中國支持認知對抗的軍事決策與觀點
中國軍網 國防部網
2022年12月6日 星期二
外文音譯：
Modern warfare, according to the characteristics of material form, usually divides the combat domain into the physical domain, the information domain, and the cognitive domain. The three domains interact with each other to form the field and soil for military confrontation. Although cognitive domain operations occur in the cognitive domain, their operational support often spans various fields. War practice shows that with the enhanced effectiveness of hard strikes in the physical domain, cognitive formation can often be accelerated, and cognitive realization can better meet combat needs.
Cognitive offense and defense cannot be separated from physical support
Today’s world is a world where everything is interconnected. The collection of different objects connected to each other greatly enhances the function of independent individuals acting alone. Cognitive domain operations are never isolated operations between cognitive carriers. Only by integrating cognitive offense and defense into an integrated joint operations chain, closely integrating with physical domain military strike operations, and tightly integrating with the entire combat system can we fully exert combat effectiveness.
The starting point of cognition. Existence determines consciousness. Thinking and cognition is not a fairy from the sky, but a true or tortuous reflection of the real world. Without the foundation of the material world, thinking and cognition will lose the source of information, the basis for analysis and judgment, and the accuracy of decision-making and action, making it difficult for people to trust, recognize, and rely on. Even the most psychedelic science fiction wars still have references to real combat targets, specific combat objectives, and corresponding combat paths. Therefore, intelligence reconnaissance analysis has become an indispensable and important link for commanders to organize troops and plan. “Without investigation, there is no right to speak” is regarded as a golden rule that must be followed in decision-making. Battlefield simulation simulations have become an important step for the success of combat operations. In history, most of the combat commands of accomplished generals and classic combat cases that can withstand the test of history and practice are all based on full investigation and research and scientific intelligence analysis. Without the hard-core support of the real world, “human beings think about , and God laughs.”
The basis of cognitive effects. A golden rule of operations in the cognitive domain is that soft power at the cognitive level must be supported by hard strikes at the physical level in order to ensure and strengthen its role. Strong military pressure is a necessary prerequisite for cognitive means to work, and continuous victory on the battlefield is the core support for winning cognitive wars. If the United States does not have the high-pressure pressure of its super comprehensive national strength and superior technology, its “Star Wars Plan” may not really work. If cognitive domain operations lack the support of specific military operations in the physical domain, they will never produce the good effects of doubting, confusing, deterring, and defeating the enemy. To grasp the initiative in thinking and cognition and to take the initiative in cognitive domain operations, we must not only strengthen the construction of cognitive ontology, improve the ability to directly use strategies and technical means to strengthen self-protection, intervene and influence the opponent’s thinking and cognition, but also actively strive to The physical domain leverages the conduction effect of military operations in the physical domain to enhance thinking and cognition.
The starting point for cognitive realization. Marxism believes that once theory grasps the masses, it will also become material force. From the perspective of cognitive domain combat, the spiritual creation at the superstructure level of cognition will not automatically turn into material power. Only by being attached to a certain material carrier and practical grasp can it be possible to realize spiritual to material and consciousness. A critical leap into existence. Just as in World War II, if the German army had not bypassed the Maginot Line, broke through the Ardennes Forest, and launched a surprise attack into the French hinterland, it would have been impossible to demonstrate the foresight of the cognitive achievement of the “Manstein Plan”; similarly, if there had been no Allied Forces, The military’s successful landing in Normandy, which invaded the east and west, also failed to highlight the ingenuity of the “Operation Overlord Plan” strategy of “building plank roads openly and concealing warehouses secretly”. Thinking and cognition are transmitted through people to specific military actions in the physical domain, and then the specific military actions in the physical domain realize the material transformation of cognitive results, forming the fundamentals of the two-way interaction between cognitive offense and defense and military strikes in the physical domain.
The basic method of physical attack to support cognitive offense and defense
The methods and methods used by military strikes in the physical domain to support cognitive offense and defense follow the general law that matter determines consciousness and existence determines thinking. The basic methods can be divided into enhanced support, confirmation support and realization support.
Enhanced support. Military strikes in the physical domain strengthen the formation and development of thinking and cognition. Although thinking and cognition depend on the quality of the cognitive carrier itself, it will be difficult to achieve without the support of military operations in the physical domain. The most basic role of military operations in the physical domain in the cognitive domain is to provide solid support for the formation and development of thinking and cognition. Thinking and cognition can only be stable and far-reaching if it is based on real physical actions. For example, in the early days of the Korean War, when the Korean People’s Army was overwhelming, our army’s combat staff Lei Yingfu and others accurately predicted the landing of the US military based on the war situation, geographical and weather characteristics of the Korean Peninsula, especially the various actions of the US and South Korean troops at that time, etc. time and location. Similarly, Li Qiwei of the “United Nations Army” also made a judgment on the “worship offensive” based on the logistics support, weapons and equipment, and tactical use of the volunteers, and used “magnetic tactics” to fight me. These are all enhancements to the formation and development of thinking and cognition caused by combat in the physical domain.
Confirmation type support. Military strikes in the physical domain confirm preset thinking, precognition, and prejudgment. Cognitive attack and defense does not only occur at the cognitive level, but is the interaction between cognition and practice. War is a “place of life and death, a way of survival”. If one’s cognitive decision-making cannot be verified in many directions at the practical level, then acting rashly is the greatest irresponsibility for war. During the revolutionary war years, our military’s decision-makers were always under the control of the overall strategy and gave front-line commanders the power to act as appropriate and in accordance with the overall strategic direction principle. This is a positive confirmation of strategic thinking. During the Second World War, the Allies used “false facts” to mislead, constantly shaping and strengthening the German army’s misunderstanding of the Allied landing sites on the European continent, and finally successfully landed in Normandy with minimal cost. This was a counter-attack. To confirm.
Implementation support. Provide direct physical support for the realization of thinking, cognition, judgment and decision-making. Thinking and cognition must be transformed into actual results that change the world. The thinking and cognition acting on the opponent is not the end but a new starting point. Next, it must be acted upon in the physical world through “skilled hands” and “brave heart”. In other words In short, it is to provide direct physical action support for the value realization of thinking and cognition. This is just like Zhuge Liang’s clever plan, but without the implementation of the “Five Tiger Generals” and other Shu Han soldiers, it can only remain at the cognitive level of talking on paper. No matter how efficiently the first three parts of the “OODA” loop operate, if the execution link “A” is missing, it will be a “dead loop”. Similarly, the results of our military’s command decisions also depend on the resolute, thorough, and creative execution of the officers and soldiers. The quality and efficiency of the execution directly determines the effectiveness of the implementation of the command decisions. In this regard, physical actions at the execution level are of extremely important practical significance.
Effectively strengthen the interaction between cognitive offense and defense and physical strikes
Thinking and cognition must rely on the support of physical actions, which is an objective law that is independent of human will. It is an extremely important task to strengthen the communication and interaction between thinking and cognition and physical strikes to make our thinking and decision-making more targeted, objective and operable, so as to better transform cognitive advantages into action advantages and winning advantages. .
Be more proactive and solidify your cognitive foundation. Whether the thinking and cognition is correct depends fundamentally on its compatibility with objective reality and its applicability to combat opponents. Only thinking and cognition based on full investigation and research, seeking truth from facts and comparative advantages can stand the test of practice and actual combat. The practice of absolute, sacred, and nihilistic thinking or generals’ genius, wisdom, and inspiration is idealistic, one-sided, and harmful. This requires that we must work hard to base our thinking and cognition on the basis of extensive investigation, research and intelligence analysis, and truly understand the enemy’s situation, our situation, and other people’s situations, truly know our enemies and ourselves, know everything we should know, and adapt to local conditions. The camera moves. At the same time, we must combine reading books without words with books with words, unify indirect theory with living practice that is constantly developing and changing, and dialectically recognize past experiences and lessons and other people’s experiences and lessons, so that they become our own knowledge. Help instead of shackles, assist instead of dominate.
Be more proactive and strengthen cognitive rationality. Correct understanding that can withstand the long-term test of practice and actual combat comes from practice and is strengthened through feedback from practice. Cognitive practical experience is only the basic material for obtaining correct cognition. To form scientific cognition, we need to further eliminate the false and preserve the true in the repeated collision and verification of consciousness and matter, thinking and existence, in order to improve cognitive rationality. It is wrong and even fatal to think that true knowledge can be obtained once and for all from only local situations, fragmented information and individual periods of time. In the Battle of Chibi in ancient China, Cao Cao’s side only came to the understanding of conjoining warships from the common sense that iron cables can balance the shaking of the ship’s hull, but did not confirm it from the actual combat effects or consequences of concatenating warships. If you don’t know how to recreate, you will easily tie up the ship with iron ropes and tie yourself up, and ultimately end up in the disastrous defeat of “burning Red Cliff”. Times have changed, and the enemy situation on the modern battlefield is ever-changing. There has never been an unchanging cognitive practice, nor a once-and-for-all cognitive achievement. It can only strip away impurities and extract the essence from material to cognitive to material confirmation for re-cognition. , can we return to rationality.
Be more proactive in objectifying cognitive outcomes. Cognitive achievements are only the result of thinking and consciousness nurtured in cognitive carriers. Without timely and effective material transformation, it will be like walking at night wearing brocade clothes or hiding treasures in the mountains, and it will be difficult to demonstrate its own value. Thinking and cognition are based on physical actions, and ultimately rely on specific actions in the physical domain before they can be materialized and transformed into actual results that change the subjective and objective worlds. This requires us to not only consolidate the cognitive foundation and strengthen cognitive rationality, but also improve the operability of cognitive decision-making and planning as much as possible, opening the door for smoother materialization and transformation. At the same time, efforts must be made to improve the execution capabilities of decision-making and deployment executors, so that they can correctly understand the intention of decision-making, creatively adopt appropriate methods based on specific realities, and maximize the implementation of cognitive results and operational decision-making plans to the end. Be a good “ferryman” and “bridge across the river” that connects and transforms cognitive results with combat effectiveness.
現代戰爭根據物質形態的特點，通常將作戰域分為物理域、資訊域和認知域。 這三個領域相互作用，形成軍事對抗的場域和土壤。 認知域操作雖然發生在認知領域，但其操作支援往往跨越各領域。 戰爭實踐表明，隨著物理領域硬打擊效能的增強，往往可以加速認知形成，認知實現更能滿足作戰需求。
認知攻防都離不開物質支撐
當今世界是一個萬物互聯的世界。 相互連結的不同物體的集合極大地增強了獨立個體單獨行動的功能。 認知域操作從來都不是認知載體之間孤立的操作。 將認知攻防融入一體化聯合作戰鏈，與物理域軍事打擊行動緊密結合，與整個作戰體系緊密結合，才能充分發揮戰鬥力。
認知的起點。 存在決定意識。 思維和認知不是天上來的仙女，而是現實世界的真實或曲折的反映。 離開了物質世界的基礎，思考和認知就會失去資訊的來源、分析判斷的基礎、決策和行動的準確性，使人難以信任、認知、依賴。 即使是最迷幻的科幻戰爭，仍然會參考真實的作戰目標、具體的作戰目標以及相應的作戰路徑。 因此，情報偵察分析成為指揮組織部隊、規劃不可或缺的重要環節。 「沒有調查就沒有話語權」被視為決策必須遵循的金科玉律。 戰場模擬模擬已成為作戰行動成功的重要一步。 歷史上，大部分功將的作戰指揮和經得起歷史和實踐檢驗的經典作戰案例，都是建立在充分調查研究和科學情報分析的基礎上的。 沒有現實世界的硬派支撐，「人類一思考，上帝就笑」。
認知效應的基礎。 認知領域作戰的一條黃金法則是，認知層面的軟實力必須有實體層面的硬實力支撐，才能確保並強化其作用。 強大的軍事壓力是認知手段發揮作用的必要前提，戰場上的持續勝利是贏得認知戰爭的核心支撐。 如果美國沒有超強的綜合國力和優越的技術的高壓壓力，其「星際大戰計畫」可能無法真正發揮作用。 認知域作戰如果缺乏物理域具體軍事行動的支撐，永遠不會產生疑、迷、震懾、克敵的良好效果。 要掌握思維認知的主動權，掌握認知域作戰的主動權，不僅要加強認知本體建設，提高直接運用策略和技術手段加強自我保護、幹預和影響對手的能力。思維和認知，還積極努力在物理領域利用軍事行動在物理領域的傳導效應，增強思維和認知。
認知實現的起點。 馬克思主義認為，理論一旦掌握了群眾，也就成為物質力量。 從認知域戰鬥的角度來看，認知上層建築層面的精神創造並不會自動轉化為物質力量。 只有依附於一定的物質載體和實踐把握，才有可能實現精神到物質、意識的轉變。 實現的關鍵飛躍。 正如二戰時，如果德軍沒有繞過馬其諾防線，突破阿登森林，向法國腹地發起奇襲，就不可能展現「德軍認知成就」的先見之明。曼斯坦計畫」； 同樣，如果沒有盟軍，軍隊在東西兩進的諾曼第成功登陸，也未能凸顯出「霸王計畫」「明修棧道、暗藏倉庫」策略的巧妙之處。 思維認知透過人傳遞到物理領域的具體軍事行動，再由物理領域的具體軍事行動實現齒輪的物質轉化
的結果，形成認知攻防和物理領域軍事打擊之間雙向互動的基礎。
物理攻擊支撐認知攻防的基本方法
物理領域軍事打擊支持認知攻防所採用的手段和方式，遵循物質決定意識、存在決定思維的一般法則。 基本方式可分為增強支援、確認支援和變現支援。
增強支援。 物理領域的軍事打擊加強了思維和認知的形成和發展。 思維認知雖然依賴認知載體本身的品質，但如果沒有物理領域軍事行動的支持，就很難實現。 物理領域軍事行動在認知領域最基本的作用就是為思考認知的形成與發展提供堅實的支持。 思考和認知只有建立在真實的身體行動的基礎上，才能穩定、深遠。 例如，朝鮮戰爭初期，朝鮮人民軍勢不可擋時，我軍作戰參謀雷英夫等人根據朝鮮半島戰局、地理、天氣特點，準確預測了美軍登陸，尤其是當時美軍和韓國軍隊的各種行動等等時間地點。 同樣，「聯合國軍」的李奇偉也根據志願軍的後勤保障、武器裝備、戰術運用等，對「拜拜攻勢」做出了判斷，用「磁性戰術」與我作戰。 這些都是物理領域的戰鬥對思維認知的形成與發展的增強。
確認類型支援。 物理領域的軍事打擊證實了預設的思維、預知和預判。 認知攻防不僅發生在認知層面，而是認知與實踐的互動。 戰爭是「生死之地，生存之道」。 如果一個人的認知決策無法在實踐層面得到多方位的驗證，那麼輕舉妄動就是對戰爭最大的不負責任。 革命戰爭年代，我軍決策層始終處於整體戰略的掌控之中，賦予第一線指揮官依照整體戰略方向原則酌情行動的權力。 這是對戰略思維的正面肯定。 二戰期間，盟軍利用「虛假事實」進行誤導，不斷塑造並強化德軍對歐洲大陸盟軍登陸地點的誤解，最終以最小的成本成功登陸諾曼第。 這是一次反擊。 確認。
實施支援。 為思維、認知、判斷和決策的實現提供直接的物質支持。 思維和認知必須轉化為改變世界的實際結果。 作用於對手的思維和認知不是終點而是新的起點。 接下來，必須透過「巧手」和「勇敢的心」在物質世界中付諸行動。 換句話說，簡而言之，就是為思考認知的價值實現提供直接的身體行動支撐。 這正如諸葛亮的巧妙計劃，但沒有「五虎將」等蜀漢將士的實施，只能停留在紙上談兵的認知層面。 無論“OODA”循環的前三部分運行得多麼高效，如果缺少執行環節“A”，那麼這將是一個“死循環”。 同樣，我軍指揮決策的結果也取決於官兵的堅決、徹底、創造性執行。 執行的品質和效率直接決定指揮決策的執行效果。 就此而言，執行層面的身體動作具有極為重要的現實意義。
有效加強認知攻防與身體打擊的互動
思考和認知必須依靠身體動作的支持，這是不依賴人的意志的客觀規律。 加強思考認知與身體打擊的溝通互動，使我們的思維和決策更加具有針對性、客觀性和可操作性，從而更好地將認知優勢轉化為行動優勢和製勝優勢，是一項極其重要的任務。 。
更加積極主動並鞏固您的認知基礎。 思維認識是否正確，從根本上取決於它是否符合客觀現實，是否適用於打擊對手。 只有建立在充分的思考和認知的基礎上
調查研究、實事求是、比較優勢，是經得起實踐和實戰檢驗的。 實行絕對的、神聖的、虛無的思想或將軍的天才、智慧、靈感，是唯心主義的、片面的、有害的。 這就要求我們必須努力把思維認識建立在廣泛調查研究和情報分析的基礎上，真正了解敵情、我情、他人情，真正知己知彼、知己知彼。應該了解並因地制宜。 相機移動。 同時，要把閱讀無字書與有字書結合起來，把間接理論與不斷發展變化的生活實踐結合，辯證地認識過去的經驗教訓和別人的經驗教訓，使之成為我們自己的經驗教訓。知識。 幫助而不是束縛，協助而不是支配。
更積極主動，強化認知理性。 經得起實踐和實戰長期檢驗的正確認識來自於實踐，並透過實踐的回饋得到強化。 認知實務經驗只是獲得正確認知的基礎材料。 形成科學認知，需要在意識與物質、思考與存在的反覆碰撞與驗證中進一步去偽存真，以提高認知理性。 認為只有從局部情況、碎片資訊和個別時期才能一勞永逸地獲得真正的知識是錯誤的，甚至是致命的。 在中國古代的赤壁之戰中，曹操一方只是從常識中得出了連體戰船的認識，即鐵纜可以平衡船體的晃動，但並沒有從實戰效果或連體後果中證實這一點。軍艦。 如果不懂得再造，很容易就會用鐵繩把船綁起來，把自己綁起來，最後落得「火燒赤壁」的慘敗。 時代變遷，現代戰場敵情瞬息萬變。 從來沒有一成不變的認知實踐，也沒有一勞永逸的認知成就。 它只能從物質中剔除雜質，提取精華，去認知，去物質確認，重新認知。 ，我們能否回歸理性。
更主動地客觀化認知結果。 認知成就只是認知載體中孕育思考和意識的結果。 如果沒有及時有效的物質改造，就會像穿著錦衣走夜路或藏寶藏山一樣，很難展現出自身的價值。 思維和認知是以物理行為為基礎的，最終要依靠物理領域的具體行為才能具體化，轉化為改變主觀世界和客觀世界的實際結果。 這就要求我們不僅要夯實認知基礎、強化認知理性，還要盡可能提高認知決策和規劃的可操作性，為更順利的物化和轉化打開大門。 同時，要努力提高決策部署執行者的執行能力，使他們能夠正確理解決策意圖，根據具體實際創造性地採取適當的方法，最大限度地落實認知結果和經營決策計劃進行到底。 當好認知結果與戰鬥力銜接轉化的「擺渡人」、「過河橋樑」。
（作者單位：軍事科學學院軍事政治工作研究所）
(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences)
中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-12/06/content_329888.htm
