Category Archives: Asymmetric Warfare

Chinese Warfare Planning: Artificial Intelligence Will Change the Mechanism of Winning Future Wars

中國戰爭規劃:人工智慧將改變未來戰爭的勝利機制

中國軍網 國防網 // 2024年5月2日 星期四

現代英語:

Artificial intelligence technology is an important support for improving strategic capabilities in emerging fields. In recent years, it has developed rapidly and has been widely used in the military field, constantly giving rise to new asymmetric advantages, and profoundly changing the basic form, combat methods and winning mechanisms of future wars. We should have a deep understanding of artificial intelligence as a revolutionary technological driving force, accurately recognize changes, respond to changes scientifically, and actively seek changes, strive to explore ways to win future wars, and gain the initiative in the accelerating intelligent war.

Information mechanism

Knowing yourself and the enemy will ensure victory in every battle. Quickly and effectively mastering all-round information is the primary prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can realize intelligent perception of battlefield situations, intelligent analysis of massive data, and intelligent processing of multiple information, and can form a “transparent” advantage on the battlefield.

Autonomous implementation of battlefield perception. By embedding intelligent modules into the wartime reconnaissance system, various reconnaissance node units can realize random networking, ad hoc coordination, and organic integration, and can autonomously capture battlefield information in all directions and dimensions, build a relatively “transparent” digital battlefield environment and combat situation, and then dispel the “fog” of war and present the combat scene in a panoramic manner.

Accurately identify massive amounts of data. Relying on intelligent technologies such as precise sensing technology and analytical recognition technology, it accurately judges, analyzes, compares, and integrates diversified voice, text, pictures, videos, and other data to obtain faster, more complete, more accurate, and deeper battlefield situation results, far exceeding the speed and accuracy of human brain processing.

Efficient response to key information. Based on intelligent technology groups such as combat cloud, big data, and the Internet of Things, it can quickly discover large quantities of non-standardized and heterogeneous intelligence data, autonomously discover symptoms, identify intentions, analyze trends, find patterns, and respond to commanders’ needs for key information in real time and accurately.

Synchronous sharing of integrated situation. The intelligent control system can optimize and integrate various reconnaissance and surveillance systems distributed in different spaces and frequency domains such as land, sea, air, space and radio networks, and play an important hub role in sharing information and unified cognition, building a situation based on “one picture”, “one network” and “one chain”, so that all combat units can synchronously share the required information from different spaces, distances and frequencies in all domains and at all times, realizing intelligent sharing.

Decision-making mechanism

Those who can plan for victory before the battle have made more calculations. Scientific and accurate decision-making is a prerequisite for winning a war. Artificial intelligence can conduct dynamic battlefield simulation and deduction, quickly give feasible decisions, greatly shorten the decision-making cycle of combat planning, and form a decision-making advantage.

Intelligent strategic situation analysis. The decision-making support system that incorporates artificial intelligence technology has functions such as information collection, query management, data processing, and correlation analysis. It can effectively break through the limitations of human analysis capabilities, maximize the separation of false and true, correlation verification, and link thinking, and automatically conduct big data analysis such as enemy situation, our situation, and battlefield environment, forming comparative data on related forces and weapons, which can efficiently assist combat command and help commanders quickly make combat decisions.

Intelligent optimization of combat plans. Relying on the intelligent combat simulation system, it automatically generates multiple sets of intuitive plans and programs based on the pre-input combat missions and strike target information, comprehensively evaluates their advantages and disadvantages and potential risks, and selects the plan that is most conducive to realizing the commander’s intention for the commander to make the final decision. After receiving the combat missions and target requirements from the superior, each combat unit will further screen the battlefield target information in combination with the tasks and requirements of its own level, and independently formulate the best plan and program at its own level to maximize combat effectiveness.

Intelligent prediction of decision-making effectiveness. The intelligent decision-making auxiliary system relies on intelligent technologies such as big data, high-performance computing, and neural network algorithms to give the command and control system a more advanced “brain-like” ability, which can think more rationally about unexpected situations on the battlefield and quickly come to a relatively objective combat result.

Power control mechanism

The dominant position is to control power by taking advantage of the situation. Seizing control power is the key factor to win the war. Artificial intelligence can “transplant” part of human intelligence to weapons, making the combination of humans and weapon systems more and more close. The deep interaction between humans and machines has changed the traditional control elements, endowed new control connotations, and can help gain new control advantages.

The dominance of the domain is expanding to the high frontier. In the future, highly intelligent unmanned systems will be able to carry out a variety of combat missions even in harsh conditions such as high temperature, extreme cold, high pressure, lack of oxygen, toxicity, radiation, and in extreme environments such as extreme height, extreme distance, extreme depth, extreme micro, extreme darkness, and extreme brightness. The competition for dominance of the combat domain and combat space will extend to the high frontier, the far frontier, and the deep frontier.

The right to control information is expanding to multiple means. The traditional way to seize the right to control information is to control the channels of information acquisition, processing, and distribution by attacking the enemy’s reconnaissance and early warning system and destroying its command and control system. However, information warfare under the guidance of artificial intelligence uses information itself as “ammunition”, and the means to seize the right to control information are more diverse.

The network control power is expanding to distributed. The network information system built based on intelligent technology provides a ubiquitous network “cloud” to aggregate battlefield resources of various terminals and provide services, which can realize modular organization and automatic reorganization of combat forces. The traditional purpose of disconnecting the network and destroying the chain by striking key nodes will no longer be achieved. It is inevitable to respond to the “decentralized” battlefield with an intelligent distributed strike mode.

The power to control the brain is expanding to new dimensions. Brain-like technology and simulation technology are gradually militarized, forming new areas of competition and confrontation. The focus has shifted from focusing on confrontation in the physical and information domains to focusing more on influencing and controlling the opponent’s psychology. Technologies such as virtual reality and audio-visual synthesis can confuse the real with the fake. “Core attack” can quietly change the enemy’s command and control system algorithm. “Brain control” can directly control the enemy’s decision-making. By controlling and influencing the enemy’s psychology, thinking, and will, the goal of stopping and winning the war can be achieved at the lowest cost.

Mechanism of action

The key to victory in war is speed. Taking unexpected actions against the enemy is the key to victory in war. Artificial intelligence can improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment, command and control systems, and action decisions, making mobile response capabilities faster and joint strike capabilities more accurate, creating a super action advantage.

The speed of action is “killed in seconds”. The intelligent combat system can see, hear, understand, learn and think, effectively shortening the “OODA” cycle. Once an “opportunity” is found, it will use intelligently controlled hypersonic weapons, kinetic weapons, laser weapons, etc. to quickly “kill” the target at a long distance.

Action style is “unmanned”. “Unmanned + intelligent” is the future development direction of weapons and equipment. Low-cost unmanned vehicles, drones, unmanned submarines and other unmanned autonomous equipment, with the support of cluster autonomous decision-making systems, can plan the task division of each unit according to combat targets, and unmanned devices can accurately dock, autonomously combine, and covertly penetrate to carry out cluster saturation attacks on the enemy.

The action space is “blurred”. In future wars, using interference means to carry out soft strikes on the enemy’s intelligent combat systems and intelligent weapons, and using intelligent weapons to delay or influence the enemy’s decision-making and psychology will become the key to victory. Most of these actions are completed unconsciously or silently, presenting a “blurred” state where the enemy and us are invisible, the boundaries between the front and the rear are unclear, and the visible and invisible are difficult to distinguish.

The action deployment is “stealth”. The intelligent command system and weapon equipment have bionic and stealth properties. As long as they are deployed in advance in possible combat areas during peacetime preparations or training exercises, they can be hidden and dormant and ready for combat. Once they are activated in time in wartime, they can launch a sudden attack on the enemy, which will help to quickly seize the initiative in the war.

System Mechanism

Five things and seven strategies determine victory or defeat. Future wars will be full-domain, full-system, full-element, full-process system confrontations, and a stable and efficient combat system is the basic support for winning the war. With the continuous expansion of the application of artificial intelligence in the military field, the combat system is becoming more and more intelligent, and the full-domain integrated combat system will produce a strong system advantage.

There are more means of “detection”. Intelligent combat clusters rely on network information systems to connect with various large sensors, electronic warfare systems and other human-machine interaction platforms, use the detection and perception equipment of each combat unit to obtain battlefield data, give play to the self-organizing characteristics of intelligent groups, strengthen real-time detection and support for joint combat systems and back-end intelligence analysis, and can achieve full-domain detection, joint early warning, and coordinated verification, forming a multi-dimensional, full-domain coverage of large-area joint detection intelligence system.

The scope of “control” is wider. The use of intelligent unmanned combat platforms can break through the logical limits of human thinking, the physiological limits of the senses, and the physical limits of existence, and replace humans to enter traditional life restricted areas such as the deep sea, space, polar regions, and strong radiation areas, and stay there for a long time to implement “unconventional warfare”, thereby further expanding the combat space and having the ability to continuously repel opponents in a wider range of fields.

The speed of “fighting” is faster. With the support of intelligent network information system, the intelligence chain, command chain and killing chain are seamlessly connected, the speed of information transmission, decision-making speed and action speed are accelerated simultaneously, and the intelligent combat units can be flexibly organized, autonomously coordinated and quickly strike. All of these make the time utilization efficiency extremely high and the battlefield response speed extremely fast.

The “evaluation” is more accurate. Using intelligent technologies such as experiential interactive learning and brain-like behavioral systems, the intelligent combat evaluation system can autonomously complete the collection, aggregation, grading and classification of multi-means action effect evaluation information, accurately perceive battlefield actions based on big data and panoramic images, dynamically identify combat processes and correct defects, predict complex battlefield changes, and make comprehensive plans and flexibly respond.

The “security” is more efficient. The widespread application of intelligent comprehensive security systems represented by equipment maintenance expert systems and intelligent sensing equipment can efficiently respond to security needs in various domains, intelligently plan security resources, and ensure that the “cloud” aggregates various battlefield resources, effectively improving the comprehensive security capabilities of the networked battlefield.

(Author’s unit: Henan Provincial Military Region)

現代國語漢語:

人工智慧技術是提高新興領域戰略能力的重要支撐,近年來獲得快速發展並廣泛運用於軍事領域,不斷催生新的非對稱優勢,深刻改變未來戰爭的基本形態、作戰方式和製勝機理。應該深刻認識人工智慧這一革命性技術動力,準確識變、科學應變、主動求變,努力探尋制勝未來戰爭之道,在加速來臨的智能化戰爭中贏得主動。

資訊機理

知彼知己,百戰不殆。快速有效地掌握全方位資訊是戰爭制勝的首要前提。人工智慧可實現戰場態勢智慧感知、大量數據智慧分析、多元資訊智慧處理,能夠形成戰場「透明」優勢。

戰場感知自主實施。將智慧模塊嵌入戰時偵察系統,各類偵察節點單元可以實現隨機組網、臨機協同、有機整合,能夠全方位、多維度自主捕獲戰場信息,構建相對“透明”的數字化戰場環境和作戰態勢,進而撥開戰爭“迷霧”,全景式呈現作戰場景。

海量數據精準識別。依托精準感知技術和分析識別技術等智慧化科技,精準判讀、分析、比對、融合多元化的語音、文字、圖片、影片等數據,從而獲取更快、更全、更準、更深的戰場態勢結果,遠超人腦處理的速度和精確度。

關鍵資訊高效響應。基於作戰雲、大數據、物聯網等智慧化技術群,能夠從大批量、非標準化、異構化的情報數據中快速發掘,自主發現徵候、識別意圖、研判趨勢、找到規律,實時精準地響應指揮員對關鍵資訊的需求。

融合態勢同步共用。智慧化控制系統能夠將分佈在陸海空天電網等不同空間、不同頻域的各種偵察監視系統優化整合,並發揮共享信息和統一認知的重要樞紐作用,構建形成基於“一幅圖”“一張網」「一條鏈」的態勢,使各作戰單元全局全頻全時從不同空間、不同距離、不同頻率同步共享所需信息,實現智慧共享。

決策機理

夫未戰而廟算勝者,得算多也。科學準確決策是戰爭制勝的先決條件。人工智慧可進行動態戰場模擬推演,快速給出可行決策,大幅縮短作戰籌劃決策週期,能夠形成決策優勢。

戰略形勢智能研判。融入人工智慧技術的決策輔助系統,具備資訊收集、查詢管理、數據處理、關聯分析等功能,可有效突破人類分析能力的限制,最大限度去偽存真、關聯印證、連結思考,自動進行敵情、我情和戰場環境等大數據分析,形成相關兵力、兵器等對比數據,能夠有效率地輔助作戰指揮,幫助指揮員快速定下作戰決心。

作戰方案智能優選。依托智能化作戰模擬系統,根據預先輸入的作戰任務和打擊目標訊息,自動產生多套形象直觀的方案和計劃,綜合評估其優缺點及潛在風險,優選出最有利於實現指揮員意圖的方案,供指揮員作出最後決斷。各作戰單元接到上級作戰任務和目標需求後,結合本級任務和要求,進一步對戰場目標資訊進行甄別篩選,自主訂定本級最優方案和計畫,實現作戰效能最大化。

決策效能智能預測。智慧化輔助決策系統依賴大數據、高效能計算、神經網絡演算法等智慧化技術,賦予指揮控制系統更高階的「類腦」能力,可以更理性地思考戰場上出現的意外情況,快速得出相對客觀的交戰結果。

制權機理

勢者,因利而製權也。奪取制權是贏得戰爭制勝優勢的關鍵因素。人工智慧可將人的部分智慧「移植」到武器上,使得人與武器系統結合越來越緊密,人機一體深度互動改變了傳統的製權要素,賦予新的製權內涵,能夠助力獲得新的製權優勢。

制域權向高邊疆拓展。未來高度智慧化的無人系統,即使在高溫、極寒、高壓、缺氧、有毒、輻射等惡劣條件下,在極高、極遠、極深、極微、極黑、極亮等極端環境中,仍然可以遂行多種作戰任務,作戰領域和作戰空間的製權之爭向高邊疆、遠邊疆、深邊疆延伸。

制資訊權向多手段拓展。傳統的奪取制資訊權,是透過打擊敵偵察預警體系、破壞其指揮控制系統等手段實現對資訊取得、處理、分發等途徑的控制,而人工智慧主導下的資訊作戰則是將資訊本身作為「彈藥”,奪取制資訊權的手段更加多樣。

製網權向分散式拓展。基於智慧科技構建的網絡資訊體系,提供泛在網絡「雲」以聚合各類終端的戰場資源並提供服務,能夠實現作戰力量模塊化編組、自動化重組,傳統的通過打擊關鍵節點,達成斷網毀鏈的目的將很難再實現,必然是以智慧化分散式打擊模式來應對「去中心化」的戰場。

制腦權向新維域拓展。類腦技術、模擬技術等逐步軍事化,形成了新的博弈和對抗領域,重心由注重物理域、資訊域對抗向更加註重影響和控制對手心理轉變,虛擬現實、聲像合成等技術能夠以假亂真, 「攻芯戰」能夠悄無聲息地改變敵方指揮控制系統演算法,「控腦戰」能夠直接控制敵方決策,透過控制和影響敵方的心理、思維、意誌等,能夠以最小代價實現止戰、勝戰之目的。

行動機理

兵之情主速,乘人之不及。採取敵方意料不到的行動是戰爭制勝的關鍵要害。人工智慧可提高武器裝備、指控系統、行動決策等方面的智慧化程度,使機動反應能力更快、聯合打擊能力更準,創造出超強的行動優勢。

行動速度「秒殺化」。智慧化作戰系統看得見、聽得懂、能學習、會思考,有效縮短了“OODA”循環週期,一旦發現“有機可乘”,便運用智能化控制的超高聲速武器、動能武器、激光武器等,對目標進行遠距離快速「秒殺」。

行動樣式“無人化”。 「無人+智慧」是未來武器裝備發展方向。低成本的無人車、無人機、無人潛航器等無人自主裝備,在集群自主決策系統支援下,可針對作戰目標規劃各單元的任務分工,無人器之間精準對接、自主組合、隱蔽突防,對敵進行集群飽和攻擊。

行動空間「模糊化」。未來戰爭中,利用乾擾手段對敵方的智慧化作戰系統和智慧武器實施軟打擊,利用智慧武器遲滯或影響敵方人員的決策和心理將成為製勝關鍵。這些行動大都是在不知不覺或無聲無息中完成的,呈現敵我雙方不見人影、前方後方界限不清、有形無形難以辨別的「模糊」狀態。

行動布勢「隱身化」。智慧化指揮系統和武器裝備具有生物仿生和隱身性能。只要在平時備戰或訓練演習時提前佈設在可能交戰地域,潛伏預置、休眠待戰,戰時一旦需要適時激活,對敵實施猝然打擊,有助於快速掌握戰爭主動權。

體系機理

五事七計知勝負。未來戰爭是全領域、全系統、全要素、全流程的體系對抗,穩定高效的作戰體係是戰爭制勝的基礎支撐。隨著人工智慧在軍事領域應用不斷拓展,作戰體系智慧化程度越來越高,全域融合的作戰體係將產生強大的體系優勢。

「偵」的手段更多。智慧化作戰集群依托網絡資訊體係與各類大型傳感器、電子戰系統及其他人機交互平台進行連接,運用各作戰單元自身檢測感知設備獲取戰場數據,發揮智能群體自組織特性,強化對聯合作戰體系及後端情報分析的即時偵監支持,能夠實現全局偵搜、聯合預警、協同印證,形成多維一體、全局覆蓋的大區域聯合偵察情報體系。

「控」的領域更廣。運用智慧化無人作戰平台,能夠突破人類思維的邏輯極限、感官的生理極限和存在的物理極限,並代替人類進入深海、太空、極地、強輻射地域等傳統的生命禁區,並長時間置身其中實施“非常規作戰”,從而使作戰空間進一步拓展,具備在更廣的領域持續懾拒對手的實力。

「打」的速度更快。在智慧化網路資訊體系支撐下,情報鏈、指揮鏈、殺傷鏈無縫連接,資訊傳輸速度、決策速度與行動速度同步加快,智慧化作戰單元能夠靈活編組、自主協同、快速打擊。這些都使得時間利用效率極高、戰場反應速度極快。

「評」的精度更準。運用經驗式互動學習、類腦行為體係等智慧化科技,智慧化作戰評估系統能夠自主完成多手段行動效果評估資訊的擷取匯聚、分級分類,基於大數據和全景圖精準感知戰場行動,動態識別作戰過程並糾正缺陷問題,預判複雜戰場變化,綜合規劃、靈活應對。

「保」的效率更高。以裝備維修專家系統、智慧化感知設備為代表的智慧化綜合保障系統的廣泛應用,能夠高效響應各域保障需求,智慧規劃保障資源,保障「雲」聚合各類戰場資源,有效提升網絡化戰場綜合保障能力。

(作者單位:河南省軍區)

中國原創軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2024-05-02&paperNumber=03&articleid=930888

Chinese Military Discussion on “Intelligent Public Opinion Warfare”

現代英語語言:

Author: Sun Yixiang, Yu Yuanlai
Abstract: The development and application of artificial intelligence technology has greatly changed the information dissemination and public opinion ecology, and also spawned the birth of “intelligent public opinion warfare”. Looking forward to the continued development of national discourse power and the technical competition behind the public opinion game of major powers, this article proposes the concept of “intelligent public opinion warfare” and interprets and analyzes its development prospects, application strategies and capacity building, aiming to explore the new frontiers, new games and new tactics of public opinion warfare in the era of intelligence, and provide theoretical reference for us to win the future public opinion battlefield.

Keywords: “intelligent public opinion warfare”; development prospects; application strategies; capacity building

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” is a new concept proposed based on the evolution of intelligent warfare forms and the development prospects of public opinion warfare. It is a new type of public opinion offensive and defensive action that uses new technologies and new applications in the field of artificial intelligence to spread political issues, derive discourse ecology, promote ideology, and influence public opinion. Its essence is to improve the speed, accuracy, intensity and breadth of information dissemination through the deep integration of disruptive technologies such as intelligent robots, deep learning, and algorithm recommendations with 5G, social media, big data, and the Internet of Things, thereby enabling traditional public opinion warfare to break through the “technical bottleneck” in core links such as situational awareness, target locking, information push, and effect evaluation, changing the phenomenon of weak targeting, limited aggregation, and weak controllability in some previous operations. It greatly exerts the “soft kill” effectiveness of attacking the mind and affecting cognition in response to the key and difficult problems such as high dependence on human intelligence and energy. The in-depth analysis of “intelligent public opinion warfare” aims to explore the new frontiers, new games, and new tactics of the development of public opinion warfare, and provide theoretical references for our army to build a new type of public opinion warfare force and win the future public opinion battlefield.

I. The development prospect of “intelligent public opinion warfare”

The essence of artificial intelligence is the simulation of human thinking. Its greatest advantage is to simulate, extend, and expand human intelligence. [1] Public opinion warfare takes media information attack and confrontation as its basic form, aiming to influence and persuade the target opponent and change his mental cognition. Its main “weapon platform” is various media for disseminating information. With the increasing maturity of artificial intelligence technology, the traditional media’s collection, writing, editing and broadcasting technologies have gradually been replaced by robot writers, algorithm recommendations, automatic broadcasting, audio-visual fitting, immersive news, etc. The subversive transformation of “weapon platforms” has also profoundly affected the development of public opinion warfare, making traditional public opinion warfare rapidly move towards a computable, modelable and predictable intelligent era. Various signs show that current intelligent technologies such as social robots, deep fakes, and big data analysis have been fully utilized in many major international events, and their influence on public opinion is becoming increasingly powerful.

(I) Artificial intelligence leads new changes in communication methods

Although current intelligent robots cannot fundamentally replace people as the main body of information dissemination, the information production and dissemination model of “artificial templates + automated data filling” and intelligent recommendation algorithms have become a bridge for more accurate docking between media and audiences. In addition, the in-depth popularization of software and hardware such as smart phones, smart chips, smart writing, virtual anchors, and AI editing has led to the global media industry actively seeking how to perfectly combine professional advantages with the efficient capabilities of artificial intelligence. For example, the robot Heliograf used by The Washington Post can automatically generate stories based on real-time data sources to provide audiences with personalized news. The robot Blossomblot used by the New York Times can screen and disseminate potential hot articles by analyzing social media data. [2] There are also writing software such as Kuaibi Xiaoxin used by Xinhua News Agency, Dreamwriter of Tencent, and Xiaomingbot of Toutiao. It is precisely based on the strong drive of technologies such as artificial intelligence, mobile Internet, big data, and blockchain that today’s media ecology has begun to develop from all-media and integrated media to smart media. [3] News push methods represented by algorithms and news production methods represented by robot news have become new features and changes in the development of the global communication field.

(II) Intelligent media gives new efficiency to public opinion manipulation

As an online social information dissemination system that combines artificial intelligence and human intelligence, intelligent media can create topics, attract fans, increase traffic, and continuously increase the influence and control of public opinion by creating virtual opinion leaders, analyzing user preferences with algorithms, innovating content distribution rules, and automatically publishing information in batches. At the same time, it can also carry out continuous and in-depth ideological penetration and public opinion influence, and intervene in the basic judgment and general cognition of the public. For example, during the 2016 US presidential election, Facebook used algorithms to construct user portraits and design software programs to predict and interfere with voters’ voting intentions and behaviors, and conduct political manipulation. It is precisely because of the remarkable characteristics of these intelligent media news production, personalized news release, on-the-spot news experience, and sensory interactive feedback that the “post-truth”, “information cocoon”, “echo chamber effect”, “spiral of silence”, “group polarization” and other phenomena in the public opinion field have become more prominent under human manipulation, which also provides new ways to win for all parties fighting in the public opinion battlefield. At present, in the process of producing massive press releases, intelligent media has developed into an important force for spreading political and military issues and conducting public opinion manipulation. According to the report of the “Computational Propaganda Research Project” of the Oxford Internet Institute, as of 2019, more than 50 countries in the world have found the use of robot water army to manipulate public opinion.

(III) Modern warfare highlights the new prospect of controlling public opinion with intelligence

Modern warfare has expanded from the tangible battlefield of the traditional physical domain to the intangible battlefield of the information domain and cognitive domain. Artificial intelligence technology gives state institutions great potential to manipulate public opinion quickly, cheaply and on a large scale, which also leads to the continued intensification of threats and challenges brought by new forms of warfare such as hybrid warfare and multi-domain warfare. Using intelligent communication means to efficiently spread emotional cognition, values ​​and opinions that are beneficial to oneself has become an important “booster” for achieving political and military goals in modern warfare. In this regard, former US Secretary of Defense Mark Esper once said: “The country that takes the lead in using artificial intelligence will have a decisive advantage on the battlefield for a long time in the future, so we must do it first.” For a long time, the US military has used a large number of false identities (i.e. “vests”) of “online virtual identity management” software to participate in chats or post on major social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter to create pro-American remarks. Due to the low error rate and fully automated production, these robot water armies quickly became an important tool for influencing public opinion. In 2014, the US government also invested 760 million yuan to hire advertising companies to implement intelligent public opinion warfare specifically to combat targets such as al-Qaeda and the Somali Youth Party. In recent years, from major public opinion crises in Venezuela, Iran and other countries to the Syrian War and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, it has become the norm to use social robots, deep fakes, virtual propaganda and other intelligent communication technologies and means to influence public opinion, and the “intelligent public opinion war” has gradually moved from behind the scenes to the front stage, showing a strong momentum of controlling public opinion with intelligence and winning with public opinion.

  1. Application strategy of “intelligent public opinion war”

The mechanism of “intelligent public opinion war” is: with the help of machine learning, deeply explore the audience’s emotions and prejudices, screen and lock the most susceptible audiences, and then use algorithms to produce massive persuasive content, which is then flooded, disseminated and forwarded in batches by online news aggregators, corporate customer service robots, etc., thereby destroying the original international discourse system and communication ecology, and achieving the purpose of manipulating public opinion. The subject, object, topic, content, means and other key elements of its public opinion war are highly dependent on the empowerment and efficiency of intelligent technology. Nowadays, major countries are actively seeking to seize the dominant discourse power and win the initiative in the war of public opinion through intelligent “technological gap”. The main strategies used are:

(I) Cultivating virtual communication subjects

The implementation subjects of traditional public opinion warfare include not only propaganda departments, media organizations, think tanks, but also press spokespersons, opinion leaders and ordinary netizens. Intelligent technology has expanded this subject to a large number of “human-machine mobs” such as writing robots, dialogue robots, virtual bloggers and water armies, and has shown a blowout trend worldwide. According to the US “Capsule” website, the “2016 Machine Traffic Report” released by the Internet security company IMPV stated that they analyzed the access records of 100,000 domain names worldwide and found that about 52% of the Internet traffic came from “automated programs”, that is, robots. The Pew Research Center in the United States also found in a 2018 survey that 66% of the 1.2 million Twitter posts linking to 2,315 popular websites collected from various social media platforms were shared by robots. There is also the “troll army” created by Russia, which deploys a large number of robot virtual accounts. Its Internet Research Bureau can push out 25,000 tweets within 24 hours. These emerging forces have led to the continued intensification of the “asymmetric” situation of public opinion wars between countries. Studies have shown that people’s ideas are easily influenced by the information they see online, and the comments made by robots on social networks can often have an important impact on their ideas.

(II) Deeply dig and lock in the target audience

The target audience is the target of public opinion wars, and quickly identifying the social characteristics, position tendencies and lifestyles of the target audience will help improve the ability to target attacks based on the cultural psychology of the audience, and actively shape and change the group cognition of the target object. The “cloud brain” built with intelligent algorithms can deeply analyze the user’s reception needs and interest trends, summarize behavioral models, depict user portraits, discover internal laws, and determine the most accurate content, best time, and best path for information push, thereby improving the accuracy and effectiveness of precise segmentation and differentiated communication. At the same time, by grasping the differentiated needs of the target audience through intelligent technology, it is also possible to realize the intelligent construction of different communities and circles from content production to distribution, so as to match the value orientation of different audience groups and meet their personalized needs. Such communication advantages help to better integrate diverse and scattered viewpoints and quickly gather the leading opinions of public opinion. At present, in addition to intelligent social media, smart cars, smart shopping platforms, etc. have become important platforms for user information collection. According to the data provided by these platforms, it is easy to draw key social structures, human maps, as well as key influencers and opinion leaders, which also makes the target of public opinion war more accurate and more efficient.

(III) Automatic aggregation of hot topics

Setting topics is an important link in strengthening public opinion control. Intelligent technology strengthens the mining, aggregation and sharing functions of hot topics in massive information, so that the human factors in the fermentation process of public opinion continue to rise, and the breeding and development of public opinion are more likely to develop in the direction expected by the manipulator. On the one hand, big data mining news clues can quickly refine, edit and publish topics that attract public attention and trigger public discussion. For example, the US NewsWhip uses big data mining technology to scan major global social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram every two minutes to capture what events are the hottest and what content is more popular. It then analyzes the development trends of these contents and converts them into actionable suggestions to help media professionals plan topics based on clues. [4] On the other hand, intelligent communication media can enable different information products such as audio, video, images, and text to be freely matched and shared in the form of data information flow on wearable devices, cloud terminals, websites, and related social media, which further intensifies the aggregation and influence of hot public opinion.

(IV) Using algorithms to generate content

As the “ammunition” of public opinion warfare, information content has a distinct direction, pertinence, and strong topicality. Its planning, production, and packaging are mainly based on political and military objectives, rather than pure news value or commercial value. As the node between data information and artificial intelligence, algorithms play a key role in constructing traffic entrances and capturing user stickiness. For example, the algorithm distribution mechanism used by most current news apps and social media platforms can capture and analyze natural information such as the user’s age, gender, occupation, and cultural level, as well as behavioral information such as contact duration, contact frequency, and contact motivation during reading, through machine learning, to achieve accurate user portraits. At the same time, various “news materials” are collaged according to instructions and pushed to these pre-targeted target audiences in a targeted manner. In the process of bringing high-quality experience and meeting individual needs, it will also aggravate the “information cocoon effect”, trapping these audiences in the “cocoon”. Under the influence of a large amount of homogeneous content, their thoughts and cognition will change subtly. For this reason, the article “Artificial Intelligence and National Security” issued by the US Congress in November 2020 mentioned that it is necessary to create a complete “digital life model” to match and combine the target audience’s shopping records, credit reports, professional resumes, subscriptions, etc., to form a comprehensive behavioral profile of them, so as to better serve the influence action.

(V) Implement deep fake deception interference

The battlefield of public opinion has always been a combination of reality and fiction, and the flexible use of various “fog” and “traps” is a common means of winning for all parties in the game. In recent years, the hot deep fake technology, as a new means of information tampering and replacement based on deep learning, can generate highly realistic and difficult to identify information products through voice simulation, face synthesis, video generation and other methods, which also makes it a “throat-locking” trick in the battlefield of public opinion. For example, in 2018, the American online news media “Buzz Feed” made a fake video of Obama insulting Trump by grafting the voice and mouth shape of comedian Jordan Peele. Once it was launched on YouTube, it received 4.8 million hits. This video used artificial intelligence face-changing technology. In addition to face-changing videos, deep fakes are also often used for portrait synthesis. Compared with traditional character images and video synthesis, it has significant characteristics such as low cost, low operation difficulty, and short time required. This also makes the use of deep fake technology to create negative videos of politicians, false orders from military commanders, violent terrorist information and other “new rumors” emerge in an endless stream in today’s public opinion field. For this purpose, the US military has also specially carried out the research and development of projects such as “Trojan Horse in Artificial Intelligence” and “Reliable Guarantee of Artificial Intelligence for Deception”.

  1. Capacity Building of “Intelligent Public Opinion Warfare”

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” is not only a contest of technology, but also a contest of capabilities. Although “weak artificial intelligence” technology is still widely used in the field of public opinion warfare, with the rapid development of science and technology, the capabilities of artificial intelligence will continue to increase, and public opinion warfare will also usher in a new era of intelligence. Looking forward to the major strategic opportunities for the development of artificial intelligence in my country, the continued development of national discourse power and the practical needs of responding to the attacks of the United States and the West on our public opinion warfare, it is necessary to strengthen multidisciplinary integration research, cross-exploration from multiple perspectives, and actively promote the transformation, upgrading and rapid development of “intelligent public opinion warfare” in technology, theory, practice, etc.

(I) Increase the technical research and development of “intelligent public opinion warfare”

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” must not only compete with people’s hearts, but also compete with machines. To this end, it is necessary to take policy as the guide and science and technology as the driving force to step up the research and development of intelligent technology in the field of international communication and public opinion attack and defense. First, we will vigorously solve the outstanding problems in media applications, such as framework bias, machine cognitive bias, and machine communication ambiguity, and fully activate the deep integration of artificial intelligence with 5G, social media, big data, the Internet of Things, virtual reality and other technologies in information production, presentation, and dissemination.
The first is to create a new driving force in the field of “all-media journalists + algorithm engineers” and “killer” weapons for public opinion warfare to meet the actual needs of public opinion games in the intelligent era. The second is to strengthen the in-depth application of artificial intelligence technology in media interviews, writing, editing, and even robot hosting and broadcasting, deeply integrate the content production advantages accumulated by traditional media for a long time with intelligent technology, and comprehensively use text, audio and video, animation, live broadcast, data illustration and other forms to innovate the attractiveness and communication power of public opinion propaganda content; at the same time, distinguish different target objects to formulate specific communication strategies, improve the information product structure, enrich product formats, and accurately and segmentally influence the ideological cognition of each specific target group.

(II) Deepen the theoretical research on “intelligent public opinion warfare”

“Intelligent public opinion warfare” must not only solve the relationship between “construction” and “use”, but also grasp the laws of “root” and “end”, and focus on strengthening the exploration and dissection of the connotation mechanism, and effectively provide scientific theoretical guidance for promoting “intelligent public opinion warfare”. First, from the perspective of “public opinion + technology”, study how public opinion warfare can empower and increase efficiency. We must not only think about the problem from the perspective of competing with the enemy for the cognitive domain and the right to speak in public opinion, but also grasp the development trend of artificial intelligence communication technology, integrate advanced technical means into key links such as public opinion war situation perception, target selection, information dissemination, and effect evaluation, and deeply explore the winning mechanism, operational command, and capacity building of “intelligent public opinion war”. Second, from the perspective of “tactics + algorithm”, study how public opinion war can be fought intelligently. We must focus on the characteristics of the future public opinion battlefield such as “unmanned, invisible”, “brain-like, brain-controlled”, “actuarial, cloud computing”, and strengthen the application of advanced concepts such as intelligent game, cloud brain victory, visual expression, and asymmetric checks and balances; at the same time, summarize the superb strategies of struggles in the fields of military, politics, and public opinion in ancient and modern times, China and foreign countries, especially the experience and losses of using intelligent technology to carry out public opinion wars in recent years around the world, inherit in criticism, develop in innovation, and continuously improve the strategies and tactics that adapt to the development needs of “intelligent public opinion war” and have Chinese characteristics.

(III) Promote the practical application of “intelligent public opinion war”

The battlefield of public opinion is also wartime in peacetime, and it is still the same in the intelligent era. We must focus on daily life and the ubiquitous public opinion game to increase the intensity of tempering. First, optimize the overall layout and practical capabilities of intelligent public opinion dissemination, and gradually eliminate the “time difference” and “technical gap” with the capacity building and tactics of the United States and the West. Especially in the current situation where the United States and Western countries use the new crown pneumonia epidemic, the South China Sea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Xinjiang and other issues to intensively use intelligent means to smear and attack me, we must constantly sum up experience, find ways and improve our capabilities in actual combat. Second, accurately grasp the technical means and strategic methods of hostile forces at home and abroad to penetrate and break through my public opinion space, and promptly cut off the internal and external coordination and transmission channels of anti-China forces, and prevent the spread of politically harmful information and the cognitive influence on me. Third, we will increase the comprehensive use of national defense mobilization, administrative law, public opinion guidance and other means, integrate the propaganda, public security, diplomacy, intelligence, military and other departments, and cooperate with the media, think tanks, international communication public relations companies, opinion leaders, etc., and actively reserve combat power for the “intelligent public opinion war” by seeking the first mover advantage in all directions.

Notes:

[1] Chen Changfeng, Huo Jie. People-oriented: The application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of news communication [J]. News and Writing, 2018(8):54.

[2] Wan Ke. The application practice and enlightenment of artificial intelligence in American and British news media [J]. China Media Technology, 2017(7):19-20.

[3] Li Peng, Zhi Media. The new stage of media integration and transformation [N]. People’s Daily Online, 2019-04-19.

[4] Xinhua News Agency. “Media Transformation and Development in the Era of Artificial Intelligence” Research Group. The specific application of artificial intelligence in the entire chain of news communication [J]. China Journalist, 2020(2):19.

(Author’s unit: Political College of National Defense University. This article is a phased result of the research project of the National Social Science Fund.)

現代國語:

作者:■孫亦祥 餘遠來
摘 要:人工智慧技術的發展運用,大大改變了資訊傳播、輿論生態,也催生了「智慧化輿論戰」的誕生。前瞻國家話語權的續存發展和大國輿論博弈背後的技術較量,本文提出了「智能化輿論戰」概念,並圍繞其發展圖景、運用策略和能力構建進行闡釋分析,旨在探究智能化時代輿論戰發展的新疆域、新賽局和新戰法,為我制勝未來輿論戰場提供理論參考。

關鍵字:「智能化輿論戰」;發展圖景;運用策略;能力建構

「智能化輿論戰」是基於智慧化戰爭形態演變和輿論戰發展前景而提出的新概念,是利用人工智慧領域新技術新運用擴散政治議題、衍生論述生態、推廣意識形態、影響公眾意見的一種全新輿論攻防行動。其實質是透過智慧機器人、深度學習、演算法推薦等顛覆性技術運用與5G、社群媒體、大數據、物聯網等深度融合來提升資訊傳播的速度、精度、強度和廣度,進而使傳統輿論戰在態勢感知、目標鎖定、資訊推送和效果評估等核心環節得以突破“技術瓶頸”,改變以往有的作戰中靶向性不強、聚合力有限、可控性偏弱等現象,對於人的智力、精力依賴程度高等重難點問題,大幅發揮攻心奪志、影響認知的「軟殺傷」效能。對於「智能化輿論戰」的深入分析,旨在探索輿論戰發展的新疆域、新博弈和新戰法,為我軍打造新質輿論戰力量,制勝未來輿論戰場提供理論參考。

一、「智能化輿論戰」的發展圖景

人工智慧的本質是人類思維的模擬,它的最大優勢是模擬、延伸和擴展人的智慧。 [1]而輿論戰以媒介訊息攻擊與對抗為基本形式,旨在影響、說服目標對手,改變其精神認知,它的主要「武器平台」就是傳播訊息的各類傳媒。伴隨人工智慧技術的日益成熟,傳統媒體的採、寫、編、播技術開始逐步被機器人寫手、演算法推薦、自動播報、聲像擬合、沉浸式新聞等替代,「武器平台」的顛覆性變換也深刻影響輿論戰的發展形態,使傳統輿論戰開始朝著可計算、可建模、可預測的智慧化時代快速邁進。各種跡象表明,當前社交機器人、深度偽造、大數據分析等智慧化技術已在許多國際重大事件中充分運用,其輿論影響日益強大。

(一)人工智慧引領傳播方式新變化

儘管目前智慧機器人還不能從根本上替代人成為傳播訊息的主體,但是「人工模板+自動化資料填充」的訊息生產傳播模式,以及智慧推薦演算法已成為媒體與受眾間更精準對接的橋樑紐帶。加之智慧型手機、智慧晶片、智慧寫稿、虛擬主播、AI剪輯等軟硬體的深入普及,導致全球傳媒產業都在積極尋求如何將專業優勢與人工智慧的高效能力進行完美結合。如《華盛頓郵報》所使用的機器人Heliograf,可根據即時資料來源自動產生故事,並為受眾提供個人客製化新聞。 《紐約時報》所使用的機器人Blossomblot,可透過分析社群媒體資料來篩選傳播潛在的熱文等。 [2]還有國內新華社使用的快筆小新、騰訊的Dreamwriter、今日頭條的Xiaomingbot等寫作軟體。正是基於人工智慧、行動互聯網、大數據、區塊鏈等技術的大力驅動,現今的媒體生態已由全媒體、融媒體開始向智媒體發展。 [3]以演算法為代表的新聞推送方式和以機器人新聞為代表的新聞生產方式已成為全球傳播領域發展的新特色新變化。

(二)智能傳媒賦予輿論操控新效能

智慧媒體作為一種人工智慧與人類智慧協同的線上社會資訊傳播系統,透過創建虛擬意見領袖、演算法分析使用者偏好、革新內容分發規則、自動大量發布資訊等手段,在製造話題、吸引粉絲、提升流量,不斷加大輿論影響力控制力的同時,還能進行持續深入的思想滲透和輿論影響,幹​​預社會公眾的基本判斷和普遍認知。如2016年美國大選期間,Facebook透過演算法建構用戶畫像並設計軟體程序,從而預測和乾涉選民的投票意向和行為,進行政治操控等。正是由於這些智慧媒體新聞生產的機器化、新聞發布的個人化、新聞體驗的臨場化、互動回饋的感測化等顯著特點,使得輿論場的「後真相」「資訊繭房」迴聲室效應」「沉默的螺旋」「群體極化」等現像在人為操控下變得更為突出,這也為廝殺輿論戰場的各方提供了新的製勝途徑。目前智慧傳媒在生產大量新聞稿的過程中,已發展成為傳播政治軍事類議題,並進行輿論操控的重要力量。根據牛津大學網路研究所「計算宣傳研究計畫」報告稱,截至2019年,全球已有50多個國家發現運用機器人水軍操縱輿論的情況。

(三)現代戰爭凸顯以智制輿新前景

現代戰爭已從傳統物理域有形戰場拓展到資訊域、認知域的無形戰場。而人工智慧技術賦予國家機構迅速、廉價、大規模操縱輿論的巨大潛能,也導致混合戰、多域戰等新型戰爭形態帶來的威脅挑戰持續加劇。借助智慧化傳播手段高效傳播有利於己的情感認知、價值觀念和意見傾向,已成為現代戰爭政治軍事目標實現的重要「助推器」。對此美國前國防部長馬克·埃斯珀曾說:「率先使用人工智慧的國家,將在未來很長時期的戰場上擁有決定性優勢,因此我們必須首先做到。」長期以來,美軍利用「在線虛擬身分管理」軟體的大量虛假身分(即「馬甲」),在Facebook、Twitter等各大社群網站上參與聊天或發文以製造親美言論。由於出錯率低、生產完全自動化,這些機器人水軍很快就轉變為影響輿論的重要工具。 2014年美國政府也出資7.6億元聘請廣告公司,專門為打擊蓋達組織、索馬利亞青年黨等目標而實施智能化輿論戰。近年來,從委內瑞拉、伊朗等多個國家遭遇的重大輿論危機事件到敘利亞戰爭、巴以衝突來看,利用社交機器人、深度偽造、虛擬宣傳等智能化傳播技術與手段來影響公眾輿論已成常態,而「智能化輿論戰」也逐漸從幕後走向前台,並呈現出以智駕馭輿、以輿制勝的強勁勢頭。

二、「智能化輿論戰」的運用策略

「智慧化輿論戰」的作用機制是:藉助機器學習深度挖掘受眾情感、偏見並篩選、鎖定最易受影響的受眾,然後利用演算法生產大量說服性內容,並由網路新聞聚合器、企業客服機器人等進行批量灌水、散佈和轉發,從而破壞原有的國際話語體系和傳播生態,達到操控輿論的目的。其輿論戰的實施主體、客體,以及議題、內容、手段等關鍵要素都高度依賴智慧化技術的賦能增效。在當今,各主要國家都在積極謀求透過智慧化「技術差」來搶佔優勢話語權,贏得輿論戰主動權,主要運用策略有:

(一)培塑虛擬傳播主體

傳統輿論戰的實施主體既有宣傳部門、媒體機構、智庫,也有新聞發言人、意見領袖和一般網友等。而智慧化技術讓這個主體拓展到了寫稿機器人、對話機器人、虛擬部落客和水軍等大批“人機烏合之眾”,並在全球範圍內呈現井噴之勢。據美國“膠囊裡”網站報道,互聯網安全公司IMPV發布的《2016年機器流量報告》稱,他們通過對全球10萬個域名網站訪問記錄分析發現,其中約52%的互聯網流量來自“自動化程序” ,即機器人。美國皮尤研究中心2018年調查也發現,它們從各類社群媒體平台收集到的連結至2315個流行網站的120萬則Twitter貼文中,有66%為機器人所分享。還有俄羅斯打造的“巨魔大軍”,部署有海量機器人虛擬帳號,其互聯網研究局在24小時內就能推出2.5萬條推文。這些異軍突起的新興力量,導致各國間進行輿論戰的「非對稱」態勢持續加劇。有研究顯示,民眾的想法很容易受到他們在網路上所看到的資訊的影響,而社群網路上的機器人發表的言論往往能夠對他們的想法施加重要的影響。

(二)深挖鎖定目標受眾

目標受眾是輿論戰的靶標,而快速識別目標受眾的社會特性、立場傾向和生活方式等,將有助於提高基於受眾文化心理的靶向打擊能力,積極塑造和改變目標對象的群體認知。以智慧演算法建構的「雲端大腦」能夠深刻解析使用者接收需求和興趣動向,總結行為模型、描繪使用者畫像、發現內在規律,並確定訊息推送的最準內容、最佳時機、最優路徑,提高精準分眾、差異傳播的準確率和致效強度。同時,透過智慧技術掌握目標受眾的差異化需求,也能夠對不同社群、圈群實現從內容生產到分發的智慧化構建,以契合不同受眾群體的價值傾向,滿足他們的個人需求。這樣的傳播優勢有助於更好地整合多元、分散觀點,快速匯聚輿論主導意見。目前除智慧社交媒體外,智慧汽車、智慧購物平台等都已成為用戶資訊收集的重要平台。根據這些平台提供的數據很容易繪製出關鍵性社會結構、人文地圖,以及關鍵影響者和輿論意見領袖,這也使得輿論戰的標靶變得更精準,致效率變得更高。

(三)自動聚合熱點議題

設定議題是強化輿論控制的重要環節,智能化技術強化了海量資訊中的熱點議題挖掘、聚合和分享功能,從而使輿論發酵過程中的人為因素持續攀升,輿論的滋生發展更容易朝操控者所期待的方向發展。一方面,大數據挖掘新聞線索,能夠快速提煉、編輯和發布吸引公眾眼球,引發眾議的議題。如美國NewsWhip(新聞鞭)透過大數據挖掘技術,可以每兩分鐘掃描一次Facebook、Twitter、Instagram等全球主要社群媒體,來捕捉什麼事件是當下最熱門的,怎樣的內容更受歡迎,然後分析這些內容的發展趨勢並轉化為可操作的建議,幫助媒體人根據線索進行選題策劃。 [4]另一方面,智慧化傳播介質能夠讓音訊視訊、影像、文字等不同資訊產品得以以資料資訊流的形態在穿戴式裝置、雲端終端、網站及相關社交媒介中進行自由配對與分享,這也進一步加劇了熱點輿論的聚合力影響力。

(四)利用演算法生成內容

資訊內容作為輿論戰的“彈藥”,具有鮮明的指向性、針對性和強烈的話題度,它的策劃、製作和包裝主要基於政治、軍事目標的考量,而非單純的新聞價值或商業價值。而演算法作為資料資訊與人工智慧的節點,發揮建構流量入口、捕捉用戶黏性的關鍵作用。如當前大多數新聞App和社群媒體平台使用的演算法分發機制,其透過機器學習,抓取和分析用戶的年齡、性別、職業、文化水平等自然訊息,以及閱讀時的接觸時長、接觸頻率、接觸動機等行為訊息,可以實現對使用者的精準畫像。同時,根據指令拼貼各種“新聞素材”,有針對性地推送給這些預先鎖定的目標受眾。在帶來優質體驗、滿足個性需求的過程中,也會加劇“資訊繭房效應”,使這些受眾困於“繭房”之中,在大量同質化內容的灌輸影響下,思想認知發生潛移默化的改變。正因如此,美國國會於2020年11月頒發的《人工智慧與國家安全》一文中提及,要透過創造完整的“數位生活模型”,將目標受眾的購物記錄、信用報告、職業簡歷、訂閱等匹配組合,對其形成綜合性的行為簡介,從而更好地服務於影響力行動。

(五)實施深偽欺騙幹擾

輿論戰場向來虛實結合,各種「迷霧」「陷阱」的靈活運用是博弈各方慣用的製勝手段。近年來,大熱的深度偽造技術,作為基於深度學習的一種新型信息篡改與替換手段,透過語音模擬、人臉合成、視頻生成等方法可以生成高逼真且難以甄別的信息產品,這也使其成為了輿論戰場的「鎖喉」招數。如2018年美國網路新聞媒體「嗡嗡餵」透過嫁接喜劇演員喬丹皮爾的聲音和嘴型,製作了一段奧巴馬辱罵川普的假視頻,YouTube一經上線就獲得了480萬次的點擊量,這段影片運用的就是人工智慧換臉技術。除換臉影片外,深度偽造也常被用於人像合成,與傳統的人物影像、影片合成相比,它具有使用成本低、操作難度小、所需時間短等顯著特點,這也使得利用深度偽造技術製造政治人物負面影片、軍隊指揮官虛假命令、暴力恐怖訊息等「新型謠言」在當今輿論場層出不窮。美軍為此也特別進行了「人工智慧中的特洛伊木馬」「面向欺騙的人工智慧可靠保障」等項目的研發。

三、「智能化輿論戰」的能力建構

「智能化輿論戰」既是技術的較量,也是能力的比拼。儘管目前輿論戰領域普遍應用的還是「弱人工智慧」技術,但是隨著科技的快速發展,人工智慧的能力將不斷增強,輿論戰也必將迎來全新的智慧化時代。前瞻我國人工智慧發展的重大戰略機遇,國家話語權的續存發展和應對美西方對我輿論戰攻擊的現實需要,必須加強多學科的融合研究,多視角的交叉探索,積極推動「智能化輿論戰」在技術、理論、實踐等方面的轉型升級、快速發展。

(一)加大「智能化輿論戰」的技術研發

「智能化輿論戰」不僅要與人心博弈,更要與機器較量,為此必須以政策為導向、科技為牽引,加緊推動智能化技術在國際傳播和輿論攻防領域的研究攻關。一是大力破解媒體應用方面依然存在的框架偏差、機器認知偏差、機器交流歧義等多方面突出問題,全面激活人工智能與5G、社交媒體、大數據、物聯網、虛擬實境等技術的深度融合和在資訊生產、呈現、傳播等面向的全新驅動力,系統打造「全媒體記者+演算法工程師」與輿論戰「殺手鐧」武器,以因應智慧化時代輿論博弈的現實需求。二是加強人工智慧技術在媒體採訪、寫稿、編輯,甚至機器人主持播報諸多領域的深化運用,將傳統媒體長期累積的內容製作優勢與智慧科技深度融合,綜合運用文字、影音、動漫、直播、數據圖解等形式,創新輿論宣傳內容的吸引力傳播力;同時區分不同目標對象制定特定傳播策略,完善資訊產品結構、豐富產品業態,精準化、分眾化影響各特定目標群的思想認知。

(二)深化「智慧化輿論戰」的理論攻關

「智能化輿論戰」既要解決好「建」與「用」的關係,也要把握好「本」與「末」的規律,要注重加強內涵機理的探索解剖,切實為推進「智能化輿論戰”提供科學的理論指導。一是從「輿論+技術」的角度出發,研究輿論戰如何賦能增效。既要站在與敵爭奪認知域、輿論話語權的高度思考問題,又要掌握人工智慧傳播技術的發展趨勢,將先進技術手段融入輿論戰態勢感知、目標選擇、資訊傳播、效果評估等重點環節,深入探索「智慧化輿論戰」的致勝機制、運籌指揮與能力建構等。二是從「戰法+演算法」的角度出發,研究輿論戰如何智慧作戰。要聚焦未來輿論戰場「無人、無形」「類腦、控腦」「精算、雲算」等特點,強化智能博弈、雲腦制勝、可視化表達、非對稱制衡等先進理念的運用;同時總結古今中外軍事、政治、輿論諸領域鬥爭的高超謀略,尤其是全球範圍內近年運用智能技術開展輿論戰的經驗得失,在批判中繼承,在創新中發展,不斷完善適應“智能化輿論戰”發展需要且具有中國特色的謀略戰法。

(三)推動「智能化輿論戰」的實戰運用

輿論戰場的平時也是戰時,智慧化時代依然如此,必須立足日常、著眼無時無所不在的輿論博弈加大錘煉砥礪力度。一是優化智慧化輿論傳播的整體佈局和實戰能力,逐步消除與美西方能力建設和戰法運用的「時間差」「技術差」。特別在當前美西方國家利用新冠肺炎疫情、南海、台灣、香港、新疆等問題,密集使用智能手段對我進行輿論抹黑攻擊的情況下,要在實戰應對中不斷總結經驗、尋找辦法、提升能力。二是精準掌握境內外敵對勢力向我輿論空間進行滲透突破的技術手段與策略手法,及時斬斷反華勢力內外策應傳導渠道,阻遏政治有害資訊傳播及對我實施認知影響。第三是加大國防動員、行政法、輿論引導等手段的綜合運用,宣傳、公安、外交、情報、軍事等部門的一體聯動,以及媒體、智庫、國際傳播公關公司、意見領袖等的配合與協作,透過全方位謀求先發之勢,為「智能化輿論戰」積極儲備戰力。

註 釋:

[1]陳昌鳳、霍婕.以人為本:人工智慧技術在新聞傳播領域的應用[J].新聞與寫作,2018(8):54.

[2]萬可.美英新聞媒體人工智慧應用實務及啟示[J].中國傳媒科技,2017(7):19-20.

[3]李鵬、智媒體.媒體融合轉型新階段[N].人民網,2019-04-19.

[4]新華社.「人工智慧時代媒體變革與發展」主題組.人工智慧在新聞傳播全鏈條中的具體應用[J].中國記者,2020(2):19.

(作者單位:國防大學政治學院。本文為國家社科基金計畫研究階段性成果。)

中國軍事原文來源:https://www.81.cn/rmjz_203219/jsjz/2022nd1q_227501/yldzgzyj_227505/10145288.html

Chinese Military’s Embrace of Artificial Intelligence: How to Revolutionize Future Warfare

中國軍隊擁抱人工智慧:如何徹底改變未來戰爭

現代英語:

Source: China National Defense News Author: Chen Hanghui Editor-in-charge: Qiao Nannan 2018-01-02 08:29:25

At present, the world is on the eve of the intelligent revolution, and human society is moving from the “Internet +” era to the “Intelligence +” era. In recent years, driven by big data, new algorithms and supercomputing, artificial intelligence is changing and even subverting every industry it touches, and war is no exception. From underwater submersibles to drone swarms, from predictive maintenance software to intelligent decision-making assistants, artificial intelligence is affecting different areas of war with unprecedented breadth and depth, promoting a new round of military reforms, and the form and appearance of war are quietly changing.

Temple planning comes first, war design becomes more sophisticated

“The Art of War” by Sun Tzu says: “He who plans for victory before the battle has made many calculations; he who plans for defeat before the battle has made few calculations.” Looking at the history of human warfare, “He who plans more wins, and he who plans less loses” is an immutable theorem.

Future wars will increasingly rely on “temple calculations”. Artificial intelligence can enhance the effectiveness of war prediction in at least two ways:

First, it can more accurately calculate and predict the outcome of wars. With the support of advanced algorithms and supercomputing capabilities, the calculation and prediction results of artificial intelligence systems are more accurate than those of the human brain. Second, with the help of war game systems, combat plans can be tested and optimized more effectively. For example, war game systems that incorporate artificial intelligence can engage in man-machine confrontation with humans, which helps people find problems and find weaknesses. In particular, after introducing algorithms such as deep learning into war game systems, the behavior of intelligent systems will become profound and varied, which will help break through the established thinking of humans, enhance the confrontation and authenticity of war game simulations, and achieve the purpose of optimizing solutions. In addition, intelligent war game systems can also be used to conduct machine-machine confrontations to improve the efficiency of simulations.

In February 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense issued a memorandum titled “Wargames and Innovation,” proposing to introduce machine learning into wargames. Currently, Rand Corporation and Raytheon have already begun attempts in this regard. Once mature intelligent software is applied to wargames, it will not only improve the level of optimization plans and prediction of war situations, but also more accurately predict the size of the troops involved in the war, ammunition consumption, duration and support requirements, etc., significantly improving the ability to design wars.

Speed ​​is the key to success. The pace of operations has never been faster.

In the information age, wars follow the principle of “the fast eats the slow”. In the several wars since the Gulf War, the key to the US military’s repeated victories is that it always achieves “the fastest move”.

Nowadays, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence has completely “crushed” the human brain. In 2016, in a simulated air battle, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States controlled the F-15 fighter and defeated the F-22 fighter piloted by humans. The reason is that the reaction speed of the intelligent software is 250 times that of the human brain! In October this year, the Geospatial Intelligence Center of the University of Missouri in the United States announced a research result showing that the center has developed an algorithm model based on deep learning technology, which can search and identify missile launch sites within nearly 90,000 square kilometers in the southeastern coastal area of ​​a certain country within 42 minutes, which is 85 times faster than human analysts and has an accuracy rate reaching the level of expert image analysts.

For this reason, in recent years, the US, Russian and other militaries have turned their attention to artificial intelligence, intending to use the speed advantage of artificial intelligence to shorten their decision-making cycle on the battlefield and firmly grasp the operational advantage. In July this year, Russian weapons manufacturer Kalashnikov announced that it had developed a fully automatic combat module based on artificial neural networks, which can achieve destruction upon detection. In addition, the US military is developing intelligent tools such as automated data analysis tools, automatic target recognition software, airborne intelligent decision assistants, and digital air combat planners, intending to reduce the burden of intelligence and combat personnel at all stages of the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. In November this year, the head of the US Department of Defense’s algorithmic warfare project called for: Any weapon system purchased by the US military in the future should be integrated with artificial intelligence.

It can be predicted that as more and more intelligent weapon systems are deployed on the battlefield, combat response time on the battlefield will become shorter and shorter, combat actions will become unprecedentedly fierce, and will eventually exceed human understanding and response capabilities.

Autonomous confrontation, the combat mode has changed

Since the 20th century, the development of detection technology and the advancement of perception technology under the wave of informatization have promoted the birth of the man-machine collaborative combat chain of “sensor-shooter-weapon platform”.

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent weapon systems that can automatically identify, lock and strike targets are gradually emerging, and can replace humans to execute simple decision-making commands. Such as the US military’s ship-borne “Aegis” system, the Israeli military’s “Iron Dome” system, the Russian military’s “Arena” active protection system, the French military’s “Shark” system, etc. However, the intelligence level of these systems is not high at present, and the autonomous combat mode is usually the last option.

In the future, with the advancement of intelligent technology groups such as sensor technology, new algorithms, and big data technology, the autonomous action capabilities of weapon systems will be greatly improved, and the situation of autonomous confrontation of weapon systems will become more and more common. In specific combat fields, such as cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, humans can only rely on intelligent weapon systems for autonomous confrontation. At the same time, with the emergence of hypersonic weapons and cluster warfare, wars will enter the era of “instant kills” and “group fights”, and using intelligent systems to autonomously fight is almost the only way out.

In the future, as the autonomous confrontation of intelligent weapon systems becomes the new normal, the combat mode will gradually change from “man in the loop” to “man on the loop”. The main characteristics of the new mode can be summarized as “in command, out of control”, that is, in most cases, human warriors play the role of supervisors, responsible for inputting target characteristics and setting rules of engagement before the war, observing battlefield engagements, etc. It should be pointed out that in the new mode, humans are still the final decision makers, and human warriors will autonomously enter and exit the combat chain as needed and take necessary intervention measures. The biggest advantage of the new mode is that it can free human warriors from complex decisions and focus on major decisions and key tasks. How to ensure that humans can take over control at any time will be the biggest challenge facing the development of human-machine collaboration technology in the future.

Cluster warfare brings new life to the war of attrition

In the era of cold weapons and mechanized warfare, attrition warfare was the basic way of fighting, and “eating more and eating less” was the basic rule for winning on the battlefield.

Since the 1970s, with the emergence of stealth technology, satellite positioning systems, and precision-guided weapons, the “more, less” war principle has been completely broken. In recent years, with the rapid development of sensor technology, bionics, miniaturization technology, and artificial intelligence technology, the concept of swarm warfare has once again attracted the attention of the military of various countries. The so-called swarm warfare refers to the centralized deployment of hundreds or thousands of intelligent weapons to attack targets from multiple directions. Compared with traditional combat methods, swarm warfare has four major advantages:

First, the miniaturization of a single platform greatly improves battlefield survivability; second, it is decentralized, and the loss of an individual does not affect the overall function; third, it is low-cost, large in quantity, and the combat cost-effectiveness is multiplied; fourth, it can implement saturation attacks and paralyze the enemy’s defense system. It is not difficult to see that cluster warfare can achieve the effect of “quantity is quality”, and therefore, it is considered a war of attrition in the intelligent era.

The U.S. military sees swarm warfare as a game-changer in warfare, and believes that swarm warfare is particularly suitable for dealing with anti-access/area denial threats. Currently, the U.S. Department of Defense is simultaneously targeting underwater, surface, and air, and promoting multiple swarm research and development projects, striving to have multi-dimensional space swarm combat capabilities. In addition, the various branches of the U.S. military are competing to develop swarm combat concepts. For example, the Marine Corps envisions using unmanned combat swarms as landing pioneers to perform tasks such as battlefield perception, mine clearance, and obstacle removal, creating conditions for Marines to rush ashore.

From underwater “wolf packs” to ground “ant swarms” to aerial “bee swarms”, swarm warfare will be prevalent in the future intelligent battlefield. “Human wave tactics” will be re-emerged in a new look, and the balance of the war of attrition will be extremely tilted towards the side with swarm warfare capabilities. The following scene may appear in the future: on one side, there are swarms of intelligent machines covering the sky and the sun, and on the other side, there are panicked, lonely human warriors…

現代國語:

當前,世界正處於智慧革命的前夜,人類社會正從「互聯網+」時代邁入「智能+」時代。近年來,在大數據、新型演算法和超級運算的推動下,人工智慧正在改變乃至顛覆所觸及的每個產業,戰爭也不例外。從水下潛航器到無人機集群,從預測性維修軟件到智慧決策助手,人工智慧正以前所未有的廣度與深度影響著戰爭的不同領域,推動著新一輪軍事變革,戰爭形態和麵貌正悄然被改變。

廟算為先,戰爭設計日益精細

《孫子兵法》曰:「夫未戰而廟算勝者,得算多也;未戰而廟算不勝者,得算少也。」縱觀人類戰爭史,「多算勝,少算不勝」是亙古不變的定理。

未來戰爭對「廟算」的依賴度有增無減,人工智慧至少可以從兩方面增強戰爭預判的有效性:

一是更精確地計算並預測戰爭結果。在先進演算法和超算能力的支撐下,人工智慧系統的計算和預測結果比人腦更加準確。二是藉助兵棋系統能更有效檢驗和優化作戰方案。例如,融入人工智慧的兵棋系統能夠和人開展人機對抗,有助於人們發現問題、找出弱項。特別是將深度學習等演算法引入兵棋系統後,智慧系統的行為將變得深邃多變,有助於突破人類的既定思維,增強兵棋推演的對抗性和真實性,達到優化方案的目的。此外,還可利用智慧兵棋系統開展機機對抗,提升推演的效率。

2015年2月,美國國防部推出了《兵棋推演與創新》備忘錄,並提出將機器學習引入兵棋推演。目前,蘭德公司、雷神公司已經開始這方面的嘗試。一旦將研發成熟的智慧軟件應用於兵棋推演,不僅能提高優化方案和預測戰局的水平,還能更精確地預測戰爭涉及的兵力規模、彈藥消耗、持續時間和保障需求等,顯著提升對戰爭設計的能力。

速度製勝,作戰節奏空前加快

在資訊時代,戰爭遵循「快吃慢」制勝法則,海灣戰爭以來的幾場戰爭中,美軍之所以能夠屢戰屢勝,其關鍵在於始終做到了「棋快一招」。

如今,人工智慧的反應速度已經完全「碾壓」人腦。 2016年,在一次模擬空戰中,美國辛辛那提大學研發的「阿爾法」智慧軟體操控F-15戰機,擊敗了由人駕駛的F-22戰機,原因就在於該智慧軟件的反應速度是人類大腦反應速度的250倍!今年10月,美國密蘇里大學地​​理空間情報中心公佈了一份研究成果顯示,該中心基於深度學習技術開發了一種演算法模型,能夠在42分鐘內搜尋並識別出某國東南沿海地區近9萬平方千米內的導彈發射場,速度比人類分析師快85倍,準確率達到專家級影像分析師水準。

正因如此,近年來,美、俄等軍隊將目光投向了人工智慧,意圖利用人工智慧的速度優勢,縮短己方在戰場上的決策週期,牢牢掌握行動優勢。今年7月,俄羅斯武器製造商卡拉什尼科夫公司宣稱,已開發出基於人工神經網絡的全自動戰鬥模塊,能做到發現即摧毀。另外,美軍則在研發自動化數據分析工具、自動目標識別軟件、機載智慧決策助理、數字化空中作戰規劃員等智慧工具,意圖在決策週期各環節上減輕情報和作戰人員的負擔,提高決策效率。而在今年11月,美國國防部演算法戰項目負責人呼籲:今後美軍採購的任何武器系統都應融入人工智慧。

可以預見,今後隨著越來越多的智慧化武器系統投入戰場,戰場上的作戰反應時間將越來越短,交戰行動將空前激烈,並最終超越人類的理解和應對能力。

自主對抗,作戰模式引發變革

20世紀以來,偵測技術的發展和資訊化浪潮下感知技術的進步,推動了「傳感器-射手-武器平台」這一人機協作式作戰鏈誕生。

隨著人工智慧技術的發展,能夠自動識別、鎖定和打擊目標的智慧化武器系統逐漸出現,並能取代人類執行簡單的決策命令。如美軍的艦載「宙斯盾」系統、以軍的「鐵穹」系統、俄軍的「競技場」主動防護系統、法軍的「鯊魚」系統,等等。不過,這些系統的智慧化程度目前還不高,自主交戰模式通常是最後一個選項。

未來,隨著傳感技術、新型演算法、大數據技術等智慧化技術群的進步,武器系統的自主行動能力將大幅提升,武器系統自主對抗的情況也越來越普遍。而在特定作戰領域,如網路空間和電磁頻譜領域,人類只能依托智慧化武器系統進行自主對抗。與此同時,隨著高超音速武器和集群作戰的出現,戰爭將進入「秒殺」和「群架」時代,利用智慧系統自主迎戰幾乎是唯一出路。

未來,隨著智慧化武器系統的自主對抗成為新常態,作戰模式將逐漸從「人在迴路中」轉變為「人在迴路」。新模式的主要特徵可概括為“指揮之中、控制之外”,即在多數情況下,人類戰士扮演監督員的角色,負責在開戰前輸入目標特徵和設定交戰規則,觀察戰場交戰情況等。需要指出的是,在新模式下人依然是最終決策者,人類戰士將根據需要自主進出作戰鏈,採取必要的干預措施。新模式的最大優勢是可以使人類戰士從紛繁複雜的決策中解放出來,聚焦於主要決策和關鍵任務。如何確保人類能夠隨時接管控制權,將是今後一段時期內,人機協同技術發展面臨的最大挑戰。

集群作戰,讓消耗戰重煥生機

在冷兵器和機械化戰爭時代,消耗戰是基本作戰方式,「多吃少」是戰場制勝的基本法則。

自上世紀70年代以來,隨著隱形技術、衛星定位系統、精確制導武器的登場,「多吃少」的戰爭法則被徹底打破。近年來,隨著傳感技術、仿生技術、微型化技術和人工智慧技術取得長足發展,集群式作戰構想再次受到各國軍隊的重視。所謂集群作戰,是指集中部署數百上千個智慧化武器,從多個方向對目標實施攻擊。與傳統作戰方式相比,集群作戰具備四大優勢:

一是單一平台小型化,戰場生存能力大幅提升;二是去中心化,個體的損失不影響整體功能;三是成本低廉,數量龐大,作戰效費比成倍提高;四是可實施飽和攻擊,癱瘓敵防禦體系。不難看出,集群作戰能夠達到「數量即質量」的效果,因此,被認為是智慧時代的消耗戰。

美軍將集群作戰視為戰爭遊戲規則的改變者,認為集群作戰尤其適合應對反介入/區域拒止威脅。當前,美國國防部同時瞄準水下、水面和空中,推進多個集群研發項目,力求具備多維空間集群作戰能力。此外,美軍各軍種正競相開發集群作戰概念,如海軍陸戰隊設想讓無人作戰集群充當登陸先鋒,執行戰場感知、排雷除障等任務,為陸戰隊員搶灘上陸創造條件。

從水下“狼群”到地面“蟻群”再到空中“蜂群”,集群作戰將在未來智慧化戰場上大行其道。 「人海戰術」將改頭換面重新登場,消耗戰的天平將向具備集群作戰能力的一方極度傾斜。未來可能出現這一場景:一邊是遮天蔽日、蜂擁而至的智慧機器,另一邊是驚慌失措、形單影隻的人類戰士…

中國原創軍事資源:http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4801288.html

Chinese Military’s Cognitive Warfare: The Race to Dominate the Intelligent Age

中國軍隊的認知戰:主宰智慧時代的競賽

中國軍網 國防部網 // 2020年3月19日 星期四

現代英語:

The widespread use of artificial intelligence technology in the military field has given rise to a new form of intelligent warfare, cognitive warfare. When the winning mechanism is integrated with the characteristics of the intelligent era, a new way to win cognitive warfare is formed. Optimal decision-making, vision-driven, clustered energy release, and unmanned autonomy based on cognition are typical characteristics of winning wars in the intelligent era, and have become the key to taking the initiative and winning in wars. The fundamental way to win in the intelligent era lies in cognition, and cognitive advantage is the basis for winning. Moreover, when the strength of the two opposing sides is equal, the advantage difference formed by the cognitive gap becomes the main factor for winning.

Winning through optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition

Decision-making is the key to victory in modern warfare, not only because of its important role, but also because in the OODA (observation, judgment, decision-making, action) loop, decision-making is the bottleneck that restricts the speed of the cycle. Intelligent cognition that integrates knowledge and action is a powerful means to break this bottleneck.

Optimal decision-making based on intelligent cognition means forming a cognitive advantage over the enemy through artificial intelligence algorithms, and then transforming the cognitive advantage into a decision-making advantage, thereby gaining the initiative and winning. In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent means provide the intelligent cognitive capabilities required for war to the greatest extent possible, comprehensively perceive, reason, and judge the strength, time and space position of the physical domain of the two opposing sides on the battlefield, the power system and command system of the information domain, and the plan and possible actions of the cognitive domain, which continuously provide “input” data for the algorithm; the superior algorithm quickly analyzes, judges and compares the results of intelligent cognition, finds out the weak links or fatal points of the enemy, gives full play to our advantages and characteristics, and forms a scientific, reasonable and executable decision-making plan. At the same time, it also combines the combat capabilities and combat characteristics of the two opposing sides to further amplify the cognitive advantage, so as to achieve “second-level advantage becomes a winning advantage” and “a little advantage becomes a winning advantage”.

In this process, intelligent cognition is the foundation. It is the “data” of the superior algorithm, providing the correct source for correct decision-making and guiding the direction of operational decision-making advantage. Without intelligent cognition, algorithms and decisions will face the dilemma of “cooking without rice”, not to mention algorithm advantages and decision-making advantages. Intelligent algorithms are the key. Its input is cognitive thinking and its output is decision-making plans. It is the specific method and intermediate bridge for cognitive advantages to transform into operational decision-making advantages, and plays an increasingly important role in modern warfare. To this end, driven by intelligent technology, all countries have elevated the “algorithm warfare” that supports decision-making effectiveness to the level of “war”. In 2017, the US Department of Defense announced the establishment of a special “algorithm warfare” cross-functional team to unify the leadership of the US military in conducting “algorithm warfare” research and application. Decision-making advantage is the core, the true embodiment of cognitive advantage in the command field, the touchstone for testing the effectiveness of algorithms, and the ultimate display platform for intelligent cognition and intelligent algorithms. The wisdom of a commander is incomparable to that of a machine. It is integrated with profound decision-making experience and matched with unique personal command art. The decision-making strategies formed are ever-changing and difficult to capture. Only when the superb decision-making art is amplified and enhanced by intelligent algorithms can a truly winning decision-making advantage be formed.

Vision-driven success based on goal recognition

The war stage is never a performance of a single force, but a joint effort of multiple forces. How to make the various forces involved in the war work together and the various actions converge into one force is a necessary condition for winning the war. Therefore, before the war, it is necessary to formulate a detailed combat plan, anticipate various possible situations, and repeatedly organize combat coordination and targeted training for various actions. However, during the implementation of the operation, changes in the battlefield situation, changes in the intentions of superiors, changes in core tasks, changes in friendly forces, etc., make it difficult for this traditional coordination method to achieve the expected results, and often become a restrictive factor affecting the progress and outcome of the war.

In fact, every commander and every participating force has a beautiful vision for the combat mission in their hearts, and they may have an action plan to realize the beautiful vision. If these visions can be unified and spontaneously integrated into the overall action, then coordination will no longer be a bottleneck, and the concept of vision-driven will come into being. Vision is the prospect that people yearn for, the picture that people actively strive for and hope to achieve, and a strong expression of will, including future goals, missions and core values. Behavior driven by vision is no longer a compliance behavior constrained by rules and regulations, nor is it an investment behavior agreed upon by obligations and rights. It is more of a spontaneous and conscious dedication behavior. This is a state of mind, not just investment, but a feeling that one must take full responsibility for the realization of the vision. The role of this subjective initiative is unimaginable. The latest research results show that the reason why mental work causes fatigue is because people are subjectively bored with the mental work they are engaged in. Once the subjective initiative is restored and maintained, mental work will remain efficient for a long time. This is not only a source of power for innovation, but also a source of power for vision-driven.

The generation of vision-driven is based on cognitive ability and is determined by the level of intelligent technology. For war, a complex giant system with obvious social characteristics, common cognition supported by intelligent technology makes vision-driven possible. Each participating force, based on the core tasks and basic requirements clearly defined by the commander, develops its own combat operations, clarifies the relationship with other forces, and clarifies the specific list of support or support, thereby forming an individual action plan. The commander collects the individual action plans of each participating force, conducts comprehensive analysis and comparison, examines whether the core tasks can be completed, retains the reasonable content of the individual vision as much as possible, forms a flexible group vision implementation plan, and leaves each participating force with a large space to complete the combat mission independently. Driven by individual visions, all commanders and combat forces in combat give full play to their individual enthusiasm and initiative, and creatively play their personalized characteristics and roles; driven by common visions, they actively coordinate and cooperate with other forces to jointly complete combat missions.

Winning through cluster release based on group cognition

Intelligent swarm warfare is a popular topic at present. In fact, swarm is not a new concept. The inspiration comes from nature. Swarm behavior is a kind of collective behavior of organisms. Insects, birds, fish, etc. in the biological world all show swarm behavior. In particular, this swarm behavior can resist enemies that are several times larger than themselves and obtain more food sources, which is even more amazing. It is difficult for people to explore the activity patterns of the brains and nerves of these organisms, and it is difficult to directly grasp the root cause of swarm behavior. However, we can continuously dig out the organizational principles and operation methods of swarm actions from their performance patterns, and use artificial intelligence technology and modern network technology to apply them to human social life and the military field, and become the way to win the war in the intelligent era.

Cluster energy release based on group cognition means integrating a certain number of low-cost, miniaturized, unmanned combat platforms into a unified combat cluster, and achieving common combat goals through targeted and precise energy release. It is a comprehensive embodiment of the philosophical principle that quantitative change leads to qualitative change, and group cognition is the fundamental motivation for qualitative change. Without group cognition, the cluster can only be a quantitative change, and it is difficult to produce substantial changes in combat effectiveness. The reason why cluster energy release can win is that it has a multi-dimensional saturation attack capability that wins by quantity, distributed detection and attack capabilities, high anti-destruction and continuous strike capabilities, and system precision and intensive energy release capabilities, thus forming a subversive winning advantage.

Swarm combat is based on group cognition, which requires that in rapid action, each individual should accurately and comprehensively recognize his or her position and status in the group, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group or subgroup to which he or she belongs; the group or subgroup should accurately and comprehensively recognize the status of its internal members, accurately and comprehensively recognize its own status, and provide cognitive capabilities for the group to which it belongs. Group cognition in the intelligent era allows combat to simulate the collaborative behavior and information interaction methods of swarming organisms, showing the cluster characteristics of decentralization, autonomy, cluster recovery, and function amplification, and releasing combat effectiveness and completing combat tasks in an autonomous and intelligent overall collaborative manner.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition

In the war of the intelligent era, intelligent unmanned systems will fill the entire intelligent battlefield, and people will be less and less on the battlefield. Intelligent unmanned combat systems will become the new force of the intelligent battlefield. They have capabilities that humans cannot achieve, such as stronger battlefield adaptability, stronger weapon control ability, stronger reaction speed, stronger continuous combat capability, stronger self-protection ability, and stronger self-regeneration ability. In addition, they do not have the psychological pressure, physiological reaction to bloody scenes, sentimental human emotions, and fear of war-weariness and cowardice formed by humans in the face of fierce battlefield confrontations. All these indicate that the future battlefield of confrontation will be the stage for intelligent unmanned combat systems. Therefore, under the overall leadership of humans, actively and creatively understanding the battlefield, allowing intelligent unmanned combat systems to freely and fully exert their advantages and effectiveness, has become an important method to win the war.

Unmanned autonomous victory based on active cognition is to give full play to the active role of intelligent unmanned combat systems in the cognitive field. Machines and humans have different ways of thinking and different behavioral characteristics. Just like Alpha Zero can open up a new era of Go, machines can often create new spaces that are difficult for humans to explore. Therefore, wars in the intelligent era, under the overall leadership of humans, must fully provide a broad space for intelligent unmanned combat systems to display their talents, give full play to their active and creative abilities, and quickly absorb and focus on the huge energy brought by active cognition.

Intelligent unmanned combat systems show themselves. Human domination and machine passivity will make it difficult to bring into play the comprehensive advantages of intelligent unmanned combat systems. It is necessary to break the shackles of intelligent unmanned combat systems driven by the concept of autonomy. Only by keeping the basic bottom line and allowing machines to fight freely on the battlefield can the precise and rapid combat effectiveness of intelligent unmanned combat systems be demonstrated, and only then can they be fully and autonomously exerted in war, truly releasing the huge energy of intelligent unmanned combat systems in all aspects.

國語中文:

閱讀提示

人工智慧技術在軍事領域的廣泛運用,催生出認知戰這種全新的智慧化戰爭形態。當制勝機制融入了智慧時代的特點,就形成了全新的認知戰制勝之道。建立在認知基礎上的優算決策、願景驅動、集群釋能、無人自主就是具有智慧時代戰爭制勝的典型特徵,成為戰爭中贏得主動、爭取勝利的關鍵。智慧時代製勝之道的根本在於認知,認知優勢是製勝的根本,而且當對抗雙方實力相當時,認知差距形成的優勢差就成為獲勝的主要因素。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝

決策成為現代戰爭制勝的關鍵,不僅是因為決策的重要作用,更是因為在OODA(觀察、判斷、決策、行動)環路中,決策是限制循環速度的瓶頸。知行合一的智能認知正是破解這個瓶頸的強大手段。

基於智慧認知的優算決策制勝,是指透過人工智慧演算法形成對敵的認知優勢,進而將認知優勢轉化為決策優勢,進而贏得先機、贏得主動、贏得勝勢。智慧時代的戰爭,智慧手段最大可能提供戰爭所需的智慧認知能力,全面感知、推理、判斷戰場對抗雙方物理域的力量大小、時空位置,資訊域的力量體系、指揮體系,認知域的方案計畫、可能行動,源源不斷地為演算法提供「輸入」資料;優勢演算法迅速對智慧認知結果分析判斷比較,找出敵方薄弱環節或致命點,充分發揮我方優勢特點,形成科學合理、可執行的決策方案,同時也結合對抗雙方的作戰能力、作戰特點等因素,將認知優勢進一步放大,從而達成「秒級優勢成為制勝優勢」「一點優勢成為製勝優勢」。

在這個過程中,智慧認知是基礎,它是優勢演算法的“數據”,為正確決策提供正確的來源,指導作戰決策優勢的方向,沒有智慧認知,演算法和決策將面臨“無米之炊”的困境,更不要談演算法優勢和決策優勢。智慧演算法是關鍵,它的輸入是認知思維,輸出是決策方案,是認知優勢轉化生成作戰決策優勢的具體方法和中間橋樑,在現代戰爭中扮演著愈來愈重要的角色。為此,在智慧科技推動下,各國都將支撐決策效能的「演算法戰」提升到「戰」的高度。 2017年美國國防部就宣布成立專門的「演算法戰」跨職能小組,統一領導美軍展開「演算法戰」研究運用。決策優勢是核心,是認知優勢在指揮領域的真實體現,是檢驗演算法效能優劣的試金石,是智慧認知和智慧演算法的最終展示平台。指揮的智慧是機器無法比擬的,它與深厚的決策經驗相融合、與獨特的個性指揮藝術相匹配,形成的決策謀略千變萬化、難以捕捉,高超的決策藝術通過智能算法的放大與增強,才能形成真正能夠制勝的決策優勢。

基於目標認知的願景驅動制勝

戰爭舞台上從來都不是一支力量單打獨鬥的表演,而是多種力量的共同努力。如何使參與戰爭的各種力量能夠扭成一股繩,各種行動能夠匯成一股勁,是戰爭獲勝的必要條件。因此,戰前需制定詳細的作戰計畫、預想各種可能情況,不斷反覆組織各種行動的作戰協同和針對性訓練。但在作戰實施中,戰場態勢的變化、上級意圖的變化、核心任務的變化、友鄰部隊的變化等,使得這種傳統的協同方式難以達到預期效果,往往成為影響戰爭進程和勝負的限制因素。

其實,每個指揮人員、每支參戰力量,內心中對作戰任務都有一個美好願景,都可能構想有實現美好願景的行動方案,如果能將這些願景統一起來,自發地融入到整體行動中,那麼協同將不再是限制的瓶頸,願景驅動的理念應運而生。願景,是所嚮往的前景,是人們主動為之奮鬥希望達到的圖景,是一種意願的強烈表達,包括了未來目標、使命及核心價值。願景驅動下的行為,不再是規則、規定來約束的遵從行為,不再是以義務、權利來約定的投入行為,更多的是自發與自覺的奉獻行為,這是一種境界,不僅只是投入,而是心中覺得必須為願景的實現負完全責任。這種主觀能動的作用是難以想像的,最新研究成果表明,腦力勞動之所以會有疲勞感,是因為主觀上對所從事的腦力工作產生了厭煩,一旦恢復和保持主觀能動,腦力勞動將會長期保持高效狀態,這不僅是創新的動力來源,更是願景驅動的動力來源。

願景驅動的產生是以認知能力為基礎的,是受智慧技術水準決定的。針對戰爭這個社會特性明顯的複雜巨系統而言,智慧科技支撐下的共同認知使願景驅動成為可能。每支參戰力量圍繞著指揮明確的核心任務與基本要求,展開各自作戰行動的構設,釐清與其他力量的相互關係,明確能夠支援配合或需要支援配合的具體清單,從而形成個體行動方案。指揮者匯集各參戰力量的個體行動方案,綜合分析比較,審查能否完成核心任務,盡可能地保留個體願景中合理的內容,形成彈性的群體願景實施方案,給各參戰力量留有較大的自主完成作戰任務的空間。作戰中所有的指揮人員、作戰力量在個體願景的驅動下,充分發揮個體的積極性、主動性,創造性地發揮個性化特點和作用;在共同願景的驅動下,主動積極地協調配合其他力量行動,從而共同完成作戰任務。

基於群體認知的群聚釋能製勝

智慧集群作戰是目前比較熱門的一個方向,其實集群不是一個新的概念,這個靈感源自於自然界,集群行為是一種生物的集體行為,生物界中的昆蟲、鳥類、魚類等都會出現集群行為,特別是這種集群行為能夠抵禦體形數倍於己的敵人,獲得更加多源的食物,更是讓人們瞠目。人們難以探究這些生物頭腦與神經的活動規律,難以直接掌握集群行為的根本原因,但從其表現規律不斷挖掘出集群行動的組織原則和運作方式,借助人工智能技術與現代網絡技術,使之能夠運用到人類社會生活中,運用到軍事領域中,並成為智慧時代戰爭的勝利之道。

基於群體認知的集群釋能製勝,是指將一定數量的低成本、小型化、無人化作戰平台集成為一個統一的作戰集群,透過定向精準釋能,以達成共同的作戰目標。它是量變引起質變的哲學道理的全面體現,而群體認知是產生質變的根本動因。失去群體認知,集群只能是數量上的變化,難以產生作戰效果的實質變化。集群釋能之所以能夠制勝,在於它具有以量取勝的多維飽和攻擊能力、分佈式的探測與攻擊能力、高抗毀性和連續打擊能力,以及體系精準集約釋能能力,從而形成了顛覆性的致勝優勢。

集群作戰是以群體認知為基礎的,要求在快速的行動中,每一個個體應準確全面地認知自己在群體中的地位作用、位置狀態,並為所在群體或子群體提供認知能力;群體或次群體應準確且全面地認知自己內部成員的狀態,準確且全面地認知自身的狀態,並為所在群體提供認知能力。智慧時代的群體認知,讓作戰能夠模擬群聚生物的協作行為與資訊互動方式,展現出去中心化、自主化、集群復原、功能放大的集群特徵,以自主化和智能化的整體協同方式釋放作戰效能、完成作戰任務。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝

智慧時代的戰爭,智慧無人系統將充斥著整個智慧化作戰戰場,人在戰場上的身影將越來越少,智慧無人作戰系統成為智慧化戰場的生力軍,它有著人類無法企及的能力,更強的戰場適應力、更強的武器操控能力、更強的反應速度、更強的持續作戰能力、更強的自我保護能力、更強的自我再生能力,而且沒有人類面對戰場激烈對抗所形成的心理承受壓力、血腥場景的生理反應、多愁善感的人類情感、厭戰怯戰的恐懼心理,這些都預示著未來的對抗戰場將是智慧無人作戰系統的舞台。從而,在人類整體主導下,能動地、創造性地認知戰場,使智慧無人作戰系統自由充分發揮優長與效能,成為獲取戰爭勝利的重要方法。

基於能動認知的無人自主制勝,就是要充分發揮智慧無人作戰系統在認知領域的能動作用。機器與人有著不同的思考方式、不同的行為特點,就像阿爾法零能夠開闢圍棋新紀元一樣,機器往往能夠開創人類難以探及的新空間。因此智慧時代的戰爭,在人類整體主導下,必須充分地為智慧無人作戰系統提供施展才能的廣闊天地,充分發揮其能動能力、創造能力,快速地吸取、聚焦能動認知帶來的巨大能量。

智慧無人作戰系統展現的是自我。人類的支配、機器的被動,將難以發揮智慧無人作戰系統的綜合優勢,必須在自主理念的驅動下打破智慧無人作戰系統的束縛。只要守住基本底線,讓機器在戰場上自由地搏殺,才能展現出智慧無人作戰系統精準、快速的作戰效能,才能使其在戰爭中充分發揮、自主發揮,真正全方面地釋放出智能無人作戰系統的巨大能量。

中國軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2020-03/19/content_256988.htm

Chinese Military Strategy Unleash Cognitive Power to Gain Victory

中國軍事戰略釋放認知力贏得勝利

現代英語:

In intelligent warfare, cognitive space is the key combat space, cognitive advantage is an important strategic advantage, and cognitive confrontation is the main form of confrontation. It can be said that “there is no war without cognition”. Cognition contains huge combat effectiveness, among which the perception system is the portal, the thinking mode is the core, and the psychological factor is the cornerstone. Improving perception efficiency, building intelligent thinking, stimulating psychological advantages, and maximizing the cognitive combat effectiveness of officers and soldiers will greatly help win intelligent warfare.

Perception effectiveness is linked to combat effectiveness

Information processing theory holds that cognition is not spontaneously generated by the brain, but requires external information input. The complex battlefield information is screened by the perception system and then processed by the brain to generate intelligence for recognizing the opponent and judging the situation. In this process, perception effectiveness is the key, which directly affects the battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness. Samsonov, an expert on the history of World War II, said: “When the battle of Stalingrad was the most intense, a soldier could not survive on the battlefield for more than 9 minutes, and an officer could survive for 3 days.” Even though they are both soldiers, there is a big gap between the battlefield survival time of recruits and veterans. The difference in battlefield survival rate reflects the gap in perception effectiveness.

The battlefield situation is a ruthless examiner, the deadly artillery fire is a life-and-death test, and the perception efficiency is a sharp weapon for taking the test. The same test question is input into the sensory system of new recruits and veterans, and the output responses are very different: new recruits hear rumbling noises and panic, and self-rescue is still a problem, not to mention the ability to fight; veterans can hear the distance of the shells from the sound of the artillery, and can quickly hide and act decisively in the time difference between the sound of the artillery and the falling of the shells. On the battlefield where life and death are at the forefront, the perception system of combatants can only maximize their combat effectiveness if it responds “well” on the basis of “fast” and “accurate”. When war moves from the mechanization of “truth is only within the range of artillery” to the informatization and intelligence of “discovery is destruction”, facing the massive, multi-source, complex, heterogeneous and rapidly growing battlefield situation data, human perception speed and processing ability appear “dull and slow”. Intelligent “sensing nodes”, “perception systems” and “perception nerves” with sensors as the core have begun to appear, which will help combatants get out of the perception dilemma and achieve fast and effective perception and decision-making.

Intelligent perception of human-machine fusion provides powerful assistance to combat personnel, but also puts forward higher requirements. It is necessary to open up the “Ren Du Meridians” of empowerment and empowerment to improve the quality and efficiency of perception. Empowerment means to train officers and soldiers’ perception systems in all aspects, reduce the “unfamiliarity coefficient” of complex battlefield information, improve the “adaptability base”, and effectively promote the transformation of perception resources into perception capabilities in the game between perception stock and battlefield variables. Empowerment means to extend, expand and make up for human perception efficiency with the help of artificial intelligence technology. People are responsible for non-logical, fuzzy and irregular perception parts, such as prediction of unknown trends, feeling of incomplete information, and messy and irrelevant perception, so as to obtain “data beyond data, information behind information”; machines process logical, clear and regular perception parts, and use expert systems, knowledge graphs, brain-like computing and other intelligent perceptions to quickly extract high-value information from massive data, reduce the cognitive load of combat personnel, and achieve deep perception of battlefield situation.

Thinking is the underlying code for success

On the surface, military confrontation is a confrontation of hard power between the two sides, but at a deeper level, it is a contest of thinking power. In war, even the most advanced equipment is subject to a strong mind. Thinking, as the rational stage of the cognitive process, is the underlying code that determines victory in war.

The thinking of an army is the fuse that ignites its combat capability. Closed and backward thinking is like a fuse that gets damp and moldy. Even if there is a strong foundation of strength, it may not be able to fully burst out and release on the battlefield. In the late Qing Dynasty, China had the largest number of soldiers in the world and the strongest Beiyang Navy in Asia. The material strength to resist invasion was still vulnerable. “Backward thinking” led to the painful lesson of “backwardness will be beaten”. After World War I, Britain, France and Germany developed mechanized weapons and equipment almost simultaneously. When the German army was determined to use the “blitzkrieg” theory to guide mechanized warfare, the British and French armies adhered to the concept of positional warfare, so there was the tragedy of the German army sweeping across the battlefields of Western Europe in the early days of World War II. One in China and one outside, one far and one near, all reveal a truth: every era has its own war form and a matching thinking mode. Whoever occupies the commanding heights of thinking can seize the opportunity to win. In order to take the initiative in future intelligent warfare, we must boldly change our thinking and always focus on the horizon where the mast has just emerged.

Good thinking: Look up at the stars and build a military technology thinking system. Engels said that when the wave of technological revolution is surging around, we need to update and braver minds. In the face of the increasingly approaching intelligent war, if we cannot get rid of the path dependence and cognitive inertia of mechanized thinking in time, we will be like Poland during World War II. Facing the “armored torrent” of the German army, we were reluctant to give up the “world’s largest” cavalry. Not only were we defeated on the battlefield, but we will also be eliminated by the times. To adapt to intelligent warfare, we should keep a close eye on the leading and cutting-edge directions of military science and technology development, break the barriers of thinking, step out of the cognitive “comfort zone”, focus on building a military technology thinking system, and enhance the sensitivity, cognition, and understanding of forward-looking, strategic, and disruptive technologies and new tactics that may be hatched from them.

Good use: Be down-to-earth and promote the implementation of military technology thinking. Advanced technology should be in the hands of good users. On the basis of renewing the old and embracing the new in thinking mode, we should accelerate the innovation of scientific and technological knowledge and the improvement of scientific and technological literacy, continue to promote the application of main combat equipment technology, improve the coupling and control degree between people and intelligent weapons, explore the potential of equipment and the “optimal solution” of technology, and “secondary empowerment” for the release of weapon technology value.

Changeability: Seek change and innovation, and foresee the future in the activation of thinking. Douhet, the father of “air supremacy”, said that victory only smiles on those who can foresee the changes in the characteristics of war, not on those who wait for changes to happen before adapting. Military revolution is like a 100-meter hurdle race. When the starting gun sounds, whoever stops before the solidified thinking will lose the race. War will not remain unchanged, and thinking cannot be done once and for all. Only by taking the future as the orientation, accelerating the activation of thinking with a spirit of daily innovation and a diligent attitude, can the road to future victory be illuminated by the light of foresight.

The focus of the competition is psychological balance

Intelligent warfare is not only a “core war” but also a “psychological war”. During the Iraq War, the US military deployed more than 200 psychologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to participate in psychological warfare. They targeted the psychological weaknesses, blind spots and sensitive points of the Iraqi army, and used the pervasive information “ammunition” and ubiquitous network “transmitters” to complete the “bloodless” psychological manipulation in silence. To adapt to the “heart” characteristics of intelligent warfare, there must be an overall design of “strong equipment” and “strong heart” to build together, and the construction of steel platforms and psychological platforms to support each other, as well as local efforts to break through single points, increase the use of “smart +” technology in the cultivation of fighting spirit, psychological assessment, and psychological training, improve the contribution rate of information and intelligent technology, and constantly sharpen the psychological advantages of participants.

“Use soft to overcome hard” and strengthen the cultivation of fighting spirit. Engels said that guns will not move by themselves, and they need brave hearts and strong hands to use them. Psychological checks and balances are wars without gunpowder smoke, and the essence is still the contest of material forces supported by spiritual power. To win this war, more steel and more spirit are needed. We should actively try to use intelligent technology to strengthen psychological advantages, use technology to boost morale, and use morale to multiply capabilities. Improve cognitive emotions, enhance will quality, and comprehensively improve soft killing capabilities.

“Test people” and strengthen psychological assessment. The practice of assessing and selecting soldiers has existed since ancient times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the athletic ability of young recruits was tested to see whether they could wear armor and carry out military activities. Those who could were called “victorious clothes” and those who could not were called “unvictorious clothes”. In modern wars, psychological confrontation is surging. We should actively play the role of psychological assessment, scientifically carry out stress psychological adjustment, and reduce the occurrence of combat stress reactions. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, such as face recognition and emotional analysis big data, facial expressions, sight directions, and eye contact times are captured and recorded to identify the internal psychological state and behavioral characteristics of officers and soldiers. Based on the assessment results, psychological adjustment should be made throughout the whole process, at all times, and in all dimensions. Psychological prevention should be done before the war, and officers and soldiers with substandard mental health should be found early, and “emotional impurities” and “psychological blockages” should be eliminated in time; psychological regulation should be done well during the war to ensure that the psychological state of the participants is maintained at the best level of combat, reduce wartime stress reactions, and improve battlefield survival rate and combat effectiveness; psychological recovery should be done well after the war to assist officers and soldiers in achieving a smooth transition between wartime and peacetime psychological states.

“Training to strengthen the heart” means strengthening psychological training. Clausewitz pointed out that the bravery of soldiers is different from the bravery of ordinary people. The bravery of ordinary people is a natural quality, while the bravery of soldiers can be cultivated through exercise and training. Winning intelligent wars urgently requires the empowerment of psychological training. We should establish the concept of psychological training to produce combat effectiveness, make full use of artificial intelligence means such as computer vision, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality technology to build a high-stress environment for the virtual battlefield, carry out immersive relaxation training, battlefield psychological adaptability, psychological endurance, and psychological stability training. Through these trainings, we help the combatants to effectively enhance their psychological resilience and stimulate their psychological potential by experiencing the battlefield environment in advance again and again, and prevent the occurrence of psychological damage in war.

(Author’s unit: Air Force Engineering University)

國語中文:

在智慧化戰爭中,認知空間是重點作戰空間,認知優勢是重要戰略優勢,認知對抗是主要對抗形式,可謂「無認知不戰爭」。認知中蘊含著巨大戰鬥力,其中感知系統是門戶,思考模式是核心,心理因素是基石。提升感知效能、建構智慧思維、激發心理優勢,最大限度釋放官兵認知戰力,對打贏智能化戰爭大有裨益。

感知效能連著作戰效能

資訊加工理論認為,認知不是大腦自發性產生的,需要外在資訊輸入。紛雜的戰場資訊經感知系統篩選,再由大腦加工產生用於認知對手、判斷情勢的情報。在這個過程中,感知效能是關鍵,它直接影響戰場存活率和作戰效能的發揮。二戰史專家薩姆索諾夫說:「史達林格勒戰役戰鬥最激烈的時候,一名士兵在戰場上存活時間不超過9分鐘,軍官是3天。」同樣是士兵,新兵與老兵的戰場存活時間也有較大距離。戰場存活率的差異,折射出感知效能的差距。

戰場態勢是無情考官,致命砲火是生死考題,感知效能是應考利器。同一道測驗輸入新兵和老兵的感覺系統,輸出的反應雲泥之別:新兵聽到的是隆隆巨響和驚慌恐懼,自救尚成問題,更別提作戰之力;老兵則能從砲聲中聽出砲彈落點的遠近,能在砲聲和砲彈落下的時間差裡迅速隱蔽,果斷行動。生死一線的戰場,作戰人員的感知系統只有在「快」「準」的基礎上做出「好」的反應,才能最大限度地發揮作戰效能。當戰爭從「真理只在大砲射程之內」的機械化步入「發現即摧毀」的資訊化智能化,面對海量、多源、複雜、異構且快速增長的戰場態勢數據,人類的感知速度和處理能力顯得「愚鈍遲緩」。以感測器為核心的智慧「感觸節點」「感知系統」「感知神經」開始出現,有助於作戰人員走出感知困境,實現快速有效地感知、決策。

人機融合智能感知為作戰人員提供了強大輔助,同時也提出了更高要求,需要打通增能與賦能的“任督二脈”,為感知效能增質提效。增能,就是要全方位訓練官兵的感知系統,降低對戰場複雜信息的“陌生係數”,提升“適應底數”,在感知存量與戰場變量博弈中,有效促進感知資源向感知能力轉化。賦能,就是藉力人工智慧技術延伸、拓展、彌補人的感知效能。人負責非邏輯、模糊、無規可循的感知部分,例如不明趨勢的預測、殘缺訊息的感覺、雜亂無關的知覺,以便獲得「數據之外的數據,訊息背後的訊息」;機器處理有邏輯、清晰、有規可循的感知部分,利用專家系統、知識圖譜、類腦運算等智慧感知,從大量資料中快速擷取高價值訊息,減輕作戰人員認知負荷,實現戰場態勢深度感知。

思考是製勝底層密碼

軍事對抗表面上看來是雙方硬實力的對抗,深層看則是思維力的較量。戰爭中,再先進的裝備也要受制於強大的頭腦,思維作為認識過程的理性階段,是決定戰爭制勝的底層密碼。

一支軍隊的思維是點燃作戰能力的引線。思維封閉落後,如同引線受潮發黴,就算有強大的實力基礎,也未必能在戰場上充分迸發釋放。晚清中國,兵員數量世界之最,北洋水師亞洲最強,空有抵禦入侵的物質力量仍不堪一擊,「思維落後」引發「落後就要挨打」的慘痛教訓。一戰後,英、法、德三國幾乎同步發展機械化武器裝備。當德軍決心以「閃電戰」理論指導機械化戰爭時,英法兩軍卻固守陣地戰理念,於是就有了二戰初期德軍橫掃西歐戰場的悲劇。一中一外,一遠一近,無不揭示一個道理:每個時代都有自己的戰爭形態和與之相匹配的思維模式,誰佔據思維制高點,誰就能搶佔制勝先機。要想在未來智慧化戰爭中佔據主動,必須大膽變革思維,始終把目光聚焦在桅杆剛冒出的地平線。

善思:仰望星空,建構軍事技術思維體系。恩格斯說,當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候,我們需要更新更勇敢的頭腦。面對日益走近的智能化戰爭,如果不能及時擺脫機械化思維的路徑依賴和認知慣性,就會像二戰時期的波蘭一樣,面對德軍的「裝甲洪流」捨不得放棄「世界上規模最大」的騎兵,不僅敗在戰場,也終將被時代淘汰。適應智慧化戰爭,就應緊盯軍事科技發展的主導和前沿方向,打破思維藩籬,走出認知“舒適區”,聚向發力構建軍事技術思維體系,增強對前瞻性、戰略性、顛覆性技術以及由此可能孵化出的新戰法的敏銳度、認知力、理解力。

善用:腳踏實地,推動軍事技術思維落地。要讓先進技術掌握在善用者手上,在思維模式吐故納新的基礎上,加快科技知識推陳出新和科技素養破舊立新,持續推進主戰裝備技術應用,提高人與智能化武器的耦合度、駕馭度,探索裝備潛能和技術“最優解”,為武器技術價值的釋放“二次賦能”。

善變:求變求新,在思考活化中預見未來。 「制空權」之父杜黑說,勝利只向那些能預見戰爭特性變化的人微笑,而不是向那些等待變化發生才去適應的人微笑。軍事革命就像百公尺跨欄,發令槍一響,誰在固化的思維前停留,誰就會輸掉比賽。戰爭不會一成不變,思維不能一勞永逸,只有以未來為導向,以日新精神、精進態度加速思維活化,未來制勝之路才能被前瞻之光照亮。

較量重點在於心理制衡

智能化戰爭是「芯戰」更是「心戰」。伊拉克戰爭中,美軍抽調200多位心理學家、心理醫師和精神科專家參加心理戰。他們錨定伊軍心理弱點、心理盲點、心理敏感點,利用無孔不入的信息“彈藥”以及無處不在的網絡“發射器”,在無聲無息中完成“兵不血刃”的心理操控。適應智慧化戰爭「心」特點,既要有「強力」和「強心」齊抓共建、鋼鐵平台和心理平台建設互為支撐的全局設計,也要有單點突破的局部發力,加大「智慧+」技術在戰鬥精神培養、心理評測、心理訓練中的運用,提升資訊、智慧科技的貢獻率,不斷砥礪參戰人員的心理優勢。

“以軟硬”,加強戰鬥精神培育。恩格斯說,槍自己是不會動的,需要有勇敢的心和強而有力的手來使用它們。心理制衡是沒有硝煙的戰爭,本質仍是精神力量支撐下的物質力量的較量。打贏這場戰爭,鋼多氣更要多。應積極嘗試借助智慧化技術強化心理優勢,用技術提振士氣,用士氣倍增能力。改善認知情緒、增強意志特質,全面提升軟殺傷能力。

“以測識人”,加強心理測評。測評選拔士兵的做法古已有之。春秋時期測查前來徵兵青年的運動能力,就是看能否穿著甲胄進行軍事活動,能者稱“勝衣”,不能者稱“不勝衣”。現代戰爭心理對抗闇潮湧動,應積極發揮心理測評作用,科學進行壓力心理調適,減少戰鬥壓力反應的發生。借助人工智慧技術,諸如人臉辨識、情緒分析大數據等,捕捉記錄臉部表情、視線方向、眼神對視訊次,鑑別官兵內在心理狀態和行為特徵。依據評估結果,做好全程全時全維度的心理調適。戰前做好心理預防,早發現心理健康不達標的官兵,及時排除「情緒雜質」和「心理淤堵」;戰中做好心理調控,確保參戰人員的心理狀態維持在最佳應戰水平,降低戰時壓力反應,提高戰場生存率與戰鬥力的發揮;戰後做好心理恢復,協助官兵實現戰時與平時心理狀態的平穩轉換。

“以訓強心”,加強心理訓練。克勞塞維茨指出,軍人的勇敢不同於一般人的勇敢,一般人的勇敢是一種天賦的特質,而軍人的勇敢可以透過運動和訓練培養出來。打贏智能化戰爭迫切需要心理訓練的賦能,應建立心理訓練出戰鬥力的理念,充分運用電腦視覺、人機互動、虛擬實境技術等人工智慧手段建構虛擬戰場高壓力環境,開展沉浸式放鬆訓練,戰場心理適應性、心理承受力、心理穩定訓練等。透過這些訓練,幫助參戰人員在一次次提前感受戰場環境中有效增強心理彈性、激發心理潛能,並預防戰爭心理損傷的發生。

(作者單位:空軍工程大學)

中國軍事資源:https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2021-08/31/content_297988.htm

Understanding Chinese Military Information Support Force

了解中國軍事資訊保障部隊

現代英語翻譯:

On April 19, 2024, the founding ceremony of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Information Support Force was grandly held in the Beijing Bayi Building. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. What kind of force is the information support force? What is the structure and layout of the new military service? What tasks does it perform? In response to these issues, the editor has compiled some official information, let’s study together.

What kind of force is the Information Support Force? The adjustment and establishment of the information support force is a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall cause of strengthening the military . It is a strategic measure to build a new type of military structure and layout and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It has important and far-reaching significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and effectively fulfilling the mission and tasks of the people’s army in the new era.The information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is the key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems . It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars.

What is the structural layout of the new military services?After this reform, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has generally formed a new military structure layout, including the army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services under the leadership and command of the Central Military Commission , as well as military aerospace forces, cyberspace forces, information support forces, and joint logistics support forces .

The main responsibilities of the four independent arms

Military aerospace forces: responsible for space strategic support missions, improving our military’s space situational awareness, space target monitoring and space information transmission capabilities.

Cyberspace Forces: Responsible for cyberspace strategic support tasks, improving our military’s cyberspace situational awareness, cyber attack defense and cyberspace combat capabilities.

Information support forces: Coordinate the construction and use of network information systems to improve our military’s ability to obtain, transmit, process and utilize information. Enhance situational awareness, command and control, and coordinated combat capabilities, so that our military has informationized combat advantages. Strengthen information protection, ensure information security, and improve our military’s ability to resist network attacks.

Joint Logistics Support Force: Responsible for logistics support tasks, improving our military’s logistics support capabilities and wartime logistics support capabilities. Strengthen capabilities in material supply, medical rescue, engineering support, etc. to ensure that our military can win the battle.

What are the significance and requirements of building a modern information support force?In his speech, Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is a key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems. It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. The following picture will help you understand the role and requirements of modern information support forces.

現代國語:

中國軍事資源:https//www.81it.com/2024/0520/14988.html

Chinese Military’s Dissipative warfare: a Typical Form of Intelligent Warfare

中國軍隊的耗散戰:智慧戰爭的典型形式

英文翻譯:

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical form of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to the combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power by integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal enrichment and integration and external mutation emergence. Strengthening the research on dissipative warfare will help us to deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical, information and cognitive domains in the intelligent era. It is embodied in the highly unified forms of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity and emergence of the intelligent warfare system.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the intelligent era, technologies such as broadband networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and nations are becoming more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, the time and space of war are constantly extending, and war and peace are inseparable and intertwined. The war system will further transcend local regional restrictions, from relative closure to greater openness, forming a higher level and larger range of confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of the intelligent warfare system in the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain, and highly unifies the forms of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict, and diplomatic checks and balances and incorporates them into the category of enemy-us confrontation, adapting to the requirements of the times for the development of the world security situation.

This is in line with the objective law of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in one of the forms of material consumption, energy dissipation and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the form of war was mainly manifested as a cold weapon war dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the industrial era, the form of war was mainly manifested as thermonuclear weapons and mechanized war dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly manifested as an information war dominated by information elements and centered on the network security system. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between the enemy and us. In essence, it highly unifies the three elements of matter, energy and information. Through empowering, gathering and releasing energy with intelligence, an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms has been formed. The main form of expression is the dissipative war that reflects the confrontation of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

It has a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. The social form is the mother of the war form. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must base ourselves on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of the war form and the social form in which intelligent warfare is located, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that constitute the world. Matter embodies the existence of the origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The three progressively and alternately dominate the evolution and operation of social and war forms. According to the principle of negation of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be matter again after matter, energy and information. However, this material is a new type of material formed after a spiral rise after high informatization, and its main feature is that it has intelligent technology attributes. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristics and advantages of matter, energy and information in the previous low-level war form, and highly unifies the forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion that are prevalent in war, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inherent meaning of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the subjects and scope of war, and presents many new characteristics.

Comprehensive game of confrontation. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, the interconnection and influence of political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more extensive, and the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system. The confrontation of war stakeholders will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances. The war advantage pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, and transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to gain initiative and advantage in the comprehensive game in multiple fields.

The subjects are cross-domain and diversified. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming more and more generalized, and the potential forces of war that need to be mobilized in traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the subjects of war. Diversified war subjects will cross the real domain and the virtual domain, appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and psychology, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering multiple social domains such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and pass it on to war stakeholders, resulting in the spread of key information about the war, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Forces are integrated and enriched. Virtual forces are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real forces and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; unmanned forces are integrated. After going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and manual supervision, unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy, and can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and effectively coordinate and coexist in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multiple forces are integrated. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the forces of the party, government, military, police, and civilians will closely coordinate military operations with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles, and unify their actions to form comprehensive combat power. In short, under the integrated planning of the country or political group, although the multiple participating forces of intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated excellence around the common purpose of war.

Effectiveness accumulates and emerges. While the high-level war form has new technical characteristics, it still includes the characteristic advantages of the low-level war form. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy, and the diffusion and integration of data, knowledge, algorithms, etc. at the information level, which has an unlimited impact on people’s thinking cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare shows a decrease in bloodiness, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the effectiveness accumulation reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Fighting a Dissipative War by Choosing the Right Combat Focus

The intelligent warfare system achieves maximum system combat effectiveness through internal enrichment and integration, external mutation, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation, which is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the operational focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and find the focus of war preparation.

Focus on the openness of the system and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, so that it lacks material, energy and information sources, and gradually moves towards an isolated, closed and weak state. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system’s entropy to increase. At the campaign level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force its war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, the opponent’s war system is destroyed in different domains. The more connections and the closer the degree of connection between the elements of the intelligent war system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. By using the principle of relative independence of each layer in a complex system, we can formulate strategic overall, local and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based destruction of the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the economic blockade is adopted to greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the campaign level, the vulnerability of the combat system communication network is utilized, and the network-electric composite attack is used as the basic path and means. The methods of “destroying the end, attacking the element, isolating the group, disconnecting the network, and breaking the cloud” are adopted to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure and cause the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on system emergence and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s war system. Only when the intelligent war system has mutation and emergence effects can it quickly form and exert system effectiveness and gain dissipative warfare advantages. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It can be foreseen that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex war systems, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. The party with the advantage in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dismantling the enemy’s war system.

現代國語:

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用,智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態,而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰,是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究,有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理,贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。


耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果


耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗,體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一,反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。
適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代,寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展,各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下,非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織,智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展,戰爭時間與空間不斷外延,戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體,戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制,從相對封閉走向更開放,形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力,把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇,適應了世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。
符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在,只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前,由於技術的製約,一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態,戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代,戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智慧化時代,智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來,實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一,透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能,形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態,主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。
具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體,探索和認識智能化戰爭,必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理,綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態,構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度看,物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素,物質體現本源的存在,能量體現運動的存在,訊息則體現聯繫的存在,三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運行。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理,在資訊時代之後的智慧時代,主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質,只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質,其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此,從本質上講,耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來,將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來,反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。
深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義
耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界,適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢,呈現出許多新特性。
對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展,政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性,戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移,戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈,追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求,從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散,力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。
主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化,傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域,出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域,涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等,涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方,造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散,進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。
力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的,一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化,在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動;有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後,實現高度的自主性,並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合,在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生;多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的,黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動,形成綜合戰力。總之,在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下,智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散,但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的,實現邏輯集中、即時富聚,優勢互補、一體聚優。
效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時,仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗,這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗,也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放,更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合,對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下,智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降,但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮,效能累積達到某一程度,戰爭體係就會增加負熵,進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現,從而獲得戰爭優勢。
在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰
智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合,對外突變湧現,跨域增效、以智耗散,達成體係作戰效能最大化,這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢,必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心,針對對手體系短板弱點,找準戰爭準備的發力點。
著眼體系開放性,封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流,使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道,逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面,採取政治孤立的方式,使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態,造成體系熵增。在戰役層面,可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法,綜合採用軟硬手段,迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化,進而降低對方體系效能。
著眼體系複雜性,分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密,體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理,可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略,實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面,採用經濟封鎖的方式,大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面,利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性,以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段,採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式,破擊對方作戰系統結構,促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。
著眼體系湧現性,拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應,才能快速形成發揮體系效能,獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用,不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見,當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術,將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式,以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段,戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式,降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度,達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

中文原創資訊科技來源:https//www.81it.com/2023/0509/14288.html

Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army – Cognitive and Cyber Warfare Capabilities

中國人民解放軍資訊保障部隊認知與網路戰能力

現代英語:

On April 19, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the information support force and delivered a speech. This is Xi Jinping’s speech.

On April 19, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the information support force and delivered a speech. This is the flag awarded by General Xi Jinping to Bi Yi, commander of the Information Support Force, and Li Wei, political commissar.

It is necessary to implement the thought of strengthening the army in the new era and the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the principle of building the army through politics, strengthening the army through reform, strengthening the army through science and technology, strengthening the army through talents, and running the army in accordance with the law. We must focus on preparing for war and follow the strategic requirements of system integration and global support. , forge ahead with determination, work hard, and strive to build a powerful modern information support force

  ■The adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic move to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and Effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance

  ■The information support force is a newly created strategic force and a key support for coordinating the construction and application of network information systems. It plays an important role and has great responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. We must resolutely obey the party’s command, fully implement the fundamental principles and systems of the party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively strengthen party building in the military, strengthen ideals and beliefs, strictly enforce discipline and rules, promote good styles, and ensure the absolute loyalty, purity, and reliability of the military. It is necessary to effectively support operations, adhere to information-led and joint victory, smooth information links, integrate information resources, strengthen information protection, deeply integrate into the military’s joint operations system, accurately and efficiently implement information support, and serve to support military struggles in all directions and fields. It is necessary to accelerate innovation and development, adhere to the fundamental traction of combat needs, strengthen system planning, promote joint construction and sharing, strengthen scientific and technological innovation, build a network information system that meets the requirements of modern warfare and has the characteristics of our military, and promote the accelerated improvement of the system’s combat capabilities with high quality. It is necessary to consolidate the foundation of the army, implement the requirements for comprehensive and strict military management, strictly manage education, maintain formal order, stimulate motivation and vitality, comprehensively forge excellent grassroots, ensure a high degree of unity, security and stability of the army, strive to create a new situation in army building, and resolutely complete the tasks assigned by the party and the people. various tasks

  Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, April 19 (Reporter Mei Changwei) The founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing on the 19th. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. On behalf of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, he extended warm congratulations to all officers and soldiers of the Information Support Force. He emphasized that it is necessary to implement the thought of strengthening the military in the new era, implement the military strategic principles of the new era, adhere to the principle of building the army through politics, strengthening the army through reform, strengthening the army through science and technology, strengthening the army through talents, and running the army in accordance with the law. Strategic requirements, forge ahead, work hard, and strive to build a powerful modern information support force.

  At 4 o’clock in the afternoon, the inaugural meeting began, and the entire audience sang the national anthem. The guard of honor guarded the military flag and walked forward to the rostrum. Xi Jinping awarded the general flag to Bi Yi, commander of the Information Support Force, and Li Wei, political commissar. The main leaders of the information support force saluted Xi Jinping, took the military flag from Xi Jinping, and stood in awe with the flag. All officers and soldiers solemnly saluted the military flag.

  After the flag-presenting ceremony, Xi Jinping delivered a speech. He pointed out that the adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic measure to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating national defense and military affairs. Modernizing and effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance.

  Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic force and a key support for coordinating the construction and application of network information systems. It plays an important role and has great responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our army and winning modern wars. We must resolutely obey the party’s command, fully implement the fundamental principles and systems of the party’s absolute leadership over the military, comprehensively strengthen party building in the military, strengthen ideals and beliefs, strictly enforce discipline and rules, promote good styles, and ensure the absolute loyalty, purity, and reliability of the military. It is necessary to effectively support operations, adhere to information-led and joint victory, smooth information links, integrate information resources, strengthen information protection, deeply integrate into the military’s joint operations system, accurately and efficiently implement information support, and serve to support military struggles in all directions and fields. It is necessary to accelerate innovation and development, adhere to the fundamental traction of combat needs, strengthen system planning, promote joint construction and sharing, strengthen scientific and technological innovation, build a network information system that meets the requirements of modern warfare and has the characteristics of our military, and promote the accelerated improvement of the system’s combat capabilities with high quality. It is necessary to consolidate the foundation of the army, implement the requirements for comprehensive and strict military management, strictly educate and manage, maintain formal order, stimulate motivation and vitality, comprehensively forge excellent grassroots, ensure a high degree of unity, security and stability of the army, strive to create a new situation in army building, and resolutely complete the tasks assigned by the party and the people. various tasks.

  Li Wei spoke on behalf of the Information Support Force, saying that we must resolutely implement Chairman Xi’s important instructions, resolutely obey the commands of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, focus on preparing for war, faithfully perform our duties, and never let down the trust of the Party and the people.

  The conference ended with majestic military songs. Afterwards, Xi Jinping met with members of the leadership team of the Information Support Force and took photos with them.

  At the founding meeting, Zhang Youxia, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, read out the Central Military Commission’s order on the establishment of the information support force, the order on the appointment of members of the leadership team of the information support force, and the composition notice of the Party Committee Standing Committee issued by Xi Jinping. Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee , Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission He Weidong presided over the meeting.

  Central Military Commission members Liu Zhenli, Miao Hua and Zhang Shengmin attended the conference. Relevant responsible comrades from all ministries and commissions of the Central Military Commission, all agencies directly under the Central Military Commission, all war zones, all services and arms, all units directly under the Central Military Commission, and the Armed Police Force, as well as representatives of officers and soldiers of all services and arms and the Armed Police Force, as well as representatives of civilian personnel, attended the conference.

  According to the decision of the Central Military Commission, the newly formed information support force will be directly commanded by the Central Military Commission. At the same time, the designation of the strategic support force will be revoked, and the leadership and management relationships of the military aerospace force and cyberspace force will be adjusted accordingly.

國語中文:

4月19日,中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平授予資訊支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。這是習近平致訓詞。
新華社記者 李 剛攝
4月19日,中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平授予資訊支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。這是習近平將軍旗授予資訊支援部隊司令員畢毅、政治委員李偉。
新華社記者 李 剛攝

■要貫徹新時代強軍思想,貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針,堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍,聚焦備戰打仗,依照體系融合、全域支撐的戰略要求,銳意進取,札實工作,努力建立一支強大的現代化資訊支援部隊

■調整組建資訊支援部隊,是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策,是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措,對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義

■資訊支援部隊是全新打造的戰略性兵種,是統籌網絡資訊體系建設運用的關鍵支撐,在推動我軍高質量發展和打贏現代戰爭中地位重要、責任重大。要堅決聽黨指揮,全面貫徹黨對軍隊絕對領導的根本原則和製度,全面加強部隊黨的建設,堅定理想信念,嚴肅紀律規矩,弘揚優良作風,確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠。要強力支撐作戰,堅持資訊主導、聯合製勝,暢通資訊鏈路,融合資訊資源,加強資訊防護,深度融入全軍聯合作戰體系,精準高效實施資訊支援,服務保障各方向各領域軍事鬥爭。要加速創新發展,堅持作戰需求根本牽引,加強體系統籌,推進共建共享,強化科技創新,建設符合現代戰爭要求、具有我軍特色的網絡信息體系,高質量推動體係作戰能力加速提升。要夯實部隊基礎,落實全面從嚴治軍要求,嚴格教育管理,保持正規秩序,激發動力活力,全面鍛造過硬基層,確保部隊高度集中統一和安全穩定,奮力開創部隊建設新局面,堅決完成黨和人民賦予的各項任務

新華社北京4月19日電 (記者梅常偉)中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會19日在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平向資訊支援部隊授予軍旗並致訓詞,代表黨中央和中央軍委向資訊支援部隊全體官兵致以熱烈祝賀。他強調,要貫徹新時代強軍思想,貫徹新時代軍事戰略方針,堅持政治建軍、改革強軍、科技強軍、人才強軍、依法治軍,聚焦備戰打仗,依照體系融合、全域支撐的戰略要求,銳意進取,札實工作,努力建立一支強大的現代化資訊支援部隊。

下午4時,成立大會開始,全場高唱國歌。儀仗禮兵護衛著軍旗,正步行進到主席台前。習近平將軍旗授予資訊支援部隊司令員畢毅、政治委員李偉。資訊支援部隊主要領導向習近平敬禮,從習近平手中接過軍旗,持旗肅立。全體官兵向軍旗莊嚴敬禮。

授旗儀式後,習近平致訓詞。他指出,調整組建資訊支援部隊,是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策,是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措,對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義。

習近平強調,資訊支援部隊是全新打造的戰略性兵種,是統籌網絡資訊體系建設運用的關鍵支撐,在推動我軍高質量發展和打贏現代戰爭中地位重要、責任重大。要堅決聽黨指揮,全面貫徹黨對軍隊絕對領導的根本原則和製度,全面加強部隊黨的建設,堅定理想信念,嚴肅紀律規矩,弘揚優良作風,確保部隊絕對忠誠、絕對純潔、絕對可靠。要強力支撐作戰,堅持資訊主導、聯合製勝,暢通資訊鏈路,融合資訊資源,加強資訊防護,深度融入全軍聯合作戰體系,精準高效實施資訊支援,服務保障各方向各領域軍事鬥爭。要加速創新發展,堅持作戰需求根本牽引,加強體系統籌,推進共建共享,強化科技創新,建設符合現代戰爭要求、具有我軍特色的網絡信息體系,高質量推動體係作戰能力加速提升。要夯實部隊基礎,落實全面從嚴治軍要求,嚴格教育管理,保持正規秩序,激發動力活力,全面鍛造過硬基層,確保部隊高度集中統一和安全穩定,奮力開創部隊建設新局面,堅決完成黨和人民賦予的各項任務。

李偉代表資訊支援部隊發言,表示要堅決貫徹習主席重要指示,堅決聽從黨中央、中央軍委和習主席指揮,聚力備戰打仗,忠誠履職盡責,決不辜負黨和人民重托。

大會在雄壯的軍歌聲中結束。之後,習近平接見了資訊支援部隊領導班子成員,並與大家合照。

成立大會上,中共中央政治局委員、中央軍委副主席張又俠宣讀了習近平簽發的中央軍委關於組建信息支援部隊的命令、信息支援部隊領導班子成員任職命令和黨委常委會組成通知,中共中央政治局委員、中央軍委副主席何衛東主持大會。

中央軍委會委員劉振立、苗華、張升民出席大會。軍委機關各部會、軍委各直屬機構、各戰區、各軍兵種、軍委各直屬單位、武警部隊有關負責同志,各軍兵種及武警部隊官兵代表、文職人員代表等參加大會。

根據中央軍委決定,新組建的資訊支援部隊由中央軍委直接領導指揮,同時撤銷戰略支援部隊番號,相應調整軍事航天部隊、網絡空間部隊領導管理關系。

中國共產黨原文來源:http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2024/0420/c64094-40219888.html

Chinese Military Research of System-based Superior Warfare:How to fight system-based warfare in informationized warfare using Nine Typical Combat Styles

中國軍事基於系統的優勢戰爭研究:
資訊化戰爭中如何打好體系戰“九種典型戰法”

現代英語翻譯:

System-based superior warfare is a system-based warfare in information warfare. It is not limited to a specific combat style, but a “combination punch” or a group of combat styles composed of multiple combat styles and tactics . It emphasizes that according to the changes in combat missions, combat opponents and battlefield situations, as long as it is conducive to forming relative advantages and achieving system victory, any appropriate combat means and styles can be flexibly used to form combat advantages. In the specific implementation of system-based superior warfare, these specific combat styles and operational tactics can be organized and implemented separately as part of joint full-domain operations, and more emphasis is placed on playing a “combination punch”, taking multiple measures simultaneously, and winning as a whole. In order to better understand its core connotation, this article lists nine typical combat styles, including overall deterrence warfare, electromagnetic interference warfare, network attack warfare, cognitive control and interference warfare, and analyzes them .

       Systematic Aggregation Warfare – Flexible Use of Multiple Combat Styles “Combination Punch”


       The main content and keywords of this article
1. Overall deterrence warfare: Emphasis on multi-domain joint deterrence; Three major elements should be possessed to implement overall deterrence warfare ; Strong overall strength is the core of achieving effective deterrence
2. Electromagnetic interference warfare : The key to competing for information advantage; In terms of combined means and methods, information empowerment is achieved through “connection + sharing” ; Effective tactics to crack unmanned cluster warfare
       3. Network attack warfare: Mainly soft killing, combining soft and hard, focusing on breaking the network and reducing energy
       4. Cognitive control and interference warfare: Control situational awareness and cognitive rights, compete for information advantages; control command and decision-making rights, compete for decision-making advantages; control “brain” rights, and seize brain control advantages
       5. Agile mobile warfare: High-efficiency and rapid decision-making; high Efficiency forms a favorable combat situation; high efficiency and instant aggregation of combat forces; agile mobile warfare is an innovative development of traditional mobile warfare
       6. Swarm autonomous warfare: conducive to forming system advantages to suppress the enemy; conducive to enhancing combat effectiveness; conducive to trapping the enemy in combat difficulties
       7. Precision point killing warfare: achieving high cost-effectiveness in combat; hitting key node targets is an important option; large-scale system support is a basic condition; inseparable from accurate intelligence support
       8. Supply chain disruption warfare: the supply guarantee chain has a huge impact on the overall combat situation; the focus of attack is the key node of the enemy’s supply guarantee chain; the focus is on choosing the right time to use tactics
       9. System destruction and paralysis warfare: the combat goal is to cause the enemy’s combat system to run out of order; heavy punches hit the key nodes of the combat system; soft strikes on the enemy’s combat system

The combat concept is first proposed as a new combat style. Innovative combat style is the core content of combat concept development. It can be said that system aggregation and optimization warfare is a general term for a series of specific tactics. The following nine typical combat styles constitute the combat method system of system aggregation and optimization warfare. They are: 

First, overall deterrence warfare, actively organizing static power demonstrations and deterrence actions in the system-based superiority warfare, striving to win the battle without fighting or with a small battle; 

Second, electromagnetic interference warfare, using a variety of combat means and action styles such as electronic reconnaissance, attack and defense to disrupt, prevent and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic capabilities, actively compete for electromagnetic spectrum advantages, seize information control, and thus win the initiative in combat; 

Third, network attack warfare, using a variety of means such as soft strikes and hard destruction to break the enemy’s command network, intelligence network, communication network, and logistics supply network, and disrupt the enemy’s command and support; 

Fourth, cognitive control and interference warfare. Through information attacks, public opinion attacks, and brain attacks, control advantages are formed in cognitive space; 

Fifth, agile mobile warfare. Rapidly adjust the deployment of troops and weapons, quickly gather capabilities on the battlefield, and seize combat opportunities; 

Sixth, swarm autonomous warfare. Widely use unmanned combat means such as “swarms”, “wolf packs”, and “fish schools” to autonomously organize actions and distributed attacks to achieve human-machine joint victory; 

seventh, precision point killing warfare. Accurately obtain intelligence, implement multi-domain precision strikes, strive to hit one point to shake the overall situation, and maximize combat effectiveness; 

Eighth, supply chain disruption warfare. Organize elite forces to attack the enemy’s logistics and equipment supply chain, supply lines and supply bases, and destroy the enemy’s loss of supply and withdrawal from the battle; 

Ninth, system destruction and paralysis warfare. Comprehensively adopt a variety of means such as breaking the network, training, and hitting nodes to interfere with, delay, destroy or even paralyze the effective operation of the enemy’s combat system and weaken the function of the enemy’s combat system.


       1. Overall deterrence warfare
       Overall deterrence warfare refers to actively organizing static power demonstrations and deterrence actions in system-based superior warfare, striving to defeat the enemy without fighting or fighting a small battle. Sun Tzu said: “To defeat the enemy without fighting is the best of the best.” Deterrence and war are the two main forms of military activities. Deterrence is mainly to show determination and will to potential opponents by showing strength or threatening to use strong strength to deter the opponent’s actions. It can be said that overall deterrence warfare in system-based superior warfare is an important means or method of achieving “stopping” the enemy’s troops without fighting. Clausewitz emphasized that the first rule of strategy is to be as strong as possible, first of all, strong in general, and then strong in key parts. Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems. The overall deterrence war under the informationized local war requires not only the traditional deterrence means and capabilities of land, sea, air and space, but also new deterrence means and capabilities such as space deterrence, electromagnetic deterrence, and network deterrence, and more importantly, the overall deterrence that demonstrates the overall strength of the country. In particular, with the rapid development of advanced technologies such as information technology, the scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution, and military revolution are accelerating their integration, and the coupling relationship between strategic competitiveness, social productivity, and military combat effectiveness is closer. Winning the informationized war is more of a contest of national will and national overall strength. If we want to contain war, we must first deter our opponents from the perspective of overall strength.
       1.1 Emphasize multi-domain joint deterrence
       Deterrence means usually include nuclear deterrence and conventional deterrence. In the system-based superiority war, the overall deterrence war is implemented, aiming to comprehensively use the conventional deterrence means of the land, sea, air, space, and power grid in the whole domain to achieve the purpose of deterrence. Especially with the application of information network technology and space and directed energy technology in the military, space, network, and electromagnetic weapons have become new deterrent means .It mainly uses rapid response electromagnetic orbital weapons, space-ground networked anti-navigation and positioning service systems, large elliptical orbit laser weapons, high-power microwave weapons and other equipment to threaten and attack the opponent’s space targets, forming a “interference and blocking” deterrence against the enemy’s space information. Cyber ​​deterrence mainly uses cyberspace situational awareness and attack equipment to threaten and attack the opponent’s military network and other key information infrastructure to achieve deterrence against the enemy. Electromagnetic deterrence mainly uses electromagnetic spectrum combat systems to threaten and attack enemy detection, navigation, communication and other informationized weapon equipment systems to achieve deafening and blinding deterrence against the enemy. 1.2 Three elements should be possessed to implement overall deterrence warfare.

To implement overall deterrence warfare and achieve the expected deterrence effect, three elements must usually be possessed: one is strength. The deterrent party must have reliable capabilities or strength that make the opponent feel daunted and fearful; the second is determination and will. The deterrent party must dare to use this capability when necessary; the third is clear information transmission. The deterrent party must accurately and effectively let the other party know its action capabilities and determination.


       Historically, the criteria for judging deterrence strength have changed in three aspects: first, active military strength; second, comprehensive national strength or war potential; and third, the total number of main combat weapons and equipment. For a long period of history, the number of troops was deterrence, and the strength of military strength was directly determined by non-material factors such as the size of the active army, the number of important weapons and equipment, and the morale of the army’s training organization. After the 20th century, with the expansion of the scale of war, deterrence strength is no longer limited to the number of troops and important weapons and equipment, but is determined by the country’s war potential, including economic strength, scientific and technological strength, energy resources, and even population size. 

The overall deterrence war in the system-based superiority war, the formation of its deterrence strength is mainly based on the network information system and the joint full-domain deterrence capability formed under the integration of the system.


       1.3 Strong overall strength is the core of achieving effective deterrence
       The development of information technology and its extensive penetration and application in the military field have provided favorable conditions for building overall strength and achieving overall deterrence. System-based superior warfare is supported by a network information system and fully utilizes the penetration and connectivity of information technology. It not only integrates various combat forces, combat elements, and combat units into an organic whole to achieve a military system combat advantage, but also connects and integrates various fields related to war and national mobilization, such as national politics, economy, diplomacy, finance, transportation, energy, etc., into the national war mobilization system, gathers forces and resources from all aspects to form an overall synergy, realizes the emergence effect of system capabilities, and displays the overall strength advantage as a whole, forming a powerful invisible deterrent of unity and common hatred of the enemy, and shaping a situation in which the enemy “has the power but cannot act” and “can act but has no effect”, playing a role in containing and winning the war.
       In the overall deterrence war, the scope of national war mobilization will be wider, not limited to a certain direction or region, but throughout the country and even the relevant regions of the world; the mobilization time will be faster, and the mobilization and action information can be quickly transmitted to everyone and every node at the first time by using the network and information system; the action coordination and collaboration will be more consistent, and the forces distributed in various regions can act in a unified manner almost at the same time based on the same situation and the same order, greatly improving the efficiency of action coordination; the resource utilization will be more sufficient, and various war resources based on the network can quickly realize the transition from peace to war and from military to civilian, and realize the integrated and precise guarantee of the front and rear.
       2. Electromagnetic interference warfare
       Electromagnetic interference warfare refers to the flexible use of various combat means and action styles such as electronic reconnaissance, attack and defense to disrupt, prevent and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic capabilities, actively compete for the advantage of the electromagnetic spectrum, seize the right to control information, and then win the initiative in combat.
       2.1 The key to competing for information advantage Informatization local wars are highly dependent on the electromagnetic spectrum, and the control and counter-control of electromagnetic space have become the focus of competing for the right to control information. Organizing and implementing electromagnetic interference warfare is mainly to destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic spectrum and protect one’s own side from destruction. The electromagnetic spectrum is the main carrier for transmitting information. Using electromagnetic means to disrupt and destroy the enemy’s electromagnetic spectrum will effectively reduce the enemy’s information warfare capability, and enable the friendly side to ensure the rapid and effective flow of information in the scenario of having information control, and drive the command flow, action flow, material flow, and energy flow through the information flow, thereby gaining the leading power and initiative in combat.
       2.2 The basic focus is to disable and invalidate the enemy’s combat system. The implementation of electromagnetic interference warfare in the system-based superiority war is mainly aimed at the enemy’s dependence on electromagnetic space. At the same time, in order to ensure the effective use of electromagnetic space by the friendly side, various electronic reconnaissance, interference, attack, defense and support forces are organized to interfere with and attack the enemy’s communication network, radar network, computer network and command center, communication hub, radar station, computer network node, global navigation positioning system, space-ground integrated Internet and other space link systems, and other various frequency-using weapons and equipment, block and destroy their communication and data transmission, and destroy the “connection” and “sharing” structural center of gravity of the enemy’s combat system, so as to provide support for seizing information control and electromagnetic control from the root, thereby weakening the enemy’s command and control capabilities and disabling and invalidating the enemy’s entire combat system.
       2.3 Effective tactics to crack unmanned swarm warfare
     Unmanned autonomous swarm warfare such as “bee swarm”, “wolf pack” and “fish pack” is an important feature of information-based local wars with intelligent characteristics. Various unmanned autonomous swarms are huge in number, diverse in type and complex in characteristics, and each individual can complement each other and play a role in substitution. It will be very difficult to intercept and damage the entire unmanned swarm. However, from a technical perspective, in order to achieve effective coordination in unmanned combat swarms, each individual must share and interact with each other. Once the communication coordination between unmanned swarms is interfered with, it will be impossible to share battlefield situation and information, and it will be difficult to coordinate actions with each other, and it will be difficult to play its due combat effectiveness. This provides an opportunity for the other party to intercept communications and conduct electromagnetic interference. Therefore, the implementation of electromagnetic spectrum warfare, interference and attack on the information and communication network of unmanned swarms, and destruction of their information sharing and interaction will make it impossible for each individual in the unmanned swarm to achieve effective coordination, thereby losing combat capability.
       3. Network attack warfare
       Network attack warfare refers to the comprehensive use of network and computer technologies and other effective means to conduct military confrontation actions around the control of information and information networks. It is a major combat style for cyberspace operations and the struggle for network control. Its main combat operations include both soft kill and hard destruction, with soft as the main and a combination of soft and hard. Among them, soft kill is mainly network attack, that is, the comprehensive use of blocking attacks, virus attacks and other means to block and attack the enemy’s information network, command system, weapon platform, etc., making it difficult for the enemy’s network, command information system, etc. to operate effectively or even paralyzed; hard destruction mainly uses precision fire strikes, high-energy microwaves, electromagnetic pulses and anti-radiation attacks to paralyze the enemy’s information network physical facilities and destroy the enemy’s combat and weapon equipment entities. The
       focus is on breaking the network and reducing the power. Organizing a network attack war in the system concentration war is to target the weaknesses of the opponent’s military information network, take advantage of the system, organize various network attack forces, and continuously implement soft kill and hard destruction operations on the enemy’s combat command network, reconnaissance intelligence network, communication network and even logistics supply network throughout the combat process, destroy the enemy’s network system, and make the overall function of the enemy’s combat system decline or even become disabled. Mainly against the enemy’s basic information network, intelligence network, command network, support network and other core targets, implement a series of combat operations such as network and electronic coordinated attack, deception and confusion, link blocking, takeover and control, so as to disable the enemy’s intelligent combat network system and achieve a key victory in paralyzing the enemy system.
      4. Cognitive control and interference warfare:

Cognitive control and interference warfare refers to the use of information attack, public opinion attack, and brain attack in the system optimization war to interfere, destroy or control the enemy’s thinking and cognition, so that the enemy cannot make correct judgments and decisions, thereby forming a control advantage over the enemy in the cognitive space.
      Cognitive domain,That is, the human thinking space and consciousness space are areas that have a key impact on combat decisions and judgments. The development of information technology, especially artificial intelligence technology, and its widespread application in the military field have expanded the competition of war from physical space and information space to cognitive space, making cognitive space a new combat domain. With the development of information and intelligent technology and their extensive and in-depth application in the military field, human-machine intelligence tends to merge, making the position of cognition in intelligent warfare more prominent, and the cognitive field has gradually become an important battlefield. Controlling cognitive rights has become a key factor in future battlefield control rights. Fighting for cognitive control rights has become an important combat style for winning in informationized local wars with intelligent characteristics.
       4.1 Controlling situational awareness cognitive rights and fighting for information advantage
       In the system-based superiority battle, information flow drives material flow and energy flow, and information advantage determines decision-making advantage. Rapid and accurate cognition of intelligence information and battlefield situation has an important impact on seizing command and decision-making advantages. Therefore, in order to organize and implement the system-based optimization war, we must make full use of intelligent technology and big data technology to conduct comprehensive analysis and judgment on massive intelligence information data, mine and extract the required intelligence information, and achieve more accurate and faster cognition of the battlefield situation and combat environment, and ensure that we discover and recognize the enemy first from the source. While eliminating the “fog of war” of our own side, we must also create “fog” for the opponent. Therefore, in order to compete for the right of cognition, we must not only grasp and process information before the enemy, but also take measures such as network public opinion attacks and highly realistic virtual reality to actively create and spread false information, destroy and disrupt the enemy’s perception and cognition of the battlefield situation, maximize the creation of chaos, increase uncertainty, interfere with the opponent’s combat decision-making, and delay its combat operations.
       4.2 Control the command decision-making power and compete for decision-
       making advantages. Decision-making advantages determine action advantages. The commander’s quick decision-making is the key to shortening the “command cycle” and achieving rapid victory. In the organization of the system-based optimization war, the success or failure of combat operations depends to a large extent on the commander’s decision-making speed. We should make use of intelligent decision-making assistance systems to select the best combat plan, scientifically and rationally allocate combat resources, and maximize combat effectiveness; use ubiquitous intelligent networks to access the required combat nodes and combat platforms at any time, build an integrated combat system, realize the decentralized deployment of forces, information, and capabilities, and cross-domain linkage, form advantages at the location and time required for combat, gather energy, and win by gathering advantages; implement “core attack war” to make the enemy’s command and decision-making errors or deviations by invading the opponent’s “chips”, tampering with their programs and command and decision-making system algorithms, etc.
       4.3 Control “brain” power and seize brain control advantage
       The cognitive control and disturbance war in the system of gathering advantages emphasizes “attacking the mind and winning the will”, that is, using network warfare, electromagnetic warfare and other methods to implement cognitive control warfare of “attacking the mind, controlling the brain and winning the will” on the enemy’s human brain and consciousness cognition and the control system of unmanned autonomous platforms, replacing “destruction” with “control”, and achieving the purpose of stopping the war and winning the war at the lowest cost. Different from traditional strategic deterrence, attacking the mind and controlling the brain is more focused on active attack. It is an active attack action, mainly using advanced information warfare technology, brain control technology, etc., to control the enemy’s decision-making leaders, as well as intelligent unmanned autonomous combat platforms, auxiliary decision-making systems, etc., to implement “brain” attacks, directly control and disrupt the opponent’s “brain”, influence and control the enemy’s decision-making, or disable it, and achieve invisible control of the enemy’s combat operations. For example, targeting human cognitive thinking, using brain reading and brain control technology, using mind guidance and control means, directly “inject” and “invade” attacks on the enemy’s brain, interfere with, control or destroy the enemy’s commander’s cognitive system, deeply control them from the consciousness, thinking and psychology, seize the “intelligence control power”, disrupt the enemy’s decision-making, break the enemy’s morale, and force the enemy to surrender.
      5. Agile mobile warfare
      Agile mobile warfare refers to high-efficiency decision-making, high-efficiency adjustment of troop and weapon deployment, and high-efficiency and immediate aggregation of combat forces in system-based superior warfare, high-efficiency aggregation of capabilities on the established battlefield, and seizing combat opportunities. Agility is the ability to respond quickly and promptly to changes in the battlefield environment, and has characteristics such as responsiveness, robustness, flexibility, elasticity, innovation and adaptability.

Table 1 Concept of Agile Operations
      5.1 Efficient and rapid decision-making
      To implement agile mobile warfare, we must first make efficient and rapid decisions to gain the initiative in combat. Therefore, we must comprehensively use various reconnaissance, detection, perception and surveillance means to obtain battlefield situation and target information in a timely manner, especially the characteristic information, activity trajectory and real-time location information of time-sensitive targets, to ensure accurate intelligence support for rapid decision-making. Efficient decision-making is also reflected in the speed of intelligence processing. We must use less time to identify effective intelligence information, formulate action plans at a faster speed according to changes in the situation, take the initiative one step faster than the enemy, and seize the initiative. Efficient decision-making focuses on shortening the decision-making cycle. We must take the target time window as the center point, coordinate decision-making and command with combat units and weapon platforms, respond quickly, and link as a whole to improve combat efficiency.
      5.2 Efficiently form a favorable combat situation .
      We must keep abreast of changes in the battlefield situation at any time, rely on information network support, and achieve dynamic reorganization and integration of combat forces through cross-domain, cross-dimensional, and diversified three-dimensional maneuvers, and achieve efficient flow and aggregation of combat resources across the entire domain, so as to achieve mobile aggregation and form a favorable battlefield situation. Agile mobile warfare relies on data fusion processing, intelligent decision-making assistance and other means to quickly form combat plans, quickly deploy combat forces at a high frequency according to the plan, organize troops to quickly form favorable combat deployments, and achieve the first enemy discovery, first enemy decision-making, first enemy firing, and first enemy assessment, so as to change the balance of power in the shortest time and at the fastest speed, form combat advantages, and improve the efficiency of combat operations.
      5.3 High-efficiency and instant aggregation of combat forces
      The key to organizing agile mobile warfare is to select combat forces within a limited time, coordinate the entire battle situation, form an overall force, and ensure a fatal blow. Therefore, in response to changes in the battlefield situation, especially the target situation, a joint mobile combat system formed by multi-domain combat forces should be formed, combat forces should be aggregated in real time, and quickly deployed to a favorable battlefield to carry out immediate strikes on the enemy. In view of the deep space and deep sea becoming new combat spaces, intelligent unmanned autonomous combat platforms can be organized to quickly and flexibly deploy to key targets or important channels that are difficult for humans to reach due to physiological limitations, and wait for ambush operations to form a new cross-domain balance of power advantage.
      5.4 Agile mobile warfare is an innovative development of traditional mobile warfare.
      In the history of wars in ancient and modern times, there are many successful examples of relying on rapid and concealed maneuvers to achieve combat objectives. However, the combat process of local informationized wars has been greatly compressed, the combat rhythm has been accelerated, and the opportunity for war is fleeting, which puts higher requirements on rapid maneuvering to capture the opportunity. It is difficult to meet the requirements of joint operations and full-domain operations under informationized conditions by relying solely on “fast pace and high speed”, so agile maneuvers must be implemented.
       6. Unmanned cluster autonomous warfare
       Unmanned cluster autonomous warfare refers to the extensive use of unmanned combat means such as “bee swarms”, “wolf packs” and “fish schools” in system-based superior warfare, autonomously organizing actions and distributed attacks to achieve joint victory between man and machine. As unmanned autonomous equipment has become the main combat force on the battlefield, defeating the enemy with unmanned autonomous equipment clusters and numerical advantages has become an important combat style in informationized warfare.
       6.1 It is conducive to forming a system advantage to suppress the enemy.
       Autonomous warfare of unmanned clusters gives full play to the special advantages of unmanned combat weapons such as all-weather, unlimited, difficult to defend, and low consumption, and builds large-scale unmanned combat clusters or formations such as unmanned “bee swarms”, “wolf packs”, and “fish swarms”. They organize themselves autonomously and cooperate with each other. They can carry out close-range, full-coverage reconnaissance, or act as bait to implement interference and deception, or cooperate with main combat weapons to carry out distributed coordinated attacks, and achieve overall mobility and joint control of the enemy.
       6.2 It is conducive to enhancing combat effectiveness
       . In the autonomous combat of unmanned clusters, different combat units in the unmanned cluster formation are responsible for different functions and tasks. Some are responsible for reconnaissance, some are responsible for electromagnetic interference and firepower strikes, and some play the role of “bait”. The cluster transmits and shares battlefield information through the inter-cluster network, performs its duties according to the division of labor, and coordinates in real time, autonomously, and dynamically according to battlefield changes. It not only gives full play to the advantages of quantity and scale, but also uses information networks and intelligent integration technologies to achieve integration effects, and consumes the enemy’s defense detection, tracking and interception capabilities with the advantages of clusters, so that the enemy’s defense system is quickly saturated and paralyzed.
       6.3 It is conducive to trapping the enemy in a difficult situation in combat.
       Unmanned cluster autonomous warfare is a mixed formation of a large number of autonomous unmanned combat platforms with different functions, forming an unmanned combat cluster that integrates reconnaissance and detection, electronic interference, network attack, and firepower strike. It will carry out multi-directional, multi-wave, and continuous attacks on the same target or target group, making it difficult for the enemy to make an effective counterattack.
       7. Precision point killing war
       Precision point killing war refers to the precise acquisition of intelligence in the system-based superiority war, the implementation of multi-domain precision strikes, and the effort to hit one point to shake the overall situation and maximize combat effectiveness. Informationized local war is an overall confrontation between systems. Implementing precision point killing war, carrying out precision strikes on important nodes and key links of the enemy’s combat system, destroying the enemy’s combat system, and reducing the enemy’s combat capability will achieve twice the result with half the effort.
      7.1 Achieving high cost-effectiveness in combat
      Achieving maximum combat effectiveness at the lowest cost is the goal pursued by both sides in combat. With the widespread application of information technology in the military field and the advent of informationized warfare, precision-guided weapons, intelligent kinetic weapons, reconnaissance and strike integrated drones, and laser weapons are widely equipped with troops; through the use of big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, it has become possible to accurately calculate the required troops and weapons. All these provide material and technical conditions for achieving precision point-killing warfare, achieving combat objectives at a relatively low cost, and realizing high efficiency and cost-effectiveness in combat.
       7.2 Hitting key node targets is an important option
       . Precision point-killing warfare focuses on hitting key points and nodes. If you don’t hit, you’ll lose. If you hit, you’ll hurt and win. Hitting one point will break the enemy’s system and shake the overall situation. The targets of the strike are not limited to the enemy’s dispersed ships and aircraft, but should also be targeted at enemy command centers, important hubs, and even local, dynamic, time-sensitive targets or independent targets such as major generals and commanders, in order to achieve deterrence and shock and destroy the enemy’s system. In response to the distributed tactics of decomposing the functions of expensive large equipment into a large number of small platforms and implementing dispersed deployment of troops, using precision strike firepower to “point-kill” them will also be an effective countermeasure.
       7.3 Large-scale system support is a basic condition
       . The implementation of precision point-killing warfare cannot be separated from large-scale system support. Focusing on achieving combat objectives, the required forces and weapons are drawn from the dispersed combat domains. Under the support of the network information system, the precision strike system is dynamically integrated to achieve overall linkage and system energy gathering. Through reasonable and sufficient firepower, the target is attacked, and precise use of troops and precise energy are achieved. To implement precision point killing warfare, it is necessary to be precise. All links in the entire combat system must be closely connected, and there must not be any mistakes. The operation of the US military to kill Bin Laden in 2011 can be said to be a typical strategic precision point killing operation supported by the strategic system.
       7.4 Inseparable from accurate intelligence support
       In precision point killing warfare, accurate intelligence support is always the key to achieving combat objectives. Therefore, before the war, various means should be used to collect various intelligence data and information of the enemy, especially to make accurate analysis and judgment of the enemy’s targets. During combat operations, various sensors and intelligence reconnaissance means should be used to accurately grasp the changes in enemy targets and dynamic target situations in a timely manner, so as to provide strong and effective intelligence support for the implementation of precision point killing warfare. The US military’s targeted elimination of Soleimani is a typical precision point killing war supported by an efficient intelligence system.
       8. Supply Chain Disruption War
       Supply chain-breaking warfare refers to organizing elite forces in the system-based superiority war to attack the enemy’s supply chain, supply lines and supply bases for logistical materials and equipment, so that the enemy will lose supply and withdraw from the battle. Aiming at the enemy’s weaknesses such as long logistic supply lines and large equipment support, elite forces are organized to build a “chain-breaking warfare” combat system to carry out continuous, precise and devastating strikes on the enemy’s supply chain, supply lines and supply bases for logistical materials and equipment, which will make it difficult for them to continue due to loss of supply and have to withdraw from the battle.
       8.1 The supply support chain has a huge impact on the overall combat situation
       . Logistics equipment support is an important foundation for combat. The continuous supply of logistical materials and weapons and equipment ultimately determines the size of an army’s combat force, whether it can fight, in what season to fight, where to fight, how far it can leave the rear base, how long it can fight, how fast it can maneuver, etc. In information warfare, battlefield material consumption has increased exponentially. The reliance of operations on logistical equipment support has not only not decreased, but has become increasingly greater. In addition, the requirements for the degree of specialization of support have also become increasingly higher. In particular, the types and specifications of modern combat equipment are diverse, the mixed transportation volume is huge, and the deployment of troops is more dispersed, which also puts forward very high requirements for transportation capacity, making bases, communication lines and transportation more important than ever before. The stable and efficient operation of the supply support chain and the continuous and uninterrupted supply support are the key to winning the battle and have a huge impact on the overall situation of the battle.
       8.2 The focus of the attack is the key node of the enemy’s supply support chain.
       The focus of the supply chain-breaking war is to attack the key link of the enemy’s supply support chain, and to make it lose its continuous support capability by breaking the chain. Therefore, the supply chain-breaking war should mainly target the enemy’s ground railway and highway transportation lines, maritime supply fleets, military-requisitioned merchant ships and combat support ships, large and medium-sized air transport aircraft, and rear supply bases. For example, attacking the enemy’s maritime supply chain and cutting off the enemy’s fuel, ammunition, fresh water, and food supplies will make the enemy’s aircraft carrier battle group lose its ability to continue to fight, and even affect the outcome of a battle.
       8.3 Focus on choosing the right time and using tactics
       to organize and implement the supply chain disruption war. It is crucial to choose a favorable time to strike. The timing of the supply chain disruption war should be selected when the enemy’s supply is maneuvering, using covert tactics to attack the enemy by surprise, and suddenly strike the enemy’s supply vehicles, ships, and transport aircraft to terminate their supply operations. Specific tactics usually include covert ambush warfare, organizing elite forces to ambush on the routes and routes that the enemy’s transportation vehicles must pass through, waiting for an opportunity to carry out covert and sudden strikes; stealth surprise attack warfare, using submarines, stealth fighters, etc. to covertly advance and strike enemy transportation targets to win by surprise; long-range precision warfare, using long-range conventional ground-to-ground missile forces to carry out long-range precision strikes on enemy supply bases and airports, docks and other supply departure points.
       9. System Destruction and Paralysis Warfare
       System destruction and paralysis warfare refers to the use of a variety of means such as breaking the network, breaking the chain, and hitting the nodes in the system concentration and superiority war to interfere with, delay, destroy or even paralyze the effective operation of the enemy’s combat system and weaken the function of the enemy’s combat system. The essence of system destruction and paralysis warfare is to weaken the correlation and structural strength between the elements of the enemy’s combat system, so that the system function degenerates and cannot play the role of multiplying capabilities.
       9.1 The combat goal is to cause disorder in the operation of the enemy’s combat system.
       In information warfare, the combat systems of both warring parties have their own internal order, which is the key to maintaining and supporting the operation of the combat system. The party that can maintain and control the internal order of the combat system will gain an advantage, otherwise it will be at a disadvantage. Therefore, system destruction and paralysis warfare should establish the goal of disrupting the enemy’s winning mechanism and causing disorder in the enemy’s combat system. This requires that in the system destruction and paralysis war, we must make full use of the powerful enabling role of information technology, especially intelligent algorithms , to quickly adjust and reconstruct our own combat system, quickly generate and release powerful combat power, and implement agile and precise strikes on the enemy’s combat system, so that the enemy’s combat system loses its normal operating order, and the system function is destroyed in the disorder, and the overall combat capability is significantly reduced.
       9.2 Strike the key nodes of the combat system with a heavy punch
       System confrontation is a major feature of information warfare. The system is an important foundation and support for system confrontation, and it is also the key to effectively exerting combat effectiveness by integrating various combat forces, weapon platforms and weapon systems on the battlefield. Whether the system can maintain a strong and smooth operation has a decisive impact on winning wars and campaigns. In the system destruction and paralysis war, the key is to focus on the enemy’s integrated combat system of land, sea, air, space and power grids, break the network, break the chain, and hit the nodes. By hitting the key node targets, the operation mechanism of the enemy’s combat system is disordered, or even severely damaged or destroyed. Therefore, the basic direction of system destruction and paralysis warfare is to select key units, key nodes, and key elements of the enemy’s combat system to carry out strikes, hit them at one point, destroy them in a piece, and paralyze them as a whole, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy.
       9.3 Implementing soft strikes on the enemy’s combat system
       When organizing and implementing the hard destruction of system destruction warfare, soft kill operations such as electronic warfare, network warfare, psychological warfare, and public opinion warfare are organized simultaneously to carry out soft strikes on the information domain and cognitive domain of the enemy’s combat system. Electronic warfare, using electronic warfare forces to implement strong electromagnetic interference on the enemy, causing its information to fail and fall into the fog of war; network warfare, using network offensive forces to attack the enemy’s network information system, causing serious damage to the enemy’s command and communication system and computer network, causing its command to fail and fall into an information island or even a war island; psychological warfare and public opinion warfare, using psychological warfare and public opinion warfare means to implement psychological strikes and public opinion guidance on the enemy, severely damaging its combat will and inducing cognitive confusion. Organizing livelihood warfare to strike the opponent’s major national and livelihood facilities can also play a role in “cutting off the firewood from the bottom of the pot” for the enemy’s combat system. During the Kosovo War in 1999, the US military did not attack the Yugoslav army, but instead attacked its potential target system, causing the Yugoslav military and civilians to lose their will to fight and lead to defeat. 

現代國語翻譯:

體系聚優戰是資訊化戰爭中的體係作戰,其不限定特指某一種作戰樣式,而是由多種作戰樣式和戰法組成的“組合拳”,或作戰樣式群。強調根據作戰任務、作戰對手和戰場情勢變化,只要有利於形成相對優勢、達成體系製勝,可以靈活運用任何適宜的作戰手段和样式,形成作戰優勢。在體系聚優戰具體實施過程中,這些具體作戰樣式和行動戰法既可以作為聯合全局作戰的一部分單獨組織實施,更強調打“組合拳”,多策並舉,整體制勝。
為更能理解其核心內涵,本文列舉了整體威懾戰、電磁擾阻戰、網路破擊戰、認知控擾戰等九大典型作戰樣式,並進行分析。

體系聚優戰――靈活運用多種作戰樣式的「組合拳」作者:學術plus高級觀察員 東週
本文主要內容及關鍵字
1.整體威懾戰:強調多域聯合威懾;實施整體威懾戰應具備三大要素;強大整體實力是實現有效威懾的核心
2.電磁擾阻戰:爭奪資訊優勢的關鍵;在組合手段方法上,透過「連結+共享」實現資訊賦能;破解無人集群作戰的有效戰法
3.網路破擊戰:軟殺傷為主,軟硬結合,重在破網降能失效
4.認知控擾:控制態勢感知認知權,爭奪資訊優勢;控制指揮決策權,爭奪決策優勢;控制「腦」權,奪取腦控優勢
5.敏捷機動戰:高效率快速決策;高效率形成有利作戰態勢;高效率即時聚合作戰力量;敏捷機動戰是對傳統機動作戰的創新發展
6.蜂群自主戰:有利於形成體系優勢壓制敵方;有利於增強作戰效果;有利於陷敵於作戰困境
7.精確點殺戰:實現作戰的高效費比;打關鍵節點目標是重要選項;大範圍體系支撐是基本條件;離不開精確情報保障
8.補給斷鍊戰:供應保障鏈對作戰全局影響巨大;打擊重心是斷敵供應保障鏈的關鍵節點;重在選準時機活用戰法
9.體系毀癱戰:作戰目標是使敵作戰體系運作失序;重拳打擊作戰體系的關鍵節點;對敵作戰體系實施軟打擊

僅供學習參考,歡迎交流指正!文章觀點不代表本機構立場
作戰概念首先是作為一種新的作戰樣式提出。創新作戰樣式是作戰概念開發的核心內容。可以說,體系聚優戰是一系列具體戰法的總稱。以下九大典型作戰樣式構成了體系聚優戰的戰法體系。分別為:一是整體威懾戰,在體系聚優戰中積極組織靜態威力展示與威懾行動,力爭不戰或小戰而屈人之兵;二是電磁擾阻戰,運用電子偵攻防等多種作戰手段和行動樣式,擾亂、阻止、破壞敵電磁能力的發揮,積極爭奪電磁頻譜優勢,奪取制信息權,進而贏得作戰主動;三是網絡破擊戰,運用軟打擊和硬摧毀等多種手段,破敵指揮網、情報網、通訊網、後勤補給網,亂敵指揮保障;四是認知控擾。透過資訊攻擊、輿論攻擊、腦攻擊,在認知空間形成控制優勢;五是敏捷機動戰。快速調整兵力兵器部署,在即設戰場快速聚集能力,搶奪作戰先機;六是蜂群自主戰。廣泛運用「蜂群」、「狼群」、「魚群」等無人作戰手段,自主組織行動、分散式攻擊,實現人機聯合製勝;七是精確點殺戰。精準獲取情報,實施多域精確打擊,力爭打一點撼全局,實現作戰效益最大化;八是補給斷鏈戰。組織精銳力量,打敵後勤物資裝備供應補給鏈、補給線和補給基地,破敵失去補給而退出戰鬥;九是體系毀癱戰。綜合採取破網、鍛鍊、打節點等多種手段,幹擾、遲滯、破壞甚至癱瘓敵作戰體係有效運轉,削弱敵作戰系統功能。
1.整體威懾戰
整體威懾戰是指在體系聚優戰中積極組織靜態威力展示和威懾行動,力爭不戰或小戰而屈人之兵。孫子曰:「不戰而屈人之兵,善之善者也。」威懾和戰爭是軍事活動的兩種主要形式。而威懾,主要是透過展現力量或威脅使用強大實力,向潛在對手錶明決心意志,以嚇阻對手行動的行為。可以說,體系聚優戰中的整體威懾戰是實現不戰而「止」人之兵的重要手段或戰法。克勞塞維茨強調,策略的第一條規則是盡可能強大,首先是整體的強大,然後是在關鍵部位的強大。現代戰爭是體系與體系的對抗。資訊化局部戰爭下的整體威懾戰,不僅要有陸海空天傳統威懾手段和能力,也需要太空威懾、電磁威懾、網路威懾等新型威懾手段和能力,更需要有顯示國家整體實力的整體威懾。特別是隨著資訊科技等先進科技的快速發展,科技革命、產業革命、軍事革命加速融合,戰略競爭力、社會生產力和軍隊戰鬥力耦合關聯更加緊密,打贏資訊化戰爭更大程度上是國家意志和國家整體實力的較量。若要遏止戰爭,首先要從整體實力上對對手形成嚇阻。
1.1 強調多域聯合威懾
威懾手段通常包括核威懾和常規威懾。在體系聚優戰中,實施整體威懾戰,旨在綜合運用陸海空天電網全域常規威懾手段,以達成威懾目的。特別是隨著資訊網路技術及太空、定向能技術在軍事上的應用,太空、網路、電磁武器等成為新型威懾手段。太空威懾,主要以快速響應電磁軌道武器、天地網路化反導航定位服務系統、大橢圓軌道雷射武器、高功率微波武器等裝備,威脅攻擊對手空間目標,形成對敵空間資訊「幹擾阻斷」威懾。網路威懾,主要是以網路空間態勢感知和攻擊裝備,威脅攻擊對手軍事網路及其它關鍵資訊基礎設施,實現對敵威懾。電磁威懾,主要以電磁頻譜作戰系統,威脅攻擊敵探測、導航、通訊等資訊化武器裝備系統,實現對敵致聾致盲威懾。 1.2 實施整體嚇阻戰應具備三大要素
實施整體威懾戰並達成嚇阻預期效果,通常必須具備三大要素:一是實力。威嚇方必須具備令對手感到忌憚畏懼的可靠能力或力量;二是決心意志。威懾方在必要時必須敢於使用這種能力;三是明確傳遞訊息。威懾方必須將行動能力與決心準確、有效地讓對方清楚知道。
從歷史上看,判斷威懾實力的標準主要有三個面向變化:一是現役軍事力量;二是綜合國力或戰爭潛力;三是主戰武器裝備總數。在相當長一段歷史時期內,軍隊數量就是威懾,軍事實力的強弱直接取決於現役軍隊的規模、重要武器裝備的數量,以及軍隊訓練組織士氣等非物質因素。二十世紀後,隨著戰爭規模的擴大,威懾實力已不再僅限於軍隊兵力和重要武器裝備的數量,而是由國家戰爭潛力所決定,其中包括經濟實力、科技實力、能源資源,甚至人口數量,等等。體系聚優戰中的整體威懾戰,其威懾實力的形成主要基於網路資訊體系,以及在該體系融合整合下形成的聯合全局威懾能力。
1.3 強大整體實力是實現有效威懾的核心
資訊科技的發展及在軍事領域的廣泛滲透和應用,為建構整體實力、實現整體威懾提供了有利條件。體系聚優戰以網路資訊體系為支撐,充分利用資訊科技的滲透性和聯通性,不僅把各種作戰力量、作戰要素、作戰單元融合為一個有機整體,實現軍事上的體係作戰優勢,而且把國家政治、經濟、外交、金融、交通、能源等與戰爭和國家動員相關的各領域,都連結、匯入國家戰爭動員體系,凝聚各方面力量和資源形成整體合力,實現體系能力的湧現效應,從整體上顯示綜合實力優勢,形成眾志成城、同仇敵愾的強大無形威懾,塑造使敵「有力量但不能行動」「能行動但沒有效果」的態勢,起到遏制和打贏戰爭的作用。
在整體威懾戰中,國家戰爭動員的範圍將更加廣泛,不僅限於某一方向、區域,而是遍及全國各地,乃至世界相關地區;動員時間更加迅速,利用網絡和信息系統,動員和行動信息可在第一時間迅速傳達到每個人、每個節點;行動協調和協同更加一致,分佈在各域各地的各方力量可以基於同一態勢、根據同一命令幾乎在同一時間統一行動,極大提高行動協同效率;資源利用更加充分,以網路為基礎的各種戰爭資源,可快速實現平戰轉換、軍民轉換,實現前方後方一體化保障、精確保障。
2.電磁擾阻戰
電磁擾動戰,指靈活運用電子偵攻防等多種作戰手段和行動樣式,擾亂、阻止、破壞敵電磁能力的發揮,積極爭奪電磁頻譜優勢,奪取制信息權,進而贏得作戰主動。
2.1 爭奪資訊優勢的關鍵資訊化局部戰爭高度依賴電磁頻譜,對電磁空間的控制與反控製成為爭奪制資訊權的焦點。組織實施電磁阻擾戰,主要是破壞敵方電磁頻譜,保護己方不受破壞。電磁頻譜是傳輸訊息的主要載體。使用電磁手段對敵方電磁頻譜實施阻擾破壞,將有效降低敵資訊作戰能力,並使己方在擁有製資訊權的場景下,保障資訊的快速有效流動,透過資訊流驅動指揮流、行動流、物質流、能量流,進而擁有作戰的主導權、主動權。
2.2 基本著眼點是使敵作戰體系失能失效體系聚優戰中實施電磁擾阻戰,主要是針對敵方對電磁空間的依賴,同時為確保己方對電磁空間的有效利用,組織各種電子偵察、幹擾、攻擊、防禦和支援力量,對敵通信網、雷達網、電腦網和指揮中心、通信樞紐、雷達站、電腦網路節點,全球導航定位系統、天地一體互聯網等空間鏈路系統,及其他各種用頻武器裝備,實施幹擾、攻擊,阻斷、破壞其通訊聯絡與資料傳輸,破壞敵作戰體系的「連結」與「共享」結構重心,從根源為奪取制資訊權、制電磁權提供支撐,進而削弱敵指揮控制能力,使敵整個作戰體系失能、失效。
2.3 破解無人集群作戰的有效戰法
「蜂群」「狼群」「魚群」等無人自主集群作戰,是具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭的重要特徵。各種無人自主集群數量龐大、類型多樣、特徵複雜,且每個個體都可以互補位置、互相替代發揮作用,攔截毀傷整個無人集群將十分困難。但從技術角度分析,無人作戰集群為實現有效協同,每個個體之間必須進行資訊共享與互動。無人集群間通訊協同一旦受到干擾,將無法分享戰場態勢與訊息,無法相互協同行動,也就很難發揮應有作戰效能。這就給對方實施通訊攔截與電磁幹擾提供了機會。因此,實施電磁頻譜戰,對無人集群的資訊通訊網路實施幹擾、攻擊,破壞其資訊共享與交互,將使無人集群中每個個體無法實現有效協同,從而失去作戰能力。
3.網路破擊戰
網路破擊戰,指綜合運用網路和電腦等技術以及其他有效手段,圍繞著資訊、資訊網路的控制權而進行的軍事對抗行動,是網路空間作戰、爭奪制網權的主要作戰樣式。其主要作戰行動既有軟殺傷也有硬摧毀,以軟為主、軟硬結合。其中,軟殺傷主要是網路攻擊,即綜合利用阻塞攻擊、病毒攻擊等手段,對敵資訊網路、指揮系統、武器平台等進行阻滯與攻擊,使敵網路、指揮資訊系統等難以有效運作甚至癱瘓;硬摧毀主要是利用精確火力打擊、高能量微波、電磁脈衝以及反輻射攻擊等手段,癱毀敵資訊網路物理設施,摧毀敵作戰及武器裝備實體。
重在破網降能失效。在體系聚優戰中組織網路破擊戰就是針對作戰對手軍事資訊網路存在的弱點,利用體系優勢,組織各種網路攻擊力量,在作戰全過程對敵作戰指揮網、偵察情報網、通訊網乃至後勤補給網等,持續實施軟殺傷與硬摧毀行動,破壞敵之網路體系,使敵作戰體系功能整體下降甚至失能。主要對敵基礎資訊網、情報網、指揮網、保障網等核心目標,實施網電協同攻擊、欺騙迷惘、連結阻塞、接管控制等一系列作戰行動,使敵智能化作戰網路體系失能失效,達成癱敵體系的關鍵性勝利。
4.認知控擾戰
認知控擾戰,是指在體系聚優戰中透過資訊攻擊、輿論攻擊、腦攻擊,幹擾、破壞或控制敵對思維認知,使敵不能做出正確判斷、決策,從而在認知空間對敵形成控制優勢。
認知域,即人的思考空間、意識空間,是對作戰決策、判斷等具有關鍵性影響的領域。資訊科技特別是人工智慧技術的發展及在軍事領域的廣泛應用,使戰爭的較量從物理空間、資訊空間擴大到認知空間,使認知空間成為一個全新的作戰域。隨著資訊化、智慧化技術發展並在軍事領域廣泛深入應用,人機智慧趨於融合,使認知在智慧化戰爭作戰中的地位更加凸顯,認知領域逐漸成為重要的戰場。制認知權成為未來戰場控制權的關鍵要素。爭奪認知控制權成為具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭作戰制勝的重要作戰樣式。
4.1 控制態勢感知認知權,爭奪資訊優勢
體系聚優戰中,資訊流驅動物質流、能量流,資訊優勢決定決策優勢。對情報資訊與戰場態勢的快速、準確認知,對奪取指揮決策優勢有重要影響。因此,組織實施體系聚優戰,要充分利用智慧技術、大數據技術,對海量情報資訊資料進行綜合分析研判,挖掘提取所需情報訊息,實現對戰場態勢、作戰環境的更精準、更快速認知,從源頭確保先敵發現、先敵認知。在消除己方「戰爭迷霧」的同時,也要為對手製造「迷霧」。因此,爭奪認知權,不僅要先敵掌握、先敵處理訊息,還要採取網路輿論攻擊、高度虛擬現實亂真等措施,積極製造、散佈虛假訊息,破壞、擾亂敵對戰場態勢的感知、認知,盡量製造混亂、增加不確定性,幹擾對手的作戰決策,遲滯其作戰行動。
4.2 控制指揮決策權,爭奪決策優勢
決策優勢決定行動優勢。指揮者的快速決策是縮短「指揮週期」、實現快速勝利的關鍵。組織體系聚優戰,作戰行動成敗很大程度取決於指揮的決策速度。要利用智慧輔助決策系統,優選最佳作戰方案,科學合理調配作戰資源,實現作戰效能最大化;利用泛在智慧網絡,隨遇接入所需作戰節點、作戰平台,建構形成一體化作戰體系,實現力量、資訊、能力分散部署、跨域聯動,在作戰所需地點、時間形成優勢,集聚釋能、聚優制勝;實施“攻芯戰”,通過侵入對方“芯片”、篡改其程序及指揮決策系統演算法等,使敵指揮決策發生錯誤或偏差。
4.3 控制「腦」權,奪取腦控優勢
體系聚優戰中的認知控擾戰,強調“攻心奪志”,即利用網絡戰、電磁戰等方式,對敵方人腦和意識認知以及無人自主平台的控制系統實施“攻心控腦奪志」的認知控制戰,以“控制”取代“摧毀”,以最小代價實現止戰、勝戰之目的。攻心控腦與傳統的謀略威懾不同,其更強調主動攻擊,是一種主動攻擊行動,主要運用先進資訊作戰技術、控腦技術等,對敵決策首腦,以及智能化無人自主作戰平台、輔助決策系統等,實施控“腦”攻擊,直接控制、擾亂對手“大腦”,影響、控制敵決策,或使其失能,實現隱形操控敵作戰行動。如以人的認知思考為目標,利用讀腦、腦控技術,運用心智導控手段,直接對敵方人員大腦實施「注入」「侵入」式攻擊,幹擾、控製或破壞敵指揮人員認知體系,從意識、思維和心理上對其深度控制,奪取“制智權”,以亂敵決策、破敵士氣,迫敵繳械。
5.敏捷機動戰
敏捷機動戰,指在體系聚優戰中高效率決策、高效率調整兵力兵器部署和高效率即時聚合作戰力量,在既設戰場高效率聚集能力,搶奪作戰先機。敏捷是一種快速及時應對戰場環境變化的能力,具有響應性、穩健性、柔性、彈性、創新性和適應性等特徵。
表1 敏捷作戰概念內涵

5.1 高效率快速決策
實施敏捷機動戰,首先要高效率快速決策,贏得作戰先機。因此,要綜合運用各種偵察探測感知與監視手段,及時獲取戰場態勢和目標信息,特別是時敏目標的特徵信息、活動軌跡以及實時位置信息,確保為快速決策提供精準情報支持。高效率決策也體現在情報處理速度上,要用更少的時間甄別有效情報訊息,根據情況變化,以更快的速度製定行動方案,快敵一步佔據主動,奪取先機。高效率決策重在縮短決策週期,要以目標時間窗口為中心點,決策指揮與作戰單元、武器平台一體協同、快速反應、整體連動,提高作戰效率。
5.2 高效率形成有利作戰態勢
要隨時掌握戰場態勢變化,依靠資訊網支撐,透過跨域、跨維、多樣化立體機動,達成作戰力量動態重組、動中融合,作戰資源全局高效流動、動中聚集,實現機動聚優,形成有利戰場態勢。敏捷機動戰依賴資料融合處理、智慧化輔助決策等手段,快速形成作戰方案,依案高頻率快速投送作戰力量,組織部隊快速形成有利作戰部署,實現先敵發現、先敵決策、先敵開火、先敵評估,以最短時間、最快速度改變力量對比,形成作戰優勢,提升作戰行動效率。
5.3 高效率即時聚合作戰力量
組織敏捷機動戰,關鍵在於有限時間內選準作戰力量,協調整個戰局,形成整體合力,確保一擊致命。因此,要針對戰場態勢特別是目標情況變化,抽組形成由多域作戰力量形成的聯合機動作戰系統,即時聚合作戰力量,快速機動部署至有利戰場,對敵實施即時打擊。針對深空、深海等成為新的作戰空間,可組織智慧化無人自主作戰平台,快速機動部署至人類因生理所限而難以到達的重點目標或重要通道附近潛伏,待機實施伏擊作戰,形成新的跨域制衡優勢。
5.4 敏捷機動戰是對傳統機動作戰的創新發展
古今中外戰爭史上,靠著快速隱密機動達成作戰目的的成功戰例比比皆是。但資訊化局部戰爭作戰進程大幅壓縮,作戰節奏極速加快,戰機稍縱即逝,對快速機動捕捉戰機提出更高要求,僅靠「快節奏、高速度」已難以滿足資訊化條件下聯合作戰、全域作戰的要求,因而必須實施敏捷機動。
6.無人集群自主戰
無人集群自主戰,指在體系聚優戰中廣泛運用「蜂群」「狼群」「魚群」等無人作戰手段,自主組織行動、分散式攻擊,實現人機聯合製勝。隨著無人自主裝備成為戰場上的主要作戰力量,以無人自主裝備集群和數量優勢戰勝敵人,已成為資訊化戰爭中的重要作戰風格。
6.1 有利於形成體系優勢壓制敵方
無人集群自主戰充分發揮無人作戰兵器全天候、無極限、難防禦、低消耗等特殊優勢,建構組成無人「蜂群」「狼群」「魚群」等大規模無人作戰集群或編隊,自主組織、相互協同,可實施近距離、全覆蓋偵察,或充當誘餌實施幹擾、欺騙,或配合主戰兵器實施分散式協同攻擊,實現整體機動、聯合製敵。
6.2 有利於增強作戰效果
在無人群聚自主作戰中,無人群集編成內的不同作戰單元分別擔負不同功能、不同任務,既有負責偵察的,也有實施電磁幹擾、火力打擊的,還有扮演「誘餌」角色的。集群透過群間網路傳遞、共享戰場訊息,依照分工各司其職,根據戰場變化即時、自主、動態協同,既充分發揮數量規模優勢,又運用資訊網路和智慧整合技術實現整合效果,以集群優勢消耗敵防禦偵測、追蹤和攔截能力,使敵防禦體系迅速飽和、陷入癱瘓。
6.3 有利於陷敵於作戰困境
無人集群自主戰以大量不同功能的自主無人作戰平台混合編組,形成集偵察探測、電子乾擾、網路攻擊、火力打擊於一體的無人作戰集群,對同一目標或目標群實施多方向、多波次、持續不斷的攻擊,將使敵難以做出有效反擊。
7.精確點殺戰
精確點殺戰,是指在體系聚優戰中精準獲取情報,實施多域精確打擊,力爭打一點撼全局,實現作戰效益最大化。資訊化局部戰爭是體系與體系之間的整體對抗,實施精確點殺戰,對敵方作戰體系重要節點和關鍵環節實施精確打擊,破壞敵作戰體系,降維敵作戰能力,將形成事半功倍的作戰效果。
7.1 實現作戰的高效費比
以最小代價實現最大作戰效益是作戰雙方都在追求的目標。隨著資訊科技在軍事領域的廣泛應用及資訊化戰爭來臨,精確導引武器、智慧化動能武器、察打一體無人機以及雷射武器等廣泛裝備部隊;透過運用大數據、人工智慧等技術,精確計算所需兵力兵器已成為可能。這些都為實現精確點殺戰,以較小代價達成作戰目標,實現作戰高效費比,提供了物質和技術條件。
7.2 打關鍵節點目標是重要選項
精確點殺戰重在打關鍵、打節點,不打則已,打則必痛、打則必勝,打一點破敵體系、撼動全局。打擊的目標不僅限於敵分散部署的艦機等,還應針對敵指揮中心、重要樞紐,甚至主要將領、指揮等局部、動態、時敏目標或獨立目標實施打擊,追求威懾震撼和破敵體系效果。針對將昂貴的大型裝備功能分解到大量小型平台、實施兵力分散部署這一分佈式戰術,運用精確打擊火力對其進行「點殺」式打擊,也將是一個有效對策。
7.3 大範圍體系支撐是基本條件
實施精確點殺戰,離不開大範圍體系支撐。圍繞實現作戰目標,從分散部署的各作戰域抽調所需兵力兵器,在網路資訊體系支撐下,動態融合形成精確打擊體系,實現整體連動、體系聚能,透過合理夠用的火力集中對目標實施打擊,達成精確用兵、精確釋能。實施精確點殺戰要做到精確,需要整個作戰體系內各環節緊密銜接,不能有絲毫差錯。 2011年美軍擊斃賓拉登作戰行動,可以說是戰略體系支撐下的一次典型的戰略精確點殺作戰行動。
7.4 離不開精確情報保障
在精確點殺戰中,精確情報保障始終是達成作戰目標的關鍵。因此,戰前應動用各種手段蒐集敵方各種情報資料信息,特別要對敵方目標作出精準分析研判。作戰行動中,應動用各種感測器和情報偵察手段,適時精準掌握敵方目標變化及動態目標狀況,為實施精確點殺戰提供有力有效的情報保障。美軍對蘇萊曼尼的定點清除行動,就是一場典型的以高效情報體系支撐的精確點殺戰。
8.補給斷鍊戰
補給斷鏈戰,是指在體系聚優戰中組織精銳力量,打敵後勤物資和裝備供應補給鏈、補給線和補給基地,破敵失去補給而退出戰鬥。針對敵後勤補給線長、裝備保障攤子大等弱點,組織精銳力量建構「斷鍊戰」作戰體系,對敵後勤物資和裝備供應補給鏈、補給線和補給基地等,實施持續、精確、毀滅性打擊,將使其因失去補給而難以為繼,不得不退出戰鬥。
8.1 供應保障鏈對作戰全局影響巨大
後勤裝備保障是作戰的重要基礎。後勤物資和武器裝備持續不斷的供應補給,最後決定一支軍隊作戰部隊的規模、能否作戰、在什麼季節作戰、在哪裡作戰、能離開後方基地多遠、能作戰多長時間、機動的速度多快,等等。在資訊化戰爭中,戰場物資消耗呈指數級上升,作戰對後勤裝備保障的依賴程度不僅沒有減小,反而越來越大,而且保障的專業化程度要求也越來越高,特別是現代化作戰裝備器材型號規格紛繁多樣,混裝運輸體積巨大,部隊部署更加分散,對運力也提出非常高的要求,這使基地、通信線路和運輸比以往任何時候都更加重要。供應保障鏈的穩定高效運作和持續不間斷的供應保障,是作戰制勝的關鍵,對作戰全局產生巨大影響。
8.2 打擊重心是斷敵供應保障鏈的關鍵節點
補給斷鍊戰的作戰重心是打擊敵方供應保障鏈的關鍵環節,透過斷鍊使其喪失持續保障能力。因此,組織補給斷鍊戰應主要以敵方地面鐵路公路運輸線、海上補給船隊、軍事徵用的商船和戰鬥支援艦,空中大中型運輸機,以及後方補給基地等作為打擊目標。例如打擊敵方海上供應保障鏈,斷敵燃料、彈藥、淡水、食物補給,將使敵航母戰鬥群失去持續作戰能力,進而影響一場戰役的勝負。
8.3 重在選準時機活用戰法
組織實施補給斷鍊戰,選擇有利打擊時機至關重要。補給斷鍊戰的打擊時機,應選擇敵補給機動時組織實施,以出其不意攻其不備的隱蔽戰法,對敵補給車輛、艦船和運輸機實施突然打擊,終止其補給行動。具體戰法通常有隱蔽伏擊戰,組織精幹力量埋伏在敵運輸工具必經路線和航線上,伺機實施隱蔽突然打擊;隱形奇襲戰,使用潛艇、隱形戰機等隱蔽前出,對敵運輸目標實施打擊,以奇制勝;遠程精確戰,使用遠程常規地地飛彈部隊對敵補給基地和機場、碼頭等補給出發地實施遠程精確打擊。
9.體系毀癱戰
體系毀癱戰,指在體系聚優戰中,綜合採取破網、斷鍊、打節點等多種手段,幹擾、遲滯、破壞甚至癱瘓敵作戰體係有效運轉,削弱敵作戰體系功能。體系毀癱戰的本質,是透過削弱敵作戰體係要素間的關聯性與結構力,使體系功能退化,無法發揮能力倍增作用。
9.1 作戰目標是使敵作戰體系運作失序
在資訊化戰爭中,交戰雙方作戰體係都有其內在秩序,而這種秩序是維繫和支撐作戰體系運作的關鍵所在。能夠維護和駕馭作戰體系內在秩序的一方將獲得優勢,反之則處於劣勢。因此,體系毀癱戰應確立亂敵制勝機制、致敵作戰體系失序此目標。這就要求在體系毀癱戰中要充分利用資訊科技特別是智慧演算法的強大賦能作用,對己方作戰體系進行快速調整與重構,迅即生成並釋放強大的作戰威力,對敵方作戰體系實施敏捷精準打擊,使敵作戰體系失去正常的運作秩序,在失序中使體系功能遭到破壞,整體作戰能力顯著下降。
9.2 重拳打擊作戰體系的關鍵節點
體系對抗是資訊化戰爭的一個主要特徵。體係是體系對抗的重要基礎與支撐,也是戰場上各種作戰部隊、武器平台和武器系統聯為一體,有效發揮作戰效能的關鍵。體系能否保持健壯、順暢運轉,對取得戰爭和戰役勝利具有決定性影響。體系毀癱戰中,關鍵在於著眼敵方陸海空天電網整合作戰體系,破網、斷鍊、打節點,透過打關鍵節點目標,使敵方作戰體系運行機理失序,甚至遭到重創或毀癱。因此,體系毀癱戰的基本指向是選敵作戰體系的關鍵單元、關鍵節點、關鍵要素實施打擊,擊其一點、毀其一片、癱其整體,達成克敵制勝的目的。
9.3 對敵作戰體系實施軟打擊
組織實施體系破擊戰硬摧毀時,同步組織電子戰、網路戰、心理戰、輿論戰等軟殺傷作戰行動,對敵作戰體系的資訊域、認知域實施軟打擊。電子戰,使用電子戰力量對敵實施強烈電磁幹擾,使其資訊失靈,陷入戰爭迷霧之中;網路戰,使用網路進攻力量對敵網路資訊體系實施攻擊,使敵指揮通訊系統和電腦網路受到嚴重破壞,使其指揮失靈,陷入資訊孤島乃至戰爭孤島;心理戰和輿論戰,使用心理戰、輿論戰手段,對敵實施心理打擊和輿論引導,重創其作戰意志,誘導其認知錯亂。組織民生戰,打擊對手的重大國計民生設施,同樣可以對敵作戰體係起到「釜底抽薪」作用。 1999年科索沃戰爭中,美軍沒有打擊南聯盟軍隊,而是打擊其戰爭潛力目標體系,使南聯盟軍民失去戰鬥意志走向失敗.

中國軍事資訊科技原創來源:https//www.81it.com/2022/0901/13888.html

How the People’s Republic of China, By the Middle of the 21st century, will Fully Develop the People’s Liberation Army Into a World-class Army…

到21世紀中葉,中華人民共和國將如何把解放軍全面建設成為世界一流軍隊…

現代英語:

Beijing, July 2, Title: Creating a new situation in reforming and strengthening the military – a summary of the achievements in national defense and military reform since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

  On the great journey of the people’s army to reform and strengthen the army, we have ushered in another important moment that will go down in history——

  On April 19, 2024, the founding meeting of the Information Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held grandly at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. On behalf of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, he extended warm congratulations to all officers and soldiers of the Information Support Force.

  After the flag-presenting ceremony, Xi Jinping delivered a speech. He pointed out that the adjustment and formation of the information support force is a major decision made by the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall situation of strengthening the military. It is a strategic measure to build a new structure of services and arms and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It is also important for accelerating national defense and military affairs. Modernizing and effectively fulfilling the missions and tasks of the People’s Army in the new era is of great and far-reaching significance.

  According to the decision of the Central Military Commission, the newly formed information support force will be directly commanded by the Central Military Commission. At the same time, the designation of the strategic support force will be revoked, and the leadership and management relationships of the military aerospace force and cyberspace force will be adjusted accordingly.

  Reform is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese Dream and the dream of building a strong military. It is the only way to strengthen and rejuvenate the military, and it is also a key move to determine the future of the military.

  Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the People’s Army has adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military, and guided the Party’s goal of strengthening the military in the new era, comprehensively implementing the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military. , deeply break through the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that have long restricted national defense and military construction, deepen the reform of national defense and the military, and achieve historic achievements. The people’s army has a new system, a new structure, a new pattern, and a new look. Take firm steps on the road to building a strong military with Chinese characteristics.

  Reform promotes a strong military, and a strong military supports a strong country. Standing at a new historical starting point, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, the People’s Army has achieved overall revolutionary reshaping and is making strides to become a world-class force, providing strategic support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

  The commander-in-chief of strategic planning is at the helm and leads the way.

  Reform is the distinctive feature of contemporary China and the distinctive character of the Communists.

  Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and national defense and military building have also entered a new era. Faced with the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the world’s major changes unseen in a century, as well as the deep-seated contradictions and problems that have long restricted the construction of national defense and the military, President Xi assessed the situation, took charge of the overall situation, and decisively made strategic decisions to reform and strengthen the military.

  A strong country must have a strong army, and a strong army must be reformed. “Once military backwardness occurs, the impact on national security will be fatal. I often read some historical materials in modern China, and it hurts my heart to see the tragic scenes of backwardness and beatings!” President Xi pointed out with strong historical concern. , National defense and military reform is an important part of comprehensive reform and an important symbol of comprehensively deepening reform. The military must keep up with the pace of the central government and resolutely promote various military reforms in the spirit of opening roads across mountains and building bridges across rivers. Everyone must have this kind of historical responsibility.

  Only reformers advance, only innovators are strong. President Xi encouraged the entire army: “The new military revolution provides us with a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. We must seize the opportunity and work hard. We must not only catch up with the trend and the times, but also strive to be at the forefront of the times.”

  After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, our army has carried out 13 relatively major reforms. The size and structure of the army have been continuously adjusted, and they have played an important role in different historical periods. At the same time, affected by various factors, deep-seated contradictions that restrict national defense and military construction still exist to varying degrees.

  ”The reform of national defense and the military has entered a critical period and a deep-water zone. Most of the problems that need to be solved are long-term accumulated institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues. It is indeed not easy to advance.” President Xi warned the entire army, “Not reforming is a waste of time. You can’t fight and win the battle.”

  The more you think deeply, the more earnestly you act.

  In November 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was held. The Party Central Committee decided to include deepening the reform of national defense and the military into the overall plan of comprehensively deepening reforms, making it the will of the Party and the behavior of the state.

  This is the first time in the history of the plenary session that national defense and military reform were included in the plenary session’s decision as a separate part.

  Only four months later, another blockbuster news attracted widespread attention at home and abroad: President Xi decided to establish a Central Military Commission leading group for deepening national defense and military reform and served as the group leader. This is also the first time that the General Secretary of the Party personally serves as the leader of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform.

  These two extraordinary “firsts” demonstrated the firm will and determination of the core of the Party, the commander-in-chief of the army, and the people’s leaders to deepen the reform of national defense and the army. They greatly inspired and gathered all the officers and soldiers to support the reform and support the reform. Reform and the majestic force devoted to reform have become the fundamental guarantee for promoting reform.

  For a major country’s military, the question of what to change and how to change it involves issues of goals and layout, issues of stance and perspective, as well as issues of methods and paths. President Xi has put a lot of effort into the reform demonstration and design. He has chaired many meetings of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform, Central Military Commission Standing Meetings, and Central Political Bureau Standing Committee meetings. He has listened to the reform opinions and suggestions of relevant units in person on many occasions, and personally determined the reforms. Arrange major work, personally lead the research, demonstration and plan formulation work, personally organize research on major reform issues…

  Reform always pursues problems and uses problems to force reform. At each stage of reform, each plan pointed out the method and path to solve practical problems, and the solutions to each practical problem eventually converged into specific reform measures.

  Deepening the reform of national defense and the military is a comprehensive change that requires strengthening top-level planning and system design. At an important meeting of the military, President Xi emphasized the need to grasp the relevance and coupling of reform measures so that various reforms such as leadership and command systems, force structures, and policy systems can promote and complement each other to form an overall effect and achieve overall results.

  Plan the layout of the article and make a sound decision.

  Establish an expert advisory group of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform; establish an expert database for consultation and evaluation of military policy and system reform consisting of more than 200 military and civilian experts and leaders to give full play to the role of third-party independent evaluation; empower the Academy of Military Science and the National Defense University with relevant Research and demonstrate tasks and play its role as a think tank…

  Gather the wisdom of the entire military and all sectors to form the “greatest common denominator” for reform. President Xi visited institutions, joined squads, went to plateaus and islands, boarded tanks and took warships to conduct in-depth investigations and studies. The whole army and all aspects actively offer suggestions and suggestions, from outside the military to inside the military, from agencies to troops, from generals to soldiers; field surveys in all directions, interviews at all levels, large-scale questionnaire surveys; situation reports one after another, and letters one after another. Opinions, online messages… many good ideas, suggestions, and ideas have entered the reform plan.

  ”Anything that can be done with concentrated effort will be invincible; anything that can be done with collective wisdom can be achieved.” Under the leadership and planning of President Xi, a set of reform designs that solve deep-seated contradictions, have major innovative breakthroughs, and have distinctive characteristics of the People’s Army Break out of the cocoon.

  In July 2015, President Xi presided over the meeting of the Central Military Commission’s Leading Group for Deepening National Defense and Military Reform, the Central Military Commission Standing Meeting and the Central Political Bureau Standing Committee meeting, and reviewed and approved the overall plan for deepening national defense and military reform.

  In the process of leading this round of reforms, President Xi Jinping has issued a series of directional, fundamental and overall important strategic thoughts on deepening the reform of national defense and the military, which have established the fundamental principles and action guidelines for reforming and strengthening the military.

  From the overall layout of the party and the country to the mutual coupling of various military systems, from the overall plan, major field plans to special plans, and from the leadership and command system, the size, structure and strength of the army to the orderly advancement of the reform of military policies and systems, the new era The goal map, road map and construction drawings for the reform of the People’s Army were thus drawn up, and a historic change of rebirth from the ashes and new development was vigorously launched.

  Overcoming Difficulties and Deeply Promoting Reform

  A history of the development of the people’s army is a history of reform and innovation.

  November 24, 2015, is a day destined to go down in the history of the People’s Army. The Central Military Commission Reform Work Conference was held grandly in Beijing. President Xi issued a mobilization order to deepen the reform of national defense and the military—to comprehensively implement the strategy of reforming and strengthening the military and unswervingly follow the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics.

  When the commander-in-chief orders, the entire army obeys the order, unites to the center, exerts force for the battle, and overcomes difficulties.

  The leadership and command system achieves historic changes——

  The reform of the leadership and command system implements the general principles of the Central Military Commission, the main battle areas, and the military services, breaking the long-standing headquarters system, large military region system, and large army system, and building a leadership and management system of “Central Military Commission-Services-troops” and ” The combat command system of “Central Military Commission – Theater – Troops” has established a new “four beams and eight pillars” of the people’s army. The “Four Headquarters” have withdrawn from the historical stage, and 15 functional departments of the Central Military Commission have been adjusted and established. The paths of command, construction, management, and supervision have become clearer. Functional configurations such as decision-making, planning, execution, and evaluation have become more reasonable. The Central Military Commission has centralized and unified leadership and strategic planning, Strategic management functions have been effectively strengthened. The “Seven Military Regions” have completed their historical missions, reorganized and divided into five major theaters, improved the military commission and theater joint operations command structure, and established a strategic campaign command system that integrates peacetime and wartime operations, operates normally, specializes in main operations, and is capable and efficient. The leadership and management system of the services and arms has been further improved. The Armed Police Force is under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission. The reserve forces are fully integrated into the military leadership and command system. Entering the “new system era”, the majority of officers and soldiers have both “changed their bodies” and “changed their minds”, liberating themselves from all outdated mindsets, inherent patterns, and path dependencies. The barriers to alliances have gradually been broken down, and the effectiveness of warfare has gradually become apparent.

  In drill after drill, units of different services and arms that used to be relatively independent carried out joint exercises and training on a regular basis under the dispatch of the war zone; data and information that were difficult to share in the past are now efficiently transferred among the various services and arms in the war zone; reconnaissance is no longer ” “Each one fights”, the commander no longer “sings his own tune”, and the firepower no longer “fights his own thing”, each one is born through the tempering of the iron fist.

  The size, structure and strength of the army have been profoundly reshaped——

  This is new data that has never appeared in the history of the people’s army: the proportion of the army’s total personnel in the army has dropped to less than 50%; the number of active-duty personnel in non-combat agencies of the army has been reduced by nearly half, and the number of officers has decreased by 30%…

  This is a new term that has never appeared in the history of the people’s army: synthetic brigade, air assault brigade, aircraft carrier formation, airborne force, information support force, joint logistics support force…

  The dialectic of reduction and increase is not only slimming down, but also strengthening the body. It is an epoch-making reshaping of strength. The reform of scale structure and force organization promotes the development of the army in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, multi-functionality and flexibility.

  On April 27, 2017, the Ministry of National Defense disclosed at a regular press conference that the designations of 18 army groups of the Army were cancelled, and the designations of the 13 adjusted armies were announced at the same time. In addition, the newly adjusted units also include many new combat forces.

  After the adjustment, our army has become more capable in scale, more optimized in structure, and more scientific in its organization. It has fundamentally changed the long-term land warfare-type force structure, changed the homeland defense-type force deployment, and changed the heavy-force grouping and victory with quantity. New combat forces such as strategic early warning, open sea defense, long-range strike, strategic projection, and information support have been enriched and strengthened, and a joint combat force system with elite combat forces as the main body is taking shape.

  The reform of military policy and system has been comprehensively advanced——

  Recently, civilian personnel who have been recruited for the 2024 open recruitment for the entire army have been reporting to various units. In June 2018, the military openly recruited civilian personnel for the first time. Among the recruited personnel, groups with high academic qualifications and “secondary enlistment” groups were particularly eye-catching. This marks that the openness and competitiveness of our military’s talent introduction work have been greatly enhanced. Civilians are an integral part of the military personnel and play an increasingly important role.

  Let the vitality of all combat effectiveness elements burst out, and let the sources of all military modernization fully flow. The establishment and improvement of the new civilian personnel system is a vivid epitome of the policy and system reform of the people’s army.

  This reform has completely changed the previous piecemeal approach. Systematic planning, forward-looking design, innovative development, and overall reshaping have established and improved the socialist military policy system with Chinese characteristics, forming a military party building system, a policy system for the use of military power, and a military power building system. The “four major sections” are policy system and military management policy system.

  President Xi presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, which successively reviewed and approved the “Regulations on Party Building of the Chinese Communist Party in the Military”, “Regulations on Military Political Work” and other backbone systems for party building in our military. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has successively reviewed and adopted the newly revised National Defense Law of the People’s Republic of China, the newly revised Military Service Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of the Status and Rights and Interests of Military Personnel.

  Establish a leading group for talent work of the Central Military Commission and establish a cadre evaluation committee of the Central Military Commission. The “Interim Regulations on the Management of Active Military Officers” and 11 supporting policies and systems were promulgated, and substantial progress was made in establishing a professional system for military officers with Chinese characteristics. The “Interim Regulations for Sergeants”, “Interim Regulations for Conscripts”, the newly revised “Regulations on Civilian Personnel of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army” and supporting regulations were promulgated.

  Build a military honor system, hold honor and title ceremonies; optimize military benefits, issue military parent support subsidies, spouse honorary funds, and implement new medical security policies such as free medical care for military spouses and children… Each heart-warming event enhances the professional honor of officers and soldiers sense, making military personnel a profession respected by the whole society.

  The reform of military policies and systems has matured one by one. Basic laws and regulations in more than 20 major fields have been introduced one after another. A large number of supporting policies and systems and major reform measures have been intensively introduced. The combat effectiveness of the military and the vitality of officers and soldiers have been further liberated, and the effectiveness of reforms has been continuously released.

  Major reforms across the military and civilian areas are implemented in depth——

  ”Coordinate economic construction and national defense construction, and strive to achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military.” Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi has attached great importance to major cross-military and local reforms, and has made many deployments to promote the implementation of a series of measures.

  Just after the Spring Festival in 2018, the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China reviewed and approved the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Deepening the Reform of the Party and State Institutions” and the “Plan for Deepening the Reform of the Party and State Institutions”. Deepening cross-military and civilian reforms is an important part of it.

  Combined with deepening the reform of party and state institutions, deepening the cross-military reform of the Armed Police Force, advancing the reform of the active public security force, establishing the Ministry of Veterans Affairs; implementing the reform of the air traffic control system, establishing the Central Air Traffic Management Commission; advancing the reform of the national defense mobilization system, and building a modern national defense Mobilizing the force system; Comprehensive suspension of paid military services, and the goal of the military not engaging in business activities has been basically achieved…

  “With all our efforts, nothing can be done.” Central state agencies, local party committees, governments, and all sectors of society have introduced a series of policies and measures to support and serve reform, and the military and civilians have gathered a powerful force to promote reform.

  In the late autumn of 2021, the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Centenary Struggle” passed by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China fully affirmed the historic achievements made in deepening the reform of national defense and the army, calling it “New China” The most extensive and profound reform of national defense and the military since its establishment.”

  Reshaping and reshaping to become world-class

  Reform and strengthening the military have brought a series of profound changes to the People’s Army. The People’s Army has accelerated its transformation in the “new system era”: the Army’s mobile combat and three-dimensional offensive and defensive capabilities have been significantly enhanced, and the Navy has accelerated its transformation from offshore defense to far-sea defense. , the Air Force is accelerating its transformation into integrated air and space, and both offensive and defensive capabilities, and the Rocket Force continues to strengthen its nuclear and conventional capabilities and its ability to deter war in all areas…

  This is the new look of the People’s Army as a strong military after reform and reshaping——

  In July 2023, at the Air Force Aviation Open Event Changchun Air Show, the J-20 performed maneuvering flight demonstrations in a four-aircraft formation for the first time. The screen was displayed for aerial refueling, and the J-10S and J-11BS were displayed for the first time in simulated air combat of special-shaped aircraft…

  This event demonstrated the People’s Air Force’s ever-changing equipment development level, the quality and effectiveness of practical military training, and its strategic capabilities to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests.

  ”The Yunyou-20 is no longer a single static display and a single flight display, but an all-round presentation of the system’s capabilities, displaying combat postures commonly used in our daily combat training.” Wang Yuling, pilot of the Yunyou-20, said, “The reform has strengthened the The military strategy has enabled the people’s army to achieve historic changes in its organizational structure and force system. It is precisely because of the reform that our army has been reshaped and accelerated to become a world-class force.”

  On October 1, 2019, more than 200,000 soldiers and civilians celebrated the 70th anniversary of the Republic of China with a grand military parade and mass march.

  This is the first National Day military parade as socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, and it is also the first overall appearance of the Republic’s armed forces after the reform and reshaping.

  The leadership and command formation that made its debut is a formation with the most distinctive imprint of reforming and strengthening the army and joint combat command – the members are drawn from 15 departments of the Central Military Commission and various war zones, service and arms agencies, and armed police forces.

  The leadership and command formation created two firsts: the first formation in the history of the People’s Army military parade to be drawn from the leadership and command organization, and the first formation with generals forming the first row.

  For the first time, this military parade has set up joint support forces, academic scientific research, civilian personnel and other formations, demonstrating the results of the integral and revolutionary reshaping of the national defense and military organizational structure and force system, and demonstrating the new composition of the people’s army in the new era. , new look.

  580 pieces (sets) of ground equipment formed 32 equipment formations, and more than 160 fighter planes of the army, navy and air force formed 12 air echelons… The equipment reviewed was all made in China, 40% of which were made for the first time, demonstrating the basics of the people’s army. Achieve mechanization and accelerate the momentum towards informatization.

  This is the more capable and efficient command system displayed by the People’s Army after the reform and reshaping——

  From May 23 to 24, 2024, the Eastern Theater Command of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army organized the theater’s army, navy, air force, rocket force and other forces to conduct the “Joint Sword-2024A” exercise around Taiwan Island.

  The exercise focuses on subjects such as joint naval and air combat readiness patrols, joint seizure of comprehensive battlefield control, and joint precision targeting of key targets. Ships and aircraft conduct combat patrols near Taiwan Island, and integrate internal and external linkage within the island chain to test the actual joint combat capabilities of the theater forces.

  This is also a strong punishment for the “Taiwan independence” separatist forces seeking “independence” and a serious warning against external forces interfering and provoking trouble.

  Military experts believe that during the exercise, under the unified command of the Eastern Theater Command, the theater’s army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services jointly participated, demonstrating the collaborative capabilities and overall operations of the Chinese military in joint operations after reform and reshaping. strength.

  More than 4 years ago, the COVID-19 epidemic broke out.

  With an order, medical personnel from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force, Joint Logistics Support Force, Armed Police Force and other medical units quickly gathered to assist Wuhan.

  Aviation, railways, highways, three-dimensional delivery; manpower, materials, and information, efficient circulation; active military personnel, civilian personnel, and militia, close collaboration; joint command, joint formation, military-civilian joint…

  ”Getting into the state quickly, assembling troops quickly, and launching operations quickly, this is the real speed of war.” “Command and coordinate a picture, use strength as a game, and implement every move. This is the real war system.” Some military observers commented this way The performance of the Chinese military in the anti-epidemic operation in Wuhan. There was no preparation time, no battle rehearsal, and the decisive battle was the first battle. In this special battle, the People’s Army handed over an excellent answer sheet of “going to the front line on the day of receiving the order, controlling the situation in 3 weeks, and completing the task within 3 months.” This miraculous “speed” stems from the more efficient command system, leaner force scale, and more scientific structure after the reform and reshaping of the People’s Army.

  ”The People’s Army’s anti-epidemic response sheet condenses the reshaping of the People’s Army’s capabilities and the changes of the times, and demonstrates the new look and confidence of an army after reform and reshaping.” Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences Researcher Yin Hao believes that although the fight against the epidemic is a non-war military operation, it tests and reflects the actual combat capabilities of the people’s army after reform and reshaping.

  Military experts believe that after the reform and adjustment, the entire army has further strengthened the concept of preparing for war and joint operations and joint training. Each theater has played the role of a hub for joint operations and joint training, and all services and arms units have closely aligned with the joint operations capability needs of the theater, and trained with the capabilities of the services and arms. Support system joint training to continuously improve the victory contribution rate.

  This is the new training style explored by the people’s army after reform and reshaping——

  From September 11 to 25, 2021, the “Peace Mission-2021” SCO joint anti-terrorism military exercise was held at the Donguz shooting range in Orenburg Oblast, Russia.

  In this joint exercise, the command structure of the Chinese participating troops is mainly composed of the Chinese directing department and the Chinese anti-terrorism cluster command headquarters in the northern theater. The task force is mainly composed of a synthetic battalion of a brigade in the northern theater and is equipped with relevant support detachments.

  Under the new system and new organization, the combined battalion of Chinese participating troops includes infantry, armor, artillery, reconnaissance, communications, engineering and other forces. It integrates multiple arms and realizes the strength structure, personnel organization, equipment deployment, The reshaping and leapfrogging of element grouping can be combined with a variety of combat forces and modularized, giving full play to its advantages of miniaturization, multi-functionality, and leanness, so that each combat unit and element can maximize the system’s combat capabilities.

  During a live-fire exercise on September 23, reporters saw the modular and multi-functional combat organization advantages of the combined battalion in a new combat command vehicle, boldly practicing multi-source perception of combat command, high integration of combat elements, and combat space orientation. The multi-dimensional expansion of the new combat style maximizes the role of the combined battalion’s “forward reach”.

  On July 23, 2023, with the successful conclusion of the “Anchorage Defense” drill of the ship formation, the “Northern Joint-2023” exercise completed various scheduled drill courses.

  The exercise focused on the theme of “Maintaining the Security of Strategic Maritime Channels”. The naval and air forces of China and Russia jointly planned, jointly commanded, and jointly operated. It effectively tested the actual combat capabilities in far seas and remote areas, and made achievements in the joint exercise organization form and force integration model. An innovative breakthrough.

  On May 17, 2024, the China-Mongolia “Grassland Partner-2024” joint army training was the first all-element and full-process live-fire training, which was held at a training ground in East Gobi Province, Mongolia.

  The participating troops from China and Mongolia jointly carried out joint training on the topic of dealing with the activities of illegal armed groups in accordance with the basic tactics of “attacking key points from all depths, concentric assaults from multiple directions, and clearing and encircling and annihilating in different areas”.

  …

  New systems, new forces, new equipment, new tactics… the people’s army has taken on a new look from the inside out, and is more confident in deterring the enemy with its sword.

  There is no end to reform. The people’s army that marches forward courageously on the road to reform and strengthen the army will surely continue to win new victories in the modernization of national defense and the army——

  In 2027, the centenary goal of the founding of the army will be achieved;

  By 2035, the modernization of national defense and the army will be basically realized;

  By the middle of the 21st century, the people’s army will be fully developed into a world-class army…

現代國語:

在人民軍隊改革強軍的偉大旅程上,又迎來一個載入史冊的重要時刻——

2024年4月19日,中國人民解放軍資訊支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習近平向資訊支援部隊授予軍旗並致訓詞,代表黨中央和中央軍委向資訊支援部隊全體官兵致以熱烈祝賀。

授旗儀式後,習近平致訓詞。他指出,調整組建資訊支援部隊,是黨中央和中央軍委從強軍事業全局出發作出的重大決策,是構建新型軍兵種結構佈局、完善中國特色現代軍事力量體系的戰略舉措,對加快國防和軍隊現代化、有效履行新時代人民軍隊使命任務具有重大而深遠的意義。

根據中央軍委決定,新組建的資訊支援部隊由中央軍委直接領導指揮,同時撤銷戰略支援部隊番號,相應調整軍事航天部隊、網絡空間部隊領導管理關系。

改革,是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求,是強軍興軍的必經之路,也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。

黨的十八屆三中全會以來,人民軍隊堅持以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導,深入貫徹習近平強軍思想,以黨在新時代的強軍目標為引領,全面實施改革強軍戰略,深入破解長期制約國防和軍隊建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,深化國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性成就,人民軍隊體制一新、結構一新、格局一新、面貌一新,在中國特色強軍之路上邁出堅定步伐。

改革推動強軍,強軍支撐強國。站在新的歷史起點上,在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下,實現整體性革命性重塑的人民軍隊,正闊步邁向世界一流,為實現中華民族偉大復興提供戰略支撐。

戰略擘畫 統帥掌舵領航

改革,當代中國的鮮明特色,共產黨人的鮮明品格。

黨的十八大以來,中國特色社會主義進入新時代,國防和軍隊建設也進入了新時代。面對中華民族偉大復興戰略全局和世界百年未有之大變局,面對長期制約國防和軍隊建設的深層次矛盾和問題,習主席審時度勢、總攬全局,果斷作出改革強軍的戰略決策。

強國必強軍,強軍必改革。 「軍事上的落後一旦形成,對國家安全的影響將是致命的。我經常看中國近代的一些史料,一看到落後挨打的悲慘場景就痛徹肺腑!」習主席以強烈的歷史憂患深刻指出,國防和軍隊改革是全面改革的重要組成部分,也是全面深化改革的重要標志。軍隊要跟上中央步伐,以逢山開路、遇河架橋的精神,堅決推進軍隊各項改革。大家一定要有這樣的歷史擔當。

惟改革者進,惟創新者強。習主席激勵全軍:“新軍事革命為我們提供了千載難逢的機遇,我們要抓住機遇、奮發有為,不僅要趕上潮流、趕上時代,還要力爭走在時代前列。”

新中國成立後,我軍先後進行了13次比較大的改革,部隊規模、體制編制不斷調整,在不同歷史時期都發揮了重要作用。同時,受各種因素影響,制約國防和軍隊建設的深層矛盾問題還不同程度存在。

「國防和軍隊改革進入了攻堅期和深水區,要解決的大都是長期積累的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題,推進起來確實不容易。」習主席告誡全軍,「不改革是打不了仗、打不了勝仗的。

思之彌深,行之愈篤。

2013年11月,黨的十八屆三中全會召開。黨中央決定將深化國防和軍隊改革納入全面深化改革的總盤子,上升為黨的意志和國家行為。

國防和軍隊改革作為單獨一部分寫進全會決定,這在全會歷史上是第一次。

僅4個月後,又一條重磅消息引起國內外廣泛關注:習主席決策成立中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組,並擔任組長。黨的總書記親自擔任中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組組長,這也是第一次。

這兩個非同尋常的“第一次”,昭示了黨的核心、軍隊統帥、人民領袖對深化國防和軍隊改革的堅定意志、堅強決心,極大激發和凝聚了全軍官兵擁護改革、支持改革、投身改革的磅礡力量,成為推動改革的根本保証。

對於一支大國軍隊來說,改什麼、怎麼改,有目標、佈局問題,有立場、觀點問題,也有方法、路徑問題。習主席為改革論証設計傾注大量心血,多次主持召開中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組會議、中央軍委常務會議、中央政治局常委會會議,多次當面聽取有關單位改革意見建議,親自確定改革重大工作安排,親自領導調研論証和方案擬制工作,親自組織研究改革重大問題…

改革始終奔著問題去,以問題倒逼改革。在改革的各個階段,每一個方案都指明了破解現實問題的方法路徑,每一個現實問題的解決思路最終匯聚成一條條具體的改革措施。

深化國防和軍隊改革是一場整體性變革,要加強頂層謀劃、體系設計。在軍隊一次重要會議上,習主席強調,要掌握改革舉措的關聯性和耦合性,使領導指揮體制、力量結構、政策制度等各項改革相互促進、相得益彰,形成總體效應、取得總體效果。

謀篇佈局,落子有聲。

設立中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組專家諮詢組﹔建立由軍地200多名專家和領導組成的軍事政策制度改革諮詢評估專家庫,充分發揮第三方獨立評估作用﹔賦予軍事科學院和國防大學相關研究論証任務,發揮其智囊作用…

匯聚全軍與各方面智慧,形成改革「最大公約數」。習主席到機關、進班排,上高原、赴海島,登戰車、乘軍艦,深入調查研究。全軍及各方面踴躍獻策、積極建言,軍外到軍內、機關到部隊、將軍到士兵﹔各方向實地調研、各層面座談訪談、大範圍問卷調查﹔一份份情況報告、一封封來信意見、一條條網留言……許多好點子、好建議、好點子進入了改革方案。

「積力之所舉,則無不勝也﹔眾智之所為,則無不成也。」在習主席領導運籌下,一整套解決深層次矛盾問題、有重大創新突破、人民軍隊特色鮮明的改革設計破繭而出。

2015年7月,習主席先後主持召開中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組會議、中央軍委常務會議和中央政治局常委會會議,審議通過深化國防和軍隊改革總體方案。

在領導推動這輪改革的歷程中,習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革一系列方向性、根本性、全局性的重要戰略思想,立起改革強軍的根本遵循和行動指南。

從黨和國家整體佈局到軍隊各系統相互耦合,從總體方案、重大領域方案到專項方案層層深入,從領導指揮體制、軍隊規模結構和力量編成到軍事政策制度改革有序推進,新時代人民軍隊改革的目標圖、路線圖和施工圖就此繪就,一場浴火重生、開新圖強的歷史性變革蓬勃展開。

攻堅克難 深入推進改革

一部人民軍隊的發展史,就是一部改革創新史。

2015年11月24日,一個注定載入人民軍隊史冊的日子。中央軍委會改革工作會議在北京隆重召開,習主席發出深化國防和軍隊改革的動員令——全面實施改革強軍戰略,堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路。

統帥號令所指,全軍聞令景從,向心凝聚、向戰發力、向難攻堅。

領導指揮體制實現歷史性變革——

領導指揮體制改革貫徹軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建總原則,打破長期實行的總部體制、大軍區體制、大陸軍體制,構建起「中央軍委-軍種-部隊」的領導管理體系、「中央軍委-戰區-部隊」的作戰指揮體系,立起人民軍隊新的「四樑八柱」。 「四總部」退出歷史舞台,調整組建軍委機關15個職能部門,指揮、建設、管理、監督等路徑更加清晰,決策、規劃、執行、評估等職能配置更加合理,軍委集中統一領導和戰略謀劃、戰略管理職能有效強化。 「七大軍區」完成歷史使命,重新調整劃設五大戰區,健全軍委、戰區聯合作戰指揮機構,構建起平戰一體、常態運行、專司主營、精幹高效的戰略戰役指揮體系。軍兵種領導管理體制進一步健全。武警部隊由黨中央、中央軍委集中統一領導。預備役部隊全面納入軍隊領導指揮體系。步入“新體制時間”,廣大官兵既“轉身子”又“換腦子”,從一切不合時宜的思維定勢、固有模式、路徑依賴中解放出來,聯的壁壘漸次打破,戰的效能逐步凸顯。

一次次演訓中,過去相對獨立的不同軍兵種部隊,在戰區的調度下常態化開展聯演聯訓﹔過去難以共享的數據信息,如今在戰區諸軍兵種部隊間高效流轉﹔偵察不再“各自為戰”,指揮不再“各唱各調”,火力不再“各打各的”,一個個聯合鐵拳淬火而生。

軍隊規模結構與力量編成深刻重塑——

這是人民軍隊歷史上不曾出現過的新數據:陸軍佔全軍總員額比例下降到50%以下﹔全軍非戰鬥機構現役員額壓減近一半,軍官數量減少30%…

這是人民軍隊歷史上不曾出現過的新名詞:合成旅、空中突擊旅、航空母艦編隊、空降兵軍、資訊支援部隊、聯勤保障部隊…

減與增的辯証法,既是瘦身,更是強體,是一次劃時代的力量重塑。規模結構與力量編成改革,推動部隊朝向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展。

2017年4月27日,國防部例行記者會披露,陸軍18個集團軍番號撤銷,調整組建後的13個集團軍番號同時公佈。此外,新調整組建的單位中,還包括諸多新型作戰力量。

調整之後,我軍規模更加精幹,結構更加優化,編成更加科學,從根本上改變了長期以來陸戰型的力量結構,改變了國土防禦型的兵力布勢,改變了重兵集團、以量取勝的製勝模式,戰略預警、遠海防衛、遠程打擊、戰略投送、資訊支援等新型作戰力量得到充實加強,以精銳作戰力量為主體的聯合作戰力量體係正在形成。

軍事政策制度改革全面推進——

近日,2024年全軍面向社會公開招聘已錄用文職人員陸續到各部隊報到。 2018年6月,全軍首次面向社會公開招募文職人員,錄取人員中,高學歷群體、「二次入伍」群體等格外引人注目。這標志我軍人才引進工作的開放性、競爭力大為增強。文職人員是軍隊人員的組成部分,發揮越來越重要的作用。

讓一切戰鬥力要素的活力競相迸發,讓一切軍隊現代化建設的源泉充分湧流。新型文職人員制度的建立與完善,是人民軍隊政策制度改革的生動縮影。

這次改革徹底改變以往零敲碎打的做法,系統謀劃、前瞻設計、創新發展、整體重塑,建立健全中國特色社會主義軍事政策制度體系,形成軍隊黨的建設制度、軍事力量運用政策制度、軍事力量建設政策制度、軍事管理政策制度「四大板塊」。

習主席主持召開中央政治局會議,相繼審議通過《中國共產黨軍隊黨的建設條例》《軍隊政治工作條例》等我軍黨的建設主幹制度。全國人民代表大會常務委員會陸續審議通過新修訂的《中華人民共和國國防法》、新修訂的《中華人民共和國兵役法》《中華人民共和國軍人地位和權益保障法》等軍事法律。

成立中央軍委人才工作領導小組,成立中央軍委幹部考評委員會。推出《現役軍官管理暫行條例》及11項配套政策制度,建立中國特色軍官職業化製度取得實質進展。頒布《軍士暫行條例》《義務兵暫行條例》、新修訂的《中國人民解放軍文職人員條例》以及配套法規。

建構軍人榮譽體系,舉辦授勛授稱儀式﹔優化軍人待遇,發放軍人父母贍養補助、配偶榮譽金,實行軍人配偶子女免費醫療等新的醫療保障政策…一件件暖心事,增強官兵職業榮譽感,讓軍人成為全社會尊崇的職業。

軍事政策制度改革成熟一項推進一項,20餘個重大領域基本法規相繼推出,一大批配套政策制度和重大改革舉措密集出台,軍隊戰鬥力和官兵活力進一步解放,改革效能持續釋放。

跨軍地重大改革深入實施——

「統籌經濟建設和國防建設,努力實現富國和強軍的統一。」黨的十八大以來,習主席對跨軍地重大改革高度重視,多次作出部署,推動一系列舉措落地。

2018年春節剛過,黨的十九屆三中全會審議通過《中共中央關於深化黨和國家機構改革的決定》和《深化黨和國家機構改革方案》,深化跨軍地改革是其中重要內容。

結合深化黨和國家機構改革,深化武警部隊跨軍地改革,推進公安現役部隊改革,組建退役軍人事務部﹔實施空管體制改革,成立中央空中交通管理委員會﹔推進國防動員體制改革,打造現代國防動員力量體系﹔全面停止軍隊有償服務,軍隊不從事經營活動的目標基本實現…

「眾力並,則萬鈞不足舉也。」中央國家機關和各地黨委政府、社會各界紛紛出台一系列支持改革、服務改革的政策舉措,軍地匯聚起推進改革的強大合力。

2021年深秋,黨的十九屆六中全會通過的《中共中央關於黨的百年奮鬥重大成就和歷史經驗的決議》,充分肯定深化國防和軍隊改革取得的歷史性成就,稱之為“新中國成立以來最為廣泛、最深刻的國防和軍隊改革」。

重整重塑 邁向世界一流

改革強軍為人民軍隊帶來一系列深刻變化,人民軍隊在「新體制時間」加速破繭蝶變:陸軍機動作戰、立體攻防能力顯著增強,海軍加快推進由近海防禦型向遠海防衛型轉變,空軍加速向空天一體、攻防兼備轉型,火箭軍不斷強化核常兼備、全域懾戰能力…

這是改革重塑後,人民軍隊展現的強軍新貌—

2023年7月,在空軍航空開放活動·長春航空展上,殲-20首次以四機編隊進行機動飛行展示,運油-20首次與殲-20、殲-16以「五機同框」的畫面進行空中加油通場展示,殲-10S、殲-11BS首次進行異型機模擬空戰展示…

此次活動展現了人民空軍日新月異的裝備發展水準、實戰化軍事訓練質效和捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰略能力。

「運油-20不再是單一的靜態展示和單機飛行展示,而是全方位呈現體系能力,展示的是我們日常戰訓中常用的戰鬥姿態。」運油-20 飛行員王宇凌說,「改革強軍戰略,使人民軍隊實現了組織形態和力量體系的歷史性變革。

2019年10月1日,20萬名軍民以盛大閱兵儀式和群眾遊行歡慶共和國70華誕。

這是中國特色社會主義進入新時代的首次國慶閱兵,也是共和國武裝力量改革重塑後的首次整體亮相。

首次亮相的領導指揮方隊,是一個改革強軍、聯合作戰指揮印記最鮮明的方隊-隊員從軍委機關15個部門和各戰區、軍兵種機關、武警部隊抽組而成。

領導指揮方隊創造了兩個第一:人民軍隊閱兵史上第一個從領導指揮機構抽組的方隊,第一個由將軍組成第一排面的方隊。

這次閱兵首次設置了聯勤保障部隊、院校科研、文職人員等方隊,展現了國防和軍隊組織架構和力量體系的整體性、革命性重塑成果,展示著新時代人民軍隊的新構成、新風貌。

580台(套)地面裝備組成32個裝備方隊,陸、海、空軍航空兵160餘架戰機組成12個空中梯隊……受閱裝備全部為中國製造,40%為首次亮相,展示出人民軍隊基本實現機械化、加速邁向資訊化的如虹氣勢。

這是改革重塑後,人民軍隊展現的更精幹高效的指揮體制——

2024年5月23日至24日,中國人民解放軍東部戰區組織戰區陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍等兵力,位台島週邊開展「聯合利劍-2024A」演習。

演習重點演練聯合海空戰備警巡、聯合奪取戰場綜合控制權、聯合精打要害目標等科目,艦機抵近台島週邊戰巡,島鏈內外一體聯動,檢驗戰區部隊聯合作戰實戰能力。

這也是對「台獨」分裂勢力謀「獨」行徑的有力懲戒,對外部勢力干涉挑舋的嚴重警告。

軍事專家認為,演習中,在東部戰區的統一指揮下,戰區陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍等多個軍兵種共同參與,展示了改革重塑後中國軍隊在聯合作戰中的協同能力和整體作戰實力。

4年多前,新冠疫情暴發。

一聲令下,來自陸軍、海軍、空軍、火箭軍、聯勤保障部隊、武警部隊等多個醫療單位的醫務人員迅速集結,馳援武漢。

航空、鐵路、公路,立體投送﹔人力、物資、信息,高效流轉﹔現役軍人、文職人員、民兵,密切協作﹔聯合指揮、聯合編組、軍地聯合…

「進入狀態快、部隊集結快、行動展開快,這是真正的戰爭速度。」「指揮統籌一張圖、力量運用一盤棋、貫徹執行一竿子,這是真正的打仗體制。」有軍事觀察者這樣評價中國軍隊在武漢抗疫行動中的表現。沒有備戰時間、沒有臨戰預演、初戰即決戰,人民軍隊在這場特殊戰役中,交出了一份「接令當天開赴前線、3個星期控制局面、3個月內完成任務」的優異答卷。這種奇蹟般的“快”,源於人民軍隊改革重塑後更加高效的指揮體制、更加精幹的力量規模、更加科學的結構編成。

「人民軍隊的抗疫答卷,濃縮著人民軍隊的能力重塑和時代之變,彰顯了一支軍隊在改革重塑後的全新面貌和勝戰底氣。」中國科學院院士、軍事科學院系統工程研究院研究員尹浩認為,雖然抗擊疫情是一次非戰爭軍事行動,但檢驗並體現了人民軍隊改革重塑後的實戰能力。

軍事專家認為,改革調整後,全軍上下備戰打仗、聯戰聯訓的觀念進一步強化,各戰區發揮聯戰聯訓樞紐作用,各軍兵種部隊緊密對接戰區聯合作戰能力需求,以軍兵種能力訓練支撐體系聯合訓練,不斷提升勝戰貢獻率。

這是改革重塑後,人民軍隊探索的新型演訓樣式—

2021年9月11日至25日,「和平使命-2021」上合組織聯合反恐軍演,在俄羅斯奧倫堡州東古茲靶場舉行。

此次聯演,中方參演部隊指揮機構以北部戰區為主編成中方導演部和中方反恐集群指揮部,任務部隊以北部戰區某旅合成營為主、配屬相關保障分隊編成。

新體制新編制下的中方參演部隊合成營,既有步兵、裝甲兵、砲兵,又有偵察、通信、工兵等力量,集多兵種於一體,實現了力量結構、人員編成、裝備編配、要素編組的重塑與跨越,可與多種作戰力量對接組合、模塊化編組,充分發揮其小型化、多能化、精幹化等優勢,讓各作戰單元和要素發揮最大體係作戰能力。

9月23日實兵實彈演習中,記者在某新型作戰指揮車內看到合成營模塊化、多能化的作戰編成優勢,大膽實踐作戰指揮多源感知、作戰要素高度融合、作戰空間向多維拓展的新型作戰樣式,最大限度發揮合成營「前伸觸角」的作用。

2023年7月23日,隨著艦艇編隊「錨地防禦」演練順利結束,「北部·聯合-2023」演習完成了各項預定演練課目。

演習圍繞著「維護海上戰略通道安全」這個主題,中俄雙方海空兵力聯合籌劃、聯合指揮、聯合作戰,有效錘煉檢驗了遠海遠域實戰能力,在聯演組織形式、兵力融合模式等方面取得了創新突破。

2024年5月17日,中蒙「草原夥伴-2024」陸軍聯合訓練首次全要素、全過程實兵實彈合練,在蒙古國東戈壁省某訓練場舉行。

中蒙雙方參訓部隊依照「全縱深精打要害、多方向向心突擊、分區域清剿圍殲」的基本戰法,共同展開以應對非法武裝團體活動為課題的聯合訓練。

新的體系、新的力量、新的裝備、新的戰法……人民軍隊由內而外煥然一新,亮劍懾敵的底氣更加充盈。

改革未有窮期。在改革強軍之路上奮勇向前的人民軍隊必將不斷奪取國防和軍隊現代化新勝利——

2027年,實現建軍一百年奮鬥目標﹔

2035年,基本實現國防與軍隊現代化﹔

21世紀中葉,把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊…

中國共產黨資源:https://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2024/0702/c1001-40269268.html