Category Archives: #intellligentization

Aspects of Chinese intelligent warfare: Artificial intelligence will change the winning mechanism of future Chinese wars

中國智慧化戰爭看點:人工智慧將改變未來中國戰爭制勝機制

現代英語:

Artificial intelligence technology is an important support for improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields. It has developed rapidly in recent years and is widely used in the military field. It continues to generate new asymmetric advantages and profoundly changes the basic shape, combat methods and winning mechanisms of future wars. We should have a deep understanding of the revolutionary technological power of artificial intelligence, accurately identify changes, respond scientifically, and proactively seek changes, and strive to explore ways to win future wars, and win the initiative in the accelerating intelligent wars.

information mechanism

If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without danger. Quickly and effectively mastering all-round information is the primary prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can realize intelligent perception of battlefield situation, intelligent analysis of massive data, and intelligent processing of multiple information, and can form a “transparent” advantage on the battlefield.

Autonomous implementation of battlefield awareness. By embedding intelligent modules into wartime reconnaissance systems, various types of reconnaissance node units can achieve random networking, on-the-fly collaboration, and organic integration. They can independently capture battlefield information in all directions and dimensions, and build a relatively “transparent” digital battlefield environment and combat situation. It then clears the “fog” of war and presents combat scenes in a panoramic manner.

Accurate identification of massive data. Relying on intelligent technologies such as precise sensing technology and analysis and recognition technology, it can accurately interpret, analyze, compare and integrate diversified voice, text, pictures, videos and other data to obtain a faster, more complete, more accurate and deeper battlefield situation. The result is far faster and more accurate than human brain processing.

Respond efficiently to key information. Based on intelligent technology groups such as combat cloud, big data, and the Internet of Things, it can quickly excavate large quantities of non-standardized and heterogeneous intelligence data, independently discover symptoms, identify intentions, study trends, find patterns, and respond accurately in real time. Commander’s need for critical information.

Synchronize and share the integration situation. The intelligent control system can optimize and integrate various reconnaissance and surveillance systems distributed in different spaces and frequency domains such as land, sea, air and space power grids, and play an important hub role in sharing information and unified cognition, building a system based on “one picture” and “one picture”. The “open network” and “one chain” situation enables all combat units to synchronously share the required information from different spaces, distances, and frequencies in all areas, all frequencies, and all the time, realizing wisdom sharing.

Decision-making mechanism

If the husband has not fought yet and the temple is considered the winner, he must be considered the winner. Scientific and accurate decision-making is a prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can conduct dynamic battlefield simulations, quickly make feasible decisions, significantly shorten the operational planning and decision-making cycle, and form a decision-making advantage.

Intelligent analysis and judgment of strategic situations. The decision-making assistance system integrated with artificial intelligence technology has functions such as information collection, query management, data processing, and correlation analysis. It can effectively break through the limitations of human analysis capabilities, maximize the elimination of falsehoods and preserve truths, correlation verification, and link thinking, and automatically conduct analysis of the enemy’s situation, our situation, and our situation. Big data analysis such as battlefield environment can form comparative data on relevant troops, weapons, etc., which can effectively assist combat command and help commanders quickly make combat decisions.

Intelligent selection of combat plans. Relying on the intelligent combat simulation system, based on the pre-entered combat missions and target information, multiple sets of intuitive plans and plans are automatically generated, comprehensively evaluate their advantages, disadvantages and potential risks, and select the plan that is most conducive to realizing the commander’s intention. for the commander to make the final decision. After receiving combat missions and target requirements from superiors, each combat unit further screens and screens battlefield target information based on the tasks and requirements at this level, and independently formulates the optimal solutions and plans at this level to maximize combat effectiveness.

Intelligent prediction of decision-making effectiveness. The intelligent auxiliary decision-making system relies on intelligent technologies such as big data, high-performance computing, and neural network algorithms to give the command and control system more advanced “brain-like” capabilities. It can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and quickly draw relative conclusions. Objective results of the engagement.

power control mechanism

Powerful people control power because of profit. Seizing power is a key factor in gaining a winning edge in war. Artificial intelligence can “transplant” part of human intelligence into weapons, making the integration of humans and weapon systems closer and closer. In-depth human-machine integration has changed the traditional elements of power control and given new power control connotations, which can help to obtain new technologies. control advantage.

Territorial power expanded to high frontiers. In the future, highly intelligent unmanned systems will operate in extreme environments such as extreme heights, extreme distances, extreme depths, extremely low temperatures, extreme darkness, and extreme brightness, even under harsh conditions such as high temperature, extreme cold, high pressure, hypoxia, poison, and radiation. , a variety of combat missions can still be carried out, and the battle for control of the combat field and combat space extends to high frontiers, far frontiers, and deep frontiers.

Expand the right to control information to multiple means. The traditional way of seizing and controlling information power is to control the acquisition, processing, and distribution of information by attacking the enemy’s reconnaissance and early warning system and destroying its command and control system. However, information operations led by artificial intelligence use information itself as “ammunition”. ”, the means to seize the right to control information are more diverse.

Network control rights are expanded to distributed areas. The network information system built based on intelligent technology provides a ubiquitous network “cloud” to aggregate battlefield resources of various terminals and provide services. It can realize modular grouping and automatic reorganization of combat forces. Traditionally, it can achieve network outage and destruction by attacking key nodes. The purpose of the chain will be difficult to achieve, and the “decentralized” battlefield must be dealt with in an intelligent distributed attack mode.

Brain power expands to new dimensions. The gradual militarization of brain-inspired technology and simulation technology has formed a new field of games and confrontations. The focus has shifted from focusing on confrontation in the physical and information domains to more emphasis on influencing and controlling the opponent’s psychology. Technologies such as virtual reality and audio-visual synthesis can confuse fakes with real ones. “Core attack warfare” can quietly change the enemy’s command and control system algorithm, and “brain control warfare” can directly control the enemy’s decision-making. By controlling and influencing the enemy’s psychology, thinking, will, etc., it can achieve control at the minimum cost. The purpose of war and victory.

Mechanism of action

The passion of soldiers is the key to speed, taking advantage of others’ disadvantages. Taking actions that the enemy does not expect is the key to winning a war. Artificial intelligence can improve the intelligence of weapons and equipment, command and control systems, and operational decision-making, making maneuver response capabilities faster and joint strike capabilities more accurate, creating a super operational advantage.

The speed of action is “instantaneous”. The intelligent combat system can see, hear, learn, and think, effectively shortening the “OODA” cycle. Once an “opportunity is found,” it will use intelligently controlled hypersonic weapons, kinetic energy weapons, and lasers. Weapons, etc., can quickly “kill” targets from a long distance.

The action style is “unmanned”. “Unmanned + intelligence” is the future development direction of weapons and equipment. Low-cost unmanned autonomous equipment such as unmanned vehicles, drones, and unmanned underwater vehicles, with the support of the cluster autonomous decision-making system, can plan the task division of each unit according to the combat objectives, and accurately dock and autonomously combine the unmanned aerial vehicles. , covert penetration, and carry out cluster saturation attacks on the enemy.

The space for action “blurs”. In future wars, using interference means to carry out soft attacks on the enemy’s intelligent combat systems and smart weapons, and using smart weapons to delay or affect the decision-making and psychology of enemy personnel will become the key to victory. Most of these actions were completed unknowingly or silently, presenting a “blurred” state in which neither the enemy nor ourselves were visible, the boundaries between the front and the rear were unclear, and the visible and invisible were difficult to distinguish.

The operational layout is “invisible”. Intelligent command systems and weapons and equipment have bionic and stealth properties. As long as they are deployed in possible combat areas in advance during peacetime preparations or training exercises, they are lurking in advance, dormant and ready for battle. Once needed in wartime, they can be activated in a timely manner to launch a sudden attack on the enemy, which will help to quickly grasp the initiative in the war.

System mechanism

Five things and seven strategies to know the outcome. Future wars will be systematic confrontations in all fields, systems, elements, and processes. A stable and efficient combat system is the basic support for winning the war. As the application of artificial intelligence in the military field continues to expand, the combat system is becoming more and more intelligent, and a fully integrated combat system will produce powerful system advantages.

There are more means of “detection”. The intelligent combat cluster relies on the network information system to connect with various large-scale sensors, electronic warfare systems and other human-machine interaction platforms. It uses each combat unit’s own detection and sensing equipment to obtain battlefield data, leverages the self-organizing characteristics of the intelligent group, and strengthens joint operations. The real-time reconnaissance and surveillance support of the system and back-end intelligence analysis can realize full-area reconnaissance and search, joint early warning, and collaborative verification, forming a multi-dimensional integrated, full-area coverage large-area joint reconnaissance intelligence system.

The field of “control” is wider. The use of intelligent unmanned combat platforms can break through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of the senses, and the physical limits of existence, and replace humans into traditional restricted areas of life such as the deep sea, space, polar regions, and areas with strong radiation, and stay there for a long time. Implement “unconventional operations” to further expand the combat space and have the ability to continue to deter opponents in a wider area.

“Hit” is faster. With the support of the intelligent network information system, the intelligence chain, command chain, and kill chain are seamlessly connected. Information transmission speed, decision-making speed, and action speed are simultaneously accelerated. Intelligent combat units can be flexibly organized, autonomously coordinated, and struck quickly. All these make time utilization extremely efficient and battlefield reaction speed extremely fast.

The accuracy of “evaluation” is more accurate. Using intelligent technologies such as experiential interactive learning and brain-like behavioral systems, the intelligent combat assessment system can independently collect, aggregate and classify multi-means action effect assessment information, accurately perceive battlefield actions based on big data and panoramic views, and dynamically identify Combat process and correct deficiencies, predict complex battlefield changes, comprehensively plan and respond flexibly.

“Guarantee” is more efficient. The widespread application of intelligent comprehensive support systems, represented by equipment maintenance expert systems and intelligent sensing equipment, can efficiently respond to support needs in various domains, intelligently plan support resources, ensure that the “cloud” aggregates various battlefield resources, and effectively enhances the networked battlefield Comprehensive support capabilities.

(Author’s unit: Henan Provincial Military Region)

現代國語:

人工智慧技術是提升新興領域策略能力的重要支持。近年來發展迅速,在軍事領域廣泛應用。它不斷生成新的不對稱優勢,深刻改變未來戰爭的基本形態、作戰方式和勝利機制。我們應該深刻認識人工智慧革命性技術力量,準確辨識變化、科學應對、主動求變,努力探索打贏未來戰爭的辦法,在加速推進的智慧化戰爭中奪取主動權。

資訊機制

知己知彼,百戰不殆。迅速有效地掌握全方位資訊是贏得戰爭的首要前提。人工智慧可以實現戰場態勢的智慧感知、大量數據的智慧分析、多種資訊的智慧處理,可以在戰場上形成「透明」優勢。

自主實施戰場感知。透過在戰時偵察系統中嵌入智慧模組,使各類偵察節點單元實現隨機組網、動態協同、有機融合。它們能夠自主獲取全方位、多維度的戰場訊息,建構相對「透明」的數位化戰場環境和作戰態勢。它撥開戰爭的“迷霧”,全景式地呈現戰鬥場景。

海量資料精準識別。依托精準感知技術、分析辨識技術等智慧技術,對多樣化的語音、文字、圖片、視訊等數據進行精準解讀、分析、比較與整合,獲得更快、更全、更準、更深層的戰場態勢。其結果比人腦處理的速度更快、更準確。

有效響應關鍵訊息。基於作戰雲、大數據、物聯網等智慧技術群,快速挖掘大量非標準化、異質情報數據,自主發現症狀、辨識意圖、研究趨勢、尋找模式、精準應對即時。指揮官需要關鍵資訊。

同步分享整合情況。智慧控制系統能夠優化整合陸、海、空、天電網等分佈在不同空間、不同頻域的各種偵察監視系統,發揮資訊共享、統一認知的重要樞紐作用,建構基於智慧感知的體系。一張圖」與「一張圖」。 「開網」「一條鏈」的局面,使各作戰單元能夠全地域、全頻率、全時間,同步分享不同空間、不同距離、不同頻率的所需信息,實現智慧共享。

決策機制

如果丈夫還沒有戰鬥,而寺廟被認為是勝利者,那麼他必須被視為勝利者。科學準確的決策是贏得戰爭的前提。人工智慧可以進行動態戰場模擬,快速做出可行決策,大幅縮短作戰規劃和決策週期,形成決策優勢。

智能分析判斷戰略情勢。融入人工智慧技術的決策輔助系統具有資訊收集、查詢管理、資料處理、關聯分析等功能。能有效突破人的分析能力限制,最大限度實現去偽存真、關聯驗證、連結思考,自動進行敵情、我情、我勢分析。戰場環境等大數據分析可以形成相關兵力、武器裝備等比較數據,可以有效輔助作戰指揮,幫助指揮官快速做出作戰決策。

智慧選擇作戰計畫。依托智能作戰模擬系統,根據預先輸入的作戰任務和目標訊息,自動產生多套直觀的作戰方案和計劃,綜合評估其優勢、劣勢及潛在風險,選取最有利於實現了指揮官的意圖。由指揮官作出最終決定。各作戰單元接到上級作戰任務和目標要求後,依據本級任務和要求,對戰場目標資訊進行進一步甄別篩選,自主制定本級最優解決方案和預案,最大限度提高戰鬥力。

智慧預測決策的有效性。智慧輔助決策系統依賴大數據、高效能運算、神經網路演算法等智慧技術,賦予指揮控制系統更先進的「類大腦」能力。能夠更理性地思考戰場上的突發狀況,並迅速得出相關結論。參與的客觀成果。

權力控制機制

有權勢的人因為利益而控制權力。奪取政權是戰爭中取得勝利的關鍵因素。人工智慧可以將人類部分智慧「移植」到武器中,使得人與武器系統的結合越來越緊密。人機深度融合改變了傳統的動力控制要素,賦予了動力控制新的內涵,有助於獲得新的技術。控制優勢。

領土權力擴展到高地邊境。未來高度智慧的無人系統將在極高、極遠、極深、極低溫、極暗、極亮等極端環境下,甚至在高溫、極寒、高壓、缺氧、中毒和輻射。 ,多種作戰任務仍可實施,戰場和作戰空間控制權的爭奪向高邊、遠邊、深邊延伸。

將資訊控制權拓展到多種手段。奪取和控制資訊權的傳統方式是透過攻擊敵方偵察預警系統、摧毀敵方指揮控制系統來控制資訊的取得、處理和發布。然而,人工智慧主導的資訊作戰,是以資訊本身作為「彈藥」的。 ”,奪取資訊控制權的手段更加多樣化。

網路控制權擴展至分散式區域。基於智慧技術建構的網路資訊體系,提供無所不在的網路“雲”,聚合各類終端的戰場資源並提供服務。可實現作戰力量模組化編組和自動重組。傳統上它透過攻擊關鍵節點來實現網路中斷和破壞。鏈上的目的將很難實現,必須以智慧分散式的攻擊方式來應對「去中心化」的戰場。

腦力拓展至新的維度。類腦技術、模擬技術逐漸軍事化,形成了新的博弈與對抗領域。從注重身體和資訊領域的對抗,轉向更加重視影響和控制對手的心理。虛擬實境、視聽合成等技術可以使真假混淆。 「核心攻擊戰」可以悄悄改變敵人的指揮控制系統演算法,「腦控戰」則可以直接控制敵人的決策。透過控制和影響敵人的心理、思維、意誌等,以最小的代價來實現控制。戰爭的目的和勝利。

作用機制

士兵的熱情是速度的關鍵,利用別人的劣勢。採取敵方意想不到的行動是贏得戰爭的關鍵。人工智慧可以提升武器裝備、指揮控制系統、作戰決策的智慧化,讓機動反應能力更快速、聯合打擊能力更精準,打造超級作戰優勢。

作用速度是「瞬時的」。智慧作戰系統能夠看、聽、學、想,有效縮短「OODA」週期。一旦“發現機會”,它就會使用智慧控制的高超音速武器、動能武器和雷射。武器等,可以從遠距離快速「殺死」目標。

行動方式為「無人化」。 「無人化+智能化」是未來武器裝備的發展方向。無人駕駛汽車、無人機、無人潛航器等低成本無人自主裝備,在集群自主決策系統支援下,可依作戰目標規劃各單元任務分工,精準對接、自主組合無人駕駛飛行器。 、隱蔽滲透,對敵方實施集群飽和攻擊。

行動空間「模糊」。未來戰爭中,利用乾擾手段對敵方智慧作戰系統和智慧武器實施軟攻擊,利用智慧武器延緩或影響敵方人員的決策和心理,將成為勝利的關鍵。這些動作大多是在不知不覺中或默默無聞地完成的,呈現出一種「模糊」的狀態,雙方都沒有意識到。無論是敵人還是自己,都是看不見的,前方與後方的界線不清,看得見與看不見的難以區分。

作戰佈局「隱形」。智慧指揮系統和武器裝備具有仿生、隱身性能。只要在平時準備或訓練演習中,提前部署到可能的作戰區域,就是提前潛伏,蟄伏,隨時準備戰鬥。一旦戰爭需要,可以及時投入使用,對敵人發動突襲,有利於迅速掌握戰爭主動權。

系統機制

五件事和七種策略可知結果。未來戰爭將是各領域、各體系、各要素、各過程的系統對抗。穩定、有效率的作戰體係是打贏戰爭的基礎支撐。隨著人工智慧在軍事領域應用範圍不斷拓展,作戰體系智慧化程度越來越高,全面整合的作戰體系將產生強大的體系優勢。

「檢測」的手段還有很多。智慧作戰集群依托網路資訊體系,連結各類大型感測器、電子戰系統及其他的人機互動平台。它利用各作戰單元本身的探測感測設備取得戰場數據,發揮智慧群體自組織特點,加強聯合作戰。透過系統性的即時偵察監視保障和後端情報分析,可實現全域偵察搜尋、聯合預警、協同核查,形成多維度一體化、全域覆蓋的大區域聯合偵察情報系統。

「控制」的領域更加廣泛。利用智慧無人作戰平台,可以突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限、生存的物理極限,取代人類進入深海、太空、極地等傳統生命禁區。實施“非常規作戰”,進一步拓展作戰空間,具備在更廣闊區域持續威懾對手的能力。

「打」得更快。在智慧化網路資訊系統支援下,情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈無縫銜接。訊息傳遞速度、決策速度、行動速度同步加快。智慧作戰部隊能夠靈活組織、自主協同、快速出擊。這些使得時間利用率極高,戰場反應速度極快。

「評價」的準確性更加準確。智慧作戰評估系統利用體驗式互動學習、類腦行為系統等智慧技術,自主採集、聚合、分類多手段行動效果評估信息,基於大數據和全景視圖精準感知戰場行動,動態識別戰場態勢,實現戰場態勢感知與決策支撐。

「保」更有效率。以裝備維修專家系統、智慧感知裝備為代表的智慧化綜合保障系統的廣泛應用,能有效率地回應各領域保障需求,智慧規劃保障資源,確保「雲端」聚合各類戰場資源,有效提升保障水準。化戰場綜合保障能力。

(作者單位:河南省軍區)

中國原創軍事資源:

Comprehensive Review of Chinese Military Intelligent Warfare: Intelligent Combat Command

中國軍事智慧戰爭全面回顧:智慧作戰指揮

現代英語:

Liu Kui, Qin Fangfei

Tips

● Modern artificial intelligence is essentially like a “brain in a vat”. If it is allowed to carry out combat command, it will always face the problem of subjectivity loss, that is, “self” loss. This makes artificial intelligence have natural and fundamental defects. It must be based on human subjectivity and improve the effectiveness and level of combat command through human-machine hybrid.

● In intelligent combat command, the commander is mainly responsible for planning what to do and how to do it, while the intelligent model is responsible for planning how to do it specifically.

“Brain in a vat” is a famous scientific hypothesis. It means that if a person’s brain is taken out and placed in a nutrient solution, the nerve endings are connected to a computer, and the computer simulates various sensory signals. At this time, can the “brain in a vat” realize that “I am a brain in a vat”? The answer is no, because as a closed system, when a person lacks real interactive experience with the outside world, he cannot jump out of himself, observe himself from outside himself, and form self-awareness. Modern artificial intelligence is essentially like a “brain in a vat”. If it is allowed to implement combat command, it will always face the problem of subject loss, that is, “self” loss. This makes artificial intelligence have natural and fundamental defects, and it must be based on human subjectivity and improve the effectiveness and level of combat command through human-machine hybrid.

Based on “free choice”, build a “man-planned” command model

On the battlefield, the commander can choose which target to attack, and can choose to attack from the front, from the flank, from the back, or from the air; he can isolate but not attack, surround but not attack, talk but not attack… This is human autonomy, and he can freely choose what to do and how to do it. But machines can’t do that. The combat plans they give can only be the plans implied in the intelligent model. As far as the specific plan given each time is concerned, it is also the most likely plan in the sense of probability statistics. This makes the plans generated by artificial intelligence tend to be “templated”, which is equivalent to a “replica machine”. It gives similar answers to the same questions and similar combat plans for the same combat scenarios.

Compared with artificial intelligence, different commanders design completely different combat plans for the same combat scenario; the same commander designs different combat plans when facing similar combat scenarios at different times. “Attack when the enemy is unprepared and take them by surprise”, the most effective plan may seem to be the most dangerous and impossible plan. For commanders, facing combat scenarios, there are infinite possibilities in an instant, while for artificial intelligence, there is only the best-looking certainty in an instant, lacking creativity and strategy, and it is easy for the opponent to predict it. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, based on human autonomy, the commander is responsible for planning and calculation, innovating tactics and tactics, and designing basic strategies, and the machine is responsible for converting basic strategies into executable and operational combat plans, forming a “man-planned” command mode. More importantly, autonomy is the unique mark of human existence as human being. This power of free decision-making cannot and is not allowed to be transferred to machines, making people become vassals of machines.

Based on “self-criticism”, build a command model of “people against machine”

Human growth and progress are usually based on the real self, focus on the ideal self, and criticize the historical self in a negation-negation style. Artificial intelligence has no “self” and has lost its self-critical ability. This makes it only able to solve problems within the original cognitive framework. The combat ideas, combat principles, and tactics of the model are given when the training is completed. If you want to update and improve your knowledge and ideas, you must continuously train the model from the outside. Mapped to a specific combat scenario, the intelligent model can only provide the commander with a pre-given problem solution. It is impossible to dynamically adjust and update it continuously during a battle.

People with a self-critical spirit can jump out of the command decision-making thinking process and review, evaluate, and criticize the command decision. In the continuous self-criticism, the combat plan is constantly adjusted, and even the original plan is overturned to form a new plan. In the command organization group, other commanders may also express different opinions on the combat plan. The commander adjusts and improves the original plan on the basis of fully absorbing these opinions, and realizes the dynamic evolution of the combat plan. Therefore, combat command is essentially a dynamic process of continuous forward exploration, not a static process given in advance by the combat plan. When the machine generates a combat plan, the commander cannot accept it blindly without thinking, but should act as an “opponent” or “fault finder”, reflect on and criticize the combat plan, and raise objections. Based on the human’s objections, the machine assists the commander to continuously adjust and optimize the combat plan, forming a command mode of “human opposing and machine correcting”.

Based on “self-awareness and initiative”, we build a command model of “people lead and machines follow”

Comrade Mao Zedong once said that what we call “conscious initiative” is the characteristic that distinguishes humans from objects. Any complex practical activity to transform the world starts with a rough and abstract idea. To transform abstract concepts into concrete actions, it is necessary to overcome various risks and challenges, give full play to conscious initiative, and take the initiative to set goals, make suggestions, and think of ways. Artificial intelligence without conscious initiative, when people ask it questions, it only gives the answers implied in the model, without caring whether the answer can be used, targeted, or practical. In other words, when an abstract and empty question is raised, it gives an abstract and empty answer. This is also why the current popular large model unified operation mode is “people ask questions and machines answer”, rather than “machines ask questions”.

Relying on conscious initiative, even the most abstract and empty problems can be transformed step by step into specific action plans and specific action practices. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, the commander is mainly responsible for planning what to do and what ideas to follow, while the intelligent model is responsible for planning how to do it specifically. If the combat mission is too abstract and general, the commander should first break down the problem into details, and then the intelligent model should solve the detailed problem. Under the guidance of the commander, the problem is gradually solved in stages and fields, and the combat goal is finally achieved, forming a command mode of “people lead and machines follow”. It’s like writing a paper. First you make an outline and then you start writing. People are responsible for making the outline, and the specific writing is done by the machine. If the first-level outline is not specific enough, people can break it down into a second-level or even a third-level outline.

Based on “self-responsibility”, build a command model of “human decision-making and machine calculation”

Modern advanced ship-borne air defense and anti-missile systems usually have four operational modes: manual, semi-automatic, standard automatic, and special automatic. Once the special automatic mode is activated, the system will no longer require human authorization to launch missiles. However, this mode is rarely activated in actual combat or training. The reason is that humans, as the responsible subject, must be responsible for all their actions, while the behavior of machines is the absence of the responsible subject. When it comes to holding people accountable for major mistakes, machines cannot be held accountable. Therefore, life-and-death matters must not be decided by a machine without autonomous responsibility. Moreover, modern artificial intelligence is a “black box”. The intelligent behavior it exhibits is inexplicable, and the reasons for right and wrong are unknown, making it impossible for people to easily hand over important decision-making power to machines.

Because AI lacks “autonomous responsibility”, all problems in its eyes are “domesticated problems”, that is, the consequences of such problems have nothing to do with the respondent, and the success or failure of the problem solving is irrelevant to the respondent. Corresponding to this are “wild problems”, that is, the consequences of such problems are closely related to the respondent, and the respondent must be involved. Therefore, in the eyes of AI without self, there are no “wild problems”, all are “domesticated problems”, and it stays out of any problem. Therefore, in intelligent combat command, machines cannot replace commanders in making judgments and decisions. It can provide commanders with key knowledge, identify battlefield targets, organize battlefield intelligence, analyze battlefield conditions, predict battlefield situations, and even form combat plans, formulate combat plans, and draft combat orders. However, the plans, plans, and orders it gives can only be used as drafts and references. As for whether to adopt them and to what extent, it is up to the commander to decide. In short, both parties make decisions together, with artificial intelligence responsible for prediction and humans responsible for judgment, forming a command mode of “human decision-making and machine calculation”.

現代國語:

從「缸中之腦」看智慧化作戰指揮

■劉 奎 秦芳菲

要點提示

●現代人工智慧,本質上就如同“缸中之腦”,如果讓它實施作戰指揮,始終會面臨主體缺失即“自我”缺失的問題。這使得人工智慧存在天然的、根本的缺陷,必須基於人的主體性,透過人機混合來提升作戰指揮效能和水平

●智能化作戰指揮中,指揮員主要負責規劃做什麼、依什麼思路做,智能模型則負責規劃具體怎麼做

「缸中之腦」是一項著名科學假設。意思是,假如人的大腦被取出放在營養液中,神經末梢接上計算機,由計算機模擬出各種感知信號。這時候,「缸中之腦」能不能意識到「我是缸中之腦」?答案是不能,因為人作為一個封閉的系統,當與外界缺乏真實的互動體驗時,人是無法跳出自身、從自身之外觀察自身並形成自我意識的。而現代人工智慧,本質上就如同“缸中之腦”,如果讓它實施作戰指揮,始終會面臨主體缺失即“自我”缺失的問題。這使得人工智慧存在天然的、根本的缺陷,必須基於人的主體性,透過人機混合來提升作戰指揮效能和水準。

基於“自由選擇”,建構“人謀機劃”的指揮模式

戰場上,指揮員可以選擇打哪一個目標,可以選擇從正面打、從翼側打、從背後打、從空中打;可以隔而不打、圍而不打、談而不打……這就是人的自主性,可以自由選擇做什麼、怎麼做。但機器不行,它給出的作戰方案,只能是智慧模型中蘊含的方案。就每次給出的特定方案而言,也是機率統計意義上可能性最大的方案。這使得人工智慧生成的方案呈現“模板化”傾向,相當於一個“復刻機”,同樣的問題,它給出的是相似的回答,同樣的作戰場景,它給出的就是相似的作戰方案。

與人工智慧相比,同樣的作戰場景,不同的指揮員設計的作戰方案完全不同;同一指揮員在不同的時間面對相似的作戰場景,設計的作戰方案也不相同。 “攻其無備,出其不意”,最有效的方案很可能看上去是最危險、最不可能的方案。對於指揮員,面對作戰場景,一瞬間有無限可能,而對於人工智慧,一瞬間卻只有看上去最好的確定,缺乏創意、缺少謀略,很容易為對方所預料。所以,在智慧化作戰指揮中,要基於人的自主性,由指揮員負責籌謀算計、創新戰法打法、設計基本策略,由機器負責將基本策略轉化為可執行可操作的作戰方案,形成「人謀機劃」的指揮模式。更重要的是,自主性是人作為人而存在的獨特標志,這種自由作決定的權力不可能也不允許讓渡給機器,使人淪為機器的附庸。

基於“自我批判”,建構“人反機正”的指揮模式

人類的成長進步,通常是立足現實自我,著眼理想自我,對歷史自我進行否定之否定式的批判。人工智慧沒有“自我”,同時也喪失了自我批判能力。這使得它只能停留在原有認知框架內解決問題,模型擁有的作戰思想、作戰原則、戰法打法,是在訓練完成時所給予的。如果想獲得知識和想法的更新提升,就必須從外部對模型進行持續訓練。映射到特定作戰場景,智慧模型給指揮員提供的只能是事先給定的問題解決方案,要想在一次作戰中不斷地動態調整更新是做不到的。

具有自我批判精神的人類,可以跳脫指揮決策思考過程,對指揮決策進行審視、評價、批判。在持續地自我批判中不斷對作戰方案進行調整,甚至推翻原有方案,形成新的方案。在指揮機構群體中,其他指揮人員也可能對作戰方案提出不同意見,指揮員在充分吸納這些意見的基礎上,調整改進原有方案,實現作戰方案的動態進化。所以,作戰指揮本質上是一個不斷向前探索的動態過程,不是作戰方案事先給定的靜態過程。當機器生成作戰方案時,指揮員不能不加思考地盲目接受,而應充當“反對者”“找茬人”,對作戰方案展開反思批判,提出反對意見,機器根據人的反對意見,輔助指揮員不斷調整、優化作戰方案,形成「人反機正」的指揮模式。

基於“自覺能動”,建立“人引機隨”的指揮模式

毛澤東同志說過,我們名之曰“自覺的能動性”,是人之所以區別於物的特點。任何一項改造世界的複雜實踐活動,都是從粗糙的、抽象的想法開始的,要將抽象觀念轉化為具體行動,需要克服各種風險和挑戰,充分發揮自覺能動性,主動定目標、出主意、想辦法。沒有自覺能動性的人工智慧,人們向它提出問題,它給出的只是模型中蘊含的答案,而不會管這個答案能不能用、有沒有針對性、可不可以實際操作,即提出抽象、空洞的問題,它給出的就是抽象、空洞的回答。這也是為什麼時下流行的大模型統一的運行模式是“人問機答”,而不是“機器提出問題”。

依賴自覺能動性,再抽象、空洞的問題都能由人一步一步轉化為具體的行動方案、具體的行動實踐。因此,在智慧化作戰指揮中,指揮員主要負責規劃做什麼、依什麼思路做,智慧模型則負責規劃具體怎麼做。若作戰任務太過抽象籠統,應先由指揮員對問題進行分解細化,再由智慧模型對細化後的問題進行解算。在指揮引導下,分階段、分領域逐步解決問題,最終達成作戰目標,形成「人引機隨」的指揮模式。這就像寫一篇論文,先列出提綱,再進行寫作,列提綱由人負責,具體寫作由機器完成,如果感覺一級綱目不夠具體,可由人細化為二級乃至三級綱目。

基於“自主負責”,建立“人斷機算”的指揮模式

現代先進的艦載防空反導系統,通常有手動、半自動、標準自動、特殊自動四種作戰模式,一旦啟用特殊自動模式,系統發射導彈將不再需要人的授權幹預。但該模式無論在實戰還是在訓練中都很少啟用。究其原因,人作為責任主體要對自己的所有行為負責,而機器行為背後卻是責任主體的缺失,當要為重大失誤追責時,機器是無法負責的。所以,生死攸關的大事決不能讓一個沒有自主責任的機器決定。況且,現代人工智慧是一個“黑箱”,它所展現的智能行為具有不可解釋性,對與錯的原因無從知曉,讓人無法輕易將重大決定權完全交給機器。

由於人工智慧缺乏“自主責任”,會使它眼中的問題全是“馴化問題”,也就是該類問題產生的後果與回答者沒有關系,問題解決的成功也罷、失敗也罷,對回答者來說無所謂。與之相應的是“野生問題”,也就是該類問題產生的後果與回答者息息相關,回答者必須置身其中。所以,在缺失自我的人工智慧眼中沒有“野生問題”,都是“馴化問題”,它對任何問題都置身事外。因此,在智慧化作戰指揮中,機器不能取代指揮員做出判斷和決策。它可以為指揮員提供關鍵知識、識別戰場目標、整編戰場情報、分析戰場情況、預測戰場態勢,甚至可以形成作戰方案、制定作戰計劃、擬製作戰命令,但它給出的方案計劃命令,只能作為草稿和參考,至於採不採用、在多大程度上採用,還得指揮員說了算。簡單來說,就是雙方共同做出決策,人工智慧負責預測,人負責判斷,形成「人斷機算」的指揮模式。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16361814.html

Chinese Weaponization of Digitalization, Networking, Intelligence, Grasping the Focus New Chinese Generation of Information Technology

數位化、網路化、智慧化的中國武器化,抓住中國新一代資訊科技的焦點

現代英語:

Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the core of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society. Dataization emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data. Networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS). Information-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout. Intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence. At present, the upsurge of the new generation of artificial intelligence has arrived.

  In his important speech at the 2018 General Assembly of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out: “The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We must seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and use informatization and intelligence as leverage to cultivate new momentum.” This important statement is an accurate grasp of the dominant role and development trend of information technology in today’s world, and an important deployment for using information technology to promote national innovation and development.

  Human society, the physical world, and information space constitute the three elements of today’s world. The connection and interaction between these three worlds determine the characteristics and degree of social informatization. The basic way to perceive human society and the physical world is digitization, the basic way to connect human society and the physical world (through information space) is networking, and the way information space acts on the physical world and human society is intelligence. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence are the prominent features of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, and are also the focus of the new generation of information technology. Digitalization lays the foundation for social informatization, and its development trend is the comprehensive dataization of society; networking provides a physical carrier for information dissemination, and its development trend is the widespread adoption of information-physical systems (CPS); intelligence reflects the level and level of information application, and its development trend is the new generation of artificial intelligence.

  Digitalization: From computerization to dataization

  Digitalization refers to the technical approach of storing, transmitting, processing, handling and applying information carriers (text, pictures, images, signals, etc.) in digital coding form (usually binary). Digitalization itself refers to the way of representing and processing information, but in essence it emphasizes the computerization and automation of information application. In addition to digitalization, dataization (data is an information carrier in coded form, and all data is digital) emphasizes the collection, aggregation, analysis and application of data, and strengthens the production factors and productivity functions of data. Digitalization is developing from computerization to dataization, which is one of the most important trends in the current social informatization.

  The core connotation of dataization is the deep understanding and deep use of big data generated by the integration of information technology revolution and economic and social activities. Big data is a fragmentary record of social economy, real world, management decision-making, etc., containing fragmented information. With the breakthrough of analytical technology and computing technology, it is possible to interpret this fragmented information, which makes big data a new high-tech, a new scientific research paradigm, and a new way of decision-making. Big data has profoundly changed the way people think and live and work, bringing unprecedented opportunities to management innovation, industrial development, scientific discovery and other fields.

  The value generation of big data has its inherent laws (obeying the big data principle). Only by deeply understanding and mastering these laws can we improve the awareness and ability to consciously and scientifically use big data (big data thinking). The value of big data is mainly realized through big data technology. Big data technology is an extension and development of statistical methods, computer technology, and artificial intelligence technology. It is a developing technology. The current hot directions include: blockchain technology, interoperability technology, storage and management technology of integrated storage and computing, big data operating system, big data programming language and execution environment, big data foundation and core algorithm, big data machine learning technology, big data intelligent technology, visualization and human-computer interaction analysis technology, authenticity judgment and security technology, etc. The development of big data technology depends on the solution of some major basic problems, including: the statistical basis and computational theoretical basis of big data, the hardware and software basis and computational methods of big data computing, and the authenticity judgment of big data inference.

  Implementing the national big data strategy is an important way to promote the digital revolution. Since my country proposed the implementation of the national big data strategy in 2015, the pattern of rapid development of big data in my country has been initially formed, but there are also some problems that need to be solved: data openness and sharing are lagging, and the dividends of data resources have not been fully released; the profit model of enterprises is unstable, and the integrity of the industrial chain is insufficient; core technologies have not yet made major breakthroughs, and the technical level of related applications is not high; there are still loopholes in security management and privacy protection, and the construction of relevant systems is still not perfect; etc. At present, effective measures should be taken to solve the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of big data in my country.

  Networking: From the Internet to Cyber-Physical Systems

  As an information-based public infrastructure, the Internet has become the main way for people to obtain, exchange and consume information. However, the Internet only focuses on the interconnection between people and the resulting interconnection between services.

  The Internet of Things is a natural extension and expansion of the Internet. It connects various objects to the Internet through information technology, helping people obtain relevant information about the objects they need. The Internet of Things uses information collection equipment such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared sensors, video surveillance, global positioning systems, laser scanners, etc., and connects objects to the Internet through wireless sensor networks and wireless communication networks, so as to achieve real-time information exchange and communication between objects and between people and objects, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management. The Internet realizes the interconnection between people and services, while the Internet of Things realizes the cross-connection between people, objects and services. The core technologies of the Internet of Things include: sensor technology, wireless transmission technology, massive data analysis and processing technology, upper-level business solutions, security technology, etc. The development of the Internet of Things will go through a relatively long period, but it may take the lead in achieving breakthroughs in applications in specific fields. Internet of Vehicles, Industrial Internet, unmanned systems, smart homes, etc. are all areas where the Internet of Things is currently showing its prowess.

  The Internet of Things mainly solves the problem of people’s perception of the physical world, while to solve the problem of manipulating physical objects, it is necessary to further develop the cyber-physical system (CPS). The cyber-physical system is a multi-dimensional complex system that integrates computing, networking and physical environment. It realizes real-time perception, dynamic control and information services of large engineering systems through the organic integration and deep collaboration of 3C (Computer, Communication, Control) technologies. Through the human-computer interaction interface, the cyber-physical system realizes the interaction between the computing process and the physical process, and uses the networked space to control a physical entity in a remote, reliable, real-time, secure and collaborative manner. In essence, the cyber-physical system is a network with control attributes.

  Unlike public infrastructure that provides information interaction and application, the focus of the development of cyber-physical systems is on the research and development of networked physical equipment systems that deeply integrate perception, computing, communication and control capabilities. From an industrial perspective, cyber-physical systems cover a range of applications from smart home networks to industrial control systems and even intelligent transportation systems, which are national and even world-class applications. More importantly, this coverage is not just about simply connecting existing devices together, but will give rise to a large number of devices with computing, communication, control, collaboration and autonomous capabilities. The next generation of industry will be built on cyber-physical systems. With the development and popularization of cyber-physical system technology, physical devices that use computers and networks to achieve functional expansion will be ubiquitous, and will promote the upgrading of industrial products and technologies, greatly improving the competitiveness of major industrial fields such as automobiles, aerospace, national defense, industrial automation, health and medical equipment, and major infrastructure. Cyber-physical systems will not only give birth to new industries, but will even reshape the existing industrial layout.

  Intelligence: From Expert Systems to Meta-Learning

  Intelligence reflects the quality attributes of information products. When we say that an information product is intelligent, we usually mean that the product can accomplish things that only intelligent people can accomplish, or has reached a level that only humans can achieve. Intelligence generally includes perception, memory and thinking, learning and adaptive, behavioral decision-making, etc. Therefore, intelligence can also be generally defined as: enabling an object to have sensitive and accurate perception functions, correct thinking and judgment functions, adaptive learning functions, and effective execution functions.

  Intelligence is the eternal pursuit of the development of information technology, and the main way to achieve this pursuit is to develop artificial intelligence technology. In the more than 60 years since the birth of artificial intelligence technology, although it has experienced three ups and two downs, it has still made great achievements. From 1959 to 1976, it was a stage based on artificial representation of knowledge and symbol processing, which produced expert systems with important application value in some fields; from 1976 to 2007, it was a stage based on statistical learning and knowledge self-representation, which produced various neural network systems; in recent years, research based on environmental adaptation, self-game, self-evolution, and self-learning is forming a new stage of artificial intelligence development – meta-learning or methodological learning stage, which constitutes a new generation of artificial intelligence. The new generation of artificial intelligence mainly includes big data intelligence, group intelligence, cross-media intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and brain-like intelligence.

  Deep learning is an outstanding representative of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology. Due to its performance that surpasses that of humans in many fields such as face recognition, machine translation, and chess competitions, deep learning has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence today. However, deep learning has major challenges in terms of topological design, effect prediction, and mechanism explanation. There is no solid mathematical theory to support the solution of these three major problems. Solving these problems is the main focus of future research on deep learning. In addition, deep learning is a typical big data intelligence, and its applicability is based on the existence of a large number of training samples. Small sample learning will be the development trend of deep learning.

  Meta-learning is expected to become the next breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence. Recently developed meta-learning methods such as learning to learn, learning to teach, learning to optimize, learning to search, and learning to reason, as well as the outstanding performance of “AlphaGo Zero” in Go, have demonstrated the attractive prospects of such new technologies. However, meta-learning research is only just beginning, and its development still faces a series of challenges.

  The new generation of artificial intelligence is already here, and the foreseeable development trend is based on big data, centered on model and algorithm innovation, and supported by powerful computing power. The breakthrough of the new generation of artificial intelligence technology depends on the comprehensive development of other types of information technology, as well as the substantial progress and development of brain science and cognitive science. (Xu Zongben, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University)

現代國語:

數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的核心。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面數據化。資料化強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用。網路化為資訊傳播提供實體載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢為新一代人工智慧。目前,新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨。

習近平同志在2018年兩院院士大會上的重要演講指出:「世界正進入以資訊產業為主導的經濟發展時期。我們要把握數位化、網路化、智慧化融合發展的契機,以資訊化、智慧化為槓桿培育新動能。

人類社會、物理世界、資訊空間構成了當今世界的三元。這三元世界之間的關聯與交互,決定了社會資訊化的特徵與程度。感知人類社會和物理世界的基本方式是數位化,連結人類社會與物理世界(透過資訊空間)的基本方式是網路化,資訊空間作用於物理世界與人類社會的方式是智慧化。數位化、網路化、智慧化是新一輪科技革命的突出特徵,也是新一代資訊科技的聚焦點。數位化為社會資訊化奠定基礎,其發展趨勢是社會的全面資料化;網路化為資訊傳播提供物理載體,其發展趨勢是資訊物理系統(CPS)的廣泛採用;智慧化體現資訊應用的層次與水平,其發展趨勢是新一代人工智慧。

數位化:從電腦化到資料化

數位化是指將資訊載體(文字、圖片、影像、訊號等)以數位編碼形式(通常是二進位)進行儲存、傳輸、加工、處理和應用的技術途徑。數位化本身指的是資訊表示方式與處理方式,但本質上強調的是資訊應用的電腦化和自動化。資料化(資料是以編碼形式存在的資訊載體,所有資料都是數位化的)除包括數位化外,更強調對資料的收集、聚合、分析與應用,強化資料的生產要素與生產力功能。數位化正從電腦化朝向資料化發展,這是當前社會資訊化最重要的趨勢之一。

資料化的核心內涵是對資訊科技革命與經濟社會活動交融生成的大數據的深刻認識與深層利用。大數據是社會經濟、現實世界、管理決策等的片段記錄,蘊含著片段化資訊。隨著分析技術與運算技術的突破,解讀這些片段化資訊成為可能,這使得大數據成為一項新的高新技術、一類新的科學研究範式、一種新的決策方式。大數據深刻改變了人類的思考方式和生產生活方式,為管理創新、產業發展、科學發現等多個領域帶來前所未有的機會。

大數據的價值生成有其內在規律(服從大數據原理)。只有深刻認識並掌握這些規律,才能提高自覺運用、科學運用大數據的意識與能力(大數據思維)。大數據的價值主要透過大數據技術來實現。大數據技術是統計學方法、電腦技術、人工智慧技術的延伸與發展,是正在發展中的技術,目前的熱點方向包括:區塊鏈技術、互通技術、存算一體化儲存與管理技術、大數據作業系統、大數據程式語言與執行環境、大數據基礎與核心演算法、大數據機器學習技術、大數據智慧技術、視覺化與人機互動分析技術、真偽判定與安全技術等。大數據技術的發展依賴一些重大基礎問題的解決,這些重大基礎問題包括:大數據的統計基礎與計算理論基礎、大數據計算的軟硬體基礎與計算方法、大數據推斷的真偽性判定等。

實施國家大數據戰略是推動資料化革命的重要途徑。自2015年我國提出實施國家大數據戰略以來,我國大數據快速發展的格局已初步形成,但也存在一些亟待解決的問題:數據開放共享滯後,數據資源紅利仍未得到充分釋放;企業贏利模式不穩定,產業鏈完整性不足;核心技術尚未取得重大突破,相關應用的技術水準不高;安全管理與隱私保護還存在漏洞,相關制度建設仍不夠完善;等等。目前,應採取有效措施解決制約我國大數據發展的瓶頸問題。

網路化:從網際網路到資訊物理系統

作為資訊化的公共基礎設施,網路已成為人們獲取資訊、交換資訊、消費資訊的主要方式。但是,網路關注的只是人與人之間的互聯互通以及由此帶來的服務與服務的互聯。

物聯網是互聯網的自然延伸和拓展,它透過資訊科技將各種物體與網路相連,幫助人們獲取所需物體的相關資訊。物聯網透過使用射頻識別、感測器、紅外線感應器、視訊監控、全球定位系統、雷射掃描器等資訊擷取設備,透過無線感測網路、無線通訊網路把物體與網路連接起來,實現物與物、人與物之間的即時資訊交換和通信,以達到智慧化識別、定位、追蹤、監控和管理的目的。互聯網實現了人與人、服務與服務之間的互聯, 而物聯網實現了人、物、服務之間的交叉互聯。物聯網的核心技術包括:感測器技術、無線傳輸技術、大量資料分析處理技術、上層業務解決方案、安全技術等。物聯網的發展將經歷相對漫長的時期,但可能會在特定領域的應用中率先取得突破,車聯網、工業互聯網、無人系統、智慧家庭等都是當前物聯網大顯身手的領域。

物聯網主要解決人對物理世界的感知問題,而要解決對物理對象的操控問題則必須進一步發展資訊物理系統(CPS)。資訊物理系統是一個綜合運算、網路和物理環境的多維複雜系統,它透過3C(Computer、Communication、Control)技術的有機融合與深度協作,實現對大型工程系統的即時感知、動態控制和資訊服務。透過人機交互接口,資訊物理系統實現計算進程與實體進程的交互,利用網路化空間以遠端、可靠、即時、安全、協作的方式操控一個實體實體。從本質上來說,資訊物理系統是一個具有控制屬性的網路。

不同於提供資訊互動與應用的公用基礎設施,資訊物理系統發展的聚焦點在於研發深度融合感知、運算、通訊與控制能力的網路化實體設備系統。從產業角度來看,資訊物理系統的涵蓋範圍小到智慧家庭網路、大到工業控制系統乃至智慧交通系統等國家級甚至世界級的應用。更重要的是,這種涵蓋並不僅僅是將現有的設備簡單地連在一起,而是會催生出眾多具有計算、通訊、控制、協同和自治性能的設備,下一代工業將建立在在資訊物理系統之上。隨著資訊物理系統技術的發展和普及,使用電腦和網路實現功能擴展的實體設備將無所不在,並推動工業產品和技術的升級換代,大大提高汽車、航空航太、國防、工業自動化、健康醫療設備、重大基礎設施等主要工業領域的競爭力。資訊物理系統不僅會催生出新的工業,甚至會重塑現有產業佈局。

智能化:從專家系統到元學習

智能化反映資訊產品的品質屬性。我們說一個資訊產品是智慧的,通常是指這個產品能完成有智慧的人才能完成的事情,或是已經達到人類才能達到的程度。智能一般包括知覺能力、記憶與思考能力、學習與適應力、行為決策能力等。所以,智能化通常也可定義為:使對象具備靈敏準確的感知功能、正確的思考與判斷功能、自適應的學習功能、行之有效的執行功能等。

智能化是資訊科技發展的永恆追求,實現這項追求的主要途徑是發展人工智慧技術。人工智慧技術誕生60多年來,雖歷經三起兩落,但還是取得了巨大成就。 1959—1976年是基於人工表示知識和符號處理的階段,產生了在一些領域具有重要應用價值的專家系統;1976—2007年是基於統計學習和知識自表示的階段,產生了各種各樣的神經網路系統;近幾年開始的基於環境自適應、自博弈、自進化、自學習的研究,正在形成一個人工智慧發展的新階段——元學習或方法論學習階段,這構成新一代人工智慧。新一代人工智慧主要包括大數據智慧、群體智慧、跨媒體智慧、人機混合增強智慧和類腦智慧等。

深度學習是新一代人工智慧技術的卓越代表。由於在人臉辨識、機器翻譯、棋類競賽等眾多領域超越人類的表現,深度學習在今天幾乎已成為人工智慧的代名詞。然而,深度學習拓樸設計難、效果預期難、機理解釋難是重大挑戰,還沒有一套堅實的數學理論來支持解決這三大難題。解決這些難題是深度學習未來研究的主要關注點。此外,深度學習是典型的大數據智能,它的可應用性是以存在大量訓練樣本為基礎的。小樣本學習將是深度學習的發展趨勢。

元學習有望成為人工智慧發展的下一個突破口。學會學習、學會教學、學會優化、學會搜尋、學會推理等新近發展的元學習方法以及「AlphaGo Zero」在圍棋方面的出色表現,展現了這類新技術的誘人前景。然而,元學習研究僅是開始,其發展還面臨一系列挑戰。

新一代人工智慧的熱潮已經來臨,可以預見的發展趨勢是以大數據為基礎、以模型與演算法創新為核心、以強大的運算能力為支撐。新一代人工智慧技術的突破依賴其他各類資訊技術的綜合發展,也依賴腦科學與認知科學的實質進步與發展。 (中國科學院院士、西安交通大學教授 徐宗本)

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-03/01/c_1124178478.htm

China’s Position Paper : Regulating Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence

中國的立場文件:規範人工智慧的軍事應用

現代英語:

The rapid development and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology are profoundly changing human production and lifestyles, bringing huge opportunities to the world while also bringing unpredictable security challenges. It is particularly noteworthy that the military application of artificial intelligence technology may have far-reaching impacts and potential risks in terms of strategic security, governance rules, and moral ethics.

AI security governance is a common issue facing mankind. With the widespread application of AI technology in various fields, all parties are generally concerned about the risks of AI military applications and even weaponization.

Against the backdrop of diverse challenges facing world peace and development, all countries should uphold a common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable global security concept and, through dialogue and cooperation, seek consensus on how to regulate the military applications of AI and build an effective governance mechanism to prevent the military applications of AI from causing significant damage or even disasters to humanity.

Strengthening the regulation of the military application of artificial intelligence and preventing and controlling the risks that may arise will help enhance mutual trust among countries, maintain global strategic stability, prevent an arms race, alleviate humanitarian concerns, and help build an inclusive and constructive security partnership and practice the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind in the field of artificial intelligence.

We welcome all parties including governments, international organizations, technology companies, research institutes and universities, non-governmental organizations and individual citizens to work together to promote the safe governance of artificial intelligence based on the principle of extensive consultation, joint construction and sharing.

To this end, we call for:

– In terms of strategic security, all countries, especially major powers, should develop and use artificial intelligence technology in the military field with a prudent and responsible attitude, not seek absolute military advantage, and prevent exacerbating strategic misjudgments, undermining strategic mutual trust, triggering escalation of conflicts, and damaging global strategic balance and stability.

– In terms of military policy, while developing advanced weapons and equipment and improving legitimate national defense capabilities, countries should bear in mind that the military application of artificial intelligence should not become a tool for waging war and pursuing hegemony, and oppose the use of the advantages of artificial intelligence technology to endanger the sovereignty and territorial security of other countries.

– In terms of legal ethics, countries should develop, deploy and use relevant weapon systems in accordance with the common values ​​of mankind, adhere to the people-oriented principle, uphold the principle of “intelligence for good”, and abide by national or regional ethical and moral standards. Countries should ensure that new weapons and their means of warfare comply with international humanitarian law and other applicable international law, strive to reduce collateral casualties, reduce human and property losses, and avoid the misuse of relevant weapon systems and the resulting indiscriminate killing and injury.

– In terms of technical security, countries should continuously improve the security, reliability and controllability of AI technology, enhance the security assessment and control capabilities of AI technology, ensure that relevant weapon systems are always under human control, and ensure that humans can terminate their operation at any time. The security of AI data must be guaranteed, and the militarized use of AI data should be restricted.

– In terms of R&D operations, countries should strengthen self-discipline in AI R&D activities, and implement necessary human-machine interactions throughout the weapon life cycle based on comprehensive consideration of the combat environment and weapon characteristics. Countries should always insist that humans are the ultimate responsible party, establish an AI accountability mechanism, and provide necessary training for operators.

– In terms of risk management, countries should strengthen supervision of the military application of artificial intelligence, especially implement hierarchical and classified management to avoid the use of immature technologies that may have serious negative consequences. Countries should strengthen the research and judgment of the potential risks of artificial intelligence, including taking necessary measures to reduce the risk of proliferation of military applications of artificial intelligence.

——In rule-making, countries should adhere to the principles of multilateralism, openness and inclusiveness. In order to track technological development trends and prevent potential security risks, countries should conduct policy dialogues, strengthen exchanges with international organizations, technology companies, technology communities, non-governmental organizations and other entities, enhance understanding and cooperation, and strive to jointly regulate the military application of artificial intelligence and establish an international mechanism with universal participation, and promote the formation of an artificial intelligence governance framework and standard specifications with broad consensus.

– In international cooperation, developed countries should help developing countries improve their governance level. Taking into account the dual-use nature of artificial intelligence technology, while strengthening supervision and governance, they should avoid drawing lines based on ideology and generalizing the concept of national security, eliminate artificially created technological barriers, and ensure that all countries fully enjoy the right to technological development and peaceful use.

現代國語:

人工智慧技術的快速發展及其廣泛應用,正深刻改變人類生產和生活方式,為世界帶來巨大機會的同時,也帶來難以預測的安全挑戰。特別值得關注的是,人工智慧技術的軍事應用,在戰略安全、治理規則、道德倫理等方面可能產生深遠影響和潛在風險。

人工智慧安全治理是人類面臨的共同課題。隨著人工智慧技術在各領域的廣泛應用,各方普遍對人工智慧軍事應用甚至武器化風險感到擔憂。

在世界和平與發展面臨多元挑戰的背景下,各國應秉持共同、綜合、合作、永續的全球安全觀,透過對話與合作,就如何規範人工智慧軍事應用尋求共識,建構有效的治理機制,避免人工智慧軍事應用為人類帶來重大損害甚至災難。

加強對人工智慧軍事應用的規範,預防和管控可能引發的風險,有利於增進國家間互信、維護全球戰略穩定、防止軍備競賽、緩解人道主義關切,有助於打造包容性和建設性的安全夥伴關係,在人工智慧領域實踐建構人類命運共同體理念。

我們歡迎各國政府、國際組織、技術企業、科研院校、民間機構和公民個人等各主體秉持共商共建共享的理念,協力共同促進人工智慧安全治理。

為此,我們呼籲:

——戰略安全上,各國尤其是大國應本著慎重負責的態度在軍事領域研發和使用人工智慧技術,不謀求絕對軍事優勢,防止加劇戰略誤判、破壞戰略互信、引發衝突升級、損害全球戰略平衡與穩定。

——在軍事政策上,各國在發展先進武器裝備、提高正當國防能力的同時,應銘記人工智慧的軍事應用不應成為發動戰爭和追求霸權的工具,反對利用人工智慧技術優勢危害他國主權和領土安全的行為。

——法律倫理上,各國研發、部署和使用相關武器系統應遵循人類共同價值觀,堅持以人為本,秉持「智能向善」的原則,遵守國家或地區倫理道德準則。各國應確保新武器及其作戰手段符合國際人道法和其他適用的國際法,努力減少附帶傷亡、降低人員財產損失,避免相關武器系統的誤用惡用,以及由此引發的濫殺。

——在技術安全上,各國應不斷提昇人工智慧技術的安全性、可靠性和可控性,增強對人工智慧技術的安全評估和管控能力,確保相關武器系統永遠處於人類控制之下,保障人類可隨時中止其運作。人工智慧資料的安全必須得到保證,應限制人工智慧資料的軍事化使用。

——研發作業上,各國應加強對人工智慧研發活動的自我約束,在綜合考慮作戰環境和武器特性的基礎上,在武器全生命週期實施必要的人機互動。各國應時常堅持人類是最終責任主體,建立人工智慧問責機制,對操作人員進行必要的訓練。

——風險管控上,各國應加強對人工智慧軍事應用的監管,特別是實施分級、分類管理,避免使用可能產生嚴重負面後果的不成熟技術。各國應加強對人工智慧潛在風險的研判,包括採取必要措施,降低人工智慧軍事應用的擴散風險。

——規則制定上,各國應堅持多邊主義、開放包容的原則。為追蹤科技發展趨勢,防範潛在安全風險,各國應進行政策對話,加強與國際組織、科技企業、技術社群、民間機構等各主體交流,增進理解與協作,致力於共同規範人工智慧軍事應用並建立普遍參與的國際機制,推動形成具有廣泛共識的人工智慧治理框架和標準規範。

——國際合作上,已開發國家應協助發展中國家提升治理水平,考慮到人工智慧技術的軍民兩用性質,在加強監管和治理的同時,避免採取以意識形態劃線、泛化國家安全概念的做法,消除人為製造的科技壁壘,確保各國充分享有技術發展與和平利用的權利。

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/wjb_673085/zzjg_673183/jks_674633/zclc_674645/rgzn/202206/t20220614_10702838.shtml

Talent Base, Research Content & Innovative Methods Enhanc Modernization of China’s Military Theory Under Empowerment of Science and Technology

人才基礎、研究內容與創新方法提昇科技賦能下的中國軍事理論現代化

現代英語:

Empowering military theory modernization with technology

■Chen Jihao and Liu Yangyue

At present, with the accelerated evolution of a new round of military revolution and the rapid development of disruptive military science and technology, the modernization of military theory has increasingly become a modernization that closely combines military theory with military science and technology and promotes the continuous innovation of military theory with the empowerment of science and technology. To accelerate the modernization of military theory, it is necessary to correctly recognize the development relationship between military science and technology and military theory, and explore the talent base, research content and innovation methods of the modernization of military theory under the empowerment of science and technology.

Cultivating innovative military theoretical talents led by science and technology

Talents are the main body of military theory innovation, and building a high-level, complex team of theoretical innovation talents is the key to realizing the modernization of military theory. Modern military theory research presents a situation of mutual intersection and deep integration of natural sciences and social sciences. It is necessary to cultivate a large number of military innovation talents with integrated science and technology, create a collaborative and open theoretical innovation organization model, and provide intellectual support for promoting the modernization of military theory.

First, military theory researchers must have a “scientific and technological mind” to enhance their understanding, application and discernment of science and technology. Military theory researchers must keep abreast of the latest developments in science and technology, use multidisciplinary cross-border thinking to understand the full meaning of science and technology, and tap the huge military potential of cutting-edge science and technology; they must focus on introducing scientific research methods into military theory research, borrow methods such as big data analysis to study military theory, combine qualitative research with quantitative research, and overcome the limitations of the original military theory research that is experience-oriented and lacks precision; at the same time, they must be good at identifying those “pseudo-sciences” that claim to be at the forefront of science and technology, and see through the technological “fog” released by competitors. Second, military science and technology researchers must have theoretical thinking. Military science and technology researchers should overcome the narrow-minded thinking of “technological determinism”, realize that natural sciences and social sciences are intertwined rather than diametrically opposed, and actively use scientific theories to guide military research. At the same time, they should focus on learning and studying advanced military theories, strengthen their understanding of the war situation and winning mechanism, and deepen their understanding of the application value and development trend of military technology. Thirdly, establish and improve the exchange and cooperation mechanism between theoretical talents and scientific and technological talents. Based on comprehensive research topics, experts from various fields can be widely drawn to form interdisciplinary joint research groups, give full play to their respective strengths, and ignite theoretical innovation sparks in constant cross-collisions. Different types of research units can also select personnel for cross-appointments, so as to encourage theoretical and scientific talents to learn from each other and grow together, open up disciplinary and innovation chains, and enhance the overall effectiveness of theoretical innovation.

Focus on science and technology-led military theory research content

Although there are some universal principles in military theory, the specific content will continue to change with the evolution of the times and practice. In today’s world, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution is advancing by leaps and bounds. The emergence of a series of high-tech technologies and their extensive application in the military field have triggered profound changes in the mechanisms, elements and methods of winning wars, providing new research objects for military theory research.

First, we need to study powerful enemies. The confrontational nature of war determines that military theory research must keep a close eye on the changes of powerful enemies and compete for the commanding heights of military theory. At present, the world’s major powers are stepping up the development of new operational concepts and tactics in response to cutting-edge technologies. Military theory research must adhere to the principle of “you fight yours, I fight mine”, and use the method of “dissecting sparrows” to clarify the opponent’s operational concepts, methods and capabilities. At the same time, we must keep a close eye on changes in science and technology, strengthen the development of new operational concepts, and achieve a transition from follow-up research to synchronization and then to catching up, so as to form an asymmetric balance of power in military theory. Secondly, we must study intelligent warfare. In today’s world, the development of disruptive cutting-edge technologies has promoted the evolution of war forms towards intelligence, and the temporal and spatial characteristics and offensive and defensive modes of war have undergone profound changes. Military theory research should focus on intelligent warfare, accurately grasp the laws and characteristics of intelligent warfare, actively predict the impact of science and technology on future wars, and realize the transformation from passive adaptation to active design of war. Thirdly, we should study new quality combat power. The development of science and technology has given rise to new quality combat power, changed the combination of people and weapons, and directly contributed to the birth of new quality combat power. For example, in the future battlefield, human-machine integrated joint combat actions will become an important combat mode, and it will be possible for a small number of soldiers to lead a large number of “bee swarms”, “fish swarms” and ” ant swarms” to conduct intelligent cluster combat. Military theory research should focus on new types of combat capabilities, seize opportunities in emerging fields, take the initiative, and proactively explore the generation paths and release patterns of new types of combat capabilities. Advanced theories should be used to guide and drive the construction of new types of combat forces in new domains, providing theoretical support for accelerating the incubation and generation of new types of combat capabilities.

Create a military theory research paradigm supported by science and technology

The intelligent science paradigm is called the “fifth paradigm” of scientific research. It is a cross-domain scientific research paradigm supported by artificial intelligence technology, integrating human values ​​​​and knowledge, and characterized by human-machine integration. Entering the era of intelligence, big data and artificial intelligence are developing rapidly, requiring the “intelligent factor” to be organically integrated into the practice of military theoretical research in an all-round way, opening up the “fifth paradigm” of military theoretical research.

First, explore data-centric research methods. Artificial intelligence technology can comprehensively collect battlefield intelligence data on a large scale, efficiently screen and integrate multi-source data, and realize nonlinear coupling and complex correlation of cross-domain and cross-scenario data. We must give full play to the powerful functions of artificial intelligence technology in multi-dimensional data collection and multi-dimensional data processing, open up the data links between military theories, technologies, equipment and other elements, and realize data-centric cross-domain synergy and efficiency among various research elements, and connect the “underlying channel” of the integration of theory and technology. Secondly, innovate the research model of human-machine collaboration. With the continuous improvement of the intelligence level of machines, the research model of ” human-host-machine-slave” has gradually changed to “human-machine integration.” The global knowledge and associative prediction capabilities of artificial intelligence are helping researchers break through the limitations of traditional thinking, eliminate traditional field divisions, and open up a ” brainstorm” in military theory research. We need to explore innovative models for deep integration of humans and machines, establish a dynamic feedback mechanism for positive-sum games, combine researchers’ nonlinear abstract thinking with the powerful computing power of machines, and achieve knowledge integration and communication, dynamic simulation and deduction, forward-looking analysis and decision-making, providing the greatest wisdom increment for military theory research. Secondly, create a “pre-practice” platform for military theory. Practice is the “touchstone” for testing the results of military theory. Only by constantly moving from practice to theory and then to practice can we achieve a spiral rise in military theory. On the one hand, we can use advanced scientific and technological means such as virtual reality technology and artificial intelligence technology to build a virtual experimental platform, simulate and simulate combat scenarios and combat power generation processes through deduction, analysis, evaluation and other means, and test the practicality and operability of conceptual design in a realistic experimental environment, so as to continuously improve and develop military theory; we can also use generative artificial intelligence to generate “semi-factual” combat scenarios, directly display the combat process and results in a visual way, inspire the thinking of military theorists, and shorten the new theory generation cycle. On the other hand, comprehensive live-fire training activities are used to conduct comprehensive combat experiments under the preset future battlefield environment and combat conditions, which complement virtual experiments and provide more reliable pre-practice quantitative data to verify and develop military theories in an environment closer to actual combat.

現代國語:

以科技賦能軍事理論現代化

■陳紀豪 劉楊鉞

當前,隨著新一輪軍事革命的加速演進和顛覆性軍事科技的高速發展,軍事理論現代化日益成為軍事理論與軍事科技緊密結合、以科技賦能推動軍事理論不斷創新的現代化。加速軍事理論現代化,需要正確認識軍事科技與軍事理論的發展關系,探索科技賦能下軍事理論現代化的人才基礎、研究內容與創新方法。

培養科技引領的軍事理論創新人才

人才是軍事理論創新的主體,建立一支高層次複合型的理論創新人才隊伍是實現軍事理論現代化的關鍵。現代軍事理論研究呈現自然科學與社會科學相互交叉、深度融合的局面,需要培養大量理技融合型軍事創新人才,打造協同開放的理論創新組織模式,為推動軍事理論現代化提供智力支持。

首先,軍事理論研究人員要有“科技頭腦”,增強對科技的理解力、運用力和鑑別力。軍事理論研究人員要及時掌握最新的科技發展動態,利用多學科交叉的跨界思維理解科技中蘊含的全部意義,發掘前沿科技的巨大軍事潛力;要注重將科學研究的方法引入軍事理論研究,借鑑大數據分析等方法來研究軍事理論,將定性研究和定量研究結合起來,克服原有軍事理論研究經驗主導和精確性不足的局限;與此同時,還要善於識破那些打著科技前沿名號的“偽科學”,看清競爭對手釋放的科技“迷霧”。其次,軍事科技研究人員要有理論思維。軍事科技研究人員要克服「技術決定論」的狹隘思維,認識到自然科學和社會科學是相互交織而非截然對立的,主動用科學的理論去指導軍事科研,同時注重對先進軍事理論的學習和研究,加強對戰爭形態和製勝機理的認識,深化對軍事技術應用價值和發展趨勢的理解。再次,建立健全理論人才與科技人才的交流合作機制。可綜合性研究課題為牽引,廣泛抽調各領域專家組成跨學科聯合課題研究組,發揮各自特長,在不斷地交叉碰撞之中點燃理論創新火花。不同類型的研究單位還可以互相選派人員進行交叉任職,促使理論人才和科技人才相互借鑑、共同成長,打通學科鏈、創新鏈,提升理論創新整體效能。

聚焦科技主導的軍事理論研究內容

軍事理論中雖然有著一些古今通用的原理,但具體內容會隨著時代和實踐的演進而不斷變化。當今世界,新一輪科技革命和產業革命突飛猛進,一系列高新技術的出現和在軍事領域的廣泛運用,引發戰爭制勝機理、制勝要素和製勝方式的深刻變化,為軍事理論研究提供了新的研究對象。

首先,要研究強敵對手。戰爭的對抗性決定了軍事理論研究必須緊盯強敵之變,爭奪軍事理論制高點。當前,世界主要大國正在針對前沿科技加緊開發新的作戰概念與戰術戰法,軍事理論研究要堅持“你打你的,我打我的”,以“解剖麻雀”的方式把對手的作戰概念、作戰方式和作戰能力搞清楚。同時要緊盯科技之變,加強開發新的作戰概念,實現從跟進研究到同步再到趕超,在軍事理論上形成非對稱制衡優勢。其次,要研究智能化戰爭。當今世界,顛覆性前沿科技的發展助推戰爭形態朝向智慧化演進,戰爭的時空特性和攻防模式已經發生深刻改變。軍事理論研究要聚焦智慧化戰爭,精確掌握智慧化戰爭規律與特點,積極預測科技對未來戰爭的影響,實現從被動適應戰爭轉變為主動設計戰爭。再次,要研究新質戰鬥力。科技的發展催生了新質作戰力量,改變了人和武器的結合方式,直接促成了新質戰鬥力的誕生。例如,未來戰場人機一體的聯合作戰行動將成為重要作戰樣態,極少數士兵帶領數量龐大的「蜂群」「魚群」「蟻群」進行智慧集群作戰成為可能。軍事理論研究要聚焦新質戰鬥力,在新興領域中抓住機遇,下好先手棋、打好主動仗,前瞻探索新質戰鬥力的生成路徑和釋放規律,以先進理論牽引拉動新域新質作戰力量建設,為加速新質戰鬥力的孵化與生成提供理論支撐。

打造科技支撐的軍事理論研究範式

智慧科學範式被稱為科學研究的“第五範式”,是一種以人工智慧技術為支撐,以融入人的價值和知識為手段,以人機共融為特徵的跨領域科學研究規範。進入智能化時代,大數據和人工智慧發展迅速,要求把「智能因子」全方位有機融入軍事理論研究實踐之中,開啟軍事理論研究的「第五範式」。

首先,探索以數據為中心的研究方法。人工智慧技術能夠大幅蒐集戰場情報數據,高效篩选和整合多源數據,實現跨域和跨場景數據非線性耦合和復雜關聯。要充分發揮人工智慧技術多元資料蒐集與多維資料處理的強大功能,打通軍事理論、技術、裝備等各要素之間的資料鏈路,實現各研究要素間以資料為中心的跨域協同增效,貫通理技融合的「底層通道」。其次,創新人機協同的研究模式。隨著機器智慧化程度的不斷提高,「人體主機從」的研究模式逐漸轉變為「人機融合」。人工智慧的全局知識和關聯預測能力正在幫助研究者突破傳統思維局限,消弭傳統領域分割,開啟軍事理論研究的「頭腦風暴」。要探索人機深度融合的創新模式,建立正和博弈的動態回饋機制,將研究者的非線性抽象思維與機器的強大算力優勢結合起來,實現知識整合與貫通、動態模擬與推演、前瞻分析及決策,為軍事理論研究提供最大智慧增量。再次,打造軍事理論「預實踐」平台。實踐是檢驗軍事理論成果的“試金石”,只有不斷地從實踐到理論再到實踐,才能實現軍事理論螺旋式上升。一方面,利用虛擬現實技術、人工智慧技術等先進科技手段建立虛擬實驗平台,透過推演、分析、評估等手段對作戰場景和戰鬥力生成過程進行模擬和模擬,在逼真的實驗環境中檢驗概念設計的實用性和可操作性,從而不斷完善和發展軍事理論;還可以利用生成式人工智慧生成「半事實」的作戰場景,以可視化的方式來直接展現戰鬥過程和結果,啟發軍事理論人員思維,縮短新理論生成週期。另一方面,綜合運用實兵演訓活動,在預設的未來戰場環境和作戰條件之下,進行綜合性作戰實驗,與虛擬實驗相互補充,提供更為可靠的預實踐量化數據,在更為接近實戰化的環境之中驗證與發展軍事理論。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16361834.html

Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Chinese Army丨On Building an Innovative People’s Army: Only Innovators Win

習近平強軍思想丨論建立創新人民軍隊:創新者勝

現代英語:

Only innovators win – on building an innovative people’s army

  1. Why is innovation the core competitiveness of an army?

The 19th CPC National Congress clearly proposed the epoch-making proposition of “building an innovative people’s army”, which is the first time in the history of the Party. From proposing to accelerate the construction of an innovative country to proposing to build an innovative people’s army, our Party has emphasized that innovation should be placed at the core of the overall national development and the overall military construction and development, highlighting the extreme importance and practical urgency of innovation for a strong country and a strong army. Innovation is the soul of a country’s development and progress, and it is also the soul of an army’s development and progress. To grasp innovation is to grasp development, and to plan for innovation is to plan for the future. President Xi Jinping stressed that innovation capability is the core competitiveness of an army, and that we must thoroughly implement the innovation-driven development strategy and increase the contribution of innovation to the growth of combat effectiveness.

The military field is the field with the most innovative vitality and the most need for innovative spirit. Marxism believes that war develops earlier than peace, and the military is in a leading position in many aspects of human activities. Advanced technologies are often first applied to the military field. At the same time, the military field is the field with the most intense competition and confrontation. There is always a life-and-death contest between the enemy and us, between attack and defense, spear and shield, and a war drama of wits and courage. If you are one step ahead of others in innovation, you can control others instead of being controlled by them. As Engels said, “Every great commander in the history of war who has created a new era by adopting new methods of warfare has either invented new material means himself, or has been the first to discover the correct method of applying new material means invented before him.” At the end of the 16th century, the British Navy applied new battleships and innovative naval tactics to defeat the Spanish “Invincible Fleet” in one fell swoop, ushering in an era of maritime hegemony; in the late 19th century and early 20th century, Germany applied the latest achievements of the Second Industrial Revolution to military construction and built the most densely populated railway network in Europe, greatly improving the military’s combat readiness and mobility. History has shown that only innovators can advance, become strong and win. Those who are conservative and complacent will miss precious opportunities and fall into strategic passivity.

Innovation capability is an accelerator for generating and improving combat effectiveness. The core of combat effectiveness is people. If people have strong innovation capability, they can “empower” various elements of combat effectiveness, thereby achieving the upgrade of combat effectiveness and forming the “optimal solution” to defeat the enemy. In the final analysis, the competition in war is the competition of innovation capability of both combatants, and the gap in combat capability is essentially the gap in innovation capability. In 1806, the Prussian army was defeated by the French army led by Napoleon in the Battle of Jena. Clausewitz, who participated in the battle, pointed out in summarizing the reasons for the Prussian army’s defeat that middle and senior officers rarely realized that the characteristics of war had undergone fundamental changes. “The Battle of Jena is not only an example of outdated style, but also an example of extreme lack of imagination caused by sticking to the old ways.” The lack of imagination reflects the shortcomings of innovation. If the innovation ability is improved, it will accelerate the formation of new driving forces for the development of combat effectiveness, maximize the vitality of various elements of combat effectiveness, and promote the geometric growth of combat effectiveness.

Our army has come to where it is today through innovation, and we will also rely on innovation to win the future. In the process of combining Marxist military theory, the practice of China’s revolutionary war and the construction of the people’s army, and the traditional Chinese military tactics, our party has relied on continuous innovation to gradually form a complete set of principles and systems for building and governing the army, created the strategy and tactics of the people’s war, and formed the unique advantages of our army. It can be said that innovation has been deeply integrated into the red blood of the people’s army and has become the most distinctive spiritual endowment of our army. In today’s era, a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are accelerating, providing us with a rare opportunity to catch up with the latecomers, and also putting forward higher requirements for our comprehensive implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy. In the past, the development of our military construction was mainly driven by investment factors, which was necessary under certain historical conditions. However, today, it is difficult to continue to rely on large-scale investment increases, which has limited effects and diminishing marginal utility. To keep up with the pace of world military development, break through the bottleneck constraints of military construction, and comprehensively create new development advantages, what is most needed is innovation, and the fundamental way out lies in innovation. We must start the new engine of innovation-driven development at full speed, make great efforts to grasp theoretical innovation, scientific and technological innovation, scientific management, talent gathering, and practical innovation, and establish a set of new military theories, organizational structures, equipment systems, strategies and tactics, and management models that are adapted to the requirements of informationized warfare and mission fulfillment, promote changes in the quality, efficiency, and driving force of our military construction and develop, truly accelerate, build high quality, and speed up the effective supply of advanced combat capabilities.

  1. Why should we vigorously promote the innovation of Marxist military theory?

In May 1938, the nationwide war of resistance had been going on for 10 months. Facing the massive attack of the Japanese army, the “national destruction theory” and “quick victory theory” were once very popular. Can China achieve the final victory? How can it achieve victory? How will the course of the war develop? These questions troubled people’s minds. At the critical juncture of the survival of the Chinese nation, Comrade Mao Zedong published the famous “On Protracted War”, which was like a ray of light, giving great encouragement and confidence to the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians who were fighting hard. All problems of the hostility between the two armies depend on war to be solved. A strong army must be guided by scientific theory. President Xi pointed out that we should vigorously promote the innovation of Marxist military theory, accelerate the formation of a military theory system that is contemporary, leading and unique, and provide scientific theoretical support for the practice of strengthening the military.

Scientific military theory is combat effectiveness. Military theory is a rational understanding and knowledge system about war, the army and national defense. Scientific military theory reveals the laws of war, the laws of war guidance and the laws of army building, guides the construction and use of military forces, has a profound impact on the elements of combat effectiveness, and leads the development of military practice. After the end of World War I, British military theorist Fuller proposed the theory of mechanized warfare, but it was not taken seriously. In the early days of World War II, the German army swept across Europe because of the tank cluster and the “blitzkrieg” theory. Although the weapons and equipment of the British and French armies at that time were almost the same as those of the German army, due to the obsolete and rigid combat theories, the British and French coalition forces soon fell into passivity and could only retreat from Dunkirk, and France quickly fell. Looking back at the history of military development, theoretical innovation has played a significant leading role in practical innovation. Mahan’s “sea power” theory, Douhet’s “air supremacy” theory, Tukhachevsky’s “deep and deep operations” theory, Graham’s “high frontier” theory, etc., have all led the military trend, promoted military reforms, and changed the face of war. “Thoughts precede actions, just as lightning precedes thunder.” Advanced military theory is an ideological weapon that correctly guides war. Whoever is one step ahead in military theory innovation is more likely to seize the initiative to win.

The key to the continuous growth and development of the People’s Army is that it always adheres to the guidance of advanced military theory. One of the important reasons why our army can fight and win battles is that it wins in theory and strategy, learns war from war, and explores laws from practice. During the Jinggangshan struggle period, our party developed the strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare based on the characteristics of the enemy’s strength and our weakness, and preserved and developed itself. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression , our party implemented the strategic policy of “basically guerrilla warfare, but not relaxing mobile warfare under favorable conditions”, dealt a heavy blow to the Japanese invaders, and strengthened and developed itself. During the Liberation War, our party did not care about the gains and losses of a city or a place, and exchanged space for time, and concentrated superior forces to fight a war of destruction, defeated the Kuomintang army, and ushered in the birth of New China. After Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan, he reflected on the military competition between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party for decades, saying that the reason why the Communist army was able to win the war was because it emphasized the distinction between the extraordinary and the orthodox, the virtual and the real, and the application of changes, and constantly promoted innovation. In long-term practice, our party has combined the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of China’s revolutionary war and the construction of the people’s army, created Marxist military theoretical achievements with Chinese characteristics, and formed Mao Zedong’s Military Thought , Deng Xiaoping’s Thought on Military Construction in the New Era, Jiang Zemin’s Thought on National Defense and Army Construction, Hu Jintao’s Thought on National Defense and Army Construction, and Xi Jinping’s Thought on Strengthening the Army, providing a scientific guide for winning the victory of China’s revolutionary war and promoting the modernization of national defense and the army.

Knowledge Links

Ten Military Principles

In December 1947, Comrade Mao Zedong put forward ten major military principles in his report “The Current Situation and Our Tasks”, the main contents of which are summarized as follows: (1) First attack the dispersed and isolated enemy, then attack the concentrated and powerful enemy. (2) First capture small cities, medium-sized cities and vast rural areas, then capture large cities. (3) The main goal is to destroy the enemy’s living forces, not to preserve or seize cities and places. ( 4) In every battle, concentrate an absolutely superior force to encircle the enemy on all sides, strive to completely destroy it and not let any escape. (5) Do not fight a battle without preparation or without confidence every battle, we should strive to be prepared and strive to be sure of victory based on the comparison of the enemy’s conditions and ours. (6) Carry forward the style of fighting bravely, fearing no sacrifice, fearing no fatigue, and engaging in continuous fighting. (7) Strive to destroy the enemy in the process of movement. At the same time, focus on positional attack tactics and seize the enemy’s strongholds and cities. (8) In the matter of siege, all enemy strongholds and cities with weak defenses must be seized resolutely. enemy strongholds and cities with moderate defenses and conditions that allow them to be seized must be seized immediately. All enemy strongholds and cities with strong defenses must be seized only when conditions are ripe. (9) Capture all the enemy’s weapons and most of the enemy’s personnel to replenish our own forces. (10) Make good use of the interval between two campaigns to rest and retrain the troops.

New military practice calls for new military theory. Theory comes from practice, and practice is the driving force for the development of theory. Military theory can only maintain strong vitality if it keeps up with the times and responds to practice. In recent years, emerging fields and battlefield space have been continuously expanded, high-tech has penetrated into the military field in many ways, the war form and combat methods have accelerated evolution, and new war and combat theories have emerged in an endless stream. The US military has proposed “network-centric warfare”, “global rapid strike”, and “all-domain warfare”, the Russian military has proposed “non-nuclear containment strategy” and “strategic air and space campaign”, and the Japanese Self-Defense Forces have proposed the “cross-domain defense” theory, etc., all of which are aimed at winning new military advantages through theoretical innovation. The rapid development of the new military revolution in the world and the in-depth advancement of our military strengthening and military rejuvenation practices have put forward urgent requirements for innovation in military theory and provided broad space. Our military construction and development are facing a large number of new situations and new problems, which urgently need to be answered theoretically. Whether it is innovation in military strategy, innovation in military science and technology, or innovation in other aspects of military, they are inseparable from theoretical guidance. It is imperative and urgent to accelerate the modernization of military theory. We must have a broader vision and a longer-term perspective, firmly grasp the issues of war and combat, promote innovation in military theory, and constantly open up new horizons for the development of contemporary Chinese Marxist military theory.

41. Why is science and technology the core combat capability?

In February 2018, a brand-new organization in the Chinese military, the Military Scientific Research Steering Committee of the Central Military Commission, was formally established. Together with the previously established Science and Technology Committee of the Central Military Commission, a new top-level structure for military scientific research work was established. The Academy of Military Sciences has been reorganized and reorganized. With the Academy of Military Sciences as the leader, the military and military scientific research institutions as the backbone, and the scientific research forces of colleges and troops as the auxiliary, our military’s new scientific research system is accelerating to take shape. This series of major measures marks a new step taken by our army on the road to strengthening the military through science and technology, and shows that our party’s understanding of the strategic position of science and technology in national defense and military construction has risen to a new height. President Xi profoundly pointed out that science and technology are the core combat effectiveness, and to promote the modernization of national defense and the military, we must activate the powerful engine of scientific and technological innovation.

Science and technology are the most active and revolutionary factors in military development. Marxism believes that science is a “powerful lever of history” and a “revolutionary force in the highest sense.” Scientific and technological progress not only profoundly changes human production and lifestyle, but also profoundly affects the direction of world military development, and fundamentally promotes the military development process in all aspects. Engels pointed out: “As soon as technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they immediately, almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the way of combat.” Looking at the world In the history of military development, the main technologies supporting military struggles include bronze smelting and iron casting in the cold weapon age, gunpowder and firearm manufacturing in the hot weapon age, internal combustion engines and electricity in the mechanization age, and computers and communications in the information age. The widespread application of science and technology in the military field will inevitably lead to profound changes in the shape of war and methods of combat. Every major scientific and technological innovation in history has initiated a new military revolution, and every military revolution has pushed military development into a new era.

Science and technology are an important basis for generating and improving combat effectiveness. The basic components of combat effectiveness are people, weapons and equipment, and the combination of people and weapons and equipment. Science and technology are not independent elements of combat effectiveness, but they are always integrated into and condensed into various elements of combat effectiveness in various ways and forms, greatly promoting the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness. From a human perspective, in the development chain of “physical fitness-skill-intelligence” of military personnel, scientific and technological quality increasingly constitutes the most important factor in their overall quality. Without high scientific and technological literacy and military skills, even weapons and equipment cannot be operated. No, let alone being able to fight and win wars. From the perspective of weapons and equipment, it is the physical manifestation of science and technology in the military field. Science and technology have become a “multiplier” for the combat effectiveness of weapons and equipment. From the perspective of the integration of people and weapons and equipment, science and technology have spawned new military theories and prompted the continuous adjustment and reform of the military system. They are the “catalyst” to achieve the optimal combination of people and weapons and equipment. Generally speaking, the development and progress of science and technology is the main force that promotes the demise of the elements of the old combat effectiveness system and the construction of new combat effectiveness system elements, greatly shortening the cycle of generating and improving combat effectiveness, and promoting the leap of new quality combat effectiveness.

Science and technology have an increasing impact on the outcome of modern wars. At present, science and technology are developing faster and faster, and global scientific and technological innovation is unprecedentedly active. Major powers regard seizing scientific and technological advantages as a strategic measure to seek military advantage. The military game between great powers is largely reflected in technological subversion and counter-subversion, raids and counter-raids, offsets and counter-offsets. Once some technologies achieve breakthroughs, their impact will be disruptive, and may even fundamentally change the shape and methods of warfare, and fundamentally change the traditional offensive and defensive pattern of war. We are in a period of historical convergence where the world’s scientific and technological revolution and military revolution are developing rapidly, and the cause of strengthening and rejuvenating the military is in-depth advancement. Technology has never had such a profound impact on the overall national security and military strategy as it does today, and has never had such a profound impact on the construction and development of our military as it does today. We must promote high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-reliance, give full play to the strategic supporting role of science and technology in our military construction, put national defense scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, adhere to the strategic basis of independent innovation, enhance scientific and technological awareness, innovation, and application capabilities, and strive to Seize the initiative in military development and the right to win future wars.

▶A big country like ours and an army like ours must take the initiative through independent innovation.

▶Real core and key technologies cannot be bought with money. Importing weapons and equipment is unreliable, and importing imitations will not go far.

▶Independent innovation must be fought for, and this battle must be won.

42. How to understand the promotion of a military management revolution centered on effectiveness?

In June 2020, with the approval of the Central Military Commission, the entire military held a strategic management training. This was the first high-level, large-scale training event organized by our military with strategic management as the theme. More than a month later, during the 22nd collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee, President Xi clearly pointed out that it is necessary to update management concepts, improve strategic literacy, improve systems and mechanisms, smooth strategic management links, and substantively advance military management revolution. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission have placed the strengthening of military management in a strategic position, actively built a new military management system, and started a new process of revolution in our military management in the new era.

Whether the army can fight and win wars, management often plays a key role. No matter how good the theoretical guidance of an army is, no matter how good the weapons and equipment are, and no matter how many combatants there are, if the management is in a mess and all the elements cannot integrate and play a role, it will not be able to win the war, and it may even be impossible to win the war. Scientific and efficient management is of great significance for reducing military construction costs, improving military system operation efficiency, and enhancing combat effectiveness. During the Gulf War, the U.S. Department of Defense shipped about 40,000 containers to the frontline armies. Due to imprecise management and inaccurate support, many material categories and recipient information were unknown. More than 20,000 of them had to be reopened and counted until the end of the war. There are still more than 8,000 containers that have not been opened. Modern war practice has fully proved that as the military organizational structure becomes increasingly complex, professional division of labor becomes more refined, and military operations become more systematic, this requires us to pay more attention to the role of management in military operations and construction and improve the professionalization of military management. , refined and scientific level.

The purpose of the military management revolution is to improve the operational efficiency of military systems and the efficiency of the use of national defense resources. Military management is the overall and basic work of national defense and military construction. Its essence is to organically integrate all military units and elements to fundamentally improve the effectiveness of combat effectiveness. Extensive management is a prominent problem that has long restricted the development of our military’s construction. In particular, our military’s construction is at a critical stage of accelerating shifting gears and improving quality and efficiency. In addition, the construction management model has undergone great changes after the reform, and the promotion of efficiency-oriented The core military management revolution and improving the precision-oriented management system are the inevitable choices for strengthening the scientific management of the military. With efficiency as the core, all management practices are inherently required to adhere to quality first, efficiency first, and strive to increase the effective supply of combat effectiveness. To be precision-oriented means to achieve precise planning, precise planning, precise deployment, precise implementation, and precise inspection, and to apply the principle of precision throughout the entire process of all aspects of management. In advancing the reform of military policies and systems, our army has implemented fundamental changes in traditional management methods and proposed reform measures in strategic management, military expenditure management, organizational management, equipment management, material management, and troop education management. The purpose is to form a precise An efficient, comprehensively standardized, and rigidly constrained military management policy system will improve the operational efficiency of the military system, the effectiveness of the use of national defense resources, and the effectiveness of the construction and application of military forces.

Military management must tightly grasp the pivot of strategic management. As the highest-level management of national defense and military construction, strategic management is a macro-management activity that manages the overall situation, long-term management, and major events. It plans and designs the investment of military resources from the top level. Whether strategic management is scientific or not directly affects the quality and efficiency of national defense and military construction. Back then, we achieved “two bombs and one satellite” under very difficult circumstances. We spent much less money than foreign countries, but the efficiency was very high. The important reason was that we gave full play to our country’s institutional advantages and used systems engineering methods to organize In order to carry out this work, a unique strategic management mechanism was explored. Today’s acceleration of national defense and military modernization requires further strengthening of strategic management. A new strategic management system has been established, but the relevant systems and mechanisms are not yet complete. We must adhere to goal orientation, problem orientation, and result orientation, and further open up the strategic management link of “demand-planning-budget-execution-evaluation”. Among them, demand is the driving force, clarifying the direction and requirements of combat capabilities; planning is the leading role, determining construction goals and tasks and resource allocation; budget is the key, and is the “funding version” of the planning plan; execution is the focus, which is the implementation of construction projects and the allocation of resources. The application of input; evaluation is the support and the measurement of construction quality and efficiency. By improving the strategic management link, demand-driven planning and planning-led resource allocation will become rigid constraints on our military’s construction, forming a smooth and efficient strategic management closed loop to promote the high-quality development of our military’s construction.

現代國語:

唯創新者勝-關於建設創新型人民軍隊

39.為什麼說創新是軍隊的核心競爭力?

黨的十九大明確提出「建設創新人民軍隊」的劃時代命題,這在黨的歷史上還是第一次。從提出加速建設創新國家到提出建設創新型人民軍隊,我們黨強調要把創新置於國家發展全局和軍隊建設發展全局的核心位置,凸顯了創新的極端重要性和現實意義。刻不容緩。創新是一個國家發展進步的靈魂,也是一支軍隊發展進步的靈魂。抓創新就是抓發展,謀創新就是謀未來。習近平主席強調,創新能力是軍隊的核心競爭力,必須深入實施創新驅動發展策略,提高創新對戰鬥力成長的貢獻。

軍事領域是最具創新活力、最需要創新精神的領域。馬克思主義認為,戰爭早於和平發展,軍隊在人類活動的許多方面處於主導地位。先進技術往往首先應用於軍事領域。同時,軍事領域又是競爭和對抗最激烈的領域。敵我之間、攻與守、矛與盾之間,始終存在著一場你死我活的較量,一場鬥智的戰爭大戲。如果你在創新上領先別人一步,你就能控制別人而不是被別人控制。正如恩格斯所說:「戰爭史上每一位採用新戰爭方法開創新時代的偉大統帥,要么是他自己發明了新的物質手段,要么是第一個發現了運用前人發明的新物質手段的正確方法。 16世紀末,英國海軍運用新型戰艦和創新海軍戰術,一舉擊敗西班牙“無敵艦隊”,開啟了海上霸權時代; 19世紀末20世紀初,德國將第二次工業革命的最新成果運用到軍事建設中,建造了歐洲人口最密集的鐵路網,大大提高了軍隊的戰備性和機動性。歷史證明,只有創新者才能前進,只有創新者才能強大,只有創新者才能獲勝。保守、自滿的人就會錯失寶貴的機遇,陷入戰略被動。

創新能力是產生和提高戰鬥力的加速器。戰鬥力的核心是人。人如果擁有強大的創新能力,就可以對戰鬥力的各個要素進行“賦能”,從而實現戰鬥力的升級,形成克敵制勝的“最優方案”。戰爭的競爭歸根到底是參戰雙方創新能力的競爭,作戰能力的差距本質上就是創新能力的差距。 1806年,普魯士軍隊在耶拿戰役中被拿破崙率領的法軍擊敗。參與戰鬥的克勞塞維茨在總結普魯士軍隊失敗的原因時指出,中高級軍官很少意識到戰爭的特徵已經發生了根本性的變化。 「耶拿戰役不僅是風格落伍的一個例子,也是因循守舊而導致想像力極度缺乏的一個例子。”想像力的缺乏體現了創新的短板。創新能力提高,將加速形成戰鬥力發展新動能,最大限度激發戰鬥力各要素活力,推動戰鬥力幾何級增長。

我軍靠創新走到了今天,我們也將靠創新贏得未來。在馬克思主義軍事理論同中國革命戰爭和人民軍隊建設實踐與中國傳統軍事戰術相結合的過程中,我們黨依靠不斷創新,逐步形成了一整套建設和建設軍隊的完整原則和體系。了人民戰爭的戰略戰術,形成了我軍的獨特優勢。可以說,創新已經深深融入人民軍隊的紅色血液,成為我軍最鮮明的精神稟賦。當今時代,新一輪科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命正在加速推進,為我們提供了後來者追趕的難得機遇,一個地方,一個地方,以空間換時間,集中優勢兵力打一場毀滅性戰爭,打敗了國民黨軍隊,迎來了新中國的誕生。蔣介石退守台灣後,反思國共幾十年的軍事競爭,說共軍之所以能打贏戰爭,是因為強調了非凡與普通的區別。我們黨在長期實踐中,把馬克思主義基本原理同我國革命戰爭和人民軍隊建設實踐結合起來,創造了中國特色馬克思主義軍事理論成果,形成了毛澤東軍事思想、鄧小平軍事思想。國防與軍隊建設思想、胡錦濤國防與軍隊建設思想、習近平強軍思想,為贏得我國革命戰爭勝利、促進國防與軍隊現代化。

知識連結

十大軍事原則

1947年12月,毛澤東同志在《當前形勢和我們的任務》報告中提出了十大軍事原則,其主要內容概括如下:(一)先打擊分散、孤立的敵人,再打擊集中的敵人。的敵人。 (2)先攻占小城市、中等城市和廣大農村,然後攻占大城市。 (3)主要目標是消滅敵人的生力軍,而不是保全或奪取城市和地方。 (四)每次戰鬥,集中絕對優勢兵力,對敵人進行四麵包圍,力爭徹底殲滅,不放過敵人。 (五)不打無準備的仗,每戰都沒有信心,要努力做好準備,根據敵我情況的比較,力爭必勝。 (六)發揚勇猛、不怕犧牲、不怕疲倦、持續戰鬥的作風。 (7)力爭在運動過程中消滅敵人。同時,注重陣地攻擊戰術,奪取敵方據點和城市。 (八)在攻城方面,凡是敵方據點和防禦薄弱的城市,必須堅決奪取。凡是防禦力中等、條件允許奪取的敵人據點和城市,必須立即奪取。凡是敵人的據點和防禦堅固的城市,只有在條件成熟時才可以攻克。 (九)繳獲敵軍全部武器及大部分人員,以補充己方兵力。 (十)充分利用兩次戰役之間的間隙,對部隊進行休息和再訓練。

新的軍事實踐呼喚新的軍事理論。理論來自於實踐,實踐是理論發展的動力。軍事理論只有與時俱進、回應實踐,才能維持旺盛的生命力。近年來,新興領域和戰場空間不斷拓展,高新技術多方式滲透到軍事領域,戰爭形態和作戰方式加速演變,新的戰爭和作戰理論層出不窮。美軍提出“網路中心戰”、“全球快速打擊”、“全局戰”,俄軍提出“非核遏制戰略”、“戰略空天戰役”,日本提出“戰略空天作戰”。防禦」理論等,都是為了透過理論創新贏得新的軍事優勢。世界新軍事革命快速發展和我軍強軍興軍實踐深入推進,對軍事理論創新提出了迫切要求,提供了廣闊空間。我軍建設發展面臨大量新情況、新問題,亟待從理論上予以解答。無論是軍事戰略創新、軍事科技創新,或是軍事其他方面的創新,都離不開理論指引。加速軍事理論現代化勢在必行。我們必須以更廣闊的視野和更長遠的眼光,牢牢掌握戰爭和戰鬥問題,推動軍事理論創新,不斷開闢當代中國馬克思主義軍事理論發展新天地。

41.為什麼說科學技術是核心戰鬥力?

2018年2月,中國軍隊中一個嶄新的機構-中央軍委軍事科學研究指導委員會正式成立,連同先前成立的中央軍委科學技術委員會,立起了軍事科研工作的全新頂層架構。軍事科學院重新調整組建,以軍事科學院為龍頭、軍兵種科研機構為骨幹、院校和部隊科研力量為輔助,我軍全新的科研體係正在加速形成。這一系列重大舉措,標志我軍在科技強軍道路上邁出了新步伐,表明我們黨對科學技術在國防和軍隊建設中戰略地位的認識上升到新高度。習主席深刻指出,科學技術是核心戰鬥力,推進國防和軍隊現代化必須把科技創新這個強大引擎發動起來。

科學技術是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性的因素。馬克思主義認為,科學是“歷史的強大的槓桿”,是“最高意義上的革命力量”。科技進步不僅深刻改變人類的生產生活方式,也深刻影響世界軍事發展走向,全方位根本性地推動軍事發展進程。恩格斯指出:「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的,它們便立刻幾乎強制地,而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。」縱觀世界軍事發展史,支撐軍事鬥爭的主要科技,冷兵器時代是青銅冶煉、鐵器鑄造,熱兵器時代是火藥、火器製造,機械化時代是內燃機、電力,資訊化時代是計算機、通訊。科學技術在軍事領域的廣泛應用,必然引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變化。歷史上每一次重大科學技術創新,都開啟了一場新的軍事變革,而每一場軍事變革都把軍事發展推向新的時代。

科學技術是生成和提高戰鬥力的重要基礎。戰鬥力的基本構成要素是人、武器裝備以及人與武器裝備的結合方式。科學技術不是戰鬥力構成的獨立要素,但它始終以各種方式和形態融入並凝結在戰鬥力各要素中,極大地促進戰鬥力的生成和提升。從人的方面來看,在軍人「體能-技能-智能」的發展鏈中,科技素質越來越構成其整體素質中最重要的因素,沒有較高的科技素養和軍事技能,連武器裝備也操作不了,更別說能打仗、打勝仗了。從武器裝備來看,本身就是科學技術在軍事領域的物化表現,科學技術已成為武器裝備作戰效能的「倍增器」。從人與武器裝備的結合面來看,科學技術催生新的軍事理論,促使軍隊體制編制不斷調整變革,是實現人與武器裝備最佳結合的「催化劑」。總的來看,科學技術的發展進步,是推動舊戰鬥力體係要素消亡和新戰鬥力體係要素構建的主要力量,大大縮短戰鬥力生成和提高的周期,促進新質戰鬥力的飛躍。

科學技術對現代戰爭勝負的影響日益上升。當前,科學技術發展速度越來越快,全球科技創新空前活躍,主要大國都把奪取科技優勢作為謀求軍事優勢的戰略舉措。大國軍事博弈很大程度上體現為技術上的顛覆和反顛覆、突襲和反突襲、抵消和反抵消。有些技術一旦取得突破,影響將是顛覆性的,甚至可能從根本上改變戰爭形態和作戰方式,從根本上改變傳統的戰爭攻防格局。我們正處在世界科技革命和軍事革命迅猛發展、強軍興軍事業深入推進的歷史交匯期。科技從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家安全和軍事戰略全局,從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響我軍建設發展。必須推進高水準科技自立自強,充分發揮科技對我軍建設戰略支撐作用,把國防科技創新擺在更加突出的位置,堅持自主創新這個戰略基點,增強科技認知力、創新力、運用力,努力把握軍事發展主動權、未來戰爭制勝權。

習言習語

▶我們這樣一個大國、這樣一支軍隊,必須透過自主創新掌握主動。

▶真正的核心關鍵技術是花錢買不來的,靠進口武器裝備是靠不住的,走引進仿製的路子是走不遠的。

▶自主創新這口氣一定要爭,這場仗一定要打贏。

42.如何理解推進以效能為核心的軍事管理革命?

2020年6月,經中央軍委批准,全軍舉行戰略管理集訓,這是我軍首次以戰略管理為專題組織的高層次、大範圍集訓活動。一個多月後,在十九屆中央政治局第二十二次集體學習時,習主席明確指出,要更新管理理念,提高戰略素養,健全制度機制,暢通戰略管理鏈路,實質性推進軍事管理革命。黨的十八大以來,黨中央、中央軍委把加強軍事管理擺在戰略位置,積極建構新型軍事管理體系,開啟新時代我軍管理革命新進程。

軍隊能不能打仗、打勝仗,管理往往扮演關鍵角色。一支軍隊,理論指導再好,武器裝備再好,戰鬥人員再多,如果管理一團糟,各項要素不能集成發揮作用,也是打不了勝仗的,甚至可能是打不了仗的。科學高效的管理,對於降低軍隊建設成本、提高軍事系統運作效率、增強戰鬥力,具有十分重要的意義。海灣戰爭中,美國國防部給予前線陸軍運送的約4萬個集裝箱,由於管理不精細、保障不精準,許多物資類別、收件資訊不明,只得將其中2萬多個重新打開清點,直到戰爭結束還有8000多個集裝箱沒有打開。現代戰爭實踐充分證明,隨著軍隊組織結構日益復雜,專業分工更加精細,軍事行動的系統性大大增強,這就要求我們更加註重發揮管理在軍隊作戰、建設中的作用,提高軍事管理的專業化、精進、科學化程度。

軍事管理革命的目的是提升軍事系統運作效能和國防資源使用效益。軍事管理是國防和軍隊建設的全局性、基礎性工作,其實質就是要把所有軍事單元和要素有機整合起來,從根本上提高戰鬥力的生成效能。管理粗放是長期制約我軍建設發展的一個突出問題,特別是我軍建設正處在換擋加速、提質增效的關鍵階段,加上改革後建設管理模式發生很大變化,推進以效能為核心的軍事管理革命,健全以精準為導向的管理體系,是加強軍隊科學管理的必然選擇。以效能為核心,內在要求一切管理實踐堅持品質第一、效益優先,著力增加戰鬥力有效供給。以精準為導向,就是要做到精準謀劃、精準規劃、精準部署、精準落實、精準檢驗,把精準原則貫穿管理各方面全過程。我軍在推進軍事政策制度改革中,對傳統管理方式實行根本性變革,從戰略管理、軍費管理、組織編制管理、裝備管理、物資管理、部隊教育管理等方面提出改革舉措,目的就是要形成精準高效率、全面規範、剛性約束的軍事管理政策制度,提升軍事系統運作效率、國防資源運用效益及軍事力量建設運用效能。

軍事管理必須緊緊扭轉戰略管理這個樞紐。戰略管理作為國防和軍隊建設最高層次的管理,是管全局、管長遠、管大事的宏觀管理活動,從頂層規劃和設計軍事資源的投向投量。戰略管理是否科學,直接影響國防和軍隊建設品質效益。當年我們在十分困難的情況下搞成了“兩彈一星”,花的錢比外國少得多,效率卻很高,很重要的原因是充分發揮我國的製度優勢,用系統工程的方法組織了這項工作,探索了一套獨具特色的策略管理機制。今天加速國防和軍隊現代化,需要進一步加強戰略管理。新的策略管理體制立起來了,但相關制度機制還不完善,必須堅持目標導向、問題導向、結果導向,進一步打通「需求-規劃-預算-執行-評估」的戰略管理連結。其中,需求是牽引,明確作戰能力指向和要求;規劃是主導,決定建設目標任務和資源配置;預算是關鍵,是規劃計劃的「經費版」;執行是重心,是建設項目的實施和對資源投入的運用;評估是支撐,是對建設品質效益的衡量。透過完善戰略管理鏈路,使需求牽引規劃、規劃主導資源配置成為我軍建設的剛性約束,形成順暢高效的戰略管理閉合迴路,推動我軍建設高質量發展。

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/10189839.html?big=fan

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