軍事研究、戰爭研究、作戰研究 | 實際探索提升中國軍隊新型作戰能力
現代英語：
The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee clearly proposed “accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities.” New-type combat capabilities are representative of advanced combat capabilities, and strengthening the practical exploration of new-type combat capability development is an inevitable requirement for accelerating the development of advanced combat capabilities. As a key force for winning future battlefields, new-type combat capabilities are crucial to the course of war, the transformation of development, and the outcome of battles. Therefore, it is imperative to keep pace with changes in technology, warfare, and adversaries, fully unleash and develop new-type combat capabilities, and continuously enhance their contribution to war preparedness and combat.
Grasp the requirements of the times for strengthening the construction of new-type combat capabilities
The development of combat capabilities bears the profound imprint of the times. Strengthening the development of new-type combat capabilities must adapt to the era’s requirements as the form of warfare rapidly evolves towards intelligence, unmanned operation, and beyond-domain capabilities.
The “New” Elements of Power: Unmanned Intelligence. Recent local wars and military operations worldwide demonstrate a continuous increase in the informatization of warfare. Weapons and equipment are showing a clear trend towards long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned operation, fundamentally changing the way humans interact with weaponry. The concepts, elements, and methods of winning wars are undergoing significant transformations. Currently, artificial intelligence and unmanned autonomous technologies are rapidly entering the battlefield. Intelligent military systems have significantly improved the unmanned autonomous combat capabilities of military equipment and platforms. The main participants in warfare are shifting from traditional humans to humanoid intelligent unmanned systems. Combat behavior and decision-making are accelerating their shift from “carbon-based” to “silicon-based,” from “cellular” to “intelligent agents,” and evolving from a “human in the loop” to a “human on the loop” and even “human outside the loop” model.
The “New” Nature of Battlefield Space: Multidimensional Integration. Disruptive technologies, exemplified by artificial intelligence, are rapidly expanding the scope and depth of influence of combat forces. The rapid application of technologies such as bio-interdisciplinary research, neuromorphic science, and human-machine interfaces is driving the deep penetration and integration of intelligent network systems with human social activities. New methods and situations, such as “deepfakes” and “information cocoons,” are emerging in large numbers, and hybrid games involving cognitive competition in the social domain are evolving into new arenas of struggle. The space of military struggle is expanding from traditional geographical space to the deep sea, outer space, electromagnetic, cyber, and cognitive domains, advancing the entire battlefield space to a highly three-dimensional, multi-dimensional, and highly integrated state. These battlefield space domains are interconnected, mutually supportive, and mutually restrictive, jointly propelling combat towards complex intelligence.
The “New” Aspect of Combat Formation: Dynamic Reconfiguration. Combat formation reflects the combination of personnel and weaponry, the relationships between combat units, and between different units, determining the role and effectiveness of new-type combat capabilities. Looking towards the real-time optimization of joint forces and firepower in future operations, new-type combat capabilities will rely on intelligent network information systems, shifting from static configuration to dynamic reconfiguration, from “building blocks” to “solving a Rubik’s Cube.” Each combat element will be functionally decoupled as needed, and then cross-domain integration will connect heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules to construct a resilient distributed “kill network,” enabling wide-area configuration, cross-domain networking, and multi-domain aggregation of combat units and basic modules. This dynamic formation requires the support of network information systems and the coordinated cooperation of new-type combat capabilities, connecting heterogeneous functional elements and unit modules throughout the entire combat system through cross-domain integration.
Focus on key aspects of strengthening new combat capabilities
The key difference between new-type combat capabilities and traditional combat capabilities lies in the new quality of combat capabilities. The construction of new-type combat capabilities should take the new quality as an important starting point, empower combat capability elements and transform combat capability generation models through technological innovation, thereby promoting the leap in combat capabilities.
Intelligent algorithms are key to victory. New combat capabilities, exemplified by intelligent weaponry, place greater emphasis on gaining strategic control in combat. The competition between opposing sides hinges on the level of intelligent cognition and the superiority of their algorithms. Intelligent algorithms can be seamlessly integrated into the decision-making and command chains at every stage of the kill chain—observation, location, tracking, judgment, decision-making, strike, and assessment—achieving “victory before battle.” Data mining algorithms, such as deep learning and self-learning, can rapidly integrate various types of battlefield data, deeply correlate and analyze valuable intelligence, and help combat personnel predict the battlefield situation more quickly and effectively. Intelligent game theory and decision-making algorithms, such as reinforcement learning, can autonomously engage in combat in virtual environments, rapidly and fully explore the war decision-making space, help commanders identify and anchor decision points, and more efficiently create and generate action plans, thus assisting in combat planning. For the command and control of numerous unmanned equipment and platforms, autonomous control algorithms, such as autonomous planning and collaborative algorithms, can dynamically combine combat resources according to mission objectives and capability requirements, forming human-machine hybrid formations to efficiently execute combat missions.
The system is highly interconnected. Combat power generation is a complete system formed by the development and internal movement of the various elements constituting combat power, as well as the interconnections and interactions between different elements and subsystems. The characteristics of system confrontation, hybrid game, and cross-domain competition are more prominent in informationized and intelligent combat operations. The dispersed battlefield sensors, combat forces, and weapon platforms become network information nodes based on various information links. Intelligence information, mission instructions, battle situation, and battle results information can all be interactively shared in the battlefield network that is connected across the entire domain. The entire combat operation, while pursuing individual platform indicators, places greater emphasis on the real-time linkage effect of the entire combat system. Through functional coupling and structural emergence, it achieves the goals of “energy aggregation” and “energy enhancement” to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy with overall strength.
Human-machine interaction is gradually advancing. Unmanned equipment, as a crucial element of new combat capabilities and an important supplement to traditional weaponry, is transforming from a battlefield support role to a primary combat role. Broadly speaking, unmanned equipment will expand the combat capabilities of weaponry and gain information and firepower mobility advantages. First, unmanned combat equipment can enrich and improve manned combat systems. Utilizing the advantages of unmanned equipment—less restricted battlefield environment, stronger penetration capabilities, and more diverse missions—it can enhance the scope, accuracy, and timeliness of reconnaissance and intelligence gathering and assessment, as well as increase the density, intensity, and sustainability of firepower strikes. Second, coordinated operations between manned and unmanned forces can achieve a “1+1>2” combat effectiveness. For example, drones can conduct forward reconnaissance and early warning, becoming an extension of manned aircraft perception, leveraging the mobility and firepower advantages of manned aircraft while utilizing the information advantages of drones. Third, unmanned swarm operations can achieve the goal of rapidly depleting enemy resources. Unmanned swarm forces, including drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned boats, unmanned underwater vehicles, bionic robots, and smart munitions, will conduct autonomous and coordinated unmanned operations. Their nonlinear and emergent characteristics will highlight their advantages in scale, cost, autonomy, and decision-making. They will strike targets such as heavily fortified air defense missile sites deep within enemy territory, greatly depleting the enemy’s reconnaissance, interception, and firepower resources.
Building a scientific framework for enhancing new combat capabilities
Building new combat capabilities is a systemic and arduous battle that requires overcoming difficulties. We must break away from the path dependence of “technology-oriented” approaches and construct a scientific chain of “theoretical interpretation, system construction, training transformation, and resource adaptation.”
Emphasizing “theory first, system support,” these two aspects are crucial foundations for generating new-type combat capabilities. A hierarchical theoretical framework and resilient system architecture are essential to solidify the foundation for new-type combat capabilities to serve actual combat. From the perspective of hierarchical theoretical framework construction, basic theory must focus on the essential mechanisms of new-type combat elements, analyzing the operational characteristics, boundaries of action, and coupling logic of emerging domain elements with traditional elements, and exploring scientific paths for aligning basic theory with practice. Applied theory must closely adhere to actual combat scenarios, constructing application rules based on the typological classification of future combat missions, and expanding the paths for transforming applied theory into tactical practice. The innovative theoretical layer must anticipate the evolution of warfare, combining technological advancements to predict theoretical development directions, providing guidance for the evolution of new-type elements. From the perspective of resilient system architecture design, “system resilience” should be the goal to break down inter-domain barriers, establishing a potential database through the Internet of Things and big data technologies to achieve rapid reorganization and response of new-type resources and troop needs, ensuring that the system resonates with the demands of “war.”
Adhering to the principle of “you fight your way, I fight my way,” we must boldly innovate and explore new models for the construction and application of combat forces. The essence of this approach lies in building “asymmetric advantages.” From the perspective of cultivating asymmetric advantages, we must rely on “operational domain advantage maps” for assessment and construct differentiated force layouts. We must promote the transformation of advantageous elements into core capabilities, build a “strengths against weaknesses” pattern, and ensure the long-term sustainability of these advantages through the establishment of a dynamic monitoring mechanism. From the perspective of innovatively reconstructing operational paths, we must break through the boundaries of traditional operational domains, open up new dimensions of confrontation in unmanned domains, and design modular solutions based on mission requirements, flexibly combining new qualitative elements with traditional forces to avoid path dependence.
Strengthening “realistic training and adversarial drills” is crucial. Realistic training and adversarial drills serve as the intermediaries for transforming new combat capabilities from theory to actual combat. To establish a closed-loop mechanism of “integrated training and combat,” it is necessary to enhance the combat adaptability of new combat capabilities through high-fidelity construction of training scenarios, high-intensity design of adversarial drills, and quantitative modeling of effectiveness evaluation. Regarding the high-fidelity construction of realistic training scenarios, it is essential to actively organize drone units to conduct training in reconnaissance and rescue, airlift, and other subjects. The concept of “environmental complexity gradient” should be introduced to force officers and soldiers to utilize new equipment under extreme conditions. A quantitative evaluation system should be established to assess training effectiveness. Regarding the high-intensity design of adversarial drills, it is necessary to set up adversarial scenarios closely resembling those of a strong enemy, set adversarial intensity thresholds, and establish a closed-loop improvement mechanism to promote iterative upgrades of combat capabilities.
The principle is “not seeking ownership, but utilizing.” This is a crucial path for generating new combat capabilities. Its core lies in the innovative generation model of the “resource pooling” theory. This requires breaking the binding relationship between “resource possession” and “capability generation” through cross-domain resource integration and dynamic resource allocation. From the perspective of cross-domain resource integration, “resource pooling” is the core, integrating local technology, talent, and equipment resources to build a military-civilian integrated resource support network. From the perspective of dynamic resource allocation, a classified and graded management system is constructed, categorizing new resources according to their operational value into core, support, and auxiliary categories, clarifying the deployment process for new equipment, and ensuring that resource benefits are transformed into actual combat capabilities.
現代國語：
加強新質戰斗力建設實踐探索
■王璐穎 李 滔
引 言
黨的二十屆四中全會鮮明提出“加快先進戰斗力建設”。新質戰斗力是先進戰斗力的代表，加強新質戰斗力建設實踐探索是加快先進戰斗力建設的必然要求。新質戰斗力作為制勝未來戰場的關鍵力量，關乎戰爭走向、關乎建設轉型、關乎作戰勝負，必須緊跟科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，充分解放和發展新質戰斗力，不斷提升新質戰斗力對備戰打仗的貢獻率。
把握加強新質戰斗力建設時代要求
戰斗力建設有著深刻的時代烙印，加強新質戰斗力建設要順應戰爭形態加速向智能化、無人化、超域化演進的時代要求。
力量要素之“新”：無人智能。從世界近幾場局部戰爭和軍事行動看，戰爭信息化程度不斷提高，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢明顯，正在改變人與武器裝備的結合方式，戰爭制勝觀念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。當前，人工智能技術和無人自主技術快速走向戰場，智能化軍事系統顯著提高了軍事裝備和平台的無人自主作戰能力，戰爭主要參與者從傳統的人向類人智能無人系統的跨越，作戰行為與決策加速從“碳基”向“硅基”轉移，從“細胞體”向“智能體”讓渡，從“人在環中”向“人在環上”乃至“人在環外”的模式演進。
戰場空間之“新”：多維融合。以人工智能為代表的顛覆性技術，正加速擴展作戰力量的作用領域、影響深度。生物交叉、類腦科學和人機接口等技術的快速應用，促使智能化網絡體系與人類社會活動深度滲透、高度融合。“深度偽造”“信息繭房”等新手段、新情況大量產生，社會域的認知爭奪等混合博弈，正演變為新的角力場。軍事斗爭空間從傳統地理空間，不斷向深海、外太空、電磁、網絡、認知等領域拓展，整個戰場空間進階到高立體、全維度、大融合。這些戰場空間領域之間既相互聯系、相互支撐，又相互制約，共同推動作戰向復雜智能的方向發展。
作戰編組之“新”：動態重構。作戰編組是人與武器裝備結合、作戰單元之間、部隊與部隊之間關系的體現，決定著新質戰斗力的作用發揮和效能釋放。著眼未來聯合作戰兵力火力的即時聚優，新質戰斗力將依托智能化網絡信息體系的支撐，由靜態搭配向動態重構轉變，由“拼積木”向“擰魔方”轉變，各作戰要素根據需要進行功能解耦，再通過跨域融合將異構的功能要素和單元模塊聯結在一起，構建具有良好韌性的分布式“殺傷網”，以實現作戰單元和基本模塊的廣域配置、跨域組網和多域聚合。這種動態編組更需要網絡信息體系的支撐和新質戰斗力的協同配合，通過跨域融合將整個作戰體系中異構的功能要素和單元模塊聯結在一起。
扭住加強新質戰斗力建設重要抓手
新質戰斗力區別於傳統戰斗力的關鍵在於戰斗力呈現的新質態，新質戰斗力建設要以新質態為重要抓手，通過科技創新賦能戰斗力要素、變革戰斗力生成模式，從而推動戰斗力躍遷。
智能算法制勝。以智能化武器裝備為代表的新質戰斗力更加重視追求作戰制智權，敵我雙方比拼的是智能認知水平的高下、算法的優劣。在觀察、定位、跟蹤、判斷、決策、打擊和評估等殺傷鏈的各個環節，智能算法都可以及時融入決策鏈、指揮鏈，實現“未戰而先勝”。以深度學習、自學習為代表的數據挖掘算法，能夠對戰場收集的各類數據快速整合，深度關聯分析有價值的情報信息，幫助作戰人員更快更好預測戰場態勢。以強化學習為代表的智能博弈和決策算法，能夠在虛擬環境中自主博弈對抗，快速充分探索戰爭決策空間，幫助指揮員發現和錨定決策點，更加高效地創造生成行動方案，輔助作戰籌劃。針對大量無人裝備和平台的指揮控制，自主規劃與協同算法等自主控制算法，能夠根據任務目標和能力需求對作戰資源進行動態組合，形成人機混合編組，高效執行作戰任務。
體系高度關聯。戰斗力生成，是由構成戰斗力的各要素自身發展、內在運動，以及不同要素和分系統之間相互聯系、相互作用而形成的完整體系。信息化智能化作戰行動的體系對抗、混合博弈、超域競爭等特征更加突出，分散配置的戰場傳感器、作戰力量和武器平台基於各種信息鏈路成為網絡信息節點，情報信息、任務指令、戰況態勢和戰果信息均可在全域聯通的戰場網絡中交互共享，整個作戰行動在追求單個平台單項指標的基礎上，更強調整個作戰體系的實時聯動效應，通過功能耦合和結構湧現，達到“聚能”和“增能”的目的，以整體力量達到克敵制勝的目的。
人機互動漸進。無人裝備作為新質戰斗力的重要抓手和傳統武器裝備的重要補充，正從過去戰場配屬角色向主戰角色轉變。從廣義角度看，無人裝備將以拓展武器裝備作戰能力獲得信息、火力機動優勢。首先，無人作戰裝備可充實完善有人作戰體系。利用無人裝備戰場環境限制小、突防能力強、執行任務多的優勢，提升己方偵察情報和評估工作范圍、精度和時效性，提升火力打擊密度、強度和持續性。其次，有人與無人力量協同作戰能夠發揮“1+1＞2”的作戰效能。例如，無人機可前出偵察預警，成為有人機感知的延伸，發揮有人機機動和火力優勢，發揮無人機信息優勢。再次，無人集群作戰能夠實現快速消耗敵方資源目的。無人機、無人車、無人艇、無人潛航器、仿生機器人、智能彈藥等無人集群力量實施無人自主協同作戰，將發揮其非線性、湧現性等特征所凸顯的規模優勢、成本優勢、自主優勢、決策優勢，打擊敵方縱深地域嚴密設防的防空導彈陣地等目標，極大消耗敵方偵察攔截和火力抗擊資源。
構建加強新質戰斗力建設科學鏈路
新質戰斗力建設是一場向難攻堅的系統性硬仗，要破除“技術導向”的路徑依賴，構建“理論闡釋—體系建構—訓練轉化—資源適配”的科學鏈路。
突出“理論先行，體系支撐”。理論先行與體系支撐是新質戰斗力生成的兩個重要基礎。要以理論體系層級化建構與體系架構韌性化設計，夯實新質戰斗力服務實戰基礎。從理論體系層級化建構看，基礎理論必須聚焦新質作戰要素的本質機理，剖析新興領域要素的作戰特性、作用邊界及與傳統要素的耦合邏輯，探索基礎理論對接實踐的科學路徑。應用理論必須緊扣實戰場景，基於未來作戰任務的類型化劃分構建運用規則，拓展應用理論轉化為戰術實踐的路徑。創新理論層須前瞻戰爭形態演進，結合技術預見理論發展方向，為新質要素演化提供指引。從體系架構的韌性化設計看，要以“體系韌性”為目標打破域際壁壘，通過物聯網、大數據技術建立潛力數據庫，實現新質資源與部隊需求的快速重組響應，確保體系與“戰”的需求同頻共振。
堅持“你打你的，我打我的”。大膽創新探索新型作戰力量建設和運用模式，“你打你的，我打我的”，本質在於建構“非對稱優勢”。從非對稱優勢的培育看，要依托“作戰域優勢圖譜”開展評估，構築差異化力量布局。要推動優勢要素向核心能力轉化，構建“以長擊短”格局，通過建立動態監測機制，確保優勢長存。從作戰路徑創新性重構看，須突破傳統作戰域邊界，在無人域開辟對抗新維度，還要基於任務需求設計模塊化方案，靈活組合新質要素與傳統力量，避免路徑依賴。
加強“實案化訓練，對抗性演練”。實案化訓練和對抗性演練是新質戰斗力從理論向實戰的轉化中介。要構成“戰訓一體化”的閉環機制，須通過訓練場景的高保真建構、對抗演練的高強度設計與效能評估的量化模型化，提升新質戰斗力的實戰適配性。從實案化訓練的高保真建構看，要積極組織無人機分隊開展偵察救援、空中投送等課目訓練，要引入“環境復雜度梯度”理念，倒逼官兵在極限條件下運用新質裝備。要建立量化評估體系，評估訓練成效；從對抗性演練的高強度設計看，要設置貼近強敵的對抗場景，設定對抗強度閾值，建立閉環改進機制，推動戰斗力迭代升級。
做到“不求所有，但為所用”。“不求所有，但為所用”是新質戰斗力生成的重要路徑，其內核在於“資源池化”理論的生成模式創新，須通過資源整合的跨域化建構與資源運用的動態化調度，打破“資源佔有”與“能力生成”的綁定關系。從資源整合的跨域化建構看，以“資源池化”為核心，整合地方技術、人才、裝備資源，構建軍地一體的資源支撐網絡。從資源運用的動態化調度看，構建分類分級管理體系，將新質資源按作戰價值分為核心、支撐、輔助類，明確新質裝備的調用流程，確保資源效益轉化為實戰能力。
來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王璐穎 李 滔 責任編輯：孫悅
2025-12-04 0xx:xx