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Chinese Military Aggressively Advancing Human-Machine Collaboration in Unmanned Combat Systems

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中國軍隊積極推進無人作戰系統中的人機協作

肖兴福 

中國軍網 國防部網 //2022年3月29日 星期二

現代英語：

At present, the widespread use of unmanned equipment in the military field is accelerating the evolution of war forms towards intelligence, and unmanned combat has also developed into an important combat style of intelligent warfare. However, it should be clearly seen that unmanned combat, from technical development to combat application, cannot be separated from the role of people, and people are still the “master switch” of the entire chain of unmanned combat. Therefore, unmanned combat is essentially still manned, and more attention should be paid to the construction of manned combat in unmanned combat.

From the perspective of operational design, the mission task is assigned by the mission tasker.

Equipment is the material basis of war, but people are the initiators and controllers of war. The role of any equipment in war is given by commanders and fighters at all levels. From the overall perspective of combat design, war involves multiple fields such as politics, economy, diplomacy, culture, and multiple levels such as strategy, campaign, and tactics. Winning a war requires the support of advanced equipment and technology, and more importantly, it requires all-round control of the war situation. Unmanned equipment is suitable for undertaking persistent and high-risk tasks because of its characteristics such as long-lasting endurance, concealed action, high mobility, low cost, and its advantages such as adaptability to extreme environments and flexible use. However, when encountering extremely complex combat environments, extremely fierce confrontations, and rapid changes in fighters that require real-time comprehensive weighing and decision-making, unmanned systems still need to be human-led, implement complex command and control, and control unmanned equipment to complete designated combat tasks. Therefore, although unmanned equipment has become a development trend in modern warfare, its dependence on and obedience to people will not change. It is necessary to accurately grasp the advantages and disadvantages of unmanned equipment, increase research in unmanned command and control theory, unmanned combat knowledge system, etc., to form a rich and complete combat theory system, drive the development of unmanned equipment, promote the formation of unmanned combat systems, and play a greater role in limited combat scenarios, thereby playing a good role as a “multiplier” of combat capabilities.

From the perspective of equipment research and development, unmanned systems are designed by humans.

Humans are the designers of unmanned equipment, especially in the intelligent software that empowers unmanned equipment. It is the core of unmanned equipment’s ability to perform various tasks, and it is also the embodiment of the designer’s wisdom. Although the artificial intelligence algorithms used in many core software have a certain self-learning ability and improve the autonomy of unmanned equipment, the choice of such self-learning strategies is still set by humans according to task requirements and specific scenarios. At present, various types of drones, unmanned ships, unmanned submarines, etc. have a certain ability to “think like humans”, but they are subject to the limitations of artificial intelligence algorithms, big data, and existing computer architectures. They cannot be separated from human thinking and input points set by humans. For a long time, the role of humans will still be the decisive factor in the development of unmanned equipment and warfare. Therefore, no matter to what extent informatization and intelligence develop, intelligent systems cannot completely replace humans, and the development of unmanned equipment is still dominated by humans. Manned/unmanned collaboration, human-machine coexistence, and intelligent integration are inevitable and feasible stages in the development of intelligent warfare. We must give full play to the “machine”‘s fast speed, high precision, fatigue resistance, and structured “computing” advantages, and give full play to the “human”‘s creativity, flexibility, initiative, and unstructured “calculation” advantages, integrate machine intelligence with human intelligence, learn from each other’s strengths and weaknesses, complement each other, and produce collective wisdom.

From the perspective of combat use, there are people everywhere in the circuit

The intelligent system of unmanned equipment can fully support command and control, combat operations, combat support and other aspects, so that the combat system capabilities can be rapidly improved. However, if we look deeply into the entire unmanned system operation process, it completes the “man-unmanned platform-man” loop, and achieves the combat purpose through the complementary advantages of man and machine. Any advanced unmanned equipment requires combatants to plan tasks in advance, and operators to monitor and control online to ensure that its technical characteristics are brought into play. In other words, the beginning of the loop comes from human program design and thinking introduction. The task process requires human decision-making, control, monitoring and intervention. The completion of the task requires people to evaluate the applicability and combat effectiveness of unmanned equipment and constantly adapt to new combat needs. Therefore, people are still the dominant players in the entire combat use process. If the effectiveness of unmanned equipment is to be maximized, it is necessary to implement systematic professional training for the pioneers of manned/unmanned integrated operation-people. For new combat force talents, especially unmanned combat personnel, we should set up professional training institutions, integrate teaching resources, improve supporting teaching equipment, increase artificial intelligence courses, and improve talent retention mechanisms in accordance with the concept of diversified channels, integrated design, multi-functionality, and hierarchical training. At the same time, we will draw on advanced training concepts and methods from foreign militaries, and comprehensively use simulation, computer networks, virtual reality and other technologies to carry out practical military training to cultivate compound unmanned combat talents with solid theoretical foundation, high equipment technology level, and excellent practical operation skills.

From the perspective of innovation in tactics, capability improvement depends on people.

The development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, unmanned and anti-unmanned systems, and hypersonic weapons has led to new characteristics of modern warfare, such as great depth, long distance, and non-contact. Unmanned, invisible, and silent warfare have begun to emerge, and the future combat concepts and combat styles will undergo profound changes. The maturity of unmanned equipment has accelerated the development of new combat concepts such as wide-area distributed combat, cross-domain collaborative combat, and unmanned cluster combat into actual combat. The advantage of unmanned equipment is that there is no one on the front-end platform, but the limitation is that there is no one, and it is impossible to independently design and summarize new combat concepts and tactics. In fact, it is all done by people to study the essence and laws of a certain type of combat problem, extract common characteristics and abstractly summarize them, and then guide the solution of such combat problems. Specifically, the new combat concept is based on the research and judgment of combat conditions such as historical, current and future technological development, threat judgment, geopolitical situation, combat opponents, battlefield environment, etc., and all of these are the condensation and crystallization of human wisdom. Therefore, in the face of the complex and changeable future battlefield environment, in order to make unmanned equipment play the best combat effectiveness, it is inseparable from the innovation of combat concepts and tactics. Based on changes in the battlefield environment and targeting different combat styles, we should conduct forward-looking designs on force deployment, timing of use, methods of action, and support methods, scientifically predict the development trend of unmanned combat, promote the mutual development of equipment technology and changes in combat methods, and explore and form a combat capability construction path that is mutually verified, closed-feedback, and rollingly developed through “conceptual design-combat experiment-equipment research and development.”

From the perspective of technological development, unmanned technology is controlled by humans.

At present, people generally believe that unmanned and intelligent applications can be competent for various tasks as long as the technology is mature, but in fact, the operating rules of computers are still limited to the von Neumann serial computing architecture, and there has not yet been a revolutionary product combining biotechnology and artificial intelligence. For example, “AlphaGo” with deep learning capabilities can quickly generate astronomical numbers of various response plans in the game with human Go masters, and is almost invincible, but its intelligent foundation is Go with relatively simple rules; the US Department of Defense’s ground-based simulated air combat project, the air combat intelligent agent it developed defeated human ace pilots in human-machine confrontation, but it can only be achieved in the simple battlefield environment of the simulator. It can be seen that the current development of the intelligent field is to be able to perform tasks purposefully in terms of selection and decision-making, while war is a dynamic game process. The intelligent solutions used by unmanned equipment are only in the background assumption situation, and the “water has no constant shape” war mode requires soldiers to respond more flexibly. Therefore, we must attach great importance to the decisive role of people in scientific and technological progress, scientifically grasp the development trend of informationized and intelligentized warfare, clarify the ideas of technological development, and actively explore and form an unmanned equipment technology research and development system and development path suitable for the characteristics of the military in accordance with the methods and steps of overall demonstration, key research, pilot verification and promotion and application.

From the perspective of war law, war is dominated by people.

With the continuous updating and iteration of unmanned equipment technology, unmanned combat has become more and more intelligent, which has led to the relative blurring of the boundaries between peacetime and wartime, front and rear, soldiers and civilians. In the Libyan conflict, drones relied on algorithms to select targets, automatically tracked and attacked armed personnel without the control of operators. It can be predicted that if unmanned equipment develops to a certain extent in autonomous calculation, autonomous decision-making, and autonomous action, and completely autonomously selects, identifies, and attacks targets, and humans do not restrain it, it will have a profound impact on morality, law, and war ethics. In fact, there are “reasons”, “laws”, and “people” behind unmanned combat. No matter what stage unmanned combat develops to, it still belongs to the category of war and is still subject to the rules of war. Whether it is international law or humanitarian law, the focus has always been on human issues, such as restrictions on combat methods and means, treatment of prisoners of war, protection of civilians, etc. All principles, rules and systems are based on the perspective of people and are solved through people. Therefore, in order to avoid humanitarian and war ethics issues caused by unmanned combat, from a technical perspective, humans need to supervise and manage the operation of unmanned systems, guide arbitration, and handle emergencies, grant them limited “right to fire”, reserve “start-stop” intervention interfaces, and be able to take over unmanned systems at any time; from a legal perspective, establish war rules between humans and weapons, enhance humans’ ability to apply the rules of war, and always play a leading role in war.

(Author’s unit: Naval Research Institute)(Editors: Dai Xiaoling, Wan Peng)

現代國語：

目前，無人裝備在軍事領域的廣泛運用正在加速戰爭形態向智慧化演進，無人作戰也發展成為智慧戰爭的重要作戰方式。但應該清醒地看到，無人作戰從技術發展到作戰應用，都離不開人的作用，人仍然是無人作戰全鏈條的「總開關」。因此，無人作戰本質上還是有人作戰，無人作戰中更要注重有人作戰的建設。

從作戰設計的角度來看，任務任務是由任務任務者指派的。

裝備是戰爭的物質基礎，但人是戰爭的發動者和控制者。任何裝備在戰爭中的作用都是由各級指揮官和戰士賦予的。從作戰設計的整體角度來看，戰爭涉及政治、經濟、外交、文化等多個領域，以及戰略、戰役、戰術等多個層面。贏得戰爭需要先進裝備和技術的支撐，更需要對戰局的全方位掌控。無人裝備具有持久續航、行動隱密、機動性強、成本低等特點，以及適應極端環境、使用彈性等優勢，適合承擔持續性、高風險任務。但在遇到極其複雜的作戰環境、極其激烈的對抗、戰機快速變化等需要即時綜合權衡和決策的情況下，無人系統仍然需要以人為主導，實施複雜的指揮控制，控制無人設備。指定的作戰任務。因此，無人裝備雖然成為現代戰爭的發展趨勢，但它對人的依賴和服從不會改變。要準確掌握無人裝備優缺點，加大無人指揮控制理論、無人作戰知識體係等方面的研究，形成豐富完整的作戰理論體系，帶動無人裝備發展，促進無人裝備發展。作戰系統，在有限的作戰場景中發揮更大的作用，從而起到良好的作戰能力「倍增器」作用。

從裝備研發的角度來看，無人系統是由人設計的。

人類是無人設備的設計者，尤其是賦能無人設備的智慧軟體。它是無人設備執行各種任務能力的核心，也是設計者智慧的展現。儘管許多核心軟體所採用的人工智慧演算法具有一定的自學習能力，提高了無人設備的自主性，但這種自學習策略的選擇仍然是由人類根據任務需求和具體場景來設定。目前，各類無人機、無人船、無人潛水艇等具備一定的「像人類一樣思考」的能力，但受到人工智慧演算法、大數據和現有電腦架構的限制。它們離不開人類的思維和人類設定的輸入點。相當長一段時間內，人類的角色仍將是無人裝備和戰爭發展的決定性因素。因此，無論資訊化、智慧化發展到什麼程度，智慧系統都無法完全取代人類，無人設備的發展仍由人類主導。有人/無人協作、人機共存、智慧融合是智慧戰爭發展的必然階段和可行階段。要充分發揮「機器」速度快、精度高、耐疲勞、結構化「運算」的優勢，充分發揮「人」的創造性、彈性、主動性、非結構化「計算」發揮機器智能與人類智能的優勢，將機器智能與人類智能融為一體，取長補短，優勢互補，產生集體智慧。

從戰鬥使用來看，電路裡到處都是人

無人裝備智慧系統可以全面支援指揮控制、作戰行動、作戰保障等方面，使作戰系統能力快速提升。但如果深入觀察整個無人系統運作過程，它完成了「人-無人平台-人」的循環，透過人與機的優勢互補來達到作戰目的。任何先進的無人裝備都需要作戰人員提前規劃任務，操作人員在線上監控和控制，以確保其技術特性發揮出來。在其他方面換句話說，循環的開始來自於人類的程式設計和思維引入。任務過程需要人的決策、控制、監控和介入。任務的完成需要人們評估無人裝備的適用性和戰鬥力，不斷適應新的作戰需求。因此，在整個戰鬥使用過程中，人仍然是主導者。想要發揮無人裝備的效能最大化，就需要對有人/無人一體化作業的先行者－人進行系統性的專業訓練。對於新型作戰力量人才特別是無人作戰人員，要依照多元化管道、一體化設計、多功能、分級訓練。同時，借鏡外軍先進訓練理念與方法，綜合運用模擬、電腦網路、虛擬實境等技術進行實戰軍事訓練，培養理論基礎紮實、裝備精良的複合型無人作戰人才技術水準和優秀的實際操作能力。

從戰術創新的角度來看，能力提升靠人。

人工智慧、量子運算、無人與反無人系統、高超音速武器等技術的發展，導致現代戰爭呈現大縱深、遠距離、非接觸等新特色。無人化、隱形化、無聲化的戰爭已經開始出現，未來的作戰概念和作戰方式將會發生深刻的變化。無人裝備的成熟，加速了廣域分散式作戰、跨域協同作戰、無人集群作戰等新作戰概念發展到實戰。無人裝備的優點在於前端平台無人，但限制在於無人，無法自主設計總結新的作戰概念和戰術。事實上，這都是人們研究某一類作戰問題的本質和規律，提取共性特徵並進行抽象概括，然後指導該類別作戰問題的解決。具體來說，新的作戰理念是基於對歷史、當前和未來技術發展、威脅判斷、地緣局勢、作戰對手、戰場環境等作戰條件的研判，而這些都是對作戰條件的凝結和結晶。智慧。因此，面對複雜多變的未來戰場環境，要讓無人裝備發揮最佳戰鬥力，離不開作戰概念和戰術的創新。根據戰場環境變化和針對不同作戰方式，對兵力部署、使用時機、行動方式、保障方式等進行前瞻性設計，科學預測無人作戰發展趨勢，促進無人作戰共同發展。探索形成「概念設計-作戰實驗-裝備研發」相互驗證、閉環回饋、滾動發展的作戰能力建設路徑。

從技術發展的角度來看，無人技術是由人類控制的。

目前，人們普遍認為只要技術成熟，無人化、智慧化應用就可以勝任各種任務，但事實上，電腦的運作規則仍限於馮諾依曼串列運算架構，目前還沒有是生物技術和人工智慧結合的革命性產品。例如，具有深度學習能力的「AlphaGo」在與人類圍棋高手的對弈中可以快速產生天文數字的各種應對方案，幾乎所向披靡，但其智慧基礎卻是規則相對簡單的圍棋；美國國防部的地面模擬空戰項目，其研發的空戰智能體在人機對抗中擊敗了人類王牌飛行員，但這只能在模擬器的簡單戰場環境中實現。可見，當前智慧領域的發展是能夠在選擇和決策方面有目的地執行任務，而戰爭則是一個動態的博弈過程。無人裝備所採用的智慧解決方案只是在背景假設情況下，「水無常」的戰爭模式需要士兵做出反應礦石靈活。因此，必須高度重視人在科技進步中的決定性作用，科學掌握資訊化、智慧化戰爭發展趨勢，明確技術發展思路，積極探索形成無人裝備技術研發體係依照總體論證、重點研究、試點驗證、推廣應用的方法與步驟，探索適合軍隊特色的發展道路。

從戰爭法的角度來看，戰爭是由人主導的。

隨著無人裝備技術的不斷更新迭代，無人作戰越來越智能化，導致平時與戰時、前線與後方、士兵與平民的界線相對模糊。在利比亞衝突中，無人機依靠演算法選擇目標，自動追蹤並攻擊武裝人員，無需操作人員控制。可以預見，如果無人裝備在自主計算、自主決策、自主行動方面發展到一定程度，完全自主選擇、識別、攻擊目標，而人類不對其進行約束，將會產生深遠的影響。戰爭道德。事實上，無人作戰背後有「理」、「法」、「人」。無人作戰無論發展到什麼階段，仍屬於戰爭範疇，仍受到戰爭規則的約束。無論是國際法或人道法，關注的焦點始終是人的問題，例如對作戰方法和手段的限制、戰俘待遇、保護平民等。也是透過人來解決的。因此，為了避免無人作戰引發的人道主義和戰爭倫理問題，從技術角度來說，人類需要對無人系統的運作進行監督管理、指導仲裁、處理突發事件，賦予其有限的“開火權” ，保留「啟動/停止」幹預接口，可隨時接管無人系統；從法律角度，建立人與武器之間的戰爭規則，增強人類運用戰爭規則的能力，始終在戰爭中扮演主導角色。

（作者單位：海軍研究院）

（編按：戴曉玲、萬鵬）

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0329/c40531-32386526888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Intelligent Warfare Cannot be Successful Without Human Element

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中國智慧戰爭離不開人的因素

2019年10月17日 17:00 來源：解放軍報 作者：徐莉

現代英語：

An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to accurately position humans in intelligent warfare.

　　No matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomously by machines. Humans must have a strong enough kite string and hold it tightly at all times.

　　”Synchronous development of man and machine” should be regarded as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should integrate both “things” and “people”.

　　At present, the research on intelligent warfare is in the ascendant. Some people believe that intelligent warfare will be unmanned as the core form of expression, and unmanned equipment such as drones, unmanned submarines, and robot soldiers will become the protagonists of war. The form of war will also develop from the co-starring of “human-machine collaborative warfare” to the one-man show of “machine vs. machine war”. People seem to have become bystanders in intelligent warfare, with the meaning and trend of “intelligent warfare makes people go away”. What is the status and role of people, who have always been the main body of war, in intelligent warfare? This is the first problem that should be solved in the study of intelligent warfare.

　　The Marxist view of war holds that weapons are an important factor in war, but not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not weapons. Although people no longer directly control weapons in advanced intelligent warfare, the following factors still determine that people are the main body of war and the key to winning.

　　First, war is the continuation of politics. The launching of war and the control of the war process must be decided by people according to political needs. The game outside the battlefield has a decisive influence on the progress of the war. For example, the results of diplomatic negotiations, the focus of international public opinion, and the support of the domestic people all depend on the decisions of politicians and military strategists, which cannot be replaced by any intelligent machines.

　　Secondly, war planning and command can only be implemented by commanders at all levels. Military command is both a science and an art, but it is more of an art. Any successful battle or campaign in the world is the result of commanders breaking routines and stereotypes and using troops creatively. The history of our army’s growth and development has repeatedly proved that correct military strategic guidance and flexible strategies and tactics are the magic weapon for our army to defeat the strong with the weak and defeat the many with the few, which enables our army to move from victory to victory. It is also something that intelligent machines cannot imitate or create. For example, in the battle, the comparative analysis of enemy and our combat forces, the real-time control of the combat situation, the real-time evaluation of the overall damage effect, the combat psychological analysis of enemy commanders, and the prediction of the next combat action, etc., intelligent machines can only provide auxiliary decision-making information and suggestions. Commanders at all levels must make decisions, make combat decisions, and issue combat orders.

　　Third, the level of intelligence of weapons and equipment ultimately depends on humans. Artificial intelligence originates from human intelligence. One of the major factors restricting the development of intelligence is that the scientific understanding of human intelligence is still superficial, and the understanding of the cognition, memory, thinking, decision-making and action mechanism of the human brain is still insufficient. The “Wuzhen Index: Global Artificial Intelligence Development Report 2016” pointed out that over the years, the proportion of biological research in the four sub-fields of artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, has been the lowest. Due to the lack of attention to the basic and decisive influence of brain science on artificial intelligence, the current artificial intelligence can only stay at the stage of superficial understanding and primary imitation of brain functions. Once there is a major breakthrough in the understanding of human intelligence, artificial intelligence will also be reborn and enter a leapfrog development stage.

　　Fourth, only humans can control intelligent weapons and equipment and combat platforms. Although the final intelligent weapons can be operated without human on-site control, when to put intelligent weapons and equipment into battle, when to change the direction of attack, how to control the rhythm of the war, when to withdraw from the battle, etc., can only be decided by humans in the end. This is the basic principle that must be grasped when designing intelligent weapons and equipment, that is, one of Asimov’s three laws of robotics: robots must obey human orders. Once intelligent weapons and equipment are out of human control, it will be a disaster for the entire human race, not just the enemy. This also determines that no matter how high the “kite” of intelligent weapons and equipment flies, it can only be controlled by humans and autonomous control functions of machines. The autonomous function of machines can only be effective within the scope limited by humans. Humans must have a strong enough kite line and hold it tightly at all times.

　　Fifth, only humans can crack and control the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment. The development of military history has proved that any weapon and equipment has its “Achilles’ heel” and will eventually be defeated. There has never been and will never be perfect and impeccable weapons and equipment in history, and intelligent weapons and equipment are no exception. The magic weapon to defeat the enemy is humans with infinite wisdom. For example, drones seem advanced, but they can be interfered, trapped or controlled by radio waves of a specific frequency. The same is true for other intelligent weapons and equipment, and finding and studying methods, technologies, and equipment to crack, control, and destroy intelligent weapons and equipment is where human wisdom comes into play.

　　Therefore, “synchronous development of man and machine” should be taken as a basic principle for the development of military intelligence. Intelligence should be applied to both “objects” and “people”. As soldiers in the era of intelligent warfare, they must master the working principles and weak links of intelligent weapons and equipment, be familiar with and master the “thinking mode” and “conventional actions” of intelligent weapons and equipment, as well as the abnormal “abnormal thinking” and abnormal “extraordinary actions” that may appear, and understand their technical and tactical indicators and performance. Especially in the stage of man-machine collaborative operations, soldiers are required not only to be able to coordinate actions with machines, but also to communicate with machines without obstacles in cognitive ability and intelligence. This not only relies on intelligent knowledge reserves, but also relies on the “brain reading” and “brain strengthening” of intelligent equipment. Scientific research shows that the normal human brain usage rate is only 3%-5%, which shows that there is still a huge room for improvement and release of human intelligence. When studying intelligent warfare, we should also study how to improve human intelligence.

　　In the face of intelligent warfare, we should prepare for the future, establish intelligent troops suitable for intelligent warfare as soon as possible, study the way to defeat the enemy in intelligent warfare, and establish and improve the theory of intelligent warfare; repair, maintain and improve intelligent weapons and equipment; study the methods, techniques and equipment to decipher the control keys of enemy weapons and equipment; study effective means to attack the enemy’s intelligent weapons and equipment, rewrite their combat rules and targets, and make them turn against us in the face of battle, or use high-energy lasers and high-power microwaves to directly destroy the enemy’s communication networks and weapons and equipment, demonstrating the way to win in intelligent warfare.

　　In short, in intelligent warfare, people are still the main body of war and the decisive factor in the outcome of war. An important task in studying intelligent warfare is to find the correct position of people in intelligent warfare. Otherwise, it is easy to fall into the idealistic quagmire of “seeing things but not people”, “only weapons” and “only technology”.

現代國語：

研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務，就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。

不論智慧化武器裝備這個「風箏」飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，人類必須擁有足夠結實的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

應把「人機同步發展」當作軍事智慧化發展的一個基本原則，智慧化既要化「物」也要化「人」。

當前，對智慧化戰爭的研究方興未艾。一些觀點認為，智慧化戰爭將以無人化為核心表現形式，無人機、無人潛航器、機器人士兵等無人裝備將成為戰爭主角，戰爭形態也將從「人機協同作戰」的聯袂主演，最後發展到「機器對機器大戰」的獨角戲。人似乎成了智慧化戰爭的旁觀者，大有「智慧化戰爭讓人走開」的意味和態勢。曾經一直是戰爭主體的人，在智能化戰爭中的地位和角色究竟是什麼，這是研究智能化戰爭應當首先解決的問題。

馬克思主義戰爭觀認為，武器是戰爭的重要因素，但不是決定的因素，決定的因素是人而不是武器。雖然在高階階段的智慧化戰爭中，人不再直接操控武器，但以下因素仍決定了人是戰爭的主體和關鍵的致勝力量。

首先，戰爭是政治的延續，戰爭的發動、戰爭進程的掌控，必須由人視政治需求作出決定。戰場以外的博弈對戰爭進程有著決定性的影響，如外交談判的結果、國際輿論的焦點、國內民眾支持度等，均取決於政治家、軍事家的決策，是任何智能化的機器都無法替代的。

其次，戰爭規劃和指揮只能由各級指揮官來實施。軍事指揮既是科學，也是藝術，但更體現為藝術。世界上任何一場取得勝利的戰鬥、戰役，都是指揮者打破常規和定式，創造性用兵的結果。我軍成長壯大的歷史也一再證明，正確的軍事戰略指導、機動靈活的戰略戰術，是以弱克強、以少勝多，使我軍不斷從勝利走向勝利的製勝法寶，也是智能化機器所無法模仿和創造的。例如，戰中對敵我作戰力量的比較分析、作戰態勢的即時掌控、整體毀傷效果的即時評估、敵軍指揮作戰心理分析，以及對下一步作戰行動的預判等等，智慧化機器只能提供輔助決策資訊和建議案，必須由各級指揮官親自決策、下定作戰決心，並下達作戰命令。

第三，武器裝備智慧化程度高低最終取決於人類。人工智慧源自人類智能，目前製約智能化發展的一大因素，就是對人類智能的科學認識尚膚淺，對人類大腦的認知、記憶、思維、決策和行動機理等的認識還很不夠。 《烏鎮指數：全球人工智慧發展報告2016》指出，歷年來人工智慧的機器學習、自然語言處理、電腦視覺、機器人四類細分領域涉及生物學研究的比例均最低。由於不重視腦科學對人工智慧基礎和決定性的影響，直接導致當前人工智慧只能停留在對大腦功能膚淺認識和初級模仿階段，一旦對人類智慧的認識有了重大突破，人工智慧也必將脫胎換骨，進入跨越式發展階段。

第四，控制智慧化武器裝備和作戰平台的只能是人。雖然最終的智慧化武器可以沒有人類現場操控，但智慧化武器裝備何時投入戰鬥、何時轉換進攻方向、如何把控戰爭節奏、何時撤出戰鬥等等，最終只能由人來決定，這是智慧化武器裝備設計時必須掌握的基本原則，即阿西莫夫機器人三定律之一：機器人必須服從人類的命令。一旦智能化的武器裝備脫離了人的控制，那將是整個人類而不僅僅是敵人的災難，這也決定了不論智能化武器裝備這個“風箏”飛多高，永遠只能是人類控制與機器自主控制功能並存，機器自主功能只能在人類限定的範圍內有效，人類必須擁有足夠堅固的風箏線並時刻牢牢抓住它。

第五，破解、控制敵人智慧化武器裝備的只能是人。軍事歷史發展證明，任何武器裝備都有其“阿喀琉斯之踵”，最終都會被擊敗。歷史上從來沒有、未來也不會出現完美無缺、無懈可擊的武器裝備，智慧化武器裝備也不例外，而克敵制勝的法寶就是擁有無窮智慧的人類。例如，無人機看似先進，但完全可以被特定頻率的電波幹擾、誘捕或控制。其他智慧化武器裝備也是如此，而尋找並研究破解、控制、擊毀智慧化武器裝備的方法、技術、裝備，則是人類聰明才智的用武之地。

因此，應把「人機同步發展」作為軍事智能化發展的一個基本原則，智能化既要化「物」也要化「人」。作為智能化戰爭時代的軍人，必須掌握智能化武器裝備的工作原理和薄弱環節，熟悉並掌握智能化武器裝備的“思維方式”和“常規動作”，以及可能出現的非常態的“異常思維”和變態的“超常動作”，了解其技戰術指標及性能，特別是人機協同作戰階段，不僅要求軍人能夠與機器協調行動，而且在認知能力和智力上能夠和機器無障礙交流，這不僅要依靠智能化的知識儲備，也要依賴智慧化裝備的「讀腦」「強腦術」。科學研究表明，正常人大腦使用率只有3%——5%，這說明，人類智慧仍有巨大的提升和釋放空間。研究智能化戰爭，也應同步研究如何提升人類智慧。

面對智慧化戰爭，我們應當未雨綢繆，儘早建立與智能化戰爭相適應的智能化部隊，研究智能化戰爭的克敵制勝之道，建立完善智能化戰爭理論；維修、保養、改進智能化武器裝備；研究破解敵方武器裝備操控密鑰的方法、技術、裝備；研究攻擊敵軍智能化武器裝備的有效手段，改寫其作戰規則和作戰對象，使其臨陣倒戈，或是利用高能量激光、高功率微波直接擊毀敵通信網絡和武器裝備，彰顯智慧化戰爭的致勝之道。

總之，智慧化戰爭中人仍是戰爭的主體，是戰爭勝負的決定性因素。研究智能化戰爭的一項重要任務就是找準智能化戰爭中人的定位。否則，就容易陷入「見物不見人」「唯武器論」「唯技術論」的唯心主義泥沼。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.qstheory.cn/defense/2019-10/17/c_112511776588.htm

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Chinese Military Experts: Seize the Brainpower of Future Wars to Safeguard National Cognitive Space Security

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中國軍事專家：抓住未來戰爭智囊，維護國家認知空間安全

現代英語：

With the rise of the global Internet and the development of emerging media, the world’s major military powers are now paying great attention to the strategic issue of cognitive space security. The recently published monograph “Brain Control: The Laws of War and National Security Strategy in the Global Media Age” focuses on the future development trend of war and the issue of national cognitive space security in the global media era. It puts forward the concept of “brain control” in cognitive space, which has attracted the attention of the military academic community. On this topic, the reporter interviewed the main author of the book, Professor Zeng Huafeng, Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of the National University of Defense Technology.

　　“Subjugating the enemy without fighting” is the highest realm of information warfare

　　Reporter: The concept of brain control is inseparable from the understanding of cognitive space. What is cognitive space and what is brain control?

　　Zeng Huafeng: Information warfare is the unity of material and spirit, concept and reality. It is not only the manifestation of the development of material form, but also the inevitable result of the action of spiritual factors. Information warfare has enabled human warfare to truly have three combat spaces for the first time: one is the natural space composed of land, sea, air, and space; the second is the network electromagnetic space based on physical principles, which is essentially a technical space; the third is the cognitive space composed of human spiritual and psychological activities. To win the future information warfare, we must grasp the initiative of the war, obtain the control of the war domain, and dominate the discourse of the war. Seizing the control of the brain in the cognitive space and “defeating the enemy without fighting” is the highest realm of information warfare.

　　Cognitive space refers to the scope and field of human cognitive activities. It is an invisible space that reflects people’s emotions, will, beliefs and values, and exists in the minds of participants in the struggle. The national cognitive space exists in the subjective world of each individual, and is composed of the superposition of the cognitive spaces of countless individuals in the whole society. National interests exist not only in physical form in natural space and technological space, but also invisibly in cognitive space. “Brain control” is to use the spiritual information carried by propaganda media, national languages, cultural products, etc. as weapons, to infiltrate, influence and even dominate the cognition, emotions and consciousness of the general public and national elites, and ultimately manipulate a country’s values, national spirit, ideology, cultural traditions, historical beliefs, etc., to prompt it to abandon its own theoretical understanding, social system and development path, and achieve the strategic goal of winning without fighting.

　　Reporter: At present, with the advent of the global media age, especially the development of emerging social media, the political game between major powers continues to intensify, and “cognitive domain symptoms” such as human psychological confusion, moral crisis, and loss of faith continue to emerge. What do you think are the characteristics of cognitive space confrontation?

　　Zeng Huafeng: I think there are three main characteristics: First, the security boundary of the national cognitive space is ambiguous. The national cognitive space is a boundless, invisible, shadowless, but not negligible space of interests and confrontation. Social public opinion and ideology are the main areas of competition in the cognitive space, and spiritual information is the main weapon. Wherever spiritual information can be spread, it can become a battlefield for cognitive space competition. Second, the information attack and defense of the national cognitive space is manipulable. The reception, processing and feedback of spiritual information are not only closely related to the function of the human brain, but also have distinct national and ethnic characteristics. At the same time, spiritual information is prone to distortion in the process of dissemination and diffusion. In the era of global media, individuals are both recipients and publishers of information. Theoretically, any individual or group can instantly spread the specific information they process and produce in the world and have an impact on specific target objects. Third, the strategic confrontation in the national cognitive space is persistent. The role of spiritual information needs to be carried out step by step, and we cannot expect to produce immediate results. For example, during the Cold War, Western countries led by the United States gradually infiltrated Western values ​​into socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe through cultural exchanges and other activities, achieving the goal of peaceful evolution. Today, Western hostile forces seek to instill and infiltrate Western “democratic” and “free” ideas and values ​​through various academic exchanges in politics, economy, science, culture, etc., in normal information interaction activities.

　　The main way the West seizes national cognitive space and competes for “brain control”

　　Reporter: What are the main ways the West seizes national cognitive space and competes for “brain control”?

　　Zeng Huafeng: I think there are four main ways. The first is perception manipulation. Perception manipulation is also called consciousness manipulation. It aims to manipulate the behavior of others by influencing their psychology and spirit. It can be directed at individuals, groups, a country, or even the whole world. In his book “War and Anti-War”, Toffler summarized the tools of perception manipulation into six aspects: one is “accusation of atrocities”, including condemnation of real and false atrocities; the second is “exaggerating the interests of a battle or a war”; the third is “demonizing or dehumanizing the enemy”; the fourth is “polarization”, that is, if you don’t support us, you are against us; the fifth is “claiming to obey God’s will”, which has a strong religious color; the sixth is “super propaganda-propaganda that is enough to discredit the propaganda of the other party.”

　　The second is to cut off historical memory. Human thought and social ideology are always closely linked to historical memory. Whether it is the spiritual world of an individual or the cultural traditions of a country or nation, figuratively speaking, they are all concentrated pasts and treasures worth cherishing. Once the historical memory of an individual or group is cleverly cut off through some means, making them lose their spiritual home, the obstacles to the infiltration of their values ​​and ideologies are removed, opening the door for the invasion of various erroneous and chaotic ideas.

　　The third is to change the thinking paradigm. A country and a nation have their own specific thinking paradigm, which is the premise for people to understand the world. Especially for the social elite, their thinking paradigm and ideological cognition play a leading role in the thoughts, values ​​and ideological identity of the whole society. However, people’s rational thinking has weaknesses. Through manipulation, “virus programs” can be instilled into it, prompting people to deviate from obvious facts and accept fallacies and sometimes even absurd conclusions. Once this set of practices seizes the social elite group, most people will lose their ability to resist manipulation. At the end of the Cold War, the Western ideological attack on the Soviet Union was to influence the rational thinking of some Soviet economists, let them make a series of public speeches in the Soviet Union that catered to Western intentions, and covertly “persuaded” the Soviet people to abandon their own country’s social system and national culture, and to welcome the so-called “new era” of Western civilization with a “thorough”, “unconditional” and “bold” attitude.

　　Fourth, deconstruct symbols. Symbols are born in the historical evolution of national culture. Different nations have formed their own specific symbols in the course of their respective cultural development, such as clothing, anniversaries, monuments, rituals, and characters. With the help of empathy, a nation has some great symbols, which gives it an emotional bond that unites the society. It can arouse people’s sense of belonging, so that people can unite for a common dream and create and continue a new civilization. If someone deliberately repaints and attacks the symbols in the history of a country and nation, by reversing right and wrong, publicly mocking and making fun of the glorious achievements, great figures and noble culture in history, the consequences will be very serious, and it will lead to people gradually losing their sense of identity with the country, nation and self.

　　Providing strong support for maintaining national cognitive space security

　　Reporter: Faced with fierce competition in the field of national cognitive space security, how should we maintain national cognitive space security?

　　Zeng Huafeng: We must fully understand and grasp the characteristics and laws of national cognitive space security, firmly occupy the ideological position, and take the initiative in the field of public opinion and ideology.

　　First, we must strengthen our ideals and beliefs and build a strong spiritual pillar. History and reality have repeatedly proved that the collapse of a regime often begins in the ideological field. Once the ideological defense line is breached, it will be difficult to defend other defense lines. Whether we can hold on to the ideological position and do a good job in ideological work is related to national cohesion and centripetal force. In this regard, we must always hold high the banner of ideals and beliefs and unswervingly adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　Second, we must be vigilant against the emergence of historical nihilism. Historical nihilism originated with the denial of the “Cultural Revolution” and reform and opening up, and then gradually moved towards the denial of the historical view of historical materialism and the denial of the cultural traditions of the Chinese nation. We must be highly vigilant against its harm, and clearly oppose historical nihilism, oppose all pseudo-historical narratives that glorify aggression and oppression and vilify revolution and resistance, face history sincerely, cherish the subjectivity established by the Chinese nation in the long course of the Chinese revolution, and enhance the self-esteem and self-confidence of the Chinese nation, so as to lay a solid cultural foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Third, we should seek national cultural identity in the collision between Chinese and Western cultures. While promoting military and economic hegemony, the United States actively promotes cultural hegemony. Under the banner of “economic integration”, it strongly impacts the heterogeneous cultures of various countries and tries to influence other countries’ cultures with American culture. In this context, in the process of cultural exchanges with other countries and nations in the world, we should not only continue to absorb and integrate the essence of the cultures of all nations in the world, but also enhance our national cultural consciousness and confidence, and improve the creativity and vitality of national culture in the process of continuous inheritance.

　　Fourth, we should actively participate in the global governance of cyberspace security. In the Internet era, the United States, with its high-tech monopoly advantage, not only controls the management of the cyber world, but is also the first country in the world to propose the concept of cyber warfare and apply it in actual combat. From the current perspective, the United States’ control over the Internet will not change in the short term. We should pay close attention to cyberspace security, actively participate in the global governance of cyberspace security, and build a cybersecurity system that conforms to the trend of globalization and meets the requirements of my country’s informatization, so as to provide strong support for maintaining the security of the national cognitive space.

　　We must promote the information construction of our army with a broader vision. Indulging in reflection on the characteristics, patterns and experiences of the last war is a chronic disease and common disease in human military history. From the time when information warfare was proposed to the present, people have been conducting research on its characteristics, laws and tactics, but have overlooked a problem: that is, with the development of modern science and technology, is the so-called information warfare what people are talking about today? In fact, we should have a broader vision for understanding information warfare, and include physical information, biological information and spiritual information into the framework of information warfare. From the aspects of basic research, applied research, combat theory, technology development, equipment development and organizational leadership, we should build a system of cognitive space attack and defense confrontation. Innovate the ways, methods and means of ideological and political work in the global media era. Cultivate and create a team of high-quality talents who can grasp the frontiers of cognitive science, psychology and military needs, and seize the “brain control” of future information warfare. (

Reporter Huang Kunlun)【

Editor: Zhang Haitong】

現代國語：

伴隨著全球網路的崛起及新興媒體的發展，目前世界主要軍事強國都十分重視認知空間安全的戰略問題。最近出版的《制腦權：全球媒體時代的戰爭法則與國家安全戰略》這本專著，著眼於未來戰爭發展趨勢，聚焦全球媒體時代國家認知空間安全問題，提出認知空間的“制腦權”這一概念，引發軍事學界的關注。記者就此主題，訪問了書中的主要作者、國防科技大學人文與社會科學學院院長曾華鋒教授。

「不戰而屈人之兵」是資訊化戰爭的最高境界

記者：制腦權這個概念，離不開對認知空間的理解。請問什麼是認知空間，何為制腦權？

曾華鋒：資訊化戰爭是物質與精神、觀念與現實的統一，它既是物質形態發展的表現，也是精神因素作用的必然結果。資訊化戰爭使人類戰爭第一次真正擁有了三個作戰空間：一是陸、海、空、天等組成的自然空間；二是基於物理原理的網路電磁空間，它本質上是一種技術空間；三是由人的精神和心理活動所構成的認知空間。贏得未來資訊化戰爭，必須掌握戰爭的主動權、取得戰爭的製域權並主導戰爭的話語權。奪取認知空間的製腦權，「不戰而屈人之兵」是資訊化戰爭的最高境界。

認知空間指的是人類認知活動所涉及的範圍和領域，它是反映人的情感、意志、信仰和價值觀等內容的無形空間，存在於鬥爭參與者的思想中。國家認知空間分散存在於每個個體的主觀世界，由全社會無數個體的認知空間所疊加而成。國家利益不僅以實體形式存在於自然空間、技術空間，也無形存在於認知空間。 「制腦權」就是以宣傳媒體、民族語言、文化產品等所承載的精神訊息為武器，以滲透、影響乃至主導社會大眾與國家精英的認知、情感、意識為指向，最終操控一個國家的價值觀念、民族精神、意識形態、文化傳統、歷史信念等，促使其放棄自己探索的理論認知、社會制度及發展道路，達成不戰而勝的戰略目標。

記者：當前，隨著全球媒體時代的到來，特別是新興社交媒體的發展，大國之間的政治博弈持續加劇，人類心理困惑、道德危機、信仰迷失等「認知域症狀」不斷凸顯，您認為認知空間對抗有哪些特色？

曾華鋒：我認為，主要有以下三個特點：一是國家認知空間的安全邊界具有模糊性。國家認知空間是一個無邊、無界、無形、無影但又不可忽視的利益空間與對抗空間，社會輿論和意識形態領域是認知空間爭奪的主要領域，精神資訊是主要武器。凡是精神訊息可以傳播到的地方，都可以成為認知空間較量的戰場。二是國家認知空間的資訊攻防具有操控性。精神訊息的接收、加工及回饋方式不僅與人腦的功能緊密相關，也具有鮮明的國家、民族特性。同時，精神訊息在傳播擴散的過程中易於失真。在全球媒體時代，個體既是資訊的接受者，也可以成為資訊的發布者，從理論上講，任何個體或群體都可以瞬間在世界傳播其加工、製作的特定訊息，並對特定目標對象產生影響。三是國家認知空間的戰略對抗具有持久性。精神訊息的角色需要循序漸進地進行，不能指望產生立竿見影的效果。例如，冷戰期間，以美國為首的西方國家就是透過文化交流等活動，逐漸把西方的價值觀念滲透到蘇聯和東歐等社會主義國家，達到和平演變之目的。如今，西方敵對勢力透過政治、經濟、科學、文化等各種學術交流，在正常的訊息互動活動中尋求灌輸、滲透西方「民主」、「自由」思想和價值觀念。

西方奪取國家認知空間較量「制腦權」的主要方式

記者：西方奪取國家認知空間較量「制腦權」的主要方式有哪些？

曾華鋒：我認為主要有四種方式。一是感知操縱。感知操縱又稱意識操縱。它旨在透過影響他人的心理與精神達到操控他人行為的目的，既可以針對個人、團體，也可以針對一個國家，甚至可以針對全世界。托夫勒在《戰爭與反戰爭》一書中，將感知操縱的工具歸納為六個方面：一是“對暴行的控訴”，包括譴責真實和虛假的暴行；二是“誇大一次戰役或一場戰爭的利害關係」；三是「把敵人妖魔化或非人化”；四是“兩極化”，也就是說，如果你不支持我們，你就是反對我們；五是“宣稱遵從神的旨意”，帶有濃厚的宗教色彩；六是“超宣傳－足以詆毀對方宣傳的宣傳」。

二是切斷歷史記憶。人的思想與社會意識形態總是同歷史記憶緊密相連。無論是個體的精神世界，抑或國家和民族的文化傳統，形象化，它們都是濃縮的過去，是值得珍惜的財富。一旦透過某種手段巧妙地切斷個體或群體的歷史記憶，使其失去精神的家園，也就掃除了對其進行價值觀和意識形態滲透的障礙，為各種錯誤雜亂的思想入侵敞開了大門。

三是改變思考範式。一個國家和民族都有其特定的思考範式，它是人們認識世界的前提。特別是社會精英階層，他們的思維範式、思想認知對全社會的思想、價值觀念和意識形態認同起著引領作用。但是人的理性思維是有弱點的，透過操縱可向其中灌輸“病毒程序”，促使人們背離明顯的事實而接受謬誤、有時甚至是荒謬的結論。一旦這套做法抓住了社會菁英群體，多數人也會對操縱伎倆失去抵禦能力。冷戰末期，西方對蘇聯進行的思想攻擊，就是透過影響蘇聯一些經濟學家的理性思維，讓其在蘇聯國內發表一系列迎合西方意圖的公共言論，隱蔽性地「勸說」蘇聯人民放棄自己國家的社會制度與民族文化，以「徹底的」、「無條件的」、「果敢的」態度迎接西方文明的所謂「新時代」。

四是解構象徵。象徵誕生於民族文化的歷史演進之中，不同民族在各自的文化發展歷程中，形成了屬於自己的特定的象徵，如服飾、紀念日、紀念碑、儀式、人物等。借助於移情作用，一個民族擁有了一些偉大的象徵，就擁有了一個凝聚社會的情感紐帶，它能喚起人們的歸宿感，從而使人們為了一個共同的夢想而團結在一起，創造和延續新的文明。如果有人刻意重新塗抹、攻擊一個國家和民族歷史上的象徵，透過顛倒黑白、公開嘲諷和戲說歷史上的輝煌成就、偉大人物及崇高文化，其後果將是十分嚴重的，它將導致人們逐漸喪失國家、民族和自我的認同感。

為維護國家認知空間安全提供強力支撐

記者：面對國家認知空間安全領域的激烈爭奪，我們該如何維護國家認知空間安全？

曾華鋒：我們必須充分了解並掌握國家認知空間安全的特徵與規律，牢牢佔領思想陣地，打好輿論與意識形態領域主動仗。

一是要堅定理想信念，築牢精神支柱。歷史和現實一再證明，一個政權的瓦解往往是從思想領域開始的，思想防線被攻破了，其他防線也就很難守住。能否堅守思想陣地，做好意識形態工作，事關民族凝聚力、向心力。對此，我們要時時高舉理想信念的旗幟，毫不動搖地堅持並發展中國特色社會主義。

二是要警惕歷史虛無主義的濫觴。歷史虛無主義，是隨著否定「文化大革命」與改革開放發端的，進而逐步走向否定歷史唯物論的歷史觀，否定中華民族的文化傳統。對於其危害，我們要高度警惕，旗幟鮮明地反對歷史虛無主義，反對一切美化侵略和壓迫以及醜化革命和抗爭的偽歷史敘述，真誠地對歷史，珍視中華民族在漫長的中國革命歷程中確立起來的主體性，提高中華民族的自尊心和自信心，以此為中華民族的偉大復興奠定紮實的文化根基。

三是在中西文化碰撞中尋求民族文化認同。美國在推行軍事、經濟霸權主義的同時，積極推行文化霸權主義，在「經濟整合」的旗號下，強勢衝擊各國異質文化，試圖以美國文化影響他國文化。在此背景下，我們在與世界其他國家和民族的文化交流過程中，既要不斷兼收並蓄，融匯世界各民族文化的精華，更要提升我們的民族文化自覺和自信，在不斷傳承的過程中提高民族文化的創造力和生命力。

四是積極參與網路空間安全的全球治理。在網路時代，美國憑藉其高技術壟斷優勢，不僅掌握著網路世界的管理權，也是世界上第一個提出網路戰概念並將其運用於實戰的國家。從目前來看，美國對網路的控制權短時間內不會改變，我們應高度關注網路空間安全，積極參與網路空間安全的全球治理，建構既順應全球化趨勢，又符合我國資訊化要求的網絡安全體系，為維護國家認知空間安全提供強力支撐。

我們要以更寬廣的視野推動我軍資訊化建設。沈湎於對上次戰爭的特徵、模式、經驗的反思，是人類軍事史上屢見不鮮的痼疾與通病。資訊戰從提出到現在，人們都在圍繞其特徵、規律、戰法展開研究，卻忽略了一個問題：那就是隨著現代科學技術的發展，所謂的資訊戰，是否就是今天人們所津津樂道的這般模樣？其實，對於資訊戰的理解，我們應該有更寬廣的視野，要將物理資訊、生物資訊及精神資訊都納入資訊戰的框架。從基礎研究、應用研究、作戰理論、技術開發、設備研發和組織領導等層面，建構認知空間攻防對抗的體系。創新全球媒體時代的思想政治工作途徑、方法與手段。培養並造就一支能掌握認知科學、心理學前線和軍事需求的高素質人才隊伍，奪取未來資訊化戰爭的「制腦權」。 (記者 黃崑崙)

【編輯:張海桐】

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.chinanews.com.cn/mil/2014/06-16/628358988.shtml

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence

Shexing Intelligence: Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence focus on Personnel and Equipment Analysis Supported by Open Source Data

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社行智能：中國軍事人工智慧聚焦開源資料支援的人員裝備分析

現代英語：

On March 19, Zhang Qiao, CEO of Nanjing Shexing Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., was invited to participate in a special course lecture held by a military academy and gave an online special lecture entitled “Analysis of People and Equipment Supported by Open Source Data”.

In this course, Zhang Qiao combined the multiple products and technologies developed by Shexing Intelligence to give a detailed introduction to the overview of open source data, the current status of artificial intelligence, the problems solved by combining open source data with artificial intelligence, open source data intelligent systems, future application prospects and challenges, and other related topics. Nearly 100 teachers and students from the school participated in the course.

At the beginning of the course, Zhang Qiao used the definition of Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Title 50 of the United States Code, “War and Defense” as an introduction (definition: for a certain user group, with the purpose of obtaining intelligence, timely collection, analysis and distribution of intelligence from various types of public information), and explained a series of contents on open source data to teachers and students, so that everyone can fully realize the importance of open source data work.

Analysis of typical cases of open source data

With the increase in sources and application types, the amount of open source data has also increased exponentially, making it difficult to fully utilize the huge information value it implies. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in computer vision, image recognition, natural language processing, speech processing, etc. is vividly reflected in typical cases of open source data.
       In view of the application cases of open source data, Zhang Qiaodi combined the intelligent scientific research capabilities of Shexing to show everyone the Galaxy Search product of open source data, which effectively assisted the analysis of people and equipment supported by open source data.

Zhang Qiao introduced the Galaxy Search Platform in detail from aspects of product architecture, problems solved and product capabilities.
       Among them, the Orion Star data collection platform is based on distributed data collection technology. It has collected nearly 1.4 billion multi-modal data such as text, pictures, videos, audio and hundreds of billions of sea and air target data from more than 40 countries and regions, covering more than 80 languages ​​such as Chinese, English, Japanese, Arabic, etc. It has the characteristics of comprehensiveness, professionalism, diversity, integrity and scalability, and provides data support for intelligent analysis and application of open source information.

In the process of collecting, extracting, integrating, detecting, identifying and applying open source information, a total of 5 million+ annotated data and about 80 special algorithm models have been accumulated.
       Based on multimodal knowledge graphs, joint reasoning, computer vision, natural language processing and other technologies, the “intelligent transformation” from data to knowledge is realized. From the three levels of basic knowledge, static knowledge and dynamic knowledge, a knowledge system integrating knowledge generation, updating, accumulation and application is realized, which effectively realizes military scenario application services such as intelligence mining and analysis, supporting strategic situation analysis and judgment, and assisting battlefield command decision-making.
       Based on the intelligence element ontology model, structured intelligence elements are formed through multi-source language entity recognition of cross-language texts, key frame extraction of video data, target detection and recognition of image data, etc.; the military knowledge graph is used to realize the association, disambiguation and fusion of intelligence elements, complete the completion and verification of intelligence slots, and form more comprehensive, more accurate and more valuable fusion intelligence.
       Zhang Qiao combined the current military hot spots, took the character tracking case of Ukrainian intelligence personnel as an example, and the intelligence authentication case in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, and fully demonstrated the ability of Galaxy Search in open source data extraction, character tracking, event tracking, target monitoring and other aspects.

Challenges of open source data

Finally, Zhang Qiao analyzed that open source data also faces severe challenges. In real life, we will also be confused by various false intelligence, such as artificial fabrication, distortion of facts, synthetic images, deep fakes and other technologies. An event we see may not be completely accurate or true. How to obtain effective and valuable intelligence information from massive amounts of information and effectively identify it requires the empowerment of emerging technologies, especially artificial intelligence technology, biotechnology and quantum computing, as well as their applications in foreign policy, economic competitiveness, military and intelligence operations.
       As a leading company in open source data analysis, Shexing Intelligence will continue to strengthen its exploration and practice in open source data, and contribute more to the cultivation of open source data professionals, independent innovation in military technology and military equipment, etc.

Starsee Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. (Starsee) was established in September 2018. It is the first military intelligent enterprise in China. By introducing advanced artificial intelligence technology and combat concepts, the company integrates independently developed military intelligent algorithms and software on different hardware product forms to enhance the efficiency of future intelligent combat.
        Xinghe Search (https://xinghe.starsee.cn) is a global-oriented intelligent defense information service platform developed by Starsee Intelligent. Based on open source Internet data, it integrates open source information that runs through pan-military, globalization, full-link, multi-modal, and multi-language, and comprehensively uses artificial intelligence and big data technologies to achieve intelligent data collection, deep knowledge mining, multi-modal intelligence analysis, intelligent situational awareness, and decision-making assistance. It provides military enthusiasts, military industry practitioners, current (retired) military personnel, and other user groups on the Internet with real-time push of military dynamics, accurate recognition of target images, a one-point chain network for people/equipment, in-depth analysis and aggregation of military documents, and comprehensive retrieval of military knowledge and other functions and services.

現代國語：

3月19日，南京社行智慧科技有限公司CEO張橋受邀參加某軍校舉辦的專題課程講座，並做了題為《開源支援的人員與設備分析》的線上專題講座資料」。

在本次課程中，張喬結合社行智慧研發的多種產品與技術，詳細介紹了開源資料的概況、人工智慧的現況、開源資料與人工智慧結合解決的問題、開源資料智慧系統、未來應用前景與挑戰等相關議題。全校近100名師生參加了本次課程。

課程一開始，張喬以《美國法典》第50條《戰爭與防禦》中開源情報（OSINT）的定義作為介紹（定義：針對某一用戶群體，以獲取情報，及時收集、分析和分發各類公共資訊中的情報），並向師生解釋了一系列關於開源資料的內容，讓大家充分認識到開源資料工作的重要性。

開源資料典型案例分析

隨著來源和應用類型的增加，開源資料量也呈指數級增長，其蘊含的巨大資訊價值難以充分利用。人工智慧（AI）在電腦視覺、影像辨識、自然語言處理、語音處理等方面的應用在開源資料的典型案例中得到了淋漓盡致的體現。
針對開源資料的應用案例，張喬迪結合社行的智慧科研能力，向大家展示了開源資料的銀河搜尋產品，有效輔助了開源資料支援的人員和設備的分析。

張橋從產品架構、解決的問題、產品能力等方面詳細介紹了銀河搜尋平台。
其中，Orion Star資料採集平台是基於分散式資料採集技術。已採集來自40多個國家和地區的近14億條文字、圖片、視頻、音頻等多模態數據和千億級海空目標數據，涵蓋中、英、法等80多種語言。語言等。

在收集、擷取、整合、偵測、辨識和應用開源資訊的過程中，累計累積了500萬+條標註資料和約80個專用演算法模型。
基於多模態知識圖譜、聯合推理、電腦視覺、自然語言處理等技術，實現從資料到知識的「智慧轉換」。從基礎知識、靜態知識和動態知識三個層面，實現集知識生成、更新、累積和應用於一體的知識體系，有效實現情報挖掘與分析、支撐戰略態勢分析研判、協助戰場指揮決策。
基於智慧要素本體模型，透過跨語言文字的多源語言實體辨識、視訊資料關鍵影格擷取、影像資料目標偵測與辨識等，形成結構化智慧要素；運用軍事知識圖譜實現情報要素的關聯、消歧與融合，完成情報槽的補全與驗證，形成更全面、更準確、更有價值的整合情報。
張橋結合當前軍事熱點，以烏克蘭情報人員人物追蹤案件、俄烏衝突中的情報認證案件為例，充分展示了銀河搜尋在開源資料擷取、人物追蹤等方面的能力、事件追蹤、目標監控等方面。

開源資料的挑戰

最後，張橋分析道，開源資料也面臨嚴峻的挑戰。在現實生活中，我們也會被各種虛假情報迷惑，例如人為捏造、扭曲事實、合成圖像、深度造假等技術。我們看到的事件可能不完全準確或真實。如何從海量資訊中獲取有效、有價值的情報資訊並進行有效識別，需要新興技術特別是人工智慧的賦能。

人工智慧技術、生物技術和量子運算及其在外交政策、經濟競爭力、軍事和情報運作中的應用。
作為開源資料分析領域的領先公司，社行智慧將繼續加強在開源資料方面的探索和實踐，為開源資料人才培養、軍事技術和軍事裝備自主創新等做出更多貢獻。

星視智慧科技有限公司（簡稱星視）成立於2018年9月，是國內首家軍工智慧企業。公司透過引進先進的人工智慧技術和作戰概念，將自主研發的軍事智慧演算法和軟體整合在不同的硬體產品形態上，提升未來智慧作戰效率。
星河搜尋（https://xinghe.starsee.cn）是星河智慧研發的面向全球的智慧國防資訊服務平台。以開源網路資料為基礎，整合貫穿全軍事化、全球化、全連結、多模態、多語言的開源訊息，綜合運用人工智慧和大數據技術，實現資料智慧採集、深度挖掘知識挖掘、多模態情報分析、智能態勢感知、輔助決策。為軍事愛好者、軍工從業者、現（退役）軍人等網路使用者群體提供軍事動態即時推送、目標影像精準識別、人員/裝備點對點鍊網、軍事文獻深度分析聚合，軍事知識綜合檢索等功能與服務。

中國原創軍事資源：https//www.81it.com/2022/0322/1336688.html

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military Center of Gravity for Winning Intelligent Warfare

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中國打贏智慧戰爭的軍事重心

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2020年12月31日 星期四

現代英語：

The winning mechanism of war refers to the main factors for winning a war, the way they play a role, and the internal mechanisms, laws and principles of their mutual connection and interaction. With the advent of the intelligent era, the increasingly widespread application of artificial intelligence in the military field has promoted the transformation of the war form to intelligent warfare, and the winning mechanism of war has also changed accordingly.

Having data advantage is the basis for success

In the era of intelligence, the core foundation of many “disruptive technologies” is data, and war will also be “no data, no war”. In intelligent warfare, both sides will fight a “data war” around understanding data, relying on data, competing for data, and using data. Whoever owns the “data right” will have the initiative in the war. Fighting for data, mastering data, analyzing data, and applying data in war are the keys to winning intelligent warfare.

Data resources are combat effectiveness. In intelligent warfare, data comes first before troops move. Whoever controls the data controls the resources to win the war, and controls the initiative and the chips for victory. The ability to understand and use data is an important indicator for measuring combat capability and directly affects the outcome of the war. Obtaining data, analyzing data, and using data are not only the yardsticks for measuring the combat capability of troops, but also the new engine for improving the combat effectiveness of troops. Data is the most direct record of the objective world. It appears in the form of numbers and is raw data, such as the performance parameters of weapons and equipment, the size of troops, the number of guarantees, target parameters, etc. These data can be processed to become the information and intelligence needed for combat. In the information age led by data, data has become the blood of intelligent warfare.

Big data has given rise to a data-based battlefield. To some extent, whoever controls the data resources controls the “winning space” of the war. Data has changed the logical cognition of war. In the past, people inferred the whole from the individual and inferred the inevitability from the small probability events, but now they deduce individual characteristics from the high probability and find the internal laws of specific things from the correlation. Only by understanding the relevant data can we grasp the overall situation, only by gathering similar data can we grasp the trend, and only by integrating all-source data can we understand the connection. All of this is attributed to the control of the data-based battlefield.

Big data changes the way of fighting. As the most important strategic resource, how to distinguish the authenticity and quality of data, how to fight and counter-fight, deceive and counter-deceive, attack and counter-attack around massive data, has become a key issue in winning intelligent wars. When data becomes the focus of war, it will inevitably lead to competition and gaming around data, thereby promoting changes in the style of fighting. At present, the competition for data collection is intensifying, and major countries have launched research on national defense big data projects to provide more intelligence with practical value for military decision-making. The “asymmetry” of data forms the “asymmetry” of algorithms, and then achieves the “asymmetry” of tactics.

Data has given rise to intelligent equipment systems. Data technology has upgraded combat platforms to highly intelligent and autonomous systems. Data has enabled command and control systems, air combat platforms, precision-guided munitions, etc. to complete the transition from informatization to intelligence. For example, modern “swarm technology” is the application of artificial intelligence supported by big data. Data has become a “telescope”, “microscope” and “perspective lens” for analyzing wars. To win intelligent wars, one must have a data mind, data awareness and data thinking.

Mastering algorithm advantages is the key to success

One of the characteristics of intelligent warfare is that all battle plans, campaign plans and war plans need to be generated by computers, and its essence is algorithm-generated tactics. Having an algorithm advantage means having an intelligent advantage, which can achieve a high degree of unity of information advantage, cognitive advantage, decision-making advantage and action advantage.

Algorithm advantage dominates information advantage. Algorithm is a systematic method to describe the strategic mechanism for solving problems, and is the key and prerequisite for improving intelligence advantage. Algorithm technology mainly includes deep learning, supercomputing, brain-like intelligence and other technologies. The use of intelligent sensing and networking technology can widely and quickly deploy various types of intelligent perception nodes, and can implement active collaborative detection for tasks, thereby building a transparent and visible digital combat environment. Judging from the current development trend, the advantage of war algorithms dominates information advantage, which contains great potential to rewrite the rules of the modern war game. This pair of “invisible hands” will shape the new landscape of future intelligent warfare.

Algorithmic advantage dominates cognitive advantage. In intelligent warfare, big data can quickly convert massive amounts of data into useful intelligence after being processed by high-performance and efficient algorithms, thereby gaining cognitive advantage. Algorithms, as the “brain” of artificial intelligence, have become the key to intelligently sensing the battlefield and using it for decision-making, command, and coordination. The party with algorithmic advantage can dispel the “battlefield fog” and “information fog” caused by the failure to process data in a timely manner, making cognition more profound and thus seizing the initiative in the war. In the future, whoever has algorithmic advantage will have stronger cognitive ability, faster learning speed, and better quality results.

Algorithm advantage dominates decision-making advantage. With its high-speed and precise calculation, the algorithm can replace people’s hard thinking and repeated exploration, thereby accelerating knowledge iteration. With the support of massive data and supercomputing capabilities, the judgment and prediction results of artificial intelligence will be more accurate. By constructing combat model rules through algorithms, commanders can be assisted in making rapid decisions in multi-level planning and ad hoc handling of strategies, campaigns, tactics, etc. through actuarial, detailed, deep and expert reasoning. With the development of disruptive technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and quantum computing and their application in the military field, the future combat decision-making cycle will become near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the party that masters super algorithms can quickly propose flexible and diverse combat plans and countermeasures in response to changes in combat opponents, constantly disrupting the opponent’s established intentions and deployments, and thus seize the dominance of the war.

Algorithmic advantage leads to operational advantage. In the era of intelligent warfare, algorithms determine tactics, and algorithmic advantage leads to war advantage. Supported by superior algorithms, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence is thousands of times that of humans. “Algorithmic warfare” foreshadows the transformation of future wars. Whoever can seize the commanding heights of intelligent algorithms can seize the initiative and win before the battle. On the intelligent battlefield, algorithms are far more important than artillery shells. War algorithms have become the key factor in winning intelligent warfare and are the strategic commanding heights that future intelligent armies must seize. Intelligent warfare calculations are ubiquitous. The party that has the algorithmic advantage can quickly and accurately predict the battlefield situation, innovate combat methods, and achieve the advantage of “winning before the battle.”

Multi-domain integration is the key to success

Multi-domain integration is based on the cloud-based combat system. With the support of the cloud-based battlefield situation, various combat personnel, equipment, facilities, and environmental elements have expanded the battlefield space from the traditional three-dimensional space to the polar regions, deep sea, space, and cyberspace, and even to multi-dimensional domains such as cognitive domain and information domain. Multi-domain integration has formed a giant, complex, and adaptive confrontation system. The integration of “cloud gathering” and “network gathering” has become a new mechanism for intelligent combat.

Cross-domain integration and integrated energy release. Under the conditions of intelligent warfare, the emergence of a large number of new long-range combat platforms and intelligent new concept weapons has made the future combat landscape present the characteristics of air-ground-sea-sky integration, global instant strikes, and cross-domain strategic deterrence and control. Supported by the cross-domain, distributed, and networked “cloud killing” collaborative combat system, through the cross-domain aggregation of multiple combat capabilities, cross-domain interoperability of combat command, cross-domain sharing of combat information, cross-domain movement of combat weapons, cross-domain response of combat actions, and cross-domain complementarity of combat functions are achieved. Cross-domain integration is the close coordination of main domain control and cross-domain support to implement cross-domain collaborative support. Integrated energy release is the transition of joint operations from integrated joint operations to cross-domain joint operations, realizing the cross-domain aggregation and overall energy release of multiple combat capabilities.

Human-machine integration, using speed to defeat slowness. If weapons are an extension of the human body, intelligence is an extension of the human brain. In the era of intelligent warfare, there will be a mode of giving human intelligence to machines to implement combat. People will further withdraw from the front-line confrontation and combat, and the combination of people and weapons will appear in a new form. Unmanned combat weapons and human intelligence are deeply integrated into an organic symbiosis, perfectly combining human creativity, thinking and the precision and speed of machines. Therefore, in future intelligent warfare, the mode of engagement will gradually change from the mutual killing of “human-machine integration” to the unmanned system cluster confrontation of “human-machine integration”. Relying on the intelligent combat system, commanders adaptively adjust and select the mode of action according to changes in the battlefield environment. Unmanned combat develops from single-platform remote control combat to multi-platform cluster autonomy, forming a simple command chain of “commander-combat cluster”, highlighting the rapid, flexible and autonomous characteristics of human-machine collaboration.

Brain-intelligence fusion and efficient control. The combat system of intelligent warfare will be characterized by a highly intelligent “human + network + machine”. The intelligent command and control system will operate in a collaborative manner of “human brain + intelligent system”. The intelligent system will assist or even partially replace the role of humans in command and control. The intelligent command and control system will have relatively strong autonomous command and control capabilities, and can relatively independently obtain information, judge situations, make decisions, and deal with situations. Relying on the battlefield situation awareness system, with the help of big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and modeling and simulation technology, it is possible to accurately analyze and judge massive battlefield information, realize the transformation of combat command from “human experience-centered” to “data and model-centered” intelligent decision-making methods, and make combat planning more scientific and efficient. In the future, the super self-evolution and strategic decision-making capabilities of deep neural networks will realize the combat cycle of “human out of the loop”.

Integration of intelligence and mind, attacking the mind and winning the will. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the boundaries between the biologicalization and humanization of intelligent weapons will be blurred in the future, and the control of people themselves will become the focus. “Attacking the mind and winning the will” is still the highest combat purpose of intelligent warfare. “Cognitive control warfare” based on the control of human brain and consciousness cognition may evolve into an important combat style. With human cognitive thinking as the target, various means are used to stimulate, influence and control the cognitive system to achieve the effect of disrupting the enemy’s command and decision-making system, inducing the enemy’s combat power, and disintegrating the enemy’s morale. For example, based on brain reading and brain control technology, using mental guidance and control means, the strategic intentions, combat intentions, and combat methods of the enemy commander can be grasped in real time, and even directly act on the brain of the enemy personnel, or the consciousness of the party can be “injected” in the form of EEG coding to interfere with or control their consciousness, thinking and psychology, and finally seize the “right to control intelligence” and achieve deep control over combat personnel. With the large-scale application of intelligent combat platforms on the battlefield, information systems assisting humans will gradually transform into intelligent systems partially replacing humans. The focus of the power struggle will shift from “information rights” to “intelligence rights”, and using elite troops to gain control of key domains will become the dominant approach.

現代國語：

戰爭制勝機理，指贏得戰爭勝利的主要因素、發揮作用的方式及其相互聯繫、相互作用的內在機制、規律和原理。隨著智慧時代的到來，人工智慧在軍事領域越來越廣泛的應用，推動戰爭形態轉向智慧戰爭，戰爭制勝機制也隨之改變。

擁有數據優勢是致勝基礎

在智慧化時代，眾多「顛覆性科技」的核心根基就是數據，戰爭也將是「無數據不戰爭」。在智慧化戰爭中，雙方圍繞著認識數據、依靠數據、爭奪數據和運用數據開打“數據戰”，誰擁有“數據權”，誰就掌握了戰爭的主動權。爭奪數據、掌握數據、分析數據，並將數據運用於戰爭之中，是智慧化戰爭的勝利之要。

數據資源就是戰鬥力。在智慧化戰爭中，兵馬未動，資料先行。誰掌握了數據誰就掌握了取得戰爭勝利的資源，也就掌控了戰爭的主動和勝利的籌碼。認識和運用數據的能力，是衡量作戰能力的重要指標，直接影響戰爭的勝負。取得數據、分析數據和運用數據既是衡量部隊作戰能力的標尺，也是提升部隊戰鬥力的新引擎。數據是客觀世界最直接的記載，以數字的形式出現，是原始資料，如武器裝備的性能參數、兵力規模、保障數量、目標參量等，這些數據經過處理能夠成為作戰所需的資訊和情報。在數據引領的資訊時代，數據已成為智慧化戰爭的血液。

大數據催生數據化戰場。某種程度上講誰把控了資料資源，就把握了戰爭的「勝利空間」。數據改變了對戰爭的邏輯認知，過去是從個別推論整體、從小機率事件中推理必然性，而現在是從大概率中推導個別特徵、從相關性中找出具體事物的內在規律。只有洞察相關數據才能掌握全局，只有聚集同類數據才能掌握趨勢，只有融合全源數據才能洞悉關聯。而這一切都歸於對資料化戰場的把控。

大數據改變作戰樣式。數據作為最重要的戰略資源，如何辨別數據的真假優劣，如何圍繞海量數據開展爭奪與反爭奪、欺騙與反欺騙、攻擊與反攻擊，成為打贏智能化戰爭的關鍵問題。當數據成為戰爭爭奪的焦點，必然帶來圍繞數據的競賽和博弈，從而推動作戰樣式改變。目前，資料收集之爭愈演愈烈，大國紛紛進行國防大數據計畫研究，以便為軍事決策提供更多具有實際價值的情報。以資料的“非對稱”，形成演算法的“非對稱”，進而實現戰法的“非對稱”。

數據催生智慧化裝備系統。數據技術使作戰平台升級為高度智慧化和自主化的系統，數據使指揮控制系統、空中作戰平台、精確導引彈藥等完成由資訊化向智慧化過渡。例如，現代「蜂群技術」就是大數據支撐下的人工智慧運用。數據已經成為解析戰爭的“望遠鏡”“顯微鏡”“透鏡”，打贏智能化戰爭必須具備數據頭腦、數據意識、數據思維。

掌握演算法優勢是致勝關鍵

智慧化戰爭的特徵之一就是一切戰鬥計畫、戰役計畫和戰爭計畫都需轉向電腦生成上來，其本質就是演算法生成戰法。擁有演算法優勢就擁有智慧化優勢，就可以實現資訊優勢、認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢的高度統一。

演算法優勢主導資訊優勢。演算法是用系統化的方法描述解決問題的策略機制，是提高智慧優勢的關鍵和前提。演算法技術主要包括深度學習、超級運算、類腦智慧等技術。採用智慧感測與網路技術，可廣泛快速部署各類智慧感知節點，可面向任務實施主動協同探測，進而建構透明可見的數位化作戰環境。從當前的發展趨勢來看，戰爭演算法優勢主導資訊優勢，蘊含著改寫現代戰爭遊戲規則的巨大潛力，這雙「無形之手」將塑造未來智慧化戰爭新圖景。

演算法優勢主導認知優勢。在智慧化戰爭中，大數據經過高效能、高效率的演算法處理後，能夠將大量資料快速轉換為有用的情報，從而獲得認知優勢。演算法作為人工智慧的“大腦”，成為智慧感知戰場並由此用於決策、指揮和協同的關鍵。佔有演算法優勢的一方，能驅散因資料得不到及時處理而產生的“戰場迷霧”和“資訊迷霧”，使得認知更為深刻，從而奪取戰爭主動權。未來誰擁有演算法優勢，誰的認知能力就強，學習速度就快，品質效果就優。

演算法優勢主導決策優勢。演算法以其高速、精確的計算，能夠取代人的苦思冥想和反覆探索，加速知識迭代。在海量數據和超算能力支援下，人工智慧的判斷和預測結果將更加準確。透過演算法建構作戰模型規則，以精算、細算、深算和專家推理方式，可輔助指揮官在戰略、戰役、戰術等多層規劃規劃和臨機處置中實現快速決策。隨著大數據、雲端運算、量子運算等顛覆性技術的發展及其在軍事領域的應用，未來作戰決策週期將變成近實時。在智慧化戰爭中，掌握超強演算法的一方能夠針對作戰對手變化，快速提出靈活多樣的作戰方案與應對之策，不斷打亂對手既定企圖與部署，從而奪取戰爭主導權。

演算法優勢主導行動優勢。在智慧化戰爭時代，演算法決定戰法，演算法優勢主導戰爭優勢。在優勢演算法的支撐下，人工智慧的反應速度是人類的千百倍。 「演算法戰」預示著未來戰爭的變革，誰能搶佔智慧演算法制高點，誰就能搶得先機，未戰先勝。在智慧化戰場上，演算法遠比砲彈重要，戰爭演算法成為致勝智能化戰爭的關鍵因素，是未來智慧型軍隊必須搶佔的戰略高點。智慧化戰爭運算無所不在，掌握演算法優勢的一方，能夠快速且準確預測戰場態勢，創新作戰方法，達成「未戰而先勝」之利。

搞好多域融合是製勝樞紐

多域融合是以作戰體系的雲態化為基礎，各類作戰人員、裝備、設施、環境要素在雲態化的戰場態勢支撐下，戰場空間從傳統的三維空間，向極地、深海、太空和網電空間，乃至認知域、資訊域等多維域拓展，多域融合形成巨型複雜自適應對抗體系，「雲聚」融合「網聚」成為智慧化作戰新機理。

跨域融合、整合釋能。在智慧化戰爭條件下，多種新型遠戰平台、智慧化新概念武器的大量湧現，使未來作戰面貌呈現出空地海天一體、全球即時性打擊、跨域戰略懾控等特徵。以跨領域、分散式、網路化的「雲殺傷」協同作戰系統為支撐，透過多種作戰能力跨域聚合，實現作戰指揮跨域貫通，作戰資訊跨域共享，作戰兵器跨域穿行，作戰行動跨域回應，作戰功能跨域互補。跨域融合是主域主控與跨域支援的緊密配合，實施跨域協同支援。整合釋能是聯合作戰由一體化聯合作戰過渡到跨域聯合作戰，實現多種作戰能力的跨域聚合、整體釋能。

人機融合、以快製慢。如果說武器是人身體延伸的話，智慧則是人腦的延伸。智能化戰爭時代，將出現把人的智慧賦予機器進而實施作戰的模式，人將更進一步退出一線對抗作戰，人與武器結合方式將以嶄新形態出現。無人作戰武器與人類智慧深度融合為有機共生體，把人的創造性、思想性和機器的精準性、快速性完美結合。因此，在未來智慧化戰爭中，交戰方式將由「人機結合」的相互殺傷逐漸轉向「人機融合」的無人系統集群對抗。依托智能化作戰系統，指揮員針對戰場環境變化自適應調整選擇行動方式，無人作戰由單平台遙控作戰向多平台集群自主方向發展，形成「指揮官—作戰集群」的簡易指揮鏈，彰顯人機協同的快速靈活自主特徵。

腦智融合、高效控制。智慧化戰爭的作戰體系將表現為高度智慧化的“人+網路+機器”，智慧化指揮控制系統將以“人腦+智慧系統”的協作方式運行，智慧系統將輔助甚至部分替代人在指揮控制中的作用。智慧化指揮控制系統將具備較強的自主指揮、自主控制能力，可相對獨立自主地獲取資訊、判斷態勢、做出決策、處置狀況。依托戰場態勢感知系統，借助大數據、雲端運算、人工智慧和建模模擬技術，能夠對海量戰場資訊進行精準分析研判，實現作戰指揮由「以人的經驗為中心」向「以數據和模型為中心」的智慧化決策方式轉變，作戰規劃更加科學有效率。未來深度神經網路的超強自我進化和戰略決策能力，將實現「人在迴路外」的作戰循環。

智心融合，攻心奪志。隨著人工智慧技術的發展，未來智慧化武器的生物化和人的武器化將界線模糊，針對人本身的控制將成為焦點，「攻心奪志」仍是智慧化戰爭最高作戰目的，基於以人腦和意識認知實施控制為目標的「認知控制戰」可能演化為重要作戰樣式。以人的認知思維為目標，運用多種手段對認知體系施加刺激、影響與控制，達成擾亂敵指揮決策系統、誘導敵作戰力量、瓦解敵軍心士氣的效果。如基於讀腦、腦控技術，運用心智導控手段，即時掌握對方指揮官戰略意圖、作戰企圖、作戰方法等，甚至直接作用於對方人員大腦，或將己方意識以腦電編碼形式“注入” ，幹擾或控制其意識、思維和心理，最終奪取“制智權”，實現對作戰人員的深度控制。隨著智慧化作戰平台大量應用於戰場，資訊系統輔助人類將逐漸轉向智慧系統部分取代人類。制權爭奪的重心將由“資訊權”轉向“智能權”，以精兵點殺謀取關鍵維域控制權將成為主導方式。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-12/31/content_279888.htm

#Information Support Force, #中國的耗散戰, Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 認知域戰, 認知戰

These Chinese Civilian AI “Black Technologies” Will Significantly Advance the People’s Liberation Army in “counterattacking” the US Military

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這些中國民用人工智慧「黑科技」將大幅推動解放軍「反攻」美軍

現代英語：

At the World Internet Conference held in Wuzhen in recent years, many leaders of technology companies talked most about artificial intelligence, and the “Light of the Internet Expo” at previous conferences has become a “big show” for various artificial intelligence. In particular, this year, many well-known Chinese Internet companies have shown off their own “black technology”, which is impressive. China’s rapid progress in the field of artificial intelligence has amazed the world. Reuters commented that China is expected to be on par with the United States in five years and become the world’s leading artificial intelligence innovation center. Like the United States, China has clearly made artificial intelligence a priority in both economy and military.

    The report, written by Elsa Kania of the Center for a New American Security, asserts that future competition between China and the United States in the field of artificial intelligence “may change the future balance of economic and military power.” Earlier this year, an undisclosed Pentagon document exaggerated that Chinese companies are circumventing official supervision by purchasing shares in American companies to obtain sensitive American artificial intelligence technologies with potential military uses. Andrew Ng, a well-known scientist in the field of machine learning, said that if the United States wants to stay ahead, it must focus on developing its own artificial intelligence. China is by no means a slouch in the field of artificial intelligence that only relies on foreign technology. Foreign media commented that while the West is still discussing and keeping a close eye on its own technology, China’s innovative progress has begun to rewrite the world’s artificial intelligence technology landscape. The next question is whether China is willing to play with the West.

    The discussion that artificial intelligence will change the rules of war is no longer news. The Brookings Institution website once published an article suggesting that the US military bet on six major technologies, and artificial intelligence technology is one of them. Today, artificial intelligence has made breakthroughs in assisting combat personnel in decision-making and connecting combat personnel with intelligent combat systems, and has been widely used in simulated combat training. Today, a large number of unmanned equipment with intelligent features have entered the arsenals of major countries. Among them, the most widely used US military has nearly 10,000 unmanned aerial systems and more than 12,000 unmanned ground systems, which have become an indispensable and important part of US military operations.

    In a simulated confrontation in June 2016, an artificial intelligence system developed by American researchers defeated two retired fighter pilots in a simulated air battle. In this simulated air battle, the blue team consisting of two fighter jets was equipped with a stronger weapon system, but the red team of the artificial intelligence system defeated the enemy aircraft through evasive maneuvers. After the game, the pilots thought that the program was very good at controlling the situation and was surprisingly responsive. It seemed to be able to predict human intentions and quickly fight back when the opponent changed flight movements or launched missiles. This incident has attracted widespread attention, and the prospect that artificial intelligence will completely replace human soldiers on the battlefield in the future seems to have been further confirmed.

    Throughout human history, most epoch-making technologies have emerged from the military and wars. Humans are more likely to burst out with inspiration at the moment of life and death, and have greater motivation to promote technological progress. In the field of artificial intelligence, the boundaries between the civilian and military use of many technologies are not obvious. Today, the world’s technology giants also have more talents and financial resources than most countries, and the broad application prospects make them more motivated to invest in research and development. The future trend of artificial intelligence technology is expected to be led by these technology giants. This is why in the field of artificial intelligence, the “military-civilian integration” of major countries has become more in-depth, and even the US military has “widely issued invitations to heroes.”

    For example, at this year’s Internet Conference, Chinese companies displayed a variety of artificial intelligence products and technologies, which have broad application prospects in both civilian and military fields and can be called “black technology”. Intelligent drones and unmanned vehicles, these intelligent equipment can accurately deliver express deliveries to customers based on the target location. If applied to the battlefield, it will make front-line supply and evacuation of wounded soldiers more accurate and convenient. In addition, there are artificial intelligence-assisted treatment products, which integrate artificial intelligence technologies such as image recognition and deep learning with medicine to assist doctors in early screening and diagnosis of patients. If this technology is applied to the battlefield, it will greatly improve the work efficiency and treatment speed of medical soldiers. There is also lip reading recognition technology, which can achieve the effect of voice recognition by recognizing lip reading, and can easily carry out complex communication even on a noisy battlefield. In October this year, the PLA Air Force Logistics Department signed the “Military-Civilian Integration Strategic Cooperation Agreement” with executives of five leading logistics companies. Regarding the use of drones specifically mentioned by the Air Force, relevant companies also introduced the development and planning of large logistics drones. Artificial intelligence has a high priority in China’s military-civilian integration, which will enable the PLA to make full use of technological advances in the commercial field to enhance its military capabilities.

    Intelligent machines represented by drones have demonstrated their power on the battlefield or in simulated confrontations. The U.S. Department of Defense report believes that intelligent swarm systems will occupy an important position in future wars. Intelligent swarm attack refers to a swarm system composed of intelligent robots or drones, in which each component of the system independently selects targets, attack forms and formation forms. Compared with manned systems, it has incomparable advantages in coordination, intelligence, cost and speed. The Pentagon called on talented people from the private sector to join the military’s “drone swarm” development, hoping to speed up progress. In June 2017, China’s 119 fixed-wing drones achieved formation flight, setting a record in number. Although it is still far from achieving high-level intelligent formation operations, the U.S. think tank “Project 2049 Institute” admits that China’s drone formation technology is more advanced than that of the U.S. military.

    In future wars, the balance of victory between the two warring parties may completely tilt towards the side with a higher degree of intelligence, and the possibility of the technological laggards continuing to rely on the development of asymmetric combat power to bridge the gap in combat power is gradually decreasing. When the two sides are on the same battlefield, while the officers and soldiers of the side with weaker technical capabilities are busy attacking, retreating, and transferring, the other side with stronger technical capabilities uses unmanned intelligent equipment for all-weather, high-precision intelligent reconnaissance and strikes. Perhaps trapped by ethical issues, the final decision is still made by humans, but the experience of these controllers in the control room thousands of miles away is like playing an online game. The flesh and blood on the battlefield will be exposed, and the opponent’s life will be wiped out with every mouse click or voice command of the enemy. The psychological competition between the strong and weak warring personnel will be completely unbalanced.

    As Russian President Vladimir Putin said, “Whoever becomes the leader in the field of artificial intelligence will be the leader of the future world.” Artificial intelligence has become the “high ground” of the next military competition, and China is already in a leading position in the field of artificial intelligence. The People’s Liberation Army has the opportunity to actively shape the future war model through military innovation. Reuters commented that artificial intelligence will promote the modernization of the Chinese military and may pose a strategic challenge to the US military. (Dong Lei)

現代國語：

近些年在烏鎮舉行的世界互聯網大會上，眾多科技公司領軍人物談及最多的就是人工智能，而歷屆大會的“互聯網之光博覽會”更成為各類人工智能“大秀場”，尤其今年多家知名網路公司紛紛曬出自家“黑科技”，令人印象深刻。中國在人工智慧領域的快速進步令世界驚嘆，路透社就評論稱，中國5年內有望比肩美國，成為全球首要的人工智慧創新中心。與美國一樣，中國在經濟和軍事上都明確地將人工智慧當作重點。

由新美國安全中心的埃爾莎·卡尼亞撰寫的報告斷言，未來中美兩國在人工智慧領域的競爭「可能會改變未來的經濟和軍事力量對比」。今年早些時候，五角大廈一份未公開文件渲染說，中國企業正透過購買美國公司的股權來繞過官方監管，以取得有潛在軍事用途的美國人工智慧敏感技術。機器學習領域知名科學家吳恩達稱，美國要保持領先就必須把注意力放在發展自己的人工智慧上，中國在人工智慧領域絕非一個只是依賴外來科技的懈怠者。外媒評論稱，當西方還在探討看緊自己的技術的時候，中國的創新進步已開始改寫世界人工智慧技術的版圖，接下來的問題是中國還願不願意帶著西方一起玩。

關於人工智慧將改變戰爭規則的論述早就不是新聞，美國布魯金斯學會網站曾刊文建議美軍在6大技術上押下賭注，人工智慧技術就位列其中。而今人工智慧在輔助作戰人員決策，以及作戰人員與智慧化作戰系統對接方面已經獲得突破，而在模擬實戰化訓練等方面更是得到大規模應用。如今大量具有智慧特徵的無人裝備進入了各大國的武器庫。其中應用最廣泛的美軍已擁有近萬個空中無人系統，地面無人系統更是超過1.2萬個，其已成為美軍行動不可或缺的重要組成部分。

在2016年6月的一次模擬對抗中，美國研究人員開發的人工智慧系統在模擬空戰中大勝2名退役的戰鬥機飛行員。在這次模擬空戰中，由2架戰鬥機組成的藍隊裝備更強的武器系統，但人工智慧系統的紅隊透過閃避動作擊敗了敵機。比賽結束後，飛行員認為這款程式非常善於掌控態勢，反應也靈敏得出奇，似乎能預測人類意圖，並在對手改變飛行動作或發射飛彈時迅速回擊。這事件曾引起廣泛關注，未來戰場人工智慧將全面取代人類士兵的前景似乎得到了進一步佐證。

縱觀人類歷史，大多數劃時代的技術都是興起於軍隊發端於戰爭，人類在生死存亡之際更能迸發出靈感，也擁有更大的推動技術進步的動力。而在人工智慧領域，許多技術的民用與軍用界限並不明顯，如今全球的科技巨頭們也擁有超越多數國家的人才和財力，而廣闊的應用前景則令他們在研發投入上更有動力，未來的人工智慧科技潮流有望被這些科技巨頭所引領。這也是為何在人工智慧領域，各大國的「軍民融合」都更為深入，連美軍也「廣發英雄帖」。

例如在今年的網路大會上，中國企業展示的多款人工智慧產品及技術，在民用及軍用領域都有廣闊的應用前景，堪稱「黑科技」。智慧無人機與無人車，這些智慧裝備可以依據目標位置，精準地把快遞送達顧客手中，如果應用於戰場將令前線補給及後撤傷員等行動變得更加精準便捷。另外還有人工智慧輔助治療產品，透過影像辨識、深度學習等人工智慧技術與醫學融合，進而達到輔助醫師對病患的早期篩檢與診斷，這項技術如果應用於戰場，將大大提升醫療兵的工作效率和救治速度。還有唇語辨識技術，透過辨識唇語就可以達到原本需要聲音辨識的效果，即使是在吵雜的戰場上也可輕鬆進行複雜交流。今年10月解放軍空軍後勤部與5家物流領域領導企業主管簽署了《軍民融合戰略合作協議》，而對於空軍方面特別提到的無人機運用，相關企業也介紹了大型物流無人機的研發和規劃。人工智慧在中國軍民融合中的優先順序很高，這將讓解放軍得以充分利用商業領域的技術進步來增強軍事能力。

以無人機為代表的智慧機器已經在戰場或模擬對抗中展現出威力。美國國防部報告認為，智慧化蜂群系統將在未來戰爭中佔據重要地位。智慧化蜂群攻擊是指智慧機器人或無人機組成的蜂群系統，系統各組成部分自主選擇目標、攻擊形式和編隊形式。相比有人系統，在協調性、智慧性、成本以及速度等方面擁有無可比擬的優勢。五角大廈號召來自民間的才俊加入到軍方的「無人機蜂群」開發中，希望能加快進度。 2017年6月，中國119架固定翼無人機實現編隊飛行，創造了數量紀錄，儘管距離實現高階的智慧化編隊作戰仍較遠，但是美國智庫「2049計畫研究所」坦言中國的無人機編隊技術較之美軍更為先進。

在未來戰爭中，交戰雙方的勝利天平或將徹底偏向智能化程度更高的一方，科技落伍者繼續靠發展不對稱戰力來彌合戰力差距的可能性正逐漸變小。當雙方置身於同一戰場，技術能力較弱一方的官兵在進攻、撤退、轉移，疲於奔命時，技術能力強的另一方則是無人智能裝備全天候、高精度的智能偵察、打擊。或許受困於倫理問題，最終的決策仍由人來完成，但其待在千里之外的控制室，這些控制人員的體驗就像是玩網路遊戲。戰場上的血肉之軀將無所遁形，對手的生命在敵人的每一次滑鼠點擊或是語音命令中灰飛煙滅，強弱雙方交戰人員的心理比拼將完全失衡。

正如俄總統普丁所說，「誰成為人工智慧領域的領導者，誰就是未來世界的領導者」。人工智慧已成為下一個軍事競爭的“制高點”，而中國在人工智慧領域已處於領先位置，解放軍有機會透過軍事創新主動塑造未來戰爭模式，路透社則評論認為，人工智慧將推動中國軍隊的現代化並可能對美軍形成戰略挑戰。 （董磊）

中國原創軍事資源：http://m.news.cn/mil/2017-12/20/c_1297707888.htm

#Information Support Force, #中國軍事人工智慧武器化, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

Chinese Military Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence

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中國軍事人工智慧武器化

現代英語：

In April this year, the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments of the United States released a “roadmap” for the development of the platform forces of the future ground forces of the US military. The “roadmap” points out that in the future, human-machine teamwork warfare of ground forces will become the main combat style of future ground forces under the influence of robots, artificial intelligence and augmented technology. We still don’t know when unmanned forces will completely replace manned forces. But what is certain is that the mode of man-machine combination is profoundly affecting the future combat methods, changing the current combat force composition to a large extent, and may become the protagonist in future wars.

Please pay attention to the report of the Liberation Army Daily today:

Artificial intelligence technology will promote the organic integration of unmanned combat platforms and manned combat systems.

How far are we from being the protagonists of the human-machine ensemble?

■Zhou Xiaocheng, Gao Dongming, Yuan Yi

In April this year, the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments of the United States released a “roadmap” for the development of the U.S. military’s future ground force platform forces. The “roadmap” points out that in the future, human-machine teamwork warfare of ground forces will become the main combat style of future ground forces under the influence of robots, artificial intelligence and augmented technology.

We still don’t know when unmanned forces will completely replace manned forces. But what is certain is that the human-machine combination model is profoundly affecting the future combat methods, changing the current combat force composition to a great extent, and may become the protagonist in future wars.

The realization of human-machine teaming has benefited greatly from the rapid development of military artificial intelligence technology. At present, military artificial intelligence technology has become an important driving force for the development of human-machine teaming, promoting its comprehensive application in military fields such as command decision-making, organization and deployment, equipment operation, combat support, military training, and rear support. Human-machine teaming based on military artificial intelligence technology will effectively promote a significant increase in the combat effectiveness of the army, give birth to a new war style, and change the internal mechanism of winning the war.

In the field of information perception and processing, the armies of the United States, Russia and other countries have been equipped with digital individual systems with intelligent information perception and processing capabilities, which help soldiers to accurately grasp complex battlefield situations in real time and quickly and efficiently deal with various problems arising on the battlefield. At the same time, the deployment and application of a series of intelligent unmanned reconnaissance equipment has greatly improved battlefield transparency and greatly shortened the time for information acquisition and processing.

In terms of unmanned combat platform construction, intelligent unmanned combat equipment, mainly intelligent unmanned vehicles, drones and unmanned submarines, has gradually emerged in military applications. Various auxiliary decision-making systems developed based on artificial intelligence technology can build a powerful grid network information system, enhance the ability of intelligence analysis, command and decision-making, and thus greatly improve the command and decision-making efficiency of human-machine combinations.

Human-machine combination usually consists of manned forces and unmanned forces. Among them, manned forces are the command center, and unmanned forces accept the command and control of manned forces and perform combat missions according to the command and control of manned forces. The three basic forms of human-machine combination can be summarized as human-robot combination, human-AI combination and personnel enhancement. The three forms will greatly improve the deployability, lethality and sustainability of future military forces.

Human-robot teaming refers to a partnership between humans and robots, which aims to improve the ability of humans to interact with various types of robot formations to perform specific tasks. In 2017, the U.S. Air Force demonstrated a manned and unmanned aircraft formation in the “Have-Airstriker II” exercise, with unmanned wingmen autonomously performing ground attack missions. Autonomously controlled unmanned wingmen are able to make value judgments based on changes in the battlefield environment, act according to new action plans, and successfully achieve the expected results. In the same year, the French Dassault Aviation Company successfully achieved a flight of hundreds of kilometers between the “Neuron” drone and the “Rafale” fighter, accumulating technical experience for the research and development of unmanned wingmen.

The combination of human and AI is mainly manifested in the weaponization of humans and the humanization of weapons, which are applied in strategic analysis, combat planning and command decision-making. This requires specialized analysis and research related to but different from the combination of human and robot. Last year, Facebook announced its entry into the field of non-invasive brain-computer interface research. The Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense also announced funding for several research institutions to carry out neuroengineering system design projects to develop brain-computer interfaces that can be implanted in the human brain to achieve high-speed communication between humans and machines.

Personnel augmentation aims to enhance the existing combat capabilities of combat personnel by using mechanical, wearable and implantable external forces. For example, the currently developed equipment such as modular and expandable individual protective equipment, enhanced combat helmets, individual exoskeletons and wearable data recorders highlight the concept of people-oriented and achieve the goals of enhancing personnel protection capabilities, improving battlefield perception capabilities and enhancing individual combat effectiveness.

In the future, human-machine combination will change the traditional combat mode, give birth to new combat forces, blur the boundary between war and non-war, and have a profound impact on future wars. Its development trend is mainly concentrated in three aspects:

First, it is developing towards comprehensive multi-mission combat capabilities. With the needs of future operations, human-machine teaming is developing towards comprehensive, multi-mission capabilities such as reconnaissance and strike, command and control, and combat support. Multi-mission requirements will make human-machine teaming a key node in future operations. Improving comprehensive multi-mission combat capabilities is an inevitable trend in the development of human-machine teaming.

The second is to develop in the direction of distributed networking, cross-domain clustering and collaborative operations. Human-machine collaborative combat technology will become a research focus. Relying on artificial intelligence, data fusion and data management and other related technical support, unmanned combat nodes and manned combat nodes will be distributedly networked to achieve cluster combat of human-machine combination, form wide-area combat capabilities, and achieve the purpose of collaborative combat.

The third is to develop in the direction of system, intelligence and module. The system construction is constantly strengthened, and the system combat capability of human-machine combination is improved according to different battlefield environments and combat requirements, the intelligence level of system combat is improved, the autonomy and interaction ability of unmanned forces in performing tasks are improved, and combat tasks that manned forces are unable to perform are completed.

現代國語：

來源：中國軍網綜合 作者：周小程 高冬明 袁 藝 責任編輯：焦國慶 2018-09-21 03:35

今年4月，美國戰略與預算評估中心發布了美軍未來地面部隊平台力量發展的「路線圖」。該「路線圖」指出，未來地面部隊人機組合作戰將在機器人、人工智慧和增強技術的影響下，成為未來地面部隊的主要作戰樣式。無人力量何時會完全取代有人力量，目前我們還不得而知。但可以肯定的是，人機組合的模式正在深刻影響未來作戰方式，在很大程度上改變當前的作戰力量編成，或將成為未來戰爭中的主角。

請關註今日《解放軍報》的報導——

人工智慧技術將推動無人作戰平台與有人作戰系統有機融合——

人機組合唱主角離我們還有多遠

■周小程 高冬明 袁 藝

今年4月，美國戰略與預算評估中心發布了美軍未來地面部隊平台力量發展的「路線圖」。該「路線圖」指出，未來地面部隊人機組合作戰將在機器人、人工智慧和增強技術的影響下，成為未來地面部隊的主要作戰樣式。

無人力量何時會完全取代有人力量，目前我們還不得而知。但可以肯定的是，人機組合的模式正在深刻影響未來作戰方式，在很大程度上改變當前的作戰力量編成，或將成為未來戰爭中的主角。

人機組合的實現在很大程度上得益於軍用人工智慧技術的快速發展。當前，軍用人工智慧技術已成為人機組合力量發展的重要推手，推動其在指揮決策、編成部署、裝備運用、作戰支援、軍事訓練、後裝保障等軍事領域全面應用。基於軍用人工智慧技術的人機組合將有力促進軍隊戰鬥力大幅提升，催生新的戰爭樣式，改變戰爭制勝的內在機理。

在資訊感知與處理領域，美、俄等國的軍隊已裝備了具有智能化信息感知與處理能力的數字化單兵系統，為士兵實時準確地掌握復雜戰場情況，快速高效地處置戰場上出現的各種問題提供了幫助。同時，一系列智慧化無人偵察裝備的部署應用，大大提高了戰場透明度，使資訊取得和處理的時間大大縮短。

在無人作戰平台建設方面，以智慧化無人車、無人機和無人潛航器為主體的智慧化無人作戰裝備逐漸在軍事應用中嶄露頭角。基於人工智慧技術開發的各種輔助決策系統可建立功能強大的柵格化網路資訊體系，增強情報分析、指揮決策的能力，從而大幅提高人機組合的指揮與決策效能。

人機組合通常由有人力量與無人力量構成。其中，有人力量是指揮中樞，無人力量接受有人力量的指揮和控制，根據有人力量的指揮控制執行作戰任務。人機組合的三種基本形式可以概括為人-機器人組合、人-AI組合和人員增強，三種形式將極大地提高未來軍事力量的可部署性、殺傷性和可持續性。

人-機器人組合是指人與機器人之間的合作夥伴關系，旨在提高執行特定任務的人與各型機器人編隊互動的能力。 2017年，美國空軍在「海弗-空襲者Ⅱ」演習中，展示了有人機和無人機編隊，無人僚機自主執行對地攻擊的任務。自主控制的無人僚機能夠根據戰場環境變化做出價值判斷，以新的行動方案開展行動，並成功實現預期結果。同年，法國達梭飛機製造公司成功實現了「神經元」無人機與「陣風」戰鬥機的數百千米飛行，為無人僚機的研究發展積累了技術經驗。

人-AI的組合主要表現為人的武器化和武器的人化，應用於戰略分析、作戰規劃和指揮決策等方面，這需要開展與人-機器人組合相關卻又與之不同的專門分析研究。去年，「臉書」宣布進軍非侵入性的腦機介面研究領域。美國國防部高級研究計劃局也宣布資助多家研究機構，開展神經工程系統設計項目，開發可植入人腦的腦機接口，實現人機間高速通訊。

人員增強旨在利用機械的、可穿戴和可植入的外部力量來增強作戰人員現有的作戰能力。例如目前開發的注入模塊化拓展的單兵防護裝備、增強型戰鬥頭盔、單兵外骨骼和可穿戴數據記錄儀等設備，突出了以人為本的理念，達到了增強人員防護能力、提高戰場感知能力和提升單兵戰鬥力的目標。

未來，人機組合將改變傳統的作戰模式，催生新型作戰力量，模糊戰爭與非戰爭界限，對未來戰爭產生深遠影響。其發展趨勢主要集中在三個方面：

一是向綜合多任務作戰能力方向發展。隨著未來作戰的需要，人機組合正向具備偵察打擊、指揮控制、作戰支援等綜合型、多任務能力方向發展。多任務需求，將使人機組合成為未來作戰的關鍵節點。提升綜合多任務作戰能力是人機組合發展的必然趨勢。

二是向分散式組網、跨域集群和協同作戰方向發展。人機協同作戰技術將成為研究重點，依託人工智慧、數據融合與數據管理等相關技術支撐，由無人作戰節點、有人作戰節點進行分散式組網，實現人機組合的集群作戰，形成廣域的作戰能力，達到協同作戰的目的。

第三是向體系、智能、模塊方向發展。體系化建設不斷加強，針對不同的戰場環境和作戰需求，提高人機組合的體係作戰能力，提升體係作戰的智能化水平，提高無人力量執行任務時的自主性和交互能力，完成有人力量無法勝任的作戰任務。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/tp_214132/jskj/4827888.html

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Chinese Military Exploring Mechanisms of Winning War in the Midst of Global Change and Chaos

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全球變亂中中國軍隊探索戰爭勝利機制

現代英語：

　●As a product of the information age, information warfare embodies some characteristics that are completely different from previous wars, mainly in terms of war background, combat means and methods, etc.

　　●Compared with mechanized warfare, informationized warfare has not changed in its essential attributes such as war being the continuation of politics and its basic laws such as strength being the basis for victory.

　　●To study information warfare, we need to recognize the changes and constants in modern warfare compared with past wars, and explore its winning mechanism through comparison.

　　There are three major changes in information warfare compared to traditional warfare

　　The background conditions of war have changed. The background of information warfare caused by traditional security and non-traditional security has become more complicated. For example, economic globalization has made us interdependent, and both struggle and cooperation between countries have become the norm; conflicts between emerging powers and established powers often emerge; and military actions in any strategic direction may trigger chain reactions in multiple directions and fields.

　　The way of war has changed. Informationized warfare cannot be a formal battle. The boundaries between traditional and non-traditional security, war and non-war are becoming more blurred. Military struggle styles are emerging in an endless stream, and battlefield uncertainty is increasing. An important reason for China’s disastrous defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 was that it was forced to respond and was not fully prepared. Aiming to win future informationized wars, we must adapt to the requirements of the information age, focus on solving practical problems, take the initiative to design wars, and make full preparations, so as to maintain strategic initiative.

　　The means of warfare have changed dramatically. Informatized warfare has more diverse options for using strategic forces to achieve political and military goals. Military struggles are simultaneously carried out in multi-dimensional battlefield spaces such as land, sea, air, space, and power grids, and the role of the invisible battlefield has become more prominent. Whether it is war operations or non-war military operations, they all require large-scale system support, large-area deployment, and big data security.

　　Compared with traditional warfare, information warfare has three things in common:

　　First, the essence of war as the continuation of politics has not changed. War is a complex social and political phenomenon. It is a way for countries or groups of countries, nations, races and social groups to resolve conflicts by force. As a continuation of politics, war is the last resort to resolve conflicts of interest. There is no repeated war in the world, but the nature of war is consistent. Moreover, with the continuous development of world politics and economy, the political purpose of war will become stronger. Therefore, in order to deal with future information warfare, it is necessary to analyze and study the political nature at a deeper level and enhance the pertinence of military struggle preparation.

　　Secondly, the basic laws of war have not changed. The basic laws of war are the essence and inevitable connection between various elements throughout the entire war process. Whether in information warfare or traditional warfare, strength is the basis for victory, and lagging behind means being beaten; in any war, correct strategic guidance is the key to victory; although weapons are an important factor in winning a war, people are always the decisive factor. It is not the equipment that determines the outcome of the war, but the people. After the informationized weapons and equipment are interconnected, interoperable, and interoperable, a small number of commanders and staff can control a large number of dispersed troops and weapons, thereby greatly improving combat effectiveness and command decision-making speed. This phenomenon does not show a decline in the role of people, but rather shows that information warfare requires higher-quality talents to be competent for command positions.

　　Third, the role of war has not changed. Wars are extremely violent, so they often bring serious disasters to social production and people’s lives, hinder social progress, interrupt a country’s development process, and even cause regression. However, if properly planned, the losses of war can be minimized, and it may bring greater development opportunities and benefits to a country.

　　To win the information war, we must grasp three winning mechanisms

　　Only by being ready to fight can we be invincible in the future information war. If we are prepared, we may not fight, but if we are not prepared, we may be passively beaten. The crisis is not terrible, but the terrible thing is that the crisis comes quietly and we are completely unaware of it. Whether the future war will be fought or not does not entirely depend on us, but we must be prepared for military struggle. In recent years, in the face of frequent “hot spots” in the surrounding areas, we have taken the initiative to respond steadily and achieved strategic goals. In the future, my country will still encounter challenges of one kind or another in the process of development. It is urgent to enrich and expand the active defense military strategic thinking, unify the eyes inward and outward, adhere to the bottom line thinking, prepare for war, and create favorable conditions for the country’s peaceful development.

　　Winning the battlefield depends on the organic combination of “soft” and “hard” means. Informationized warfare is a system confrontation, relying on network information systems. The realization of “fast eating slow” depends on the integrated and orderly rapid operation of reconnaissance, early warning, command and control, firepower strikes, and comprehensive support in a multi-dimensional three-dimensional space. Among them, the role of “software” in system combat capability is more prominent. For example, how to solve the problem of difficult target identification: the lack of electronic fingerprint data of enemy aircraft and ship targets makes it impossible to conduct comparative analysis. Without these data, advanced equipment will not be able to fully play its role; how to solve the problem of difficult data transmission: when target information is transmitted to the weapon platform, if the data link loses information, it will be difficult to meet the launch needs of the weapon platform. For example, how to solve the problem of anti-interference? The guidance method of the naval and air force weapon platform is susceptible to interference. If this problem is not solved, it is difficult to hit accurately. The formation of system combat capability requires not only advanced weapons and equipment, but also long-term combat readiness and training accumulation. Informationized warfare must start with “knowing the enemy”. Through long-term and multi-means preparation, the opponent is thoroughly understood, the opponent is digitized, and the opponent’s main combat weapon information is carded, providing guarantees for system confrontation and defeating the enemy.

　　Winning the information war requires national cohesion. The recent local wars are asymmetric warfare with a huge disparity in strength between the two sides. They can also be said to be typical “fighting” wars, rather than evenly matched “fighting” wars. The wars we will face in the future are likely to be “fighting” wars. It is not feasible to use this “fighting” combat theory to guide future wars. In information warfare, people are still the basis for victory. Potential opponents are not afraid of our technological breakthroughs, but they are afraid of our unity. The development of science and technology and the research and development of advanced weapons and equipment require a process. Improving national cohesion often has immediate results. Innovating and developing the theory of people’s war under the new situation is our correct choice. Mobilizing the masses, relying on the masses, and for the masses can win future wars.

　　Editor’s Notes Zhou Feng

　　Seeing through the fog before Napoleon

　　Although Napoleon, known as the “giant of war” in the West, and Clausewitz, the “military saint”, did not have a face-to-face contest, they had several indirect confrontations. On November 9, 1799, the young general Napoleon became the supreme ruler of France and the representative of the capitalist forces in Europe at that time. Subsequently, in order to fight against the counterattack of the feudal forces in Europe, Napoleon organized troops to fight against the anti-French alliance several times. Among them, in the double battle of Jena-Auerstedt in October 1806, Napoleon defeated the fourth anti-French alliance dominated by Russia and Prussia, forcing Prussia to surrender. This battle was also the first time that Napoleon and Clausewitz fought on a mutually hostile battlefield. Clausewitz, 26 years old at the time, was the adjutant of Prince August, a senior general of the Prussian side, and was in his prime. The ever-changing battlefield fighting, especially his own experience of being captured by the French army, became the “grain” of his brewing of the old wine “On War”.

　　A year later, Clausewitz was released. Three years later, Prussia agreed to ally with France. Clausewitz resigned from the army in anger and defected to Russia to fight against France. Tsar Alexander at the time was one of the few staunch anti-French factions in Europe. He once emphasized: “Even if all the bayonets in Europe were concentrated on the Russian border, it would not shake my determination to fight against France!” In 1812, when Napoleon attacked Russia and began to retreat after his defeat in Moscow, Clausewitz, who participated in the war as a Russian cavalry officer, tried hard to chase him and capture him alive. However, Napoleon, who had experienced many battles, still managed to escape unscathed in a mess.

　　Although Clausewitz did not capture Napoleon, he captured his thoughts and revealed the real Napoleon with his pen: Although Napoleon’s military art was superb, everything he did was to safeguard the interests of France, and politics was his first starting point. As for the old emperors of European countries running around to besiege Napoleon, it was also to defend their own ruling status. Politics is the mother of war, and violence cannot be viewed alone under any circumstances. Compared with the concept of “fog of war” proposed later in “On War”, Clausewitz believed that it was more important to examine the fog before the war, including accurately judging the political situation of all parties, understanding the signs of war, weighing whether to fight or not, etc. But no matter how the fog is solved, it is just to solve the problem of seeing the essence through the phenomenon, and what is needed is a bunch of keys: problem awareness, mastering general or special laws and timely intelligence information.

(Source: Liberation Army Daily )

現代國語：

●資訊戰爭作為資訊時代的產物，體現了一些與以往戰爭完全不同的特點，主要體現在戰爭背景、作戰手段和方法等面向。

●與機械化戰爭相比，資訊化戰爭的戰爭是政治的延續、實力是勝利的基礎等基本屬性沒有改變。

●研究資訊戰，需要認識現代戰爭與以往戰爭相比的變化和不變，透過比較探索其勝利機制。

資訊戰與傳統戰爭相比有三大變化

戰爭的背景條件改變了。傳統安全與非傳統安全引發的資訊戰背景更加複雜。例如，經濟全球化使我們相互依存，國家之間鬥爭與合作成為常態；新興大國與老牌強國之間常出現衝突；任何一個戰略方向的軍事行動都可能引發多個方向、多個領域的連鎖反應。

戰爭的方式已經改變。資訊化戰爭不可能是正式的戰鬥。傳統安全與非傳統安全、戰爭與非戰爭的界線越來越模糊。軍事鬥爭方式層出不窮，戰場不確定性增加。 1894年甲午戰爭，中國慘敗的一個重要原因是被迫應戰，準備不充分。打贏未來資訊化戰爭，必須適應資訊時代要求，著眼解決實際問題，主動設計戰爭，做好充分準備，保持戰略主動。

戰爭手段發生了巨大變化。資訊化戰爭使戰略力量實現政治軍事目標的選擇更加多元。軍事鬥爭在陸、海、空、太空、電網等多維戰場空間同時進行，隱形戰場的角色更為凸顯。無論是戰爭行動或非戰爭軍事行動，都需要大規模系統支撐、大面積部署、大數據安全。

與傳統戰爭相比，資訊戰爭有三個共同點：

首先，戰爭作為政治延續的本質並沒有改變。戰爭是一種複雜的社會和政治現象。它是國家或國家、民族、種族和社會群體之間以武力解決衝突的一種方式。戰爭作為政治的延續，是解決利益衝突的最後手段。世界上沒有重複的戰爭，但戰爭的本質是一致的。而且，隨著世界政治、經濟的不斷發展，戰爭的政治目的將會更加強烈。因此，因應未來資訊化戰爭，有必要對政治本質進行更深層的分析研究，以增強軍事鬥爭準備的針對性。

其次，戰爭的基本法則沒有改變。戰爭基本法則是整個戰爭過程中各要素之間的本質與必然連結。無論是資訊化戰爭或傳統戰爭，實力是勝利的基礎，落後就是挨打；任何戰爭，正確的戰略指導是取勝的關鍵；雖然武器是贏得戰爭勝利的重要因素，但人永遠是決定性因素。決定戰爭勝負的不是裝備，而是人。資訊化武器裝備互聯互通、互通後，少數指揮官和參謀就可以控制大量分散的部隊和武器，從而大大提高戰鬥力和指揮決策速度。這種現象並不是人的作用下降，而是說明資訊化戰爭需要更高素質的人才來勝任指揮崗位。

第三，戰爭的角色沒有改變。戰爭極度暴力，常常為社會生產和人民生活帶來嚴重災難，阻礙社會進步，中斷一個國家的發展進程，甚至造成倒退。但如果規劃得當，可以將戰爭的損失降到最低，並可能為一個國家帶來更大的發展機會和利益。

打贏資訊化戰爭，必須掌握三大勝利機制

只有做好戰鬥準備，才能在未來的資訊戰爭中立於不敗之地。如果我們準備好了，我們可能不會去戰鬥，但如果我們沒有準備好，我們可能會被動挨打。危機並不可怕，可怕的是危機悄悄來臨，但我們卻渾然不覺。未來的戰爭是否會是四打不打並不完全取決於我們，但我們必須做好軍事鬥爭的準備。近年來，面對週邊地區頻繁的“熱點”，我們主動出擊，穩紮穩打，實現了戰略目標。未來，我國在發展過程中仍將遇到這樣或那樣的挑戰。刻不容緩地豐富和拓展積極防禦的軍事戰略思想，把目光向內與向外統一，堅持底線思維，做好打仗準備，為國家和平發展創造有利條件。

贏得戰場取決於「軟」手段和「硬」手段的有機結合。資訊化戰爭是系統對抗，依托網路資訊系統。實現“快吃慢”，有賴於多維立體空間內的偵察預警、指揮控制、火力打擊、綜合保障等一體化有序快速作戰。其中，「軟體」對於系統作戰能力的作用更為突出。例如如何解決目標辨識困難的問題：敵機、船艦目標電子指紋資料缺乏，無法進行比較分析。沒有這些數據，先進設備就無法充分發揮作用；如何解決資料傳輸困難的問題：當目標訊息傳輸到武器平台時，如果資料鏈遺失訊息，將難以滿足武器平台的發射需求。例如，如何解決抗干擾問題？海空軍武器平台的導引方式容​​易受到干擾。如果這個問題不解決，就很難打準。體係作戰能力的形成不僅需要先進的武器裝備，更需要長期的戰備訓練累積。資訊化戰爭必須從「知敵」開始。透過長期、多手段的準備，摸透對手、數位化對手、梳理對手主戰武器訊息，為系統對抗、克敵制勝提供保障。

贏得資訊戰需要民族凝聚力。近期的局部戰爭是雙方實力懸殊的不對稱戰爭。也可以說是典型的「打架」戰爭，而不是勢均力敵的「打架」戰爭。未來我們面臨的戰爭很可能是「打」戰。用這種「打仗」的作戰理論來指導未來的戰爭是不可行的。在資訊化戰爭中，人仍然是勝利的基礎。潛在的對手並不害怕我們的技術突破，而是害怕我們的團結。科學技術的發展和先進武器裝備的研發需要一個過程。提高民族凝聚力往往會產生立竿見影的效果。新形勢下創新和發展人民戰爭理論是我們的正確選擇。發動群眾、依靠群眾、為了群眾，才能贏得未來戰爭的勝利。

編者按 週峰

撥開拿破崙之前的迷霧

被譽為西方「戰爭巨人」的拿破崙與「軍事聖人」克勞塞維茨雖然沒有面對面的較量，但也有過幾次間接的交鋒。 1799年11月9日，年輕的將軍拿破崙成為法國的最高統治者，也是當時歐洲資本主義勢力的代表。隨後，為了對抗歐洲封建勢力的反撲，拿破崙多次組織軍隊與反法聯盟作戰。其中，在1806年10月的耶拿-奧爾施泰特雙重戰役中，拿破崙擊敗了以俄國和普魯士為主的第四次反法同盟，迫使普魯士投降。這場戰役也是拿破崙和克勞塞維茨第一次在相互敵對的戰場上作戰。克勞塞維茨當時26歲，是普魯士一方高級將領奧古斯特親王的副官，正值壯年。瞬息萬變的戰場戰鬥，尤其是他自己被法軍俘虜的經歷，成為他釀造《戰爭論》老酒的「糧」。

一年後，克勞塞維茨被釋放。三年後，普魯士同意與法國結盟。克勞塞維茨一怒之下退伍，投奔俄國與法國作戰。當時的沙皇亞歷山大是歐洲少數幾個堅定的反法派系之一。他曾強調：“即使歐洲所有的刺刀都集中在俄羅斯邊境，也動搖不了我對抗法國的決心！” 1812年，當拿破崙進攻俄羅斯並在莫斯科戰敗後開始撤退時，作為俄羅斯騎兵軍官參戰的克勞塞維茨，盡力追趕他並活捉他。然而，身經百戰的拿破崙仍然在一片狼藉中毫髮無傷地逃脫了。

克勞塞維茨雖然沒有捕捉到拿破崙，但他捕捉到了他的思想，用筆揭示了真實的拿破崙：拿破崙雖然軍事藝術高超，但他所做的一切都是為了維護法國的利益，政治是他的第一出發點。至於歐洲各國的老皇帝四處奔波圍攻拿破崙，也是為了捍衛自己的統治地位。政治是戰爭之母，任何情況下都不能單獨看待暴力。與後來在《戰爭論》中提出的「戰爭迷霧」概念相比，克勞塞維茨認為，在戰前審視迷霧更為重要，包括準確判斷各方政治局勢、了解戰爭徵兆、權衡戰爭迷霧等。

（圖片來源：解放軍報）https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2014-04/01/content_71770.htm

中國原創軍事資源：

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

China’s Focus on “Controlling Narratives with Intelligence”: The New Frontier of Chinese Cognitive Warfare

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中國聚焦「用情報控制敘事」：中國認知戰新前沿

現代英語：

【Military Academy】

　　Author: Wu Xiaojian (PhD student at the School of Military and Political Basic Education, National University of Defense Technology)

　　At present, the world’s military powers have stepped up cutting-edge research on cognitive domain operations, relying on language to build a narrative discourse system that can win the battlefield, and seek to create asymmetric advantages at the narrative discourse level. Looking to the future, narrative games are playing an increasingly important role in shaping self-interest, conducting cognitive manipulation, and releasing the fog of war. The “weaponization” tendency of its soft power attributes to hard power attributes is becoming increasingly obvious. Against this background, narrative games have become a new frontier for major powers’ cognitive domain operations.

　　The “cognitive” nature of narrative

　　Narrative is the narration of a story, which consists of two parts: “narration” and “story”. The former answers the question of “how to tell”, while the latter is related to “what to tell”. Human attention to narrative began in the field of literature, and then expanded to other fields such as film, television, fine arts, music, and news communication. With the continuous advancement of human cognition, the concept of narrative has been extended to the fields of politics, economy, military, culture, and citizens’ personal lives, from which narrative concepts such as national macro-narrative, social meso-narrative, and individual micro-narrative have been derived. While the narrator tells the story, through the artificial arrangement of narrative person, time, perspective, focus and other strategies, the audience is subtly influenced by the values ​​and ideology behind the story while understanding the story. This is the “cognitive nature” of narrative.

　　The connotations of narrative game are very rich. It covers macro-narratives such as a country’s military thought, military concepts, and military terminology, as well as meso-narratives of agenda setting such as military law, rules of engagement, combat standards, regulations, and war ethics. It also involves micro-narratives such as narratives of war progress and heroic figures in military history and war history.

　　Narratives are to cognition what ammunition is to guns. On the eve of the Iraq War, in order to create a cognitive situation of “just cause”, the United States used a small bottle of “white powder” to fabricate the so-called “weapons of mass destruction” and created the “narrative key” for the US invasion of Iraq. In the current Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia and Western countries have carried out a high-intensity narrative confrontation, each doing its best to shape a self-interested public opinion situation. At present, Western militaries represented by the United States rely on their discourse hegemony to shape narratives into the “main battlefield” of cognitive domain operations. On the one hand, they actively promote ideological output through the Internet and social media, and on the other hand, they influence the formulation of military strategies and the development of national defense forces in other countries by hyping new weapons and equipment and fresh combat concepts.

　　Narrative Game and Great Power Competition

　　Wars obey politics, and strategies obey policies. Narrative games are ultimately tools for achieving the political goals behind wars. In the process of great power competition in different historical periods, narratives generally serve the overall domestic and foreign affairs of a country, and they use strategic thinking, theoretical concepts, laws and regulations, and political declarations within the macro-political framework that obeys and serves national interests. In the 1930s, the United States enacted the Neutrality Act under the influence of its isolationist foreign policy, but as the threat of fascism grew, especially after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, its foreign policy took a major turn, changing its previous narrative discourse system of neutrality and declaring war on Japan, which profoundly affected the fate of the United States and reshaped the world’s political landscape. After entering the new century, the United States, based on the political purpose of enhancing its own political and military status and establishing a unilateral order, launched the narrative logic of the so-called “weapons of mass destruction” agenda to provoke the Iraq War, which to a certain extent achieved its political plot.

　　Faced with a complex external environment, it is a necessary measure for major powers to maintain national security by improving their narrative game capabilities that are in line with their national conditions and commensurate with their military strength. At present, the political nature of great power competition has not been weakened by the evolution of war forms, but has been significantly strengthened. Narrative games must follow the strategic policy of obeying and serving the country and the military as the fundamental principle of operations, defend national sovereignty and development interests as the ultimate mission, value offense and defense as the central task, and cognitive competition as the core goal. In peacetime, they should serve as a “mouthpiece” to shape the image of their own military forces, win support, and convey deterrence. In wartime, they should become a “blade” to cooperate with physical strikes to politically and organizationally divide opponents, shake the enemy, and disintegrate the enemy.

　　In today’s world, the fierce competition between major powers has integrated narrative games into the entire process of military cognitive games. Before the military game between major powers, both sides first frequently declare their respective positions and show their will through various channels, convey the justice and necessity of their military struggle, and shape a self-interested situation at the moral and ethical level to gain broad support from the domestic people and the international community; in the process of the game, both sides convey their new progress and achievements in military strategies and tactics, weapons and equipment, combat readiness training and personnel modernization through various means according to the times and circumstances, shape their own dominant position, and cast cognitive fog to cause hesitation, panic and shaken will of the other side’s domestic military and civilians; once the game comes to an end, the winning side will look back on its game process from a grand narrative perspective, and by shaping the image of a winner with both deterrence and affinity, it will demonstrate the winner’s strength and position, and consolidate the victory of the game.

　　Building a powerful military narrative discourse system is the basis for conducting cognitive offensive and defensive operations. Narrative games under the background of great power competition require actively finding the points of convergence between cognitive warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, etc. in terms of elements, information and cognition. The fierce competition among great powers in the fields of public opinion, psychology, and brain control has given narrative games a broader interpretation space and strategic significance. The core of public opinion warfare is the struggle for narrative dominance, and behind it is the competition for international communication power; psychological warfare is a deep-level confrontation about core values, and narrative provides it with a “script” for interpreting and conveying different values; brain control warfare is a combat style that deeply integrates brain science and artificial intelligence. Narrative provides a powerful weapon for information implantation in the competition for cognitive space such as reading the brain, imitating the brain, and controlling the brain, which directly targets the brain.

　　“Controlling Narration with Intelligence” is on the agenda

　　With the rapid development of science and technology such as cognitive science, computer science, and brain science, and the accelerated evolution of intelligent warfare with ubiquitous intelligence, interconnectedness, human-machine integration, and full-domain collaboration, narrative games have surpassed the traditional scope of “verbal battles” and entered a new era of unbounded generalization, deep integration, and algorithms as king.

　　ChatGPT, which has recently become popular all over the world, further reveals the generalization of “narratives are everywhere” in the intelligent era. The continuous progress of technologies such as natural language processing, video image processing, deep learning, big data analysis, and cloud computing has promoted the rapid development of language intelligence, making text, sound, image, video and other tangible or intangible “language” carriers included in the narrative category, greatly expanding the field of narrative games, and leading the competition of major powers to social life, film and television entertainment, news dissemination, education and teaching, etc. beyond hot conflicts, significantly deepening the complexity of cognitive domain confrontation, and greatly enhancing the full-time, global and interactive nature of multimodal narratives. Narrative games in the context of great power competition include psychological narratives, legal narratives, public opinion narratives, information narratives, etc. Once artificial intelligence is integrated with multi-domain narrative games, its weaponization effectiveness may increase geometrically.

　　In the future, the narrative game under the competition of major powers will be based on powerful algorithms, and its core lies in “controlling narrative with intelligence”, and the “intelligence” of intelligence must be realized by algorithms. For example, through powerful algorithms, big data technology can accurately draw the enemy’s cognitive landscape, and achieve “customized on demand” control of enemy cognition, and induce the enemy to obey our narrative script in an intelligent, precise and detailed way in the game, ensuring that the narrative dominance of the game is firmly controlled by us.

現代國語：

資料來源：光明網-《光明日報》 | 2023年04月30日 06:55
原文標題：「以智駕馭敘」：認知戰的新邊疆
【講武堂】

作者：武嘯劍（國防科技大學軍政基礎教育學院博士研究生）

當前，世界軍事強國紛紛加緊認知域作戰前沿性研究，以語言為依托打造決勝疆場的敘事話語體系，謀求塑造敘事話語層面的非對稱優勢。展望未來，敘事博弈在塑造利己態勢、開展認知操控、釋放戰爭迷霧等方面正扮演著愈發重要的角色，其軟實力屬性向硬實力屬性過渡的「武器化」傾向日漸明顯。在此背景下，敘事博弈成為大國認知域作戰的新邊疆。

敘事的“認知性”

敘事就是對故事的敘述，由「敘述」和「故事」兩部分組成，前者回答「怎麼講」的問題，後者則與「講什麼」有關。人類對敘事的關注始於文學領域，隨後擴展到影視、美術、音樂等藝術領域和新聞傳播等其3他領域。隨著人類認知的不斷進步，敘事的概念延伸到政治、經濟、軍事、文化、公民個人生活等範疇，由此衍生出國家宏觀敘事、社會中觀敘事、個體微觀敘事等敘事概念。敘事者講述故事的同時，透過敘事人稱、時間、視角、聚焦等策略的人為安排，使受眾在理解故事的同時潛移默化地被故事背後的價值觀和意識形態影響，這就是敘事的“認知性” 。

敘事博弈涉及的內涵十分豐富，既涵蓋一國軍事思想、軍事概念、軍事術語等宏觀敘事，也包括軍事法律、交戰規則、作戰標準、條令條例、戰爭倫理等議程設定的中觀敘事，也涉及軍史戰史中的戰爭進程敘事和英雄人物敘事等微觀敘事。

敘事之於認知，好比彈藥之於槍砲。伊拉克戰爭前夕，美國為塑造「師出有名」的認知態勢，借一小瓶「白色粉末」羅織所謂「大規模殺傷性武器」的莫須有之罪，打造了美軍入侵伊拉克的「敘事之鑰」。在這次俄烏衝突中，俄羅斯與西方國家展開了高強度敘事對抗，為塑造利己輿論態勢各盡其能。當前，以美國為代表的西方軍隊依託其掌控的話語霸權，將敘事塑造為認知域作戰的“主戰場”，一方面通過互聯網和社交媒體積極推進意識形態輸出，另一方面通過炒作新型武器裝備和新鮮作戰概念，影響別國軍事戰略制定和國防軍隊建設發展走向。

敘事博弈與大國競爭

戰爭服從政治，戰略服從政略。敘事博弈歸根究底是實現戰爭背後政治目的的工具。在不同歷史時期的大國競爭過程中，敘事在整體上服務於國家內政外交大局，在服從和服務於國家利益的宏觀政治框架內以戰略思想、理論概念、法律法規、政治宣言等形式施展縱橫捭閔之術。在1930年代，美國受孤立主義外交政策影響制定了《中立法》，但隨著法西斯的威脅日漸增長，特別是日本偷襲珍珠港後，其對外政策出現重大轉向，一改以往奉行中立的敘事話語體系並對日宣戰，從而深刻影響了美國國運，重塑了世界政治格局。進入新世紀後，美國從提升自身政治軍事地位、建立單邊主義秩序的政治目的出發，發動所謂「大規模殺傷性武器」議程的敘事邏輯挑起伊拉克戰爭，某種程度上實現了其政治圖謀。

面對錯綜複雜的外在環境，提升符合本國國情且與本國軍事實力地位相稱的敘事博弈能力，是大國維護國家安全的必要舉措。當前，大國競爭的政治屬性並未因為戰爭形態的演進而削弱，反而顯著地加強了。敘事博弈必須以服從服務於國家和軍隊的戰略方針為作戰根本遵循，以捍衛國家主權和發展利益為終極使命，以價值攻防為中心任務，以認知爭奪為核心目標，在平時當好「喉舌「為本國軍事力量塑造形象、爭取支持、傳遞威懾，在戰時成為「刀鋒」配合物理打擊從政治和組織上分化對手、動搖敵人、瓦解敵軍。

當今世界，大國之間的激烈較量已將敘事博弈融入軍事認知博弈的整個流程。大國軍事賽局前，雙方先透過多種管道頻繁宣示各自立場、展現各自意志，向外傳達己方開展軍事鬥爭的正義性必要性，在道義和倫理層面塑造利己態勢，以獲取國內民眾和國際社會的廣泛支持；在博弈進程中，雙方因時因勢透過各種方式向外傳遞各自的軍事戰略戰術、武器裝備、戰備訓練和人員現代化取得的新進展新成就，塑造己方優勢地位，施放認知迷霧造成對方國內軍民猶疑恐慌意志動搖；博弈一旦進入尾聲，勝利一方則以宏大敘事視角回溯其博弈過程，透過塑造威懾力與親和力同在的勝利者形象彰顯勝利者實力地位，鞏固博弈勝利成果。

建構強大的軍事敘事話語體係是開展認知攻防作戰的基礎。大國競爭背景下的敘事博弈，要求積極尋找認知戰與輿論戰、心理戰等彼此在要素、資訊與認知間的契合點。大國較量圍繞著輿論、心理、制腦權等場域開展的激烈角逐，賦予了敘事博弈以更為廣闊的闡釋空間與戰略意義。輿論戰的核心是敘事主導權的爭奪，背後是國際傳播力的較量；心理戰是關於核心價值觀的深層對抗，敘事則為其提供了闡釋和傳遞不同價值觀的「腳本」；制腦權作戰是腦科學與人工智慧深度融合的作戰樣式，敘事為讀腦、類腦、控腦等以大腦為直接目標的認知空間爭奪提供了資訊植入的有力武器。

「以智駕馭敘」提上日程

隨著認知科學、電腦科學、腦科學等科學技術的高速發展，以及智慧泛在、萬物互聯、人機共融、全域協同的智慧化戰爭加速演進，敘事博弈已超越「唇槍舌戰」的傳統範疇，進入無界泛化、深度融合、演算法為王的新時代。

近期風靡全球的ChatGPT，進一步揭示了智慧時代「敘事無所不在」的泛化性。自然語言處理、視訊影像處理、深度學習、大數據分析、雲端運算等技術的不斷進步推動了語言智慧的快速發展，使得文字、聲音、影像、視訊等有形或無形的「語言」載體都被納入到敘事範疇，極大拓展了敘事博弈的發生場域，將大國競爭引向熱衝突以外的社會生活、影視娛樂、新聞傳播、教育教學等方方面面，顯著加深了認知域對抗的複雜程度，極大增強了多模態敘事的全時全域性和互動性。大國競爭背景下的敘事博弈，包括心理敘事、法律敘事、輿論敘事、資訊敘事等，人工智慧一旦與多域敘事博弈融合，就可能使其武器化效能幾何式遞增。

未來，大國競爭下的敘事博弈將以強大算法為依托，其核心在於“以智駕馭敘”，智能之“智”要靠算法實現。例如，透過強大演算法，大數據技術可精準繪製敵方認知圖景，據此實現對敵認知操控的“按需定制”，在博弈中智能化、精準化、細緻化地誘使敵方服從我方敘事腳本，確保博弈的敘事主導權牢牢為我所控。

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.cctv.com/2023/04/30/ARTITYH9OANialt6AQ2BNLC2230430.shtml

#Information Support Force, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Cyberspace Adminstration of China 中央網絡安全和信息勇, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊做好戰爭準備, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

China to Promote Modernization of National Security System and Capabilities

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中國將推動國家安全體系與能力現代化

現代英語：

Promoting the modernization of national security system and capabilities
Wang Xiaohong

Promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities is a major strategic deployment made at the 20th CPC National Congress. The Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Modernization with Chinese Characteristics (hereinafter referred to as the Decision), adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, lists the modernization of the national security system and capabilities as a separate part. From the perspective of the overall development of the cause of the Party and the country, it further clarifies the goals, tasks and key measures for promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities in the new era and new journey, further points out the direction for us to do a good job and provides a fundamental guideline. Promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities is an inherent requirement for actively responding to various risks and challenges, serving and safeguarding the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation. It is an inevitable measure to continue writing a new chapter of the two miracles and effectively meet the people’s growing needs for a better life. It is also an objective need to actively adapt to changes in the world, the times, and history, and improve global security governance. We must adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly study and implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, deeply understand the decisive significance of the “two establishments”, enhance the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidences”, and achieve the “two safeguards”. We must unswervingly implement the overall national security concept, solidly promote the modernization of the national security system and capabilities, effectively prevent and resolve various risks that affect my country’s modernization process, strive to build a safer China at a higher level, and provide strong security guarantees for comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation with Chinese-style modernization.

1. Unswervingly implement the overall national security concept

The comprehensive national security concept is the national security chapter of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. It systematically answers a series of major theoretical and practical questions such as why to safeguard national security, what kind of national security to safeguard, and how to safeguard national security in the new era. It has formed a scientific theoretical system that is systematic, comprehensive, logically rigorous, rich in connotation, and internally unified. It is a powerful ideological weapon and action guide for promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities. It must be studied and understood in depth and resolutely implemented.

(I) Accurately grasp the core essence. The core essence of the overall national security concept is concentrated in the “ten insistences” proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping, namely, insisting on the absolute leadership of the Party over national security work, insisting on the national security path with Chinese characteristics, insisting on the people’s security as the purpose, insisting on coordinating development and security, insisting on putting political security in the first place, insisting on coordinating and promoting security in all fields, insisting on putting the prevention and resolution of national security risks in a prominent position, insisting on promoting international common security, insisting on promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities, and insisting on strengthening the construction of the national security cadre team. These “ten insistences” are the deepening, expansion and sublimation of our Party’s understanding of the laws of national security work, and profoundly answer the major contemporary issue of how to solve the common security problems faced in the development process of major countries in the new era and the new journey, and deal with the special security problems faced in the critical stage of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. They are both political, theoretical, historical and practical. Among them, insisting on the absolute leadership of the Party over national security work is the “root” and “soul”. We must always adhere to the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over national security work, unswervingly implement the chairmanship responsibility system of the Central National Security Commission, improve the efficient and authoritative national security leadership system, and implement all decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee on national security work without fail.

(II) Accurately grasp the concept of comprehensive security. At present, the connotation and extension of my country’s national security are richer than at any time in history, the time and space scope is wider than at any time in history, and the internal and external factors are more complex than at any time in history. Against this background, the overall national security concept emphasizes the concept of comprehensive security, advocating that national security is comprehensive and systematic security, and is common and holistic security, covering politics, military, territory, economy, finance, culture, society, science and technology, network, food, ecology, resources, nuclear, overseas interests, space, deep sea, polar regions, biology, artificial intelligence, data and many other fields, breaking through the traditional concept of national security, and will continue to enrich with the development of the times and practice. We must always adhere to the overall priority, pay attention to understanding the diversity, relevance and dynamics of national security issues from an overall perspective, build a national security system that integrates security in all fields, and lay a solid foundation for security in all fields.

(III) Accurately grasp the principles and methods. In view of the characteristics of internal and external linkage, cross-domain transmission, and sudden amplification of security issues in the context of globalization and networking, the overall national security concept takes scientific coordination as an important principle and basic method of national security work. At the level of the Party and the state, it emphasizes the coordination of high-quality development and high-level security, pays attention to the synergy between national security work and various economic and social development work, plans and deploys together, and integrates national security into all aspects and links of the overall work of the Party and the state. At the level of national security itself, it emphasizes the coordination of external security and internal security, homeland security and national security, traditional security and non-traditional security, self-security and common security, and coordinates the maintenance and shaping of national security. It is necessary to coordinate development and security, promote the coordinated development and synchronization of all aspects of national security work, and effectively prevent the transmission and superposition of various risks.

II. Make every effort to implement key measures to modernize the national security system and capabilities

The Decision clearly requires that we focus on building a safer China at a higher level, improve the national security system, strengthen the integrated national strategic system, enhance the ability to safeguard national security, innovate the social governance system, mechanism and means, and effectively build a new security pattern. We must study and refine the key tasks deployed in the Decision one by one, and do a good job in promoting their implementation.

(I) Improve the national security system. The national security system is a concentrated reflection of the national security system and its execution capabilities. We must strengthen the coordination mechanism for national security work, improve the security guarantee system in key areas and the coordination and command system for important projects in accordance with the new characteristics and changes in the national security situation, improve the real-time monitoring, graded early warning, rapid verification, and prompt notification mechanisms for major risks across departments, improve the national security review and supervision system, crisis management mechanism, supervision and inspection, and accountability mechanism, and form a systematic synergy and combat effectiveness. We must improve the national security legal system, strategic system, policy system, and risk monitoring and early warning system, actively promote national security legislation in important areas such as space security, deep sea security, and data security, strengthen the inspection and supervision of the implementation of relevant laws and regulations on national security, and improve the level of legalization of national security work; strengthen national security strategic planning and top-level design, optimize the national security strategic guidelines, goals, and medium- and long-term plans, and make good use of various strategic resources and strategic means in a coordinated manner; adhere to the principle of acting according to the times and changing according to the situation, and improve the national security policy system and policy measures in key areas. We must improve the layout of national security forces and build a coordinated and efficient national security protection system. We must advance scientific and technological empowerment of national security, focus on major needs to strengthen research and development of key core technologies, comprehensively enhance the ability of science and technology to maintain and shape national security, and better play the role of scientific and technological innovation in supporting and guaranteeing national security.

(II) Improve the public safety governance mechanism. Public safety is linked to thousands of households on one end and economic and social development on the other end. It is a weathervane for social stability and order. We must adhere to safety first and prevention first, continuously improve the public safety governance mechanism, promote the transformation of the public safety governance model to pre-emptive prevention, and improve the level of public safety governance. We must improve the handling and guarantee system for major public emergencies, improve the emergency command mechanism under the framework of major safety and emergency, enhance the support and guarantee of human, financial and material resources in responding to public emergencies, strengthen the basic emergency foundation and strength at the grassroots level, improve the ability to prevent, reduce and eliminate disasters, and effectively prevent, reduce and eliminate hazards. We must improve the mechanism for the investigation and rectification of production safety risks and the responsibility investigation, strengthen institutionalized and normalized safety supervision, strictly implement the production safety responsibility system, prevent and resolve major safety risks from the source, and resolutely curb the occurrence of major accidents. We must improve the food and drug safety responsibility system, fully implement the main responsibility of enterprises for safety, consolidate the local management responsibility of local governments and the supervision responsibility of relevant departments, strengthen the safety supervision of the whole process and the whole life cycle, crack down on crimes that endanger food and drug safety in accordance with the law, and protect the “safety on the tip of the tongue” of the people. We must improve the biosafety supervision, early warning and prevention system, comprehensively improve the national biosafety governance capabilities, and weave a solid national biosafety protection network. We must strengthen the construction of the network security system, improve the laws and regulations on cyberspace governance, improve the network security level protection, key information infrastructure security protection, data security protection and other systems, prevent and resist cyber attacks, and build a solid network security “firewall”. We must establish an artificial intelligence security supervision system, accelerate the artificial intelligence legislation process, improve the science and technology ethics supervision rules, strengthen hierarchical and classified supervision, strengthen the dynamic analysis, assessment and early warning of relevant risks, and technical breakthroughs to ensure that artificial intelligence always develops in the direction of continuously improving people’s well-being.

(III) Improve the social governance system. Only when the social governance system is scientific and reasonable can national security work achieve twice the result with half the effort. We must adhere to and develop the “Fengqiao Experience” in the new era, improve the urban and rural grassroots governance system that combines self-governance, rule of law, and moral governance under the leadership of the Party organization, improve the social governance system of co-construction, co-governance, and sharing, form a situation of joint governance of problems, joint control of risks, and joint creation of peace, and improve the grassroots governance capacity and level. We must explore the establishment of a unified national population management system. We must adhere to the combination of professionals and the masses, and group prevention and group governance, improve the social work system and mechanism, strengthen party building to lead grassroots governance, strengthen the construction of the social worker team, promote the construction of the volunteer service system, better organize and mobilize the masses, and win the most reliable and solid mass foundation and source of strength for national security work. We must promote the legalization of petition work, focus on the goal of “clear rights and responsibilities, clear bottom line, handling in accordance with the law, good order, and satisfaction of the masses”, give full play to the normative, guarantee and leading role of the “Regulations on Petition Work”, promote the legalization of prevention, acceptance, handling, supervision and accountability, and maintenance of order, and ensure that every appeal of the masses is handled by someone and every appeal of the masses is promoted in accordance with the law. We must accurately grasp the requirements of major risk prevention and control in the city, fully integrate resources and forces, improve the organizational structure and organizational methods of city-level social governance, and enhance the city-level social governance capacity. We must strengthen the functions of public service platforms such as citizen hotlines, promote the docking of platforms such as “12345” and “110”, and improve the management mechanism and normal promotion mechanism of the key items list of “efficiently completing one thing”, so as to achieve diversified service methods, optimized service processes, simplified service materials, and minimized service costs. We must improve the social psychological service system and crisis intervention mechanism, and shape a social mentality of self-esteem, self-confidence, rationality, peace, and friendship. We must improve the mechanism for giving full play to the role of family education and family style in grassroots governance. We must deepen the reform of industry associations and chambers of commerce, further stimulate endogenous motivation and vitality, and better play their unique advantages and roles. We must improve the management system of social organizations, strengthen standardized management, expand orderly participation, and promote social organizations to improve service quality and social credibility. We must improve the system of matching the responsibilities, powers, and resources of towns (streets), and strengthen the service management power of towns (streets). We must improve the overall social security prevention and control system, strengthen patrols and controls in key areas and locations, and enhance our control over social security; improve the regular work mechanisms such as cracking down on gangsters and eliminating evil, and severely punish illegal and criminal activities that have been strongly reflected by the masses, such as gang-related and evil-related crimes, telecommunications and Internet fraud, cross-border gambling, gun-related and explosive-related crimes, infringement on the rights and interests of women and children, pornography, gambling, drugs, theft, robbery and fraud, and do our utmost to protect the lives and property of the people.

(IV) Improve the mechanism of foreign-related national security. As more and more Chinese citizens and enterprises go abroad, the status of foreign-related security in the overall national security work is becoming more and more important. We must thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping’s diplomatic thought, actively implement the global security initiative, plan and promote foreign-related national security work with a high position and high standards, strive to create an international environment that is favorable to us, and resolutely defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. We must establish and improve the coordination mechanism for peripheral security work and promote security cooperation with neighboring countries. We must strengthen the system and mechanism for early warning, prevention and control, and protection of overseas interests and investment risks, establish a legal risk assessment system for foreign-related projects, guide Chinese-funded enterprises to operate overseas in accordance with the law, and enhance the awareness and ability of overseas risk prevention and control; deepen international law enforcement cooperation in the field of security, expand the “circle of friends” for law enforcement and security cooperation, and effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens and legal persons overseas. We must improve the anti-sanction, anti-interference, and anti-“long-arm jurisdiction” mechanisms, strengthen legislation in the field of foreign-related security, and enrich the legal “toolbox”. We must improve the mechanism for safeguarding maritime rights and interests, improve the cross-military and cross-departmental working model, and effectively prevent and resolve major maritime security risks. We must improve the mechanism for participating in global security governance, adhere to the concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, safeguard the international system with the United Nations at its core, the international order based on international law, and the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, attach importance to the reasonable security concerns of all countries, actively participate in bilateral and multilateral mechanisms under the UN framework, give full play to the role of mechanisms and platforms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS cooperation, “China + Central Asian Five Countries” and the Global Public Security Cooperation Forum (Lianyungang), promote the building of a balanced, effective and sustainable security architecture, jointly deal with regional disputes and global security issues, and achieve universal and common security.

III. Basic Requirements for Modernizing National Security Systems and Capabilities

To advance the modernization of the national security system and capabilities, we must clarify work requirements, organize scientifically, and advance in a rigorous manner.

(I) Enhance systematic thinking. Promoting the modernization of the national security system and capabilities is a complex systematic project. We must use systematic thinking to observe the security situation, analyze security issues, and plan security countermeasures. We must be good at observing the general trend and planning major events, see the trees and the forest, strengthen forward-looking thinking, overall planning, strategic layout, and overall promotion, strengthen coordination and efficiency, focus on system integration, break down departmental and local barriers, and promote the coordination and integrated promotion of national security work in all fields and aspects.

(II) Consolidate the grassroots foundation. If the foundation is not solid, the earth will shake. As the modernization of the national security system and capabilities gradually deepens, some basic and deep-seated problems have become increasingly prominent. We must accurately grasp the characteristics of the current situation and tasks, do a solid job of grasping the grassroots, laying the foundation, and benefiting the long-term, strengthen grassroots forces, basic work, and basic capacity building, improve mechanisms, innovate methods, and enrich means in a targeted manner, make great efforts to make up for shortcomings, strengthen weaknesses, and consolidate the foundation, and consolidate the foundation for maintaining national security.

(III) Strengthen publicity and education. Maintaining national security is a just cause. We must not only “do” it unswervingly, but also “say” it with confidence. We must insist on combining centralized publicity and education with regular publicity and education, innovate content, methods and carriers, carry out publicity and education activities that are popular with the people, and extend them to the grassroots, expand to various units, and cover the general public, create a strong atmosphere in which everyone is responsible for national security, and guide the general public to enhance their awareness of national security, assume national security responsibilities, and improve their ability to maintain national security.

(IV) Strengthen the implementation of responsibilities. Maintaining national security is the common responsibility of the whole society. We must overcome the mentality of “waiting, relying on, and asking for help”, take the initiative, take positive actions, clarify responsibilities, refine the division of labor, and form a work pattern of grasping each level and implementing it at each level, so that we have the responsibility to defend the territory, be responsible for the territory, and do our best to defend the territory. Especially for difficult problems, we must carry forward the spirit of nailing down the nails, strengthen research, concentrate on tackling key problems, and ensure breakthroughs. At the same time, we must strengthen communication and coordination, clench our fingers into a fist, take a step forward, leave no gaps, and form a strong synergy that brings together all aspects and levels of the party, government, military, civilians, and academics.

現代國語：

推動國家安全體系和能力現代化
王小洪

推動國家安全體系和能力現代化，是黨的二十大作出的重大戰略部署。黨的二十屆三中全會通過的《中共中央關於進一步全面深化改革、推進中國式現代化的決定》（以下簡稱《決定》），將推進國家安全體系和能力現代化單列一部分，從黨和國家事業發展全局的高度，進一步明確了新時代新征程推進國家安全體系和能力現代化的目標任務、重點舉措，為我們做好工作進一步指明了前進方向、提供了根本遵循。推動國家安全體系和能力現代化，是積極應對各類風險挑戰，服務保障強國建設、民族復興偉業的內在要求，是續寫兩大奇蹟新篇章、有效滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要的必然舉措，也是主動適應世界變化、時代變化、歷史變化，完善全球安全治理的客觀需求。我們要堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，深入學習貫徹黨的二十屆三中全會精神，深刻領悟「兩個確立」的決定性意義，增強「四個意識」、堅定「四個自信”、做到“兩個維護”，堅定不移貫徹總體國家安全觀，紮實推進國家安全體系和能力現代化，有效防範和化解影響我國現代化進程的各種風險，努力建設更高水平平安中國，為以中國式現代化全面推動強國建設、民族復興偉業提供堅強安全保障。

一、堅定不移貫徹整體國家安全觀

整體國家安全觀是習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想的國家安全篇，系統回答了新時代為什麼維護國家安全、維護怎樣的國家安全、怎樣維護國家安全等一系列重大理論和實踐問題，形成了系統全面、邏輯嚴密、內涵豐富、內在統一的科學理論體系，是推動國家安全體系和能力現代化的強大思想武器和行動指南，必須深入學習領會、堅決貫徹落實。

（一）準確把握核心要義。總體國家安全觀的核心要義，集中體現為習近平總書記提出的“十個堅持”，即堅持黨對國家安全工作的絕對領導，堅持中國特色國家​​安全道路，堅持以人民安全為宗旨，堅持統籌發展和安全，堅持把政治安全放在首要位置，堅持統籌推進各領域安全，堅持把防範化解國家安全風險擺在突出位置，堅持推進國際共同安全，堅持推進國家安全體系和能力現代化，堅持加強國家安全幹部隊伍建設。這「十個堅持」是我們黨對國家安全工作規律性認識的深化、拓展、昇華，深刻回答了新時代新征程如何既解決好大國發展進程中面臨的共性安全問題、又處理好中華民族偉大復興關鍵階段面臨的特殊安全問題這個重大時代議題，既有政治性、理論性，又有歷史性、實踐性。其中，堅持黨對國家安全工作的絕對領導，是「根」和「魂」。要隨時堅持黨對國家安全工作的集中統一領導，堅定不移貫徹中央國家安全委員會主席負責制，完善高效權威的國家安全領導體制，不折不扣把黨中央關於國家安全工作的各項決策部署落實處。

（二）準確掌握大安全理念。目前，我國國家安全的內涵和外延比歷史上任何時候都要豐富，時空領域比歷史上任何時候都要寬廣，內外因素比歷史上任何時候都要複雜。在此背景下，整體國家安全觀強調的是大安全理念，主張國家安全是全面、系統的安全，是共同、整體的安全，涵蓋政治、軍事、國土、經濟、金融、文化、社會、科技、網路、糧食、生態、資源、核子、海外利益、太空、深海、極地、生物、人工智慧、數據等許多領域，突破了傳統的國家安全觀，並且也將隨著時代和實踐的發展而不斷豐富。要始終堅持整體為要，注重從整體視角認識國家安全問題的多樣性、關聯性和動態性，建構集各領域安全於一體的國家安全體系，築牢各領域安全底線。

（三）準確把握原則法。針對全球化、網路化時代背景下安全問題的內外連動性、跨域傳導性、突變放大性等特點，整體國家安全觀把科學統籌作為國家安全工作的重要原則和基本方法。在黨和國家事業層面，強調統籌高品質發展和高水準安全，注重國家安全工作與經濟社會發展各項工作的協同性，做到一起規劃、一起部署，把國家安全貫穿到黨和國家工作全局各方面各環節。在國家安全本身層面，強調統籌外部安全和內部安全、國土安全和國民安全、傳統安全和非傳統安全、自身安全和共同安全，統籌維護和塑造國家安全。要統籌發展與安全，推動國家安全各方面工作統籌進行、協調同步，有效防範各類風險傳導、疊加。

二、全力抓好推進國家安全體系和能力現代化的重點舉措

《決定》明確要求，聚焦建立更高水準平安中國，健全國家安全體系，強化一體化國家戰略體系，增強維護國家安全能力，創新社會治理體制機制與手段，有效建構新安全格局。我們要對照《決定》部署的各項重點任務，逐一研究細化，抓好推進落實。

（一）健全國家安全體系。國家安全體係是國家安全制度及其執行能力的集中體現。要強化國家安全工作協調機制，根據國家安全情勢新特徵新變化，完善重點領域安全保障體系和重要專案協調指揮體系，健全重大風險跨部門即時監測、分級預警、快速核查、提示通報等機制，健全國家安全審查和監管制度、危機管控機制、督促檢查和責任追究機制等，形成系統性合力和戰鬥力。要改善國家安全法治體系、戰略體系、政策體系、風險監測預警體系，積極推動太空安全、深海安全、資料安全等重要領域國家安全立法，加強對國家安全有關法律法規執行的檢查監督工作，提升國家安全工作法治化程度；加強國家安全戰略規劃與頂層設計，優化國家安全戰略指導方針、目標、中長期規劃，統籌用好各種戰略資源和戰略手段；堅持因時而動、因勢而變，完善國家安全政策體系和重點領域政策措施。要完善國家安全力量佈局，建構連結高效率的國家安全防護體系。要推動國家安全科技賦能，聚焦重大需求加強關鍵核心技術攻關，全面增強科技維護及塑造國家安全能力，更好發揮科技創新對國家安全的支撐保障作用。

（二）完善公共安全治理機制。公共安全一頭連著千家萬戶，一頭連著經濟社會發展，是社會穩定有序的風向標。要堅持安全第一、預防為主，不斷完善公共安全治理機制，推動公共安全治理模式邁向事前預防轉型，提升公共安全治理水準。要健全重大突發公共事件處置保障體系，完善大安全大應急框架下應急指揮機制，增強應對突發公共事件的人力財力物力等各方面支撐保障，強化基層應急基礎和力量，提高防災減災救災能力，有效預防、減輕、消除危害。要完善安全生產風險排除整治與責任倒查機制，加強制度化常態化安全監管，嚴格落實安全生產責任制，從源頭防範化解重大安全風險，堅決遏止重特大事故發生。要完善食品藥品安全責任體系，全面落實企業安全主體責任，壓實地方政府屬地管理責任和有關部門監管責任，強化全流程、全生命週期安全監管，依法打擊危害食品藥品安全犯罪，守護人民群眾“舌尖上的安全」。要健全生物安全監理預警防控體系，全面提升國家生物安全治理能力，織牢國家生物安全防護網。要加強網路安全體制建設，改善網路空間治理法規，健全網路安全等級保護、關鍵資訊基礎設施安全保護、資料安全保護等製度，防範抵禦網路攻擊，築牢網路安全「防火牆」。要建立人工智慧安全監管制度，加速人工智慧立法進程，完善科技倫理監管規則，加強分級分類監管，加強對有關風險的動態分析、評估預警、技術攻堅，確保人工智慧始終朝著不斷增進人民福祉的方向發展。

（三）健全社會治理體系。社會治理體系科學合理，國家安全工作才能事半功倍。要堅持和發展新時代“楓橋經驗”，健全黨組織領導的自治、法治、德治相結合的城鄉基層治理體系，完善共建共治共享的社會治理制度，形成問題聯治、風險聯控、平安聯創的局面，提升基層治理能力與水準。要探討建立全國統一的人口管理制度。要堅持專群結合、群防群治，健全社會工作體制機制，加強黨建引領基層治理，加強社會工作者隊伍建設，推動志願服務體系建設，更好組織群眾、發動群眾，為國家安全工作贏得最可靠、最強的群眾基礎和力量來源。要推廣信訪工作法治化，聚焦「權責明、底數清、依法辦、秩序好、群眾滿意」目標，充分發揮《信訪工作條例》的規範、保障和引領作用，推動預防法治化、受理法治化、辦理法治化、監督追責法治化、維護秩序法治化，確保群眾的每一項訴求都有人辦理、群眾的每一項訴求都依法推進。要精確掌握把重大風險防控化解在市域的要求，充分整合資源力量，完善市域社會治理的組織架構與組織方式，提升市域社會治理能力。要強化市民專線等公共服務平台功能，推動「12345」、「110」等平台對接；健全「高效辦成一件事」重點事項清單管理機制與常態化推展機制，實現辦事方式多元化、辦事流程最優化、辦事材料最簡化、辦事成本最小化。要健全社會心理服務體系與危機介入機制，塑造自尊自信、理性平和、親善友愛的社會心態。要健全發揮家庭家教家風建設在基層治理中作用的機制。要深化產業協會商會改革，進一步激發內生動力與活力，更好發揮獨特優勢與作用。要健全社會組織管理制度，加強規範管理、擴大有序參與，促進社會組織提升服務品質及社會公信力。要健全鄉鎮（街道）職責與權力、資源相符制度，加強鄉鎮（街道）服務管理力量。要完善社會治安整體防控體系，加強重點區域、部位巡防巡控，提升社會治安掌控力；健全掃黑除惡常態化等工作機制，依法嚴懲涉黑涉惡、電信網路詐騙、跨境賭博、涉槍涉爆、侵害婦女兒童權益及黃賭毒、盜搶等民眾反映強烈的違法犯罪活動，全力維護民眾生命財產安全。

（四）完善涉外國家安全機制。隨著我國公民、企業走出去越來越多，涉外安全在國家安全工作全局的地位愈加重要。要深入學習貫徹習近平外交思想，積極實踐全球安全倡議，高站位、高標準謀劃推進涉外國家安全工作，努力創造於我有利的國際環境，堅決捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益。要建立健全週邊安全工作協調機制，推動同週邊國家安全合作。要強化海外利益及投資風險預警、防控、保護體制機制，建立涉外項目法律風險評估制度，引導中資企業境外依法合規經營，增強海外風險防控意識和能力；深化安全領域國際執法合作，擴大執法安全合作“朋友圈”，有力維護我國公民、法人在海外合法權益。要健全反制裁、反干涉、反「長臂管轄」機制，加強涉外安全領域立法，充實法律「工具箱」。要健全維護海洋權益機制，完善跨軍地、跨部門工作模式，有效防範化解涉海重大安全風險。要完善參與全球安全治理機制，堅持共同、綜合、合作、永續的安全觀，維護以聯合國為核心的國際體系、以國際法為基礎的國際秩序、以聯合國憲章宗旨和原則為基礎的國際關係基本準則，尊重各國主權、領土完整，重視各國合理安全關切，積極參與聯合國框架下的雙多邊機制，發揮上海合作組織、金磚合作、「中國+中亞五國」和全球公共安全合作論壇（連雲港）等機制平台作用，推動建構均衡、有效、永續的安全架構，共同因應區域爭端和全球性安全問題，實現普遍安全、共同安全。

三、推動國家安全體系和能力現代化的基本要求

推動國家安全體系和能力現代化，必須明確工作要求，科學組織、嚴密推進。

（一）增強系統思維。推動國家安全體系和能力現代化，是一項複雜的系統工程。要運用系統思維來觀察安全情勢、分析安全問題、規劃安全對策，善於觀大勢、謀大事，既見樹木、更見森林，加強前瞻性思考、全局性規劃、策略性佈局、整體性推進，強化協同高效、狠抓制度貫通，打破部門及地方壁壘，推動各領域各方面國家安全工作銜接協調、一體推進。

（二）夯實基層基礎。基礎不牢，地動山搖。隨著推動國家安全體系與能力現代化逐步走向深入，一些基礎性、深層的問題愈發凸顯。要準確掌握當前面臨的情勢任務特點，紮實實在做好抓基層、打基礎、利長遠的工作，加強基層力量、基礎工作、基本能力建設，針對性完善機制、創新方法、豐富手段，下大氣力補短板、強弱項、固底板，夯實維護國家安全的根基。

（三）加強宣導教育。維護國家安全是一項正義的事業，不僅要堅定不移地“做”，也要理直氣壯地“說”。要堅持集中性宣傳教育與經常性宣傳教育結合，創新內容、方式和載體，開展人民群眾喜聞樂見的宣傳教育活動，並延伸到基層、拓展到各個單位、覆蓋到廣大群眾，營造國家安全人人有責的濃厚氛圍，引導廣大人民增強國家安全意識、擔當國家安全責任、提升維護國家安全能力。

（四）強化責任落實。維護國家安全是全社會的共同責任。要克服「等靠要」思想，主動擔當、積極作為，明確職責、細化分工，形成一級抓一級、層層抓落實的工作格局，做到守土有責、守土負責、守土盡責。特別是對難點問題，要發揚釘釘子精神，加強研究，集中攻關，確保取得突破。同時，要加強溝通協調、攥指成拳，靠前一步、不留縫隙，形成匯聚黨政軍民學各戰線各方面各層級的強大合力。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202408/content_6967888.htm