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Communist China’s Emphasis On the Evolution of Warfare

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共產中國對戰爭演變的重視

2019年12月12日10:20 | 資料來源：解放軍報

現代英語：

What is the driving force behind the evolution of war forms, and what laws can be followed? To answer this question well and analyze the evolution trend of contemporary war forms, we should first start from the characteristics of the times, grasp the social motivations that promote its development from an overall perspective, and then examine the breadth, depth, magnitude, and intensity of the effects of various influencing factors, so as to make scientific judgments. At present, human society is in a historical period where the scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are strongly intersecting, and the war forms and combat methods are likely to undergo subversive changes.

A new round of global technological revolution is the fundamental driving force behind the evolution of contemporary warfare

Science and technology is a revolutionary force that has played a driving role in history. It is also the original driving force for the development of war and the basic basis for understanding the development of war. Engels once pointed out: “Once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately and almost forcibly, and often against the will of the commander, cause changes or even revolutions in the way of warfare.” At the beginning of this century, the scientific community predicted that the “scientific silence” has lasted for more than 60 years since the second half of the 20th century, and the historical cycle of technological revolution is approaching. In recent years, a new round of scientific and technological revolution is ready to take off. Original breakthroughs in some major scientific issues such as the structure of matter, the evolution of the universe, the origin of life, and the nature of consciousness are opening up new frontiers and new directions. Some major disruptive technological innovations are creating new industries and new formats. Information technology, biotechnology, manufacturing technology, new material technology, and new energy technology have penetrated into almost all fields, driving a major collective technological change characterized by green, intelligent, and ubiquitous. The military field is the most sensitive field to the development of science and technology. Every major scientific and technological progress and innovation will cause a profound change in the form of war and the way of warfare. With the brewing of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, emerging strategic military technologies, especially disruptive military technologies, are emerging in a concentrated manner, and the driving force for military development is unprecedentedly strong. At present, the “perception revolution” caused by the Internet of Things technology, the “computing revolution” caused by cloud computing, the “prediction revolution” caused by big data, the “communication revolution” caused by quantum technology, the “material revolution” caused by nanotechnology, the “behavior revolution” caused by artificial intelligence technology, and the “strike revolution” caused by military aerospace, new aviation, electromagnetic launch, directed energy weapons, deep-sea development, unmanned combat systems, and smart ammunition are developing in a coordinated manner, converging and integrating, accelerating the comprehensive reshaping of combat means, showing unprecedented transformation and subversion, and becoming the “first driving force” for the evolution of war forms and combat methods.

Global strategic adjustments and intensified competition among major powers provide the background for the evolution of contemporary warfare

At present, the international situation is at a new turning point. Various strategic forces are accelerating their differentiation and combination, and the international system has entered a critical period of accelerated evolution and profound adjustment. The collective rise of emerging market countries and the accelerated rise and fall of international strategic power have posed a great impact on the international governance structure dominated by the West. Hegemonism and power politics are becoming increasingly unpopular. The social economy and comprehensive national strength of the West, represented by the United States, have grown slowly, and the internal centripetal force and cohesion have declined. Many populists have risen, politics have turned right, and social contradictions have surged. Under the general trend of gradually losing comprehensive advantages, some countries rely more on military means. After Trump came to power, he significantly increased the defense budget under the condition of tight financial resources. The budget for fiscal year 2018 was US$692 billion, an increase of more than 10%; the total amount of the Department of Defense’s proposal for fiscal year 2019 reached US$716 billion, an increase of 12% over the application for fiscal year 2018. The new US national security strategy clearly lists Russia and China as strategic competitors. Moreover, the U.S. military has a tradition of seeking absolute military superiority through technological advantages. It is currently promoting a military transformation with intelligence as the main direction. The fundamental purpose is to use artificial intelligence, a disruptive technology that “changes the future war situation”, to reshape the military system, seek to form a new generation gap, seize the initiative in future wars, obtain the “core competitiveness” of the 21st century, and ensure the absolute military superiority of the U.S. military in the next few decades. The U.S. military’s approach will inevitably stimulate the military of other countries to take preventive measures and intensify military competition. The extensive and profound development and changes in the military field must be “one of the important contents of the world’s great development, great change, and great adjustment”, providing a strong impetus for the evolution of war forms and combat methods.

A new round of industrial revolution lays a new social foundation for the evolution of contemporary warfare

The scientific and technological revolution leads to the industrial revolution, which triggers the reshaping of the material production base and social organization. War and military are human practices rooted in the social production base. The arrival of a new round of industrial revolution will provide new support for the new military revolution and the evolution of war. At present, the integration of new generation information technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and mobile Internet with robots and intelligent manufacturing technologies is accelerating, the chain of scientific and technological innovation is more flexible, technology updates and results transformation are faster, and industrial renewal is accelerating, making social production and consumption shift from industrialization to automation and intelligence. Social productivity will be greatly improved again, and labor productivity will achieve a big leap. Germany’s Industry 4.0, the United States’ “re-industrialization”, and the corresponding policies of other major countries will promote the arrival of a new round of industrial revolution and promote the comprehensive spread of scientific and technological revolution from the technical field to the entire economic field and even the entire society. In the military field, the traditional “waterfall-type” sequential R&D model of weapons and equipment will be replaced by an intelligent, real-time, personalized, and collaborative parallel R&D model, which will greatly shorten the R&D production cycle and improve efficiency. New production tools and production methods will also greatly improve the production efficiency of weapons and equipment. For example, the benefits of digital manufacturing exceed those of traditional methods by more than an order of magnitude; the raw materials required by 3D printing technology are only one-tenth of the original, the production efficiency is doubled, the cycle is doubled, and the energy consumption is far lower than the traditional method. The new round of industrial revolution will greatly improve the efficiency of research and development, production and procurement of war tools, accelerate metabolism, and provide social and material support for the rapid evolution of war forms.

Forward-looking military theories provide powerful catalysts and guidance for the evolution of contemporary warfare

Military theory and military technology are known as the “twin engines” of military development, and they are also a strong driving force for the evolution of war forms. At present, the speed of innovation of war and combat concepts in major countries in the world is accelerating, and the innovation intensity is unprecedented. They have made forward-looking outlines and designs for future war forms, guiding the development of war and the direction of military construction. The US military has always attached great importance to the guidance of military theory, and even proposed that “one theory guides one war, and one war eliminates one theory.” In recent years, the US military and academic circles have successively proposed a series of innovative strategies and combat concepts, which are dazzling. For example, in 2009, Air Force Chief of Staff Schwartz and Navy Chief of Operations Roughead jointly signed a memorandum proposing the “Air-Sea Battle” concept; in January 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that it would replace the “Air-Sea Battle” concept with “Global Public Domain Intervention and Joint Mobility”; in November 2014, then-U.S. Secretary of Defense Hagel clearly proposed the “National Defense Innovation Initiative” with the third “offset strategy” as its connotation to accelerate the military transformation of the U.S. military; in 2012, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff proposed the concept of “joint electromagnetic spectrum operations” in the “JP3-13.1 Joint Electronic Warfare Ordinance”; in 2014, a U.S. think tank launched “Robots on the Battlefield II – Clusters of the Future”, proposing “UAV swarm operations” ” concept; since 2013, retired US Air Force Lieutenant General DePutula and others have successively proposed a series of concepts such as “combat cloud”, “combat cloud”, “campaign cloud” and “cloud combat”; in early 2015, the US Navy surface ship force proposed the “distributed lethality” combat concept; in October 2016, the US Army Association proposed “multi-domain warfare” and officially included it in the Army’s regulations in November of the same year; in April 2017, Robert Walker, former Deputy Secretary of Defense of the United States, proposed the concept of “algorithmic warfare”, which is essentially an “intelligent +” war based on artificial intelligence… These war and combat concepts are both joint and military, both strategic and tactical and technical, and many have been incorporated into regulations, entered into practice and research and development. For example, the third “offset strategy” attaches great importance to artificial intelligence and autonomous capabilities, incorporates them into the combat network, attempts to make “unmanned and autonomous systems play a core role” and usher in “war in the robot era”, and envisions the full realization of intelligence in combat platforms, information systems and command and control by 2050, thereby forming a new overwhelming technological advantage. These innovative theories will have a strong and lasting impact on the development direction of future war forms and combat methods.

New war practices provide a stage for exploring paths for the evolution of contemporary war forms

Entering the new century, especially in recent years, some new changes have occurred in human war practice, from which we can see some clues of the evolution of future war forms. For example, on the land battlefield, cluster warfare with ground unmanned systems as the main body has entered the battlefield and has begun to show its edge. At the end of 2015, the Russian army used the “Andromeda-D” automated command system in Syria to command 6 “Platform-M” and 4 “Argo” combat robots. With the support of self-propelled artillery groups and several drones, it carried out the world’s first ground combat with combat robot clusters as the main body and successfully completed the combat mission. For example, from the evening of January 5 to the early morning of January 6, 2018, Syria time, the Russian Khmeimim Air Force Base and Tartus Naval Base in Syria were attacked by 13 drones of Syrian militants. The Russian army responded with electronic attacks and firepower strikes in time, successfully controlled 6 drones, and another 7 drones were destroyed by the Russian air defense forces. In addition, through “pre-practice”, it can also be used to rehearse and preview the future war forms and combat methods in advance. For example, in April 2017, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense jointly held the Military Academy Swarm Drone Challenge with the Air Force Academy, West Point Military Academy, and the Naval Academy, exploring and testing key technical tactics and related tactics of drone swarms. In the recent practice and pre-practice of many related wars, the embryonic form of future warfare is taking shape and growing.

國語中文：

引言

戰爭形態演進的動力是什麼，有什麼規律可循？回答好這個問題，分析當代戰爭形態演進趨勢，首先應從時代特徵出發，對推動其發展的社會動因從整體上加以把握，繼而考察各類影響因素作用的廣度、深度、幅度、烈度，從而作出科學判斷。目前，人類社會正處於科技革命、產業革命與軍事革命強勢交會的歷史時期，戰爭形態和作戰方式很可能發生顛覆性變化。

新一輪全球科技革命是當代戰爭形態演進的根本動因

科學技術是一種在歷史上起推動作用的革命性力量，也是推動戰爭發展的原始動力和認知戰爭發展的基本依據。恩格斯曾指出：「一旦技術上的進步可以用於軍事目的並且已經用於軍事目的，它們便立刻幾乎強制地，而且往往是違反指揮官的意志而引起作戰方式上的改變甚至變革。」在本世紀初，科學界就預測，自20世紀下半葉以來「科學的沉默」已達60餘年，迫近爆發技術革命的歷史週期。近年來，新一輪科技革命蓄勢待發，物質結構、宇宙演化、生命起源、意識本質等一些重大科學問題的原創性突破正在開闢新前沿新方向，一些重大顛覆性技術創新正在創造新產業新業態，資訊科技、生物技術、製造技術、新材料技術、新能源技術廣泛滲透到幾乎所有領域，帶動了以綠色、智慧、泛在為特徵的群體性重大技術變革。軍事領域是對科技發展最敏感的領域，每一次重大科技進步和創新都會引起戰爭形態和作戰方式的深刻變革。隨著新一輪科技革命的醞釀形成，新興的戰略性軍事技術特別是顛覆性軍事技術正在集中湧現，對軍事發展的推動力空前強勁。當前，物聯網技術引發的“感知革命”，雲端運算等引發的“計算革命”，大數據引發的“預測革命”，量子科技引發的“通信革命”，奈米技術引發的“材料革命”，人工智慧技術引發的“行為革命”，以及軍事航太、新型航空、電磁發射、定向能武器、深海開發、無人作戰系統、智慧彈藥等引發的“打擊革命”，協同發展、匯聚融合，正在加速作戰手段的全面重塑，展現出空前的變革性與顛覆性，成為戰爭形態與作戰方式演進的「第一推動力」。

全球戰略調整與大國競爭加劇為當代戰爭形態演進提供時代背景

目前，國際情勢正處於新的轉折點，各種戰略力量加速分化組合，國際體系進入加速演變和深刻調整的關鍵時期。新興市場國家群體性崛起，國際戰略力量對比消長加快，對西方主導的國際治理格局構成極大衝擊，霸權主義和強權政治越來越不得人心。以美國為代表的西方社會經濟和綜合國力成長緩慢，內部向心力凝聚力下降，多國民粹抬頭、政治右轉、社會矛盾激增。在綜合優勢逐漸喪失的大趨勢下，一些國家對軍事手段更加倚仗。川普上台後，在財力吃緊的情況下大幅增加國防預算。 2018年財政年度預算為6,920億美元，增幅10%以上；2019財年國防部提案總額達7,160億美元，比2018財年申請金額增加12%之多。美國新國家安全戰略，明確將俄羅斯、中國列為戰略競爭對手。而且，美軍素有透過技術優勢謀求絕對軍事優勢的傳統，目前正在推動一場以智慧化為主要方向的軍事變革，根本目的是利用人工智慧這項「改變未來戰局」的顛覆性技術重塑軍事體系，尋求形成新的代差，掌握未來戰爭主動權，獲取21世紀“核心競爭力”，確保美軍在未來幾十年內的絕對軍事優勢。美軍的做法必然刺激其他國家軍隊採取防範措施，加劇軍事競爭。軍事領域廣泛而深刻的發展變化，必然是“世界大發展、大變革、大調整的重要內容之一”，為戰爭形態和作戰方式的演進提供了強勁動力。

新一輪產業革命為當代戰爭形態演進奠定新的社會基礎

科技革命導致產業革命，產業革命引發物質生產基礎與社會組織方式的重塑。戰爭和軍事是植根於社會生產基礎的人類實踐，新一輪產業革命的到來將為新的軍事革命和戰爭演進提供新的支撐。目前，大數據、雲端運算、行動互聯網等新一代資訊科技同機器人、智慧製造技術相互融合步伐加快，科技創新鏈條更加靈巧，技術更新和成果轉化更加快捷，產業更新換代不斷加快，使社會生產和消費從工業化向自動化、智慧化轉變，社會生產力將再次大幅提高，勞動生產力將實現大躍進。德國工業4.0、美國“再工業化”，以及其他主要國家的相應政策，將促成新一輪產業革命的到來，促使科技革命由技術領域向整個經濟領域乃至整個社會的全面擴散。軍事領域，傳統的武器裝備「瀑布型」順序式研發模式，將被智慧化、即時化、個人化、協作化的平行研發模式所取代，極大縮短研發週期、提高效益。新的生產工具和生產方法也將大大提高武器裝備生產效率。例如，採用數位製造帶來的效益超出傳統手段一個數量級以上；採用3D列印技術所需原料只有原來的十分之一，生產效率成倍提高，週期成倍縮短，能源消耗也遠低於傳統方式。新一輪產業革命，將大幅提升戰爭工具的研發生產和採購效率，加速新陳代謝、騰籠換鳥速度，為戰爭形態快速演進提供社會物質支撐。

前瞻性軍事理論為當代戰爭形態演進提供強力催化引領

軍事理論與軍事技術並稱軍事發展的“雙引擎”，同樣也是推動戰爭形態演進的強勁動力。目前，世界主要國家有關戰爭和作戰概念推陳出新的速度加快，創新密集度前所未有，對未來戰爭形態進行了前瞻性勾勒設計，引導著戰爭發展走向和軍隊建設方向。美軍歷來高度重視軍事理論的引領，甚至提出「一個理論指導一場戰爭、一場戰爭淘汰一種理論」。近年來，美國軍界、學術界先後提出一系列創新戰略和作戰概念，讓人目不暇給。如2009年，美空軍參謀長施瓦茨、海軍作戰部長拉夫黑德聯合簽署備忘錄，提出「空海一體戰」作戰概念；2015年1月，美國防部又宣布以「全球公域介入和機動聯合”取代“空海一體”作戰概念；2014年11月，美時任國防部長哈格爾明確提出以第三次“抵消戰略”為內涵的“國防創新倡議”，加快推進美軍軍事變革；2012年，美參聯會在《JP3－13.1聯合電子戰條令》中提出「聯合電磁頻譜作戰」概念；2014年，美一智庫推出《戰場上的機器人Ⅱ－未來的集群》，提出「無人機蜂群作戰」概念；2013年以來，美空軍退役中將德普圖拉等人先後提出「作戰雲」「戰鬥雲」「戰役雲」「雲作戰」等系列概念；2015年初，美海軍水面艦艇部隊提出「分散式殺傷」作戰概念；2016年10月，美陸軍協會提出「多域戰」並於同年11月正式列入陸軍條令；2017年4月，美國防部原常務副部長羅伯特·沃克提出「演算法戰」概念，實質是基於人工智慧的「智慧+」戰爭……這些戰爭和作戰概念，既有聯合的也有軍兵種的，既有戰略層面也有戰術技術層面的，有許多已經納入條令、進入實務和研發環節。如，第三次“抵消戰略”高度重視人工智慧和自主能力，將其納入作戰網絡，企圖使“無人和自主系統扮演核心角色”、迎接“機器人時代的戰爭”，並設想2050年前在作戰平台、資訊系統和指揮控制方面全面實現智慧化，藉此形成新的壓倒性技術優勢。這些創新理論，將對未來戰爭形態和作戰方式發展方向產生強勁持久的引領。

新的戰爭實踐為當代戰爭形態演進提供探索路徑的舞台

進入新世紀，特別是近幾年來，人類戰爭實踐出現一些新的變化，從中可以看出未來戰爭形態演化的一些端倪。例如，在陸戰戰場，以地面無人系統為主體的集群作戰已經走上戰場並初露鋒芒。 2015年底，俄軍在敘利亞使用「仙女座-D」自動化指揮系統指揮6部「平台-M」和4部「阿爾戈」作戰機器人，在自行火砲群、數架無人機的支援下，實施了世界首次以戰鬥機器人集群為主的地面作戰，順利完成作戰任務。再如，敘利亞時間2018年1月5日晚至6日清晨，俄駐敘赫梅米姆空軍基地和塔爾圖斯海軍基地遭到敘武裝分子13架無人機的集群式攻擊，俄軍及時採取電子攻擊和火力打擊應對，成功控制6架無人機，另有7架無人機被俄防空部隊摧毀。此外，透過「預實踐」也可為未來戰爭形態和作戰方式提前彩排預演。如2017年4月，美國國防部高級研究計畫局（DARPA）與空軍學院、西點軍校、海軍學院共同舉辦了軍事院校集群無人機挑戰賽，探索試驗了無人機集群關鍵技術戰術和相關戰法。在近期許多相關戰爭的實踐與預實踐中，未來戰爭形態的萌芽正在形成壯大。

中國軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2019/1212/c1011-3158888.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China Internet Soverignty, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用

People’s Republic of China’s Ten Major Military Principles and Dialectical Opposition Intent for Adversaries

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中華人民共和國十大軍事原則與辯證對敵意圖

現代英語音譯:

July 28, 2022 08:14 Source: People’s Liberation Army Daily

People’s Liberation Army Daily – China Military Network

Editor’s note

The Ten Military Principles are our Party’s scientific summary of the practical experience of the People’s Army in combat during the revolutionary war years. They are a concentrated reflection of Comrade Mao Zedong’s profound military thought and the commanding art of using troops like a god. They embody the basic principles and tactics of the People’s War strategy and tactics. The methodological principle of seeking truth from facts is full of materialism and dialectics, and has vitality that spans time and space. It is the historical responsibility of our generation of soldiers to continue to inherit the winning magic weapon of the people’s army. Of course, all military principles are moving forward. Today, when intelligent warfare has gradually become a new form of warfare, this article focuses on the ten major military principles, summarizes and sorts out the dialectical implications and enlightenment of the times in nine aspects, and provides readers with reference.

Strategic contempt and tactical attention

Operational judgment is the prerequisite for planning operations. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that we must despise the enemy strategically and attach great importance to the enemy tactically. Strategic contempt and tactical attention are a complete idea. The first is to strategically despise the enemy, dare to fight against them, and dare to win. At the same time, we must pay attention to the enemy tactically, adopt a cautious attitude, and pay attention to the art of struggle. If you cannot see the weak side of the enemy and cannot despise the enemy strategically, then paying attention to the enemy tactically may become a fear of the enemy; if you ignore the strong side of the enemy and ignore the enemy tactically, despising the enemy strategically will become underestimating the enemy. Recognizing the dual nature of struggle and preventing one tendency from overshadowing the other is the key to defeating the enemy. The victory in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea was a victory in which our army despised the enemy strategically and paid attention to the enemy tactically. It was a victory in which our army had the courage to fight and was good at fighting.

In today’s era, a century of changes and a century’s epidemic are superimposed on each other, and the strategic game between countries has become more intense. We must always remain clear-headed and determined, defy all dangers and difficulties, organically combine strategic contempt for the enemy with tactical attention to the enemy, and deal with the enemy. Be fully prepared for all possible situations, be neither afraid of nor underestimate the enemy, dare to fight and be good at winning.

Careful preparation and cautious initial battle

Combat preparation is the basis for winning the battle. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we should never fight an unprepared battle or a battle that we are not sure of; he called for caution in the first battle, believing that the victory or defeat in the first battle would have a great impact on the overall situation of the war, and it would be especially important for the army at a disadvantage or in a defensive position. Long-term war practice tells us that the more complex and difficult the situation, the more detailed the preparation for combat is to analyze the strength and situation of friends and foes, and to put ourselves in their shoes and analyze what the opponent will think and do. In particular, we should strive to be prepared for every battle, anticipate the most difficult and dangerous possible situations, and strive to be sure of victory under the contrasting conditions between the enemy and ourselves. The Battle of Yijiangshan Island was our army’s first three-service joint operation. The planning of the battle lasted for several years, and the preparation for the battle lasted for more than 2 months. It is an example of careful preparation and cautious initial battle.

In today’s era, China, which is at a critical stage of development from big to strong, faces complex and diverse challenges. This requires us to strengthen the concept of combat readiness, improve the ability to win, be prepared for war at any time, and truly carry out construction, development, and preparation for war in accordance with the standards of war. We must anticipate the most difficult and complex situations and treat such situations as The starting point for all combat preparations is to make sufficient and detailed preparations and formulate a comprehensive plan for integrated implementation, so as to achieve the goal of winning if we do not fight and win if we fight.

Destroy enemies and capture places

The purpose of combat is the core of implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that the main goal be to annihilate the enemy’s effective forces and not to defend or capture cities and places. He vividly pointed out that for a person, it is better to cut off one of his ten fingers than to hurt him; for the enemy, it is better to annihilate one of his divisions than to defeat his ten divisions. When the enemy is large and we are small, the enemy is strong and we are weak, it is generally impossible to achieve the two goals of annihilating the enemy and seizing the place at the same time. Only after annihilating the enemy’s effective strength can the place be finally defended or captured. Therefore, annihilating the enemy is a means to seize territory, and seizing territory is the result of annihilating the enemy. Therefore, annihilating the enemy should be the first priority, and consolidating the territory second. During the Yan’an Defense War, the Party Central Committee resolutely withdrew from Yan’an, and while annihilating the effective strength of the Kuomintang army on a large scale, it realized the strategic concept of “save people and lose land, and save both people and land”.

In today’s era, system breaking and precise victory are becoming key words in modern combat theory. We must change the traditional operational thinking of annihilating the enemy and seizing territory, and regard the pursuit of deterrence effects and depriving the enemy of combat power as important operational options. We must step up efforts to forge capabilities and means to seize comprehensive control and take the initiative on the battlefield, so as to destroy the enemy’s key support elements and deprive them of their combat power. The objective material basis for its continued operations and the operational purpose of disintegrating its will to carry out war.

Pay attention to the overall situation and grasp the key points

Combat guidance is the criterion for controlling combat. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that the overall situation and the local part of a war are the unity of opposites. The key to combat guidance is to unify focusing on the overall situation and grasping the key points, “seizing the strategic key point to deploy the campaign, and seizing the operational key point to deploy the battle.” Only in this way can the war situation be effectively promoted in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. In particular, a weak army must follow the objective laws of the development of things, start from the local area, and continue to accumulate the quantity of local victories to cause a qualitative leap and achieve overall changes. In the long-term revolutionary war, our army was good at firmly grasping strategic pivots to promote the development of the war situation, and firmly grasping the main contradictions to promote the transformation of contradictions. Only then did our army turn from passive to active, and from disadvantage to advantage. In the Liaoshen Campaign, our army made comprehensive considerations and decided to “attack Jinzhou first”, which effectively promoted the battle process and won the victory.

In today’s era, wars are becoming more and more hybrid, security threats are complex, diverse and multi-dimensional, and they are characterized by multi-domain linkage. Changes in war practice require us to consider the overall situation and the overall situation in operational guidance, focus on the actual situation on the battlefield, coordinate the struggle in the main strategic direction and other strategic directions, coordinate the military struggle in the traditional security field and the new security field, and coordinate the political, The economic, diplomatic, military, cultural, public opinion and other fronts realize the mutual superposition and accumulation of combat effects, forming an overall emergence of anti-hybrid warfare capabilities and ensuring the strategic goal of complete victory.

Fight weak enemies first and strong enemies later

The focus of operations is the key to implementing operations. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that we must first attack dispersed and isolated enemies, and then attack concentrated and powerful enemies. In the practice of long-term revolutionary wars, our army is often at a disadvantage in terms of quantity, scale and equipment. We must first annihilate the enemies that are isolated, dispersed, weakly defended, and garrisoned in small and medium-sized cities. Then, the enemies that are concentrated, strong, well-garrisoned, and garrisoned in large cities will become weaker. , which creates conditions for the next attack and annihilation. If we attack the strong enemy first, not only will it be difficult to deal with the strong enemy quickly, but the weak enemy will also easily become a strong enemy, which will make us passive. Of course, sometimes when you are really sure, you can also wait for an opportunity to attack a strong enemy first to quickly weaken the enemy’s strategic advantage. In the Battle of Menglianggu, Su Yu made the first attack and completely annihilated the reorganized 74th Division, the “first of the five main forces” of the Kuomintang army. This defeated the Kuomintang army’s key attack on the Shandong Liberated Areas and reversed the strategic situation on the East China battlefield.

In today’s era, war is a confrontation between systems. The fundamental goal of defeating the system is to attack the enemy’s center of gravity and key points. Combat operations must be carried out closely around the enemy’s center of gravity, and the selected targets must be the “keys”, “vital points” and “joints” in the enemy’s entire war system. These enemy targets may be “strong enemies” or “weak enemies” in the traditional sense. However, once they are identified as centers of gravity, all efforts should be concentrated on destroying these centers of gravity in order to paralyze the enemy’s entire combat system and quickly complete the operation. Purpose.

Concentrate and disperse forces

Combat posture is the posture in which troops are deployed. Comrade Mao Zedong demanded that operations must focus on eliminating the enemy’s effective strength and concentrate superior forces to annihilate the enemy one by one. The essence of concentrating superior forces is to use forces intensively to obtain local advantages and initiative against the enemy based on the overall needs of the operation and to ensure a decisive victory in the decisive battle. In traditional wars, the concentration of troops is mainly reflected in the concentration of personnel and weapons, relying on quantitative advantages to make up for qualitative deficiencies. In battles, our army’s consistent thinking is to concentrate its absolutely superior forces, adopt roundabout encirclement tactics, and annihilate enemies one by one. The opposite of concentrated force is decentralization or military egalitarianism. Military egalitarianism may result in having neither an overall strength advantage nor a local strength advantage, making it impossible to control the enemy and to be controlled by the enemy. During the Red Army’s fifth counter-campaign against “encirclement and suppression”, the “six-way division of troops” and “all-front resistance” were manifestations of military egalitarianism.

In today’s era, information power, mobility, strike power, etc. have all increased unprecedentedly. Concentrating superior forces requires concentrating and using one’s own advantages in more diverse fields, and more adopting the approach of “dispersed appearance but concentrated spirit, scattered form but combined strength”. Dynamically combine the various combat forces distributed on the multi-dimensional battlefield, rely on the quality accumulation, efficiency integration, and real-time optimization of multiple combat elements to suddenly change the contrast with the opponent’s combat power, forming a hammer effect to defeat the enemy.

Weapons and equipment and fighting spirit

Combat elements are the components of combat strength. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that weapons and equipment are important factors in the victory or defeat of a war, but they are not the decisive factor. The decisive factor is people, not things. He asked the troops to carry forward the style of fighting bravely, not afraid of sacrifice, not afraid of fatigue and continuous fighting. Obviously, war is not only a confrontation of hard power such as weapons and equipment between the opposing parties, but also a competition of soft power such as will and quality. As an important component of combat effectiveness, fighting spirit plays a key role in the outcome of war. Material causes and effects are but the hilt of the knife; spiritual causes and effects are the sharp edge. Why in history has our army been able to defeat powerful enemies one after another and create miracles one after another even if it does not have an advantage in weapons and equipment? One of the most fundamental reasons is that we have the courage to “show swords when facing the enemy, be brave and tenacious” and have the fighting spirit of “not being afraid of hardship and not being afraid of death.”

In today’s era, war forms and combat styles are evolving at an accelerated pace, science and technology have become the core combat effectiveness, and weapons and equipment are becoming more and more important to winning wars. The contribution rate of scientific and technological innovation to military construction and combat effectiveness development must be continuously increased. At the same time, we must forge the spiritual edge to defeat the enemy while inheriting the glorious tradition and fine style, and combine advanced science and technology with tenacious will, so that the majority of commanders and soldiers have a high degree of revolutionary consciousness and spirit of self-sacrifice, and master advanced Weapons, equipment and complex military technology form a powerful combat force to achieve victory in every attack and victory.

You hit yours and I hit mine

Combat methods are the carrier of strategy and tactics. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that people should give full play to their conscious initiative and seize the initiative in war. Starting from the overall situation of the revolutionary war, he successively proposed a series of flexible strategies and tactics, such as “Fight if you can win, leave if you can’t”, “You fight yours, I’ll fight mine”, “Mobile warfare, positional warfare, guerrilla warfare”. Cooperate with each other” and so on. This set of strategies and tactics that seek advantages and avoid disadvantages and are flexible and mobile reveals the laws and methods of war guidance for defeating enemies with superior equipment with inferior equipment, and raises flexible strategies and tactics to a new level. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, in response to the U.S. military’s strong land and sea support and strong land firepower and mobility, our military emphasized small-scale annihilation wars, which enriched the implementation of annihilation wars. It relied on tunnels to carry out small-scale counterattacks and found a new way to fight positional warfare. .

In today’s era, wars will be carried out in multiple domains simultaneously, and combat operations such as networked and electronic operations, air and space attacks, and unmanned operations are prominent. Proactive, flexible and changeable strategies and tactics are still a weapon to gain the initiative and defeat the enemy. It is necessary to follow the winning mechanism of modern warfare, step up the forging of new quality and new domain combat capability means, flexibly use “total war”, “cognitive warfare”, “cross-domain warfare” and “intelligent warfare” and other tactics to temper dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. Wait for the way of fighting, do not follow the enemy’s routines, focus on the enemy’s weaknesses, use our army’s strengths and strengths to control the battle, and win the victory.

Continuous combat and rest supplement

Combat support is the cornerstone of sustaining operations. Comrade Mao Zedong always believed that the deepest roots of the power of war exist among the people, and that soldiers and people are the foundation of victory. During the long-term revolutionary war, our army’s manpower and material resources supplementation mainly emphasized obtaining them from the enemy and relying on the support of the base areas. At the same time, we used the gaps between campaigns to reorganize and train the troops, improve military and political quality, and enhance the combat effectiveness of the troops. These are all necessary conditions for carrying out another battle. However, in order to prevent the enemy from taking a breather and to inflict continuous blows to the enemy, sometimes even without supplementary rest and recuperation, it is necessary to develop a style of not being afraid of sacrifice or fatigue and achieve continuous operations. Just after the Liaoshen Campaign, the Northeast Field Army changed its plan to use three months to half a year to rest and reorganize its troops. It took a shortcut and quickly sent troops into the pass to participate in the Pingjin Campaign, which changed the battlefield situation in North China in one fell swoop.

In today’s era, in a sense, fighting a war is fighting for security. With the profound changes in the international military competition landscape, national interests and military missions continue to expand, and the time and space span of combat support has expanded dramatically. In particular, the intensity, difficulty, and With the unprecedented increase in speed, we must continue to deepen national defense mobilization, build an integrated national strategic system and capabilities, and form strong war capabilities and war potential that can achieve both quick and lasting strategic victory.

現代繁體中文：

2022年07月28日08:14    來源：解放軍報

原標題：十大軍事原則的辯証意蘊及時代啟示 – 解放軍報 – 中國軍網

編者按

十大軍事原則是革命戰爭年代我們黨對人民軍隊作戰實踐經驗的科學總結，是毛澤東同志博大精深的軍事思想、用兵如神的指揮藝術的集中反映，它所體現的人民戰爭戰略戰術的基本原理和實事求是的方法論原則，充滿了唯物論、洋溢著辯証法，具有跨越時空的生命力。賡續傳承好人民軍隊的制勝法寶，是我們這代軍人的歷史責任。當然，一切軍事原則都是向前發展的，在智能化戰爭逐漸成為新戰爭形態的今天，本文聚焦十大軍事原則，總結梳理了9個方面辯証意蘊及時代啟示，供讀者參考借鑒。

戰略藐視與戰術重視

作戰判斷是籌劃作戰的前提。毛澤東同志指出，要在戰略上藐視敵人和在戰術上重視敵人。戰略藐視與戰術重視是一個完整的思想。首先是要戰略上藐視敵人，敢於同它們斗爭，敢於奪取勝利。同時，在戰術上重視敵人，要採取謹慎態度，講究斗爭藝術。如果看不到敵人脆弱的一面，不能在戰略上藐視敵人，那麼在戰術上重視就可能成了畏敵如虎﹔如果忽視敵人強大的一面，離開戰術上重視敵人，戰略上藐視便成了輕敵。認清斗爭的兩重性，防止一種傾向掩蓋另一種傾向，是克敵制勝的關鍵。抗美援朝戰爭勝利就是我軍戰略上藐視敵人和在戰術上重視敵人的勝利，就是敢於斗爭和善於斗爭的勝利。

當今時代，百年變局與世紀疫情相互疊加，國家間戰略博弈更加激烈，我們要時刻保持清醒和堅定，不畏一切險阻，不怕一切困難，把戰略上藐視敵人同戰術上重視敵人有機結合起來，對各種可能發生的情況做好充分的准備，既不畏敵、亦不輕敵，敢於斗爭、善於勝利。

周密備戰與慎重初戰

作戰准備是贏得作戰的基礎。毛澤東同志強調，不打無准備之仗，不打無把握之仗﹔要求慎重初戰，認為初戰的勝敗對戰爭的全局影響極大，尤其對劣勢或處於防御地位的軍隊更加重要。長期的戰爭實踐告訴我們，越是復雜困難的形勢下，作戰准備越是要細致地分析敵我友的力量、敵我友的情況，並換位思考分析對手會怎麼想、怎麼做。特別是每戰都應力求有准備，必須預計到最困難最危險的各種可能情況，力求在敵我條件對比下有勝利的把握。一江山島戰役，是我軍首次三軍聯合作戰，戰役籌劃長達幾年，戰役准備長達2個多月，是周密備戰與慎重初戰的范例。

當今時代，處在由大向強發展關鍵階段的中國，面臨的挑戰復雜多樣。這要求我們必須強化戰備觀念，提高打贏本領，做好隨時打仗的准備，真正按照打仗的標准搞建設、謀發展、抓備戰﹔必須預計到最困難最復雜的情況，並把這種情況當作一切作戰准備的出發點，做充分細致准備，制訂一體實施的周密計劃，實現不打則已、打則必勝。

殲滅敵人與奪取地方

作戰目的是實施作戰的中心。毛澤東同志要求，以殲滅敵人有生力量為主要目標，不以保守或奪取城市和地方為主要目標。他形象指出，對於人，傷其十指不如斷其一指﹔對於敵，擊潰其十個師不如殲滅其一個師。在敵大我小、敵強我弱條件下，殲滅敵人和奪取地方這兩個目標，一般不可能同時達到。隻有在殲滅敵人有生力量之后，才能最后保守或奪取地方。因此，殲滅敵人是奪取地方的手段，奪取地方是殲滅敵人的結果，所以要殲敵為主、略地次之。延安保衛戰，黨中央毅然撤出延安，在大規模殲滅國民黨軍有生力量的同時實現了“存人失地，人地皆存”的戰略構想。

當今時代，體系破擊、精打制勝等正成為現代作戰理論的關鍵詞。我們必須轉變傳統殲敵奪地的作戰思維，把追求震懾效應、剝奪敵方戰力作為作戰重要選項，加緊鍛造奪控綜合制權、佔據戰場主動的能力手段，達成摧毀敵方作戰關鍵支持要素、剝奪其持續作戰的客觀物質基礎、瓦解其遂行戰爭意志的作戰目的。

關照全局與抓住重點

作戰指導是駕馭作戰的准繩。毛澤東同志指出，戰爭的全局與局部是對立的統一物。作戰指導的關鍵就是把著眼全局與抓住樞紐統一起來，“抓住戰略樞紐去部署戰役，抓住戰役樞紐去部署戰斗”，如此方能切實推動戰局向著有利於己的方向發展。特別是弱小之軍必須遵循事物發展的客觀規律，從局部入手，不斷通過局部勝利的量的積累，以引起質的飛躍，達到全局的變化。在長期的革命戰爭中，我軍善於緊緊抓住戰略樞紐推動戰局發展，緊緊抓住主要矛盾推動矛盾轉化，才使我軍由被動轉為主動、劣勢轉為優勢。遼沈戰役，我軍通盤考量決定“首打錦州”，有力地推動了戰役進程並贏得了勝利。

當今時代，戰爭越來越呈現出混合化態勢，安全威脅復雜多樣多維，並呈現多域聯動的特點。戰爭實踐變化要求我們，作戰指導要通盤考慮、全局考量，從戰場實際出發抓樞紐，統籌好主要戰略方向和其他戰略方向斗爭，統籌好傳統安全領域與新型安全領域的軍事斗爭，統籌好政治、經濟、外交、軍事、文化、輿論等各條戰線，實現作戰效果相互疊加、累積，形成反混合戰爭能力的整體涌現，確保實現全勝的戰略目標。

先打弱敵與后打強敵

作戰重心是實施作戰的要害。毛澤東同志強調，要先打分散和孤立之敵，后打集中和強大之敵。在長期革命戰爭實踐中，我軍在數量、規模和裝備上常常處於劣勢，首先殲滅孤立分散、守備薄弱和據守中小城市之敵，則集中強大、守備堅固和據守大城市之敵即變弱了，這就為下一步攻殲創造了條件。若先打強敵，則不僅強敵難以迅速解決，弱敵也易變成強敵，反而使我方陷入被動。當然，有時在確有把握的情況下，也可伺機先打強敵，以迅速削弱敵方戰略優勢。孟良崮戰役，粟裕首打且全殲國民黨軍“五大主力之首”的整編第74師，挫敗了國民黨軍對山東解放區的重點進攻，扭轉了華東戰場戰略態勢。

當今時代，戰爭是體系與體系的對抗，體系破擊的根本是要打敵重心、要害。作戰行動必須緊緊圍繞打敵重心展開，所選目標必須是敵整個戰爭系統中的“關鍵”“要害”與“關節”。這些敵之目標在傳統意義上可能是“強敵”，也可能是“弱敵”，然而一旦被確定為打擊重心,就應集中全力摧毀這些重心，以毀癱敵整個作戰體系，快速達成作戰目的。

集中兵力與分散兵力

作戰布勢是兵力部署的態勢。毛澤東同志要求，作戰必須著眼於消滅敵人有生力量，集中優勢兵力各個殲滅敵人。集中優勢兵力的實質是根據作戰全局的需要，集中使用兵力以獲得對敵之局部優勢和主動，確保決戰決勝。傳統戰爭中，集中兵力主要體現為人員、武器的規模集中，依靠數量上的優勢來彌補質量上的不足。在戰役戰斗上，集中絕對優勢兵力，採取迂回包圍戰術，各個殲滅敵人，是我軍作戰的一貫思想。與集中兵力對立的是分散兵力亦或軍事平均主義。軍事平均主義可能導致既沒有全局力量優勢，更沒有局部力量優勢，不能制敵反被敵所制。紅軍第五次反“圍剿”時“六路分兵”“全線抵御”就是軍事平均主義的表現。

當今時代，信息力、機動力、打擊力等都空前增強，集中優勢兵力要求在更加多元領域中集中和運用己方優勢，更多採取“貌散而神聚，形散而力合”的方式，將分布在多維戰場的諸作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，依靠多種戰斗要素的質量累聚、效能融合、即時聚優，突然改變與對方戰斗力量的對比，形成重錘效應，克敵制勝。

武器裝備與戰斗精神

作戰要素是作戰實力的構成。毛澤東同志指出，武器裝備是戰爭勝負的重要因素，但不是決定性因素，決定性因素是人而不是物。他要求部隊要發揚勇敢戰斗、不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞和連續作戰的作風。顯然，打仗既是敵對雙方武器裝備等硬實力的對抗，也是意志品質等軟實力的比拼。戰斗精神作為戰斗力的重要組成部分，對戰爭勝負起著關鍵性作用。物質的原因和結果不過是刀柄，精神的原因和結果才是鋒利的刀刃。為什麼我軍歷史上即使在武器裝備上不佔優勢，卻總能戰勝一個又一個強敵，創造一個又一個奇跡？其中一個最根本的原因，就是我們具有“逢敵亮劍、英勇頑強”的血性膽氣，具有“一不怕苦、二不怕死”的戰斗精神。

當今時代，戰爭形態和作戰樣式加速演變，科技成為核心戰斗力，武器裝備對打贏戰爭越來越重要，必須不斷提高科技創新對軍隊建設和戰斗力發展的貢獻率。與此同時，我們要在傳承光榮傳統和優良作風中鍛造克敵制勝的精神利刃，把先進科技與頑強意志很好地結合起來，使廣大指戰員既具備高度的革命覺悟和自我犧牲精神，又掌握先進的武器裝備和復雜的軍事技術，從而形成強大的戰斗力量，實現攻必克、戰必勝。

你打你的與我打我的

作戰方法是戰略戰術的承載。毛澤東同志強調，要發揮人的自覺能動性，掌握戰爭的主動權。從革命戰爭全局出發，他先后提出過一系列靈活機動的戰略戰術，比如“打得贏就打，打不贏就走”“你打你的，我打我的”“運動戰、陣地戰、游擊戰相互配合”等等。這一整套趨利避害、靈活機動的戰略戰術，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。抗美援朝戰爭中，針對美軍有海空支援以及陸上火力、機動力強的特點，我軍強調打小殲滅戰，豐富了殲滅戰的實現形式﹔依托坑道實施小規模反擊，找到了打陣地戰的新辦法。

當今時代，戰爭將在多域同時展開，網電作戰、空天襲擊、無人作戰等作戰行動地位凸顯，積極主動靈活多變的戰略戰術仍然是贏得主動、克敵制勝的利器。要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，加緊鍛造新質新域的作戰能力手段，靈活運用“總體戰”“認知戰”“跨域戰”“智能戰”等戰法，錘煉降維打擊、非對稱打擊等打法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在“以能擊不能”中掌控作戰制權，進而贏得勝利。

持續作戰與休整補充

作戰保障是維持作戰的基石。毛澤東同志始終認為，戰爭偉力之最深厚的根源存在於民眾之中，兵民是勝利之本。長期革命戰爭中，我軍人力物力的補充主要強調取之於敵和依靠根據地的支持，同時利用戰役間隙整頓訓練部隊，提高軍政素質，增強部隊戰斗力，這些都是實行再戰的必要條件。但是，為了不讓敵人喘息，給敵連續打擊，有時即使在未得到補充休整的情況下，亦須發揚不怕犧牲、不怕疲勞的作風，實現連續作戰。遼沈戰役剛結束，東北野戰軍改變利用三個月至半年時間休整部隊的計劃，取捷徑迅即揮師入關參加平津戰役，一舉改變了華北戰場態勢。

當今時代，從某種意義上講，打仗就是打保障。隨著國際軍事競爭格局深刻變化，國家利益和軍隊使命任務不斷拓展，作戰保障時空跨度急劇擴大，特別是戰爭作戰進程快、毀傷能力強、力量控制精、技術含量高，保障的強度、難度和速度空前增加，必須不斷深化國防動員，構建一體化國家戰略體系和能力，形成既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力。

中國共產黨原文參考：http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0728/c443712-32487888.html

China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, National Defense and Military Modernization, 中國支持認知對抗的軍事決策與觀點, 中國認知戰和領域作戰, 中國軍事分析:認知域作戰的特徵與發展趨勢

Developing People’s War Strategies and Tactics in the Chinese Military

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發展中國軍隊的人民戰爭戰略戰術

現代英語音譯：

Introduction

In his report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi clearly pointed out the need to develop strategies and tactics of people’s war. Looking back at the glorious journey of the people’s army to strengthen the army and win, one red line running through it is to always insist on proposing and implementing a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics under the leadership of the party. To win future wars, we must pay close attention to changes in technology, warfare, and opponents, continue to inherit the fine traditions of our army, develop people’s war strategies and tactics, and let the magic weapon for defeating the enemy show its power on the modern battlefield.

People’s war strategies and tactics have always been an important magic weapon for our army to defeat the enemy.

Developing people’s war strategies and tactics is not only a profound insight into the inherent laws of our army’s victory over the enemy, but also a lofty plan for a strong country and army. It has important strategic value for achieving the 100-year goal of the founding of the army as scheduled and accelerating the building of the people’s army into a world-class army. .

People’s war strategies and tactics are a concentrated expression of the Marxist art of war guidance. Marxism believes that the people are the creators of history and the decisive force in promoting historical progress. The strategies and tactics of people’s war start from this basic viewpoint and fundamental position, and profoundly explain the basic principles of people’s war such as soldiers and the people being the foundation of victory, the decisive factor of victory or defeat in war is that people are not things, and that the broad masses of the people must be organized, mobilized and armed. principle. Our army was born in the flames of war. Facing extremely cruel objective conditions, the Chinese Communists, represented by Comrade Mao Zedong, insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxist people’s war with the reality of China’s revolutionary war, and created an army characterized by flexibility and maneuverability. The essence of the strategy and tactics of people’s war is “you fight yours and I fight mine”, which aims to use strengths to attack weaknesses and seize and master the initiative in war. This embodies the Marxist art of war guidance and shines with the light of truth that is scientific, people-oriented, practical and open to development.

People’s war strategies and tactics are the winning code for the Party’s leadership in all military struggle practices. Since the founding of the People’s Army, our Party has created a complete set of strategies and tactics for people’s war based on the cruel reality that the enemy is strong and we are weak, and the enemy is large and we are small. From the “Sixteen-Character Formula” during the Red Army period, to the “Protracted War” during the Anti-Japanese War, from the “Ten Military Principles” during the Liberation War, to the “piecemeal candy” during the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, to the founding of New China Continuous adjustments to post-military strategic guidelines. The people’s army learns war from war, explores laws from practice, and adheres to and develops this winning code with the times. In the war years, it has created war miracles one after another in which the minority defeated the large and the weak defeated the strong. In peacetime, it resolutely defends National sovereignty, security and territorial integrity have written a glorious chapter in the world’s military history of continuous innovation in the art of war guidance.

Actively developing people’s war strategies and tactics is an intrinsic requirement for building a world-class army in an all-round way. “Every important country must wait for victory.” To measure whether an army is a world-class army, it ultimately depends on its military strength. The strategies and tactics of people’s war are not only the way for our army to win, but also the way to develop and grow. To accelerate the building of a world-class military and build a strong strategic deterrence system, we must adhere to and develop this unique advantage, strengthen research on opponents and enemy situations, proactively understand the characteristics and laws of modern warfare and the winning mechanism, advance with the times and innovate people’s war strategies and tactics, and firmly Flexibly carry out military struggles, give full play to the strategic function of military power in shaping security situations, containing crises and conflicts, and winning local wars, and effectively complete the missions and tasks assigned by the party and the people in the new era.

Developing people’s war strategies and tactics is an inevitable choice for our army to win future wars. The form of war is evolving at an accelerated pace, but the essence of war has not changed, and the fundamental law that the deepest source of the power of war lies among the people has not changed. The wars we face in the future are mainly wars to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. They are in line with the fundamental interests of all the Chinese people. They are just actions that conform to the trend of the times. They will continue to receive the support of the overwhelming majority of the people and the people of the world. . Adhering to and developing people’s war strategies and tactics will surely become an important way and inevitable choice for our army to win future wars and check and balance powerful enemies.

Scientifically grasp the connotation of the times in the development of people’s war strategies and tactics

The strategies and tactics of people’s war are living theories and practices, not rigid dogma. They must actively adapt to the development requirements of the times and inject new connotations of the times in order to maintain strong vitality.

We must persist in just war, establish the broadest united front, and fight political and military wars well. Paying attention to guiding the war from a political perspective and consolidating the political foundation for victory are the basic experience of the party in winning the war and the core essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. In today’s era, the relationship between military and politics is closer, the relevance and integrity at the strategic level are increasing day by day, and the influence and constraints of political factors on war are becoming increasingly prominent. To develop the strategies and tactics of people’s war, we must always adhere to the role of the Party Central Committee in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties, mobilizing, uniting, and organizing the broadest number of people to participate in and support the war; strengthen political and organizational functions, and strengthen the entire party, entire army, and people in the country to respond to the war , ideological preparation, organizational preparation, and will preparation to win the war; strengthen political diplomacy and international public opinion and legal struggle, form the broadest united front to support a just war, firmly occupy the moral commanding heights, give full play to the comprehensive effectiveness of political offensives and armed strikes, and coordinate Fight political and military battles well.

Adhere to active defense, highlight enthusiasm, and pay attention to offensive operations. Active defense is a product of people’s war, and its implementation is a fundamental requirement for the strategies and tactics of people’s war. In the future, as the war process accelerates, the strategic goal may be achieved in one battle or battle, which is often the first and decisive battle. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must adhere to the organic integration of defense, counterattack and offense, put more emphasis on internal and external counterattacks at the strategic level, comprehensively use elite combat forces at the beginning of the war, implement a combination of internal and external lines, resolute and fierce strategic counterattacks, and form a high-pressure counterattack situation and pressure, to defeat the feared enemy to the maximum extent, and achieve the strategic goal of using offense to assist defense, attacking later, arriving first, defeating the enemy quickly, containing it as soon as possible, and winning the war.

Adhere to asymmetrical checks and balances, you fight yours, I fight mine, use what you can to fight what you can’t. This is the soul and essence of the people’s war strategy and tactics. It is a high-level summary and vivid description of the laws of war and the laws of war guidance. It reveals the laws and methods of war guidance that use inferior equipment to defeat the enemy with superior equipment. It combines flexible and maneuverable strategies with Tactics have been taken to a whole new level. Compared with the past, the modern warfare combat system is huge, with many nodes, and there are many “vital gates” that are vulnerable to attack, which provides an opportunity to implement “attacking what cannot be done with what is possible”. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must follow the winning mechanisms of modern wars, fully understand the inherent weaknesses of informatized and intelligent warfare, conduct in-depth research on the opponents’ weaknesses and Achilles’ heel, innovate core operational concepts, and step up efforts to forge new domains and new combat capabilities and means. We should practice tactics such as dimensionality reduction strikes and asymmetric strikes. We should not follow the enemy’s routines but focus on the enemy’s weaknesses. We should give full play to our military’s advantages and long-range attacks and create new winning advantages in “hitting with what we can but not with power”.

Persist in accumulating small victories into big victories, and be good at concentrating strength to fight annihilation wars. Our army has been at an overall disadvantage for a long time in the revolutionary war. Locally, using the strong against the weak and accumulating small victories into big victories is the key to defeating powerful enemies. Compared with the past, modern war operations are often carried out in multi-dimensional and multi-domain environments, providing a broader space for the implementation of “accumulating small victories into big victories”. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must strengthen the concept of “dispersed appearance but concentrated spirit, scattered form but unified force”, dynamically integrate many combat forces distributed on multi-dimensional battlefields, and implement local rapid concentration through efficiency integration and real-time optimization. It can carry out attacks, wide-area guerrilla raids, and carry out annihilating strikes and destructive attacks on the enemy’s key points. This not only has a hammer effect, but also can continuously consume the enemy, causing the opponent to gradually lose the initiative on the battlefield.

We must insist that soldiers and civilians are the foundation of victory, and consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities. When the army wins battles, the people are its backer. At the beginning of the founding of the army, our party regarded the revolutionary war as a struggle of the masses, emphasized that only by mobilizing and relying on the masses can we carry out war, and created a complete set of people’s war strategies and tactics, which is the winning code for the people’s army to remain invincible. Confrontation under conditions of informationization and intelligence is more clearly manifested as a systemic confrontation based on the overall strength of the country. To develop people’s war strategies and tactics, we must continuously consolidate and improve the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, make full efforts in multiple dimensions such as politics, military, economy, culture, and diplomacy, and build powerful war capabilities that can achieve both quick and lasting strategic victory. and war potential, trapping the enemy in the vast sea of ​​people’s war.

Vigorously promote the development and innovation of people’s war strategies and tactics in the new era

In the new era, the connotation of the people’s war strategy and tactics has undergone great changes. It is necessary to strengthen the party’s centralized and unified leadership, strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose, strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen simulation training and testing, so as to gather the forward force of innovation and development.

Strengthen the Party’s centralized and unified leadership and gather the majestic strategic and tactical power of the People’s War. The party’s leadership is the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and an important guarantee for the implementation and implementation of the people’s war strategies and tactics. We must uphold the leadership of the party and mobilize and organize the people as a whole. Actively explore people’s war strategies and tactics in financial warfare, cyber warfare, cognitive domain warfare and other fields. Timely organize the masses to carry out intelligence warfare, harassment warfare, ambush warfare, etc. to flexibly contain and consume the enemy.

Strengthen the implementation of the fundamental purpose and consolidate the foundation for the development of the people’s war strategy and tactics. The secret of victory in People’s War is that it sincerely seeks the interests of the masses and wins the trust and support of the broad masses of the people. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our army and is also the strategic foundation for the development of people’s war strategies and tactics in the new era. The People’s Army must stand firmly on the people’s side, always adhere to the supremacy of the people, rely closely on the people, continue to benefit the people, be firmly rooted in the people, and always maintain the nature, purpose, and true qualities of the People’s Army.

Strengthen the drive for scientific and technological innovation and enhance the momentum for the development of people’s war strategies and tactics. As high technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, and quantum technology enter the military field, the scientific and technological content of war has undergone a qualitative leap. People’s war strategies and tactics supported by information-based intelligent technology must be innovatively developed and continuously promoted. The integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence will innovate and create the “key” of “hitting the incompetent with what can be used”, making “wisdom and victory” the main feature of the people’s war strategy and tactics in the new era, forming a new era of people’s war that is leading and unique in the era. War strategy and tactics.

Strengthen simulation training and testing to improve the quality and effectiveness of the development of people’s war strategies and tactics. In the information age, virtual reality technology can be used to create virtual scenes with a strong sense of three-dimensionality and realism based on the actual battlefield environment and mission background. Officers and soldiers can “experience” the war in virtual reality several times before the war begins, strengthening their understanding of the war. The understanding of real battlefields such as equipment performance, enemy and friend situations, and war rhythm provides a platform for testing whether strategies and tactics are correct. In developing people’s war strategies and tactics, special attention should be paid to the use of simulations, exercises and other war pre-practice methods, qualitative and quantitative analysis should be conducted, and further improvements should be made in practice.

繁體中文：

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術

■李銀祥 宋文超

引言

習主席在黨的二十大報告中明確指出，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術。回望人民軍隊強軍制勝的光輝歷程，貫穿其中的一條紅線，就是始終堅持在黨的領導下，提出和實施一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術。打贏未來戰爭，必須緊盯科技之變、戰爭之變、對手之變，趙續傳承好我軍優良傳統，發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，讓克敵制勝的法寶顯威現代戰場。

人民戰爭戰略戰術始終是我軍克敵制勝的重要法寶

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，既是對我軍克敵制勝內在規律的深刻洞察，也是對強國強軍的高遠謀劃，對於如期實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標，加快把人民軍隊建成世界一流軍隊具有重要的戰略價值。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術的集中體現。馬克思主義認為，人民是歷史的創造者，是推動歷史進步的決定性力量。人民戰爭戰略戰術從這個基本觀點和根本立場出發，深刻闡釋了兵民是勝利之本，戰爭勝負的決定因素是人不是物，以及必須組織、動員和武裝廣大人民群眾等人民戰爭的基本原理。我軍在戰火中誕生，面對異常殘酷的客觀條件，以毛澤東同志為代表的中國共產黨人，堅持把馬克思主義人民戰爭基本原理與中國革命戰爭實際相結合，創造了以靈活機動為顯著特點的人民戰爭的戰略戰術，其精髓是“你打你的、我打我的”，旨在力求揚長擊短，奪取和掌握戰爭主動權。這集中體現了馬克思主義戰爭指導藝術，閃爍著科學性、人民性、實踐性和發展開放性的真理光芒。

人民戰爭戰略戰術是黨領導全部軍事鬥爭實踐的勝利密碼。我們黨締造人民軍隊以來，立基於敵強我弱，敵大我小的殘酷現實，創立了一整套人民戰爭的戰略戰術。從紅軍時期的“十六字訣”，到抗日戰爭時期的“持久戰”，從解放戰爭時期的“十大軍事原則”，到抗美援朝戰爭時期的“零敲牛皮糖”，再到新中國成立後軍事戰略方針的不斷調整。人民軍隊從戰爭中學習戰爭，從實踐中探索規律，與時俱進地堅持和發展這個制勝密碼，戰爭年代創造了一個又一個以少勝多、以弱勝強的戰爭奇蹟，和平時期堅決捍衛國家主權、安全和領土完整，在世界軍事史上書寫了戰爭指導藝術不斷創新的光輝篇章。

積極發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是全面建成世界一流軍隊的內在要求。 「凡國之重也，必待兵之勝也。」衡量一支軍隊是不是世界一流軍隊，最終要看其軍事實力。人民戰爭戰略戰術既是我軍的致勝之道，也是發展壯大之道。加速建成世界一流軍隊、建構強大的戰略威懾體系，必須堅持發展這一特有優勢，加強對手研究、敵情研究，前瞻認識現代戰爭特徵規律與致勝機理，與時俱進創新人民戰爭戰略戰術，堅定靈活進行軍事鬥爭，充分發揮軍事力量塑造安全態勢，遏止危機衝突，贏得局部戰爭的戰略功能，實際完成好黨和人民賦予的新時代使命任務。

發展人民戰爭戰略戰術是我軍打贏未來戰爭的必然選擇。戰爭形態加速演變，但戰爭的本質沒有變，戰爭偉力之最深厚根源存在於民眾之中這一根本規律沒有改變。我們未來面對的戰爭，主要是捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰爭，符合全體中國人民的根本利益，是順應時代潮流的正義之舉，必將繼續得到最廣大人民群眾和世界人民的支持。堅持並發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必將成為我軍打贏未來戰爭、制衡強敵的重要途徑和必然選擇。

科學掌握人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的時代內涵

人民戰爭戰略戰術，是活的理論和實踐，不是死板的教條，必須主動順應時代發展要求，注入新的時代內涵，才能保持強大旺盛的生命力。

堅持正義戰爭，建立最廣泛的統一戰線，打好政治軍事仗。注重從政治高度指導戰爭，夯實制勝的政治基礎，是黨奪取戰爭勝利的基本經驗，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術的核心要義。在當今時代，軍事和政治的聯繫更加緊密，在戰略層面的相關性和整體性日益增強，政治因素對戰爭的影響和限制日益突出。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，必須始終堅持黨中央統攬全局、協調各方的作用，動員、團結、組織最廣大人民參與、支持戰爭；增強政治功能和組織功能，強化全黨全軍全國人民應對戰爭、打贏戰爭的思想準備、組織準備、意志準備；加強政治外交和國際輿論法理鬥爭，形成支持正義戰爭的最廣泛統一戰線，牢牢佔領道義制高點，發揮政治攻勢和武裝打擊的綜合效能，統籌打好政治軍事仗。

堅持積極防禦，突顯積極性，重視攻勢作戰。積極防禦是人民戰爭的產物，實行積極防禦是人民戰爭戰略戰術的根本要求。未來戰爭進程加快，可能一場戰役或戰鬥就能達成戰略目的，往往是首戰即決戰。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要堅持將防禦、反攻和進攻有機結合，更加強調戰略層次的內外線反擊，在戰爭伊始就綜合運用精銳作戰力量，實施內外線結合、堅決凌厲的戰略反擊，形成高壓反擊態勢與壓力，盡量打痛打怕敵人，達到以攻助防、後發先至，速戰制敵、盡快遏制、打贏戰爭的戰略目的。

堅持非對稱制衡，你打你的，我打我的，以能擊不能。這是人民戰爭戰略戰術的靈魂和精髓，是對戰爭規律和戰爭指導規律的高度概括和生動描述，揭示了以劣勢裝備戰勝優勢裝備之敵的戰爭指導規律、作戰指導方法，把靈活機動的戰略戰術提高到嶄新境界。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰體系龐大、節點眾多，存在許多易受攻擊的“命門”，為實施“以能擊不能”提供了契機。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要遵循現代戰爭制勝機理，充分認清資訊化智能化戰爭本身的固有弱點，深入研究對手的軟肋和死穴，創新核心作戰概念，加緊鍛造新域新質作戰能力手段，錘鍊降維打擊、非對稱打擊等戰法，不按敵人套路打、盯著敵人軟肋打、發揮我軍優長打，在「以能擊不能」中創造新的致勝優勢。

堅持積小勝為大勝，善於集中力量打殲滅戰。我軍在革命戰爭中長期處於全局的劣勢地位，局部上以強對弱、積小勝為大勝，是戰勝強敵的關鍵一招。相較於以往，現代戰爭作戰往往在多維多域中展開，為實施「積小勝為大勝」提供了更加廣闊空間。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要強化「貌散而神聚，形散而力合」的概念，將分佈在多維戰場的諸多作戰力量動態集中聯合起來，透過效能融合、即時聚優，實施局部快速聚能攻擊、廣域遊擊襲擾，對敵分佈的要點實施殲滅性打擊、破壞性襲擊，這既有重錘效應，又能不斷消耗敵人，使對手逐步喪失戰場主動權。

堅持兵民是勝利之本，鞏固提高一體化國家戰略體系和能力。軍隊打勝仗，人民是靠山。建軍開始，我們黨就把革命戰爭視為群眾的鬥爭，強調只有動員和依靠群眾才能進行戰爭，並創造了一整套人民戰爭戰略戰術，這是人民軍隊立於不敗之地的製勝密碼。在資訊化智能化條件下的對抗，更鮮明地表現為以國家整體實力為基礎的體系對抗。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，要不斷鞏固提升一體化國家戰略體系與能力，在政治、軍事、經濟、文化、外交等多維度全面發力，建構起既能戰略速勝又能戰略持久的強大戰爭能力和戰爭潛力，陷敵於人民戰爭的汪洋大海。

大力推動新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的發展創新

新時代，人民戰爭戰略戰術的內涵發生了很大變化，必須加強黨的集中統一領導，加強實踐根本宗旨，加強科技創新驅動，加強模擬演訓檢驗，才能匯聚起創新發展的前行力量。

加強黨的集中統一領導，匯聚人民戰爭戰略戰術磅礴偉力。黨的領導是中國特色社會主義制度的最大優勢，也是人民戰爭戰略戰術得以體現和實施的重要保證。必須堅持黨的領導，把人民整體動員起來、組織起來。積極探索金融戰、網路戰、認知域作戰等領域的人民戰爭戰略戰術。適時組織人民群眾進行情報戰、襲擾戰、伏擊戰等，靈活牽制、消耗敵人。

加強實踐根本宗旨，夯實人民戰爭戰略戰術發展根基。人民戰爭的致勝奧秘，就在於它真心實意地為群眾謀利益，贏得了廣大人民群眾的信賴和支持。全心全意為人民服務是我軍的根本宗旨，也是新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術發展的戰略根基。人民軍隊必須站穩人民立場，始終堅持人民至上，緊緊依靠人民，不斷造福人民，牢牢植根人民，永葆人民軍隊性質、宗旨、本色。

加強科技創新驅動，增強人民戰爭戰略戰術發展動力。隨著人工智慧、大數據、區塊鏈、量子科技等高新技術進入軍事領域，戰爭的科技含量已發生質的飛躍，必須創新發展以資訊化智慧化技術為支撐的人民戰爭戰略戰術，持續推進機械化資訊化智慧融合發展，創新創造“以能擊不能”的“密鑰”，讓“智勝”成為新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術的主要特徵，形成具有時代性引領性獨特性的新時代人民戰爭戰略戰術。

加強模擬演訓檢驗，提升人民戰爭戰略戰術發展質效。資訊時代，利用虛擬實境技術可基於實際的戰場環境，以及任務背景創造具有較強立體感和真實感的虛擬場景，官兵在戰爭開始前就可以在虛擬實境中數次「親歷」戰爭，加強對裝備性能、敵我情況、戰爭節奏等真實戰場的了解，這就給戰略戰術正確與否提供了檢驗平台。發展人民戰爭戰略戰術，應特別重視運用模擬、演習等戰爭預實踐手段，對其進行定性與定量分析，並在實踐中進一步加以完善。

解放軍原文參考：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4926056.html

Asymmetric Warfare, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知戰

Chinese Military Winning Weapon of Cognitive Operations is Intelligent Algorithms

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中國軍隊認知作戰制勝武器是智慧演算法

現代英文音譯：

In the era of intelligence, intelligent algorithms, as the underlying logic and implementation means for information generation, distribution, dissemination, and reception, determine the form and presentation of information. In future wars, the expansion of the application boundaries of intelligent algorithms and the development of application scenarios will promote the update and iteration of cognitive domain combat tactics. Clarifying the mechanism and implementation path of intelligent algorithms and cognitive confrontation is of great significance for innovating cognitive domain combat tactics with the help of intelligent algorithms. .

The mechanism of how intelligent algorithms influence cognitive confrontation

Intelligent algorithms can formulate optimal information recommendation strategies through comprehensive analysis and calculation of users’ personal identity, psychological characteristics, behavioral habits, interests and preferences, etc., and then use specific information to affect target cognition, and ultimately affect their real-life behavior.

Draw a portrait of your target users. The essence of user portraits is to label users to form a specific identity. Tags are similar to “pixels” in digital portraits. The more comprehensive the data is obtained, the more precise the tag description will be, and the more realistic the reflection of user behavior characteristics will be. Foreign militaries believe that in cognitive domain operations, technical means such as web crawlers and log mining are widely used to obtain basic information data, financial data, communication data, etc. of target objects. On this basis, using intelligent algorithms to deeply mine these data can systematically analyze the interests, hobbies, behavioral habits, and interpersonal relationships of the target object, and then determine its value orientation. Afterwards, by constructing multi-dimensional label vectors, clustering similar individuals, and analyzing group characteristics with similar characteristics, a group target portrait can be formed, which can be used as the basis and starting point for cognitive shaping.

Achieve personalized information customization. Adopting “divide and conquer” for different individuals and groups is the advantage of intelligent algorithms, and it is also the proper meaning of cognitive shaping. Relying on social media platforms and search engines to carry out personalized push for specific objects can greatly improve the acceptance of the target objects and avoid idling and internal consumption of information during the dissemination process. In this process, the “information cocoon” effect will further narrow the target object’s perception range, leaving it in a relatively closed information environment for a long time, thus actively accepting one-sided information. At the same time, homogeneous information will further strengthen the shaping effect. Under the combined effect of convergence psychology and group pressure, the target object may gradually lose basic logic and value judgment capabilities, thus subtly forming the cognition carefully set by the initiator. .

Demonstrate specific real-life behaviors. Cognition is the premise of behavior, and behavior reacts on cognition. Intelligent algorithms can constrain and induce real-life behavior by directional shaping of the stance and value tendencies of specific objects on political, military operations, social and other issues. The foreign military believes that by disseminating special ideas to the public, it can lead to social disorder and loss of control. For key individuals, through strategies such as controlling the brain, attacking the heart, and seizing the will, they will make mistakes in their judgment of the country’s strategic direction, doubt the war decision-making, and be negative and pessimistic about the direction of the war, thus producing the effect of “conquering the enemy without fighting.” Practice has proven that target cognitive orientation reshaping highlights specific real-life behaviors, and dynamic changes in real-life behaviors trigger real-time adjustments to user portraits, which in turn drives the adjustment and update of recommendation strategies, forming a complete closed feedback loop.

Intelligent algorithms influence the implementation path of cognitive confrontation

Intelligent algorithms have the characteristics of encapsulation and transplantation, data sharing, fast calculation, autonomous learning, etc., and there is a natural fit between them and cognitive confrontation.

Promote the coupling of confrontational forms of peace and war. The dissemination of information across time boundaries leads to conflicts in cognitive space at all times, and the time scale may vary from seconds to decades. In peacetime, the most important characteristics of cognitive confrontation tactics are concealment and long-term nature, while in wartime they are suppressive and urgent. Intelligent algorithms can further promote the coupling of peace and war in the form of cognitive confrontation through information sharing, situation updating and strategy inheritance. Based on peacetime information and wartime intelligence, comprehensive analysis and judgment of the enemy’s situation, our situation, and the battlefield environment can be automatically calculated to draw conclusions on the strengths, weaknesses, key points, and difficulties of the confrontation; based on mathematical modeling and machine learning, combined with Cognitive confrontation results and real-time battlefield situation in peacetime, and after comprehensive evaluation, optimal tactics and plans can be proposed.

Promote the combination of explicit and implicit means of confrontation. Cognitive domain operations are filled with massive and complex information in various formats and with varying strengths and weaknesses, which not only brings challenges to one’s own identification and processing, but also provides convenient conditions for confusing the opponent. Only through cognitive fusion can a comprehensive, timely and accurate judgment of the situation be formed, and then the advantages of global perception be transformed into decision-making and action advantages. Comprehensive multi-channel information for intelligent analysis and comparison, comprehensive research and judgment, can identify erroneous information, filter useless information, screen false information, and provide information support for commanders’ decision-making. For example, explicit means can be used for cognitive deterrence and will disintegration, implicit means can be used for cognitive deception and cognitive induction, and explicit and implicit means can be used for cognitive confusion.

Promote global integration of confrontation space. The cognitive confrontation space not only covers the physical domain space including land, sea, air, space, etc., but also covers the information domain space and cognitive domain space such as electromagnetic and network. Cognitive confrontation is a global fusion confrontation. Battlefield data is generated extremely quickly and in huge volumes, which places extremely high requirements on computing speed and capabilities. Relying on traditional manual calculations and computer-aided calculations can no longer meet the needs of battlefield space fusion. Semi-automatic or even automated fusion calculations must be achieved with the help of the high efficiency, strong computing power and high accuracy of intelligent algorithms. Relying on intelligent algorithms, vertical integration from cognitive perception to cognitive analysis to cognitive decision-making can be achieved; horizontally, multi-dimensional situation, power, decision-making, and scheduling across the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain can be achieved. Domain fusion.

(Author’s unit: National University of Defense Technology)

原始國語（繁體）：

在智慧化時代，智慧演算法作為資訊生成、分發、傳播、接收的底層邏輯和實現手段，決定了資訊的產生形式和呈現方式。未來戰爭，智慧演算法應用邊界拓展與應用場景開發推動認知域作戰戰法更新迭代，釐清智慧演算法與認知對抗的作用機制與實現路徑，對於藉助智慧演算法創新認知域作戰戰法具有重要意義。

智慧演算法影響認知對抗的作用機制

智慧演算法透過對使用者個人身分、心理特徵、行為習慣、興趣偏好等進行綜合分析計算，能夠制定出最優資訊推薦策略，進而以特定資訊作用於目標認知，最終影響其現實行為。

繪就目標使用者畫像。使用者畫像的本質是將使用者進行標籤化處理，以此形成特定身分。標籤類似數位畫像中的“像素”，資料獲取越全面，標籤刻畫越精細，對使用者行為特徵的反映就越真實。外軍認為，認知域作戰中，廣泛借助網路爬蟲、日誌挖掘等技術手段，可以取得目標對象的基本資訊資料、金融資料、通訊資料等。在此基礎上，利用智慧演算法對這些資料進行深度挖掘，可以系統分析出目標物的興趣與愛好、行為習慣、人際關係，進而確定其價值取向。之後，透過建構多維度標籤向量，再對相似個體進行聚類處理，分析具有相似特徵的群體特徵，可形成群體目標畫像，並以此作為認知塑造的基礎與起點。

實現資訊個性客製。針對不同個體、不同群體採取「分而治之」是智慧演算法的優長所在，也是認知塑造的應有之義。依托社群媒體平台和搜尋引擎，針對特定物件進行個人化推送，可以大幅提高目標物件的接受程度，避免訊息在傳播過程中的空轉和內耗。在此過程中，「資訊繭房」效應將會進一步狹窄目標物件的感知範圍，使其長期處於相對封閉的資訊環境中，從而主動接受片面資訊。同時，同質化的訊息會進一步強化塑造效果，目標對像在趨同心理和群體壓力的共同作用下，可逐步喪失基本邏輯和價值判斷能力，從而潛移默化中形成發起方為其精細設定的認知。

彰顯特定現實行為。認知是行為的前提，而行為又反作用於認知。智慧演算法透過對特定對象政治、軍事行動和社會等議題的立場和價值傾向進行定向塑造，可以實現對現實行為的約束和誘導。外軍認為，透過對社會大眾傳播特殊理念，導致社會失序失控。而對於關鍵個人，透過採取控腦攻心奪誌等策略，使其對於國家戰略方向研判錯誤，對於戰爭決策感到懷疑，對於戰爭走向消極悲觀，從而產生「不戰而屈人之兵」的效果。實務證明，目標認知定向重塑彰顯現實特定行為，現實行為動態改變引發使用者畫像即時調整，進而帶動推薦策略調整更新，形成了完整的閉合回饋迴路。

智慧演算法影響認知對抗的實現路徑

智慧演算法具有封裝移植、資料共享、快速運算、自主學習等特徵，與認知對抗之間存在天然的契合性。

促進對抗形式平戰耦合。跨越時間界限的訊息傳播導致認知空間的衝突無時不在，時間尺度可能從數秒到數十年不等。在平時，認知對抗戰法最主要的特徵是隱蔽性和長期性，戰時則表現為壓制性和急迫性。智慧演算法透過資訊共享、態勢更新和策略繼承，可進一步促進認知對抗形式的平戰耦合。基於平時資訊與戰時情報，對敵情、我情、戰場環境進行全方位分析研判，可以自動計算得出對抗強點、弱點、重點、難點等方面的結論；基於數學建模和機器學習，結合平時認知對抗成果和戰場即時態勢，經過綜合評估，可以提出最優戰法和方案。

促進對抗手段顯隱結合。認知域作戰，海量、繁雜的資訊充斥其中，樣式多樣、優劣不齊，為己方辨識處理帶來挑戰的同時，也為迷惑對手提供了便利條件。只有透過認知融合才能形成對態勢的全面、及時、準確的判斷，進而將全域感知優勢轉化為決策優勢與行動優勢。綜合多通路資訊進行智慧分析比較、綜合研判，能辨識錯誤訊息、過濾無用資訊、甄別不實訊息，為指揮決策提供資訊支撐。如可採取顯性手段進行認知威懾與意志瓦解，採取隱性手段進行認知欺騙及認知誘導，並採取顯隱結合方式進行認知迷惑等。

促進對抗空間全局融合。認知對抗空間不僅涵蓋了包含陸、海、空、天等物理域空間，也涵蓋電磁、網路等資訊域空間和認知域空間。認知對抗是全局融合對抗，戰場數據生成速度極快、體量巨大，對於計算的速度和能力提出了極高要求。依靠傳統的人工運算、電腦輔助運算的模式已無法滿足戰場空間融合的需求，必須藉助智慧演算法的高效率、強算力和高準確性實現半自動化乃至自動化的融合計算。依托智慧演算法，縱向上可以實現從認知感知到認知分析，再到認知決策的全程融合；橫向上可以實現物理域、資訊域和認知域多維度態勢、力量、決策、調度的跨域融合。

中國軍事原文來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2023-03/21/content_33888.htm?&tsrltndkrnt

China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍民融合計劃, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點, 國家網絡空間安全戰略

Chinese Military Focusing on Future Wars and Fighting the “Five Battles” of Cognition

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中國軍隊聚焦未來戰爭打好認知“五場戰役”

外國現代英文音譯：

Most of the local wars and armed conflicts in recent years have been “hybrid” confrontations carried out in multiple dimensions and fields, emphasizing the use of military, political, economic and other means to implement systematic control in the dimension of comprehensive decision-making, creating all kinds of chaos in the dimension of international communication, and creating various chaos in the dimension of international communication. Conduct targeted strikes in the strategic focus dimension, actively shape the battlefield situation, and seek to seize the strategic initiative. In future wars, in order to successfully fight political and military battles and military and political battles, we should deeply grasp the characteristics and laws of offensive and defensive operations in the cognitive domain and improve our ability to fight the “five battles” well.

Be proactive in cognitive operations, shape the situation and control the situation, and fight proactively. Before the war begins, cognition comes first. With the continuous development and evolution of war forms, the status and role of cognitive domain operations continue to be highlighted. Aiming to win future wars, cognitive deployment should be carried out in advance. Through strategies, information, technology and other means and carriers, the physiological, psychological, values ​​and other cognitive factors of target objects should be affected, intervened and manipulated, and cognitive attack and defense should be used to cover military operations and accurately Efficiently dominate cognitive space. Fully understand the importance of being first, grasp the definition and interpretation power of “narrative” flexibly and autonomously, emphasize pre-emption to win the initiative in the cognitive narrative struggle dimension, create a favorable situation in which legal principles are in hand and morality is on our side, and occupy the moral commanding heights.

Cognitive operations focus on attacking the heart, and implement layered strategies to fight precise battles. “Those who are good at fighting will benefit others without killing them.” In future wars, the combat space will extend to the deep sea, deep space, deep network and other fields, and the battlefield space and time will present the characteristics of being extremely far, extremely small, extremely intelligent and uninhabited, invisible, and silent. We should keep a close eye on cognitive gaps to improve effectiveness, and use methods such as big data simulation, artificial intelligence matching, and psychological model evaluation to analyze and control the key information of cognitive subjects to achieve effective penetration and early deterrence of cognitive subject information. Closely focus on cognitive blind spots to enhance penetration, target the ideological consensus points, psychological connection points, and spiritual pillar points that maintain the unity of powerful enemy alliances to carry out effective strikes, and use their cognitive differences and interest conflicts to achieve differentiation and disintegration at all levels.

Based on cognitive combat strategies, we must penetrate the entire territory and fight for deterrence and control. In future wars, the strategic competition and tactical confrontation between the two warring parties will be extremely fierce. We should pay close attention to the decision-making process and make comprehensive efforts to increase the opponent’s decision-making dilemma and form our own decision-making advantages. On the one hand, we must pay more attention to key nodes such as the enemy’s decision-making center, command hub, reconnaissance and early warning system, and use advanced strike methods to physically destroy these nodes. On the other hand, we must pay more attention to the “soft kill” effects of cognitive shaping, cognitive induction, cognitive intervention and cognitive control, and embed cognitive domain operations into “hard destruction”, which not only creates a strong deterrent through precise strikes with high-tech weapons, but also integrates new qualities The combat power is expanded to the cognitive dimension, thus forming an asymmetric check and balance advantage.

Cognitive combat information is king, expand the field and fight for support. Future wars cannot be separated from strong information support, and system integration should be accelerated to gain data advantages. First of all, speed up the construction of cognitive offensive and defensive operations theory library, database, talent library, case library, and tactics library, dynamically collect and update the current status of the enemy’s cognitive offensive and defensive operations capabilities, and provide all-round support for cognitive offensive and defensive operations. Secondly, speed up the creation of the integrated media communication matrix, improve the self-owned platform system, speed up the deployment of network platforms, focus on system integration and collaboration, break down the “barriers” of information interconnection as soon as possible, and achieve cognitive integration and sharing, and comprehensive results. Thirdly, accelerate the coupling and linkage of information and cognitive domain operations, vigorously develop core technologies such as neural network systems, artificial intelligence applications, cognitive decision-making, psychological attack and defense, mine and analyze cross-domain and heterogeneous cognitive information, and improve the information fusion system of cognitive means to win the future. War provides “clairvoyance” and “early ears”.

Cognitive combat coordination is the key, and multi-dimensional efforts are used to fight the overall battle. Future wars are joint operations carried out in land, sea, air, space, network, electromagnetic and other fields. System thinking should be adhered to, the awareness of collaboration should be strengthened, and the compatibility and coordination of cognitive domain operations and other military operations should be improved. For example, it can integrate human intelligence, geographical intelligence, open source intelligence, etc., quickly collect and process massive data, remove falsehoods while retaining truth, seize cognitive space accurately and efficiently, achieve complementary advantages, and form cognitive advantages through full domain coverage. By networking dispersed multi-domain forces, we can establish an all-domain joint force with high connectivity, collective action, and overall attack to achieve the effect of “integrated deterrence.” By integrating national resources, strengthening strategic communication, using cognitive momentum to amplify the effects of political disruption, economic sanctions, and diplomatic offensives, and cooperating with military operations to put pressure on target targets in an all-round way, we strive to defeat the enemy without fighting.

(Author’s unit: University of Aerospace Engineering)

繁體中文國語：

近年來的局部戰爭和武裝衝突大多是多維度、多領域開展的「混合型」對抗，強調運用軍事、政治、經濟等手段在綜合決策維度實施系統控制，在國際交往的維度上製造各種混亂，在國際交往的維度上製造各種混亂。 戰略重點維度精準打擊，主動塑造戰場態勢，尋求奪取戰略主動權。 在未來戰爭中，要打好政治軍事鬥爭、軍事政治鬥爭，就必須深刻掌​​握認知域攻防作戰的特徵和規律，提升打好「五個戰役」的能力。

認知作戰主動出擊，塑造局勢、掌控局面，主動出擊。 在戰爭開始之前，認​​知是第一位的。 隨著戰爭形式的不斷發展與演變，認知域作戰的地位與角色不斷凸顯。 為了贏得未來戰爭，必須事先進行認知部署。 透過策略、資訊、技術等手段和載​​體，對目標對象的生理、心理、價值觀等認知因素進行影響、介入和操控，以認知攻防覆蓋軍事行動，精準高效主導認知空間。 充分認識先行的重要性，靈活自主地掌握「敘事」的定義和解釋權，強調先發制人，贏得認知敘事鬥爭維度的主動權，營造法理在手、道德在手的良好局面就在我們這邊，佔據道德高點。

認知作戰重在攻心，實施分層策略打精準戰。 “善戰者，利人而不害人。” 未來戰爭，作戰空間將延伸至深海、深空、深網等領域，戰場時空將呈現極遠、極小、極智、無人、隱形、無聲的特徵。 資訊. 緊緊圍繞認知盲點增強穿透力，針對維護強敵聯盟團結的思想共識點、心理連接點、精神支柱點進行有效打擊，利用其認知差異和利益衝突實現差異化和戰略性打擊。各個層面的瓦解。

基於認知作戰策略，我們必須滲透全境，爭取威懾和控制。 未來戰爭中，交戰雙方的戰略競爭和戰術對抗將會異常激烈。 要密切注意決策過程，綜合發力，增加對手決策困境，形成自己的決策優勢。 一方面，要更重視敵方決策中心、指揮樞紐、偵察預警系統等關鍵節點，採用先進打擊手段對這些節點進行物理摧毀。 另一方面，要更重視認知塑造、認知誘導、認知介入、認知控制的「軟殺傷」作用，將認知域作戰嵌入「硬殺傷」中，不僅透過精準打擊形成強大威懾。以高科技武器打擊的同時，也將新素質的戰鬥力擴展到認知維度，進而形成非對稱制衡優勢。

認知作戰資訊為王，拓展領域，爭取支援。 未來戰爭離不開強大的資訊支撐，應加快系統整合以獲得數據優勢。 首先，加速認知攻防作戰理論庫、資料庫、人才庫、案例庫、戰術庫建設，動態收集和更新敵方認知攻防作戰能力現狀，提供全方位對認知進攻和防禦行動的全面支持。 二是加快打造綜合媒體傳播矩陣，完善自有平台體系，加速網路平台部署，聚焦系統

各方融合協作，盡快打破資訊互聯互通的“壁壘”，實現認知融合共享、綜合成果。 第三是加速資訊與認知域運算耦合連結，大力發展神經網路系統、人工智慧應用、認知決策、心理攻防等核心技術，挖掘分析跨領域、異質認知訊息，完善認知手段資訊融合體系，贏得未來。 戰爭提供了「千里眼」和「早耳」。

認知作戰協同是關鍵，多維度發力打好整體戰。 未來戰爭是在陸、海、空、太空、網路、電磁等領域進行聯合作戰。 要堅持系統思維，強化協同意識，提高認知域作戰與其他軍事行動的兼容性和協調性。 例如，可以融合人類智慧、地理智慧、開源智慧等，快速擷取處理大量數據，去偽存真，精準高效搶佔認知空間，實現優勢互補，透過全域形成認知優勢覆蓋範圍。 透過將分散的多域力量聯網，建立高度連結、集體行動、整體出擊的全局聯合部隊，達到「一體化威懾」的效果。 透過整合國家資源，加強戰略溝通，利用認知動能放大政治擾亂、經濟制裁、外交攻勢的效果，配合軍事行動，全方位對目標對象施壓，力爭戰勝敵人不戰而屈人之兵。

（作者單位：航太工程大學）

來源：解放軍報 作者：楊龍喜 編輯：王峰 2022-10-08

China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Infratsructure, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國軍用反衛星武器研製

中國軍用反衛星武器研製

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Chinese Military Anti-Satellite Weapons Development

2021-06-24來源：政協

神舟十二號伸出機械臂的相關圖片傳出後，美媒隨即對相關信息進行了新一輪的報導，同時指出“這可能與神舟十二號的指揮官所言相同”。 美國太空軍之前就說過，中國可以俘虜美軍，衛星也是一樣，早在今年4月，美國太空軍司令部司令詹姆斯·迪金森將軍就在媒體鏡頭前公開宣稱，中國已經研製出 一顆配備大型機械臂的衛星，而中國正試圖將這顆衛星用於軍事目的，用來“抓取”美軍衛星。

那麼，什麼是反衛星技術？

理論上，哪裡有衛星，哪裡就有反衛星技術。 人造衛星分為三種，一種是科學衛星，一種是技術實驗衛星，第三種是應用衛星。 按用途可分為民用衛星和軍用衛星，軍用衛星又分為通信、氣象、偵察、導航、大地測量、攔截衛星等。

反衛星的原因

在現代戰爭中，天空對地面始終保持著巨大的作戰優勢。 人造衛星的出現，將這種優勢延伸到了外層空間。 在未來的戰爭中，誰能控制太空，誰就擁有戰爭的主動權。 成為各國軍事競爭的焦點。

人造衛星，特別是軍用人造衛星，由於速度快，每秒可飛行七八公里，90分鐘可繞地球一圈； 他們視野開闊，視野開闊，同樣的視角是飛機觀察的數万倍； 限制很少，可以自由飛越地球上的任何區域，在給己方帶來極大便利的同時，也給敵方帶來了巨大的潛在威脅。

因此，自1960年代以來，以美俄為代表的世界軍事強國都致力於研製“帶導反衛星”、“帶衛星反衛星”、“反衛星”等反衛星武器。 與能量”。 將其作為控制空間、消除威脅、奪取制空權的重要武器。

反衛星技術

反衛星技術是指從地面、空中或外太空攻擊敵方衛星的軍事技術。 目前，反衛星技術主要有核能反衛星技術、直升式動能反衛星技術、定向能反衛星技術和同軌反衛星技術。 核能反衛星技術殺傷距離大，技術門檻低，但因其產生的附帶傷害巨大，實用價值不大。 直升式動能反衛星技術可以看作是反導技術的延伸，是軍事強國廣泛採用的具有精確制導技術的反衛星手段。

以激光武器為代表的定向能反衛星技術和俘虜同軌反衛星技術不易產生空間碎片，可將低、中、高軌道衛星全部納入攻擊範圍， 具有很大的作戰應用潛力，已經獲得。 世界各國受寵，競相發展。 與此同時，電子對抗、網絡攻擊等隱蔽、隱形的衛星軟殺傷技術也逐漸顯現出鋒芒。

反衛星戰術

一般來說，反衛星戰術有四種：同軌、直升、定向能和電磁干擾。 主要通過反衛星衛星和反衛星導彈以及反衛星電子乾擾站來實現。

共軌反衛星武器發射到目標衛星的軌道上，對其進行跟踪，然後利用動能或核爆將其摧毀。 其作用距離遠，殺傷半徑大，即使在武器本身製導精度較差的情況下也能摧毀目標。 但它的缺點是精度低，反應慢，從發射到銷毀需要數天時間； 另外，核彈的附加殺傷效果大，容易對己方衛星造成威脅； 而且一旦使用，就有引發核戰爭的危險。

直升式反衛星導彈是指反衛星導彈不進入目標衛星軌道，僅依靠導彈上的小型跟踪器在目標衛星進入時直接發現目標衛星。

掠過長空，直接將其毀滅。

定向能反衛星是指利用激光、粒子束、高功率微波束等武器，以高能激光束、粒子束、微波束照射目標衛星，使其完全毀壞或使敏感電子元器件失效 並失去工作能力。 .

電磁干擾反衛星是利用衛星電子乾擾技術，阻止衛星與地面站之間的通信，從而達到使衛星失效的目的。 這是最早、最常見、最基本的反衛星戰術。

我國的反衛星技術

蘇聯是最早研製衛星技術的國家，美國是最早研製反衛星技術的國家。 世界反衛星技術史基本上就是兩國之間的一場較量。

我國從2005年開始進行反衛星試驗，前期主要以測試武器的功能為主。 雖然起步較晚，但並沒有落後。 在反衛星導彈和人造衛星方面取得了顯著成果。

2007年1月11日，我國在西昌衛星發射中心發射了一枚SC-19，又名DN-1。 導彈攜帶一枚動能彈頭，以每秒8公里的速度摧毀軌道高度。 長863公里、重750公斤的“風雲一號”氣象衛星已經報廢。 這是我國首次成功攔截人造衛星。 從此，我國正式進入反衛星技術領域。

隨後，我國先後研製了二代DN-2和三代DN-3兩種新型反衛星導彈，並分別於2013年5月和2017年7月23日進行了兩次成功試驗。DN的研製成功 -1、DN-2、DN-3反衛星導彈已實現低、中、高軌道全覆蓋，人造衛星基本在我國反衛星導彈的打擊範圍內。 技術已進入世界一流水平。

除了反衛星導彈，我國還研製了一顆衛星用於反衛星實驗。 衛星配備機械臂，可以改變軌道，對其他衛星進行全方位探測。 應用方便靈活。 技術開發的最新成果。

反衛星趨勢

為爭奪太空優勢和保障國家安全，反衛星武器和衛星防御之爭將愈演愈烈。 目前，反衛星技術主要在以下幾個方面發展：反衛星與反導相結合，發展導彈防禦系統，進一步提高動能武器的反衛星能力。

彈道導彈防禦系統與動能反衛星武器有著密不可分的關係，因為能夠在大氣層外攔截彈道導彈的武器都具有一定的反衛星能力。 導彈技術的發展推動反衛星技術的發展是當前國際反衛星的趨勢之一。

發展微型衛星，發揮反衛星能力。 現代微型衛星研製週期短、建設成本低、系統投資少、抗毀壞能力強、設備更新快。 它可以移動到地球同步軌道上的任意位置，甚至可以圍繞其他衛星進行近距離作戰和發動攻擊。 它有很大的潛力。

目前，以美國為首的軍事強國在反衛星武器研製上已經從裝載普通炸藥的“殺手”衛星和“微型尋的導彈”轉變為新概念武器。 定向能武器已經成為反衛星武器。 武器是新利器，其中激光反衛星武器是最具威懾力和最有效的武器。 激光反衛星武器的發展重點是陸基和天基反衛星技術。 軟硬結合，更加註重電子對抗等軟殺傷手段的運用。 傳統電子乾擾等軟殺傷技術的創新、發展和應用，通過研製可逆非物理反衛星武器，在一定時間內乾擾、欺騙或阻止目標衛星執行有效功能。 時間。 國家高度重視並不斷開發該領域。

目前，自主進近、交會對接等複雜航天技術已

適用於反衛星武器。 交會對接技術解決了這個問題。

（作者係全國政協委員、北方戰區某部總工程師

Modern English Translation:

2021-06-24Source: People’s Political Consultative Conference

After the related picture of Shenzhou 12 extending its mechanical arm came out, the US media immediately carried out a new round of reports on the relevant information, and pointed out at the same time that “this may be the same as what the commander of the US space force said before. China can capture the US military. The same is true for satellites. As early as April this year, General James Dickinson, commander of the U.S. Space Force Command, publicly declared in front of media cameras that China has developed a satellite equipped with a large robotic arm, and China is trying to use this satellite for military purposes. Used to “grab and capture” US military satellites.

So, what is anti-satellite technology?

In theory, where there are satellites, there is anti-satellite technology. There are three types of artificial satellites, one is scientific satellites, the other is technology experiment satellites, and the third is application satellites. According to the purpose, it can be divided into civilian satellites and military satellites, and military satellites are divided into communication, meteorology, reconnaissance, navigation, geodetic, interception satellites, etc.

The reason for anti-satellite

In modern warfare, the sky has always maintained a huge combat advantage over the ground. The emergence of artificial satellites has extended this advantage to outer space. In future wars, whoever can control space will have the initiative in war. It has become the focus of military competition among various countries.

Artificial satellites, especially military artificial satellites, fly seven or eight kilometers per second because of their fast speed, and can circle the earth in 90 minutes; they have a wide field of vision and a wide field of vision, and the same viewing angle is tens of thousands of times that of aircraft observation; there are few restrictions and they can fly over freely Any area on the earth, while bringing great convenience to one’s own side, also brings huge potential threats to the enemy.

Therefore, since the 1960s, the world’s military powers represented by the United States and Russia have been committed to the development of anti-satellite weapons such as “anti-satellite with guides”, “anti-satellite with satellites” and “anti-satellite with energy”. Take it as an important weapon for controlling space, eliminating threats, and seizing control of the sky.

Anti-satellite technology

Anti-satellite technology refers to military technology that attacks enemy satellites from the ground, air or outer space. At present, anti-satellite technologies mainly include nuclear energy anti-satellite, direct-ascent kinetic energy anti-satellite, directed energy anti-satellite, and co-orbit anti-satellite technology. Nuclear energy anti-satellite technology has a large killing distance and low technical threshold, but because of the huge collateral damage it produces, its practical value is not great. The direct-ascent kinetic energy anti-satellite technology can be regarded as an extension of the anti-missile technology, and it is an anti-satellite method widely used by military powers with precision guidance technology.

The directed energy anti-satellite technology represented by laser weapons and the captive co-orbit anti-satellite technology are not easy to generate space debris, and can include all low-, medium-, and high-orbit satellites in the attack range, which has great potential for combat application and has been obtained. Countries all over the world are favored and competing for development. At the same time, hidden and invisible satellite soft-killing technologies such as electronic countermeasures and network attacks are also gradually showing their edge.

Anti-satellite tactics

Generally speaking, there are four types of anti-satellite tactics: co-orbit, direct ascent, directed energy, and electromagnetic interference. It is mainly realized by anti-satellite satellites and anti-satellite missiles and anti-satellite electronic jamming stations.

Co-orbital anti-satellite weapons are launched into the orbit of the target satellite, track it, and then use kinetic energy or nuclear explosion to destroy it. It has a long range of action and a large killing radius, and it can still destroy the target even when the guidance accuracy of the weapon itself is poor. But its disadvantages are low accuracy, slow response, and it takes several days from launch to destruction; in addition, the additional damage effect of nuclear bombs is large, and it is easy to pose a threat to one’s own satellite; and once used, there is a danger of triggering a nuclear war .

The direct-ascent anti-satellite missile means that the anti-satellite missile does not enter the orbit of the target satellite, but only relies on the small tracker on the missile to directly find the target satellite when the target satellite passes over the sky, and directly destroys it.

Directed energy anti-satellite refers to the use of weapons such as lasers, particle beams, and high-power microwave beams to irradiate target satellites with high-energy laser beams, particle beams, and microwave beams to completely destroy them or disable sensitive electronic components and lose their ability to work. .

Electromagnetic interference anti-satellite is the use of satellite electronic interference technology to prevent communication between satellites and ground stations, thereby achieving the purpose of invalidating satellites. This is the earliest, most common, and most basic anti-satellite tactic.

my country’s anti-satellite technology

The Soviet Union was the first country to develop satellite technology, and the United States was the first country to develop anti-satellite technology. The history of world anti-satellite technology is basically a battle between the two countries.

my country started to conduct anti-satellite tests in 2005. In the early stage, it mainly focused on testing the functions of weapons. Although it started late, it did not lag behind. Remarkable results have been achieved in anti-satellite missiles and satellites.

On January 11, 2007, my country launched an SC-19, also known as DN-1, at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. The missile carried a kinetic energy warhead and destroyed the orbital altitude at a speed of 8 kilometers per second. The “Fengyun-1” meteorological satellite, which is 863 kilometers long and weighs 750 kilograms, has been scrapped. This is the first time that my country has successfully intercepted an artificial satellite. Since then, my country has officially entered the field of anti-satellite technology.

Afterwards, my country successively developed two new anti-satellite missiles, the second-generation DN-2 and the third-generation DN-3, and conducted two successful tests in May 2013 and July 23, 2017. The successful research and development of DN-1, DN-2 and DN-3 anti-satellite missiles have fully covered low, medium and high orbits, and artificial satellites are basically within the strike range of my country’s anti-satellite missiles. Technology has entered the world-class level.

In addition to anti-satellite missiles, my country has also developed a satellite for anti-satellite experiments. The satellite is equipped with a mechanical arm, which can change orbits and perform all-round detection of other satellites. It is convenient and flexible in application. The latest achievements in technological development.

Anti-satellite trends

In order to compete for space superiority and ensure national security, the struggle for anti-satellite weapons and satellite defense will intensify. At present, anti-satellite technology is mainly developed in the following aspects: the combination of anti-satellite and anti-missile, and the development of missile defense system to further improve the anti-satellite capability of kinetic energy weapons.

There is an inseparable relationship between ballistic missile defense systems and kinetic energy anti-satellite weapons, because weapons capable of intercepting ballistic missiles outside the atmosphere all have anti-satellite capabilities to a certain extent. The development of missile technology to promote the development of anti-satellite technology is one of the current international anti-satellite trends.

Develop micro-satellites and exert their anti-satellite capabilities. Modern micro-satellites have a short development cycle, low construction costs, low system investment, strong anti-destruction capabilities, and fast equipment updates. It can move to any position on the geosynchronous orbit, and can even perform close operations around other satellites and launch attacks. It has great potential.

At present, the military powers headed by the United States have changed from the idea of ​​”killer” satellites loaded with ordinary explosives and “miniature homing missiles” to new concept weapons in the development of anti-satellite weapons. Directed energy weapons have become anti-satellite weapons. Weapons are new sharp weapons, and among them, laser anti-satellite weapons are the most deterrent and most effective weapons. The development of laser anti-satellite weapons focuses on ground-based and space-based anti-satellite technologies. Combine soft and hard, and pay more attention to the use of electronic countermeasures and other soft killing methods. The innovation, development, and application of traditional electronic jamming and other soft-kill technologies, through the development of reversible non-physical anti-satellite weapons, can interfere with, deceive, or prevent target satellites from performing effective functions within a certain period of time. Countries attach great importance to and continue to develop field of.

At present, complex aerospace technologies such as autonomous approach and rendezvous and docking have been applied to anti-satellite weapons. Rendezvous and docking technology solves this problem.

(The author is a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and the chief engineer of a certain department in the northern theater)

Original Chinese Source: http://www.cppcc.gov.cn/zxww/2021/06/24/ARTI1624501659719410.shtml

China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點

中國軍隊聚焦認知域戰是主攻戰場對抗的新著力點

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Chinese Military Focus on Cognitive Domain Warfare is the New Focus of Main Effort for Battlefield Confrontation

來源：人民網
認知域作戰是指運用輿論、心理、法律等多域手段，運用現代網絡、媒體、文字、圖片、視頻、數字等多維技術開展輿論宣傳。 、心理攻防，以及爭奪人心、顛覆信心、影響信仰、爭奪思想、意識形態鬥爭等重要形式，旨在爭奪人們在思想、信仰、價值觀、個人態度、情感、認同、 和判斷傾向。 認知領域戰是傳統輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰、貿易戰、外交戰、科技戰、意識形態戰等多領域戰的複雜集合。

目前，認知域作戰已經成為國家間軍事鬥爭和其他領域鬥爭的重要基礎，認知域目標驅動的語言對抗成為認知域作戰的重要形式，值得高度重視。 .

影響作戰對象的語言對策新前沿

認知領域作戰是當代認知科學研究和發展的伴隨成果。 它是人們積極探索大腦的認知活動，以期對大腦有更複雜、更抽象、更透徹的認識而產生的新戰場。 高級深度隱蔽活動是對行動對象影響的高端形式。 無論是信息行動的對象、信息的生產者、信息的內容本身，還是信息的傳播渠道，認知域中的操作都貫穿著認知的特徵，從一開始就突出認知層面的行動 結束。

從信息接收者的角度來看，這種認知是針對對手受眾的深度認知，包括其人民、軍隊、軍方指揮官或重要領導人、政商界重要人物，甚至直接包括 對方國家或軍隊的領導人。 具體的重要將領等，也可以是具體的人群或人群。 它可以涉及個人或群體的認知偏好、認知缺陷、認知習慣、認知偏見、認知誤解； 它還可以是個人和群體的信仰、價值觀、政治認同、族裔認同、社會和文化認同以及情感態度。

從信息提供者和內容的角度來看，應該融入信息生產者的認知設計和安排，包括對文本的獨特認知，如文本的話語方式、文本的敘述方式、 觀察事物的視角、敘述的認知重點和深度、句子的組織形式、句子的價值觀念傾向、句子概念的可接受性等。

在信息發布和傳播的渠道上，文本形式更接近多媒體多模態形式，更接近網絡空間的需要，更接近當代智能手機的優勢，更接近當前新興媒體時代的特徵，即 是，更符合受眾接受的認知特徵，即認知習慣和認知傾向。 文本的傳播形式充分考慮了國際傳播中的認知效應，尤其是跨文化、跨語言、跨媒體、跨群體的認知傳播。 這樣，文本會更好地從認知層面影響受眾。

語言對抗應對戰鬥風格的變化並產生新的戰術

縱觀人類歷史，不難發現，軍事鬥爭的風格一直在不斷變化。 從最初借助冷兵器的肉搏戰，發展到機械力與熱兵器的較量，也發展到高科技戰爭條件下信息能力的製衡。 每一次變化都帶來戰術上的深刻變化。 在當前機械化、信息化、智能化並存的過渡階段，人們不僅關注戰場物理域和信息域的主導權爭奪，更關注對戰場主體的控制。 戰爭-人類認知領域，即思維方式、認知模式和風格、價值觀、情感態度、文化模式、溝通模式、心理優勢和劣勢、認知偏好、文化和知識圖譜以及意識形態認同。 後者涉及基本情況

對社會人事和社會存在的影響，即認知領域運作的新興領域，其策略具有很強的特殊性。

話題靈活性和機動性：認知域作戰可以在認知域中選擇多個話題進行靈活機動的作戰行動。 根據現狀和需要，選題可以選擇涉及比較宏觀的戰略層面（比如對方整個社會的意識形態和製度等），或者中等層面的運動層面（比如社會問題） 在對方社會的局部或方向：社會福利政策或環保政策等），也可以選擇涉及社會中非常微觀的戰術問題（比如社會不公平、不公正、不美好的一面） 由某個人或特定事件反映）。 宏觀、中觀和微觀認知領域相互聯繫、相互轉化。 很可能一個微觀問題也會成為一個宏觀的戰略問題。 要根據與整個軍事行動的關係提出問題，認知域作戰要服從整體作戰行動，服務於宏觀政治外交形勢的需要。 更重要的是平時要準備好選題，平時要收集各種選題的數據，尤其要關注現實社會中的各種重要數據。 一旦需要，這些數據可以迅速轉化為箭矢、子彈、砲彈射向敵人的認知領域，甚至成為影響全局的戰略武器。

作戰層面的可控性：認知戰的重要設計是在作戰層面整體可控可調，可以根據形勢變化進行升級或縮減。 如果需要戰略層面，指揮員可以啟用戰略層面的設計和兵力投入； 如果需要campaign級別，也可以在相應的campaign級別進行控制； 如果只是在特定的小問題層面需要，也可以控制在相應的小眾局部層面，讓整個操作為整體作戰操作的需要服務。 這裡的戰略、戰役和戰術，更多的是指作戰設計和力量投入。 由於戰場態勢瞬息萬變，一些問題在層面上也可能發生變化，從戰略問題到影響戰役和戰術層面的效果； 有些問題，由於戰術問題的特殊性，成為影響全局的戰役層面的問題。

新興媒體主導：認知領域的主要影響渠道已經從傳統的紙質媒體和平面媒體轉向新興媒體。 傳統媒體主要依靠單一的媒介，如報紙、雜誌、書籍、傳單、海報等來傳遞信息； 後來的電視帶來了三維媒體。 在互聯網時代，尤其是互聯網2.0時代和智能通訊設備的誕生，人們更多地依賴多媒體、多模態、短視頻和文字來傳遞信息。 智能手機、智能平板、智能播放器等各種先進設備的問世，各種新型社交軟件和工具的誕生，使新媒體成為人們交流、溝通的主要工具。 新興媒體、新興社交軟件和工具已經成為各種力量在社會保障、輿論保障、意識形態保障、社會保障、政治保障等方面較量和鬥爭的重要空間。 互聯網安全，尤其是對新興社交媒體、新興社交軟件和工具等的安全把握能力，某種程度上是一個國家認知領域安全的關鍵。 新興媒體工具和新媒體空間的信息化已經成為各國認知戰的主戰場、主陣地和主空間。 值得指出的是，影響人們認知的思想和理論，將成為認知域運作各個層次上最具影響力的武器。

語言對抗適應智能時代，認知計算提升新算力

人工智能時代，在大數據分析與應用、超級計算能力、智能計算能力、自然語言處理能力、智能手機傳播能力和新一代網絡通信能力的基礎上，人類開始能夠理解 整個社會和整個網絡。 對不同領域、地域群體、不同地域群體、特定個體的語言文化、心理認知、群體情感、社會行為進行精準建模與分析。 尤其是人的內心深處

對大腦認知、人腦思維、思維方式、習慣偏好、圖像圖式、認知框架，甚至神經網絡、人機協作、腦控技術等的理解和掌握，只要有足夠多樣的動態數據， 人們可以計算和模擬所有人的心理活動、情感活動、認知活動、輿論和行為模式。 通過深算、精算、巧算，準確把握人的認知世界，形成對人認知領域的理解。 精細而深入的控制。 這一方面呈現出以下特點：

計算全維性：認知領域作為一個新興領域，可以全方位數字化，可以全方位、全過程、全個體進行計算。 它可以廣泛收集各種類型的信息，然後將其反映為作戰對手多樣化主要因素的大數據信息，從而可以對整體、組、組、個體數據以及它們之間進行各種計算。 各種活動都可以通過計算完成、顯示和準確掌握。

計算認知：認知領域的計算體現了很強的認知能力，能夠揭示更多肉眼難以觀察到的各種事物、事件、人物之間的關係，能夠揭示同一事件框架下各種概念之間的關係。 概念之間的聚類和層次關係反映了概念之間或顯性或隱性、直接或間接的深層認知聯繫，揭示了概念之間複雜的概念網絡系統，讓人看到一個完全超越普通肉眼的深層認知世界 觀察。 .

計算智能：認知領域的計算體現了強智能。 這種智能表現在計算上，會得出智能的結論。 例如，通過大量文本的收集和數據挖掘，我們可以找到由於人力有限而無法看到的各種主題、觀點、傾向、人群、立場和訴求之間的關係，從而 對某個問題形成更全面的認識。 全面、深入、準確、系統的認識，做出科學優化的決策。 這種決策可能符合人類智能，也可能超過甚至遠遠超過人類智能。 利用好認知計算的力量，特別是結合本國和對手的數據，可以更好地做到早預防、早預警、早部署，可以做到最好、最好、最快、最準的打擊 和反擊。 也更能體現高效、有力、針對性的保障。 這裡的認知計算更多的是一個可能出現在不同人群、不同時間段、不同背景、整個網絡域或局部網絡域、特定特定網絡域內的宏觀-中觀或微觀層面的問題。 團體。 特別是對與對手對局時雙方可能呈現的主動和被動情況的分析和考察，以及認知域的攻防等。

發揮話語主體地位釋放話語權新應用

認知域作戰有一個非常重要的支撐，即主要依靠語言媒介發揮作用，主要通過語篇層面發揮影響，主要通過語篇的敘事性對認知域形成隱性效應，主要 externing influence on the cognitive domain through cultural models 通過跨文化交際所發揮的潛在作用，顯性或隱性作用。 主要體現在以下幾個方面：

文本話語唯一性：認知領域需要信息來影響。 雖然信息可能依靠視頻畫面的特殊視覺效果來展現，但從根本上說，文本所表達的整合話語的獨特性成為認知衝擊的主要支撐。 其中，話語表達的方式、話語表達的技巧、話語表達的說服力和感染力的主要設計，尤其是話語敘事的獨特性，將是影響人們認知的關鍵。 這可能包括敘事視角、敘事主題、風格、敘事故事框架、敘事語言創新、敘事關鍵句，敘事包含哲學、人文、宗教、社會、自然等，以及敘事中不同參與者的身份，多樣化的內容。 評價敘事、真實性、深度和情感

敘事的溫度，敘事對觀點的潛移默化影響，以及敘事所釋放的個人情感、價值觀、意識形態和立場評價。 文本語篇的獨特性是文本在認知域操作中發揮認知影響的重要依托。 充分利用文本的複雜性，發揮不同文本各自的優勢，充分發揮文本內涵的隱性和顯性認知影響，已成為文本話語認知領域作戰的關鍵。 最重要的是創新文本話語，以全新的話語、更新穎的表達方式、更獨特的表達方式贏得讀者，讓讀者潛移默化地理解和感受文本中的思想，並默默接受。 文字的思想。

文化模式的潛能：要在認知領域作戰，必須深入把握不同國家、民族文化的特點和模式。 不同的國家、不同的民族有著不同的文化模式、哲學思維、傳統文化、宗教信仰、風俗習慣、思維方式等明顯不同； 不同文化的公民也有不同的民族心理和民族認知模式，也應該有屬於自己民族和文化的典型認知偏好，以及相應的缺點和弱點，其中一些明顯與其他民族在本民族中存在巨大差異 國，甚至產生誤解和敵意。 因此，在文化層面，認知領域的作戰，就是把握不同國家的整體文化模式，為不同國家的不同群體建立文化模式，為不同國家的不同事物建立不同的認知模式，全面掌握某一國家的文化模式。 一系列事物中的文化模式。 對問題和問題的整體態度和做事方式，特別是對一些典型案例、文化禁忌、宗教要求、精神追求、一般觀念等，需要利用已有的理論和發現，綜合建構不同的基本表現 對一些典型的、敏感的、重要的問題進行認知領域的群體研究，從而為下一步的認知操作提供重要的參考和指導。 加強對敵不同人員特別是軍人、要職人員文化模式的研究，包括將軍、官兵等基本文化特徵和模型的研究與構建，如心理認知行為 人物和文化模型畫像，已經成為認知域操作的核心實踐。 分析普通民眾，尤其是普通公民和公民，以及特定人群，包括特殊NGO力量的認知模式也具有重要價值。

跨文化戰略傳播：認知域操作是國際語言文化傳播，需要遵循國際傳播規律。 掌握國際傳播的基本範式，將本國故事與國際表達巧妙結合，將對方的語言文化與自己的故事和思想巧妙結合； 善於結合不同的藝術形式，包括文字、圖片、繪畫、音樂（聲音）、視頻等手段或多模態手段，實現信息的國際傳播。 同時，還要在戰略層面統籌多維度、宏觀溝通：運用多種手段，依托軍民融合、軍民協同、軍民融合開展溝通； 除了非政府組織，特別是依靠非政府力量、專家、意見領袖和普通民眾來幫助軍隊開展認知域作戰； 統一設置議題，發出多方位、多人、多方位的聲音，形成戰略溝通態勢，形成重大行動、重大問題、重大危機處置和應急處置的良好局面。 控制等，形成良好的輿論氛圍，產生積極影響，消除不利影響或消除不利影響。 尤其要建立一支精通外語、通曉跨文化、通曉國際交流規律、能在國際多維平台上暢所欲言的精幹團隊。 這些人員通常可以藉助常見或特殊問題進行廣泛的問題認知、收集和討論，建立人脈和粉絲群； 更重要的是，在關鍵時刻，通過自己的粉絲團，發揮影響力，完成戰略傳播任務。

目前，隨著混合戰、多域戰和全球戰的普及，認知域戰已經成為一種常見的混戰方式。 、法律戰發展的高級階段、複雜階段和升級階段。 它的興起更具欺騙性、曖昧性、隱蔽性、嵌入性、植入性和不可觀察性，特別是考慮到它與當代新興媒體的深度融合，不斷學習和借鑒多學科、跨學科、交叉的新思想、新技術、新方法。 於是，認知領域的戰鬥成為我們必須高度警惕的戰斗形式。 （國防科技大學文理學院教授、博士生導師 梁曉波）

【本文為國家社科基金重大項目《國防和軍隊改革視角下的國防語言能力建設》的階段性成果】

Modern English Version:

Source: 

People’s Daily Online

Cognitive domain combat refers to the use of multi-domain means such as public opinion, psychology, and law, and the use of modern network, media, text, pictures, video, digital and other multi-dimensional technologies to carry out public opinion propaganda, psychological attack and defense, and The important forms of fighting for people’s hearts, subverting confidence, influencing beliefs, fighting for thinking, and ideological struggle are intended to compete for people’s initiative in thinking, beliefs, values, personal attitudes, emotions, identification, and judgmental tendencies. Cognitive domain warfare is a complex collection of multi-domain warfare such as traditional public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, trade war, diplomatic warfare, technological warfare, and ideological warfare.

At present, combat in the cognitive domain has become an important basis for military struggles and struggles in other fields between countries, and language confrontation driven by goals in the cognitive domain has become an important form of combat in the cognitive domain, which deserves great attention.

A New Frontier for Language Countermeasures to Influence on Objects of Operation

Cognitive domain combat is the accompanying result of the research and development of contemporary cognitive science. It is a new combat field created after people actively explore the cognitive activities of the brain to gain a more complex, abstract and thorough understanding of the brain. Advanced deep covert activities are the high-end form of influence on the object of action. Regardless of whether it is the object of information action, the producer of information, the content of information itself, or the channel of information, operations in the cognitive domain all run through the characteristics of cognition, and highlight actions from the cognitive level from beginning to end.

From the perspective of the recipients of the information, this cognition is aimed at the deep cognition of the opponent’s audience, including its people, the army, military commanders or important leaders, important figures in the political and business circles, and even directly including the leaders of the opponent’s country or the military. Specific important generals, etc., can also be specific groups of people or people. It can involve the cognitive preferences, cognitive shortcomings, cognitive habits, cognitive biases, cognitive misunderstandings of individuals or groups; it can also be the beliefs, values, political identity, ethnic identity, social and cultural identity and emotional attitudes of individuals and groups.

From the perspective of the information provider and content, it should be infused with the cognitive design and arrangement of the information producer, which includes the unique cognition of the text, such as the discourse mode of the text, the narrative mode of the text, the perspective of observation of things, the narrative Cognitive focus and depth, organizational form of sentences, tendencies such as value concepts of sentences, acceptability of concepts of sentences, etc.

In terms of channels for information distribution and dissemination, the form of text is closer to the multimedia multimodal form, closer to the needs of cyberspace, closer to the advantages of contemporary smartphones, and closer to the characteristics of the current emerging media era, that is, more in line with the audience The cognitive characteristics of acceptance are cognitive habits and cognitive tendencies. The form of dissemination of the text fully considers the cognitive effect in international communication, especially the cognitive communication across cultures, languages, media, and groups. In this way, the text will better influence the audience from the cognitive level.

Language confrontation responds to changes in combat styles and generates new tactics

Throughout human history, it is not difficult to find that the style of military struggle has been constantly changing. From the initial physical fight with the help of cold weapons, it has developed into a contest of mechanical power with hot weapons, and has also developed into a check and balance of information capabilities under the conditions of high-tech warfare. Every change brings about profound changes in tactics. In the current transitional stage of co-existence of mechanization, informationization and intelligence, people not only pay attention to the struggle for dominance in the physical domain and information domain of the battlefield, but also pay more attention to the control of the main body of war-human cognitive domain, that is, the way of thinking, Cognitive models and styles, values, emotional attitudes, cultural models, communication models, psychological strengths and weaknesses, cognitive preferences, cultural and knowledge maps, and ideological identity. The latter involves the basic situation of social personnel and social existence, that is, the emerging field of cognitive domain operations exerting influence, and its tactics have strong particularities.

Topic flexibility and mobility: Cognitive domain operations can select many topics in the cognitive domain to carry out flexible and mobile combat operations. According to the current situation and needs, the topic can be chosen to involve a relatively macro strategic level (such as the ideology and system of the other party’s entire society, etc.), or a medium-level campaign level (such as social issues in a local area or direction of the other party’s society: Social welfare policies or environmental protection policies, etc.), you can also choose to involve very microscopic tactical issues in society (such as the unfair, unjust, and not beautiful side of society reflected by a certain person or a specific event). The macro, meso, and micro cognitive domains are interconnected and transform into each other. It is very likely that a micro issue will also become a macro strategic issue. The question should be raised according to the relationship with the entire military operation, and the cognitive domain operation must be subordinated to the overall combat operation and serve the needs of the macro political and diplomatic situation. More importantly, the topics should be prepared in normal times, and the data of various topics should be collected in normal times, especially paying attention to various important data in the real society. Once needed, these data can be quickly transformed into arrows, bullets, and shells fired at the enemy’s cognitive domain, and even become strategic weapons that affect the overall situation.

Controllability at the combat level: The important design of cognitive warfare is that at the combat level, it is controllable and adjustable as a whole, and can be upgraded or reduced according to changes in the situation. If the strategic level is needed, the commander can enable the design and force input at the strategic level; if the campaign level is needed, it can also be controlled at the corresponding campaign level; if it is only needed at the specific small problem level, it can also be controlled at the corresponding The niche local level makes the whole operation serve the needs of the overall combat operation. The strategy, campaign and tactics here refer more to combat design and power input. Since the battlefield situation may change rapidly, some issues may also change at the level, from strategic issues to affect the effects of campaign and tactical levels; some issues, due to the particularity of tactical issues, become campaign-level issues that affect the overall situation.

Emerging media dominance: The main influence channel of the cognitive domain has shifted from traditional paper media and print media to emerging media. Traditional media mainly rely on a single medium, such as newspapers, magazines, books, leaflets, posters, etc. to convey information; the later generation of television brought three-dimensional media. In the Internet era, especially the Internet 2.0 era and the birth of smart communication devices, people rely more on multimedia, multi-modality, and short videos and texts to transmit information. The introduction of various advanced devices such as smart phones, smart tablets, and smart players, and the birth of various new social software and tools have made new media the main tool for people to communicate and communicate. Emerging media, emerging social software and tools have become an important space for various forces to compete and struggle in social security, public opinion security, ideological security, social security, and political security. Internet security, especially the ability to grasp the security of new social media, emerging social software and tools, etc., is to some extent the key to the security of a country’s cognitive domain. The information of emerging media tools and new media spaces has become the main battlefield, main position and main space for cognitive warfare in various countries. It is worth pointing out that the thoughts and theories that influence people’s cognition will become the most influential weapons at all levels of cognitive domain operations.

Language confrontation adapts to the age of intelligence, cognitive computing enhances new computing power

In the era of artificial intelligence, on the basis of big data analysis and application, supercomputing ability, intelligent computing ability, natural language processing ability, smart phone dissemination ability and new generation network communication ability, human beings have begun to be able to understand the whole society and the whole network. Carry out precise modeling and analysis of language culture, psychological cognition, group emotion, and social behavior in different domains, local groups, different local groups, and specific individuals. Especially people’s deep understanding and grasp of brain cognition, human brain thinking, thinking mode, habit preference, image schema, cognitive framework, and even neural network, human-computer collaboration, brain control technology, etc., as long as there are enough diverse dynamic data , people can calculate and simulate all people’s psychological activities, emotional activities, cognitive activities, public opinion, and behavioral patterns. Through deep calculations, actuarial calculations, and clever calculations, people can accurately grasp people’s cognitive world and form an understanding of people’s cognitive domain. fine and deep control. This aspect presents the following characteristics:

Computational all-dimensionality: As an emerging field, the cognitive domain can be digitized in all aspects and can be calculated in all directions, the whole process and the whole individual. It can collect various types of information extensively, and then can be reflected as information about Big data with diversified main factors of combat opponents, so that various calculations can be carried out for the whole, groups, groups, and individual data and between them. All kinds of activities can be completed, displayed and accurately grasped through calculation.

Computational cognition: Computation in the cognitive domain embodies strong cognition, and it can reveal more relationships between various things, events, and characters that are difficult to observe with the naked eye, and can reveal the relationship between various concepts in the same event frame. The clustering and hierarchical relationship between concepts reflects the deep cognitive connection between concepts, whether explicit or implicit, direct or indirect, and reveals the complex concept network system between concepts, allowing people to see a deep cognitive world that is completely beyond the ordinary naked eye observation. .

Computing intelligence: Computing in the cognitive domain embodies strong intelligence. This kind of intelligence is manifested in the calculation, and it will draw intelligent conclusions. For example, through the collection of a large amount of text and data mining, we can find the relationship between various themes, viewpoints, tendencies, groups of people, positions, and appeals that cannot be seen due to limited human power, so as to form a more comprehensive understanding of a certain issue. Comprehensive, in-depth, accurate and systematic understanding to make scientific and optimized decisions. This kind of decision-making may be in line with human intelligence, or it may exceed or even far exceed human intelligence. By making good use of the power of cognitive computing, especially by combining the data of the country and the opponent, we can better achieve early prevention, early warning, and early deployment, and can achieve the best, best, fastest and most accurate strikes and counterattacks. It can also better reflect efficient, powerful and targeted protection. Cognitive computing here is more about a possible macro-meso or micro-level issue that may arise in different groups of people, in different time periods, in different backgrounds, in the entire network domain or in a local network domain, or within a specific group. In particular, the analysis and inspection of the active and passive situations that may be presented by both parties when playing games with opponents, and the attack and defense of the cognitive domain, etc.

Give full play to the status of discourse subject and release the new application of discourse power

Cognitive domain combat has a very important support, that is, it mainly relies on the language medium to play its role, exerting influence mainly through the discourse level, forming a hidden effect on the cognitive domain mainly through the narrative nature of discourse, and mainly exerting influence on the cognitive domain through cultural models Potential role, overt or implicit role exerted through cross-cultural communication. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Text Discourse Uniqueness: Cognitive Domains Need Information to Influence. Although the information may be displayed by relying on the special visual effects of video pictures, fundamentally speaking, the uniqueness of the integrated discourse expressed by the text becomes the main support for the cognitive impact. Among them, the mode of discourse expression, the skill of discourse expression, the main design of persuasion and appeal of discourse expression, especially the uniqueness of discourse narrative will be the key to affect people’s cognition. This may include narrative perspectives, narrative themes, styles, narrative story frameworks, narrative language innovations, narrative key sentences, narratives contain philosophy, humanities, religion, society, nature, etc., and the identities of different participants in the narrative , the diversified evaluation of narrative, the authenticity, depth and emotional temperature of narrative, the subtle influence of narrative on viewpoints, and the personal emotions, values, ideology, and position evaluation released by narrative. The uniqueness of text discourse is an important reliance on cognitive influence exerted by text in cognitive domain operations. Making full use of the complexity of texts, giving full play to the respective advantages of diverse texts, and giving full play to the implicit and explicit cognitive influences of text connotations have become the key to combat in the cognitive domain of text discourse. The most important thing is to innovate text discourse, to win readers with brand-new discourse, more novel expressions, and more unique expressions, so that readers can understand and feel the thoughts in the text subtly, and accept them silently. The thought of the text.

Potential of cultural models: To fight in the cognitive domain, we must deeply grasp the characteristics and models of different countries and national cultures. Different countries and different nationalities have different cultural models, philosophical thinking, traditional culture, religious beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking are obviously different; citizens of different cultures also have different national psychology and national cognition Models should also have typical cognitive preferences belonging to their own nation and culture, as well as corresponding shortcomings and weaknesses, and some of them obviously have a huge difference from other nationalities in their own country, and even have misunderstandings and hostility. Therefore, at the cultural level, combat in the cognitive domain is to grasp the overall cultural models of different countries, build cultural models for different groups in different countries, build different cognitive models for different things in different countries, and fully grasp a certain country’s cultural models in a series of things. The overall attitude and way of doing things on issues and issues, especially for some typical cases, cultural taboos, religious requirements, spiritual pursuits, general concepts, etc. It is necessary to use existing theories and findings to comprehensively construct the basic performance of different groups of people in the cognitive field on some typical, sensitive, and important issues, so as to provide important reference and guidance for the next step of cognitive operations. Strengthen the research on the cultural patterns of different personnel of the enemy, especially military personnel, personnel in key positions, including the research and construction of basic cultural characteristics and models of generals, officers, soldiers, etc., such as the psychological cognitive behavior of characters and cultural model portraits, It has become the core practice of cognitive domain operations. It is also of great value to analyze the cognitive patterns of ordinary people, especially ordinary citizens and citizens, as well as specific groups of people, including special NGO forces.

Cross-cultural strategic communication: Cognitive domain operations are international language and cultural communication, which need to follow the laws of international communication. To grasp the basic paradigm of international communication, to skillfully combine national stories with international expressions, to skillfully combine the other party’s language and culture with their own stories and ideas; to be good at combining different art forms, including words, pictures, paintings, music (Sound), video and other means or multi-modal means to achieve the international dissemination of information. At the same time, it is also necessary to coordinate multi-dimensional and macroscopic communication at the strategic level: use various means, rely on military-civilian integration, military-civilian coordination, and military-civilian integration to carry out communication; in addition to non-governmental organizations, especially rely on non-governmental forces, experts, opinion leaders, and ordinary people To help the military carry out cognitive domain operations; to set up issues in a unified way, to make multi-point, multi-person and multi-dimensional voices, to form a strategic communication situation, to form a good situation for emergency solutions for major actions, major issues, major crisis management and control, etc., to form a good atmosphere of public opinion, and to create Positive effects, eliminating adverse effects or extinguishing adverse effects. In particular, it is necessary to establish a capable team that is proficient in foreign languages, understands cross-cultural skills, understands the laws of international communication, and can skillfully speak out on international multi-dimensional platforms. These personnel can usually carry out extensive issue awareness, collection and discussion, establish personal connections and fan groups with the help of common or special issues; more importantly, at critical moments, through their fan groups, exert influence and complete strategic communication tasks .

At present, with the popularity of hybrid warfare, multi-domain warfare and global warfare, cognitive domain warfare has become a common method of hybridization and mixing. , The advanced stage of the development of legal warfare, the complex stage and the escalation stage. Its rise is more deceptive, ambiguous, concealed, embedded, implanted and unobservable, especially considering its deep integration with contemporary emerging media, and continuous learning and reference into multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary new ideas, new technologies, and new methods. As a result, combat in the cognitive domain has become a form of combat that we must be highly vigilant against. (Liang Xiaobo, professor and doctoral supervisor of the College of Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology)

[This article is a phased achievement of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “National Defense Language Capacity Building from the Perspective of National Defense and Military Reform”]

Original Chinese Military Source: https://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2022/0517/c1011-32423539.html

China Internet Soverignty, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Cyberspace Adminstration of China 中央網絡安全和信息勇, 中华人民共和国网络安全法, 中國軍事應用與比特幣在未來戰爭中的應用, 中國軍民融合計劃, 國家網絡空間安全戰略

中國特色治網之道和網絡強國戰略思想

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The Way of Internet Governance with Chinese Characteristics and the Strategic Thought of Network Power

網絡安全和信息化事關黨的長期執政，事關國家長治久安，事關經濟社會發展和人民群眾福祉。習近平同志站在我們黨“過不了互聯網這一關，就過不了長期執政這一關”的政治高度，準確把握信息化變革帶來的機遇和挑戰，明確提出要努力把我國建設成為網絡強國。中央黨史和文獻研究院編輯的《習近平關於網絡強國論述摘編》一書的第三部分，以“努力把我國建設成為網絡強國”為題，收入了習近平同志的相關論述。

縱觀世界文明史，人類先後經歷了農業革命、工業革命、信息革命。每一次產業技術革命，都給人類生產生活帶來巨大而深刻的影響。如今，以互聯網為代表的信息技術日新月異，引領了社會生產新變革，創造了人類生活新空間，拓展了國家治理新領域，極大提高了人類認識世界、改造世界的能力。互聯網讓世界變成了“雞犬之聲相聞”的地球村，相隔萬里的人們不再“老死不相往來”。世界因互聯網而更多彩，生活因互聯網而更豐富。

人類社會正在經歷偉大的信息革命，中國正處在信息化快速發展的歷史進程之中，信息革命時代潮流與中華民族偉大復興歷史進程發生了歷史性交匯，為我們全面建設社會主義現代化國家帶來新的機遇和挑戰。習近平同志指出，信息化為中華民族帶來了千載難逢的機遇。我們正逢其時，要順勢而為、乘勢而上、相向而行。

隨著網絡信息技術日新月異，全面融入社會生產生活，也深刻改變著全球經濟格局、利益格局、安全格局。世界主要國家都把互聯網作為經濟發展、技術創新的重點，把互聯網作為謀求競爭新優勢的戰略方向。能不能適應和引領互聯網發展，成為決定大國興衰的一個關鍵。誰掌握了互聯網，誰就把握住了時代主動權；誰輕視互聯網，誰就會被時代所拋棄。一定程度上可以說，得網絡者得天下。信息化為我國搶占新一輪發展制高點、構築國際競爭新優勢提供了有利契機。

中國高度重視互聯網發展，自接入國際互聯網以來，我們按照積極利用、科學發展、依法管理、確保安全的思路，加強信息基礎設施建設，發展網絡經濟，推進信息惠民。同時，我們依法開展網絡空間治理，網絡空間日漸清朗。儘管起步稍晚，但經過二十多年努力，迅速縮短了同發達國家的信息化差距，成為舉世矚目的網絡大國。同時也要看到，雖然我國網絡信息技術和網絡安全保障取得了不小成績，但同世界先進水平相比還有很大差距。我們在自主創新方面還相對落後，區域和城鄉差異比較明顯，國內互聯網發展瓶頸仍然較為突出。

黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央審時度勢、高瞻遠矚，順勢應時，吹響了向網絡強國進軍的號角。 2014年2月27日，在中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組第一次會議上，習近平同志提出，要從國際國內大勢出發，總體佈局，統籌各方，創新發展，努力把我國建設成為網絡強國。

建設網絡強國是黨中央從黨和國家事業發展全局出發作出的重大決策。黨的十八大以後，黨中央從進行具有許多新的歷史特點的偉大斗爭出發，重視互聯網、發展互聯網、治理互聯網，作出一系列重大決策、提出一系列重大舉措，推動網信事業取得了歷史性成就。

我們提出建設網絡強國戰略目標，網信工作頂層設計和總體架構基本確立，出台《關於加強網絡安全和信息化工作的意見》，基本理順互聯網管理領導體制機制，形成全國“一盤棋”工作格局；網絡意識形態安全得到切實維護，做大做強網上正面宣傳，在管網治網上出重拳、亮利劍，打贏網絡意識形態領域一系列重大斗爭，根本扭轉了過去網上亂象叢生、陣地淪陷、被動挨打的狀況，網絡空間正能量更加強勁、主旋律更加高昂；國家網絡安全屏障進一步鞏固，制定實施網絡安全法，加強網絡安全保障能力建設，關鍵信息基礎設施安全保護不斷強化，網絡違法犯罪活動得到有效遏制，全社會網絡安全意識和防護能力明顯增強；網信軍民融合取得階段性成效，網絡安全威懾反制能力不斷增強；注重發揮信息化對經濟社會發展的驅動引領作用，“互聯網+”行動計劃深入實施，數字經濟、共享經濟蓬勃發展；信息領域核心技術創新取得積極進展，新一代移動通信（5G）、高性能計算、量子通信等技術研究實現突破，一批網信企業躋身世界前列；網絡空間國際話語權和影響力顯著提升，高舉網絡主權大旗，推動構建網絡空間命運共同體，積極參與全球互聯網治理進程，創設並成功舉辦世界互聯網大會，中國理念、中國主張、中國方案贏得越來越多認同和支持；加快網絡基礎設施建設和信息化服務普及，網上交易、手機支付、共享出行等新技術新應用廣泛普及，電子政務加速發展，網絡扶貧紮實推進，社會治理和基本公共服務水平持續提升，人民群眾有了更多獲得感、幸福感、安全感。這些歷史性成就的取得，充分證明黨中央關於加強黨對網信工作集中統一領導的決策和對網信工作作出的一系列戰略部署是完全正確的。

新時代呼喚新思想，新實踐孕育新理論。在努力建設網絡強國的進程中，我們不斷推進理論創新和實踐創新，不僅走出一條中國特色治網之道，而且提出一系列新思想新觀點新論斷，形成了網絡強國戰略思想。概括起來，主要有以下幾個方面。

第一，明確網信工作在黨和國家事業全局中的重要地位。我們提出，沒有網絡安全就沒有國家安全，沒有信息化就沒有現代化，網絡安全和信息化事關黨的長期執政，事關國家長治久安，事關經濟社會發展和人民群眾福祉，過不了互聯網這一關，就過不了長期執政這一關，要把網信工作擺在黨和國家事業全局中來謀劃，切實加強黨的集中統一領導。

Network security and informatization are related to the long-term governance of the party, the long-term stability of the country, economic and social development and the well-being of the people. Comrade Xi Jinping stood at the political height of our party “If you can’t pass the hurdle of the Internet, you can’t pass the hurdle of long-term governance”, accurately grasped the opportunities and challenges brought about by the informatization revolution, and clearly stated that we should strive to build our country into a cyber power. The third part of the book “Excerpts of Xi Jinping’s Discussions on Internet Power” edited by the Central Academy of Party History and Documentation is titled “Strive to Build my country into a Cyber ​​Power” and includes relevant expositions by Comrade Xi Jinping.

Looking at the history of world civilizations, humanity has successively undergone agricultural revolution, industrial revolution and information revolution. Every revolution in industrial technology has had a huge and profound impact on human production and life. Today, information technology represented by the Internet is changing with each passing day, leading new changes in social production, creating a new space for human life, expanding new areas of national governance, and greatly improving human ability to understand and transform the world. The Internet has turned the world into a global village where “the voices of chickens and dogs hear each other”, and people separated by thousands of miles no longer “do not communicate with each other”. The world is more colorful because of the Internet, and life is richer because of the Internet.

Human society is undergoing a great information revolution, and China is in the historical process of rapid development of informatization. The trend of the era of information revolution and the historical process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation have had a historic intersection, which has brought great benefits to us in building a modern socialist country in an all-round way. New opportunities and challenges. Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out that informatization has brought golden opportunities to the Chinese nation. We are at the right time, and we must follow the trend, ride on the trend, and meet each other halfway.

With the rapid development of network information technology and its comprehensive integration into social production and life, it has also profoundly changed the global economic pattern, interest pattern, and security pattern. Major countries in the world regard the Internet as the focus of economic development and technological innovation, and regard the Internet as a strategic direction for seeking new competitive advantages. Whether it can adapt to and lead the development of the Internet has become a key to determining the rise and fall of a big country. Whoever controls the Internet will grasp the initiative of the times; whoever despises the Internet will be abandoned by the times. To a certain extent, it can be said that those who win the Internet win the world. Informatization provides a favorable opportunity for my country to seize the commanding heights of a new round of development and build new advantages in international competition.

China attaches great importance to the development of the Internet. Since its access to the international Internet, we have strengthened the construction of information infrastructure, developed the network economy, and promoted information to benefit the people in accordance with the ideas of active utilization, scientific development, law-based management, and security assurance. At the same time, we have carried out cyberspace governance in accordance with the law, and cyberspace has become increasingly clear. Although it started relatively late, after more than 20 years of hard work, it quickly narrowed the informatization gap with developed countries and became a network powerhouse that has attracted worldwide attention. At the same time, we must also see that although my country’s network information technology and network security have made great achievements, there is still a big gap compared with the world’s advanced level. We are still relatively backward in terms of independent innovation, the differences between regions and urban and rural areas are relatively obvious, and the bottleneck of domestic Internet development is still relatively prominent.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has judged the situation, looked far ahead, followed the trend, and sounded the clarion call to march towards a cyber power. On February 27, 2014, at the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group, Comrade Xi Jinping proposed that we should proceed from the international and domestic trends, make an overall layout, coordinate all parties, innovate and develop, and strive to build my country into a cyber power .

Building a cyber power is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee based on the overall development of the Party and the country. After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee proceeded from the great struggle with many new historical characteristics, attached importance to the Internet, developed the Internet, and governed the Internet. sexual achievement.

We put forward the strategic goal of building a strong network country, basically established the top-level design and overall structure of network information work, issued the “Opinions on Strengthening Network Security and Informatization Work”, basically straightened out the Internet management leadership system and mechanism, and formed a national “one game of chess” work pattern; The security of Internet ideology has been effectively safeguarded, positive online propaganda has been made bigger and stronger, and heavy blows and sharp swords have been used to manage and control the Internet. A series of major struggles in the field of Internet ideology have been won, which has fundamentally reversed the past. In the situation of being occupied and passively beaten, the positive energy of cyberspace is stronger and the main theme is more high-spirited; the national network security barrier is further consolidated, the network security law is formulated and implemented, the construction of network security guarantee capabilities is strengthened, and the security protection of key information infrastructure is continuously strengthened. Activities have been effectively curbed, and the awareness of network security and protection capabilities of the whole society have been significantly enhanced; the military-civilian integration of network information has achieved phased results, and the network security deterrence and countermeasure capabilities have been continuously enhanced; attention has been paid to the driving and leading role of informatization in economic and social development, “Internet + “The action plan has been implemented in depth, the digital economy and the sharing economy have flourished; positive progress has been made in core technology innovation in the information field, breakthroughs have been made in the research of new-generation mobile communication (5G), high-performance computing, quantum communication and other technologies, and a number of network information enterprises have entered the world In the forefront; the international discourse power and influence of cyberspace have been significantly improved, holding high the banner of cyber sovereignty, promoting the construction of a community of shared future in cyberspace, actively participating in the process of global Internet governance, creating and successfully hosting the World Internet Conference, and winning More and more recognition and support; speed up the construction of network infrastructure and the popularization of information services, the widespread popularization of new technologies and new applications such as online transactions, mobile payment, and shared travel; the accelerated development of e-government affairs; The service level continues to improve, and the people have a greater sense of gain, happiness, and security. The achievement of these historic achievements fully proves that the Party Central Committee’s decision on strengthening the party’s centralized and unified leadership over cybersecurity and informatization work and a series of strategic deployments for cybersecurity and informatization work are completely correct.

The new era calls for new ideas, and new practices breed new theories. In the process of striving to build a strong network country, we have continuously promoted theoretical innovation and practical innovation, not only blazing a way to govern the network with Chinese characteristics, but also put forward a series of new ideas, new viewpoints and new conclusions, forming the strategic thinking of a strong network country. To sum up, there are mainly the following aspects.

First, clarify the important position of cybersecurity and informatization work in the overall situation of the party and the country. We propose that there will be no national security without network security, and no modernization without informatization. If we do not pass the hurdle of being in power for a long time, we must place cybersecurity and informatization work in the overall planning of the party and the country, and earnestly strengthen the party’s centralized and unified leadership.

Second, clarify the strategic goal of building a cyber power. We propose that we must accelerate the construction of a cyber power from the height of realizing the “two centenary” goals and the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In accordance with the requirements of strong technology, strong content, strong foundation, strong talents, and strong international discourse power, we must move towards the basic popularization of network infrastructure, significant enhancement of independent innovation capabilities, comprehensive development of the digital economy, strong network security guarantees, and balanced network offensive and defensive capabilities. Keep moving forward, and finally achieve the goal of advanced technology, developed industry, both offensive and defensive capabilities, full control of network control, and indestructible network security.

Third, clarify the principles and requirements for building a cyber power. We propose that we must adhere to the principles of innovative development, governing by law, ensuring security, promoting benefits and eliminating disadvantages, and benefiting the people, adhere to innovation-driven development, cultivate new kinetic energy with informatization, and use new kinetic energy to promote new development; adhere to the rule of law, so that the Internet will always be under the rule of law. We will continue to operate healthily on track; adhere to the correct concept of network security, and build a national network security barrier; adhere to the principle of equal emphasis on preventing risks and promoting healthy development, and grasp opportunities and challenges, so that the Internet can better benefit the society; The people have a greater sense of gain in sharing the fruits of Internet development.

Fourth, clarify the international propositions for Internet development and governance. We propose to adhere to the four principles of global Internet governance: respecting Internet sovereignty, maintaining peace and security, promoting openness and cooperation, and building a good order. The five-point proposal for building a community of shared future in cyberspace, such as ensuring network security and building an Internet governance system, emphasizes joint advancement of development, joint maintenance of security, joint participation in governance, and joint sharing of achievements, and jointly build a peaceful, secure, open, and cooperative cyberspace.

Fifth, clarify the basic methods for doing a good job in cybersecurity and informatization work. We realize that cybersecurity and informatization work involves many fields, and it is necessary to strengthen overall planning and coordination, implement comprehensive management, and form a strong work force. It is necessary to grasp the dialectical relationship between security and development, freedom and order, openness and autonomy, management and service, and comprehensively promote various tasks such as network content construction, network security, informatization, and international governance of cyberspace.

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on the network power, adhere to the Marxist position, viewpoint and method, based on the new era background of human beings entering the information society, systematically summed up our party’s practical experience in network management and network governance, and profoundly answered why we should build a network power and how to build a network power. A series of major theoretical and practical issues such as building a powerful network country, with a high-level view, overall control, profound thinking, and rich connotations, have become the guide to action leading the development of my country’s Internet information industry, and are the fundamental principles for doing a good job in Internet information work. Continuously enrich and develop.

Focusing on the overall development of human society, Comrade Xi Jinping creatively put forward the concept of making the Internet better benefit the world and the people of all countries, and building a community with a shared future in cyberspace. He proposed a Chinese plan for global Internet development and governance, and contributed Chinese wisdom. The mind of a responsible big country and Comrade Xi Jinping’s broad mind of the leader of a big country to seek peace and development for the world and civilization and progress for mankind.

We must combine in-depth study of Comrade Xi Jinping’s important expositions on building a strong network country, strengthen the “four consciousnesses”, strengthen the “four self-confidence”, and achieve “two safeguards”, constantly explore new paths for building a strong network country, and open up a new realm of global network governance , Let the Internet become a powerful boost to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

(Author: Xu Shan, Director of the Second Division of the First Research Department of the Central Academy of Party History and Documentation, Deputy Editor)

普通話來源：http://www.cac.gov.cn/2021-03/08/c_161677810000.htm

China National Cyber Security Strategy, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀

了解習近平對“軍民融合”的關注

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Understanding Xi Jinping’s focus on “military-civilian integration”

中共中央政治局1月22日召開會議，決定設立中央軍民融合發展委員會，由習近平任主任。中央軍民融合發展委員會是中央層面軍民融合發展重大問題的決策和議事協調機構，統一領導軍民融合深度發展，向中央政治局、中央政治局常務委員會負責。

習主席高度重視經濟建設和國防建設融合發展的問題。這些年，習近平反復在多個場合提到“軍民融合”。2015年3月12日，習近平在出席十二屆全國人大三次會議解放軍代表團全體會議時強調“把軍民融合發展上升為國家戰略”。去年3月25日和10月19日，習近平在出席中共中央政治局會議和在北京參觀第二屆軍民融合發展高技術成果展時，又分別強調軍民融合是“一項利國利軍利民的大戰略”“關乎國家安全和發展全局”。這充分體現了習主席對軍民融合的深謀遠慮和強烈憂患。

當今時代，國防建設和經濟建設的關系更為深刻復雜，特別是技術方面，軍事技術和民用技術兩者的通用性越來越強。從美國的高科技發展史可以看出，從計算機、通信網絡、航空航天、核工業，到先進制造業等各個領域，都和它的軍事工業有聯系。據統計，85%的現代軍事核心技術同時也是民用關鍵技術；80%以上的民用關鍵技術被直接運用于軍事目的。美國前國防部長佩里估計，利用民用高技術開發軍品及擴大采用民品，每年可節省大約300億美元的國防開支，而且還可精減20%以上的采辦人員，同時可以利用國防經濟和軍用技術帶動和促進民用經濟技術發展。他甚至認為，美國軍事變革的重要方面就是把民用技術運用到軍事領域，是一場資源配置方式的根本變革。美國每隔10年左右就推出一個軍民兩用技術發展計劃，依靠這些計劃，美國高新技術產業相繼涌現，始終保持超前于世界其他國家一至兩代的領先地位。俄羅斯一度繼承蘇聯“軍民分離”的國防經濟管理體制，普京上任後對軍事工業實行全面改革，大力推進軍民融合，發展軍民兩用技術，軍民融合式發展取得顯著成效。由此可見，當前走軍民融合式發展路子，已成為符合時代潮流的、世界大多數國家的一致政策取向。

進入21世紀新階段，隨著信息時代的到來，戰爭形態正從機械化戰爭向信息化戰爭轉變。從信息化條件下作戰特點來看，交戰雙方往往會為了實現其戰略企圖，在短時間內聚合戰爭能量對對方施以毀滅性打擊，作戰具有爆發突然、持續時間短、作戰節奏快的特點，更加強調初戰決勝。在此背景下，戰爭潛力向戰爭實力的轉換能力、平時向戰時的轉換能力更加重要。從我軍的實際情況看，目前仍處于機械化、信息化復合發展的特定歷史階段，制約發展的體制性障礙和結構性矛盾還比較多，特別是國防科技自主創新能力較弱，武器裝備與世界水平還有較大的差距。因此，緊緊抓住信息化這一主要矛盾，在一些關鍵項目和環節上實行重點突破，搶佔軍事信息技術的制高點，以局部躍升推動和促進軍隊的現代化整體建設，是我軍現代化發展途徑的科學抉擇。而另一方面的事實是，目前我國許多科技型企業，特別是在IT領域的企業，已經具備相當高的甚至比國防工業中同領域企業更強的實力，信息化技術和產業的領軍大部分在民用高科技企業，而且這種趨勢仍然在發展。這充分說明，抓住國家經濟快速發展與建設現代化軍隊的歷史機遇，走軍民融合式發展之路，建立起高效調動與轉化國家整體力量的國防動員體系，才能做到有備無患、戰則能保，為軍隊始終掌握戰爭主動權提供強大的力量支撐。

當前，軍隊的改革已進入深水區，軍隊與社會經濟系統的融合是否緊密，是否具有高效的國民經濟動員能力，在很大程度上影響著軍隊戰斗力的生成與釋放。我們正逐步走軍民融合式發展的路子，在更廣範圍、更高層次、更深程度上推進軍民融合，逐步形成了在重大基礎設施、海洋、空天、信息等關鍵領域軍民深度融合發展的大格局，建立了軍民融合的武器裝備科研生產體系、軍隊人才培養體系、軍隊保障體系。正是在這個基礎上，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央，繼承我們黨幾十年探索的實踐經驗和寶貴成果，更加明確地把走中國特色軍民融合式發展與實現中華民族偉大復興緊密聯系在一起，深刻指出要進一步做好軍民融合式發展這篇大文章。

習近平高度重視“軍民融合”說明，推動國防建設和經濟建設良性互動，確保在全面建成小康社會進程中實現富國和強軍的統一，是實現強國夢強軍夢的必由之路，對于提高我軍能打仗、打勝仗，有效維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，具有極其重要的現實意義。

同時，也引出了一系列戰略話題︰我國軍民融合深度發展面臨哪些問題？軍民融合深度發展如何才能契合世界各地富國強軍戰略？……

由解放軍報社長征出版社出版的《富國強軍——軍民融合深度發展》，著眼實現強軍目標，圍繞軍民融合深度發展，全面、系統回答了這一系列問題，並重點對軍民融合深度發展的“深”進行了權威解讀。

Modern English Translation:

The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting on January 22 and decided to establish the Central Military-civilian Integration Development Committee, with Xi Jinping as its director. The Central Military-civilian Integration Development Committee is the central-level decision-making and deliberative coordination agency for major issues of military-civilian integration and development. It unifies the leadership of the in-depth development of military-civilian integration and is responsible to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.

President Xi attaches great importance to the integration and development of economic construction and national defense construction. Over the years, Xi Jinping has repeatedly mentioned “military-civilian integration” on many occasions. On March 12, 2015, when Xi Jinping attended the Plenary Session of the PLA delegation to the Third Session of the Twelfth National People’s Congress, he emphasized that “elevating the development of military-civilian integration to a national strategy”. On March 25 and October 19 last year, when attending the Politburo meeting of the CPC Central Committee and visiting the 2nd Military-civilian Integration and Development High-Tech Achievement Exhibition in Beijing, Xi Jinping emphasized that military-civilian integration is “a benefit for the country, military and people. The “grand strategy” is “related to the overall situation of national security and development.” This fully reflects President Xi’s foresight and strong worries about military-civilian integration.

In today’s era, the relationship between national defense construction and economic construction is more profound and complex. Especially in terms of technology, the versatility of both military technology and civilian technology is becoming stronger. From the history of high-tech development in the United States, it can be seen that various fields from computers, communication networks, aerospace, nuclear industry, to advanced manufacturing are all connected with its military industry. According to statistics, 85% of modern military core technologies are also key civilian technologies; more than 80% of key civilian technologies are directly used for military purposes. Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Perry estimated that the use of civilian high technology to develop military products and expand the adoption of civilian products can save approximately US$30 billion in defense expenditures each year, and it can also reduce procurement personnel by more than 20%, while also taking advantage of defense economy and military use. Technology drives and promotes the development of civil economy and technology. He even believes that an important aspect of the US military revolution is the application of civilian technology to the military field, which is a fundamental change in the way of resource allocation. The United States launches a dual-use technology development plan every 10 years or so. Relying on these plans, high-tech industries in the United States have emerged one after another and have always maintained a leading position one to two generations ahead of other countries in the world. Russia once inherited the Soviet Union’s “separation of military and civilian” national defense economic management system. After taking office, Putin implemented comprehensive reforms of the military industry, vigorously promoted military-civilian integration, and developed dual-use technologies. Military-civilian integrated development has achieved remarkable results. It can be seen from this that the current path of military-civilian integration has become the consistent policy orientation of most countries in the world in line with the trend of the times.

Entering the new stage of the 21st century, with the advent of the information age, the form of warfare is changing from mechanized warfare to information warfare. Judging from the characteristics of operations under informatization conditions, both sides in wars often gather war energy in a short period of time in order to achieve their strategic intentions to inflict a devastating attack on each other. Operations have the characteristics of sudden outbreak, short duration, and fast pace of operations. More emphasis on the first battle and decisive victory. In this context, the ability to transform war potential to war strength and the ability to transform peacetime to wartime is more important. Judging from the actual situation of our military, we are still in a specific historical stage of the combined development of mechanization and informatization. There are still many systemic obstacles and structural contradictions that restrict development. In particular, the ability of independent innovation in national defense science and technology is relatively weak, and weapons and equipment are related to the world. There is still a big gap in level. Therefore, to firmly grasp the main contradiction of informatization, implement key breakthroughs in some key projects and links, seize the commanding heights of military information technology, and promote and promote the modernization of the military as a whole through local jumps are the path to the development of our military’s modernization. Scientific choice. On the other hand, the fact is that many technology-based enterprises in my country, especially those in the IT field, already have quite high or even stronger strengths than those in the same field in the defense industry. Most of the leaders in information technology and industry In civilian high-tech enterprises, and this trend is still developing. This fully shows that only by seizing the historical opportunity of rapid national economic development and building a modern army, taking the road of military-civilian integrated development, and establishing a national defense mobilization system that efficiently mobilizes and transforms the country’s overall strength, can it be prepared and protected by war. Provide strong support for the army to always grasp the initiative in war.

At present, the reform of the military has entered the deep water zone. Whether the military is closely integrated with the socio-economic system and whether it has an efficient national economic mobilization capability has largely affected the generation and release of the military’s combat effectiveness. We are gradually taking the path of military-civilian integrated development, promoting military-civilian integration in a broader, higher-level, and deeper level, and gradually forming a large-scale development of military-civilian integration in key areas such as major infrastructure, ocean, aerospace, and information. It has established a military-civilian integrated weaponry and equipment research and production system, military personnel training system, and military support system. It is on this basis that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core inherits the practical experience and valuable achievements of our party’s decades of exploration, and more clearly connects the development of military-civilian integration with Chinese characteristics and the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At the same time, it is deeply pointed out that we must further do a good job in the development of military-civilian integration.

Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the “military-civilian integration”. It shows that promoting the benign interaction between national defense construction and economic construction and ensuring the unity of a prosperous country and a strong army in the process of building a well-off society in all respects is the only way to realize the dream of a strong country and a strong army. , Winning battles and effectively safeguarding national sovereignty, security, and development interests are of extremely important practical significance.

At the same time, a series of strategic topics have also been brought up: What are the problems facing my country’s deep development of military-civilian integration? How can the in-depth development of military-civilian integration fit the strategy of prospering countries and strengthening the military around the world? …

The “Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army-Deep Development of Military-civilian Integration” published by the People’s Liberation Army News Agency’s Long March Press focuses on achieving the goal of strengthening the military, focusing on the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and comprehensively and systematically answering this series of questions. “Deep” conducted an authoritative interpretation.

軍民融合

軍民融合

軍民融合深度發展面臨哪些問題？軍民融合深度發展如何才能契合世界各地富國強軍戰略？

當前，隨著軍民融合上升為國家戰略，軍民深度融合發展也成為國內外輿論場密切關注的焦點。

由解放軍報社長征出版社出版的《富國強軍——軍民融合深度發展》（以下簡稱《富國強軍》），全面、系統回答了這一系列問題。

此書入選“‘十二五’國家重點圖書出版規劃項目”“慶祝新中國成立65周年主題出版項目”“國家出版基金項目”等重要主題出版項目，是解放軍報社長征出版社和國防大學專家團隊精心打造的“強軍夢系列叢書”之一。作者陳昱澍、李善東先後多次參與國家和軍隊重點科研課題，榮獲多項國家和軍隊獎項，發表的數十篇前沿軍事理論論文大多引起廣泛關注。此書將他倆一系列研究成果精華融會貫通，一經推出，就引起積極反響。

《富國強軍》，從全新視角，客觀分析了新形勢下軍民融合式發展的時代價值；系統闡述了軍民深度融合發展在實現中國夢、強軍夢中的戰略地位；全面論述了在新的歷史條下軍民深度融合的新特點、新趨勢，描述了我國軍民融合發展的成效和現狀；探索提出了推進軍民深度融合發展的途徑和方法。其中，重點對軍民融合深度發展的“深”進行了權威解讀——

深在軍民一體推進。軍民融合發展則國家興盛。本書明確提出，一體推進，是軍民融合式發展的總體思路。其實質就是將傳統的軍民分割形成的社會總資源轉換成軍民雙向互動的高效資源，實現國防建設和經濟建設資源的最優配置，最大限度地提升國家的綜合國力，進而實現富國和強軍的統一。

深在鑄造利劍。建立軍民融合式武器裝備科研生產體系是大勢所趨。本書明確提出，深化武器裝備科研生產軍民融合發展，應堅持市場化導向，著眼形成“開放、競爭、共享”的發展格局，通過關鍵領域、關鍵環節的改革強固武器裝備科研生產軍民融合式市場基礎，努力將武器裝備建設深深根植于國家大工業基礎之中，吸引更多優勢資源向武器裝備科研生產領域集聚。

深在提高綜合效益。軍隊能打勝仗，作戰保障是關鍵。本書明確提出，要實現綜合高效的軍民融合，必須建立軍民融合式軍隊人才培養體系、軍民融合式軍隊保障體系、軍民融合式國防動員體系，完善系統配套的軍民融合式發展的基本保障。

《富國強軍》適應了全媒體時代受眾的審美情趣。本書觀點新穎、內容飽滿、前瞻性強，總體體現了“專家視野＋基層口吻解讀＋案例索引”的概念，適應了全媒體時代受眾的審美情趣。

全書依托十八大報告關于“加快推進國防和軍隊現代化”的重要論述、習主席有關涉及國防和軍隊的重要講話精神，從歷史和現實的角度，在表現形式上有三個明顯特殊——

視角獨特。全書注重用新視角發掘“產品”。即站在受眾的角度思考問題，變“我怎麼看”為“受眾怎樣看”，用“第三只眼”審視作品，千方百計發掘受眾喜愛的“產品”。

善講故事。全書注重通過講故事來強化有效傳播。注意用基層官兵喜聞樂見的口吻，通過案例牽引，客觀講述軍民融合深度發展的故事，並做到了理論語言生活化、政治語言知識化，在講故事中說道理，在說道理時講故事；善用網言網語講故事，將網言網語融入生動的故事中，在故事中營造網絡語言氛圍；變“我說你听”的居高臨下為“為您服務”的俯身貼近，平視敘述，娓娓道來。

呈現新穎。全書注重用新呈現方式做深閱讀話題。通過有視角沖擊力的圖片和插圖，適應了讀圖時代特點，強化了主題，豐富了內容；通過活用圖表、分類、概括、標注、提示等新的呈現方式，使高深嚴肅的軍事話題變得輕快起來；通過通俗易懂的闡述、案例解讀和用新大白話“翻譯”等，使強國強軍的重要話題變得生動起來，便于廣大讀者，尤其是有利于部隊基層官兵學習掌握其精髓。

Modern English Translation:

What are the problems facing the deep development of military-civilian integration? How can the in-depth development of military-civilian integration fit the strategy of prospering the country and strengthening the military around the world?

At present, as military-civilian integration has become a national strategy, the development of deep military-civilian integration has also become the focus of close attention in public opinion at home and abroad.

“Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army—Deep Development of Military-civilian Integration” (hereinafter referred to as “Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army”) published by the People’s Liberation Army News Changzheng Press has comprehensively and systematically answered this series of questions.

This book was selected into the “Twelfth Five-Year” National Key Book Publishing Planning Project”, “Thematic Publishing Project to Celebrate the 65th Anniversary of the Founding of New China”, “National Publishing Fund Project” and other important thematic publishing projects. It is an expert team from the People’s Liberation Army Newspaper Long March Press and National Defense University One of the carefully created “Strong Army Dream Series”. Authors Chen Yushu and Li Shandong have participated in many national and military key scientific research projects and won many national and military awards. Most of the dozens of cutting-edge military theory papers published have attracted widespread attention. This book integrates the essence of their series of research results, and once it was published, it aroused positive responses.

“Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army” objectively analyzes the value of the era of military-civilian integrated development under the new situation from a new perspective; systematically expounds the strategic position of military-civilian deep integrated development in realizing the Chinese dream and strengthening the military; comprehensively discussing the new history The new characteristics and new trends of deep military-civilian integration under the regulations describe the effectiveness and current situation of my country’s military-civilian integration development; the exploration puts forward ways and methods to promote the development of deep military-civilian integration. Among them, it focuses on the authoritative interpretation of the “deep” of the deep development of military-civilian integration——

Deep in the integration of military and civilian advancement. The development of military-civilian integration will prosper the country. This book clearly states that integrated advancement is the overall idea of ​​military-civilian integrated development. Its essence is to convert the total social resources formed by the traditional military-civilian division into highly efficient resources for military-civilian two-way interaction, to achieve the optimal allocation of resources for national defense and economic construction, to maximize the country’s comprehensive national strength, and to achieve a prosperous country and a strong military. Unite.

Deep in casting a sword. The establishment of a military-civilian integrated weaponry and equipment scientific research and production system is the general trend. This book clearly states that to deepen the development of military-civilian integration of weapons and equipment research and production, we should adhere to the market-oriented orientation, focus on forming an “open, competitive, and shared” development pattern, and strengthen the military-civilian integrated market foundation for weapons and equipment research and production through reforms in key areas and key links. , And strive to deeply root the construction of weapons and equipment in the country’s large-scale industrial foundation, and attract more advantageous resources to gather in the field of weapons and equipment research and production.

Deeply improving the overall benefits. For the army to win battles, combat security is the key. The book clearly states that to achieve comprehensive and efficient military-civilian integration, it is necessary to establish a military-civilian integrated military personnel training system, a military-civilian integrated military support system, and a military-civilian integrated national defense mobilization system, and perfect the basic guarantee for the system’s supporting military-civilian integrated development.

“Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army” adapts to the aesthetic taste of the audience in the all-media era. This book has novel viewpoints, full content, and strong forward-looking. It generally embodies the concept of “experts’ vision + grassroots tone interpretation + case index” and adapts to the aesthetic taste of audiences in the all-media era.

The whole book relies on the important exposition of the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on “Accelerating the Modernization of National Defense and the Army” and the spirit of Chairman Xi’s important speech concerning national defense and the military. From the perspective of history and reality, there are three obvious special manifestations:

Unique perspective. The book focuses on discovering “products” with new perspectives. That is to think about the problem from the perspective of the audience, change “how do I see” to “how the audience sees”, examine the work with the “third eye”, and do everything possible to discover the “product” that the audience loves.

Tell stories well. The book focuses on strengthening effective communication through storytelling. Pay attention to using the tone that grassroots officers and soldiers like to hear, and use cases to objectively tell the story of the in-depth development of military-civilian integration, and achieve the realization of theoretical language life, political language knowledge, reason in storytelling, and storytelling when reasoning; Internet language and Internet language tell stories, integrate Internet language and Internet language into vivid stories, and create an atmosphere of Internet language in the story; change from “I say you listen” to “serving for you” leaning close and narrating directly, Whispered.

Presenting novelty. The book focuses on using new presentation methods to do deep reading topics. Through visually impactful pictures and illustrations, it adapts to the characteristics of the picture-reading era, strengthens the theme, and enriches the content; through the use of new presentation methods such as charts, classification, generalization, annotations, and prompts, advanced and serious military topics become Get up lightly; through easy-to-understand explanations, case interpretations, and “translation” in the new vernacular, the important topics of strengthening the country and the army become vivid, which is convenient for readers, especially for the grassroots officers and soldiers of the army to learn and master its essence.

Original Referring Chinese MOD URL: http://www.mod.gov.cn/big5/jmsd/2017-02/04/content_4771493_3.htm

China Cyber Dilemma in the 21st Century, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military - Network & Space Forces, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, 國家網絡空間安全戰略

People’s Republic of China’s Practice of Network Power // 中華人民共和國網絡權力實踐

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People’s Republic of China’s Practice of Network Power //

中華人民共和國網絡權力實踐

People’s Daily (April 19, 2018 01 edition)

In today’s world, the information technology revolution is changing with each passing day.

　　In contemporary China, the development of the network business has advanced by leaps and bounds.

　　From mobile payment everywhere to new high-level online transaction volume; from the nationwide e-government system to the booming big data industry… General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech on network security and informationization work published two years ago, China’s online letter With the rapid and healthy development of the business, the Internet has increasingly become an important driving force for national development, and the digital field has continuously achieved leap-forward development.

　　

        Under the guidance of the strategic blueprint for the “two hundred years” struggle goal, China, which is opening a new era, is striding towards a new journey of network power.

　　Looking ahead and judging the situation, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core points the way forward for building a network power

　　In March 2018, the “Deepening the Party and State Institutional Reform Plan” issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China opened a new chapter in the national network letter business – the Central Cyber ​​Security and Informatization Leading Group was changed to the Central Cyber ​​Security and Informatization Committee, responsible for Top-level design, overall layout, overall coordination, overall promotion, and supervision and implementation of major work in this field.

　　This is the far-sightedness of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core of the national network letter, and it is also the implementation of the important speech delivered by General Secretary Xi Jinping at the symposium on cybersecurity and informationization.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has accurately grasped the general trend of the times, actively responded to the requirements of practice, deeply examined the major changes in the main social contradictions, and issued a series of important speeches on the development of the network business, clearly proposing the strategic thinking of the network power.

　　”To develop a network business, we must implement a people-centered development thinking.”

　　——According to the ups and downs of Internet technology changes, General Secretary Xi Jinping always puts the people at the highest position, clearly defining “to adapt to people’s expectations and needs, speed up the popularization of information services, reduce application costs, and provide them with affordable and affordable The well-used information service has enabled hundreds of millions of people to gain more sense of sharing Internet development results.”

　　“Big data is a new stage in the development of information technology.”

　　——In the face of the information-based competitive environment that you chase after me, General Secretary Xi Jinping made a keen judgment to “understand the current status and trends of big data development and its impact on economic and social development, and analyze the achievements of China’s big data development and Problems exist to promote the implementation of the national big data strategy.”

　　”Building a community of cyberspace destiny.”

　　——Investigating the profound changes in the global Internet governance system, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed “four principles” and “five points of proposition”, calling for “the Internet is invisible, but the people who use the Internet are tangible, and the Internet is the common home of mankind. It is the common responsibility of the international community to make this home more beautiful, cleaner and safer.

　　……

　　New ideas lead new practices, and new strategies open up new journeys. Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, a colorful network of powerful powers is slowly unfolding.

　　One-point deployment, nine-point implementation, a series of new policies and new measures for the reform and development of the network letter business are turning into new achievements and new changes

　　”Party committees and governments at all levels should strengthen Internet thinking, be good at using the advantages of the Internet, and focus on integrating, sharing, facilitating, and security, promoting scientific decision-making in government, refining social governance, and improving the efficiency of public services. Perceive the social situation, open communication channels, assist decision-making and governance, and facilitate the masses to do things.

　　On April 13, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping made important instructions during the inspection of the Hainan Provincial Government Affairs Data Center, once again in order to speed up the development of big data and use information technology to point the way.

　　Without informatization, there is no modernization.

　　General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech on cybersecurity and informatization work has been published for two years. All localities and departments have kept pace with the times, pioneering and innovating, and introduced a series of new policies and new measures to promote the cause of major strategic opportunities in the network letter industry and usher in new Development, new leap.

　　——Continuously strengthen the top-level design, and the information development will add institutional guarantee.

　　The Outline of the National Informatization Development Strategy was published, which depicts the development of digital China’s construction in the next 10 years, and clearly sets a clear timetable and roadmap for the construction of a network power. The “13th Five-Year National Informationization Plan” was released. It is proposed to achieve significant results in the construction of digital China as the overall goal of China’s informatization development.

　　In the past two years, the informatization development strategy, the national big data strategy, and the “Internet +” action plan have been frequently deployed, and the foundation of the network is solid.

　　——The infrastructure is more perfect, and the digital development paves the way.

　　In 2017, the length of new optical cable lines in China was 7.05 million kilometers. The total length of national optical cable lines reached 37.47 million kilometers, an increase of 23.2% over the previous year; the number of Internet broadband access ports reached 779 million, an increase of 9.3%.

　　The Action Plan for Promoting the Scale Deployment of the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) was issued and implemented, and the scale of IPv6 deployment was comprehensively improved. As of December 31, 2017, the total number of IPv6 address allocations in China was 23,430 (/32).

　　In the past two years, the quality and coverage of mobile network services have continued to improve, and the development of next-generation Internet has shown great prospects.

　　– Internet innovative social governance tools, e-government work into the fast lane.

　　At the Taxation Hall of the State Taxation Bureau of Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, the financial manager Shi Jinxing received dozens of special value-added tax invoices through the self-service terminal. He felt that “it took a half-day to become a few minutes, and the government service became more and more convenient. Efficient.”

　　Innovative services to benefit the people. The data shows that the current total number of government websites in the country is nearly 32,000; the new government media has become a new channel for communication between the public and the public.

　　In December 2017, the Central Network Information Office and other departments jointly launched a two-year national e-government comprehensive pilot project in eight provinces including Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu to explore the development of e-government development experience that can be used for promotion, and more convenient and efficient e-government experience. Just around the corner.

　　Take the matter at any time, make meritorious deeds from the capital, and profit from the power of all things.

　　The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China formulated a blueprint for the development of a new era, and proposed to build a network power, digital China, and a smart society, promote the deep integration of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and the real economy, develop the digital economy, share the economy, and foster new growth. Point, form new kinetic energy.

　　In Zhejiang, the digital economy, which is dominated by software services, Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data, has exceeded 10 trillion yuan for three consecutive years. In Guizhou, where poverty alleviation is the main battlefield, big data has become one of the three development strategies. Its economic growth rate has been in the forefront of the country for seven consecutive years.

　　A series of data and an item of results reflect a series of historical achievements and historic changes in the digital development of China in recent years.

　　Let hundreds of millions of people gain more sense of sharing the Internet development achievements, and build a strong power for building a network power.

　　At the end of each course, Zhang Fan, an online training teacher, will carefully review the “Magic Mirror System” analysis of the students’ class status and adjust and optimize the teaching plan accordingly.

　　Through this system, the camera captures the classroom state, such as raising hands, practicing, listening to classes, speaking, etc., and even facial expression changes at any time. Through multi-dimensional measurement of data, a unique learning report for each student is generated.

　　With the help of digital technology, the goal of “there is no education, teaching students in accordance with their aptitudes”, which is the sage of the past dynasties, is now entering an ordinary life.

　　No longer just online shopping, sharing bicycles, today, digital technology represented by big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence is increasingly infiltrating into every aspect of Chinese life: the construction of cancer big data portraits makes health dreams clearer; The guardian platform gives the minors a clearer cyberspace; the 5G “super speed” makes the screen “flashing” words become history…

　　New products from the Internet have emerged, and digital technology has turned people’s imagined new life into reality. From the introduction of the network security law to the new stage of legal governance, to the digital economy, the “big artery” is more smooth… The world of the people of the world is more colorful because of the Internet, and the lives of the people are more abundant because of the Internet.

　　Promoting the development of the Internet and making good use of the power of the Internet are the basic projects that promote social progress and enhance people’s well-being.

　　Liuyu Village is located in the selenium-rich area of ​​southern Meizhou, Guangdong Province, and has a long history of growing tea. However, due to the remote location, poor traffic and information, the sales of tea has not been opened.

　　Since the staying tea has been stationed in the Guangdong mobile e-commerce informationization poverty alleviation platform to achieve online sales, the problem of slow sales of tea has been solved. In the past year, the tea sold by the “Lingnan Life” platform has reached 6,000 kilograms, and the single-day sales order has reached a maximum of 1423.

　　Statistics show that in 2017, China’s digital economy reached 27.2 trillion yuan, accounting for 32.9% of GDP; e-commerce and online retail continued to grow, e-commerce promoted the steady expansion of rural consumption, and rural consumer infrastructure such as logistics, telecommunications, and transportation. further improvement.

　　”Adhere to the people as the center”, digital development is constantly satisfying people’s yearning for a better life, and the people have more sense of gaining in sharing the development of the Internet.

　　“The way of benefit, and the time.”

　　In just over 20 years, starting from a network cable with a network speed of only 64 kilobits per second, China now has 700 million netizens and more than 4 million websites. It has built the world’s largest 4G network, and the scale of online retail transactions has jumped. The world’s first… a series of “great”, witnessed a slap in the face of a network power to the network power.

　　In just two years, from the speed increase and decrease of the network to the implementation of the Cyber ​​Security Law, from the continuous hosting of the four World Internet Conferences to the Alibaba Cloud Data Center, which covers the major Internet markets in the world, a series of “big-handed” highlights China’s move to a network powerhouse. Determination and confidence.

　　In December 2017, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in the second collective study of the Political Bureau of the 19th Central Committee that “the situation will be judged, carefully planned, advanced, and proactive” “accelerate the construction of digital China and better serve China’s economic and social development and people. Life improvement.”

　　The construction of digital China is an important measure to implement the internship General Secretary General Ping Ping’s strategic thinking on network power. It is an effective way to adhere to the people-centered development thinking and continuously enhance the people’s sense of acquisition. It is an inevitable requirement for seizing development opportunities and accelerating the modernization process.

　　This is an urgent call for the new era, and it is a firm declaration of China in the new era.

　　Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, the development of China’s network information industry will surely take greater steps in the construction of a network powerhouse, and create a more awkward innovation for the Chinese dream of building a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the great rejuvenation of the nation. power.

 

Original Mandarin Chinese:

當今世界，信息技術革命日新月異。

當代中國，網信事業發展突飛猛進。

從隨處可見的移動支付到屢創新高的網絡交易額；從覆蓋全國的電子政務系統到蓬勃發展的大數據產業……習近平總書記關於網絡安全和信息化工作重要講話發表兩年來，我國網信事業快速健康發展，互聯網日益成為國家發展重要驅動力，數字領域不斷實現跨越式發展。

在“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標的戰略藍圖指引下，開啟新時代的中國，正在闊步邁向網絡強國的新征程。

高瞻遠矚、審時度勢，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央為建設網絡強國指明前進方向

2018年3月，中共中央印發的《深化黨和國家機構改革方案》，揭開了國家網信事業的新篇章——中央網絡安全和信息化領導小組改為中央網絡安全和信息化委員會，負責這一領域重大工作的頂層設計、總體佈局、統籌協調、整體推進、督促落實。

這是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央對國家網信事業的深謀遠慮，也是對習近平總書記在網絡安全和信息化工作座談會上發表的重要講話的貫徹落實。

黨的十八大以來，習近平總書記準確把握時代大勢，積極回應實踐要求，深刻審視社會主要矛盾新變化，就網信事業發展發表一系列重要講話，鮮明提出了網絡強國的戰略思想。

“網信事業要發展，必須貫徹以人民為中心的發展思想。”

——順應風起雲湧的互聯網技術變革，習近平總書記始終把人民放在最高位置，明確“要適應人民期待和需求，加快信息化服務普及，降低應用成本，為老百姓提供用得上、用得起、用得好的信息服務，讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果上有更多獲得感”。

“大數據是信息化發展的新階段。”

——面對你追我趕的信息化競爭環境，習近平總書記敏銳地作出判斷，要求“深入了解大數據發展現狀和趨勢及其對經濟社會發展的影響，分析我國大數據發展取得的成績和存在的問題，推動實施國家大數據戰略”。

“構建網絡空間命運共同體。”

——洞察全球互聯網治理體系的深刻變革，習近平總書記提出“四項原則”“五點主張”，呼籲“互聯網雖然是無形的，但運用互聯網的人們都是有形的，互聯網是人類的共同家園。讓這個家園更美麗、更乾淨、更安全，是國際社會的共同責任”。

……

新理念引領新實踐，新戰略開啟新征程。在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，一幅五彩斑斕的網絡強國畫卷正在徐徐展開。

一分部署、九分落實，一系列網信事業改革發展的新政策新舉措正在化為舉世矚目的新成就新變革

“各級黨委和政府要強化互聯網思維，善於利用互聯網優勢，著力在融合、共享、便民、安全上下功夫，推進政府決策科學化、社會治理精細化、公共服務高效化，用信息化手段更好感知社會態勢、暢通溝通渠道、輔助決策施政、方便群眾辦事，做到心中有數。”

2018年4月13日，習近平總書記在考察海南省政務數據中心時作出的重要指示，再一次為加快大數據發展、用好信息化手段指明方向。

沒有信息化就沒有現代化。

習近平總書記關於網絡安全和信息化工作重要講話發表兩年來，各地各部門與時俱進、開拓創新，出台一系列新政策、新舉措，推動網信事業抓住重大戰略機遇期，迎來新發展、新飛躍。

——持續加強頂層設計，信息化發展更添制度保障。

《國家信息化發展戰略綱要》出台，描繪了未來10年數字中國建設的發展圖景，為網絡強國建設標識出清晰的時間表和路線圖；《“十三五”國家信息化規劃》發布，明確提出將數字中國建設取得顯著成效作為我國信息化發展的總目標。

兩年間，信息化發展戰略、國家大數據戰略、“互聯網+”行動計劃等頻密部署，網絡強國基礎夯實。

——基礎設施更加完善，數字化發展鋪就前進道路。

2017年，我國新建光纜線路長度705萬公里，全國光纜線路總長度達3747萬公里，比上年增長23.2%；互聯網寬帶接入端口數量達到7.79億個，增長9.3%。

《推進互聯網協議第六版（IPv6）規模部署行動計劃》印發實施，IPv6規模化部署全面提升。截至2017年12月31日，我國IPv6地址分配總數為23430塊（/32）。

兩年間，移動網絡服務質量和覆蓋範圍持續提升，下一代互聯網發展展現美好前景。

——互聯網創新社會治理手段，電子政務工作駛入快車道。

在福建晉江市國稅局辦稅大廳，財務經理施金星通過自助終端機領取了數十份增值稅專用發票後，深感“原先要花半天的時間變成了幾分鐘，政府服務越來越便捷高效”。

創新服務，利企便民。數據顯示，目前全國政府網站運行總數近3.2萬家；政務新媒體成為溝通社情民意的新渠道。

2017年12月，中央網信辦等部門聯合在北京、上海、江蘇等8省份開展為期2年的國家電子政務綜合試點，探索形成可藉鑑推廣的電子政務發展經驗，更加方便高效的電子政務體驗指日可待。

隨時以舉事，因資而立功，用萬物之能而獲利其上。

黨的十九大製定了面向新時代的發展藍圖，提出要建設網絡強國、數字中國、智慧社會，推動互聯網、大數據、人工智能和實體經濟深度融合，發展數字經濟、共享經濟，培育新增長點、形成新動能。

在浙江，以軟件服務業、物聯網、雲計算、大數據等為主體的數字經濟規模連續3年超萬億元；在脫貧攻堅主戰場的貴州，大數據成為三大發展戰略支撐之一，其經濟增速已連續7年位居全國前列。

一串串數據、一項項成果，折射出近年來我國數字化發展的一系列歷史性成就、歷史性變革。

讓億萬人民在共享互聯網發展成果中有更多獲得感，為建設網絡強國凝聚磅礴力量

每次課程結束，在線培訓教師張帆都會仔細查看“魔鏡系統”對學生上課狀態的分析，並據此調整優化教學方案。

通過這一系統，攝像頭隨時捕捉學生上課時的舉手、練習、聽課、發言等課堂狀態，甚至面部表情的變化，通過多維度量化數據，生成專屬每一個學生的學習報告。

借助數字技術，“有教無類、因材施教”這一歷代先賢嚮往的目​​標如今正在走入尋常生活。

不再僅僅是網上購物、共享單車，如今，以大數據、雲計算、人工智能為代表的數字技術正日益滲透進中國人生活的方方面面：癌症大數據畫像的構建讓健康夢想更加清晰；“成長守護平台”給未成年人一片更為清朗的網絡空間；5G“超級網速”使屏幕閃現的“加載中”字樣成為歷史……

從互聯網催生的新產品新業態競相湧現，到數字技術將人們想像中的智能新生活變為現實；從出台網絡安全法開啟依法治網新階段，到數字經濟的“大動脈”更加通暢……億萬國人的世界因互聯網而更多彩，百姓的生活因互聯網而更豐富。

推動互聯網發展，用好互聯網的力量，是促進社會進步、增進人民福祉的基礎性工程。

留畬村位於廣東梅州南部的富硒地帶，種茶歷史悠久。但由於地理位置偏僻，交通和信息不暢，留畬茶的銷路一直沒有打開。

自從留畬茶進駐廣東移動電商信息化扶貧平台，實現在線銷售，茶葉滯銷難題迎刃而解。一年來，經“嶺南生活”平台售出的留畬茶多達6000餘斤，單日銷售訂單最高達1423單。

統計顯示，2017年，中國數字經濟規模達27.2萬億元，佔GDP比重達32.9%；電子商務、網絡零售持續增長，電商推動農村消費規模穩步擴大，物流、電信、交通等農村消費基礎設施進一步完善。

“堅持以人民為中心”，數字化發展正不斷滿足人民對美好生活的嚮往，百姓在共享互聯網發展成果上擁有了更多獲得感。

“凡益之道，與時偕行。”

短短20多年時間，從一條網速僅有64千比特每秒的網線出發，如今我國已經擁有7億網民、400多萬家網站，建成了全球最大的4G網絡，網絡零售交易額規模躍居世界第一……一連串的“了不起”，見證了一個網絡大國向網絡強國邁進的鏗鏘足音。

短短兩年間，從網絡提速降費到網絡安全法啟動實施，從連續主辦四屆世界互聯網大會到阿里雲數據中心基本覆蓋全球主要互聯網市場，一系列的“大手筆”，彰顯中國邁向網絡強國的決心與信心。

2017年12月，習近平總書記在十九屆中央政治局第二次集體學習時強調，“審時度勢、精心謀劃、超前佈局、力爭主動”“加快建設數字中國，更好服務我國經濟社會發展和人民生活改善”。

建設數字中國是貫徹落實習近平總書記關於網絡強國戰略思想的重要舉措，是堅持以人民為中心的發展思想、不斷增強人民獲得感的有效途徑，是搶抓發展機遇、加快現代化進程的必然要求。

這是新時代的迫切呼喚，更是新時代中國的堅定宣示。

在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，我國網信事業發展必將在網絡強國的建設中邁出更大步伐，為全面建成小康社會，實現民族偉大復興的中國夢凝聚更加澎湃的創新動力。

Referring URL: http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2018-04/