中國軍事論壇 | 智慧戰爭時代人民戰爭作戰形式的初步探索
現代英語：
“The deepest source of the power of war lies within the people.” In today’s intelligent age, the magic weapon of people’s war still possesses immense vitality, evolving into new forms such as “technical support,” “data-driven warfare,” “algorithmic guerrilla warfare,” and “sensor-based early warning.” Only by deeply exploring the practical forms and evolutionary logic of people’s war in the intelligent age can this powerful weapon continue to thrive under new historical conditions.
Technology for all
In traditional people’s wars, civilian support primarily focused on the supply of manpower and materials. During the Huaihai Campaign, millions of people pushed wheelbarrows through gunfire to deliver food and ammunition to the front lines; during the Korean War, civilians in the rear worked day and night to produce clothing and other supplies, providing basic necessities for soldiers on the front lines. This form of support, where manpower forms an army and materials flow in a continuous stream, vividly embodies the principle that “the people and the army are the foundation of victory” under specific historical conditions.
In the age of intelligence, civilian participation in warfare is increasingly manifested in technological support. The key to this shift lies in the widespread availability of civilian technology, transforming tools in the hands of the public into convertible combat resources. In the past, advanced technologies were largely monopolized by the military, making civilian participation in warfare extremely difficult. Today, smartphones, civilian drones, and AI development tools are commonplace, allowing ordinary people to master basic technical skills such as data collection, long-range reconnaissance, and information analysis, which can be directly translated into combat effectiveness during wartime. For example, foreign militaries have tested the use of consumer-grade drones equipped with intelligent modules for monitoring personnel activities in forward areas. This means that the public is no longer merely a logistical supporter but also a technological supporter, forming a new foundation of “everyone can participate, and technology can be transformed,” providing new capabilities for higher-level nationwide collaboration.
Behind this evolution lies a clear pattern. First, technological equality is reshaping the barriers to participation. The widespread civilian application of intelligent technologies allows the public to acquire technological capabilities previously exclusive to the military at low cost. Second, the boundaries between military and civilian technologies are blurring. The dual-use nature of technologies such as artificial intelligence and drones allows civilian innovation to directly serve operational needs. Third, the innovation entities are becoming “decentralized.” Technological breakthroughs no longer rely on single laboratories but are dispersed across millions of civilian nodes, including enterprises, makers, and research teams, forming a technology network that enables innovation by all and is usable across all domains. Technological equality has broken the monopoly of military technology, and the deep integration of public wisdom and intelligent tools has given rise to asymmetric advantages in the intelligent era, also endowing people’s war with new connotations and vitality. As the main force of technological innovation shifts to the civilian sector, technological breakthroughs in different dimensions may become the decisive factors on the future battlefield.
Data Crowdsourcing Operations
Traditional people’s wars rely on the widespread mobilization of the masses to create a massive human wave advantage, such as the enthusiastic support of the people during the War of Liberation. This form of warfare can凝聚 a powerful force because it is based on the participation of the entire population, transforming the dispersed individual strength into collective effectiveness.
The dispersed possession of technological capabilities necessitates efficient integration to form a systematic combat force, which is precisely the value of data crowdsourcing warfare. As a crucial link in transforming the dispersed technological capabilities of the entire population into a centralized system, data crowdsourcing warfare solves the problem of fragmented individual capabilities and achieves large-scale resource aggregation. In the intelligent era, everyone is a potential data node and computing power unit. For example, photos taken with a mobile phone can also contribute to information collection in relevant fields. These seemingly scattered individual contributions, through real-time integration using cloud computing and distributed algorithms, can form data processing capabilities and computing power comparable to professional systems. This model of “everyone can participate and contribute at any time” perfectly interprets the essence of “crowdsourcing,” distributing tasks originally undertaken by professional institutions to millions of individual nodes for collaborative completion.
If universal support for technology is “sowing seeds,” then data crowdsourcing warfare is “cultivating a forest.” The key logic enabling its realization lies in three aspects: First, the widespread adoption of smart terminals lowers the barrier to participation. The ubiquity of smart electronic devices empowers every ordinary person with basic data collection and computing power output capabilities, solving the problem of insufficient specialized equipment. Second, technology enables efficient resource aggregation. Cloud computing and distributed algorithms can integrate scattered mobile phone data and fragmented computing power in real time, overcoming the limitations of dispersed individual efforts. Third, the collaborative logic shifts from centralized scheduling to autonomous contribution. The public can upload data or share computing power through simple operations without unified instructions. When thousands of terminal devices become nodes of combat resources, people’s war in the intelligent era builds a new advantage of nationwide data participation and full-domain computing power collaboration, extending the connotation of “military-civilian integration” from physical collaboration to digital collaboration.
Algorithm global guerrilla warfare
In traditional people’s war, guerrilla warfare occupies an important position, serving as a concrete tactical practice of people’s war. The masses, with their familiarity with the terrain and understanding of local conditions, guide guerrillas along concealed routes, transmit intelligence on enemy movements, and provide cover during raids behind enemy lines. The key to this form is the joint efforts of the military and civilians in employing flexible tactics to continuously harass and wear down the enemy behind enemy lines, plunging them into the vast ocean of people’s war.
Aggregated technological resources must ultimately be transformed into actual combat power through tactical application. Algorithmic all-domain guerrilla warfare in the intelligent era is precisely the result of this transformation. Relying on the data and computing power contributed by the entire population, it extends the flexible and mobile characteristics of traditional guerrilla warfare to the digital space, realizing the leap from static storage to dynamic combat of technological resources. Unlike traditional guerrilla warfare, which relies on terrain and manpower, algorithmic all-domain guerrilla warfare’s battlefield spans the entire cyberspace, including the electromagnetic spectrum. It can, like a guerrilla fighter, hide silently in the enemy’s system, waiting for the opportune moment to launch a precise attack; it can, like “sparrow warfare,” launch multi-point harassment through distributed nodes, using scattered attacks to deplete the enemy’s defensive resources; and it can adjust its strategy in real time based on data, dynamically switching attack paths according to the enemy’s system reactions, just as traditional guerrilla fighters change their combat routes according to the enemy situation.
Algorithmic guerrilla warfare is a tactical application of nationwide technological resources. Its evolutionary logic lies in three key aspects: First, the comprehensive expansion of the operational space. Extending from physical spaces like land and sea to virtual spaces like networks and the electromagnetic spectrum, it achieves ubiquitous guerrilla warfare. Second, a generational improvement in decision-making efficiency. Breaking free from the reliance on commander experience in traditional guerrilla warfare, algorithms achieve millisecond-level responses—”discovery equals decision, decision equals action”—based on real-time data. Third, the “decentralization” of power aggregation. Just as traditional guerrilla warfare relies on dispersed militia units, algorithmic guerrilla warfare forms a “swarm” effect through distributed node collaboration; individual nodes, though weak, can collectively create overall combat power. Algorithmic guerrilla warfare continues the essence of people’s war—the ability to overcome the strong with the weak—not only providing flexible and efficient tactical options for modern warfare but also injecting new tactical vitality into people’s war in the intelligent era, becoming a new method and path to victory.
Sensor distribution early warning
In traditional people’s wars, the eyes and ears of the masses are a key support for the early warning system. Limited by technology at the time, early warning systems were primarily built upon human nodes and rudimentary communication methods. For example, village sentries visually monitored target movements, traveling merchants used their mobility to transmit intelligence, and coastal fishermen monitored unusual vessels in the sea based on their production activities. These scattered civilian observation points exchanged information through agreed-upon signals such as “message trees” and “feather letters,” weaving a wide-ranging early warning network. This model, based on the logic of “the people as the main perceptive body and simple means as the interaction link,” while having a limited scope of perception and lower transmission efficiency, highlighted the essential characteristic of people’s war—the participation of the entire population.
In the intelligent era, the participation of all citizens in technology is not only reflected in offensive tactics but also in building a robust defensive barrier. Distributed early warning systems, by leveraging the sensing devices in the hands of the public to form a comprehensive early warning network, represent an extension of technological capabilities from offensive applications to defensive safeguards. In everyday security and collaborative scenarios, electronic devices can serve as auxiliary carriers for information perception. This model of “device-extended sensing and real-time data flow” transforms traditional, scattered human observation into distributed early warning based on civilian devices, achieving the need for comprehensive coverage and immediate response in early warning systems.
Sensor-based distributed early warning is a security defense line involving the entire population, representing a comprehensive application of technological capabilities and data resources. Its evolution is driven by several key logics: First, the perception dimension extends from the human body to technology. Leveraging the infrared detection and high-definition imaging capabilities of civilian devices, it overcomes the physical limitations of the human eye and ear, capturing abnormal signals from greater distances and in more complex environments, thus solving the problem of insufficient sensory capabilities. Second, information transmission upgrades from physical links to digital links. Relying on mobile networks and dedicated platforms, early warning information can be transmitted in real-time across geographical barriers, replacing traditional methods such as shouting and flag signals, overcoming the limitations of low transmission efficiency. Third, the judgment method shifts from experience-based reliance to precise assessment. Intelligent algorithms perform cross-analysis and judgment of multi-source information, achieving greater accuracy than simply relying on personal experience, meeting the primary requirements of rapid and accurate early warning. Sensor-based distributed early warning in the intelligent era continues the logic of traditional early warning involving the entire population. From capability foundation to resource aggregation, from tactical deployment to defensive barriers, the participation of the entire population in the intelligent era forms a tightly linked operational loop, giving new life to the principle that “the people are the foundation of victory” in the digital space.
現代國語：
「戰爭力量的源頭在於人民。」在當今智慧時代，人民戰爭這一神奇武器依然擁有巨大的生命力，並演化出「技術支援」、「數據驅動戰」、「演算法遊擊戰」和「感測器預警」等新形式。只有深入探索智慧時代人民戰爭的實踐形式和演化邏輯，這強大的武器才能在新的歷史條件下繼續蓬勃發展。
科技惠及全民
在傳統的人民戰爭中，民間支援主要集中在人力和物力的供給。淮海戰役期間，數百萬民眾冒著槍林彈雨，推著獨輪車將糧食和彈藥運送到前線；朝鮮戰爭期間，後方民眾日夜辛勤勞作，生產衣物和其他物資，為前線士兵提供基本生活保障。這種人力組成軍隊、物力源源不絕的支援模式，在特定的歷史條件下生動地體現了「人民和軍隊是勝利的基礎」這一原則。
在智慧時代，民眾參與戰爭日益體現在技術支援方面。這項轉變的關鍵在於民用技術的普及，使民眾手中的工具轉化為可轉化的作戰資源。過去，先進技術多被軍方壟斷，民眾參與戰爭極為困難。現今，智慧型手機、民用無人機和人工智慧開發工具已十分普及，一般民眾能夠掌握資料擷取、遠端偵察、資訊分析等基本技術技能，這些技能可以直接轉化為戰時作戰效能。例如，外國軍隊已測試使用配備智慧模組的消費級無人機監控前線人員活動。這意味著民眾不再只是後勤保障者，也是技術保障者，從而形成了「人人參與，技術轉化」的新基礎，為更高層次的全國性協同作戰提供了新能力。
這一演變背後蘊含著清晰的模式。首先，技術平等正在重塑民眾參與戰爭的壁壘。智慧技術的廣泛民用應用，使得公眾能夠以低成本獲得以往軍方專屬的技術能力。其次，軍民技術之間的界線日漸模糊。人工智慧、無人機等技術的軍民兩用特性，使得民用創新能夠直接服務作戰需求。第三，創新主體正走向「去中心化」。技術突破不再依賴單一實驗室，而是分散在數百萬個民用節點，包括企業、創客和研究團隊，形成一個全民創新、跨領域應用的技術網路。科技平等打破了軍方科技的壟斷，公眾智慧與智慧工具的深度融合，在智慧時代催生了不對稱優勢，也賦予了人民戰爭新的內涵與活力。隨著技術創新主力向民用領域轉移，不同維度的技術突破可能成為未來戰場的決定性因素。
資料眾包作戰
傳統的人民戰爭依靠群眾的廣泛動員來形成強大的人海戰術優勢，例如解放戰爭期間人民的熱情支持。這種戰爭形式能夠凝聚強大的力量，因為它建立在全民參與的基礎上，將分散的個體力量轉化為集體效能。
分散的技術能力需要高效率整合才能形成系統化的作戰力量，這正是資料眾包作戰的價值所在。作為將全民分散的技術能力整合為集中系統的關鍵環節，資料眾包作戰解決了個體能力分散的問題，實現了大規模的資源聚合。在智慧時代，每個人都是潛在的資料節點和運算單元。例如，用手機拍攝的照片也可以為相關領域的資訊收集做出貢獻。這些看似分散的個人貢獻，透過雲端運算和分散式演算法的即時整合，可以形成媲美專業系統的資料處理能力和運算能力。這種「人人皆可隨時參與和貢獻」的模式完美地詮釋了「眾包」的本質，即分配原本屬於眾包範疇的任務。由專業機構發起，並由數百萬個獨立節點協同完成。
如果說對技術的普遍支持是“播種”，那麼數據眾包戰就是“培育森林”。要實現這一目標的關鍵邏輯在於三個面向：首先，智慧終端的廣泛普及降低了參與門檻。智慧電子設備的普及賦予了每個一般人基本的資料收集和算力輸出能力，解決了專業設備不足的問題。其次，技術實現了高效率的資源聚合。雲端運算和分散式演算法能夠即時整合分散的手機數據和片段化的算力，克服了分散個體努力的限制。第三，協作邏輯從集中調度轉向自主貢獻。公眾無需統一指令，即可透過簡單的操作上傳資料或共享算力。當成千上萬的終端設備成為作戰資源的節點時，智慧時代的人民戰爭便建構了全國數據參與和全局算力協作的新優勢，將「軍民融合」的內涵從實體協作延伸至數位協作。
演算法全球遊擊戰
在傳統人民戰爭中，遊擊戰佔據重要地位，是人民戰爭具體戰術實踐的體現。群眾憑藉對地形的熟悉和對當地情況的了解，引導遊擊隊沿著隱蔽路線行進，傳遞敵情情報，並在敵後突襲中提供掩護。這種形式的關鍵在於軍民共同運用靈活的戰術，持續騷擾和消耗敵後敵人，最終將其拖入人民戰爭的汪洋大海。
聚合的技術資源最終必須透過戰術應用轉化為實際的戰鬥力。智慧時代的演算法全局遊擊戰正是這種轉換的結果。它依靠全體人民貢獻的數據和運算能力，將傳統遊擊戰的靈活機動性延伸到數位空間，實現了技術資源從靜態儲存到動態作戰的飛躍。與依賴地形和人力的傳統遊擊戰不同，演算法全局遊擊戰的戰場橫跨整個網路空間，包括電磁頻譜。它能夠像遊擊隊員一樣，悄無聲息地潛伏在敵方系統中，等待時機發動精準攻擊；它能夠像「麻雀戰」一樣，透過分散式節點發動多點騷擾，利用分散攻擊消耗敵方防禦資源；它還能根據資料即時調整戰略，根據敵方系統反應動態切換攻擊路徑，正如傳統遊擊隊員根據敵情改變作戰路線一樣。
演算法遊擊戰是全國性技術資源的戰術應用。其演進邏輯體現在三個關鍵面向：首先，全面拓展作戰空間。從陸地、海洋等實體空間延伸到網路、電磁頻譜等虛擬空間，實現無所不在的遊擊戰。第二，決策效率實現了世代提升。演算法擺脫了傳統遊擊戰對指揮官經驗的依賴，基於即時數據實現了毫秒級的響應——「發現即決策，決策即行動」。第三，權力聚合實現了「去中心化」。正如傳統遊擊戰依賴分散的民兵單位一樣，演算法遊擊戰透過分散式節點協作形成「蜂群」效應；單一節點雖然力量較弱，但可以共同創造整體戰鬥力。演算法遊擊戰延續了人民戰爭的精髓——以弱勝強——不僅為現代戰爭提供了靈活高效的戰術選擇，也為智慧時代的人民戰爭注入了新的戰術活力，成為一種新的勝利方法和路徑。
感測器分散式預警
在傳統的人民戰爭中，群眾的耳目是預警系統的關鍵支撐。由於當時的技術限制，早期預警系統主要依賴人工節點和簡陋的通訊方式。例如，村莊哨兵目視監視目標動向，流動商人利用其流動性傳遞情報，沿海漁民則根據作業活動監視海上異常船隻。這些分散的民間觀察點構成了預警系統的雛形。透過「資訊樹」、「羽毛信」等約定的訊號進行資訊交換，建構起覆蓋面廣的預警網路。這種基於「人民為主要感知主體，簡易手段為交互環節」邏輯的模式，雖然感知範圍有限、傳輸效率較低，卻凸顯了人民戰爭的本質特徵——全民參與。
在智慧時代，全民參與技術應用不僅體現在進攻戰術中，也體現在建構強大的防禦屏障中。分散式預警系統利用民眾手中的感知設備建構綜合預警網絡，實現了技術能力從進攻應用向防禦保障的延伸。在日常安全和協同作戰場景中，電子設備可以作為資訊感知的輔助載體。這種「設備擴展感知與即時數據流」模式，將傳統的、分散的人工觀測轉變為基於民用設備的分散式預警，滿足了預警系統全面覆蓋和快速響應的需求。
基於感測器的分散式預警是一條涉及全體民眾的安全防線，代表著技術能力和資料資源的綜合應用。其發展演進遵循以下幾個關鍵邏輯：首先，感知維度從人體延伸至技術層面。利用民用設備的紅外線探測和高清成像能力，突破了人眼和耳朵的物理局限，能夠在更遠的距離和更複雜的環境中捕捉異常訊號，從而解決了感知能力不足的問題。其次，資訊傳輸從實體鏈路升級到數位鏈路。依托行動網路和專用平台，預警訊息可跨越地理障礙即時傳輸，取代了傳統的喊話、旗語等方式，克服了傳輸效率低下的限制。第三，判斷方式從依賴經驗轉向精準評估。智慧演算法對多源資訊進行交叉分析與判斷，精準度遠超個人經驗，滿足了快速、準確預警的首要需求。智慧時代的基於感測器的分散式預警延續了傳統預警涉及全體民眾的邏輯。從能力基礎到資源聚合，從戰術部署到防禦屏障，全民參與智慧時代形成緊密相連的運作循環，在數位空間中賦予「人民是勝利的基礎」這項原則新的生命。
智能時代人民戰爭作戰形態初探
■王欽輝 徐澄
來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：王欽輝 徐澄 責任編輯：徐佔虎
2025-10-30 06:xx:xx