive gaps refer to the cracks, pain points, weaknesses, and sensitive points in the cognitive thinking of the target object, which are mainly manifested as the individual’s worry that he is unable to cope with or adapt to the environment, and under the influence of anxiety, cognitive vulnerability is formed. The experience of security threats, the looseness of group structure, the confusion of beliefs and ideals, and the loss of voice of authoritative media will all cause cognitive conflicts and tearing of the target object. In cognitive domain operations, sometimes seemingly powerful combat opponents hide a large number of thinking cracks and psychological weaknesses behind them. Often a news event can shake the cognitive framework of the combat opponent and puncture the cognitive bubble. In addition, this cognitive psychological conflict will also cause moral damage and psychological trauma to individuals. In recent years, the U.S. and Western countries’ troops carrying out overseas missions have faced “enemies disguised as civilians” that appear anytime and anywhere, and their uncertainty about the battlefield environment has continued to increase. They generally lack the perception of the significance of combat, and are filled with guilt and sin. A large number of soldiers developed post-traumatic stress disorder, the number of self-harm on the battlefield, post-war suicides and crimes increased sharply, and the number of suicides among veterans of the war even exceeded the number of deaths on the battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Political Science Academy of National Defense University)

國語中文：

引言

認知域作戰標靶是指認知域作戰的具體作用指向。在認知域作戰中，相較於作戰對象，作戰標靶解決的問題是精確瞄準，也就是讓指揮官了解掌握具體打什麼、往哪裡打、打到什麼程度的精準座標問題。只有深刻理解認知域作戰標靶的內涵特點，才能透過表象準確找到關鍵標靶，以便在未來作戰中掌握先機。

影響行為選擇的認知重心

認知重心是戰爭活動中認知主體多元思維認知的“匯聚點”，作為一種能動因素影響認知進程和行為結果。一般而言，影響戰爭活動中個人行為選擇的認知因素，主要包含政治屬性認知、利益關聯認知、群體歸屬認知、風險損失認知、情緒定向認知、戰爭道德認知等。對於戰爭活動以及關注戰爭活動的群體或個體而言，影響其態度、傾向和行為的認知重心並不相同。從近年來的世界局部戰爭和地區衝突來看，不同群體或個體關注的認知重心有著明顯差異，政治人物更加關注政治屬性認知和利益關聯認知，戰爭可能介入者更關注風險損耗認知和利益關聯認知，一般民眾更關注利益關聯認知和情感定向認知，而域外他國民眾由於自身利益不會受到直接損失，普遍更關注戰爭道德認知和群體歸屬認知。外軍在作戰實踐中，善於針對不同對象的認知重心，精準策劃主題，推送關聯訊息，誘發特定的行為選擇。如同在海灣戰爭前，希爾·諾頓公關公司炮製了根本不存在的“育嬰箱事件”，就是利用科威特駐美大使的女兒娜伊拉“做證”，展現伊拉克軍隊的“慘無人道”，誘發美國民眾的倫理道德認知，進而支持美國政府派兵參加海灣戰爭。

制約指揮決策的風格偏好

認知風格直接影響決策行為偏好。認知風格是指個體認知、記憶、思考、解決問題的典型方式。根據指揮決策風格偏好，指揮家可以分為冷靜型認知風格和衝動型認知風格。冷靜型認知風格的指揮者在決策過程中重視準確但不重視速度，作出的決策品質較高，但容易陷入對各類情報資訊來源的比對分析，過度強調資訊分析的準確客觀。冷靜型認知風格的指揮在戰場認知攻防行動中，常常容易受到紛繁多元的信息刺激幹擾，心智精力容易被擾亂和耗散，進而可能貽誤戰機。衝動型認知風格的指揮者重視速度但不重視準確度，作出的決策反應速度較快，但品質不高，且容易情緒激動，易與團隊成員發生衝突。衝動型認知風格的指揮者也容易將模稜兩可的外在安全環境進行過度曲解，並不斷尋找「證據」強化和驗證個體錯誤思維，使個體注意力變窄，導致出現指揮決策偏差。外軍在作戰實務中，比較著重分析作戰對手指揮官決策風格，進而選擇特定資訊對其進行心理影響。如美軍入侵巴拿馬戰爭中，在圍攻巴拿馬總統諾列加躲藏處時，美軍反複播放搖滾和重金屬音樂，運用刺激和羞辱諾列加的語言對其進行認知打擊和心理進攻，使諾列加身心逐漸崩潰。

控制思維認知的後門通道

電腦一旦中了「木馬」病毒，會在特定時間向駭客控制端發送連線請求，一旦連線成功就會形成後門通道，使得駭客可以隨心所欲地控制電腦。與之相似，人類大腦也存在認知“後門”，也可能被他人控制。認知心理學家研究發現，透過給目標對象視聽感知通道發送訊息，精心推送目標對象認可的、接受的信息內容，迎合目標對像已有的經驗記憶，順應目標對象思維習慣，刺激目標對象的情感痛點，就可以控制干擾目標物認知，促進其產生本能情緒行為反應。在尖端認知科學技術的支撐下，運用大腦資訊加工的自動啟動和控制加工兩種模式，目標物很容易陷入「認知繭房」之中。認知域作戰中，透過讓個體沉浸在人為構設的海量資訊之中，並源源不斷地為其提供「證據」用來佐證其判斷和認知是「正確」的。長此以往，個體的認知視野就變得越來越小，對外在環境的感知能力逐漸降低，最終會看不到事情的真相，沉湎於「認知繭房」中無法自拔。外軍在認知域作戰中，常常針對作戰對手對某一問題的認知偏差，持續透過多種管道推送佐證作戰對手自以為「正確認知」的態勢訊息和情報訊息，使作戰對手指揮決策出現失誤和偏差。

誘發關注的感知覺刺激

有效的知覺刺激是引發目標對象關注的首要前提。人類大腦對感知覺範圍內的刺激會有所察覺，並做出各種反應。認知心理學實驗研究發現，動態、危險、利害關係人、生存安全、前後反差等類別資訊更容易引起人類大腦的注意。在智慧化時代，目標對象的心理認知過程往往遵循「引起注意、培養興趣、主動搜尋、強化記憶、主動分享、影響他人」的規律。外軍在作戰中，常運用獨家爆料、情報外洩、權威揭露、現場連線等方式，巧用誇張、對比、聯想、比喻、懸念、襯託等手法，推播顛覆常識、認知衝突、對比強烈等訊息，來引發目標對象注意。例如伊拉克戰爭中美軍塑造的“營救女兵林奇事件”，利比亞戰爭中的“卡扎菲黃金馬桶”，大多選擇受眾對象熟知的故事為藍本，藏目的、寓觀點於故事情節，吸引了廣大民眾的注意力。此外，人類大腦也會對感知覺範圍外的刺激進行加工。近年來，西方國家軍隊非常重視知覺閾下資訊刺激技術的研究，開發發展了閾下視覺訊息植入技術、閾下聽覺訊息植入技術、閾下訊息啟動技術、神經系統潛意識聲音操控技術等，不斷擴大神經認知科學技術在軍事領域的應用範圍。

催生認知共振的後設價值概念

認知理論中，認知共振是指跨越雙方認知鴻溝，能夠引發雙方思想心理與認知共鳴共感的訊息，進而實現對對方認知體系的解構與重建。在認知域作戰中，這種認知聚能效應不是簡單意義上的力量集中，而是體系合力的內在累積。在現代資訊傳媒的擴散傳播作用下，這種認知共振效應能在短時間內迅速擴散到全球各地，並產生二次間接心理效應或更多層次的衍生心理效應，呈現出一種累積迭代的狀態，一旦超過心理臨界點，即呈現出心理能量爆發狀態，從而改變事件走向或結果。能夠誘發這種認知共振的靶標，主要有價值信念、道德倫理、共通利益等。戰爭中，若某一方觸及或違反人類元價值觀、共同情感指向等，則極易誘發集體聲討，承擔違背人類道德的指責，陷於道義低谷。如越戰期間的一張照片，畫面呈現的是遭遇美軍凝固汽油彈襲擊後，一群越南孩子特別是一名9歲女孩在公路上因為燒傷而裸體奔跑。 1972年，這張照片刊登後引發巨大轟動，掀起美國乃至全球的反戰浪潮，加速了越戰的結束。

分裂認知體系的認知縫隙

日常生活中，看似堅硬的鋼鐵，受低溫環境、材質缺陷、應力集中等因素影響，非常容易因材料脆性而斷裂，認知體係也是如此。認知縫隙是指目標對象認知思考中的裂縫、痛點、弱點與敏感點，主要表現為個體擔心自己沒有能力應對或無法適應環境的想法，並在焦慮情緒的作用下，構成認知脆弱性。安全威脅的經驗、團體結構的鬆散、信念理想的迷惘、權威媒介的失聲等，都會使得目標物出現認知上的衝突與撕裂。認知域作戰中，有時看似強大的作戰對手，背後卻潛藏著大量的思維裂隙與心理弱點，往往一個新聞事件就能動搖作戰對手的認知框架，刺破認知泡沫。此外，這種認知心理衝突也會使個體產生道德損傷和心理創傷。近年來，執行海外任務的美西方國家軍隊面對隨時隨地出現的“偽裝成平民的敵人”，對戰場環境的不確定感不斷提升，普遍缺乏作戰意義感知，進而內心充滿內疚與罪惡。大量士兵產生戰爭創傷後壓力障礙，戰場自殘自傷、戰後自殺與犯罪人數激增，參戰老兵自殺人數甚至超過戰場死亡人數。

（作者單位：國防大學政治學院）唐國東

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2023年3月23日 星期四

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/23/content_336888.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Command information Systems, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, Strategic Support Forces, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 國家網絡空間安全戰略, 國防和軍隊現代化建設

Chinese Military Analysis of Developing Intelligent Command Information Systems

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中國軍隊發展智慧指揮資訊系統的分析

現代英語：

The prelude to the era of intelligent warfare has begun. Command information systems with intelligent characteristics will become the “central nerve” of future intelligent combat command and control, and are the supporting means of intelligent combat command and control. Accelerating the construction of intelligent command information systems is an inherent requirement for the development of military intelligence. Only by clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information systems, grasping the key points of intelligent command information system research and development, and exploring the key points of intelligent command information system development can we better promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems and win the initiative in future intelligent combat.

Clarify the key points of developing intelligent command information system

Intelligent command information system is the inevitable choice for the development of war form towards information-based intelligent warfare, the inevitable result of the development of scientific and technological revolution, and the era’s call for the development of military intelligence. Clarifying the development essentials of intelligent command information system will help to guide the construction direction of intelligent command information system and establish the long-term goal of system development.

Promote the intelligent evolution of war. In the future intelligent warfare, the battlefield situation is changing rapidly and the battlefield environment is complex and severe. In order to take the initiative on the battlefield, “control of intelligence” has become a new commanding height, and the intelligent command information system is undoubtedly an important means of supporting future combat command and action. Its intelligent development can promote the evolution of war to intelligence, and is an important support for intelligent warfare to gain the initiative and seek victory.

Support intelligent innovation of combat concepts. Future intelligent combat requires a combat command concept that is compatible with it, and the intelligent command information system is an important support for the implementation of the combat command concept, and is the soil for the innovation and development of the intelligent combat command concept. New intelligent combat command concepts such as human-machine hybrid command formation, data-driven command activities, open development command mode, and intelligent force-focused command process are inseparable from the support of the intelligent command information system. The intelligent command information system will serve as the extension of the human brain, breaking through the physiological limits of the human body and realizing the organic integration of combat command art and intelligent technology.

Promote the intelligent transformation of combat methods. The widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has brought about major changes in the combat victory mechanism. Intelligence has surpassed firepower and information power and has become the primary factor in determining the outcome of a war. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems will promote the transformation of combat methods to intelligence, making the combat methods change from “combat networks + precision-guided weapons” in the information age to “intelligent Internet of Things + manned/unmanned combat platforms” in the intelligent age, and the basic combat style will evolve from “network-centric warfare” to “cognitive-centric warfare” accordingly.

Grasp the key points of intelligent command information system research and development

The command information system is a product of the information warfare era. With the rapid development of military intelligence and the research and practical application of intelligent combat winning mechanisms, the intelligent upgrade of the command information system is imminent. We should highlight the key points of functional research and development and create a new intelligent command information system.

“Super-brainization” assists decision-making. In the future intelligent warfare, the amount of battlefield information data is huge and complex and changeable. Commanders are easily trapped in the “sea of ​​information” during the command process, resulting in information confusion and affecting command decisions. With the emergence of intelligent decision-making technology and “cloud brain” and “digital staff”, a new decision-making model based on the collaboration of “human brain + artificial intelligence” is quietly taking shape. The intelligent command information system will break through the limits of human intelligence, as an extension of the human brain, assist the commander’s work, and develop war decisions from simple human brain decisions to “human brain + artificial intelligence” super-brainized command decisions.

“Full-dimensional” situational awareness. In future intelligent combat, the space will be multi-dimensional, the forces will be diversified, the styles will be diverse, and the pace will be accelerated. Comprehensive and flexible grasp of battlefield situations will become the basis for commanders to make decisions, and multi-domain integration and intelligent dynamic presentation of full-dimensional battlefield situations will become an inevitable requirement for the construction and development of command information systems. The command information system’s perception, understanding, integration and prediction of battlefield situations such as target identification, threat level estimation, combat action prediction and future war situation prediction are expanding from land, sea, air, space, electromagnetic, network and other spaces to cognitive and social domains, realizing “full-dimensional” situational awareness.

“Intelligent” network communication. In the future, intelligent warfare will use a large number of intelligent command and control platforms and intelligent weapon platforms, and the intelligent information and communication system must be connected to the command and control platform and the weapon platform. Like the nerves and blood vessels of the human body, the intelligent information and communication system plays a linking and lubricating role in intelligent warfare. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an intelligent information network with full-dimensional coverage and uninterrupted connection to support the connection and control of intelligent equipment, form intelligent optimization of network structure, intelligent reorganization of network anti-destruction, and intelligent anti-interference capabilities, so as to ensure intelligent collaborative operations between platforms and exert the best overall combat effectiveness.

“Unmanned” autonomous collaboration. In recent local conflicts around the world, drones have been used in large numbers and have played an important role in determining the direction of war, which has attracted widespread attention from all parties. Unmanned weapons and equipment are the material basis of intelligent warfare, and have formed disruptive combat styles based on this, such as invasive lone wolf warfare, manned/unmanned collaborative system sabotage warfare, unmanned system formation independent warfare, and drone swarm cluster warfare. Although unmanned warfare is led by humans, it gives machines a certain degree of autonomous action authority in the background, thereby realizing unmanned combat operations on the front line. However, the unmanned battlefield is changing rapidly, and the destruction of human-machine collaboration will become the norm. The command and control system of the unmanned intelligent equipment platform must be more intelligent and be able to conduct autonomous and coordinated combat according to the purpose of the operation.

“Active” information defense. Intelligent warfare will inevitably face all-dimensional and diverse information attacks from powerful enemies. The level of information security protection capabilities directly affects the outcome of the “intellectual power” struggle on the battlefield and is a key link in the construction of intelligent command information systems. Therefore, we should take the initiative to actively formulate and improve network protection strategies, enrich intrusion detection capabilities and authentication and identification methods, strengthen the application of high-tech information security technologies, strengthen the anti-interference and anti-intervention capabilities of various wireless transmission methods, and strengthen intelligent traceability and countermeasure capabilities to effectively curb information attacks.

Exploring the key to the development of intelligent command information system

The development of intelligent command information system is not only a technological innovation, but also requires further emancipation of mind and updating of concepts. To promote the development of intelligent command information system, we must change the traditional idea of ​​adding hardware, building a large “network”, collecting and storing various types of data, break through the inherent hierarchical settings, create an open and service-oriented system, aim at the needs of intelligent combat command and action, and explore and study the key points of the development of intelligent command information system.

Innovative concepts. Adhere to the guidance of innovative thinking concepts, learn from the development ideas of intelligent command information systems of military powers, combine actual needs, and explore a development path with its own characteristics. We must break the traditional “building chimneys” approach, adhere to the top-level design and overall planning of command information systems, unify interfaces, protocols and standards, and form an open and sustainable system architecture layout; adhere to the system development ideas that combine research, construction and use, formulate short-term, medium-term and long-term development strategies, and standardize the direction of system construction and development; adhere to iterative upgrades and optimization and improvement strategies, and continuously improve the intelligence level of various subsystems such as command control, intelligence reconnaissance, communications, information confrontation and comprehensive support, to ensure the continuous and healthy development of intelligent command information systems.

Focus on the key. Focusing on the construction of key capabilities of intelligent command information systems is an important support for intelligent warfare to gather intelligence and win with intelligence, and is the key to intelligent warfare to gain the “right to win”. Algorithms, computing power, and data are not only the internal driving force and support for the development of artificial intelligence, but also the core capability requirements and advantages of intelligent command information systems. The development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to algorithm innovation research to improve the system’s cognitive advantages, speed advantages, and decision-making advantages; accelerate the research and development of the next generation of computers represented by quantum computers to provide stronger computing power support for intelligent command information systems; deeply explore the deeper and wider dimensional information value in massive combat data resources, and seek to gain the upper hand.

Gather wisdom to tackle key problems. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems is one of the main projects of military intelligence. It is a multi-domain, multi-disciplinary, multi-departmental and multi-unit integrated and coordinated project. The construction and development of intelligent command information systems must adhere to the spirit of collective wisdom, collective wisdom, pioneering and innovation, aiming at strategic forward-looking fields such as sensors, quantum information, network communications, integrated circuits, key software, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, and insist on high-tech promotion and intelligent combat demand. Carry out in-depth research and exchanges in multiple fields, levels, and forms, continuously break through innovation, iterative upgrades, and make the intelligent command information system more complete and smarter.

Collaborative development. To further promote the construction and development of intelligent command information systems, we must fully absorb local advanced technological achievements and integrate into the era of innovation and development of artificial intelligence in the world. At present, the world’s artificial intelligence technology is booming, accumulating strong development momentum and technological advantages. Artificial intelligence technology has strong versatility in application and broad prospects for the transformation and application of technological achievements. It is an important way to achieve the construction and development of intelligent command information systems. We must study and formulate general technical standards, demolish barriers, break the ice, facilitate military-civilian cooperation, and realize the sharing and linkage of technological achievements. We must cultivate and shape new military talents through collaboration, so that they can constantly adapt to the needs of various positions under intelligent conditions and give full play to the effectiveness of intelligent command information systems.

國語中文：

智慧化戰爭時代序幕已經拉開，具有智慧化特徵的指揮資訊系統將成為未來智慧化作戰指揮的“中樞神經”，是智慧化作戰指揮控制的支撐手段。加速智慧化指揮資訊系統建設是軍事智慧化發展的內在要求，只有明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發要點，探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津，才能更好地推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展進程，贏得未來智慧化作戰制勝先機。

明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義

智慧化指揮資訊系統是戰爭形態朝向資訊化智能化戰爭發展的必然選擇，是科技革命發展的必然結果，也是軍事智能化發展的時代訴求。明晰智能化指揮資訊系統發展要義，有助於把脈智能化指揮資訊系統建設方向，確立系統發展長遠目標。

助推戰爭形態智能化演進。未來智能化作戰，戰場形勢瞬息萬變、戰場環境復雜嚴酷，要想在戰場上取得主動，「制智權」成為新的製高點，而智能化指揮資訊系統無疑是未來作戰指揮和行動的重要支撐手段，其智慧化發展可助推戰爭形態朝向智能化演變，是智能化作戰贏得先機、謀求勝利的重要依托。

支撐作戰理念智能化創新。未來智慧化作戰，需要與之相適應的作戰指揮理念，而智慧化指揮資訊系統是作戰指揮理念實踐運用的重要依托，是智慧化作戰指揮理念創新、發展的土壤。如人機混合指揮編組、數據驅動指揮活動、開放發展指揮模式、智能聚力指揮過程等智能化作戰指揮新理念，都離不開智能化指揮信息系統的支撐，智能化指揮信息系統將作為人腦的外延，突破人體生理極限，實現作戰指揮藝術與智慧技術的有機融合。

促進作戰方式智能化轉變。人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用，使得作戰制勝機理發生重大變化，智慧超越火力、資訊力，成為決定戰爭勝負的首要因素。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展將促進作戰方式向智慧化轉變，使得作戰方法從資訊時代的「作戰網絡＋精確制導武器」向智慧時代的「智慧物聯網＋有人/無人作戰平台」轉變、基本作戰樣式相應地從「網絡中心戰」向「認知中心戰」演進。

抓住智慧化指揮資訊系統研發點

指揮資訊系統是資訊化戰爭時代的產物，隨著軍事智慧化的快速發展、智慧化作戰制勝機理的研究和實踐運用，指揮資訊系統智慧化升級建設迫在眉睫。應突顯功能研發點，打造全新智慧化指揮資訊系統。

“超腦化”輔助決策。未來智能化作戰，戰場資訊數據量龐大且複雜多變，指揮員在指揮過程中易陷入「資訊海洋」而導致資訊迷茫，影響指揮決策。隨著智慧輔助決策技術和「雲端大腦」「數字參謀」的出現，以「人腦+人工智慧」協作為基本方式的新決策模式正悄悄形成。智慧化指揮資訊系統將突破人類智力極限，作為人腦的外延，輔助指揮員工作，使戰爭決策由單純的人腦決策發展為「人腦+人工智慧」的超腦化指揮決策。

「全維化」態勢感知。未來智能化作戰，空間多維、力量多元、樣式多樣、節奏加快趨勢突出，全面靈動地掌握戰場態勢成為指揮員決策的基礎，多域一體、智能動態地呈現全維戰場態勢成為指揮資訊系統建設發展必然要求。指揮資訊系統對諸如目標識別、威脅等級估計、作戰行動預判和未來戰況走向預估等戰場態勢的感知、理解、融合和預測，正在從陸、海、空、天、電磁、網絡等空間擴展至認知域、社會域，實現「全維化」態勢感知。

「智聯化」網絡通聯。未來智慧化作戰將使用大量智慧指揮控制平台和智慧化武器平台，而連接指揮控制平台和武器平台的必然是智慧化的資訊通訊系統。如同人體的神經和血管，智慧化的資訊通訊系統在智慧化作戰中扮演連結和潤滑作用。因此，要建立全維度覆蓋、不間斷的智慧化資訊網絡，支撐智慧化裝備的連結和控制，形成網絡結構智能優化、網絡抗毀智能重組以及智能抗干擾能力，以確保平台間智能化的協同作戰，發揮最佳的整體作戰效能。

「無人化」自主協同。近期世界局部沖突中，無人機大量運用並起到決定戰爭走向的重要作用，引起了各方的廣泛關注。無人化武器裝備是智慧化作戰的物質基礎，並依此形成了顛覆式作戰樣式，如侵入式獨狼作戰、有人/無人協同體系破擊作戰、無人系統編隊獨立作戰、無人機蜂群集群作戰等。無人作戰雖是由人主導，並在後台賦予機器一定程度的自主行動權限，從而實現機器在一線無人作戰行動。然而無人作戰戰場瞬息萬變，人機協同被破壞將成為常態，無人智慧化裝備平台指控系統必須更加智慧，要能根據作戰目的進行自主協同作戰。

“主動化”訊息防禦。智慧化作戰必將面臨強敵全維多樣的資訊攻擊，資安防護能力的高低，直接影響戰場「制智權」鬥爭的勝負，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設的關鍵環節。因此，應主動作為，積極制定及完善網絡防護策略，豐富入侵檢測能力及認證識別手段，加強資訊安全高新技術運用，強化各類無線傳輸方式的抗干擾、抗介入能力，建強智能化溯源反制能力，有效遏止資訊攻擊。

探索智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津

智慧化指揮資訊系統發展不單單是技術的革新，更需要進一步解放思想、更新理念。推動智慧化指揮資訊系統發展，要改變傳統添硬體、建大「網」、收集儲存各類數據的思路，突破固有層級設定，打造開放式、服務型系統，瞄準智慧化作戰指揮與行動需要，探索研究智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要津。

創新理念。堅持以創新的思維理念為指引，借用軍事強國智慧化指揮資訊系統發展思路，結合實際需求，探索具有自身特色的發展道路。要打破傳統「樹煙囪」做法，堅持指揮資訊系統頂層設計和整體規劃，統一介面、協議和標準，形成開放式、可持續發展的系統架構佈局；堅持研建用相結合的系統研發思路，制定近期、中期、長期不同階段發展策略，規範系統建設發展方向；堅持迭代升級、優化完善策略，不斷提升指揮控制、情報偵察、通信、資訊對抗和綜合保障等各分系統智能化水平，確保智能化指揮資訊系統持續健康發展。

聚力關鍵。聚力智能化指揮資訊系統關鍵能力建設，是智慧化作戰以智聚優、以智制勝的重要依托，是智慧化作戰取得「制勝權」的關鍵。演算法、算力、數據既是人工智慧發展的內在動力和支撐，也是智慧化指揮資訊系統的核心能力要求和優勢。智慧化指揮資訊系統發展要堅持演算法創新研究，提高系統認知優勢、速度優勢和決策優勢；加快量子計算機等為代表的下一代計算機研發，為智能化指揮信息系統提供更強的算力支持；深度挖掘海量作戰資料資源中更深層次、更廣維度資訊價值，謀求制勝先機。

集智攻關。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展是軍事智慧化的主要工程之一，是一個多領域、多學科交叉，多部門、多單位參與的大融合大聯動的攻堅工程。智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展要堅持群策群力、集智攻關、開拓創新的精神，瞄準傳感器、量子信息、網絡通信、集成電路、關鍵軟件、大數據、人工智能、區塊鍊等戰略性前瞻領域，堅持高新技術推動、智慧化作戰需求拉動，開展多領域、多層次、多形式深度研究交流，不斷突破創新、迭代升級，使智慧化指揮資訊系統功能更加完善、更加智慧。

協作發展。深入推動智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展，必須充分吸收地方先進技術成果，融入世界人工智慧創新發展的時代洪流。當前，世界人工智慧技術蓬勃發展，積蓄了強大發展動能和技術優勢，人工智慧技術應用通用性強，技術成果轉化應用前景廣闊，是智慧化指揮資訊系統建設發展的重要實現途徑。要研究制定通用技術標準，拆壁壘、破堅冰、暢通軍地合作，實現技術成果共享連結。要透過協作培養塑造新型軍事人才，使其不斷適應智慧化條件下各類崗位需求，充分發揮智慧化指揮資訊系統效能。

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4917788.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 解放軍展望未來戰爭發展, 認知域戰

China’s Emphasis on Accelerating the Advancement of Military Intelligence

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中國重視加速軍事情報進步

現代英語：

Today, the world’s science and technology is brewing new breakthroughs. With the man-machine war as a symbol, the development of artificial intelligence has made significant progress and is accelerating its development into the military field, which will inevitably have an impact on the war situation and even a subversive impact. Therefore, our military must accelerate the promotion of military intelligence construction and accelerate the forging of an intelligent army.

Create intelligent theory. Create the basic theory of intelligent warfare, and conduct in-depth research on the concept connotation, essential characteristics, war guidance, combat style, offensive and defensive actions, winning mechanism, characteristic laws, etc. of intelligent warfare; continuously innovate the tactics of intelligent warfare, such as intelligent cluster warfare, precise second-kill warfare, cognitive control warfare, intelligent ambush warfare, etc.; study and master the basic technical theories of intelligent warfare, including the perception and understanding of highly complex battlefield environments, human-machine hybrid intelligence in human-machine collaborative operations, etc. These theories are the cornerstone of the intelligent warfare theory system. In the future, the war theory with “algorithm-centric warfare” as the core is very likely to replace the war theory with “network-centric warfare” as the core.

Reshape the intelligent form. Military organization is the link between military technology and combat theory, and is the lever for exerting the overall combat effectiveness of the army. In the future intelligent warfare, along with the pace of new military reforms, the development trend of military organization will be built and developed in the direction of “globally distributed, networked matrix” leadership and management system, “algorithm-supported, human-machine integration” combat command system, “small and flexible, modular cluster” scale structure, and “military integration, military and civilian integration, traditional forces as the main body, intelligent forces as the backbone, unmanned and adaptive” force composition. The organizational structure of future intelligent warfare will be to form small, multi-functional, intelligent, new joint combat forces of different types and purposes according to different levels of strategy, campaign, and tactics and different military services.

Develop intelligent weapons. We should focus on the dual needs of intelligent warfare system operations and intelligent weapons and equipment system construction, do a good job in top-level design and overall coordination, compile a roadmap for the development of intelligent weapons and equipment systems, and develop intelligent unmanned combat equipment systems that match operations and support, covering land, sea, air, space, and network space domains, in a planned, focused, and step-by-step manner, and with high, medium, and low-end, large, medium, and small, long, medium, and short ranges, and enhance the system integration of various services and various intelligent weapons and equipment such as operations and support. At the same time, we should focus on the needs of unmanned and anti-unmanned, intelligent and anti-intelligent operations, and focus on the research and development of weapons and equipment systems for anti-enemy intelligent unmanned operations to ensure that we can effectively conduct intelligent unmanned offensive and defensive confrontations with the enemy.

Innovate intelligent training. At present, the concept and method of intelligent combat are constantly updated, and the training mode has changed from “mechanical + information” dominated to “intelligent +” dominated. Artificial intelligence technology can create a more “real” weapon operation experience and battlefield environment, can realistically simulate the combat process, assist decision-making and command, and evaluate combat concepts. Exploring new models of intelligent training and improving intelligent combat capabilities will become an important part of future military training and preparation. In particular, intelligent warfare and unmanned combat should be included in the training outline and carried out on a regular basis.

Cultivate intelligent talents. Talent is the first resource. The cultivation of artificial intelligence talents is the foundation for strengthening the country’s intelligent infrastructure. Intelligent warfare has the characteristics of complexity, advancement, and humanization. It has the characteristics of decentralized combat command, de-division of combat processes, de-stratification of talent structure, high-end skill operation, research-based working methods, and fuzzification of the front and rear. Correspondingly, it also requires intelligent military talents to have the characteristics of talent group, advanced skills, complex knowledge, innovative thinking, and intelligent decision-making. Therefore, to build an intelligent army and win intelligent warfare, it is first necessary to have a large number of specialized technical talents and command talents in the field of artificial intelligence.

Deepen intelligent integration. Breakthroughs in the core key technologies of artificial intelligence are the “national heavy weapon” to deal with the threats and challenges of intelligent warfare. In the tide of the intelligent era, we must focus on achieving integrated breakthroughs in the following disruptive technologies: around algorithm support, develop intelligent data mining technology for massive intelligence information and intelligent planning technology; around machine combat, develop intelligent chip technology and autonomous unmanned system technology; around intelligent decision-making, develop explainable high-reliability auxiliary decision-making technology, human-computer interaction and intelligent fusion technology; around extreme combat, develop intelligent cluster combat coordination technology and energy and information intelligent confrontation technology. Therefore, the research and development of core key technologies of military intelligence should not only carry out cross-disciplinary and cross-domain collaborative innovation, but also connect the development of social intelligence with that of military intelligence, draw on the mature technologies and successful experiences of social intelligence development, vigorously strengthen the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and promote the rapid embedding of various artificial intelligence technologies into combat elements and processes.

國語中文：

當今世界科技正醞釀著新的突破，以人機大戰為標志，人工智慧發展取得重大進展，並加速向軍事領域發展，這必將對戰爭形態產生沖擊甚至顛覆性影響。因此，我軍必須加速推進軍事智慧化建設，加速鍛造智慧化軍隊。

創建智能化理論。創造智慧化戰爭基礎理論，深入研究智能化戰爭的概念內涵、本質特徵、戰爭指導、作戰樣式、攻防行動、制勝機理、特點規律等內容；不斷創新智能化戰爭的戰法，如智能集群戰、精確秒殺戰、認知控制戰、智能伏擊戰等；研究掌握智能化戰爭的技術基礎理論，包括高復雜戰場環境的感知與理解、人機協同作戰的人機混合智能等。這些理論是智慧化戰爭理論體系的基石。未來以「演算法中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論，極有可能取代以「網絡中心戰」為核心的戰爭理論。

重塑智能化形態。軍隊組織是聯結軍事技術和作戰理論的紐帶，也是發揮軍隊整體作戰效能的槓桿。在未來智慧化戰爭中，伴隨著新軍事變革的步伐，軍隊組織的發展趨勢，將按照領導管理體制「全局分散式、網絡矩陣式」、作戰指揮體制「演算法支撐、人機融合」、規模結構「小型靈巧、模塊集群」、力量編成「軍種融合軍民一體、傳統部隊為主體、智慧部隊為骨幹的無人化、自適應」方向建設發展。未來智慧化戰爭的體制編制將依戰略、戰役、戰術不同層次和不同軍兵種，組建不同類型、不同用途的小型多能智能化新型聯合作戰部隊。

發展智能化武器。應著眼於智慧化戰爭體係作戰和智慧化武器裝備體系建設的雙重需要，搞好頂層設計和整體統籌，編制智能化武器裝備體系發展路線圖，按計劃、有重點、分步驟地研製高中低端、大中小型、遠中近程，覆蓋陸、海、空、天和網絡等空間領域，作戰與保障相配套的智能化無人作戰裝備體系，增強各軍兵種和作戰、保障等各種智能化武器裝備的體系融合度。與此同時，應著眼無人和反無人、智能與反智能作戰需要，注重研發反敵智能化無人作戰的武器裝備系統，確保能夠有效地與敵進行智能化無人攻防對抗。

創新智能化訓練。當前，智慧化作戰理念、作戰方式不斷更新，訓練模式由「機械+資訊」主導型向「智慧+」主導型轉變。人工智慧技術能夠創造出更「真實」的武器操作體驗和戰場環境，能夠逼真地演繹作戰進程、輔助決策指揮、評估作戰構想。探索智慧化訓練新模式，提升智慧化作戰能力，將成為未來練兵備戰的重要內容。特別是將智慧化戰爭和無人化作戰納入訓練大綱，常態化展開進行。

培養智能化人才。人才是第一資源。人工智慧人才的培養是加強國家智慧化基礎建設的根本。智慧化戰爭具有複雜性、超前性、類人化等特徵，存在作戰指揮去中心化、作戰過程去分工化、人才結構去分層化、技能操作高端化、工作方式研究化、前沿與後方模糊化等特點，相應也要求智慧化軍事人才具有人才群體性、技能精尖性、知識復合性、思維創新性、決策智能性等特點。因此，建設智慧化軍隊，打贏智慧化戰爭，首要是擁有一大批人工智慧領域的專門技術人才和指揮人才。

深化智能化融合。人工智慧核心關鍵技術的突破，是應對智慧化戰爭威脅和挑戰的「國之重器」。在智慧時代的浪潮中，要重點在以下顛覆性技術上取得融合突破：圍繞演算法支撐發展海量情報資訊智慧數據挖掘技術、智慧規劃技術；圍繞機器主戰發展智慧晶片技術、自主無人系統技術；圍繞智慧決策發展可解釋高可信賴輔助決策技術、人機互動與智慧融合技術；圍繞極限作戰發展智慧集群作戰協同技術、能量與資訊智慧對抗技術。因此，軍事智慧化核心關鍵技術的研發，不僅要開展跨學科、跨領域協作創新，還要使社會智能化與軍事智能化發展對接並軌，借鑒社會智能化發展的成熟技術和成功經驗，大力加強軍民融合深度發展，推動各類人工智慧技術快速嵌入作戰要素、作戰流程。

來源：解放軍報 作者：李明海 責任編輯：喬楠楠 2019-10-08 10:39:28

中國軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4852388.html

Asymmetric Warfare, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的情報戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China’s Military Metaverse: A New Frontier for Future Cognitive Warfare

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中國軍事元宇宙：未來認知戰爭的新領域

現代英語：

　●The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but also reacts to the real world.

　　●Parallel with the real world, reaction to the real world, and integration of multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse.

　　●The metaverse provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behaviors, states and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society.

　　● Strengthening the follow-up research on the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare and highlighting the exploration of the mechanism of the role of the metaverse in cognitive warfare will help enrich and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

　　The essence of the metaverse is a highly developed virtual world that exists in parallel with the real world but reacts to the real world. When virtual technologies such as digital, Internet, augmented reality and modern communications, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies develop to a certain stage, the metaverse will emerge. Being parallel to the real world, reacting to the real world, and integrating multiple high technologies are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural law of human understanding and transformation of the world. It directly acts on human thinking and cognition but is not bound by the essential attributes of thinking and cognition, which determines that it carries the operating laws of the real world, provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex systems in reality, and a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. At the same time, it is itself a complex cognitive body, so it has immeasurable cognitive warfare application value.

　　The basic mechanism of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

　　The difference between the metaverse and other technologies is that it builds a complete digital world. Its operation is not supported by a single or a few technologies, but by a complex high-tech complex. This complex is built by humans, is a product of cognition, and continues to develop and evolve with the development of human cognitive practice. Its cognitive application has a unique regular mechanism.

　　System enhancement mechanism. The digital world constructed by the metaverse is itself a highly developed cognitive world. In this special cognitive world, technology not only exists as an additional role such as support and guarantee, but also directly participates in the shaping of cognition itself as a basic element of cognition. In other words, the technology that constitutes the metaverse itself has a distinct cognitive background, which not only supports the operation of cognition but also realizes the self-construction, revolution and transcendence of cognition; it not only provides a series of necessary technical services, but also creates a holographic technical soil for human cognition to operate independently and fight independently. The effect of the metaverse on cognition is not one-dimensional, but full-dimensional; not single-line, but full-system; not independent, but immersive; not fragmentary, but continuous; not cyclical, but full-life process. How far the thinking cognition develops, how far the metaverse develops, and thus it can shape people’s thinking cognition more comprehensively, deeply and lastingly. Therefore, humans have used high technology to create a complex system combining man and machine called “Avatar”, and have also created a life form on “Pandora” that can think independently, recognize itself, and think and act on its own. This life form, which was created by humans and is independent of humans, has achieved self-improvement and development in the new universe.

　　The mechanism of mutual construction of technology and knowledge. Unlike the one-way effect of individual technologies such as artificial intelligence and information networks on thinking and cognition, the metaverse provides a space for mutual construction of technology and cognition, and the effect and counter-effect. In this space, we can simulate, demonstrate, simulate, and verify the process and results of this two-way mutual construction and promotion, so as to understand cognition more accurately and efficiently, improve cognitive warfare methods, and directly engage in real cognitive confrontation. The metaverse provides a parallel cognitive space that digitally twins real combat scenes, where cognitive warfare can be promoted efficiently, enhanced at a fast pace, and presented in a panoramic manner. It is reported that the US military uses virtual technology to verify the performance of new weapons and equipment, test the effectiveness of the use of new tactics, and conduct combat simulation training, relying on the deployment of troops, combat terrain, human characteristics, and other scenes similar to actual combat constructed in virtual spaces such as the metaverse. At the same time, more and more countries and armies are conducting direct cognitive attacks and defenses with their opponents through virtual spaces, confusing their minds, misleading their directions, and eroding their will.

　　Active reflection mechanism. As a virtual existence parallel to the real world, the metaverse is not a simple digital copy of the three-dimensional space, but has its own operating rules and can actively act on the real world. This active action is the focus of the cognitive application of the metaverse. The metaverse space game reflects the characteristics of cognitive warfare. The war results deduced in the metaverse through virtual simulation may directly affect the real world, extending to the conscious cognitive game through sensory touch, thereby winning the dominant position in cognitive warfare. In the cognitive perspective, the metaverse is both a new cognitive space and the main battlefield of cognition, as well as an extended domain of cognition and a new cognitive component. At present, the military of many countries uses sandbox operations, war games and even computer simulations to formulate and test strategies and tactics, revise the application of tactics, improve training methods, and improve weapons and equipment. This is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to reality. With the continuous development and integration of the metaverse technology group, cognitive confrontation will inevitably shift more and faster from the real world to a hybrid world combining virtuality and reality.

　　The basic characteristics of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

　　Existence determines consciousness, and technology drives creation. The metaverse has many characteristics, such as parallelism with the real world, initiative in the real world, and comprehensiveness that integrates multiple technologies. These prominent characteristics determine the different characteristics and laws of its effects on thinking and cognition.

　　Cross-domain construction. The formation, development and evolution of cognition are rarely determined by a single factor, but are often the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. The metaverse originates from the real world and is presented in the virtual space. It has the characteristics of multi-domain interconnection that runs through the real and virtual worlds. As the saying goes, “a lot of gossip can melt gold, and accumulated criticism can destroy bones.” This cross-domain characteristic that spans different fields and opens up related spaces can best influence and shape people’s thinking and cognition from different angles. The most typical case is that game developers are increasingly focusing on using virtual stories based on historical facts and real feelings to attract and infect people. The United States has used this cross-domain shaped surreal “real” experience to spread values. At present, the most representative “metaverse” themed science fiction work is “Ready Player One” directed by Spielberg. The play focuses on depicting the era background of the birth of the “metaverse” and the huge contrast between the real status and virtual status of the protagonist. Through the plot and special effects shots, it delicately portrays the real sense of human participation, thereby spreading the American ideology, especially the values, that wealth, status, love and friendship can be obtained through “bloodless” struggle in the virtual world.

　　Integrated influence. The important fulcrums of cognitive warfare are strategy and technology. With the development of science and technology and the progress of society, the proportion of technology in cognitive warfare is increasing and its role is becoming more and more prominent. It can be said that cognitive warfare without scientific and technological support is a cognitive warfare without power, and cognitive warfare with advanced technology is more likely to win. As a complex system integrating multiple cutting-edge technologies, the metaverse has a natural advantage in the use of cognitive warfare. Many people, including adults, are deeply trapped in the virtual world and indulge in online games. It is very important that the virtual space gives game operators a super-time and space experience and a sense of achievement. If martial arts novels are fairy tales for adults, then the metaverse, which can be “as one pleases”, creates a super fairy tale world, which has an immeasurable impact on people’s thinking, cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns.

　　Compromising influence. A big difference between the metaverse and other technical means is that it constructs a virtual world that originates from the real world but reacts to the real world. In this complex domain space, people’s thinking and cognition go back and forth between the real world and the virtual space, verify each other, repeatedly confirm, and constantly correct, thereby generating new thinking and cognition, and exerting a dynamic influence on both worlds. This two-way interactive compromising influence, on the one hand, is conducive to the formation and development of correct thinking and cognition, making the cognition of the real world more imaginative with the wings of the virtual world’s thoughts, and at the same time, it also makes the cognition of the virtual space find the material support of the real world and become more scientific. On the other hand, if it is not operated properly, it is likely to cause great safety hazards and ethical problems. In recent years, the U.S. military has relied on artificial intelligence and virtual technology to remotely control drones to attack opponents, which is a typical example of the virtual world reacting to the real world. This attack is far away from the tragic scene of face-to-face fighting, which greatly dilutes the drone operator’s awe of life and lowers the threshold for remotely controlling the opponent. At the same time, due to the imperfect reconnaissance and identification technology, incidents of accidental shooting, injury, and killing of civilians, friendly forces, and even their own troops often occur.

　　The basic style of cognitive warfare in the metaverse

　　Metaverse cognitive warfare is based on reality and leads future development. It involves both the virtual and real worlds, penetrates multiple fields, and covers a variety of technologies. There are many different combat styles, and there is great uncertainty, but there are rules to follow. Comprehensive analysis shows that there are three basic styles.

　　Platform confrontation. In terms of its relationship with human thinking and cognition, the metaverse itself is a complex cognitive actor, a derivative of human thinking and cognition, and an important component and platform of cognitive warfare. When hostile countries and armies regard the metaverse as an important position for cognitive warfare, cognitive offensive and defensive operations between different camps within the metaverse exist in reality. On this platform, all technologies, resources and forces of the metaverse are integrated and operated with thinking and cognition as the center. Metaverse operations are prominently manifested as cognitive offensive and defensive operations aimed at disrupting, delaying, blocking, destroying and eliminating the existence and operation of the opponent’s metaverse. In this field, whoever has higher-end strategic planning, more flexible tactical application, more advanced technical force and more solid material support will be able to gain the initiative in metaverse cognitive warfare.

　　System attack. The metaverse is a cognitive system composed of a series of cutting-edge technologies, and systemicity is its inherent attribute and vitality guarantee. Advanced technologies such as digital foundation, efficient communication, blockchain identity authentication, holographic AR imaging, artificial intelligence, and high-performance Internet constitute a unified body with tight structure, functional coupling, and complete system. The components are indispensable for the formation and development of thinking cognition and offensive and defensive confrontation. It is difficult to imagine that the metaverse still has the possibility of existence without the support of advanced technology groups such as high-level digitization, high-quality communication, and high-speed computing. Using superior forces to force or use asymmetric tactics to attack and block the key nodes and technological operation chains of the opponent’s metaverse system, hinder its operation, suppress its functions, and destroy its existence is an important style and efficient path of metaverse cognitive warfare.

　　Divert the flow. An important value and significance of the existence and development of the metaverse lies in serving and supporting the related activities of the real world. Under normal circumstances, the metaverse can demonstrate, display, review and predict the related activities of the real world in a digital form. Once the communication between the virtual and real worlds is disturbed or the self-operation of the metaverse is disordered, it is easy to cause the situation reflected to be untrue, the information analyzed to be distorted, the conclusions derived to be invalid, and the suggestions provided to be wrong, causing the related activities of the real world to deviate. It is based on this that we can concentrate our efforts on inducing attacks on the internal operation of the opponent’s metaverse or the communication technology devices of the two worlds, and use extremely confusing and deceptive information and scenes to divert the flow, confuse their cognition, interfere with their judgment, and mislead their decision-making. Therefore, we should strengthen the tracking research on the cognitive warfare of the role of the metaverse, highlight the exploration of the cognitive warfare mechanism of the role of the metaverse, and strengthen and promote the construction of cognitive warfare theory.

　　(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

國語中文：

●元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發展的虛擬世界。

●與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。

●元宇宙提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。

●加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機理探索，將有助於豐富及促進認知戰理論建構。

元宇宙本質是與現實世界平行存在但又反作用於現實世界的高度發達的虛擬世界。當數位、網路、擴增實境等虛擬技術和現代通訊、區塊鏈、人工智慧等技術發展到一定階段，元宇宙就橫空出世。與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運作符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，其直接作用於人的思維認知但又不拘泥於思維認知的本質屬性，決定其本身承載了現實世界的運作規律，提供了理解和發現現實複雜系統運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，同時它本身就是一個複雜的認知體，因而具有不可估量的認知戰應用價值。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本機理

元宇宙相對於其他技術的不同在於構築了一個完整的數位世界，支撐其運作的不是單一或幾個技術，而是一個複雜的高科技複合體。這個複合體是人構築的，是認知的產物並隨人類認知實踐的發展不斷發展演變，其認知運用具有獨特的規律機制。

體系增強機制。元宇宙構築的數位世界本身就是一個高度發展的認知世界，在這個特殊的認知世界裡，科技不僅以支撐和保障等附加角色存在，也直接作為認知的基本元素參與認知本身的塑造。也就是說構成元宇宙的技術本身俱有鮮明的認知底色，既支撐了認知的運作又實現了認知的自我建構、革命與超越；既提供了一系列必要的技術服務，又打造了一個人類認知自我運作、獨立作戰的全息技術土壤。元宇宙對認知的作用不是單向度的，而是全維度的；不是單線的，而是全系統的；不是獨立式的，而是沉浸型的；不是片段的，而是持續型的；不是周期階段型的，而是全壽命流程的。思維認知發展有多遠，元宇宙發展就有多遠，因而能夠更全面更深入、更持久地塑造人的思維認知。於是，人類既用高科技打造了「阿凡達」這個人機結合的複雜系統，同時也打造了一個在「潘朵拉星球」上能夠自主思維、自我認知、自行思想與行動的生命體，這個產生於人又獨立於人的生命體在新的宇宙空間中實現了自我完善與發展。

技知互構機理。與人工智慧、資訊網路等單一技術對思考認知的單向作用不同，元宇宙提供了一個技術與認知作用與反作用、影響與反影響的互構空間。在這個空間裡，我們能夠模擬、展示、模擬、驗證這種雙向互構共促的過程與結果，進而更加精準高效地認識認知、改進認知戰方式，同時也可以直接進行真刀真槍的認知對抗。元宇宙提供了一個將現實作戰場景數位孿生的平行認知空間，在這裡認知戰得以高效率推進、快節奏增強、全景式呈現。據悉，美軍將虛擬技術運用於新武器裝備性能驗證、新戰法運用效果檢驗及作戰模擬訓練等，依託的就是在元宇宙等虛擬空間中構建的兵力佈置、作戰地形、人文特徵等近似實戰的場景。同時，也有越來越多的國家和軍隊透過虛擬空間與對手進行直接的認知攻防，迷茫其心智，誤導其方向，銷蝕其意志。

能動反射機理。元宇宙作為與現實世界平行的虛擬存在，不是簡單地將三維空間數位化複製，而有著自身運行規則並能動作用於現實世界，這種能動作用即是元宇宙認知運用的著力點。元宇宙空間博弈體現認知戰特點，透過虛擬模擬在元宇宙中推演出的戰爭結果，可能直接作用於現實世界，透過感官觸覺延伸到意識認知的爭奪博弈，從而贏得認知戰主導權。在認知視域下，元宇宙既是認知的新空間也是認知的主戰場，既是認知的延伸域也是認知的新構件。目前，不少國家軍隊透過沙盤作業、兵棋推演甚至電腦模擬模擬來發展和檢驗戰略戰術、修訂戰法運用、完善訓練方法、改進武器裝備，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實的典型案例。隨著元宇宙技術群不斷發展融合，認知對抗必將更多、更快由現實世界向虛實結合的混合世界發展轉進。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本特徵

存在決定意識，技術驅動創造。元宇宙具有與現實世界的平行性、對現實世界的能動性、融多種技術於一體的綜合性等諸多特徵。這些突出特徵，決定其作用於思考認知的不同特徵規律。

跨領域構塑。認知的形成發展演變很少由單一因素決定，往往是多種因素綜合作用的結果。元宇宙源自現實世界、呈現於虛擬空間，具有貫穿現實與虛擬的多域連結特徵。所謂“眾口鑠金，積毀銷骨”，這種跨越不同領域、打通關聯空間的跨域特質，最能從不同角度影響和塑造人的思維認知。最典型的案例就是遊戲開發商越來越注重用建立在歷史事實和現實感受基礎上的虛擬故事吸引人感染人。美國已將這種跨領域塑造的超現實「真實」體驗用於價值觀的傳播。目前最具代表性的「元宇宙」主題科幻作品是史匹柏導演的《頭號玩家》，該劇聚焦於描繪「元宇宙」誕生的時代背景及主角的現實地位與虛擬地位之間的巨大反差，透過故事情節和特效鏡頭細膩地刻畫人類的真實參與感，從而傳播在虛擬世界裡透過「不流血」的鬥爭也能獲得財富、地位、愛情和友誼的美式意識形態特別是價值觀。

融合式影響。認知戰運作依託的重要支點是謀略和技術，隨著科技的發展和社會的進步，技術之於認知戰構成所佔比重越來越大、作用越來越突出。可以說，缺乏科技支撐的認知戰是缺乏力量的認知戰，有先進科技加持的認知戰獲勝的可能性更大。元宇宙作為融多種前沿科技於一體的複雜系統，在認知戰運用上具有天然優勢。不少人包括成年人深陷虛擬世界、沉湎網路遊戲，很重要的是虛擬空間賦予遊戲操盤手的超時空體驗和成就快感。如果說武俠小說是成人的童話，那麼可以「隨心所欲」縱橫馳騁的元宇宙，則打造了一個超級童話世界，其對人的思維認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等的影響不可限量。

折衝性浸染。元宇宙與其他技術手段的一個很大不同，在於其建構的是一個源自現實世界但又反作用於現實世界母體的虛擬世界。在這個複雜領域空間中，人的思維認知在現實世界與虛擬空間之間往來折衝、相互印證、反覆確認、不斷修正進而產生新的思考認知，並對兩個世界都產生施動性影響。這種雙向互動的折衝性浸染，一方面有利於正確思維認知的形成與發展，使現實世界的認知插上虛擬世界思想放飛的翅膀而更富想像力，同時也使虛擬空間的認知找到現實世界的物質支撐而更科學。另一方面如果操作不當，很可能產生極大的安全隱患和倫理問題。這些年美軍依賴人工智慧和虛擬技術遙控的無人機攻擊對手，就是虛擬世界反作用於現實世界的典型案例。這種攻擊因遠離面對面搏殺的慘烈現場，極大淡化了無人機操作員對生命的敬畏，降低了其遙控攻擊對手的門檻。同時，由於偵察辨識技術不完善，誤擊誤傷誤殺平民、友軍甚至自己軍隊的事時有發生。

元宇宙作用認知戰的基本樣式

元宇宙作用認知戰基於現實基礎、引領未來發展，涉及虛實兩界、貫通多個領域、涵蓋多種技術，作戰樣式多種多樣，有很大的不確定性，但並非無規律可循。綜合分析，基本樣式有以下三種。

平台對抗。元宇宙就其與人的思維認知的關係而言，本身就是一個複雜的認知行為體，是人類思維認知的衍生品，也是認知戰的重要構件和平台。當敵對國家和軍隊都將元宇宙視為認知戰的重要陣地時，元宇宙內部不同陣營間的認知攻防作戰就會現​​實存在。在這個平台上，元宇宙的一切技術、資源和力量都以思維認知為中心來整合運作。元宇宙作戰突顯為以擾亂、遲滯、阻擋、摧毀、消滅對手元宇宙存在和運作為目的的認知攻防作戰。在這個領域中，誰的戰略運籌更高端、戰術運用更靈活、技術力量更先進、物質支撐更堅實，誰就能取得元宇宙認知戰主動權。

體系破襲。元宇宙是由一系列前沿技術所構成的認知系統，而體系性則是其固有屬性和活力保證。數位基礎、高效通訊、區塊鏈身分認證、全像AR成像、人工智慧、高效能互聯網等先進科技，構成結構緊密、功能耦合、體系完整的統一體，其中構件對思維認知的形成發展與攻防對抗缺一不可。很難想像缺乏高階階數位化、高品質通聯、高速度計算等先進技術群的支撐，元宇宙還有存在的可能性。運用優勢力量高壓強製或以非對稱戰法攻擊和阻斷對手元宇宙體系的關鍵節點和科技運行鏈條，阻遏其運作、壓制其功能、摧毀其存在，是元宇宙認知戰的重要樣式和高效路徑。

曲嚮導流。元宇宙存在發展的一個重要價值和意義在於服務支持現實世界關聯活動。正常情況下，元宇宙能夠以數位形式全景展示、展示、複盤和預測現實世界的相關活動。一旦虛實兩個世界的通聯受擾受阻或元宇宙內部自運行失序，很容易導致其反映的情況失實、分析的信息失真、推導的結論失效、提供的建議失策，使現實世界的關聯活動跑偏走向。正是基於此，可集中力量對對手元宇宙內部運作或兩個世界的通聯技術裝置進行誘導攻擊，用極具迷惑性欺騙性的信息和場景曲嚮導流，迷茫其認知，幹擾其判斷，誤導其決策。因此，應加強元宇宙作用認知戰追蹤研究，突顯元宇宙作用認知戰機制探索，強化促進認知戰理論建構。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍事政治工作研究院）

中國原創軍事資源：https://appapi.81.cn/v5/public/jfjbshare/?itemid=284_416888&type=3

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Chinese Military Strategy for Identifying Key Targets During Cognitive Confrontation Campaign Planning

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中國在認知對抗戰役規劃中確定關鍵目標的軍事戰略

現代英語音譯：

Cognitive domain combat targets refer to the specific role of cognitive domain combat. In cognitive domain combat, compared with combat targets, combat targets solve the problem of precise aiming, that is, to let commanders understand and grasp the precise coordinates of what to hit, where to hit, and to what extent. Only by deeply understanding the connotation and characteristics of cognitive domain combat targets can we accurately find key targets through appearances and thus seize the initiative in future combat.

Cognitive focus that influences behavioral choices

The cognitive focus is the “convergence point” of the cognitive subject’s multi-dimensional thinking cognition in war activities. As a dynamic factor, it affects the cognitive process and behavioral results. Generally speaking, the cognitive factors that affect individual behavioral choices in war activities mainly include political attribute cognition, interest-related cognition, group belonging cognition, risk loss cognition, emotional orientation cognition, war morality cognition, etc. For war activities and groups or individuals who pay attention to war activities, the cognitive focus that affects their attitudes, tendencies and behaviors is not the same. Judging from the local wars and regional conflicts in the world in recent years, there are obvious differences in the cognitive focus of different groups or individuals. Politicians pay more attention to political attribute cognition and interest-related cognition, those who may intervene in the war pay more attention to risk loss cognition and interest-related cognition, ordinary people pay more attention to interest-related cognition and emotional orientation cognition, and people in other countries outside the region generally pay more attention to war morality cognition and group belonging cognition because their own interests will not be directly lost. In combat practice, foreign militaries are good at targeting the cognitive focus of different objects, accurately planning topics, and pushing related information to induce specific behavioral choices. For example, before the Gulf War, the Hill Norton public relations company fabricated the non-existent “incubator incident” by using Naira, the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, as a “witness” to show the “inhumanity” of the Iraqi army, induce the American people’s ethical and moral cognition, and then support the US government to send troops to participate in the Gulf War.

Style preferences that constrain command decisions

Cognitive style directly affects decision-making behavior preferences. Cognitive style refers to the typical way of individual cognition, memory, thinking, and problem solving. According to the preference of command decision-making style, commanders can be divided into calm cognitive style and impulsive cognitive style. Commanders with calm cognitive style pay attention to accuracy but not speed in the decision-making process. The quality of the decisions they make is high, but they are prone to fall into the comparison and analysis of various intelligence information sources and overemphasize the accuracy and objectivity of information analysis. Commanders with calm cognitive style are often easily disturbed by the diverse and diverse information stimulation in battlefield cognitive offensive and defensive operations, and their mental energy is easily disturbed and dissipated, which may lead to missed opportunities. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style pay attention to speed but not accuracy. The decision-making reaction speed is fast, but the quality is not high. They are easily emotional and prone to conflict with team members. Commanders with impulsive cognitive style are also prone to over-interpret the ambiguous external security environment, and constantly look for “evidence” to strengthen and verify individual erroneous thinking, narrowing individual attention and leading to command decision-making deviations. In combat practice, foreign armies pay more attention to analyzing the decision-making style of commanders of combat opponents, and then select specific information to influence them psychologically. For example, during the U.S. invasion of Panama, when besieging the hiding place of Panamanian President Noriega, the U.S. military repeatedly played rock and heavy metal music, and used language that stimulated and humiliated Noriega to carry out cognitive and psychological attacks on him, causing Noriega to gradually collapse physically and mentally.

Backdoor channel to control thinking and cognition

Once a computer is infected with a “Trojan” virus, it will send a connection request to the hacker control terminal at a specific time. Once the connection is successful, a backdoor channel will be formed, allowing the hacker to control the computer at will. Similarly, the human brain also has a cognitive “backdoor” and may be controlled by others. Cognitive psychologists have found that by sending information to the target object’s audio-visual perception channel, carefully pushing information content that the target object recognizes and accepts, catering to the target object’s existing experience memory, conforming to the target object’s thinking habits, and stimulating the target object’s emotional pain points, it is possible to control and interfere with the target object’s cognition and promote its instinctive emotional and behavioral reactions. With the support of cutting-edge cognitive science and technology, using the two modes of automatic start and control processing of brain information processing, the target object can easily fall into a “cognitive cocoon”. In cognitive domain operations, by immersing individuals in massive amounts of artificially constructed information, and continuously providing them with “evidence” to prove that their judgments and cognitions are “correct”. Over time, the individual’s cognitive vision becomes smaller and smaller, and the ability to perceive the external environment gradually decreases. Eventually, they will not be able to see the truth of the matter and will be immersed in the “cognitive cocoon” and unable to extricate themselves. When foreign militaries conduct operations in the cognitive domain, they often target their opponents’ cognitive biases on a certain issue and continuously push situational information and intelligence information through various channels to support their opponents’ so-called “correct cognition,” causing errors and deviations in their opponents’ command decisions.

Sensory stimuli that induce attention

Effective perceptual stimulation is the first prerequisite for attracting the attention of the target object. The human brain will perceive and react to stimuli within the perceptual range. Cognitive psychology experimental research has found that information such as dynamic, dangerous, relevant, survival safety, and contrast between the past and the present is more likely to attract the attention of the human brain. In the era of intelligence, the psychological cognitive process of the target object often follows the law of “attracting attention, cultivating interest, actively searching, strengthening memory, actively sharing, and influencing others”. In combat, foreign troops often use exclusive revelations, intelligence leaks, authoritative disclosures, on-site connections, and other methods, and cleverly use exaggeration, contrast, association, metaphor, suspense, and contrast to push information that subverts common sense, has cognitive conflicts, and has strong contrasts to attract the attention of the target object. For example, the “Lin Qi rescue incident” created by the US military in the Iraq War and the “Gaddafi Golden Toilet” in the Libyan War mostly choose stories familiar to the audience as the blueprint, hiding the purpose and embedding the viewpoint in the story plot, which attracted the attention of the general public. In addition, the human brain will also process stimuli outside the perceptual range. In recent years, the military of Western countries has attached great importance to the research of subthreshold information stimulation technology, and has developed subthreshold visual information implantation technology, subthreshold auditory information implantation technology, subthreshold information activation technology, subconscious sound manipulation technology of the nervous system, etc., continuously expanding the application scope of neurocognitive science and technology in the military field.

Meta-value concepts that give rise to cognitive resonance

In cognitive theory, cognitive resonance refers to information that can cross the cognitive gap between the two parties and trigger the ideological and psychological resonance and cognitive empathy of both parties, thereby achieving the deconstruction and reconstruction of the other party’s cognitive system. In cognitive domain warfare, this cognitive energy-gathering effect is not a simple concentration of power, but an internal accumulation of system synergy. Under the diffusion and dissemination of modern information media, this cognitive resonance effect can spread rapidly to all parts of the world in a short period of time, and produce secondary indirect psychological effects or more levels of derivative psychological effects, presenting a state of cumulative iteration. Once it exceeds the psychological critical point, it will present a state of psychological energy explosion, thereby changing the direction or outcome of the event. The targets that can induce this cognitive resonance are mainly value beliefs, moral ethics, common interests, etc. In war, if one party touches or violates human meta-values, common emotional orientation, etc., it is very easy to induce collective condemnation, bear the accusation of violating human morality, and fall into a moral trough. For example, a photo during the Vietnam War shows a group of Vietnamese children, especially a 9-year-old girl, running naked on the road because of burns after being attacked by US napalm bombs. In 1972, this photo caused a huge sensation after it was published, setting off an anti-war wave in the United States and even the world, and accelerating the end of the Vietnam War.

Cognitive gaps in a split cognitive system

In daily life, seemingly hard steel is very easy to break due to the brittleness of the material due to factors such as low temperature environment, material defects, and stress concentration. The same is true for the cognitive system. Cognitive gaps refer to the cracks, pain points, weaknesses, and sensitive points in the cognitive thinking of the target object, which are mainly manifested as the individual’s worry that he is unable to cope with or adapt to the environment, and under the influence of anxiety, cognitive vulnerability is formed. The experience of security threats, the looseness of group structure, the confusion of beliefs and ideals, and the loss of voice of authoritative media will all cause cognitive conflicts and tearing of the target object. In cognitive domain operations, sometimes seemingly powerful combat opponents hide a large number of thinking cracks and psychological weaknesses behind them. Often a news event can shake the cognitive framework of the combat opponent and puncture the cognitive bubble. In addition, this cognitive psychological conflict will also cause moral damage and psychological trauma to individuals. In recent years, the U.S. and Western countries’ troops carrying out overseas missions have faced “enemies disguised as civilians” that appear anytime and anywhere, and their uncertainty about the battlefield environment has continued to increase. They generally lack the perception of the significance of combat, and are filled with guilt and sin. A large number of soldiers developed post-traumatic stress disorder, and the number of self-harm, post-war suicides and crimes on the battlefield increased sharply. The number of veterans who committed suicide even exceeded the number of deaths on the battlefield. (Author’s unit: Political College of National Defense University)

Source: PLA Daily, National Defense University

繁體中文：

認知域作戰標靶是指認知域作戰的具體作用指向。在認知域作戰中，相較於作戰對象，作戰標靶解決的問題是精確瞄準，也就是讓指揮官了解掌握具體打什麼、往哪裡打、打到什麼程度的精準座標問題。只有深刻理解認知域作戰標靶的內涵特點，才能透過表象準確找到關鍵標靶，以便在未來作戰中掌握先機。

影響行為選擇的認知重心

認知重心是戰爭活動中認知主體多元思維認知的“匯聚點”，作為一種能動因素影響認知進程和行為結果。一般而言，影響戰爭活動中個人行為選擇的認知因素，主要包含政治屬性認知、利益關聯認知、群體歸屬認知、風險損失認知、情緒定向認知、戰爭道德認知等。對於戰爭活動以及關注戰爭活動的群體或個體而言，影響其態度、傾向和行為的認知重心並不相同。從近年來的世界局部戰爭和地區衝突來看，不同群體或個體關注的認知重心有著明顯差異，政治人物更加關注政治屬性認知和利益關聯認知，戰爭可能介入者更關注風險損耗認知和利益關聯認知，一般民眾更關注利益關聯認知和情感定向認知，而域外他國民眾由於自身利益不會受到直接損失，普遍更關注戰爭道德認知和群體歸屬認知。外軍在作戰實踐中，善於針對不同對象的認知重心，精準策劃主題，推送關聯訊息，誘發特定的行為選擇。如同在海灣戰爭前，希爾·諾頓公關公司炮製了根本不存在的“育嬰箱事件”，就是利用科威特駐美大使的女兒娜伊拉“做證”，展現伊拉克軍隊的“慘無人道”，誘發美國民眾的倫理道德認知，進而支持美國政府派兵參加海灣戰爭。

制约指挥决策的风格偏好

认知风格直接影响决策行为偏好。认知风格是指个体认知、记忆、思维、解决问题的典型方式。根据指挥决策风格偏好，可以将指挥员分为冷静型认知风格和冲动型认知风格。冷静型认知风格的指挥员在决策过程中重视准确但不重视速度，作出的决策质量较高，但容易陷入对各类情报信息源的比对分析，过分强调信息分析的准确客观。冷静型认知风格的指挥员在战场认知攻防行动中，常常容易受到纷繁多元的信息刺激干扰，心智精力容易被扰乱和耗散，进而可能贻误战机。冲动型认知风格的指挥员重视速度但不重视准确度，作出的决策反应速度较快，但质量不高，且容易情绪激动，易与团队成员发生冲突。冲动型认知风格的指挥员还容易将模棱两可的外部安全环境进行过度曲解，并不断寻找“证据”强化和验证个体错误思维，使个体注意力变窄，导致出现指挥决策偏差。外军在作战实践中，比较注重分析作战对手指挥员决策风格，进而选择特定信息对其进行心理影响。如美军入侵巴拿马战争中，在围攻巴拿马总统诺列加躲藏处时，美军反复播放摇滚和重金属音乐，运用刺激和羞辱诺列加的语言对其进行认知打击和心理进攻，使诺列加身心逐渐崩溃。

控制思维认知的后门通道

电脑一旦中了“木马”病毒，会在特定时间向黑客控制端发送连接请求，一旦连接成功就会形成后门通道，使得黑客可以随心所欲地控制电脑。与之相似，人类大脑也存在认知“后门”，也可能被他人控制。认知心理学家研究发现，通过给目标对象视听感知通道发送信息，精心推送目标对象认可的、接受的信息内容，迎合目标对象已有的经验记忆，顺应目标对象思维习惯，刺激目标对象的情感痛点，就可以控制干扰目标对象认知，促其产生本能情绪行为反应。在尖端认知科学技术的支撑下，运用大脑信息加工的自动启动和控制加工两种模式，目标对象很容易陷入“认知茧房”之中。认知域作战中，通过让个体沉浸在人为构设的海量信息之中，并源源不断地为其提供“证据”用来佐证其判断和认知是“正确”的。长此以往，个体的认知视野就变得越来越小，对外部环境的感知能力逐渐降低，最终会看不到事情的真相，沉湎于“认知茧房”中无法自拔。外军在认知域作战中，常常针对作战对手对某一问题的认知偏差，持续通过多种渠道推送佐证作战对手自以为“正确认知”的态势信息和情报信息，使作战对手指挥决策出现失误和偏差。

诱发关注的感知觉刺激

有效的感知觉刺激是引发目标对象关注的首要前提。人类大脑对感知觉范围内的刺激会有所察觉，并做出各种反应。认知心理学实验研究发现，动态、危险、利益相关、生存安全、前后反差等类别信息更容易引起人类大脑的关注。智能化时代，目标对象的心理认知过程往往遵循“引起注意、培养兴趣、主动搜索、强化记忆、主动分享、影响他人”的规律。外军在作战中，往往运用独家爆料、情报泄露、权威披露、现场连线等方式，巧用夸张、对比、联想、比喻、悬念、衬托等手法，推送颠覆常识、认知冲突、对比强烈等信息，来引发目标对象关注。比如伊拉克战争中美军塑造的“营救女兵林奇事件”，利比亚战争中的“卡扎菲黄金马桶”，大多选择受众对象熟知的故事为蓝本，藏目的、寓观点于故事情节，吸引了广大民众的注意力。此外，人类大脑也会对感知觉范围外的刺激进行加工。近年来，西方国家军队非常重视感知觉阈下信息刺激技术的研究，开发研制了阈下视觉信息植入技术、阈下听觉信息植入技术、阈下信息启动技术、神经系统潜意识声音操控技术等，不断扩大神经认知科学技术在军事领域的应用范围。

催生认知共振的元价值理念

认知理论中，认知共振是指跨越双方认知鸿沟，能够引发双方思想心理与认知共鸣共情的信息，从而实现对对方认知体系的解构和重构。在认知域作战中，这种认知聚能效应不是简单意义上的力量集中，而是体系合力的内在积聚。在现代信息传媒的扩散传播作用下，这种认知共振效应能在短时期内迅速扩散到全球各地，并产生二次间接心理效应或更多层次的衍生心理效应，呈现出一种累积迭代的状态，一旦超过心理临界点，即呈现出心理能量爆发状态，从而改变事件走向或结果。能够诱发这种认知共振的靶标，主要有价值信念、道德伦理、共通利益等。战争中，如果某一方触及或违反人类元价值观、共同情感指向等，则极易诱发集体声讨，承担违背人类道德的指责，陷于道义低谷。如越南战争期间的一张照片，画面呈现的是遭遇美军凝固汽油弹袭击后，一群越南孩子特别是一名9岁女孩在公路上因为烧伤而裸体奔跑。1972年，这张照片刊登后引发巨大轰动，掀起美国乃至全球的反战浪潮，加速了越战的结束。

分裂認知體系的認知縫隙

日常生活中，看似堅硬的鋼鐵，受低溫環境、材質缺陷、應力集中等因素影響，非常容易因材料脆性而斷裂，認知體係也是如此。認知縫隙是指目標對象認知思考中的裂縫、痛點、弱點與敏感點，主要表現為個體擔心自己沒有能力應對或無法適應環境的想法，並在焦慮情緒的作用下，構成認知脆弱性。安全威脅的經驗、團體結構的鬆散、信念理想的迷惘、權威媒介的失聲等，都會使得目標物出現認知上的衝突與撕裂。認知域作戰中，有時看似強大的作戰對手，背後卻潛藏著大量的思維裂隙與心理弱點，往往一個新聞事件就能動搖作戰對手的認知框架，刺破認知泡沫。此外，這種認知心理衝突也會使個體產生道德損傷和心理創傷。近年來，執行海外任務的美西方國家軍隊面對隨時隨地出現的“偽裝成平民的敵人”，對戰場環境的不確定感不斷提升，普遍缺乏作戰意義感知，進而內心充滿內疚與罪惡。大量士兵產生戰爭創傷後壓力障礙，戰場自殘自傷、戰後自殺與犯罪人數激增，參戰老兵自殺人數甚至超過戰場死亡人數。 （作者單位：國防大學政治學院）

來源：解放軍報、國防大學

中國軍事資源：https://www.sohu.com/a/664090407_358040

Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Targeting Future Wars and Fighting the Five Cognitive Battles

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中國軍隊瞄準未來戰爭打好五場認知戰

現代英語翻譯：

Source: Liberation Army News Author: Yang Longxi Editor-in-charge: Wang Feng 2022-10-08 10:11:25

In recent years, local wars and armed conflicts are mostly “mixed” confrontations that unfold in multiple dimensions and fields, emphasizing the use of military, political, and economic means, implementing system clamps in the comprehensive decision-making dimension, creating various chaos in the international communication dimension, and carrying out targeted strikes in the strategic focus dimension, actively shaping the battlefield situation, and seeking to seize strategic initiative. In future wars, we must fight political-military battles and military-political battles, and we should deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of cognitive domain operations, offense and defense, and improve our ability to fight the “five battles”.

Cognitive warfare is the first step to shape the situation and take the initiative. Before the war begins, cognition comes first. With the continuous development and evolution of the war situation, the status and role of cognitive warfare are becoming more and more prominent. Aiming to win the future war, cognitive deployment should be carried out in advance, and through strategies, information, technology and other means and carriers, the target’s physiological, psychological, values ​​and other cognitive elements should be influenced, intervened and manipulated, and military operations should be covered by cognitive offense and defense, so as to accurately and efficiently dominate the cognitive space. We must fully realize the importance of taking the initiative, flexibly and independently master the right to define and interpret “narrative”, emphasize taking the initiative in the dimension of cognitive narrative struggle, create a favorable situation with legal principles in hand and morality on our side, and occupy the moral high ground.

Cognitive warfare is about attacking the heart, and we should fight a precise war in layers. “A good warrior will attack others but not others.” In future wars, the combat space will extend to the deep sea, deep space, deep network and other fields, and the battlefield space and time will be extremely far, extremely small, extremely intelligent, and unmanned, invisible, and silent. We should focus on cognitive gaps to improve our reach, use big data simulation, artificial intelligence matching, psychological model evaluation and other methods to analyze and control the key information of cognitive subjects, and achieve effective penetration and early deterrence of cognitive subject information. We should focus on cognitive blind spots to enhance penetration, aim at the ideological consensus points, psychological connection points, and spiritual support points that maintain the unity of the powerful enemy alliance to effectively strike, and use their cognitive differences and conflicts of interest to achieve differentiation and disintegration at all levels.

Based on cognitive combat strategy, we should fight a war of deterrence and control with full domain penetration. In future wars, the strategic competition and strategic confrontation between the warring parties will be extremely fierce. We should focus on the decision-making links and make comprehensive efforts to increase the opponent’s decision-making dilemma and form our own decision-making advantages. On the one hand, we should pay more attention to key nodes such as the enemy’s decision-making center, command hub, reconnaissance and early warning system, and use advanced strike means to physically destroy these nodes. On the other hand, we should pay more attention to the “soft kill” effect of cognitive shaping, cognitive inducement, cognitive intervention and cognitive control, and embed cognitive domain operations into “hard destruction”, so as to form a strong shock through precise strikes with high-tech weapons, and expand new-quality combat forces to the cognitive dimension, thereby forming an asymmetric balance of power.

Information is king in cognitive warfare, and we must expand the field to fight a good support war. Future wars cannot be separated from strong information support, and we should accelerate system integration to gain data advantages. First, we should accelerate the construction of cognitive offensive and defensive combat theory bases, databases, talent pools, case bases, and tactics bases, dynamically collect and update the current status of the enemy’s cognitive offensive and defensive combat capabilities, and provide all-round support for cognitive offensive and defensive operations. Secondly, we should accelerate the creation of a converged media communication matrix, improve and perfect our own platform system, and step up the deployment of network platforms, focusing on system integration and collaborative linkage, breaking through the “barriers” of information interconnection as soon as possible, and realizing cognitive integration and sharing, and comprehensive effectiveness. Thirdly, we should accelerate the coupling and linkage of information and cognitive domain operations, vigorously develop core technologies such as neural network systems, artificial intelligence applications, cognitive decision-making psychological offense and defense, explore and analyze cross-domain and heterogeneous cognitive information, and improve the information fusion system of cognitive means to provide “clairvoyance” and “clairaudience” for winning future wars.

The key to cognitive warfare is coordination, and we should make efforts in multiple dimensions to fight the overall battle. Future wars will be joint operations carried out in the fields of land, sea, air, space, network, electromagnetic, etc. We should adhere to system thinking, strengthen coordination awareness, and improve the compatibility and coordination of cognitive domain operations with other military actions. For example, we can integrate human intelligence, geographic intelligence, and open source intelligence, quickly collect and process massive data, remove the false and retain the true, and accurately and efficiently seize cognitive space, so as to achieve complementary advantages and full coverage to form cognitive advantages. By networking the dispersed multi-domain forces, we can establish a highly connected, collectively acting, and overall attacking full-domain joint force to achieve the effect of “integrated deterrence”. By integrating national resources, strengthening strategic communication, and using cognitive manipulation to amplify the effects of political disintegration, economic sanctions, and diplomatic offensives, and coordinating military operations to exert pressure on the target in all dimensions, we strive to defeat the enemy without fighting.

(Author’s unit: University of Aerospace Engineering)

繁體中文：

來源：解放軍報 作者：楊龍溪 責任編輯：王鳳 2022-10-08 10:11:25
近年來的局部戰爭和武裝沖突，大多是在多維度多領域展開的「混合」對抗，強調運用軍事、政治、經濟等手段，在綜合決策維度實施體系鉗制，在國際傳播維度製造各種混亂，在戰略重心維度進行標靶打擊，積極塑造戰場態勢，謀求奪取戰略主動。未來戰爭要打好政治軍仗、軍事政治仗，應深刻掌握認知域作戰攻防特點規律，提升打好「五仗」的能力。

認知作戰先入為主，塑勢控局打好主動仗。戰爭未啟、認知先行。隨著戰爭形態的不斷發展演進，認知域作戰的地位角色不斷突顯。瞄準打贏未來戰爭，應提前開展認知佈設，透過謀略、資訊、技術等手段和載​​體，對目標對象的生理、心理、價值觀等認知要素進行影響、幹預和操控，以認知攻防掩護軍事行動，精準有效率地主導認知空間。充分認識先聲奪人的重要性，靈活自主地掌握「敘事」的定義權和解釋權，在認知敘事鬥爭維度上強調先發製人贏得主動，塑造法理在手、道義向我的有利態勢，佔領道義制高點。

認知作戰攻心為上，分層施策打好精確仗。 「善戰者，致人而不致於人。」未來戰爭，作戰空間向深海、深空、深網等領域延伸，戰場時空呈現極遠、極微、極智與無人、無形、無聲等特點。應緊盯認知缺口提升到達力，運用大數據模擬、人工智慧匹配、心理模型評估等方法，分析掌控認知主體的關鍵訊息，實現認知主體資訊的有效滲透和先期懾止。緊扣認知盲點增強穿透力，瞄準維繫強敵聯盟團結的思想共識點、心理連接點、精神支柱點進行有效打擊，利用其認知差別和利益矛盾，層層發力實現分化瓦解。

認知作戰策略為本，全域滲透打好懾控仗。未來戰爭，交戰雙方的戰略競爭與策略對抗異常激烈，應緊盯決策環節綜合發力，增大對手決策困境，形成自身決策優勢。一方面，要更關注敵方決策中心、指揮樞紐、偵察預警系統等要害節點，運用先進打擊手段對這些節點實施物理摧毀。另一方面，要更關注認知塑造、認知誘導、認知介入和認知控制的「軟殺傷」效果，將認知域作戰嵌入「硬摧毀」中，既透過高新武器精確打擊形成強大震懾，又將新質作戰力量拓展至認知維度，從而形成非對稱制衡優勢。

認知作戰資訊為王，拓寬領域打好支撐仗。未來戰爭離不開強大資訊的支撐，應加速體系融合奪取數據優勢。首先，加速認知攻防作戰理論庫、資料庫、人才庫、案例庫、戰法庫建設，動態收集更新敵認知攻防作戰能力建設現狀，為認知攻防作戰提供全方位支撐。其次，加速打造融媒體傳播矩陣，健全完善自有平台體系，抓緊推進網絡平台投棋布子，注重體系融合、協作聯動，盡快打通信息互聯互通“壁壘”，實現認知融通共享、綜合致效。再次，加速推進資訊與認知域作戰耦合聯動，大力發展神經網絡系統、人工智慧應用、認知決策心理攻防等核心技術，挖掘分析跨域與異類認知訊息，健全認知手段資訊融合體系，為打贏未來戰爭提供「千裡眼」「順風耳」。

認知作戰協同為要，多維發力打好整體仗。未來戰爭，是在陸、海、空、天、網絡、電磁等領域實施的聯合作戰，應堅持體系思維，強化協同意識，提高認知域作戰與其他軍事行動的兼容性協調性。例如，可以融合人力情報、地理情報和開源情報等，快速採集處理海量數據，去偽存真、精準高效地搶佔認知空間，實現優勢互補、全局覆蓋形成認知優勢。透過將分散多域部隊進行聯網，建立一支高度聯通、集體行動、整體打擊的全領域聯合力量，實現「一體化威懾」效果。透過整合國家資源、加強戰略傳播，運用認知造勢放大政治瓦解、經濟制裁、外交攻勢等效果，配合軍事行動全維施壓目標對象，力求不戰而屈人之兵。

（作者單位：航太工程大學）

中國軍事原文來源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4922788.html?big=fan