中國軍方重點發展武器化人工智慧
現代英語：
As a strategic technology leading a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence is profoundly changing the form of modern warfare. Countries have taken a national strategic approach to Focus on the military field and develop artificial intelligence.
Currently, artificial intelligence is profoundly changing people’s thinking, lifestyles and exploration directions. Its application and development in the military field will also have a profound impact on future war fighting styles, combat spaces and means. While major countries have elevated artificial intelligence to a national strategy, they are also taking various measures to promote the military application of artificial intelligence.
Russia–
Highlight military priority
Focus on actual combat testing
As the importance of artificial intelligence technology gradually becomes apparent, Russia has listed artificial intelligence as a priority development area to promote military modernization and intelligence and compete for strategic commanding heights.
Russia has successively introduced strategic plans such as the “National Weapons and Equipment Plan 2018-2025” and the “National Artificial Intelligence Development Strategy before 2030”, and established the National Artificial Intelligence Center, the Robotics Technology Development Center, etc. to carry out theoretical and applied research in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology.
The Russian military has currently developed and applied artificial intelligence technology in all combat domains on land, sea and air, and possesses a considerable scale of unmanned combat forces.
On land, China has unmanned combat vehicles represented by the “Uranus” series, “Platform-M” and “Argo” models. In the air, China has “Pomegranate”-4, “Fast Light Particle” short-range UAVs, “Sea Eagle”-10, “Outpost” and other medium-sized UAVs that perform reconnaissance, command and communication relay tasks. Underwater, China has in service large-scale “Harpsichord”-1R, small-scale “Marlin-350”, “Vision-600” micro-unmanned submarines, especially the “Poseidon” nuclear-powered unmanned submarine, which can carry a nuclear warhead with a TNT equivalent of 2 million tons.
Since 2015, the Russian army has formed combat robot companies in various military regions and fleets, equipped a large number of robots, and continuously organized artificial intelligence exercises. In addition, the Russian army has accelerated the research on combat theory and the development of new equipment systems, and conducted actual combat tests in the battlefields of Syria and eastern Ukraine, providing a reliable basis for the development and improvement of unmanned combat systems. In the Syrian military operation in early 2016, the Russian army used six “Platform-M” tracked unmanned combat vehicles and four “Codeword” wheeled unmanned reconnaissance vehicles for the first time to participate in the attack and occupy enemy positions, creating a practical precedent for ground unmanned equipment to move from auxiliary combat to main combat.
Currently, the Russian military is stepping up efforts to integrate artificial intelligence systems with drones, missiles, etc. to cope with the future era of intelligent warfare.
USA–
Develop long-term plans
Strengthening technology leadership
The U.S. military has always focused on the research and development of artificial intelligence technology, and has made arrangements at the national strategic level, with a clear development strategy, specific tactical models and strong technical support. Since 2000, the U.S. Department of Defense has strengthened the top-level planning of unmanned equipment and technology development by regularly updating the unmanned equipment development strategy and roadmap.
In 2014, the United States proposed the “Third Offset Strategy” with artificial intelligence as the key supporting technology. In October 2016, then-US President Obama released a report at the White House, “National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan”, which proposed seven strategic directions and two suggestions for the priority development of artificial intelligence in the United States. The US military has successively formulated artificial intelligence technology research and development plans, key project ideas, and technical standards and specifications, focusing on building a research and development production and combat application system, and promoting the deployment of projects such as intelligent missiles and unmanned autonomous aerial refueling.
At present, the U.S. military’s active unmanned equipment is still mainly controlled by remote control or pre-programming. It is expected that in the future, major breakthroughs will be made in the autonomy of unmanned equipment and manned-unmanned collaboration. The U.S. military also hopes to further develop neural technology to enable combat personnel to interact with the system on the battlefield in the future, and ultimately achieve consciousness connection and human-like thinking of artificial intelligence systems.
With the deployment of a series of new combat concepts and related military application projects, the United States is accelerating the transformation of artificial intelligence technology into weapons and equipment systems and unmanned combat systems to offset the combat capabilities of its opponents, maintain absolute military advantages, and safeguard its global hegemony.
Yingde is based on——
Promoting resource integration
Each has its own development path
The UK has defined its AI strategy as a key national strategy and has developed a development path of “universities as the source and military-civilian integration”, focusing on cooperating with the world’s top universities and mature companies to explore ways to maintain military advantages on future battlefields. In September 2018, the UK announced that it had developed an AI military robot called “Sapiens” that can scan urban battlefields, detect hidden enemies, and send information to soldiers.
As a traditional industrial power, Germany regards artificial intelligence as the key to maintaining Germany’s competitiveness and safeguarding Germany’s future. Germany, which has the world’s largest artificial intelligence research center, released the national “Artificial Intelligence Strategy” in 2018, planning to invest about 3 billion euros at the federal level by 2025 to create an “artificial intelligence made in Germany” brand. In terms of military applications of artificial intelligence, Germany has also achieved many important results. The German army has been equipped with digital systems with intelligent information perception and processing capabilities in large quantities. The German Air Force’s “Typhoon” fighter has successfully achieved interconnection with remote-controlled vehicles and can receive and execute combat missions at the same time.
Israel has a small territory and a complex surrounding situation. A strong sense of insecurity is a powerful driving force for its development of artificial intelligence, and deep military-civilian integration has provided advanced technology, abundant funds and high-level talents for the rapid development of artificial intelligence in the Israeli military. Its national artificial intelligence program, the “Tower” program, a collaboration between the military and the Hebrew University, has provided a number of outstanding talents for the Israel Defense Forces to improve their intelligence level.
Today, Israel has become the world’s largest exporter of military drones, accounting for about 60% of the world’s exports. Among them, drones such as “Hermes” and “Skylark” represent the world’s advanced level. Many of the Azerbaijani drones that have attracted attention in the recent war between India and Pakistan were imported from Israel. Israel’s “Guardian” unmanned vehicle is the world’s first controllable autonomous unmanned vehicle. The Israeli Navy is equipped with multiple types of unmanned surface vessels such as “Protector”, “Stingray” and “Seagull”, among which the “Seagull” unmanned surface vessel can perform a variety of tasks such as anti-submarine, anti-mine, and anti-frogman.
現代國語：
人工智慧作為引領新一輪科技革命和產業變革的戰略技術，正深刻改變現代戰爭形態，各國紛紛將重點發展軍事領域人工智慧上升為國家戰略。
目前，人工智慧正在深刻改變人們的思維理念、生活方式和探索方向，其在軍事領域的運用和發展，也將對未來戰爭作戰樣式、作戰空間和作戰手段產生深遠影響。各主要國家在把人工智慧上升為國家戰略的同時，也採取多種措施促進人工智慧的軍事應用。
俄羅斯——
突顯軍用優先
注重實戰檢驗
隨著人工智慧技術的重要性逐漸顯現，俄羅斯已將人工智慧列入優先發展領域，以促進軍事現代化和智慧化，爭取戰略制高點。
俄羅斯先後推出了《2018～2025年國家武器裝備計畫》《2030年前人工智慧國家發展戰略》等戰略規劃，組成國家人工智慧中心、機器人技術發展中心等，用以進行人工智慧和資訊科技領域的理論與應用研究。
俄軍目前在陸海空各個作戰域內，都開發應用了人工智慧技術，擁有了相當規模的無人作戰力量。
陸上有以「天王星」系列和「平台-M」「阿爾戈」等型號為代表的無人戰車。空中擁有遂行偵察、指揮和通訊中繼任務的「石榴」-4、「超光速粒子」近程無人機，「海鷹」-10、「前哨」等中型無人機。水下在役「大鍵琴」-1R大型、「馬爾林-350」小型、「視野-600」微型小型無人潛航器等，特別是「波塞冬」核動力無人潛航器，可攜帶200萬噸TNT當量的核子戰鬥部。
從2015年開始，俄軍在各軍區和艦隊組成戰鬥機器人連，大量列裝機器人，不斷組織人工智慧演練。此外，俄軍加快作戰理論研究和新型裝備系統研發，並在敘利亞和烏克蘭東部戰場進行實戰檢驗，為無人作戰系統的研發改進提供可靠依據。在2016年初的敘利亞軍事行動中，俄軍首次使用6台「平台-M」履帶式無人戰車和4部「暗語」輪式無人偵察車參與進攻並佔領敵方陣地，開創了地面無人裝備從輔戰走向主戰的實戰先例。
目前，俄軍正加緊將人工智慧系統與無人機、飛彈等結合，以應對未來的智慧化戰爭時代。
美國——
制定長期規劃
強化技術引領
美軍一直注重人工智慧領域的技術研發，從國家戰略層面進行佈局，具有明晰的發展策略、具體的戰術模式和強而有力的技術支撐。從2000年開始，美國防部就透過定期更新無人裝備發展策略與路線圖，加強無人裝備與技術發展的頂層規劃。
2014年，美國提出了以人工智慧為關鍵支撐技術的「第三次抵銷策略」。 2016年10月，時任美國總統歐巴馬在白宮發布報告《國家人工智慧研究與發展戰略計畫》，提出了美國優先發展的人工智慧七大戰略方向和兩方面建議。美國軍方相繼制定了人工智慧技術研發規劃、重點專案設想、技術標準規範，著力建構研發生產和作戰運用體系，推動智慧飛彈、無人自主空中加油等項目的部署。
目前，美軍現役無人裝備仍主要採取遙控或預編程方式進行控制，預計未來將在無人裝備自主性、有人-無人協同等方面取得較大突破。美軍也希望透過進一步開發神經技術，在未來戰場上使作戰人員能夠與系統進行思想交互，最終實現人工智慧系統的意識連結和類人化思考。
隨著一系列新型作戰概念和相關軍事應用項目的部署，美國正在加快人工智慧技術向武器裝備系統和無人作戰體系的轉化進程，以抵消對手作戰能力，維持絕對軍事優勢，維護其全球霸權。
英德以——
推進資源融合
各闢發展路徑
英國把人工智慧戰略定性為國家重點戰略，並製定了「高校為源、軍民融合」的發展路徑，注重與世界頂級高校和成熟的公司合作，探索在未來戰場上保持軍事優勢的途徑。 2018年9月，英國宣稱已經研發了一種名為「智人」的人工智慧軍事機器人，能夠掃描城市戰場，發現隱藏敵人，並將訊息傳送給士兵。
作為傳統的工業強國，德國將人工智慧視為維持德國競爭力、保障德國未來的關鍵。擁有世界上最大的人工智慧研究中心的德國，於2018年發布了國家層級的《人工智慧戰略》，計畫2025年前在聯邦層級投入約30億歐元，打造「人工智慧德國製造」品牌。在人工智慧軍事應用方面，德國也取得了不少重要成果。德軍已經大批量裝備具有智慧化資訊感知與處理能力的數位化系統，德國空軍的「颱風」戰鬥機，已成功實現與遙控載具的互聯互通，可同時領受和執行作戰任務。
以色列國土狹小、週邊形勢複雜，強烈的不安全感是促使其發展人工智慧的強大動力，而深度軍民融合，則為以軍人工智慧飛速發展提供了先進技術、充裕資金和高水準人才。其國家級人工智慧計畫——軍隊和希伯來大學合作的「塔樓」計劃，就為以色列國防軍提升智慧化水平輸送了不少優秀人才。
如今以色列已成為全球最大的軍用無人機出口國，出口量約佔全球的60%，其中，「赫爾墨斯」「雲雀」等無人機代表世界先進水準。近期在亞阿戰爭中令人關注的阿塞拜疆無人機，不少就是從以色列引進的。以色列「守護者」無人車，是世界上第一種可控的自主式無人車。以海軍則裝備「保護者」「魟魚」「海鷗」等多型無人水面艇，其中「海鷗」無人水面艇可執行反潛、反水雷、反蛙人等多樣化任務。
中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-11/19/content_27624788.htm