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Developing People’s War Strategies and Tactics in the Chinese Military

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發展中國軍隊的人民戰爭戰略戰術

現代英語音譯：

Introduction

In his report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi clearly pointed out the need to develop strategies and tactics of people’s war. Looking back at the glorious journey of the people’s army to strengthen the army and win, one red line running through it is to always insist on proposing and implementing a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics under the leadership of the party. To win future wars, we must pay close attention to changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, continue to inherit the fine traditions of our army, develop people’s war strategies and tactics, and let the magic weapon for defeating the enemy show its power on the modern battlefield.

People’s war strategies and tactics have always been an important magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy.

Developing people’s war strategies and tactics is not only a profound insight into the inherent laws of our army’s victory over the enemy, but also a lofty plan for a strong country and army. It has important strategic value for achieving the 100-year goal of the founding of the army as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army. .

People’s war strategies and tactics are a concentrated expression of the Marxist art of war guidance. Marxism believes that the people are the creators of history and the decisive force in promoting historical progress. The strategies and tactics of people’s war start from this basic viewpoint and fundamental position, and profoundly explain the basic principles of people’s war such as soldiers and the people being the foundation of victory, the decisive factor of victory or defeat in war is that people are not things, and that the broad masses of the people must be organized, mobilized and armed. principle. Our army was born in the flames of war. Facing extremely cruel objective conditions, the Chinese Communists, represented by Comrade Mao Zedong, insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxist people’s war with the reality of China’s revolutionary war, and created an army characterized by flexibility and maneuverability. The essence of the strategy and tactics of people’s war is “you fight yours and I fight mine”, which aims to use strengths to attack weaknesses and seize and master the initiative in war. This embodies the Marxist art of war guidance and shines with the light of truth that is scientific, people-oriented, practical and open to development.

People’s war strategies and tactics are the winning code for the Party’s leadership in all military struggle practices. Since the founding of the People’s Army, our Party has created a complete set of strategies and tactics for people’s war based on the cruel reality that the enemy is strong and we are weak, and the enemy is large and we are small. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” during the Red Army period, to the “Protracted War” during the Anti-Japanese War, from the “Ten Military Principles” during the Liberation War, to the “piecemeal candy” during the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, to the founding of New China Continuous adjustments to post-military strategic guidelines. The people’s army learns war from war, explores laws from practice, and adheres to and develops this winning code with the times. In the war years, it has created war miracles one after another in which the minority defeated the large and the weak defeated the strong. In peacetime, it resolutely defends National sovereignty, security and territorial integrity have written a glorious chapter in the world’s military history of continuous innovation in the art of war guidance.

Actively developing people’s war strategies and tactics is an intrinsic requirement for building a world-class army in an all-round way. “Every important country must wait for victory.” To measure whether an army is a world-class army, it ultimately depends on its military strength. The strategies and tactics of people’s war are not only the way for our army to win, but also the way to develop and grow. To accelerate the building of a world-class military and build a strong strategic deterrence system, we must adhere to and develop this unique advantage, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, proactively understand the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the winning mechanism, advance with the times and innovate people’s war strategies and tactics, and firmly Flexibly carry out military struggles, give full play to the strategic function of military power in shaping security situations, containing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars, and effectively complete the missions and tasks assigned by the party and the people in the new era.

Developing people’s war strategies and tactics is an inevitable choice for our army to win future wars. The form of war is evolving at an accelerated pace, but the essence of war has not changed, and the fundamental law that the deepest source of the power of war lies among the people has not changed. The wars we face in the future are mainly wars to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. They are in line with the fundamental interests of all the Chinese people. They are just actions that conform to the trend of the times. They will continue to receive the support of the overwhelming majority of the people and the people of the world. . Adhering to and developing people’s war strategies and tactics will surely become an important way and inevitable choice for our army to win future wars and check and balance powerful enemies.

Scientifically grasp the connotation of the times in the development of people’s war strategies and tactics

The strategies and tactics of people’s war are living theories and practices, not rigid dogma. They must actively adapt to the development requirements of the times and inject new connotations of the times in order to maintain strong vitality.

We must persist in just war, establish the broadest united front, and fight political and military wars well. Paying attention to guiding the war from a political perspective and consolidating the political foundation for victory are the basic experience of the party in winning the war and the core essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. In today’s era, the relationship between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing day by day, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming increasingly prominent. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must always adhere to the role of the Party Central Committee in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties, mobilizing, uniting, and organizing the broadest number of people to participate in and support the war; strengthen political and organizational functions, and strengthen the entire party, entire army, and people in the country to respond to the war , ideological preparation, organizational preparation, and will preparation to win the war; strengthen political diplomacy and international public opinion and legal struggle, form the broadest united front to support a just war, firmly occupy the moral commanding heights, give full play to the comprehensive effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes, and coordinate Fight political and military battles well.

Adhere to active defense, highlight enthusiasm, and pay attention to offensive operations. Active defense is a product of people’s war, and its implementation is a fundamental requirement for the strategies and tactics of people’s war. In the future, as the war process accelerates, the strategic goal may be achieved in one battle or battle, which is often the first and decisive battle. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must adhere to the organic integration of defense, counterattack and offense, put more emphasis on internal and external counterattacks at the strategic level, comprehensively use elite combat forces at the beginning of the war, implement a combination of internal and external lines, resolute and fierce strategic counterattacks, and form a high-pressure counterattack situation and pressure, to defeat the feared enemy to the maximum extent, and achieve the strategic goal of using offense to assist defense, attacking later, arriving first, defeating the enemy quickly, containing it as soon as possible, and winning the war.

Adhere to asymmetrical checks and balances, you fight yours, I fight mine, use what you can to fight what you can’t. This is the soul and essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. It is a high-level summary and vivid description of the laws of war and the laws of war guidance. It reveals the laws and methods of war guidance that use inferior equipment to defeat the enemy with superior equipment. It combines flexible and maneuverable strategies with Tactics have been taken to a whole new level. Compared with the past, the modern warfare combat system is huge, with many nodes, and there are many “vital gates” that are vulnerable to attack, which provides an opportunity to implement “attacking what cannot be done with what is possible”. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must follow the winning mechanisms of modern wars, fully understand the inherent weaknesses of informatized and intelligent warfare, conduct in-depth research on the opponents’ weaknesses and Achilles’ heel, innovate core operational concepts, and step up efforts to forge new domains and new combat capabilities and means. We should practice tactics such as dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. We should not follow the enemy’s routines but focus on the enemy’s weaknesses. We should give full play to our military’s advantages and long-range attacks and create new winning advantages in “hitting with what we can but not with power”.

Persist in accumulating small victories into big victories, and be good at concentrating strength to fight annihilation wars. Our army has been at an overall disadvantage for a long time in the revolutionary war. Locally, using the strong against the weak and accumulating small victories into big victories is the key to defeating powerful enemies. Compared with the past, modern war operations are often carried out in multi-dimensional and multi-domain environments, providing a broader space for the implementation of “accumulating small victories into big victories”. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must strengthen the concept of “dispersed appearance but concentrated spirit, scattered form but unified force”, dynamically integrate many combat forces distributed on multi-dimensional battlefields, and implement local rapid concentration through efficiency integration and real-time optimization. It can carry out attacks, wide-area guerrilla raids, and carry out annihilating strikes and destructive attacks on the enemy’s key points. This not only has a hammer effect, but also can continuously consume the enemy, causing the opponent to gradually lose the initiative on the battlefield.

We must insist that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, and consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. When the army wins battles, the people are its backer. At the beginning of the founding of the army, our party regarded the revolutionary war as a struggle of the masses, emphasized that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can we carry out war, and created a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics, which is the winning code for the people’s army to remain invincible. Confrontation under conditions of informationization and intelligence is more clearly manifested as a systemic confrontation based on the overall strength of the country. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must continuously consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, make full efforts in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, culture, and diplomacy, and build powerful war capabilities that can achieve both quick and lasting strategic victory. and war potential, trapping the enemy in the vast sea of ​​people’s war.

Vigorously promote the development and innovation of people’s war strategies and tactics in the new era

In the new era, the connotation of the people’s war strategy and tactics has undergone great changes. It is necessary to strengthen the party’s centralized and unified leadership, strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose, strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen simulation training and testing, so as to gather the forward force of innovation and development.

Strengthen the Party’s centralized and unified leadership and gather the majestic strategic and tactical power of the People’s War. The party’s leadership is the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and an important guarantee for the implementation and implementation of the people’s war strategies and tactics. We must uphold the leadership of the party and mobilize and organize the people as a whole. Actively explore people’s war strategies and tactics in financial warfare, cyber warfare, cognitive domain warfare and other fields. Timely organize the masses to carry out intelligence warfare, harassment warfare, ambush warfare, etc. to flexibly contain and consume the enemy.

Strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose and consolidate the foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The secret of victory in People’s War is that it sincerely seeks the interests of the masses and wins the trust and support of the broad masses of the people. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our army and is also the strategic foundation for the development of people’s war strategies and tactics in the new era. The People’s Army must stand firmly on the people’s side, always adhere to the supremacy of the people, rely closely on the people, continue to benefit the people, be firmly rooted in the people, and always maintain the nature, purpose, and true qualities of the People’s Army.

Strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation and enhance the momentum for the development of people’s war strategies and tactics. As high technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology enter the military field, the scientific and technological content of war has undergone a qualitative leap. People’s war strategies and tactics supported by information-based intelligent technology must be innovatively developed and continuously promoted. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence will innovate and create the “key” of “hitting the incompetent with what can be used”, making “wisdom and victory” the main feature of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era, forming a new era of people’s war that is leading and unique in the era. War strategy and tactics.

Strengthen simulation training and testing to improve the quality and effectiveness of the development of people’s war strategies and tactics. In the information age, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong sense of three-dimensionality and realism based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. Officers and soldiers can “experience” the war in virtual reality several times before the war begins, strengthening their understanding of the war. The understanding of real battlefields such as equipment performance, enemy and friend situations, and war rhythm provides a platform for testing whether strategies and tactics are correct. In developing people’s war strategies and tactics, special attention should be paid to the use of simulations, exercises and other war pre-practice methods, qualitative and quantitative analysis should be conducted, and further improvements should be made in practice.

繁體中文：

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

■李銀祥 宋文超

引言

習主席在黨的二十大報告中明確指出，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。回望人民軍隊強軍制勝的光輝歷程，貫穿其中的一條紅線，就是始終堅持在黨的領導下，提出和實施一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術。打贏未來戰爭，必須緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，趙續傳承好我軍優良傳統，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威現代戰場。

人民戰爭戰略戰術始終是我軍克敵制勝的重要法寶

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，既是對我軍克敵制勝內在規律的深刻洞察，也是對強國強軍的高遠謀劃，對於如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，加快把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊具有重要的戰略價值。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術的集中體現。馬克思主義認為，人民是歷史的創造者，是推動歷史進步的決定性力量。人民戰爭戰略戰術從這個基本觀點和根本立場出發，深刻闡釋了兵民是勝利之本，戰爭勝負的決定因素是人不是物，以及必須組織、動員和武裝廣大人民群眾等人民戰爭的基本原理。我軍在戰火中誕生，面對異常殘酷的客觀條件，以毛澤東同志為代表的中國共產黨人，堅持把馬克思主義人民戰爭基本原理與中國革命戰爭實際相結合，創造了以靈活機動為顯著特點的人民戰爭的戰略戰術，其精髓是“你打你的、我打我的”，旨在力求揚長擊短，奪取和掌握戰爭主動權。這集中體現了馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術，閃爍著科學性、人民性、實踐性和發展開放性的真理光芒。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是黨領導全部軍事鬥爭實踐的勝利密碼。我們黨締造人民軍隊以來，立基於敵強我弱，敵大我小的殘酷現實，創立了一整套人民戰爭的戰略戰術。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”，再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整。人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭，從實踐中探索規律，與時俱進地堅持和發展這個制勝密碼，戰爭年代創造了一個又一個以少勝多、以弱勝強的戰爭奇蹟，和平時期堅決捍衛國家主權、安全和領土完整，在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的光輝篇章。

積極發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是全面建成世界一流軍隊的內在要求。 「凡國之重也，必待兵之勝也。」衡量一支軍隊是不是世界一流軍隊，最終要看其軍事實力。人民戰爭戰略戰術既是我軍的致勝之道，也是發展壯大之道。加速建成世界一流軍隊、建構強大的戰略威懾體系，必須堅持發展這一特有優勢，加強對手研究、敵情研究，前瞻認識現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理，與時俱進創新人民戰爭戰略戰術，堅定靈活進行軍事鬥爭，充分發揮軍事力量塑造安全態勢，遏止危機衝突，贏得局部戰爭的戰略功能，實際完成好黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是我軍打贏未來戰爭的必然選擇。戰爭形態加速演變，但戰爭的本質沒有變，戰爭偉力之最深厚根源存在於民眾之中這一根本規律沒有改變。我們未來面對的戰爭，主要是捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰爭，符合全體中國人民的根本利益，是順應時代潮流的正義之舉，必將繼續得到最廣大人民群眾和世界人民的支持。堅持並發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必將成為我軍打贏未來戰爭、制衡強敵的重要途徑和必然選擇。

科學掌握人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的時代內涵

人民戰爭戰略戰術，是活的理論和實踐，不是死板的教條，必須主動順應時代發展要求，注入新的時代內涵，才能保持強大旺盛的生命力。

堅持正義戰爭，建立最廣泛的統一戰線，打好政治軍事仗。注重從政治高度指導戰爭，夯實制勝的政治基礎，是黨奪取戰爭勝利的基本經驗，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術的核心要義。在當今時代，軍事和政治的聯繫更加緊密，在戰略層面的相關性和整體性日益增強，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制日益突出。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須始終堅持黨中央統攬全局、協調各方的作用，動員、團結、組織最廣大人民參與、支持戰爭；增強政治功能和組織功能，強化全黨全軍全國人民應對戰爭、打贏戰爭的思想準備、組織準備、意志準備；加強政治外交和國際輿論法理鬥爭，形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛統一戰線，牢牢佔領道義制高點，發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能，統籌打好政治軍事仗。

堅持積極防禦，突顯積極性，重視攻勢作戰。積極防禦是人民戰爭的產物，實行積極防禦是人民戰爭戰略戰術的根本要求。未來戰爭進程加快，可能一場戰役或戰鬥就能達成戰略目的，往往是首戰即決戰。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要堅持將防禦、反攻和進攻有機結合，更加強調戰略層次的內外線反擊，在戰爭伊始就綜合運用精銳作戰力量，實施內外線結合、堅決凌厲的戰略反擊，形成高壓反擊態勢與壓力，盡量打痛打怕敵人，達到以攻助防、後發先至，速戰制敵、盡快遏制、打贏戰爭的戰略目的。

堅持非對稱制衡，你打你的，我打我的，以能擊不能。這是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓，是對戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律的高度概括和生動描述，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰體系龐大、節點眾多，存在許多易受攻擊的“命門”，為實施“以能擊不能”提供了契機。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，充分認清資訊化智能化戰爭本身的固有弱點，深入研究對手的軟肋和死穴，創新核心作戰概念，加緊鍛造新域新質作戰能力手段，錘鍊降維打擊、非對稱打擊等戰法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在「以能擊不能」中創造新的致勝優勢。

堅持積小勝為大勝，善於集中力量打殲滅戰。我軍在革命戰爭中長期處於全局的劣勢地位，局部上以強對弱、積小勝為大勝，是戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開，為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要強化「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的概念，將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，透過效能融合、即時聚優，實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾，對敵分佈的要點實施殲滅性打擊、破壞性襲擊，這既有重錘效應，又能不斷消耗敵人，使對手逐步喪失戰場主動權。

堅持兵民是勝利之本，鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力。軍隊打勝仗，人民是靠山。建軍開始，我們黨就把革命戰爭視為群眾的鬥爭，強調只有動員和依靠群眾才能進行戰爭，並創造了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊立於不敗之地的製勝密碼。在資訊化智能化條件下的對抗，更鮮明地表現為以國家整體實力為基礎的體系對抗。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要不斷鞏固提升一體化國家戰略體系與能力，在政治、軍事、經濟、文化、外交等多維度全面發力，建構起既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力，陷敵於人民戰爭的汪洋大海。

大力推動新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展創新

新時代，人民戰爭戰略戰術的內涵發生了很大變化，必須加強黨的集中統一領導，加強實踐根本宗旨，加強科技創新驅動，加強模擬演訓檢驗，才能匯聚起創新發展的前行力量。

加強黨的集中統一領導，匯聚人民戰爭戰略戰術磅礴偉力。黨的領導是中國特色社會主義制度的最大優勢，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術得以體現和實施的重要保證。必須堅持黨的領導，把人民整體動員起來、組織起來。積極探索金融戰、網路戰、認知域作戰等領域的人民戰爭戰略戰術。適時組織人民群眾進行情報戰、襲擾戰、伏擊戰等，靈活牽制、消耗敵人。

加強實踐根本宗旨，夯實人民戰爭戰略戰術發展根基。人民戰爭的致勝奧秘，就在於它真心實意地為群眾謀利益，贏得了廣大人民群眾的信賴和支持。全心全意為人民服務是我軍的根本宗旨，也是新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的戰略根基。人民軍隊必須站穩人民立場，始終堅持人民至上，緊緊依靠人民，不斷造福人民，牢牢植根人民，永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

加強科技創新驅動，增強人民戰爭戰略戰術發展動力。隨著人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等高新技術進入軍事領域，戰爭的科技含量已發生質的飛躍，必須創新發展以資訊化智慧化技術為支撐的人民戰爭戰略戰術，持續推進機械化資訊化智慧融合發展，創新創造“以能擊不能”的“密鑰”，讓“智勝”成為新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的主要特徵，形成具有時代性引領性獨特性的新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

加強模擬演訓檢驗，提升人民戰爭戰略戰術發展質效。資訊時代，利用虛擬實境技術可基於實際的戰場環境，以及任務背景創造具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景，官兵在戰爭開始前就可以在虛擬實境中數次「親歷」戰爭，加強對裝備性能、敵我情況、戰爭節奏等真實戰場的了解，這就給戰略戰術正確與否提供了檢驗平台。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，應特別重視運用模擬、演習等戰爭預實踐手段，對其進行定性與定量分析，並在實踐中進一步加以完善。

解放軍原文參考：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926056.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military Winning Weapon of Cognitive Operations is Intelligent Algorithms

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中國軍隊認知作戰制勝武器是智慧演算法

現代英文音譯：

In the era of intelligence, intelligent algorithms, as the underlying logic and implementation means for information generation, distribution, dissemination, and reception, determine the form and presentation of information. In future wars, the expansion of the application boundaries of intelligent algorithms and the development of application scenarios will promote the update and iteration of cognitive domain combat tactics. Clarifying the mechanism and implementation path of intelligent algorithms and cognitive confrontation is of great significance for innovating cognitive domain combat tactics with the help of intelligent algorithms. .

The mechanism of how intelligent algorithms influence cognitive confrontation

Intelligent algorithms can formulate optimal information recommendation strategies through comprehensive analysis and calculation of users’ personal identity, psychological characteristics, behavioral habits, interests and preferences, etc., and then use specific information to affect target cognition, and ultimately affect their real-life behavior.

Draw a portrait of your target users. The essence of user portraits is to label users to form a specific identity. Tags are similar to “pixels” in digital portraits. The more comprehensive the data is obtained, the more precise the tag description will be, and the more realistic the reflection of user behavior characteristics will be. Foreign militaries believe that in cognitive domain operations, technical means such as web crawlers and log mining are widely used to obtain basic information data, financial data, communication data, etc. of target objects. On this basis, using intelligent algorithms to deeply mine these data can systematically analyze the interests, hobbies, behavioral habits, and interpersonal relationships of the target object, and then determine its value orientation. Afterwards, by constructing multi-dimensional label vectors, clustering similar individuals, and analyzing group characteristics with similar characteristics, a group target portrait can be formed, which can be used as the basis and starting point for cognitive shaping.

Achieve personalized information customization. Adopting “divide and conquer” for different individuals and groups is the advantage of intelligent algorithms, and it is also the proper meaning of cognitive shaping. Relying on social media platforms and search engines to carry out personalized push for specific objects can greatly improve the acceptance of the target objects and avoid idling and internal consumption of information during the dissemination process. In this process, the “information cocoon” effect will further narrow the target object’s perception range, leaving it in a relatively closed information environment for a long time, thus actively accepting one-sided information. At the same time, homogeneous information will further strengthen the shaping effect. Under the combined effect of convergence psychology and group pressure, the target object may gradually lose basic logic and value judgment capabilities, thus subtly forming the cognition carefully set by the initiator. .

Demonstrate specific real-life behaviors. Cognition is the premise of behavior, and behavior reacts on cognition. Intelligent algorithms can constrain and induce real-life behavior by directional shaping of the stance and value tendencies of specific objects on political, military operations, social and other issues. The foreign military believes that by disseminating special ideas to the public, it can lead to social disorder and loss of control. For key individuals, through strategies such as controlling the brain, attacking the heart, and seizing the will, they will make mistakes in their judgment of the country’s strategic direction, doubt the war decision-making, and be negative and pessimistic about the direction of the war, thus producing the effect of “conquering the enemy without fighting.” Practice has proven that target cognitive orientation reshaping highlights specific real-life behaviors, and dynamic changes in real-life behaviors trigger real-time adjustments to user portraits, which in turn drives the adjustment and update of recommendation strategies, forming a complete closed feedback loop.

Intelligent algorithms influence the implementation path of cognitive confrontation

Intelligent algorithms have the characteristics of encapsulation and transplantation, data sharing, fast calculation, autonomous learning, etc., and there is a natural fit between them and cognitive confrontation.

Promote the coupling of confrontational forms of peace and war. The dissemination of information across time boundaries leads to conflicts in cognitive space at all times, and the time scale may vary from seconds to decades. In peacetime, the most important characteristics of cognitive confrontation tactics are concealment and long-term nature, while in wartime they are suppressive and urgent. Intelligent algorithms can further promote the coupling of peace and war in the form of cognitive confrontation through information sharing, situation updating and strategy inheritance. Based on peacetime information and wartime intelligence, comprehensive analysis and judgment of the enemy’s situation, our situation, and the battlefield environment can be automatically calculated to draw conclusions on the strengths, weaknesses, key points, and difficulties of the confrontation; based on mathematical modeling and machine learning, combined with Cognitive confrontation results and real-time battlefield situation in peacetime, and after comprehensive evaluation, optimal tactics and plans can be proposed.

Promote the combination of explicit and implicit means of confrontation. Cognitive domain operations are filled with massive and complex information in various formats and with varying strengths and weaknesses, which not only brings challenges to one’s own identification and processing, but also provides convenient conditions for confusing the opponent. Only through cognitive fusion can a comprehensive, timely and accurate judgment of the situation be formed, and then the advantages of global perception be transformed into decision-making and action advantages. Comprehensive multi-channel information for intelligent analysis and comparison, comprehensive research and judgment, can identify erroneous information, filter useless information, screen false information, and provide information support for commanders’ decision-making. For example, explicit means can be used for cognitive deterrence and will disintegration, implicit means can be used for cognitive deception and cognitive induction, and explicit and implicit means can be used for cognitive confusion.

Promote global integration of confrontation space. The cognitive confrontation space not only covers the physical domain space including land, sea, air, space, etc., but also covers the information domain space and cognitive domain space such as electromagnetic and network. Cognitive confrontation is a global fusion confrontation. Battlefield data is generated extremely quickly and in huge volumes, which places extremely high requirements on computing speed and capabilities. Relying on traditional manual calculations and computer-aided calculations can no longer meet the needs of battlefield space fusion. Semi-automatic or even automated fusion calculations must be achieved with the help of the high efficiency, strong computing power and high accuracy of intelligent algorithms. Relying on intelligent algorithms, vertical integration from cognitive perception to cognitive analysis to cognitive decision-making can be achieved; horizontally, multi-dimensional situation, power, decision-making, and scheduling across the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain can be achieved. Domain fusion.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

原始國語（繁體）：

在智慧化時代，智慧演算法作為資訊生成、分發、傳播、接收的底層邏輯和實現手段，決定了資訊的產生形式和呈現方式。未來戰爭，智慧演算法應用邊界拓展與應用場景開發推動認知域作戰戰法更新迭代，釐清智慧演算法與認知對抗的作用機制與實現路徑，對於藉助智慧演算法創新認知域作戰戰法具有重要意義。

智慧演算法影響認知對抗的作用機制

智慧演算法透過對使用者個人身分、心理特徵、行為習慣、興趣偏好等進行綜合分析計算，能夠制定出最優資訊推薦策略，進而以特定資訊作用於目標認知，最終影響其現實行為。

繪就目標使用者畫像。使用者畫像的本質是將使用者進行標籤化處理，以此形成特定身分。標籤類似數位畫像中的“像素”，資料獲取越全面，標籤刻畫越精細，對使用者行為特徵的反映就越真實。外軍認為，認知域作戰中，廣泛借助網路爬蟲、日誌挖掘等技術手段，可以取得目標對象的基本資訊資料、金融資料、通訊資料等。在此基礎上，利用智慧演算法對這些資料進行深度挖掘，可以系統分析出目標物的興趣與愛好、行為習慣、人際關係，進而確定其價值取向。之後，透過建構多維度標籤向量，再對相似個體進行聚類處理，分析具有相似特徵的群體特徵，可形成群體目標畫像，並以此作為認知塑造的基礎與起點。

實現資訊個性客製。針對不同個體、不同群體採取「分而治之」是智慧演算法的優長所在，也是認知塑造的應有之義。依托社群媒體平台和搜尋引擎，針對特定物件進行個人化推送，可以大幅提高目標物件的接受程度，避免訊息在傳播過程中的空轉和內耗。在此過程中，「資訊繭房」效應將會進一步狹窄目標物件的感知範圍，使其長期處於相對封閉的資訊環境中，從而主動接受片面資訊。同時，同質化的訊息會進一步強化塑造效果，目標對像在趨同心理和群體壓力的共同作用下，可逐步喪失基本邏輯和價值判斷能力，從而潛移默化中形成發起方為其精細設定的認知。

彰顯特定現實行為。認知是行為的前提，而行為又反作用於認知。智慧演算法透過對特定對象政治、軍事行動和社會等議題的立場和價值傾向進行定向塑造，可以實現對現實行為的約束和誘導。外軍認為，透過對社會大眾傳播特殊理念，導致社會失序失控。而對於關鍵個人，透過採取控腦攻心奪誌等策略，使其對於國家戰略方向研判錯誤，對於戰爭決策感到懷疑，對於戰爭走向消極悲觀，從而產生「不戰而屈人之兵」的效果。實務證明，目標認知定向重塑彰顯現實特定行為，現實行為動態改變引發使用者畫像即時調整，進而帶動推薦策略調整更新，形成了完整的閉合回饋迴路。

智慧演算法影響認知對抗的實現路徑

智慧演算法具有封裝移植、資料共享、快速運算、自主學習等特徵，與認知對抗之間存在天然的契合性。

促進對抗形式平戰耦合。跨越時間界限的訊息傳播導致認知空間的衝突無時不在，時間尺度可能從數秒到數十年不等。在平時，認知對抗戰法最主要的特徵是隱蔽性和長期性，戰時則表現為壓制性和急迫性。智慧演算法透過資訊共享、態勢更新和策略繼承，可進一步促進認知對抗形式的平戰耦合。基於平時資訊與戰時情報，對敵情、我情、戰場環境進行全方位分析研判，可以自動計算得出對抗強點、弱點、重點、難點等方面的結論；基於數學建模和機器學習，結合平時認知對抗成果和戰場即時態勢，經過綜合評估，可以提出最優戰法和方案。

促進對抗手段顯隱結合。認知域作戰，海量、繁雜的資訊充斥其中，樣式多樣、優劣不齊，為己方辨識處理帶來挑戰的同時，也為迷惑對手提供了便利條件。只有透過認知融合才能形成對態勢的全面、及時、準確的判斷，進而將全域感知優勢轉化為決策優勢與行動優勢。綜合多通路資訊進行智慧分析比較、綜合研判，能辨識錯誤訊息、過濾無用資訊、甄別不實訊息，為指揮決策提供資訊支撐。如可採取顯性手段進行認知威懾與意志瓦解，採取隱性手段進行認知欺騙及認知誘導，並採取顯隱結合方式進行認知迷惑等。

促進對抗空間全局融合。認知對抗空間不僅涵蓋了包含陸、海、空、天等物理域空間，也涵蓋電磁、網路等資訊域空間和認知域空間。認知對抗是全局融合對抗，戰場數據生成速度極快、體量巨大，對於計算的速度和能力提出了極高要求。依靠傳統的人工運算、電腦輔助運算的模式已無法滿足戰場空間融合的需求，必須藉助智慧演算法的高效率、強算力和高準確性實現半自動化乃至自動化的融合計算。依托智慧演算法，縱向上可以實現從認知感知到認知分析，再到認知決策的全程融合；橫向上可以實現物理域、資訊域和認知域多維度態勢、力量、決策、調度的跨域融合。

中國軍事原文來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/21/content_33888.htm?&tsrltndkrnt

Asymmetric Warfare, China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military Will Win the Initiative Globally Building Cognitive Domain Combat Arms Science

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中國軍隊將贏得全球認知領域作戰武器科學建構倡議

現代英語音譯：

Cognitive domain operations, as an ancient but emerging military practice, continue to develop in the wave of the world’s new military revolution. Constructing our military’s cognitive domain combat science is of positive significance to building a world-class military.

Statement of the Problem

Cognitive domain warfare has existed since ancient times and has almost run through thousands of years of human war history. It’s just that there was no such thing as cognitive domain warfare at that time. Instead, it was called “mind attack” and “mental warfare” by military strategists. In the 20th century, with the development of science and technology, cognitive domain operations have unique advantages, showing the characteristics of “fighting at all times and without declaring war”. Cognitive domain operations have become the ultimate domain of great power games and military confrontations, and are the highest level of modern war control.

The development of military science has its own inherent laws. The construction of our military’s cognitive domain combat science is a process that follows the development laws of military science. First of all, cognitive domain operations have strong characteristics of the times. With the development of science and technology, especially the application of science and technology such as biology, medicine, artificial intelligence, and information communication in the field of warfare, the ways to control people’s will, thinking, psychology, emotions and other cognitive systems have become more diverse and flexible. Secondly, cognitive domain operations have become the main battlefield of modern warfare. Recent local wars, especially the Russia-Ukraine conflict, have shown a new style of cognitive domain operations – cognitive domain operations have entered the war stage as an independent domain and have Established a certain theoretical and material basis.

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to build the People’s Army into a world-class army by the middle of this century. To build a world-class military, it is necessary to enrich the basic connotation of “first-class” and enhance the value standard of “first-class”, and cognitive factors are indispensable elements. By constructing cognitive domain operations science, it is conducive to accelerating the overall reshaping of the military organizational form under the guidance of cognitive domain operations theory; it is conducive to correctly understanding the characteristics and laws of cognitive domain operations, and accelerating the development, utilization and implementation of cognitive domain operations means. The pace of improvement is conducive to actively taking effective measures and innovating techniques, tactics and styles of cognitive domain operations.

connotation and denotation

The advanced combat theory is an important indicator of the strength of an army’s combat effectiveness. To build our military’s cognitive domain combat science, we insist on putting ourselves first and innovating independently. On the one hand, we are based on our country’s reality, inherit and carry forward the profound wisdom of Chinese military science and our military’s unique political advantages, and at the same time, actively absorb the essence of foreign military culture.

Conceptual definition of cognitive domain warfare research. The fresh content and new characteristics of cognitive domain operations determine the new nature of cognitive domain operations science. As the core support of cognitive domain warfare, it is first necessary to clarify some key concepts of cognitive domain warfare research. One is about “cognition”. Cognition refers to the process by which the human brain or people use cognitive tools to receive, encode, store, exchange, retrieve, extract and use information. It is the subjective construction of information by cognitive subjects. This process can be broken down into four parts: perception, memory, control and reaction. The corresponding cognitive system can also be divided into four systems: perception, memory, control and reaction. The second is about the “cognitive domain”. With the introduction of the concept of “cognition” into the military field, modern warfare has formed three major combat dimensions: the physical domain, the information domain, and the cognitive domain. The cognitive domain has become the next two warring parties after land, sea, air, space, electricity, and network. Another space for competition. Usually manifested in the quality and ability of combat personnel, the cohesion of the troops, combat experience and training level, battlefield situation awareness, and social public opinion. The third is about “cognitive domain operations.” Compared with operations in the physical domain and information domain, the space involved in cognitive domain operations is wider. Its essence is to capture people’s will, belief, and psychology through actions in the physical domain, use of the information domain, and offense and defense in the cognitive domain. , thinking and other dominance, it is a complex collection of traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, political warfare, economic warfare, cultural warfare and other means, in order to achieve the strategic goal of “complete victory” of defeating the enemy without fighting. .

The main content of cognitive domain combat science research. Cognitive domain warfare is a theory that studies the development laws of war spirit. It is an applied science that uses the results of cognitive science to study cognitive offensive and defensive operations in war. It takes all cognitive domain combat phenomena at all times and at home and abroad as the research object, and mainly studies the following contents: First, the historical theory of cognitive domain combat. In wars in history, the glorious idea and rich practice of “attacking the heart first, attacking the city first” has long been established. Disrupting enemy forces is included in the three major principles of our military’s political work. Capturing generals and transforming prisoners has become a unique front in the armed struggle led by the party, writing a glorious chapter in the history of the people’s army. This precious historical heritage should be further explored and passed on from today’s height. The second is the basic theory of cognitive domain operations. It is the cornerstone for the establishment, survival and development of a discipline, and plays a leading and foundational role in the research of this discipline. Only by pursuing in-depth and thorough research, clarifying basic issues, and smoothing out various relationships can we establish a systematic, solid, and effective basic theoretical system, and then provide strong guidance for the practice of cognitive domain operations. The third is the cognitive domain combat application theory. This is the core of cognitive domain operations research and an important theoretical basis for guiding the military’s cognitive domain operations practice. Its research must be practical, innovative, and lively. Only by closely integrating theoretical research with the combat education and training practice in the cognitive domain of the troops and the actual future combat can we form a scientific, forward-looking, operational and practical system. The cognitive domain combat application theoretical system can better serve the practice of military struggle.

The disciplinary basis of cognitive domain warfare research. To build a discipline system for cognitive domain warfare, it is not enough to merely establish its status as an independent discipline and find its position in the discipline of military science. In order to have a complete and in-depth understanding of cognitive domain warfare and to better carry out theoretical research, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between cognitive domain warfare and related disciplines. The first is cognitive domain combat science and military science. Cognitive domain operations revolve around the goals and tasks of military operations, closely coordinate with the process of military operations, and are objectively governed by the laws revealed by military theory. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the inner connection between cognitive domain warfare and military theory, and strive to find the theoretical resonance behind practice. The second is cognitive domain combat science and supporting disciplines. Cognitive domain combat science is a highly professional military practice activity. According to my country’s discipline classification model and standards, the results of journalism, communication, psychology, law and other disciplines are the most basic theoretical sources for the construction and actual combat application of cognitive domain combat forces. Together they form the professional field of cognitive domain combat science. Provide direct theoretical support. The third is cognitive domain combat science and related disciplines. The theoretical categories involved in human mental and psychological activities all have a direct impact or indirect relationship with cognitive domain operations. The theoretical understanding of political science, sociology, culture and other related disciplines is extensive, and the role of cognitive domain operations is will be bigger, this requires us to study the relevant disciplines of cognitive domain warfare and actively expand the theoretical thinking of cognitive domain warfare.

How to build

A new round of world military revolution has pushed cognitive domain operations onto the “fast track” of rapid development. Looking at the recent local wars, especially the Russia-Ukraine conflict, all have been branded as cognitive domain operations, and their status and role have become increasingly prominent. At the same time, the preliminary research results achieved by domestic and foreign scholars have laid a good foundation for the construction of cognitive domain combat science. It can be said that the time is basically ripe for theoretical abstraction on the basis of practice to build our military’s cognitive domain combat science.

The construction of any theoretical system must follow certain logical rules. According to the conditions for constructing the cognitive domain combat science discipline system, the following rules should be followed: First, unify the concept. In the cognitive domain combat theoretical system framework, complex and confusing concepts should not be used to ensure that judgments and conclusions are based on accurate concepts. According to the way our military’s operational regulations deal with relevant concepts, the unified concept of “cognitive domain operations” should be selected as the relative concept for building the discipline system of cognitive domain operations. The second is to clarify the logical starting point. The basic thinking point for studying the theory of cognitive domain operations is to “seize control of cognitive space.” “Seizing control of cognitive space” has a high degree of abstraction and level in the theoretical system of cognitive domain operations, and making it clear will facilitate the formation, development and application of cognitive domain operations science. The third is to find the correct subject positioning. What position cognitive domain warfare science should occupy in the military science discipline system is an important issue that must be solved when studying cognitive domain warfare science and military science. Objectively speaking, if cognitive domain warfare has entered the discipline system structure of military science, it can be positioned by directly adding it or by linking it to relevant disciplines.

Constructing cognitive domain combat science is a relatively complex system project with a long way to go. We can focus on leadership institutions, team building, academic achievements, etc. to provide reliable guarantee for the construction of cognitive domain combat science disciplines. The first is to establish a leadership organization. Under the direct leadership of the commanding authority, an authoritative organization for the research and formulation of the cognitive domain warfare discipline system with the participation of the commanding authority, experts in various fields, and military leaders will be established to be responsible for the research, demonstration, and overall planning of the cognitive domain warfare discipline system. The second is to strengthen team building. The key and core of building a discipline is the construction of academic teams. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of professional teams for cognitive domain warfare research and provide talent support for the construction and improvement of cognitive domain warfare disciplines. Through training and academic exchanges, we will improve the research quality and capabilities of existing researchers and introduce leaders in this discipline who have profound academic attainments, rigorous scholarship, and innovative academic ideas. The third is to launch academic results. Give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of existing cognitive domain warfare researchers, increase research efforts, and continue to publish high-quality cognitive domain warfare theoretical research and application research works, teaching materials and academic papers, laying a solid foundation for building the cognitive domain warfare discipline. Solid academic foundation.

現代繁體中文：

問題的提出

認知域作戰古已有之，幾乎貫穿人類數千年戰爭史。只不過那時沒有認知域作戰的說法，而是被兵家稱之為「攻心術」「心戰」。到了20世紀，隨著科學技術發展，認知域作戰具備獨特優勢，呈現出「無時不戰、不宣而戰」的特質。認知域作戰已成為大國博弈、軍事對抗的終極之域，是現代戰爭制權的最高層次。

軍事科學發展有其內在的規律，建構我軍認知域作戰學是遵循軍事科學發展法則的過程。首先，認知域作戰具有強烈的時代特徵。隨著科學技術發展特別是生物、醫學、人工智慧以及資訊傳播等科學技術在戰爭領域的應用，控制人類的意志、思考、心理、情緒等認知系統的方式更為多元且靈活。其次，認知域作戰已成為現代戰爭主戰場，近幾場局部戰爭特別是俄烏衝突，展現認知域作戰的新樣式──認知域作戰作為獨立一域登上戰爭舞台，已經具備了一定的理論和物質基礎。

黨的十九大報告提出，到本世紀中葉將人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊。要建成世界一流軍隊，就需要豐富「一流」的基本內涵，提升「一流」的價值標準，而認知要素則是不可或缺的要件。透過建構認知域作戰學，有利於在認知域作戰理論指導下，加速軍隊組織形態整體重塑；有利於正確理解認知域作戰特徵和規律，加速認知域作戰手段的開發、利用和完善的步伐；有利於積極採取行之有效的措施，創新認知域作戰的技法、戰法和樣式。

內涵與外延

作戰理論先進是否，是一支軍隊戰鬥力強弱的重要標誌。建構我軍認知域作戰學，堅持以我為主、自主創新，一方面立足我國實際，繼承和弘揚中國兵學的深邃智慧和我軍特有的政治優勢，同時，積極吸收外國軍事文化的精髓。

認知域作戰學研究的概念界定。認知域作戰的新鮮內容與新質特色，決定了認知域作戰學的新學性質。作為認知域作戰學的核心支撐，首先需要釐清認知域作戰研究的一些關鍵概念。一是關於「認知」。認知是指人腦或人利用認知工具對資訊的接收、編碼、儲存、交換、檢索、提取和使用的過程，是認知主體對資訊的主觀建構。這個過程可分解為四個部分：知覺、記憶、控制和反應，對應的認知系統也可分為知覺、記憶、控制和反應四個系統。二是關於「認知域」。隨著「認知」概念被引入軍事領域，現代戰爭已經形成了物理域、資訊域、認知域三大作戰維度，認知域成為交戰雙方繼陸、海、空、天、電、網之後的又一較量空間。通常表現為作戰人員的素質和能力，部隊的凝聚力、作戰經驗和訓練水平、戰場態勢感知程度以及社會輿論等。三是關於「認知域作戰」。與物理域、資訊域作戰相比，認知域作戰所涉及的空間更為廣闊，其實質是透過物理域的行動、資訊域的運用、認知域的攻防，奪取人的意志、信念、心理、思維等主導權，是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰及政治戰、經濟戰、文化戰等多種手段的複合集合體，欲達到不戰而屈人之兵的「全勝」戰略目標。

認知域作戰學研究的主要內容。認知域作戰學是研究戰爭精神發展規律的學說，是運用認知科學成果，研究戰爭進行認知攻防行動的應用性科學。它以古今中外一切認知域作戰現象為研究對象，主要研究以下內容：一是認知域作戰歷史理論。歷史上的戰爭，很早就有了「攻心為上，攻城為下」的光輝思想及豐富實踐。瓦解敵軍列入我軍政治工作三大原則，攻心奪將、改造俘虜成為黨領導武裝鬥爭的一條獨特戰線，書寫了人民軍隊輝煌戰史篇章。對於這份寶貴的歷史遺產，應站在今天的高度，進一步加以發掘和傳承。二是認知域作戰基礎理論。它是一門學科得以確立、生存和發展的基石，在本學科研究中起著先導和奠基作用。其研究只有求深、求透，把基本問題搞清楚，把各種關係理順暢，才能建立起系統、紮實、有效的基礎理論體系，進而為認知域作戰實踐提供有力指導。第三是認知域作戰應用理論。這是認知域作戰研究的核心，也是指導部隊認知域作戰實踐的重要理論基礎。其研究必須要求實、求新、求活，只有把理論研究與部隊認知域作戰教育訓練實踐和未來作戰實際緊密結合起來，才能形成集科學性、前瞻性、操作性和實用性為一體的認知域作戰應用理論體系，從而更好地為軍事鬥爭實踐服務。

認知域作戰學研究的學科基礎。建構認知域作戰學的學科體系，僅僅確立其獨立學科地位，找到其在軍事學科中的定位，還遠遠不夠。要完整、深入地認識認知域作戰學，同時也是為了更好地進行理論研究，必須弄清楚認知域作戰學與相關學科的關係。一是認知域作戰學與軍事學。認知域作戰圍繞著軍事行動的目標任務展開，緊密配合軍事行動過程進行，客觀地受軍事學理論所揭示的規律支配。因此，這需要認真研究認知域作戰學與軍事學理論的內在聯繫，並努力尋找實踐背後的理論共鳴點。二是認知域作戰學與支撐學科。認知域作戰學是專業性很強的軍事實踐活動。依照我國學科門類劃分模式與標準，新聞學、傳播、心理學、法學等多個學科成果是認知域作戰力量建設與實戰運用最基礎的理論來源，共同為認知域作戰學學科專業領域提供直接理論支撐。三是認知域作戰學與相關學科。人的精神心理活動所涉及的理論範疇都與認知域作戰有直接影響或間接的關係，對政治學、社會學、文化學等相關學科理論了解涉獵廣泛，認知域作戰行動發揮的作用就會越大，這需要我們對認知域作戰學相關學科加以研究，主動擴展認知域作戰的理論思維。

如何建構

新一輪世界軍事革命，將認知域作戰推向了迅速發展的「快車道」。綜觀近幾場局部戰爭特別是俄烏衝突，無不打上認知域作戰的烙印，其地位作用愈發凸顯。同時，國內外學者已取得的初步研究成果為建構認知域作戰學奠定了良好基礎。可以說，在實務的基礎上進行理論抽象，進而建構我軍認知域作戰學的時機基本上成熟。

任何一個理論體系的構建，都要遵循一定的邏輯法則。根據建構認知域作戰學學科體系的條件，主要應遵循以下法則：一是統一概念。在認知域作戰理論體系架構結構中，不應使用龐雜的、容易造成混亂的概念，以確保判斷和結論建立在準確的概念上。根據我軍作戰法規對相關概念的處理方法，應選定統一的「認知域作戰」概念作為建構認知域作戰學學科體系的相對概念。二是明確邏輯起點。研究認知域作戰理論的思考基點，就是「奪取認知空間制權」。 「奪取認知空間制權」在認知域作戰理論體系中具有較高的抽象性與層次性，予以明確便於認知域作戰學的形成、發展與應用。三是找準學科定位。認知域作戰學在軍事學科體系中應處在什麼位置，是研究認知域作戰學和軍事學必須解決的重要議題。客觀地看，認知域作戰學進入軍事學科體系結構，可以採取直接增列辦法或掛靠相關學科辦法來定位。

建構認知域作戰學是一個較為複雜的系統工程，任重道遠。可以從領導機構、團隊建立、學術成果等方面著力，為建構認知域作戰學學科提供可靠保障。一是成立領導機構。在統率機關的直接領導下，成立由統率機關、各方面專家和部隊領導參與的認知域作戰學科體系研究和製定的權威機構，負責對認知域作戰學科體系的研究論證和統籌。二是加強隊伍建設。建構學科的關鍵和核心是學術團隊的建構。要加強認知域作戰研究專業隊伍建設，為建構和完善認知域作戰學學科提供人才支援。透過訓練和學術交流，提升現有研究人員的研究素質和能力，推出學術造詣深、治學嚴謹、具有創新學術思想的本學科領導者。三是推出學術成果。充分發揮現有認知域作戰研究人員的積極性和創造性，加強研究力度，持續推出高品質的認知域作戰理論研究和應用研究著作、教材及學術論文，為建構認知域作戰學學科打下堅實的學術基礎。

中文原文科學參考：https://www.1921.org.cn/fxzl/2022/12/17/detailed_2022121733402.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military Strategic Aims Focusing on the Cognitive Advantage Which is Becoming the Winning Advantage in High-End Warfare

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中國軍事戰略目標聚焦認知優勢 正成為高階戰爭制勝優勢

外文音譯：

Cognition is the process by which people obtain, process and apply information and knowledge. At present, the cognitive domain has gradually become a new battlefield for competition, and cognitive warfare has gradually attracted attention from all countries. With the development of the technological revolution and the expansion of warfare practice, cognitive warfare is showing an accelerated evolution trend.

Cognitive technology is becoming a fundamental driving force in the evolution of warfare. Technology changes the form of warfare and also changes the way of cognitive warfare. If the large-scale popularization of information networks has promoted the information domain to become a combat domain, and the exponential growth of data and network scale is a sign of the maturity of the information domain, then the large-scale application of cognitive technology and the continuous iterative development of cognitive technology will become A sign of maturity in driving cognitive warfare. In the future, technologies such as cognitive environment, cognitive perception, cognitive control, and artificial intelligence will reflect the transformative impact that cognitive technology may have on social cognitive confrontation and military cognitive confrontation. Humanity is entering the era of universal communication, and global cyberspace is becoming highly interconnected. The Internet has become a battle space for all-round competition between state actors and non-state actors. Communication disputes and communication wars have become part of the level of high-intensity military operations. At present, major countries in the world are deploying at the forefront of cognitive technology and launching cognitive technology competitions. Through modeling and analysis, they seek to penetrate and control human brain networks, information networks and social networks; through deep calculations, actuarial calculations, clever calculations, etc., they aim to maximize Gain control over people’s cognitive world and cognitive domains.

The cognitive domain is becoming an important battlefield in hybrid warfare. In the era of intelligence, the way humans communicate is undergoing complex and profound changes. Offline communication has given way to more online communication, various new media platforms have become the main channels for the public to understand the battlefield, and large-scale social platforms have become the main battleground for cognitive game struggles. Therefore, the combat domain of future wars will continue to expand. The spatial domain will expand from land, sea, air, and space networks to deep space, deep sea, and deep ground, while the logical domain will expand from the physical domain to the information domain and cognitive domain. War is no longer limited to the physical threats of traditional wars, but is turning to social consciousness threats brought about by mass media and technological progress. Blockade and counter-blockade, dominance and counter-dominance around communication platforms will become the focus of cognitive warfare. Using information as ammunition to fight for control of international discourse has become the main method of cognitive confrontation today. From the perspective of hybrid warfare, ideological propaganda and indoctrination, penetration of values ​​and culture, traditional public opinion psychology and legal offense and defense, and information network warfare have all become important aspects of cognitive warfare. Hybrid warfare can achieve the goal of winning in small battles or even without fighting through comprehensive gaming methods such as cognitive warfare. Attack and defense in the cognitive field will be an uninterrupted and normalized struggle, and combat effectiveness will continue to accumulate and be gradually released. .

Cognitive superiority is becoming a winning advantage in high-end warfare. Freedom of conduct in war is the lifeblood of the military. From a cognitive perspective, the deeper the understanding of the battlefield environment and combat opponents, the greater the freedom of action and the greater the relative advantage. However, with the exponential growth of combat data in wars, commanders have begun to face the cognitive dilemma of data swamp, data fog, and data overload. Having information advantage does not mean having cognitive advantage. An important military application direction of artificial intelligence technology is to process massive data in real time to help commanders get rid of cognitive overload and quickly form cognitive advantages. In intelligent warfare, cognitive advantages will dominate decision-making advantages, and decision-making advantages will dominate action advantages. Cognitive advantages have four key indicators: stronger information acquisition capabilities, faster artificial intelligence machine learning speed, more effective emergency handling capabilities, and higher capabilities to develop and apply new technologies and new knowledge. For example, public opinion warfare with new characteristics of data-driven intelligent communication and traditional military operations have been highly coordinated and integrated. This combat style that integrates virtual and real operations has stronger combat effectiveness than pure military operations, fundamentally changing traditional combat methods. Change. The linkage and superposition of cognitive advantages will accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness and become the fundamental advantage for winning wars.

Cognitive theory is becoming the frontier of gaming to win the war. Cognitive warfare is a combination of soft power and hard power and is an important factor affecting national security in today’s era. At present, the competition for penetration and counter-infiltration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control of cognitive space is fierce. Cognitive science theory is entering the military field, and concepts such as cognitive load, cognitive enhancement, cognitive immunity, and cognitive subversion are being introduced. , has appeared frequently in the field of cognitive warfare research abroad. Foreign militaries believe that the cognitive domain is the “sixth combat domain” of human warfare, the core of the “intertwined conflict fields” in the era of great power competition, and an important direction for future military theoretical innovation. Obviously, cognitive warfare has become the strategic commanding heights for winning future wars. Cognitive theory has become the frontier of theoretical innovation. Cognitive technology will accelerate cognitive warfare and become an important “tipping point” for the intelligent military revolution. As new technologies, new theories, and new styles of cognitive warfare are being incubated at an accelerated pace, perhaps future warfare will take on a surprising new situation.

原創中文軍事繁體中文：

認知是人們獲得、加工及應用資訊和知識的過程。 當前，認知域逐漸成為角逐的新戰場，認知戰也逐漸受到各國重視。 隨著科技革命的發展和戰爭實踐的拓展，認知戰正呈現加速演變趨勢。

認知科技正成為戰爭演進的基本動力。 科技改變戰爭形態，也改變認知戰方式。 如果資訊網路的大規模普及，推動了資訊域成為作戰域，資料和網路規模的指數級增長是資訊域成熟的標誌，那麼認知科技的大規模應用，認知技術不斷迭代發展，將成為 推動認知戰成熟的標誌。 未來認知環境、認知感知、認知控制、人工智慧等方面技術，將折射出認知技術對社會認知對抗、軍事認知對抗可能產生的變革性影響。 人類正進入全民傳播時代，全球網路空間正納入高度連動，網路已成為國家行為體和非國家行為體全面博弈的作戰空間，傳播之爭和傳播之戰已成為高烈度軍事行動層面的一部分。 當前世界主要國家紛紛佈局認知技術前沿，開展認知技術競賽，透過建模和分析，謀求滲透控制人腦網絡、資訊網絡和社會網絡；透過深算、精算、妙算等，旨在最大限度 把握人們的認知世界和認知域的控制權。

認知領域正成為混合戰爭的重要戰場。 智慧時代，人類溝通方式正發生複雜深刻變化。 離線交流更多讓位於線上交流，各種新媒體平台成為大眾了解戰場的主要管道，大型社群平台成為認知博弈鬥爭的主陣地。 因此，未來戰爭的作戰域將不斷拓展，空間域從陸海空天網向深空、深海、深地拓展，而邏輯域則從物理域向資訊域、認知域拓展。 戰爭不再侷限於傳統戰爭的實體威脅，而是轉向大眾媒體、科技進步所帶來的社會意識威脅。 圍繞傳播平台的封鎖與反封鎖、主導與反主導將成為認知戰爭奪的焦點，以資訊為彈藥進行國際話語控制權爭奪成為當今認知對抗的主要方式。 在混合戰爭視角下，意識形態宣傳與灌輸、價值觀與文化的滲透、傳統的輿論心理與法律攻防與資訊網絡戰等，都成為認知戰的重要面向。 混合戰爭可透過認知戰等綜合賽局手段，實現小戰甚至不戰而勝的目的，而認知領域攻防將是一場不間斷的、常態化的鬥爭，作戰效能也將持續累積、逐步釋放 。

認知優勢正成為高端戰爭的勝利優勢。 戰爭行動自由是軍隊的命脈。 從認知維度來看，對戰場環境、作戰對手認知越深，行動越自由，相對優勢就越大。 但隨著戰爭中作戰資料指數級成長，指揮人員開始面臨資料沼澤、資料迷霧、資料過載的認知困境，擁有資訊優勢並不等於擁有認知優勢。 人工智慧技術的一個重要軍事應用方向，就是即時處理大量數據，幫助指揮人員擺脫認知過載，快速形成認知優勢。 在智慧化戰爭中，認知優勢將主導決策優勢，決策優勢主導行動優勢。 認知優勢有4個關鍵指標：更強的資訊取得能力、更快的人工智慧機器學習速度、更有效的突發事件處理能力和更高的開發應用新技術新知識的能力。 例如，以數據驅動的智慧傳播為新特徵的輿論戰與傳統軍事行動已經高度協同與融合，這種虛實一體的作戰樣式具備了比單純軍事行動更強的作戰效能，使傳統作戰方式發生根本性 改變。 認知優勢的連動與疊加，將加速推進作戰效能轉化，成為戰爭制勝的根本優勢。

認知理論正成為打贏戰爭的博弈前線。 認知戰是軟實力和硬實力的結合，也是當今時代影響國家安全的重要因素。 目前，認知空間的滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制的爭奪激烈，認知科學理論正進入軍事領域，認知負荷、認知增強、認知免疫、認知顛覆等概念 ，已高頻度出現於國外認知戰研究領域。 外軍認為，認知域是人類戰爭的“第六作戰域”，是大國競爭時代“交織的衝突領域”中的核心，是未來軍事理論創新的重要方向。 顯然，認知戰已成為贏得未來戰爭的戰略制高點，認知理論已成為理論創新前沿領域，認知科技將加速推進認知戰成為智慧化軍事革命的重要「引爆點」。 由於認知戰的新技術、新理論、新樣式正處於加速孵化之中，也許未來戰爭將會呈現出令人驚詬的全新景況。

中國軍事資源：https://www.163.com/dy/article/HIE3DAV205888DPG.html

原标题：透视认知战演变趋势

来源：解放军报

作者李明海 单位：国防大学国家安全学院战争与危机应对训练中心

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Intelligent Warfare

China’s Military and Insight into the Evolution of Winning Mechanisms of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍事與智慧戰爭制勝機制演進洞察

外文音譯：

Military theorists often say that victory tends to smile on those who can foresee changes in the character of warfare, rather than on those who wait for changes to occur and then adapt. In recent years, disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence have developed rapidly and are widely used in the military field, accelerating the evolution of war into intelligence. Correspondingly, the concept of war is also changing. Only by discovering changes in time, proactively responding to changes, and actively adapting to changes can we remain invincible in future wars.

From “using the strong to defeat the weak” to “using wisdom to control the weak”

“The strong wins and the weak loses” is a certain universal law for winning wars. Even in those battles in which the weak defeat the strong, it is often necessary to form a strength advantage over the enemy locally and at a specific period of time in order to truly win. In the era of intelligent warfare, the contribution rate of intelligence superiority to combat effectiveness is much higher than other factors.

In intelligent warfare, human intelligence has widely penetrated into the combat field and been transplanted into weapon systems. All-domain, multi-dimensional, and various types of intelligent combat platforms can quickly couple combat forces, build combat systems based on mission requirements, and independently implement collaborative operations and missions. After the end, it quickly returns to the state of waiting for war, showing the trend of intelligent autonomy. The side with higher and stronger intelligence can better develop and use the “wisdom to control” mechanism, and even design wars based on this, dominate the development of the war situation, and achieve final victory. It should also be noted that in the era of intelligent warfare, there are likely to be multiple stages of development from low to high. Try to keep yourself in an advanced stage and attack the opponent to a low-dimensional stage. This is also the mechanism of “outsmarting” by using high to defeat low. Use.

From “destroying power” to “destroying cognition”

As the form of war accelerates and evolves towards intelligence, the combat space gradually expands from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, extending from the tangible battlefield to the invisible battlefield. The cognitive space composed of human spirit and psychological activities has become a new combat space. Different from the main purpose of traditional war, which is to eliminate the enemy’s physical strength, intelligent warfare will pay more attention to weakening the enemy’s morale, disintegrating the enemy’s will, and destroying the enemy’s cognition.

By intelligently analyzing the opponent’s personality preferences, psychological characteristics, and decision-making habits, deterrence information can be “tailored” in a targeted manner, and the advantages of cutting-edge technologies such as intelligence can be used to demonstrate powerful strength to the opponent in a realistic way, making anxiety and suspicion Emotions such as fear and fear continued to ferment within it, eventually leading to its self-defeat. Big data, known as the “new oil”, not only enriches the source of intelligence, but also becomes an important “weapon” that affects the opponent’s cognition. By processing big data and deliberately “leaking” it to the opponent, a new “fog of war” will be created for it, making it fall into a state of cognitive confusion. In intelligent warfare, the struggle for the heart and mind will become more intense, and the party with the cognitive advantage will be better than the other party, making it easier to seize the initiative and take advantage of opportunities.

From “people-oriented” to “human-machine collaboration”

In traditional warfare, the organization and use of military force are dominated by people. With the widespread application of smart technology, the proportion of unmanned equipment continues to increase. In intelligent warfare, combat tasks will be completed by man-machine collaboration, and the two will achieve organic integration and complementary advantages. The third “offset strategy” proposed by foreign military forces focuses on human-machine collaboration as a key technology for development. Concepts such as “loyal wingman” proposed by them are also aimed at exploring the realization of manned/unmanned collaborative operations. It is foreseeable that human-machine collaboration will play an important role in future wars.

Utilizing unmanned reconnaissance forces to carry out three-dimensional and multi-dimensional battlefield situation awareness can provide real-time intelligence support for manned combat forces; using unmanned platforms to carry relay loads can continuously provide communication relay support for manned combat forces; using unmanned combat forces to penetrate into the front battlefield, It can attract enemy attacks, force the enemy to expose its position, and provide target guidance and fire support for manned combat forces; using unmanned transportation equipment to provide material supplies to the front line can improve logistics support efficiency, reduce transportation costs, and reduce unnecessary casualties. With the assistance of artificial intelligence, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces will achieve scientific division of labor and reasonable coordination in terms of quantity, scale, functions, etc., thereby maximizing overall effectiveness.

From “eating the small with the big” to “eating the slow with the fast”

In traditional wars, it is often necessary to increase the number of troops to make up for shortcomings in equipment performance and other aspects. “Soldiers love the main speed”, the rapid development of military intelligence has greatly improved the speed of information transmission and weapon strike accuracy, greatly reduced the time for reconnaissance and early warning, intelligence processing, command decision-making, fire strikes, damage assessment, and accelerated the OODA kill chain cycle , making “discovery and destruction” possible.

New rapid-kill weapons such as hypersonic missiles, laser weapons, microwave weapons, and electromagnetic pulse weapons have further pushed the pace of war to “instant kill.” In the Gulf War, the loop time of the OODA loop took 3 days; in the Iraq War, the loop time has been shortened to less than 10 minutes; and in the Syrian War, the loop time has almost achieved near real-time. In intelligent warfare, the use of unmanned platforms that integrate surveillance and combat to quickly and precisely eliminate high-value targets such as the enemy’s core command posts and high-level commanders will cause the opponent to suffer heavy damage before it has time to respond, and may even face the danger of paralysis. It can be seen that victory does not necessarily favor the side with large military strength. The side that moves quickly and accurately will be more likely to gain the upper hand on the battlefield. According to statistics, the reaction time required for artificial intelligence to respond to battlefield changes is more than 400 times faster than that of humans. Faced with the ever-changing battlefield situation, people will be more inclined to use artificial intelligence technology to realize adaptive planning and autonomous decision-making of the command and control system, so that the command and control mode changes from “people on the loop” to “people outside the loop”, thereby mitigating the While reducing the burden on command personnel, it can improve combat efficiency and the success rate of mission execution.

From “Integration to Win” to “Cluster to Win”

The traditional equipment development concept is to invest a large amount of money in the research and development of highly integrated, sophisticated weapon platforms, in order to achieve dimensionality reduction against the enemy by virtue of generational advantages and performance advantages in war. However, the development and deployment of multi-functional high-end platforms not only requires a lot of time and money, but when multiple software and hardware modules are integrated into a single weapon platform, there may also be mutual incompatibility. Once the platform is destroyed, significant losses will occur. The military application of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence has promoted the rapid development of unmanned swarms. Unmanned swarms have the advantages of large scale, low overall cost, and decentralization. The unmanned platforms coordinate with each other and cooperate with each other. They can make decisions independently and carry out combat tasks in an organized manner. Even if some unmanned platforms are destroyed, the overall operation will not be affected. efficacy. The operational concepts such as “decision-centered warfare” and “mosaic warfare” proposed by foreign military forces focus on using unmanned swarms to complete combat missions. In intelligent warfare, by dispersing reconnaissance and surveillance, information communication, command and control, fire strike and other functions into a large number of unmanned combat units with a single function, a highly robust and elastic “kill network” is constructed, and then based on mission needs Adjusting the combination method will allow powerful group intelligence to emerge, creating great uncertainty for the opponent, thereby trapping the opponent in the judgment link of the OODA loop, unable to make effective decisions. In addition, due to the large number of unmanned swarms, the opponent’s detection, tracking, and interception capabilities can quickly reach saturation. Because the opponent cannot destroy all unmanned platforms in the swarm, the opponent has to face the dilemma of defense failure.

From “military dominance” to “diversified mixture”

Traditional war mainly relies on violent means to make the enemy succumb to one’s own will. It usually has a strong war intensity and has a clear boundary between peacetime and wartime. As the field of military struggle continues to expand into new fields such as space, network, and intelligence, and the role of economic, cultural, diplomatic, legal and other means in war continues to become more prominent, intelligent warfare will be carried out in many fields represented by “grey zones” In the form of “multi-pronged approach”. The intensity of war may weaken, and the boundaries between peace and war will become more blurred. Whether it is the Saudi oil fields that were attacked by drones in 2019, which caused half of its oil production to cease, or the largest oil pipeline in the United States that suffered a cyber attack in 2021, which caused a large-scale oil shortage, the far-reaching impact of various new attack methods cannot be ignored. underestimate.

As intelligent technology develops and matures, it will become more common to use a variety of means to launch attacks on opponents’ industrial, transportation, financial, communications, energy, medical and other facilities and networks. The threshold for intelligent warfare will show a downward trend, and warring parties may resort to undeclared warfare to launch hybrid wars that integrate economic warfare, diplomatic warfare, cyber warfare, public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare and other types of warfare, leaving opponents exhausted. cope.

From “actual combat test” to “experimental exercise”

Under traditional conditions, due to the lack of scientific simulation and evaluation tools, the true capabilities of the military can only be tested in actual combat. Under intelligent conditions, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong three-dimensional sense and realism based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. This scene can not only restore objective things such as weapons and equipment from multiple dimensions such as sound, appearance, and performance, but also simulate various severe weather such as heavy fog, heavy rain, and blizzards, and visually display the terrain, meteorology, hydrology, etc. of the battlefield. Electromagnetic, nuclear and other information is close to the real situation on the battlefield.

Setting the imaginary enemy in the virtual environment based on the characteristics of the enemy in reality and conducting intelligent simulation of the possible direction of the war situation can enable officers and soldiers to “experience” the war several times in virtual reality before the official war begins, thereby making a better understanding of equipment performance, With a clear understanding of the rhythm of the war and the situation between ourselves and the enemy, you will be more able to perform realistic tasks with ease. Before the outbreak of the Iraq War, the US military secretly developed a computer game that simulated the combat environment in Baghdad. Among the personnel sent to perform tasks in Iraq, the survival rate of those who received game training was as high as 90%. As the data collected in reality continue to be enriched and improved, the construction of the virtual battlefield will become more realistic, the prediction of the direction of the battlefield situation will be more accurate, and the comprehensive assessment of the exercise will be more credible. Both hostile parties will strive to use intelligent deduction. If the outcome of the war is known in advance, it will be possible to “subdue the enemy’s troops” without fighting or with a small battle.

繁體中文：

軍事理論家常說，勝利往往向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑，而不是向那些等待變化發生後才去適應的人微笑。 近年來，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術發展迅猛，並廣泛應用於軍事領域，使戰爭形態加速向智慧化演變，與之相應的戰爭觀也正在發生嬗變。 及時發現變化，主動應對變化，積極適應變化，才能夠在未來戰爭中立於不敗之地。

從“以強打弱”到“以智制拙”

「強勝弱敗」是帶有一定普遍性的戰爭制勝規律。 即使是那些以弱勝強的戰例，往往也必須在局部和特定時段形成對敵的力量優勢才能真正取勝。 在智慧化戰爭時代，智力優勢對戰鬥力的貢獻率遠高於其他要素。

在智慧化戰爭對抗中，人的智慧廣泛滲透到作戰領域、移植到武器系統，全局多維、各種類型的智慧化作戰平台能夠快速耦合作戰力量，根據任務需求建立作戰體系，自主實施協同作戰，任務 結束迅速回歸待戰狀態，呈現智慧自主趨勢。 智慧水準更高更強的一方，能夠更好地開發和運用「以智制拙」機理，甚至據此設計戰爭、主導戰局發展，取得最終勝利。 還要看到，智慧化戰爭時代很可能存在由低到高的多個發展階段，盡可能讓自己處於高級階段，攻擊對手使其處於低維度的階段，也是以高打低「智勝」機理的 運用。

從“消滅力量”到“摧毀認知”

隨著戰爭形態加速向智慧化演進，作戰空間逐漸由物理域、資訊域拓展至認知域，以有形戰場擴展到無形戰場，由人的精神和心理活動構成的認知空間已成為新的作戰空間。 與傳統戰爭中以消滅敵人有生力量為主要目的不同，智慧化戰爭將更著重於削弱敵方的士氣，瓦解敵方的意志，摧毀敵方的認知。

透過智慧分析對手的性格偏好、心理特質、決策習慣，可針對性地「量身訂製」威懾訊息，利用智慧化等前沿技術優勢，以形象逼真的方式向對手展現強大實力，使焦慮、猜疑 、恐慌等情緒在其內部不斷發酵，最終導致不攻自破。 被譽為「新石油」的大數據在豐富情報來源的同時，也成為作用於對手認知的重要「武器」。 通過對大數據進行加工處理，並刻意“洩露”給對手，將給其製造新的“戰爭迷霧”，使其陷入認知迷茫的境地。 在智慧化戰爭中，圍繞攻心奪誌所展開的鬥爭博弈將更加激烈，而佔據認知優勢的一方將比對方先勝一籌，更加容易掌握主動、先機。

從“以人為主”到“人機協同”

在傳統戰爭中，軍事力量的組織與運用均以人為主。 隨著智慧技術的廣泛應用，無人裝備的比例不斷提高。 在智慧化戰爭中，作戰任務將由人機協同完成，兩者將實現有機融合、優勢互補。 外軍提出的第三次「抵銷戰略」將人機協作等作為重點發展的關鍵技術，其先後提出的「忠誠僚機」等概念也旨在探索實現有人/無人協同作戰。 可以預見，人機協同將在未來戰爭中發揮重要作用。

利用無人偵察力量開展立體多維的戰場態勢感知，可為有人作戰力量實時提供情報支援；利用無人平台攜帶中繼載荷，可為有人作戰力量持續提供通信中繼支援；利用無人作戰力量深入前方戰場， 可吸引敵方攻擊，迫敵暴露位置，為有人作戰力量提供目標引導和火力支援；利用無人運輸裝備為前線提供物資補給，可提高後勤保障效率，降低運輸成本，減少非必要的人員傷亡。 在人工智慧的輔助下，有人作戰力量與無人作戰力量將在數量規模、功能作用等方面實現科學分工與合理搭配，從而使整體效能實現最大化。

從“以大吃小”到“以快吃慢”

在傳統戰爭中，往往需要透過增加兵力數量來彌補在裝備性能等方面的短板。 “兵之情主速”，軍事智能化的飛速發展大大提升了信息傳遞速度和武器打擊精度，大幅縮減了偵察預警、情報處理、指揮決策、火力打擊、毀傷評估的時間，加速OODA殺傷鏈循環 ，使「發現即摧毀」成為可能。

高超聲速導彈、雷射武器、微波武器、電磁脈沖武器等新型快速殺傷武器進一步將戰爭節奏推向「秒殺」。 在海灣戰爭中，OODA環的迴路時間需要3天；在伊拉克戰爭中，迴路時間已縮短至10分鐘以內；而在敘利亞戰爭中，迴路已幾乎實現了近實時。 在智慧化戰爭中，利用察打一體無人平台對敵方的核心指揮所、高層指揮官等高價值目標進行快速定點清除，將使對方還沒來得及反應就遭受重創，甚至面臨癱瘓的險境。 可見勝利不一定眷顧軍力規模龐大的一方，行動迅速而精準的一方將更有可能贏得戰場先機。 據統計，人工智慧應對戰場變化所需的反應時間比人類快400倍以上。 面對瞬息萬變的戰場態勢，人們將更傾向於借助人工智能技術實現指控系統的自適應規劃和自主決策，使指控模式由“人在環路上”轉變為“人在環路外”，從而在減輕 指揮人員負擔的同時，提高作戰效率和執行任務的成功率。

從“集成製勝”到“集群制勝”

傳統的裝備發展理念是將大量資金投入到高度整合的高精尖武器平台研發中，以期在戰爭中憑借代際優勢和性能優勢實現對敵方的降維打擊。 然而，開發部署多功能高階平台不僅需要耗費大量的時間和經費，當把多個軟硬體模塊整合到單一武器平台時，還可能出現相互之間不相容的情況。 一旦該平台被毀，將造成重大損失。 人工智慧等顛覆性技術的軍事應用促使無人集群得到快速發展。 無人集群具有數量規模大、綜合成本低、去中心化等優勢，無人平台之間相互協調、分工合作，可自主決策並有組織地執行作戰任務，即使部分無人平台被毀，也不影響整體作戰 效能。 外軍提出的「決策中心戰」「馬賽克戰」等作戰概念，即著眼於利用無人集群完成作戰任務。 在智慧化戰爭中，透過將偵察監視、資訊通聯、指揮控制、火力打擊等功能分散到大量功能單一的無人作戰單元中，構建高魯棒性、高彈性的“殺傷網”，然後根據任務需要 對組合方式進行調整，將使其湧現出強大的群體智能，給對手製造極大的不確定性，進而把對手困在OODA環的判斷環節，無法做出有效決策。 此外，由於無人集群數量龐大，可使對手的探測、跟踪、攔截能力迅速達到飽和，對手因無法摧毀集群中的所有無人平台，而不得不面臨防禦工事失效的困境。

從“軍事主導”到“多元混合”

傳統戰爭主要依賴暴力手段使敵方屈服於己方意志，通常具有較強的戰爭強度，平時與戰時界線分明。 隨著軍事鬥爭領域向太空、網絡、智慧等新型領域不斷拓展，以及經濟、文化、外交、法律等手段在戰爭中的作用不斷凸顯，智能化戰爭將在「灰色地帶」為代表的多個領域 以「多管齊下」的形式展開。 戰爭強度可能會有所減弱，平戰界線將更加模糊。 無論是2019年沙烏地阿拉伯油田因遭到無人機攻擊而導致其一半石油停產，或是2021年美國最大輸油管因遭遇網絡攻擊而導致大面積油料短缺，各類新型攻擊手段所帶來的深遠影響均不可 小覷。

隨著智慧化技術的發展成熟，綜合運用多種手段向對手的工業、交通、金融、通訊、能源、醫療等設施和網絡發起的攻擊將更加普遍。 智慧化戰爭的門檻將呈現下降趨勢，參戰方可能採取不宣而戰的方式發起融合經濟戰、外交戰、網絡戰、輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰等多種樣式的混合戰爭，使對手疲於 應付。

從“實戰驗兵”到“實驗演兵”

在傳統條件下，由於缺乏科學的模擬模擬與評估工具，因此只有在實戰中才能檢驗出軍隊的真實能力。 在智慧化條件下，利用虛擬現實技術可基於實際的戰場環境和任務背景創建具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景。 該場景不僅可以從聲音、外觀、性能等多個維度對武器裝備等客觀事物進行還原，還能模擬大霧、大雨和暴風雪等各種惡劣天氣，以可視化的形式展現戰場的地形、氣象、水文、 電磁、核化等訊息，接近戰場的真實狀況。

根據現實中敵方的特徵設定虛擬環境中的假想敵，並對戰局的可能走向進行智慧模擬仿真，可使官兵在正式開戰前就已在虛擬現實中數次「親歷」戰爭，從而對裝備性能、 戰爭節奏、敵我情況都了然於胸，在執行現實任務時將更加游刃有餘。 在伊拉克戰爭爆發前，美軍曾秘密開發了一款模擬巴格達作戰環境的電腦遊戲，在被派遣到伊拉克執行任務的人員中，接受過遊戲訓練的人員生存率高達90%。 隨著現實中收集到的數據不斷豐富完善，虛擬戰場的搭建將更加逼真，對戰場態勢的走向預測將更加準確，關於演習的綜合評估將更加可信，敵對雙方都力圖通過智能推演即可 預先獲知戰爭結果，將可能出現不戰或小戰就「屈人之兵」的情況。

謝愷　 張東潤 　梁小平

來源：解放軍報 作者：謝愷　 張東潤 　梁小平 責任編輯：葉夢圓 2022-04-26 06:00:00

中國國防部原文資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/yw_214068/4909826.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military Exploring Ways to Win Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍隊探索贏得認知域作戰的方法

中國軍網 國防部網 2022年9月1日 星期四

現代英文音譯：

Judging from the latest local war practice, cognitive domain operations have become an important variable that profoundly affects the direction of war. In cognitive domain operations, all parties compete fiercely for control of public opinion, information guidance, and cognitive shaping. There are not only physical confrontations, but also competitions in virtual space, demonstrating the distinctive characteristics of “technology +” in the digital era. Exploring the way to win in cognitive domain operations is of great practical significance for controlling the initiative in cognitive domain operations and winning future wars.

Seizing control of the brain has become the ultimate goal of cognitive domain operations

The brain is the material basis of all thinking activities and the command center that influences and controls human behavior changes. Feeling, perception and consciousness constitute the three aspects of the world that the brain reflects. How to win the right to control the brain has increasingly become the focus of research and attention by all warring parties in the field of cognitive domain operations.

Actively fight for sensory control. Feeling is the reaction caused by the characteristics of objective things in the human brain, and is the basis for various complex psychological processes. With the rapid development of brain science, molecular biology, neurochemistry and other disciplines, humans have gradually gained the ability to intervene and control the brain at the physiological level. According to foreign experimental results, inhaling oxytocin will make people more trusting of others and more empathetic, thereby affecting a person’s prosociality and moral performance. In future operations, the warring parties will use physical stimulation such as sound, light and electricity, or chemical drugs to act on the target’s hearing, vision, smell and other sensory systems. They may even directly act on the human brain to stimulate the target’s brain. Specific emotional reactions can achieve cognitive influence and control on the physiological level.

Effective competition for perceptual suppression. Perception is a psychological process formed on the basis of sensation and reflects the overall image and surface connection of objective things. Among them, the individual’s attitude, motivation, interest, as well as past experience and future expectations are the key variables that affect the individual’s perception of the perceptual target. During wartime, warring parties aim at the target’s psychological doubts, weaknesses, and needs, seize favorable opportunities, and use specific information to emotionally influence, mentally induce, or disrupt the target’s perception in order to increase the target’s perception of the target. The expectation of war risks weakens their will to resist and their determination to fight, thereby achieving the purpose of subduing the enemy with a small war, less fighting or even no fighting.

Comprehensive competition for the right to shape consciousness. Consciousness is realized through psychological processes such as feeling, perception, and thinking, and is manifested as the unity of knowledge, emotion, and intention. The fundamental purpose of war is to force the enemy to surrender. Judging from the war practice at home and abroad in ancient and modern times, in order to win the right to shape consciousness, the warring parties will do their best to mobilize all available military power and comprehensively use political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other means to carry out political disintegration and diplomatic measures against the enemy. Isolation, guidance of public opinion, and declaration of legal principles can trigger rational thinking, ethical resonance, or value recognition of target individuals or groups, thereby changing their worldview, outlook on life, and values, forming a relatively stable and long-term cognitive influence or control, thereby achieving “complete victory.” “the goal of.

Controlling information becomes the key to cognitive domain operations

The weapon and ammunition of cognitive domain operations is information. Mastering the initiative in the generation, identification, acquisition, dissemination and feedback of information is the key to gaining battlefield advantage in the cognitive domain.

Actively implement strong psychological stimulation to promote information penetration. Modern warfare is fierce and complex, with various elements of confrontation unfolding in multi-dimensional and multi-domain contexts, and fighter jets fleeting. The forces and methods acting in the cognitive domain must keep up with the development and changes of the battlefield situation, and make extensive use of strong psychological stimulation methods such as subliminal information implantation, acousto-optical electromagnetic psychological nuisance damage, and non-contact emotional control to take the initiative to induce the target. The subject’s emotions, will, thoughts, beliefs, etc. appear chaotic, confused or radically changed, thereby achieving the purpose of controlling and influencing the cognitive system of the target subject.

Extensive use of intelligent algorithms to achieve accurate push. As the Internet penetrates into every aspect of human life, everyone will leave massive amounts of data and information online. During wartime, warring parties will use modern information technologies such as big data, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, and blockchain to analyze the target’s social data, trajectory data, financial data, online shopping records, search records, personal communication records and other network data. The information is deeply mined and associated to achieve a “cognitive portrait” of the target object, and the target object’s interest preferences, behavioral trends, interpersonal relationships and value orientations are systematically analyzed, thereby three-dimensionally grasping the characteristics of relevant individuals or specific groups. Then, with the help of intelligent algorithm technology, personalized and customized cognitive information is accurately pushed to the target object, thereby affecting the target object’s attitude, emotion and value judgment towards the war, thereby promoting the realization of one’s own combat objectives and political intentions.

Effectively aggregate social support systems to achieve overall linkage. The social support system is the material and spiritual help and support that a person can obtain from others in his or her social network. It is a key factor that affects and determines the emotional support and cognitive direction of an individual. It can be said that for the success of cognitive domain operations, it is crucial to obtain the support and assistance of the target’s social support system. With the help of modern information technology, we can effectively connect to the target’s relatives, friends, classmates, partners and other specific social relations. By exerting targeted influence on the above-mentioned relations, we can gain the understanding, support and trust of the other party, and mobilize the specific relations to When the target object exerts influence, it is easier to win the trust and acceptance of the target object, and it is easier for the target object to undergo cognitive changes, thereby achieving the purpose of cognitive influence and control on the target object.

Virtual space becomes the main battlefield for cognitive domain operations

With the continuous expansion of human virtual space, virtual space is becoming the main battlefield of modern warfare, especially cognitive domain warfare, which determines the outcome of future wars to a certain extent.

Emerging communication forms have become new means of warfare in the cognitive domain. With the continuous development of mobile Internet technology, emerging communication forms represented by social media have gradually become a new platform and mainstream position for cognitive confrontation. Judging from recent local wars, the status and role of social media has become more and more prominent. All warring parties use personal blogs, forums and other platforms to publish battlefield pictures, videos, and comments in real time, which has not only become a global mobile online media terminal. It has also become the main battleground for the value perception game among different countries and different factions around the world. Emerging communication forms such as social media, with their unique decentralization and interactivity characteristics, have broken the information monopoly and information control in traditional communication methods and spawned numerous product styles. While meeting people’s information needs, they are also Unknowingly changing people’s perceptions. It is foreseeable that social media will play an increasingly prominent role in cognitive domain operations in the future.

Cyberspace has become a new space for cognitive domain operations. Under the conditions of informatization and intelligence, the threshold of network technology has been greatly reduced, making it possible to watch the game in real time around the world. Modern warfare has developed from “living room warfare” in the television era to “handheld warfare” in today’s all-media era. Online live broadcast is more intuitive and richer than any form of battlefield reporting, and “global synchronicity” has become a prominent feature. Through live broadcasts on the Internet, videos and pictures of fierce battles between the two warring parties, as well as numerous burned tanks and armored vehicles, as well as homes destroyed by the war and refugees fleeing their homes, can be visually displayed. People can see the micro-state of individual civilians and soldiers on both sides through the Internet. The “transparency” of the battlefield makes any attempt to conceal the truth and false statements more and more difficult. But on the other hand, the emergence of technologies such as intelligent voice cloning and video portrait simulation replacement means that what people see may not necessarily be “as seen” and what they hear may not be “as heard”. Cognition under online live broadcasts Domain operations add more room for possibility and imagination.

The intelligent network army has become a new force in cognitive domain warfare. The development of information networks has broken through the authenticity limitations of interpersonal communication, and it is difficult for us to determine whether the other end of the network is a real person. Based on the needs of large-scale interaction, intelligent, automated, and large-scale cyberspace robots are emerging. They are widely active in every corner of cyberspace. These intelligent network armies have the capabilities of intelligent recognition, intelligent response and even brain-like thinking. They are tireless and work around the clock. Intelligent network armies are becoming an important force in future cognitive domain operations. Judging from the current development trends of related technologies, major countries and even business organizations in the world are focusing on the potential prospects of network robots in group penetration, live broadcast follow-up, shaping public opinion, and managing network crises. In the flexible guidance of network intelligent robots, Increase research and development efforts on key technologies such as automatic acquisition of technology groups, automatic cultivation and group penetration, and provide intelligent and efficient technical support for public opinion guidance, cognitive shaping, and behavioral guidance and control by discovering and effectively utilizing the behavioral patterns of network users.

原創中文軍事國語:

從最新的局部戰爭實踐來看，認知域作戰已成為深刻影響戰爭走向的重要變因。 認知域作戰中，各方圍繞輿論掌控、資訊引導、認知塑造等展開激烈爭奪，不僅有實體對抗，更有來自虛擬空間的較量，展現出數位時代「技術+」的顯著特徵。 探尋認知域作戰制勝之道，對於掌控認知域作戰主動權、打贏未來戰爭具有重要的現實意義。

奪取控腦權成為認知域作戰終極目標

大腦是一切思考活動的物質基礎，是影響和控制人類作出行為改變的指揮中樞，而感覺、知覺和意識則構成了大腦反映世界的三個面向。 如何贏得控腦權，日益成為交戰各方在認知域作戰領域研究與關注的重點。

積極爭奪感覺控制權。 感覺是客觀事物的特性在人腦中引起的反應，是形成各種複雜心理過程的基礎。 隨著腦科學、分子生物學、神經化學等學科的快速發展，人類開始逐步獲得在生理層面對大腦進行幹預和控制的能力。 根據國外實驗結果顯示，吸入催產素會讓人更信任他人，更能產生共感，進而影響一個人的親社會性和道德表現。 未來作戰，交戰各方透過利用聲光電等物理刺激，或化學藥物作用於目標對象的聽覺、視覺、嗅覺等感覺系統，甚至將上述影響直接作用於人的腦部，在目標對像大腦中激發出 特定的情緒反應，可實現對其在生理層面的認知影響和控制。

有效爭奪知覺抑制權。 知覺是在感覺基礎上形成的，反映客觀事物的整體形象和表面連結的心理過程。 其中，個體的態度、動機、興趣，以及過去的經驗和未來的預期，是影響個體對知覺目標知覺的關鍵變項。 戰時，交戰各方透過瞄準目標對象心理上的疑點、弱點、需求點，抓住有利時機，借助特定的訊息，對目標對象的知覺進行情感影響、心智誘導或攻心瓦解，以增加目標對象對 戰爭風險的預期，削弱其抵抗意志和作戰決心，從而實現小戰、少戰甚至不戰而屈人之兵的目的。

全面爭奪意識塑造權。 意識是透過感覺、知覺、思考等心理過程實現的，表現為知、情、意的統一。 戰爭的根本目的是迫使敵人屈服。 從古今中外的戰爭實踐看，為了贏得意識塑造權，交戰各方會盡其所能，調用一切可以調用的軍事力量，綜合運用政治、經濟、文化、外交等手段，對敵人實施政治瓦解、外交 孤立、輿論引導、法理宣示，引發目標對象個體或群體的理性思辨、倫理共鳴或價值認同，進而改變其世界觀、人生觀、價值觀，形成較為穩定長遠的認知影響或控制，從而實現「全勝 」的目的。

掌權控制資訊權成為認知域作戰關鍵

認知域作戰的武器彈藥是訊息，掌握資訊的生成、辨識、取得、傳播、回饋的主動權，是贏得認知域戰場優勢的關鍵。

主動實施強烈心理刺激，助推訊息滲透。 現代戰爭對抗激烈複雜，各種對抗要素在多維多域立體展開，戰機稍縱即逝。 作用於認知域的力量與手段必須緊跟戰場態勢發展變化，廣泛藉助閾下訊息植入、聲光電磁心理滋擾損傷、非接觸式情緒控制等強烈心理刺激手段，主動出擊，以誘導目標 對象的情感、意志、思想、信念等出現混亂、迷惘或激變，進而達成對目標對象認知系統控制與影響的目的。

廣泛運用智慧演算法，實現精準推送。 隨著網路滲入人類生活各個層面，所有人都會在網路上留下大量資料資訊。 戰時，交戰各方會藉助大數據、雲端運算、物聯網、區塊鏈等現代資訊技術，對目標對象的社交數據、軌跡數據、金融數據、網購記錄、搜尋記錄、個人通訊記錄等網路數據 資訊進行深度挖掘關聯，實現對目標對象的“認知畫像”，系統分析出目標對象的興趣偏好、行為趨勢、人際關係以及價值取向，從而立體掌握相關個體或特定群體的特徵。 而後藉助智慧演算法技術，將個人化客製化認知訊息向目標對象實施精準推送，進而影響目標對象對戰爭的態度、情感以及價值判斷，進而助推己方作戰目的與政治意圖的實現。

有效聚合社會支持系統，實現整體連結。 社會支持系統，是一個人在自己的社會關係網絡中所能獲得的、來自他人的物質和精神上的幫助和支援，是影響和決定個體獲得情感依賴和認知走向的關鍵因素。 可以說，認知域作戰能否成功，獲得目標對象社會支持系統的支持和協助至關重要。 借助現代資訊技術，可以有效關聯到目標對象的親人、朋友、同學、合作夥伴等特定社會關係人，透過對上述關係人施加針對性影響，取得對方的理解、支持和信任，動員特定關係人對 目標對象施加影響，更能贏得目標對象的信任與接納，更容易使目標對象產生認知改變，進而達成對目標對象的認知影響與控制的目的。

虛擬空間成為認知域作戰主戰場

在人類虛擬空間不斷拓展的趨勢下，虛擬空間正成為現代戰爭尤其是認知域作戰的主戰場，某種程度上決定未來戰爭的勝負。

新興傳播形態成為認知域作戰新手段。 隨著行動互聯技術的不斷發展，以社群媒體等為代表的新興傳播形態逐步成為認知對抗的全新平台和主流陣地。 從近幾場局部戰爭來看，社群媒體的地位作用越來越突出，交戰各方透過借助個人部落格、論壇等平台即時發布戰場圖文、錄影和評論跟帖，不僅成為全球行動網媒終端 的共議話題，也成為全球不同國家、不同勢力派別價值認知賽局的主陣。 社群媒體等新興傳播形態以其獨特的去中心化及互動性特點，打破了傳統傳播方式中的資訊壟斷與資訊控制，催生了眾多的產品樣態，在滿足人們資訊需求的同時，也在 不知不覺中改變人們的認知。 可以預見，未來認知域作戰中，社群媒體的地位角色將會越來越突出。

網路空間成為認知域作戰新空間。 在資訊化智慧化條件下，網路技術的門檻大大降低，全球即時觀戰成為可能。 現代戰爭已從電視時代的“起居室戰爭”，發展成今天全媒體時代的“掌上戰爭”。 網路直播比任何形式的戰地報道都更直觀更豐富，「全球共時性」成為突出的特點。 透過網路直播，交戰雙方激戰的影片、畫面和眾多燒毀的坦克、裝甲車，以及被戰火毀壞的家園、逃離家園的難民都可以直觀地呈現出來。 人們可以透過網路看到一個個具體的平民、雙方戰士的微觀狀態，戰場的「透明化」讓任何試圖掩蓋真相的努力和不實的虛假陳述變得愈來愈困難。 但另一方面，智慧語音克隆、視頻人像模擬替換等技術的出現，讓人們看到的不一定“誠如所見”，聽到的也不一定“真如所聽”，網絡直播下的認知 域作戰增添了更多可能和想像的空間。

智慧化網路軍團成為認知域作戰新生力量。 資訊網路的發展突破了人際溝通的真實性限制，我們難以確定網路另一端是不是真實存在的人。 基於大規模互動的需要，智慧化、自動化、規模化的網路空間機器人正異軍突起，它們廣泛活躍於網路空間的各個角落。 這些智慧化網路軍團具備智慧辨識、智慧應答甚至類腦思考的能力，並且不知疲憊、全時無休，智慧化網路軍團正成為未來認知域作戰的重要力量。 從當前相關技術發展趨勢來看，世界各主要國家甚至商業組織，正在把目光投向網路機器人在群組滲透、直播跟評、塑造輿論態勢、管控網路危機等方面的潛力前景，在網路智慧機器人柔性引導 技術群自動取得、自動培育和群組滲透等關鍵技術上加強研發力度，透過發現並有效利用網路使用者行為規律，為輿論引導、認知塑造、行為導控提供智慧、高效的技術支援。

孫志友　　孫海濤

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢

Chinese Military Analysis : Characteristics and Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢

外文原文音譯：

Cognitive domain operations take people’s will, beliefs, thinking, psychology, etc. as direct combat objects, and then affect their decisions and actions by changing the opponent’s cognition. Entering the era of information-based and intelligent warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become an important form of great power game, with all parties striving to achieve political goals in a relatively controllable manner. Gaining insight into the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations is of urgent and important practical significance for winning future wars.

At present, the cognitive domain has entered the war stage as an independent domain, and has increasingly become a common domain, a battleground, and a weight for victory in the game between great powers. Analyze the characteristics and development trends of cognitive domain operations, which are reflected in at least the following eight aspects.

The cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory.

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation between the hard power of both sides. On a deeper level, no matter what the nature of the war is and for what purpose, it is ultimately a contest of human wills. The key to victory is the ability to impose your will on your audience. As long as the enemy’s will to fight is deprived and defeated, the war is won. Cognitive domain warfare uses human will, spirit, psychology, etc. as the target of confrontation, strengthening one’s own will while weakening the enemy’s will, thereby achieving the political goal of conquering the heart and mind. In this sense, the cognitive domain is the key domain for transforming military advantage into political victory. As war accelerates its evolution toward intelligence, cognitive quality advantages bring decision-making and action advantages, which can not only occupy the moral and legal high ground and create a favorable situation of justice and legality, but also realize small wars through hybrid warfare and comprehensive game means. Even the purpose of winning without fighting. Especially in the context of great power competition, the cost of war is high. All parties hope to intensify the competition for cognitive domains and force their opponents to retreat in a “humane” and “economic” manner.

By changing the opponent’s perception, it can change its decisions and actions

The purpose of implementing cognitive attacks is to use an “invisible hand” to control the opponent’s will, making the opponent feel “I can’t” and “I dare not”, and then achieve the effect of “I don’t want to”. Foreign military practice has shown that cognitive attacks on people’s will, beliefs, thinking, and psychology can be long-term cultural implantation, information suppression in the form of “information ocean + covering one’s mouth to silence”, or preemptive speech. Active shaping of political power can also use historical grievances to provoke the outbreak of conflicts. At present, information technology, artificial intelligence technology, and media technology have strengthened their direct effects on the cognitive domain. Using intelligent generation software, a large amount of cognitive “munitions” can be produced to accurately act on the cognitive layer of combat targets, directly imposing “will” to rivals” and quickly change the strategic situation. Looking forward to the informationized and intelligent battlefield, situational awareness forces and platforms are widely distributed in combat domains such as land, sea, air, and space networks. Cognitive behaviors such as planning, decision-making, and control dominate operations in various combat domains, especially the cognition of human-machine hybrids in future intelligent warfare. Advantages will dominate the battlefield. Cognitive interference, cognitive confusion, cognitive blocking and other means can be used to create a “fog” of war cognition, inducing opponents to misjudge the situation and make wrong decisions and actions.

Cognitive domain operations are full-time offense and defense, full personnel coverage, full use, full domain shaping, and full government action

Cognitive domain operations are all-round, multi-level, hyper-temporal, and cross-domain. They blur the boundaries between wartime and peacetime, front and rear, cross battlefields and national boundaries, go beyond the pure military field, and widely penetrate into politics. , economy, diplomacy and other social fields, showing the characteristics of “five completes”. Full-time offense and defense, there is no distinction between peacetime and wartime, and there is no difference between the front and the rear. It is expressed as being online all the time and in war all the time. Covering all personnel, anyone, including intelligent robots, may become the target of cognitive domain operations. It is used throughout the whole process of joint operations before and during the war. Before the joint military operation is launched, the cognitive shaping operation has begun and will accompany the military operation and will not stop with the military operation. Global shaping, cognitive shaping runs through all levels of strategy, operations, and tactics, and its scope covers all domains of land, sea, air, and space networks. Cross-domain empowerment has an impact on all-domain operations. As a whole-of-government action, cognitive shaping is naturally strategic and requires consistent and coordinated actions across departments, fields, military and localities, and levels to achieve the best communication effect.

The key is to seize control over the right to define the nature of an action or activity, the right to dominate the process, and the right to judge the outcome.

The cognitive game struggle involves multiple opposing parties and seems complicated. The key is to compete for the “three powers” in the cognitive domain. First, fight for the right to define the nature of the event. That is, how to view this incident, whether it is just or unjust, legal or illegal. Usually, pre-emptive definitions, group alliances and forced definitions, information suppression and unilateral definitions, setting issues and applying definitions are usually adopted to guide and shape the public to form qualitative perceptions. Second, compete for dominance over the event process. That is, how to do something, how not to do it, who did it right and who did it wrong, usually by setting up a trap and other methods, trying to dominate the development direction of the target event according to the state that one’s own side expects. Fast and slow, pause, continue and end. Third, compete for the right to judge the outcome of the incident. That is, how to evaluate this matter, who is the gainer and who is the loser, who is the immediate loser, who is the long-term loser, etc. All parties are trying to control the outcome of the incident by amplifying the advantages to themselves and the disadvantages to the enemy. The purpose is to use the extended effect of the incident to continue to harm the enemy and benefit themselves.

Morality and legal principles are the focus of contention between all parties

Military operations have always paid attention to the principle of “discipline and reputation”. Although the shape of war is evolving at an accelerated pace, the essential nature of war as subordinate to politics will not change; the nature of war and the support of people’s hearts are still the key factors that affect the outcome of a war. On the battlefield in the cognitive domain, by occupying the commanding heights of politics, morality, and law, we can win the hearts and minds of the people and moral support, create a public opinion atmosphere in which moral support is abundant, and then seize the opportunity to defeat the enemy. In every war or conflict, whether it is the strong or the weak, whether the attacker, the defender, or a third party, all parties will try their best to seize cognitive dominance and the initiative of public opinion. They will do everything possible to package themselves with morality, focus on declaring a just position, and try to find ways to defend themselves. Qualify the war, justify the action, eliminate resistance, increase support, and create a favorable situation in which “righteousness” defeats “unrighteousness”. The strength balance between the two sides in the war is different, and the cognitive confrontation methods aimed at occupying the moral and legal high ground will also be different. Recent wars have shown that when a party has strong soft and hard power, that is, it has strong military strength, many allies and partners, and a large share of international voice, it often declares war in a high-profile manner; when military actions may trigger chain reactions, it is often handled in a vague manner. The word “war”.

Information is the basic “ammunition” for cognitive attack and defense

In the network information age, the way humans communicate continues to undergo complex and profound changes. On-site interactive interactions have gradually given way to online connections. Some large-scale social platforms have become the main battleground for cognitive games and the main channels for influencing public cognition. Using information as ammunition to fight for the right to block international networks and control discourse has become a common practice today. One of the main actions of confrontation. On these platforms, various short videos have become the “first scene” for the public to understand the war situation, and information travels faster than cannonballs. The use and blocking, dominance and regulation of platforms have become the focus of battles in the cognitive domain. All parties strive to spread and amplify their own propaganda, denounce and suppress the other party’s propaganda by manipulating social platforms, forming a “I say more, you say less” “A situation where “I’m right and you’re wrong” and “I can only say it and you’re not allowed to say it”. As users of large-scale social platforms, the public is influenced by and affects others in the process of “listening”, “speaking” and even “doing”, and unknowingly becomes the agents and attack props of those behind the scenes.

Military operations play a key supporting role in shaping cognition

The history of human war shows that military warfare is always the basic support of political contests, while psychological warfare is the effectiveness multiplier of military warfare. What cannot be retrieved on the battlefield cannot be expected to be retrieved at the negotiation table, let alone in the field of public opinion. In modern warfare, cognitive communication operations always go hand in hand with joint military operations. Mental warfare and military warfare influence and support each other. The trend of military warfare becoming mental warfare and mental warfare becoming military warfare is more obvious. From the perspective of war practice, it is absolutely impossible without military strength, but military actions alone are not omnipotent. Multiple victories on the battlefield are not a sufficient condition for victory in war. In the Vietnam War, although the United States “won every battle, it lost the entire war.” At the beginning of the 21st century, the United States fought successive wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, winning battlefield victories but not political victory. By the same token, military victory does not mean winning public opinion, and winning the battlefield does not mean winning strategic victory. In modern warfare, two types of people play an increasingly important role: those who win by writing thousands of lines of code, and those who win by writing thousands of messages. The side with superior quantity and quality of these two types of personnel will often have a higher probability of winning.

Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly used directly in warfare

In past wars, the influence and effect on the cognitive domain were mainly transmitted to the cognitive domain level by level through a large number of damaging actions in the physical domain. With the development and breakthroughs of information communications, artificial intelligence, biocrossing, brain science and other technologies, new cognitive warfare tools and technologies are directly targeting military personnel. Cognitive countermeasures use not only traditional information warfare weapons, but also an arsenal of neural weapons that target the brain. By then, machines will be able to read human brains, and human brains will also be able to directly control machines. Intelligent command and control systems can directly provide battlefield situation and decision-making assistance. Realistic cognitive ammunition and precise audience placement will greatly enhance the social impact. Cognitive countermeasures technology is increasingly being used directly in warfare. The indirect cognition implicit in informatization is gradually transforming into a direct influence and control of people’s cognition. It can be said that with the support of advanced technology, cognitive domain operations can achieve political goals more directly and efficiently by building a modern network architecture and developing a data visualization platform to quickly understand the information environment and effectively influence target groups.

(Author’s unit: Institute of War Studies, Academy of Military Sciences)

原版軍事繁體中文：

認知域作戰以人的意志、信仰、思考、心理等為直接作戰對象，進而透過改變對手的認知來影響其決策與行動。 進入資訊化、智慧化戰爭時代，認知域戰爭成為大國博弈的重要形式，各方力爭以相對可控的方式實現政治目標。 洞察認知域作戰的特徵和發展趨勢，對於贏得未來戰爭具有迫切而重要的現實意義。

目前，認知領域已作為獨立領域進入戰爭階段，日益成為大國博弈的共同領域、戰場、制勝砝碼。 分析認知域維運的特徵和發展趨勢，至少反映在以下八個面向。

認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝利的關鍵領域。

從表面上看，軍事對抗是雙方硬實力的對抗。 從更深層次來說，無論戰爭的本質、目的是什麼，最終都是人類意志的較量。 勝利的關鍵是將你的意志強加給觀眾的能力。 只要剝奪並擊敗敵人的戰鬥意志，戰爭就勝利了。 認知域戰以人的意志、精神、心理等為對抗目標，強化己方意志，削弱敵方意志，進而達到征服人心的政治目標。 從這個意義上講，認知域是軍事優勢轉化為政治勝利的關鍵領域。 隨著戰爭加速向智慧化演進，認知品質優勢帶來決策和行動優勢，不僅可以佔領道德和法律制高點，創造正義合法的有利局面，還可以透過混合戰爭和綜合戰爭實現小規模戰爭。遊戲的意思。 甚至以不戰而勝為目的。 尤其是在大國競爭的背景下，戰爭成本高。 各方都希望加劇認知領域的競爭，以「人道」和「經濟」的方式迫使對手退卻。

透過改變對手的感知，可以改變其決定和行動

實施認知攻擊的目的是用一隻“看不見的手”控制對手的意志，讓對手感到“我不能”、“我不敢”，進而達到“我不想”的效果”。 國外軍事實踐表明，對人的意志、信仰、思維、心理的認知攻擊可以是長期的文化植入、「資訊海洋+摀嘴沉默」形式的資訊壓制，或是先發制人的言論。 主動塑造政治權力也可以利用歷史恩怨來挑起衝突的爆發。 目前，資訊科技、人工智慧科技、媒體科技對認知領域的直接作用加強。 利用智慧生成軟體，可生產大量認知“彈藥”，精準作用於作戰目標的認知層，直接將“意志”強加給對手，快速改變戰略態勢。展望信息化、智能化戰場態勢感知部隊和平台廣泛分佈於陸、海、空、天網絡等作戰領域，規劃、決策、控制等認知行為主導各作戰領域的作戰行動，尤其是人機認知未來智能戰爭中，優勢將主導戰場，可以利用認知幹擾、認知混亂、認知封鎖等手段製造戰爭認知“迷霧”，誘導對手誤判形勢，做出錯誤決策和行動。

認知域作戰是全時攻防、全員覆蓋、全用、全域塑造、全政府行動

認知域操作是全方位、多層次、超時空、跨域的。 它們模糊了戰時與平時、前方與後方的界限，跨越戰場與國界，超越純粹的軍事領域，廣泛滲透到政治領域。 、經濟、外交等社會領域，呈現「五個全面」的特質。 專職攻防，無平時戰時之分，無前線後方之別。 表現為一直在線，一直處於戰爭狀態。 涵蓋所有人員，包括智慧機器人在內的任何人都可能成為認知域作戰的目標。 它貫穿戰前和戰中聯合作戰的整個過程。 之前

聯合軍事行動啟動，認知塑造行動已經開始，並將伴隨軍事行動，不會隨著軍事行動而停止。 全球塑造、認知塑造貫穿戰略、作戰、戰術各個層面，範圍涵蓋陸、海、空、天網絡各領域。 跨域賦能對全局營運產生影響。 認知塑造作為政府整體行動，自然具有戰略性，需要跨部門、跨領域、跨軍隊、跨地方、跨層級一致協調行動，才能達到最佳傳播效果。

關鍵在於掌握對行為或活動性質的定義權、過程的主導權和結果的判斷權。

認知博弈鬥爭涉及多個對立方，看起來很複雜。 關鍵是認知領域的「三權」爭奪。 首先，爭取事件性質的界定權。 就是如何看待這起事件，正義或不正義，合法或非法。 通常採取先發制人的定義、群體聯盟與強制定義、資訊壓制與單邊定義、提出問題與應用定義等方式來引導和塑造大眾形成定性認知。 其次，爭奪賽事進程的主導權。 即某件事如何做，如何不做，誰做對了，誰做錯了，通常透過設置陷阱等方法，試圖根據自己的狀態來主導目標事件的發展方向。己方所期望的。 快、慢、暫停、繼續、結束。 第三，爭奪事件結局的判斷權。 也就是如何評價這件事，誰是獲益者，誰是受損者，誰是眼前的受損者，誰是長期的受損者等等。各方都在試圖透過放大優勢來控制事件的結果對自己不利，對敵人也不利。 目的是利用事件的延伸效應，持續損敵利己。

道德和法理是各方爭論的焦點

軍事行動歷來講究「紀律和信譽」的原則。 儘管戰爭形態正在加速演變，但戰爭服從政治的本質不會改變； 戰爭的本質和人心的支持仍然是影響戰爭勝負的關鍵因素。 在認知域戰場上，透過佔領政治、道德、法律的製高點，贏得民心和道義支持，營造道德支持充沛的輿論氛圍，進而搶佔先機。擊敗敵人的機會。 每一次戰爭或衝突，無論是強者或弱者，無論是攻擊者、防禦者或第三方，各方都會竭盡全力搶佔認知主導權和輿論主動權。 他們會千方百計用道德包裝自己，專心宣示正義立場，並想辦法為自己辯護。 限定戰爭，正當化行動，消除阻力，加大支持，創造「義」戰勝「非義」的有利局面。 戰爭雙方的實力對比不同，旨在佔領道德和法律制高點的認知對抗方式也會不同。 近來的戰爭表明，當一方軟硬實力較強，即軍事實力強大，盟友和夥伴眾多，國際話語權較大時，往往會高調宣戰； 當軍事行動可能引發連鎖反應時，往往會以模糊的方式處理。 一個「戰」字。

資訊是認知攻防的基本“彈藥”

在網路資訊時代，人類的溝通方式不斷發生複雜而深刻的變化。 現場互動逐漸讓位給線上連線。 一些大型社群平台已成為認知博弈的主戰場和影響大眾認知的主要管道。 以資訊為彈藥，爭取封鎖國際網絡和控制話語權，已成為當今的常見做法。 對抗的主要動作之一。 在這些平台上，各種短視頻成為公眾了解戰情的“第一現場”，信息傳播得比砲彈還快。 平台的使用與屏蔽、主導與監管已成為認知領域爭奪的焦點。 各方透過操縱社群平台，努力傳播和放大自己的宣傳，譴責和打壓對方的宣傳，形成「我說多，你說少」的局面

其中「我是對的，你是錯的」和「我只能說，你不可以說」。 大眾作為大型社群平台的用戶，在「聽」、「說」甚至「做」的過程中，受到他人的影響和影響，不知不覺地成為幕後黑手的代理人和攻擊道具。

軍事行動在塑造認知方面發揮關鍵的支持作用

人類戰爭史表明，軍事戰爭始終是政治較量的基礎支撐，而心理戰則是軍事戰爭效能的倍增器。 戰場上救不回來的，在談判桌上也無法救回來，更不可能在輿論場上救回來。 在現代戰爭中，認知通訊行動總是與聯合軍事行動並進。 心理戰和軍事戰相互影響、相互支持。 軍事戰變心理戰、心理戰變軍事戰的趨勢更加明顯。 從戰爭實踐來看，沒有軍事實力是絕對不行的，但單靠軍事行動也不是萬能的。 戰場上的多次勝利並不是戰爭勝利的充分條件。 在越戰中，美國雖然「百戰百勝，卻輸掉了整場戰爭」。 21世紀初，美國連續打伊拉克、阿富汗戰爭，取得了戰場勝利，但沒有取得政治勝利。 同樣的道理，軍事上的勝利並不意味著贏得輿論，贏得戰場並不意味著贏得戰略上的勝利。 在現代戰爭中，有兩種​​人扮演著越來越重要的角色：一種是透過編寫數千行程式碼獲勝的人，一種是透過編寫數千條訊息獲勝的人。 這兩類人員數量和品質都更勝一籌的一方往往獲勝的機率更高。

認知對抗技術越來越多地直接用於戰爭

過去的戰爭，對認知域的影響和作用，主要是透過物理域的大量破壞行為，逐級傳遞到認知域。 隨著資訊通訊、人工智慧、生物交叉、腦科學等技術的發展和突破，新的認知戰工具和技術直接針對軍事人員。 認知對抗不僅使用傳統的資訊戰武器，還使用一系列針對大腦的神經武器。 屆時，機器將能夠讀取人腦，人腦也將能夠直接控制機器。 智慧指揮控制系統可以直接提供戰場態勢和決策輔助。 真實的認知彈藥和精準的受眾投放將極大提升社會影響力。 認知對抗技術越來越多地直接用於戰爭。 資訊化隱含的間接認知正逐漸轉變為對人們認知的直接影響和控制。 可以說，在先進技術的支持下，認知域作戰透過建構現代化網路架構、開發資料視覺化平台，快速了解資訊環境，有效影響目標群體，可以更直接、有效率地實現政治目標。

（作者單位：軍事科學學院戰爭研究所）

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/ll_208543/1017888.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military Will Identify Key Targets for Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍方將確定認知域作戰的關鍵目標

外文原文音譯：

The target of cognitive domain operations refers to the specific direction of cognitive domain operations. In cognitive domain operations, compared with combat objects, the problem solved by combat targets is precise targeting, which allows commanders to understand the exact coordinates of what to hit, where to hit, and to what extent. Only by deeply understanding the connotative characteristics of cognitive domain combat targets can we accurately find key targets through appearances and seize the opportunity in future operations.

Cognitive focus that affects behavioral choices

The cognitive center of gravity is the “convergence point” of the diverse thinking and cognition of cognitive subjects in war activities. As an active factor, it affects the cognitive process and behavioral results. Generally speaking, the cognitive factors that influence individual behavioral choices in war activities mainly include cognition of political attributes, cognition of interest associations, cognition of group belonging, cognition of risk and loss, cognition of emotional orientation, cognition of war ethics, etc. For war activities and the groups or individuals concerned about war activities, the cognitive focus that affects their attitudes, tendencies, and behaviors is not the same. Judging from the local wars and regional conflicts in the world in recent years, there are obvious differences in the cognitive focus of different groups or individuals. Politicians pay more attention to the recognition of political attributes and the recognition of interest connections, while those who may be involved in the war pay more attention to the recognition of risk and loss. And interest-related cognition, ordinary people pay more attention to interest-related cognition and emotion-oriented cognition, while people in other countries outside the region generally pay more attention to war moral cognition and group belonging cognition because their own interests will not suffer direct losses. In combat practice, foreign military forces are good at targeting the cognitive focus of different objects, accurately planning themes, and pushing relevant information to induce specific behavioral choices. For example, before the Gulf War, Hill Norton Public Relations Company concocted the non-existent “Incubator Incident”, using the daughter of Kuwait’s ambassador to the United States, Naila, as a “testimony” to show the “inhumanity” of the Iraqi army and induce the United States to The public’s understanding of ethics and morality further supported the US government in sending troops to participate in the Gulf War.

Style preferences that constrain command decisions

Cognitive style directly affects decision-making behavioral preferences. Cognitive style refers to an individual’s typical way of cognition, memory, thinking, and problem solving. According to command decision-making style preferences, commanders can be divided into calm cognitive styles and impulsive cognitive styles. Commanders with a calm cognitive style value accuracy but not speed in the decision-making process. They make high-quality decisions, but they are prone to falling into comparative analysis of various intelligence information sources and overemphasize the accuracy and objectivity of information analysis. Commanders with a calm cognitive style are often easily disturbed by numerous and diverse information stimulations during cognitive offensive and defensive operations on the battlefield, and their mental energy is easily disrupted and dissipated, which may delay combat opportunities. Commanders with an impulsive cognitive style value speed but not accuracy. They make decisions quickly but with low quality. They are easily agitated and prone to conflicts with team members. Commanders with an impulsive cognitive style are also prone to over-interpretation of ambiguous external security environments, and constantly look for “evidence” to strengthen and verify individual erroneous thinking, narrowing individual attention and leading to biased command decisions. In combat practice, foreign militaries pay more attention to analyzing the decision-making style of the commanders of combat opponents, and then select specific information to psychologically influence them. For example, during the U.S. invasion of Panama, when they besieged Panamanian President Noriega’s hiding place, the U.S. military repeatedly played rock and heavy metal music and used language that stimulated and humiliated Noriega to carry out cognitive attacks and psychological attacks, which devastated Noriega physically and mentally. Gradually collapse.

Backdoor channel to control thinking and cognition

Once a computer is infected with a “Trojan horse” virus, it will send a connection request to the hacker’s control terminal at a specific time. Once the connection is successful, a backdoor channel will be formed, allowing the hacker to control the computer as he wishes. Similarly, the human brain also has cognitive “backdoors” that can also be controlled by others. Cognitive psychologists have found that by sending information to the target object’s audio-visual perception channel, carefully pushing the information content recognized and accepted by the target object, catering to the target object’s existing experience memory, complying with the target object’s thinking habits, and stimulating the target object’s emotions Pain points can be controlled to interfere with the target object’s cognition and promote its instinctive emotional and behavioral reactions. With the support of cutting-edge cognitive science and technology, using two modes of automatic start-up and controlled processing of brain information processing, the target object can easily fall into a “cognitive cocoon”. In cognitive domain operations, individuals are immersed in a massive amount of artificially constructed information and are continuously provided with “evidence” to prove that their judgment and cognition are “correct”. Over time, an individual’s cognitive vision becomes smaller and smaller, and his ability to perceive the external environment gradually decreases. Eventually, he will not be able to see the truth of things, and he will be addicted to the “cognitive cocoon” and cannot extricate himself. In operations in the cognitive domain, foreign military forces often respond to the opponent’s cognitive bias on a certain issue and continue to push situational information and intelligence information through multiple channels that support the opponent’s “correct perception”, allowing the opponent to make command decisions. Mistakes and deviations occur.

attention-inducing sensory stimulation

Effective sensory stimulation is the primary prerequisite to attract the attention of the target object. The human brain will detect stimuli within the range of perception and respond in various ways. Experimental research in cognitive psychology has found that dynamic, dangerous, interest-related, survival safety, contrast and other types of information are more likely to attract the attention of the human brain. In the era of intelligence, the target object’s psychological cognitive process often follows the rules of “attracting attention, cultivating interest, actively searching, strengthening memory, actively sharing, and influencing others”. In combat, foreign troops often use exclusive revelations, intelligence leaks, authoritative disclosures, on-site connections, etc., and skillfully use exaggeration, contrast, association, metaphor, suspense, foil and other techniques to push information that subverts common sense, cognitive conflict, and strong contrast. information to attract the attention of the target audience. For example, the “Rescue of Female Soldier Lynch Incident” portrayed by the US military in the Iraq War and the “Gaddafi Golden Toilet” in the Libyan War were mostly based on stories familiar to the audience. The purpose and point of view were integrated into the storyline, which attracted a large number of audiences. people’s attention. In addition, the human brain also processes stimuli outside the range of sensory perception. In recent years, the military of Western countries has attached great importance to the research of subliminal information stimulation technology, and has developed subliminal visual information implantation technology, subliminal auditory information implantation technology, subliminal information activation technology, nervous system subconscious sound control technology, etc. , and continue to expand the application scope of neurocognitive science and technology in the military field.

A meta-value concept that generates cognitive resonance

In cognitive theory, cognitive resonance refers to information that crosses the cognitive gap between the two parties and can arouse the ideological, psychological and cognitive resonance of both parties, thereby achieving the deconstruction and reconstruction of the other party’s cognitive system. In cognitive domain operations, this cognitive energy concentration effect is not a concentration of power in a simple sense, but an internal accumulation of the combined force of the system. Under the diffusion of modern information media, this cognitive resonance effect can quickly spread to all parts of the world in a short period of time, and produce secondary indirect psychological effects or more levels of derivative psychological effects, showing a cumulative and iterative effect. Once the state exceeds the psychological critical point, it will show a state of psychological energy explosion, thereby changing the direction or outcome of the event. The targets that can induce this kind of cognitive resonance include value beliefs, moral ethics, common interests, etc. In a war, if one party touches or violates human meta-values, common emotional orientation, etc., it can easily trigger collective denunciation, bear the accusation of violating human morality, and fall into a moral low. For example, a photo from the Vietnam War showed a group of Vietnamese children, especially a 9-year-old girl, running naked on the road after being attacked by napalm bombs from the US military. In 1972, this photo caused a huge sensation after being published, setting off an anti-war wave in the United States and even around the world, accelerating the end of the Vietnam War.

The cognitive gap that splits the cognitive system

In daily life, seemingly hard steel is easily broken due to the brittleness of the material due to factors such as low-temperature environments, material defects, stress concentration, and so is the cognitive system. Cognitive gaps refer to the cracks, pain points, weaknesses and sensitivity points in the cognitive thinking of the target object. It is mainly manifested in the individual’s worry that he or she is unable to cope with or adapt to the environment, and under the influence of anxiety, it constitutes cognitive vulnerability. . The experience of security threats, loose group structure, confusion of beliefs and ideals, and the loss of voice of authoritative media, etc., will all cause cognitive conflicts and tears among the target objects. In cognitive domain operations, sometimes a seemingly powerful opponent has a lot of mental gaps and psychological weaknesses hidden behind it. Often a news event can shake the opponent’s cognitive framework and burst the cognitive bubble. In addition, this kind of cognitive and psychological conflict will also cause moral damage and psychological trauma to individuals. In recent years, U.S. and Western military forces performing overseas missions have faced “enemies disguised as civilians” appearing anytime and anywhere. Their uncertainty about the battlefield environment has continued to increase. They generally lack a sense of the significance of combat and are filled with guilt and guilt. A large number of soldiers develop war post-traumatic stress disorder, self-injury on the battlefield, post-war suicides and crime surge, and the number of suicides among war veterans even exceeds the number of battlefield deaths.

(Author’s unit: School of Political Science, National Defense University)

原始繁體中文：

認知域作戰的目標是指認知域作戰的具體方向。 在認知域作戰中，與作戰對象相比，作戰目標解決的問題是精準瞄準，指揮員可以了解打擊對象、打擊地點、打擊程度的準確座標。 只有深刻理解認知域作戰目標的內涵特徵，才能透過表象準確找到關鍵目標，在未來作戰中搶得先機。

影響行為選擇的認知焦點

認知重心是戰爭活動中認知主體多樣化思考和認知的「匯聚點」。 作為一種主動因素，它影響認知過程和行為結果。 一般來說，影響戰爭活動中個人行為選擇的認知因素主要包括政治屬性認知、利益關聯認知、群體歸屬認知、風險與失落認知、情緒取向認知、戰爭倫理認知等。戰爭活動與關注戰爭活動的群體或個人，影響其態度、傾向和行為的認知重點是不一樣的。 從近年來世界各地的局部戰爭和地區衝突來看，不同群體或個人的認知重點有明顯差異。 政治人物更注重對政治屬性的認知和利益連結的認知，而可能捲入戰爭的人則更注重對風險和損失的認知。 而利益認知，一般民眾更關注利益認知和情感認知，而域外其他國家的民眾普遍更關注戰爭道德認知和群體歸屬認知，因為自身利益不會受到直接損害。損失。 在作戰實踐中，外軍善於瞄準不同對象的認知焦點，精準策劃主題，推送相關訊息誘發具體行為選擇。 例如，在海灣戰爭前，希爾諾頓公關公司炮製了不存在的“孵化器事件”，以科威特駐美國大使的女兒奈拉為“證詞”，展現伊拉克人的“不人道”軍隊並誘導美國公眾對倫理道德的認識，進一步支持美國政府出兵參加海灣戰爭。

限制指揮決策的風格偏好

認知風格直接影響決策行為偏好。 認知風格是指個體典型的認知、記憶、思考和解決問題的方式。 根據指揮決策風格偏好，指揮者可分為冷靜認知風格與衝動認知風格。 具有冷靜認知風格的指揮官在決策過程中重視準確性而不是速度。 他們做出高品質的決策，但容易陷入對各種情報資訊來源的比較分析，過度強調資訊分析的準確性和客觀性。 認知風格冷靜的指揮者在戰場認知攻防作戰中，往往容易受到紛繁複雜的訊息刺激幹擾，精神能量容易被擾亂和消散，從而延誤作戰時機。 具有衝動認知風格的指揮官看重速度而不是準確性。 他們做出決策很快，但品質較低。 他們很容易激動，容易與團隊成員發生衝突。 認知風格衝動的指揮者也容易對模糊的外在安全環境進行過度解讀，不斷尋找「證據」來強化和驗證個人的錯誤思維，縮小個人注意力，導致指揮決策出現偏差。 在作戰實務中，外軍更著重分析作戰對手指揮官的決策風格，然後選擇特定資訊對其進行心理影響。 例如，美國入侵巴拿馬期間，圍攻巴拿馬總統諾列加的藏身之處時，美軍反覆播放搖滾、重金屬音樂，並使用刺激、羞辱諾列加的語言，對諾列加進行認知攻擊和心理攻擊，對諾列加造成身體上的摧殘。和精神上。 逐漸崩潰。

控制思維認知的後門通道

電腦一旦感染「木馬」病毒，就會在特定時間向駭客的控制終端發送連線請求。 一旦連接成功，就會形成後門通道，讓駭客可以隨心所欲地控制電腦。 同樣，人腦也

有認知“後門”，也可以被他人控制。 認知心理學家發現，透過向目標對象的視聽感知通道發送訊息，精心推送目標對象認知接受的訊息內容，迎合目標對像已有的經驗記憶，符合目標對象的思考習慣，激發可以控制目標對象的情緒痛點，幹擾目標物的認知，促進其本能的情緒和行為反應。 在前沿認知科學技術的支持下，利用大腦訊息處理的自動啟動和受控處理兩種模式，使目標物體輕鬆陷入「認知繭」。 在認知域操作中，個體沉浸在大量人工建構的資訊中，不斷被提供「證據」來證明自己的判斷和認知是「正確的」。 隨著時間的推移，個體的認知視野越來越小，感知外在環境的能力也逐漸下降。 最終，他將看不到事物的真相，他就會沉迷於「認知繭」中無法自拔。 在認知域作戰中，外軍往往針對對手在某一議題上的認知偏差，透過多種管道持續推送支援對手「正確認知」的態勢訊息和情報訊息，讓對手做出指揮決策。 錯誤和偏差都會發生。

引起注意的感官刺激

有效的感官刺激是吸引目標物體注意力的首要前提。 人的大腦會在感知範圍內偵測到刺激，並以各種方式做出反應。 認知心理學的實驗研究發現，動態、危險、興趣相關、生存安全、對比等類型的信息更容易引起人腦的注意。 在智慧時代，目標對象的心理認知過程往往遵循「吸引註意力、培養興趣、主動尋找、強化記憶、主動分享、影響他人」的規則。 作戰中，外軍常利用獨家爆料、情報洩密、權威揭露、現場連線等方式，巧妙運用誇張、對比、聯想、隱喻、懸念、烘託等手法，推送顛覆常識、認知的訊息。衝突，對比強烈。 訊息以吸引目標受眾的注意。 例如美軍在伊拉克戰爭中描繪的“營救女兵林奇事件”、利比亞戰爭中的“卡扎菲金馬桶”，大多取材於觀眾熟悉的故事。 目的和觀點融入故事情節，吸引了大量觀眾。 人們的關注。 此外，人腦也處理感官知覺範圍以外的刺激。 近年來，西方國家軍方高度重視潛意識訊息刺激技術的研究，發展了潛意識視覺訊息植入技術、潛意識聽覺訊息植入技術、潛意識訊息活化技術、神經系統潛意識聲音控制技術等。 ……，不斷拓展神經認知科學技術在軍事領域的應用範圍。

產生認知共鳴的元價值概念

在認知理論中，認知共振是指跨越雙方認知鴻溝的訊息，能夠引起雙方思想、心理和認知上的共鳴，從而實現對對方認知系統的解構和重建。 在認知域運作中，這種認知能量集中效應並不是簡單意義上的力量集中，而是系統合力的內在累積。 在現代資訊媒介的擴散下，這種認知共振效應可以在短時間內迅速傳播到世界各地，並產生二次間接心理效應或多層次的衍生心理效應，呈現出累積和迭代效應。 一旦狀態超過心理臨界點，就會呈現出心理能量爆炸的狀態，從而改變事件的方向或結果。 能引發這種認知共鳴的對象包括價值信念、道德倫理、共同利益等。在戰爭中，如果一方觸及或違反了人類的後設價值觀、共同的情感取向等，很容易引發集體聲討，承擔違反人類道德的指控

性，並陷入道德低谷。 例如，一張越戰時期的照片顯示，一群越南兒童，特別是一名9歲女孩，遭到美軍凝固汽油彈襲擊後，在路上赤裸裸地奔跑。 1972年，這張照片發表後引起巨大轟動，在美國乃至全世界掀起了反戰浪潮，加速了越戰的結束。

分裂認知系統的認知差距

在日常生活中，看似堅硬的鋼鐵，由於低溫環境、材料缺陷、應力集中、認知系統等因素，導致材料脆性，容易斷裂。 認知差距是指目標對象認知思考中的裂痕、痛點、弱點和敏感點。 主要表現在個體擔心自己無法應付或適應環境，在焦慮的影響下，構成認知脆弱性。 。 安全威脅的經驗、團體結構的鬆散、信仰理想的混亂、權威媒體話語權的喪失等，都會造成目標對象之間的認知衝突與眼淚。 在認知域作戰中，有時看似強大的對手，背後卻隱藏著許多心理差距和心理弱點。 往往一個新聞事件就能動搖對手的認知框架，戳破認知泡沫。 此外，這種認知和心理衝突也會為個體帶來道德傷害和心理創傷。 近年來，執行海外任務的美國和西方軍隊面臨著隨時隨地出現的「偽裝成平民的敵人」。 他們對戰場環境的不確定性不斷增加。 他們普遍缺乏戰鬥意義感，充滿愧疚和愧疚。 大量士兵出現戰爭創傷後壓力症候群，戰場上自傷，戰後自殺和犯罪激增，退伍軍人自殺人數甚至超過了戰場死亡人數。

（作者單位：國防大學政治學院）

中國軍事資源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/23/content_336142.htm

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 認知戰

What & Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

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中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？

劉曙光
2022年10月05日08:00 | 來源：解放軍報

音譯外語 – 英語:

●Cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both “peacetime” cognitive penetration and “wartime” cognitive coercion.

●Wartime cognitive domain operations revolve around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in conjunction with military operations to support each other.

●In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slacking off.

Cognitive domain warfare is a confrontation at the level of conscious thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it affects judgment, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the real situation to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both “peacetime” cognitive penetration and “wartime” cognitive coercion. Therefore, cognitive domain operations have no clear boundaries between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations or even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concepts of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on ideological layout tasks

Ideology is “an ideological system that systematically and consciously reflects the socio-economic formation and political system.” Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in confrontations between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude struggle, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, and has become a focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide political cognition and seize control of belief and establishment. Confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national aspirations. The confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to condense or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or dissolve political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through cognitive guidance on the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, we cultivate recognition, denial, and support of political positions, beliefs, practices, etc. Or hatred and other emotions, laying out a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition and seize the right to lead war attitudes. A country can be without war, but it cannot be without a sense of war. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of the will, concepts, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through cognitive guidance on the essence, nature, legal concepts, etc. of war, we build a war cognitive thinking system, guide the evaluation direction of the rationality, justice, and legality of war, promote the formation of support or opposition attitudes towards possible wars, and regulate The rise and fall of willingness to assume war obligations is a key issue in cognitive guidance of war. War cognition affects war attitudes, and the struggle for its control is a task that must be paid attention to in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition and seize control of emotions and will. Values ​​influence people’s judgment of beauty and ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, human emotions always tend to support claims with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, literary and artistic opinions, etc., competition for the right to guide values, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. . In real life, different values ​​often interpenetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for social and emotional recognition, which is a regular task in cognitive domain operations.

Pay close attention to social psychology and the task of building momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition. It is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights and other experiences. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the actual situation. It is one of the usual modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially during non-military conflicts. It is also a task that must be paid attention to in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflicts and confrontations. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily lead to disintegration. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to the emergence of extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the status, interests, and culture of different ethnic groups within the country Differences in people, customs, and lifestyles provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up ethnic antagonisms, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on the perception. Know the guide. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to lose control, and has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase and eliminate oppositional consciousness. Groups generally refer to people of the same type, such as ethnicity, region, class, professional groups, even civil society groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political and economic status, cultural thought, regional concept or other factors. Inducing the perception of differences and promoting the antagonism between different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, rich and poor opposition, etc. will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society against the political authorities, and instigate social mobilization. The turbulence and division left behind a foreshadowing. In cognitive domain operations, this kind of social psychology needs to be paid attention to.

Guide individual psychology and influence social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, public intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political positions, emotional attitudes, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. One is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. Such as public crises, major accidents, natural disasters and even some crimes and emergencies in life, intentionally inducing certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the herd effect of individuals, thus triggering changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both of these aspects need to be paid attention to in cognitive domain operations.

Targeting the critical mission of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations begin before military operations and end after military operations. Wartime cognitive domain operations revolve around the achievement of military objectives, are implemented in conjunction with military operations and support each other, and are characterized by violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, the influence of weapons and propaganda effects are comprehensively effective, and methods such as “lure”, “attack”, “deception” and “control” are emerging one after another. This is the key to cognitive domain operations. critical stage.

Attack the mind and seize the will, force and induce cognition. Wartime cognitive attacks are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeting the enemy’s decision-makers, front-line commanders, etc., use targeted attacks to shake the will to resist, and use information deception and interference to induce decision-making. Targeting armed forces, mainly the military, use force to shock and deter, and comprehensively use operations such as public opinion warfare and emerging technologies. Means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, trigger their panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; targeting social support forces, conveying tough messages to undermine confidence through large-scale military exercises, equipment testing, propaganda of weapon lethality effectiveness, etc., and through selective Target strikes and dissemination of war situations can induce panic, and efforts can be made to gain understanding by publicizing one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and relevant international comments.

Build a strong line of defense and control the situation with concentration. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intellect” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic approaches to cognitive defense in wartime. For the forces participating in the war, stimulate enthusiasm for participating in the war through mobilization and encouragement, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting examples, etc.; for the supporting forces, educate the justice, rationality, and legality of the war. Propaganda is used to establish a sense of mission, responsibility, and obligation among the people, to inspire a sense of hatred and hatred by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, to stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local governments participating in the war and supporting frontline operations, and so on.

Expand your camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect that must be achieved in wartime cognitive domain operations. In particular, the fight for international support is mainly through political, diplomatic and other activities, but the widespread diffusion of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level. Provide support for your own camp expansion. In addition, wartime cognitive domain operations also have an important task throughout the war, which is to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of war appear and spread, people’s cognitive system will be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are required to work together to ensure the consolidation of the results. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of guns dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slacking off.

原創中文軍事繁體中文：

●認知領域作戰聚焦全維度攻擊，既包括「平時」認知滲透，也包括「戰時」認知強制。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目標的實現，與軍事行動結合實施，相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中，隨著槍聲消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能會再次吹響，絕不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域戰是意識思維層面的對抗。 透過對訊息的選擇性加工和傳遞，影響判斷，改變觀念，爭奪人心，從而引導現實形勢向有利於自己的方向發展。 從認知塑造的角度來看，認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊，既包括「和平時期」的認知滲透，也包括「戰時」的認知強制。 因此，認知域作戰在和平與戰爭之間沒有明確的界線； 同時，根據政治或軍事目的的需要，其目標可以是個人、組織甚至國家。 因此，認知域作戰應樹立平戰融合、軍民融合、跨域融合、共同勝利的理念，並相應梳理基礎任務。

聚焦思想佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性地、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。 意識形態決定認知的理性基礎，具有鮮明的陣營特質。 儘管意識形態涵蓋了社會生活的各個層面，但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中，圍繞著信仰引導、態度鬥爭、觀念同化的鬥爭尤為激烈，成為認知域作戰的焦點。

塑造和引導政治認知並掌控信仰和體制。 國家或政治團體之間的對抗，不僅是國家實力的對抗，更是民族願望的對抗。 政治信仰的對抗首當其衝。 塑造和引導政治認知，旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、強化或動搖政治信念、擴大或消解政治陣營。 在認知域操作中，透過對執政黨合法性、政治理念和製度合理性、政治生態健康狀況的認知引導，培養對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認可、否定和支持。或仇恨等情緒，佈置出有利己不利敵的政治認知佈局。 政治認知關係到一個國家或組織的生存基礎，是認知領域運作的首要關注。

塑造和引導戰爭認知，掌握戰爭態度引領權。 一個國家可以沒有戰爭，但不能沒有戰爭意識。 戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。 透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法律概念等的認知引導，建構戰爭認知思維體系，引導對戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價方向，促進對可能發生的戰爭形成支持或反對態度。承擔戰爭義務意願的盛衰是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。 戰爭認知影響戰爭態度，對其控制權的競爭是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造和引導價值認知，抓住情感和意志的控制。 價值觀影響著人們對美醜、是非的判斷以及社會行為取向。 在辨識事物和判斷是非方面，人類的情感總是傾向於支持具有相似價值觀的主張。 價值認知滲透到生活的各個角落。 透過倫理觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播，對價值引導權、生活方式引導權、傳統傳承判斷權的爭奪頻繁而激烈。兇猛的。 。 現實生活中，不同的價值觀常常互相滲透、糾纏。 塑造和引導價值認知的本質是爭取社會和情感認可，這是認知領域中運作的常規任務。

密切關注社會心理和造勢任務

社會心理學為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎。 它是在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟和其他經驗的基礎上形成的。 社會的

心理疏導往往會促使實際情況發生不可預測的變化。 這是雙方通常的對抗模式之一，特別是在非軍事衝突期間。 這也是認知域操作中必須重視的任務。

引導民族心理，調節民族情緒。 民族心理是最容易引起衝突和對抗的社會心理之一。 攻擊民族自尊，會滋長民族自卑感，容易導致民族解體。 提高民族自尊可以增強民族凝聚力，但民族自尊的膨脹很容易導致極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的出現； 國內不同民族的地位、利益、文化、民俗、生活方式的差異，為別有用心的人煽動民族對立提供了機會，而相同的生存空間和合作進程，則為消除偏見和發展奠定了基礎。甚至族群之間的凝聚力和包容性。 結果取決於感知。 了解指南。 國民心理疏導敏感、容易失控，直接影響社會穩定。 這是認知域操作中需要重點關注的任務。

引導群體心理，增加和消除對立意識。 群體一般指同一類型的人，如種族、地區、階級、職業群體，甚至民間團體、非政府組織等。如果群體是基於「趨同」來主觀定義的，那麼群體之間的「差異」群體是客觀存在的。 這種差異可能是政治經濟地位、文化思想、地域觀念或其他因素。 誘導差異認知，助長黨派反對派、地區反對派、職業反對派、貧富對立等不同群體之間的對立，不僅會損害國家內部的團結，還會積累和增加各方的不滿情緒。社會各界反對政治當局，並煽動社會動員。 動盪和分裂留下了伏筆。 在認知域操作中，需要關注這種社會心理。

引導個體心理，影響社會情緒。 在認知域操作中，個別心理引導分為兩種情況。 一是重要人物的心理疏導，如敏感專業人士、公共知識分子、學術精英、成功商界人士等，他們的政治立場、情感態度等鬥爭是對抗雙方都需要重點關注的問題。 一是利用容易引發個體心理共鳴的現象。 例如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪和突發事件，刻意誘發某些情緒可能會因個體的羊群效應而造成群體極化，從而引發輿論變化甚至社會動盪。 認知域操作中需要注意這兩方面。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵使命

認知域操作在軍事行動之前開始，在軍事行動之後結束。 戰時認知域作戰圍繞著實現軍事目標，與軍事行動結合實施、相互支持，具有暴力強制的特質。 此階段的認知域作戰，「進攻」和「防禦」行動同時進行，武器影響力和宣傳效果綜合有效，採用「誘」、「攻」、「欺騙」、「控制」等手段。 」紛紛湧現。 這是認知域操作的關鍵。 關鍵階段。

攻心奪意志，強行誘發認知。 戰時認知攻擊主要是為了削弱敵方抵抗意志、誘導敵方做出錯誤決策而進行的。 針對敵方決策者、第一線指揮等，利用定向攻擊動搖抵抗意志，利用資訊欺騙和乾擾誘導決策。 針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量，以武力震懾、威懾，綜合運用輿論戰、新興技術等作戰手段。 用手段動搖他們的參戰信念，引發他們的恐慌，削弱他們的軍心，主導他們的行動模式； 針對社會支持力量，透過大規模軍事演習、裝備測試、武器殺傷效能宣傳等方式傳遞強硬訊息，破壞信心，透過選擇性地進行目標打擊、傳播戰況，引發恐慌，努力

透過宣傳自己在戰爭中的人道主義行動和相關國際評論來獲得理解。

構築堅固防線，集中力量掌控事態。 戰時認知防禦的重點在於建構「心」、「意志」、「智」的堅固防線，防止在局勢或環境急劇變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。 教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。 對參戰力量，透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情，透過闢謠澄清真相，透過宣傳戰爭成果樹立勝利信念，透過樹立榜樣調動士氣等； 對支援部隊進行戰爭正義、合理、合法性教育。 宣傳是為了在人民群眾中建立使命感、責任感、義務感，透過揭露敵人的殘暴行徑，激發仇恨感和仇恨感，透過宣傳地方政府參戰事蹟，激發支援作戰熱情以及支援前線行動等等。

擴大你的營地並消除隱患。 營造良好的認知氛圍，為己方陣營的擴張提供支持，是戰時認知領域作戰必須做到的重要面向。 特別是，爭取國際支持主要是透過政治、外交等活動，但自身立場、理念、態度等的廣泛傳播，往往會導致國際民間態度的變化，進而影響各國的決策。政治層面。 為您自己的營地擴展提供支援。 此外，戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿整場戰爭的重要任務，就是消除戰爭中各種意外事件造成的不良隱患。 尤其是在戰爭後期，隨著戰爭破壞性效應的顯現和蔓延，人們的認知系統會一再受到不同資訊的衝擊。 在此期間，需要思想引導、社會心理塑造、個人心理疏導等共同努力，確保成果的鞏固。 在認知域作戰中，隨著槍聲消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能會再次吹響，絕不能有絲毫懈怠。

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事認知領域作戰, 認知域操作, 認知戰

Chinese People’s Liberation Army Exploring Ways to Win in Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國人民解放軍探索認知域作戰制勝之道

外語音譯:

Judging from the latest local war practice, cognitive domain operations have become an important variable that profoundly affects the direction of war. In cognitive domain operations, all parties compete fiercely for control of public opinion, information guidance, and cognitive shaping. There are not only physical confrontations, but also competitions in virtual space, demonstrating the distinctive characteristics of “technology +” in the digital era. Exploring the way to win in cognitive domain operations is of great practical significance for controlling the initiative in cognitive domain operations and winning future wars.

Seizing control of the brain has become the ultimate goal of cognitive domain operations

The brain is the material basis of all thinking activities and the command center that influences and controls human behavior changes. Feeling, perception and consciousness constitute the three aspects of the world that the brain reflects. How to win the right to control the brain has increasingly become the focus of research and attention by all warring parties in the field of cognitive domain operations.

Actively fight for sensory control. Feeling is the reaction caused by the characteristics of objective things in the human brain, and is the basis for various complex psychological processes. With the rapid development of brain science, molecular biology, neurochemistry and other disciplines, humans have gradually gained the ability to intervene and control the brain at the physiological level. According to foreign experimental results, inhaling oxytocin will make people more trusting of others and more empathetic, thereby affecting a person’s prosociality and moral performance. In future operations, the warring parties will use physical stimulation such as sound, light and electricity, or chemical drugs to act on the target’s hearing, vision, smell and other sensory systems. They may even directly act on the human brain to stimulate the target’s brain. Specific emotional reactions can achieve cognitive influence and control on the physiological level.

Effective competition for perceptual suppression. Perception is a psychological process formed on the basis of sensation and reflects the overall image and surface connection of objective things. Among them, the individual’s attitude, motivation, interest, as well as past experience and future expectations are the key variables that affect the individual’s perception of the perceptual target. During wartime, warring parties aim at the target’s psychological doubts, weaknesses, and needs, seize favorable opportunities, and use specific information to emotionally influence, mentally induce, or disrupt the target’s perception in order to increase the target’s perception of the target. The expectation of war risks weakens their will to resist and their determination to fight, thereby achieving the purpose of subduing the enemy with a small war, less fighting or even no fighting.

Comprehensive competition for the right to shape consciousness. Consciousness is realized through psychological processes such as feeling, perception, and thinking, and is manifested as the unity of knowledge, emotion, and intention. The fundamental purpose of war is to force the enemy to surrender. Judging from the war practice at home and abroad in ancient and modern times, in order to win the right to shape consciousness, the warring parties will do their best to mobilize all available military power and comprehensively use political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other means to carry out political disintegration and diplomatic measures against the enemy. Isolation, guidance of public opinion, and declaration of legal principles can trigger rational thinking, ethical resonance, or value recognition of target individuals or groups, thereby changing their worldview, outlook on life, and values, forming a relatively stable and long-term cognitive influence or control, thereby achieving “complete victory.” “the goal of.

Controlling information becomes the key to cognitive domain operations

The weapon and ammunition of cognitive domain operations is information. Mastering the initiative in the generation, identification, acquisition, dissemination and feedback of information is the key to gaining battlefield advantage in the cognitive domain.

Actively implement strong psychological stimulation to promote information penetration. Modern warfare is fierce and complex, with various elements of confrontation unfolding in multi-dimensional and multi-domain contexts, and fighter jets fleeting. The forces and methods acting in the cognitive domain must keep up with the development and changes of the battlefield situation, and make extensive use of strong psychological stimulation methods such as subliminal information implantation, acousto-optical electromagnetic psychological nuisance damage, and non-contact emotional control to take the initiative to induce the target. The subject’s emotions, will, thoughts, beliefs, etc. appear chaotic, confused or radically changed, thereby achieving the purpose of controlling and influencing the cognitive system of the target subject.

Extensive use of intelligent algorithms to achieve accurate push. As the Internet penetrates into every aspect of human life, everyone will leave massive amounts of data and information online. During wartime, warring parties will use modern information technologies such as big data, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, and blockchain to analyze the target’s social data, trajectory data, financial data, online shopping records, search records, personal communication records and other network data. The information is deeply mined and associated to achieve a “cognitive portrait” of the target object, and the target object’s interest preferences, behavioral trends, interpersonal relationships and value orientations are systematically analyzed, thereby three-dimensionally grasping the characteristics of relevant individuals or specific groups. Then, with the help of intelligent algorithm technology, personalized and customized cognitive information is accurately pushed to the target object, thereby affecting the target object’s attitude, emotion and value judgment towards the war, thereby promoting the realization of one’s own combat objectives and political intentions.

Effectively aggregate social support systems to achieve overall linkage. The social support system is the material and spiritual help and support that a person can obtain from others in his or her social network. It is a key factor that affects and determines the emotional support and cognitive direction of an individual. It can be said that for the success of cognitive domain operations, it is crucial to obtain the support and assistance of the target’s social support system. With the help of modern information technology, we can effectively connect to the target’s relatives, friends, classmates, partners and other specific social relations. By exerting targeted influence on the above-mentioned relations, we can gain the understanding, support and trust of the other party, and mobilize the specific relations to When the target object exerts influence, it is easier to win the trust and acceptance of the target object, and it is easier for the target object to undergo cognitive changes, thereby achieving the purpose of cognitive influence and control on the target object.

Virtual space becomes the main battlefield for cognitive domain operations

With the continuous expansion of human virtual space, virtual space is becoming the main battlefield of modern warfare, especially cognitive domain warfare, which determines the outcome of future wars to a certain extent.

Emerging communication forms have become new means of warfare in the cognitive domain. With the continuous development of mobile Internet technology, emerging communication forms represented by social media have gradually become a new platform and mainstream position for cognitive confrontation. Judging from recent local wars, the status and role of social media has become more and more prominent. All warring parties use personal blogs, forums and other platforms to publish battlefield pictures, videos, and comments in real time, which has not only become a global mobile online media terminal. It has also become the main battleground for the value perception game among different countries and different factions around the world. Emerging communication forms such as social media, with their unique decentralization and interactivity characteristics, have broken the information monopoly and information control in traditional communication methods and spawned numerous product styles. While meeting people’s information needs, they are also Unknowingly changing people’s perceptions. It is foreseeable that social media will play an increasingly prominent role in cognitive domain operations in the future.

Cyberspace has become a new space for cognitive domain operations. Under the conditions of informatization and intelligence, the threshold of network technology has been greatly reduced, making it possible to watch the game in real time around the world. Modern warfare has developed from “living room warfare” in the television era to “handheld warfare” in today’s all-media era. Online live broadcast is more intuitive and richer than any form of battlefield reporting, and “global synchronicity” has become a prominent feature. Through live broadcasts on the Internet, videos and pictures of fierce battles between the two warring parties, as well as numerous burned tanks and armored vehicles, as well as homes destroyed by the war and refugees fleeing their homes, can be visually presented. People can see the micro-state of individual civilians and soldiers on both sides through the Internet. The “transparency” of the battlefield makes any attempt to conceal the truth and false statements more and more difficult. But on the other hand, the emergence of technologies such as intelligent voice cloning and video portrait simulation replacement means that what people see may not necessarily be “as seen” and what they hear may not be “as heard”. Cognition under online live broadcasts Domain operations add more room for possibility and imagination.

The intelligent network army has become a new force in cognitive domain warfare. The development of information networks has broken through the authenticity limitations of interpersonal communication, and it is difficult for us to determine whether the other end of the network is a real person. Based on the needs of large-scale interaction, intelligent, automated, and large-scale cyberspace robots are emerging. They are widely active in every corner of cyberspace. These intelligent network armies have the capabilities of intelligent recognition, intelligent response and even brain-like thinking. They are tireless and work around the clock. Intelligent network armies are becoming an important force in future cognitive domain operations. Judging from the current development trends of related technologies, major countries and even business organizations in the world are focusing on the potential prospects of network robots in group penetration, live broadcast follow-up, shaping public opinion, and managing network crises. In the flexible guidance of network intelligent robots, Increase research and development efforts on key technologies such as automatic acquisition of technology groups, automatic cultivation and group penetration, and provide intelligent and efficient technical support for public opinion guidance, cognitive shaping, and behavioral guidance and control by discovering and effectively utilizing the behavioral patterns of network users.

中國人民解放軍探索認知域作戰制勝之道

原始繁體中文：

從最新的局部戰爭實踐來看，認知域作戰已成為深刻影響戰爭走向的重要變因。 在認知域作戰中，各方對輿論控制、資訊引導、認知塑造等方面展開激烈競爭。 不僅有實體對抗，還有虛擬空間的較量，展現出數位時代「科技+」的鮮明特質。 探索認知域作戰的致勝之道，對於掌控認知域作戰主動權、贏得未來戰爭具有重要的現實意義。

奪取大腦控制權成為認知域作戰的終極目標

大腦是一切思考活動的物質基礎，是影響和控制人類行為改變的指揮中心。 感覺、知覺和意識構成了大腦反映的世界的三個面向。 如何贏得大腦的控制權，日益成為認知域作戰領域交戰各方研究與關注的焦點。

積極爭取感官控制。 感覺是人腦對客觀事物特徵所引起的反應，也是各種複雜心理過程的基礎。 隨著腦科學、分子生物學、神經化學等學科的快速發展，人類逐漸具備了在生理層面介入和控制大腦的能力。 根據國外實驗結果，吸入催產素會使人更信任他人，更有同理心，進而影響一個人的親社會性和道德表現。 在未來的行動中，交戰雙方將利用聲音、光、電等物理刺激或化學藥物作用於目標的聽覺、視覺、嗅覺等感覺系統。 它們甚至可能直接作用於人腦，刺激目標大腦。 特定的情緒反應可以在生理層面上實現認知影響和控制。

知覺抑制的有效競爭。 知覺是在感覺基礎上形成的心理過程，反映客觀事物的整體形象和表面連結。 其中，個體的態度、動機、興趣以及過去的經驗和未來的期望是影響個體對感性目標感知的關鍵變數。 戰時，交戰雙方針對目標的心理疑慮、弱點和需求，抓住有利時機，利用特定訊息對目標進行情緒影響、精神誘導或擾亂感知，以增加目標對目標的感知。 對戰爭風險的預期削弱了他們的抵抗意志和戰鬥決心，從而達到以小戰、少戰甚至不戰克敵的目的。

全面競爭塑造意識。 意識是透過感覺、知覺、思考等心理過程實現的，表現為知、情感、意圖的統一。 戰爭的根本目的是迫使敵人投降。 從古今中外的戰爭實踐來看，交戰雙方為了贏得意識塑造權，都會竭盡全力調動一切可以動用的軍事力量，綜合運用政治、經濟、文化、外交等多種手段。手段是對敵人實施政治瓦解和外交措施。 隔離、輿論引導、法理宣示，可以引發目標個人或群體的理性思考、倫理共鳴或價值認同，從而改變其世界觀、人生觀、價值觀，形成相對穩定、長期的認知。影響或控制，從而取得“完全勝利」。 “的目標。

控制資訊成為認知域運作的關鍵

認知領域作戰的武器和彈藥是資訊。 掌握資訊產生、辨識、獲取、傳播和回饋的主動權，是認知領域中獲得戰場優勢的關鍵。

積極實施強烈的心理刺激，促進訊息滲透。 現代戰爭激烈複雜，對抗要素多維度、多領域，戰機瞬息萬變。 作用於認知域的力量和方式必須跟上戰場情勢的發展變化，廣泛運用潛意識訊息植入、聲光電磁心理滋擾傷害、非接觸情感等強心理刺激手段。控制主動誘導目標。 時間

主體的情緒、意志、思想、信仰等出現混亂、混亂或徹底改變，從而達到控制和影響目標主體認知系統的目的。

大量運用智慧演算法，實現精準推送。 隨著網路滲透到人類生活的各個層面，每個人都會在網路上留下大量的數據和資訊。 戰時，交戰雙方會利用大數據、雲端運算、物聯網、區塊鏈等現代資訊技術，分析目標的社交數據、軌跡數據、金融數據、網購記錄、搜尋記錄、個人通訊記錄等網路數據。 對資訊進行深度挖掘和關聯，實現目標對象的“認知畫像”，對目標對象的興趣偏好、行為傾向、人際關係、價值取向進行系統分析，從而三維掌握相關個體或特定對象的特徵。組。 接著藉助智慧演算法技術，將個人化、客製化的認知訊息精準推送給目標對象，進而影響目標對象對戰爭的態度、情感和價值判斷，進而促進自身作戰目標和政治意圖的實現。

有效聚合社會支持系統，實現整體連結。 社會支持系統是一個人在自己的社交網絡中能夠從他人那裡獲得的物質和精神上的幫助和支持。 它是影響和決定個別情緒支持和認知方向的關鍵因素。 可以說，認知域行動的成功，獲得目標社會支持系統的支持和幫助至關重要。 借助現代資訊技術，我們可以有效連結目標對象的親人、朋友、同學、合作夥伴等特定的社會關係。 透過對上述關係施加有針對性的影響，可以獲得對方的理解、支持和信任，調動具體關係向目標對象施加影響時，更容易贏得目標對象的信任和接受目標對象更容易發生認知變化，從而達到對目標對象進行認知影響與控制的目的。

虛擬空間成為認知域作戰的主戰場

隨著人類虛擬空間的不斷擴展，虛擬空間正在成為現代戰爭尤其是認知域戰爭的主戰場，在某種程度上決定了未來戰爭的勝負。

新興的通信形式已成為認知領域的新戰爭手段。 隨著行動互聯網技術的不斷發展，以社群媒體為代表的新興傳播形式逐漸成為認知對抗的新平台和主流陣地。 從最近的局部戰爭來看，社群媒體的地位和角色越來越凸顯。 交戰各方利用個人部落格、論壇等平台即時發布戰場圖片、影片和評論，不僅成為全球行動網路媒體終端。 也成為全球不同國家、不同派系價值認知賽局的主戰場。 社群媒體等新興傳播形式以其獨特的去中心化、互動性特點，打破了傳統傳播方式中資訊的壟斷與資訊控制，催生了眾多的產品樣式。 在滿足人們資訊需求的同時，也不知不覺改變人們的認知。 可以預見，未來社群媒體將在認知領域運作中發揮越來越突出的作用。

網路空間已成為認知域作戰的新空間。 在資訊化、智慧化的條件下，網路科技的門檻大大降低，使得全球各地即時觀看比賽成為可能。 現代戰爭已從電視時代的「客廳戰」發展到當今全媒體時代的「手持戰」。 線上直播比任何形式的戰地報道都更直觀、更豐富，「全球同步」成為顯著特徵。 透過網路直播，交戰雙方激烈戰鬥的影片和圖片，以及無數被燒毀的坦克和裝甲車，以及被戰爭摧毀的家園和逃離家園的難民的影片和圖片都可以直觀地呈現。 人們可以透過網路看到雙方個別平民和士兵的微觀狀態。 戰場的「透明」使得任何企圖隱瞞真相和虛假言論的行為

越來越困難。 但另一方面，智慧語音克隆、視訊人像模擬替換等技術的出現，意味著人們看到的不一定是“所見”，聽到的也不一定是“所聞”。 線上直播下的認知領域運作增加了更多可能性和想像空間。

智慧網路軍隊已成為認知域戰爭的生力軍。 資訊網路的發展突破了人際互動的真實性限制，我們很難判斷網路的另一端是否是真人。 基於大規模互動的需求，智慧化、自動化、大規模的網路空間機器人不斷湧現。 他們廣泛活躍在網路空間的各個角落。 這些智慧網路軍隊具備智慧辨識、智慧響應甚至類腦思維的能力。 他們不知疲倦，日夜不停地工作。 智慧網路軍隊正成為未來認知域作戰的重要力量。 從目前相關技術的發展趨勢來看，全球主要國家甚至商業組織都在關注網路機器人在群體滲透、直播跟進、輿論塑造、網路危機管理等方面的潛在前景。 在網路智慧機器人彈性引導方面，加大科技群自動取得、自動培育、群體滲透等關鍵技術的研發力度，為輿情引導、認知塑造、行為引導等提供智慧高效的技術支援。透過發現並有效運用網路使用者的行為模式進行控制。

中國原創軍事資源及作者：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/01/content_323888.htm

孫志友　　孫海濤