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Strengthening the Military with Chinese Characteristics A Path of Deep Reform

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中國特色強軍之路 深化改革之路

現代英語：

From November 24 to 26, 2015, the world-renowned deepening of national defense and military reform was officially launched, opening the curtain for our army to seize the strategic commanding heights of future military competition. This is the most revolutionary military reform of the People’s Liberation Army in 60 years. The reform is unprecedented in its force, structure and scope.

Give full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics

Ren Tianyou

A new round of reforms in our military has begun. With the establishment of the joint command system, theater system, and service construction and management system, China’s military reform is taking a key step forward with a new attitude. What is different from the past is that this is a comprehensive reform with the leadership and command system as the core, a “reform above the neck”, with unprecedented determination, unprecedented action, unprecedented benefits, and unprecedented risks.

In carrying out top-down reform, our army’s greatest advantage lies in the system. This reform starts from the headquarters, services, military regions and other high-level leadership organs of the army, starting from the “brain” and “center” of the army. The reason why we bravely cross the shoals and why we are full of confidence is the advantage of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics.

The core of giving full play to the advantages of the socialist military system with Chinese characteristics is to uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military. If this point is not seen, the reform will make the mistake of purely military perspectives; if this point is not adhered to, it will not be able to gather motivation and innovation in the face of difficulties, and the reform will eventually become a building on gravel, which cannot withstand the battle on the battlefield and the test of history. To uphold the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is to resolutely implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Xi, break through various ideological obstacles to build consensus, and obey orders regardless of personal gains and losses and local interests. Only in this way can the military reform overcome numerous difficulties and reach the other side of victory.

Reform is a process of interest adjustment. The obstacles to military reform in ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, also highlight the threshold of interests. It is easy to defeat the thief in the mountains, but it is difficult to defeat the thief in the heart. Compared with people’s subjective consciousness, under the new era conditions, more attention should be paid to breaking the obstacles to reforming the old system by improving the system and the legal system. The rule of law should be used to ensure the coordination of the resources of the whole army and realize the concentration of forces for reform; the rule of law should be used to withdraw and merge to reduce the space for backward combat forces and make room for new combat forces; the rule of law should be used to ensure the smooth operation of the new leadership and command system and strongly eliminate the interference from local interests and personal interests.

Who can successfully implement reforms and who can successfully manage risks are the major issues that determine the fate of reforms. As Engels said, “When the wave of technological revolution is surging around, it is no good to let these conservative prejudices dominate the army. We need newer and braver minds.” Since the Gulf War, the US military has continuously produced talented generals, from Boyd to Owens, from Powell to Ramosfeld, theorists and practitioners have emerged in an endless stream, either relying on their achievements on the battlefield or being selected through the survival of the fittest in theory. For this reason, if the talent selection rules are not refreshed, the reform may remain in the trap of “old wine in new bottles” where “old heads” monopolize new positions.

Chairman Mao Zedong said that our army matures quickly in war. This is because our army always takes the initiative to reform and forges a path to victory at the critical moment of life and death. Looking back at history, our army’s reform is often not a calm and unhurried process, but a desperate outbreak under external threats and internal pressure. The “Three Bays Reform” started with a team of less than a thousand people in the repeated failures of urban riots, and the streamlining of the army and government was carried out in the heavy siege of the Japanese invaders’ “Three Alls” policy and iron wall encirclement. Today’s reform of our army is taking place under the hegemonic countries’ flaunting of maritime hegemony and military provocations, and it is set sail in the Japanese right-wing forces’ eagerness to shake the peace constitution and then plot to subvert the post-war international order. It shoulders the mission of defending national territorial sovereignty and maintaining world peace, and it cannot tolerate delay, carelessness, or retreat. At the same time, it should be seen that this military reform is based on the country’s economic take-off and is a leap forward standing on the solid shoulders of scientific and technological innovation. The opportunity is rare and should not be missed.

(The author is the director of the Strategic Education and Research Department of the National Defense University and a major general)

(Excerpt from Guangming Daily, December 23, 2015)

Military reform: a charge to seize strategic commanding heights

Lu Jianyong Wang Xueping

Build a joint combat command organization and launch a combined attack

Information warfare is a game between systems and systems, and systems and systems. The way of winning by fighting alone has no place. In the ever-changing information battlefield, whether the various services can closely coordinate to form a joint force depends on the joint operations command organization. Looking at the armies of the powerful countries in the world today, all of them have the ability to win information warfare by building a strong joint operations command organization. After the end of the Cold War, the US military immediately began to adjust and build the leadership and command system of the headquarters, and the same is true for the armies of Russia, Britain, France and other countries. This major reform of our army, standing at the commanding heights of the world, can be said to be a global vision and strategic thinking. By 2020, we must “strive to build a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics that can win information warfare and effectively fulfill missions and tasks.” The leadership and management system and the joint operations command system are designed as a whole, and “joint operations command organizations are established”, and efforts are made to build a “combat command system of the Military Commission-theater-troops”. The joint command organization has made its debut, making the “central nervous system” of the army more efficient and flexible, as shown in the following:

Strengthened unified command. The military is an armed force group with special missions and tasks. Its special nature requires a highly unified command. President Xi Jinping stressed that “we must focus on implementing the requirements of political military construction under the new situation, promote the organic unity of leadership and control of the troops and efficient command of the troops, and form a pattern in which the CMC is in charge of overall affairs, the theater commands are responsible for combat, and the services are responsible for construction.” The so-called CMC is in charge of overall affairs, which means “strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the CMC, and better concentrating the highest leadership and command of the military in the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission”, so that the military will always listen to the Party.

Reduced levels of command. Modern warfare is about speed. Without the rapid decision-making and command of the command organs and the rapid response of the troops, there will be no initiative on the battlefield. The CMC and the theater directly command the troops, and the command chain is greatly compressed. The will and determination of the command level are transformed into troop actions in the shortest path, which can effectively seize the initiative on the battlefield in a rapidly changing battlefield.

Achieved efficiency and effectiveness. A bloated and inefficient leadership and command structure not only makes it difficult for the military machine to operate efficiently and quickly, but also makes it easier for a powerful enemy to “attack wherever it points to.” Building a three-level command system of “CMC, theater, and troops” can effectively achieve high efficiency in combat command through the streamlining and reorganization of organs and clear division of functions.

Establish the Army Department, divide the war zones, and plan for war

For a long time, the leadership and command system of our army has been imperfect. The army’s construction, management and leadership functions are performed by various departments of the headquarters, resulting in overlapping command and management functions of the army, multiple policies and mutual constraints. This is not only not conducive to the top-level design and systematic planning of army construction, but also puts too much burden on the headquarters. The huge and repeated establishment of military district organs also leads to conflicts and dual weakening of command and management functions. These problems have seriously affected the overall construction of the army as a service, and restricted the formation and performance of the joint combat command functions of the headquarters and theater. At present, the armies of major countries in the world have established army headquarters, which are responsible for various tasks of the construction of their own services, including personnel and administrative management, education and training, military scientific research, military mobilization, weapons and equipment, and logistics support. In this military reform of our army, President Xi Jinping, based on a scientific judgment of my country’s security situation and in line with the general trend of the world’s military revolution, pointed out that deepening the reform of national defense and the army should “focus on solving the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions, and policy issues that restrict national defense and army building, promote the modernization of the army’s organizational form, further liberate and develop combat effectiveness, further liberate and enhance the vitality of the army, and build a consolidated national defense and a strong army that is commensurate with my country’s international status and compatible with national security and development interests”. Some military experts analyzed that the establishment of the Army Department in this military reform will make the army more aware of its military services. The strengthening of the top-level design of the army’s construction and development can fundamentally solve the problems of our army’s large number and scale, unreasonable proportion of arms, long and short leadership and command system, and excessive non-combat units. A sensitive, synthetic, multi-functional, and efficient army with Chinese characteristics will stand in the east of the world. The transformation of military regions into theaters of war is even more significant.

First, the theater is dedicated to fighting wars and is a complete regional combat organization. In the future, our army will have a clearer idea of ​​”what kind of war to fight and how to fight it”, and forward-looking war design will also drive and guide the development of military construction and promote the leap in the combat effectiveness of the troops. Second, the transformation of military regions into theaters is not only a reorganization of the leadership and command institutions, but also a more efficient and effective leadership and command level, and also makes military struggle preparations more targeted. At the same time, the institutionalization and normalization of theater joint training ensures that peacetime training is connected with future wars.

Establish the Military Commission’s Discipline Inspection Commission and the Political and Legal Commission to keep the military flag forever bright red

Our army has grown from nothing to something, from small to large, from weak to strong, and from victory to victory. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the army and strictly governing the army are the fundamental guarantees. This military reform is a historical opportunity for our army to catch up and overtake in the new round of military revolution. It is even more necessary to pave the way and escort it by governing the army according to law and strictly governing the army. President Xi Jinping pointed out that “we should focus on deepening the rule of law and strict governance of the army, grasp the key of governing power, and build a strict system of constraints and supervision on the exercise of power”. “Focus on solving the problem of insufficient independence and authority of military discipline inspection, inspection, audit, justice, and supervision, and strive to eradicate the soil for the breeding and spread of corruption by weaving a tight cage of the system. Establish a new Military Commission Discipline Inspection Commission, send discipline inspection teams to the Military Commission organs and theaters respectively, and promote the implementation of the dual leadership system of the Discipline Inspection Commission. Adjust and establish the Military Commission Audit Office, and implement all resident audits. Establish a new Military Commission Political and Legal Affairs Commission, adjust the military judicial system, set up military courts and military procuratorates according to regions, and ensure that they exercise their powers independently and impartially in accordance with the law.”

Optimize the force structure of the armed forces and make a leap forward in “combat effectiveness”

The military force structure in which the three armed forces revolve around the army and the army revolves around the heavy-armed forces is no longer suitable for the three-dimensional, speedy and wide-area needs of modern warfare. Looking at the military reforms of major countries in the world today, all of them seek combat effectiveness through structural reorganization, especially by drastically reducing the strength of outdated arms and accelerating the development of new combat forces, so that the army can stand at the forefront of military reform. For example, focus on the development of technical arms and arms with strong assault power, accelerate the construction of rapid reaction forces, light armored forces, special operations forces and army aviation, etc., to meet the needs of information warfare, system warfare and speed warfare. In addition, the “breaking the boundaries of military arms and creating integrated forces” in the military of some countries has also become a major trend in the development of troop formations. For example, the joint expeditionary force formed by the US military includes army divisions, naval aircraft carrier battle groups, Marine Corps units (subunits) and air force fighter wings. At this military reform meeting, President Xi Jinping emphasized that “we should focus on building elite combat forces, optimize the scale structure and troop formation, and promote the transformation of our army from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency.” We must “adjust and improve the proportion of military services, optimize the force structure of the military services, reform the troop composition according to the security needs and combat missions in different directions, and promote the development of troop composition in the direction of enrichment, synthesis, versatility and flexibility.” This clearly points out that the key to building the combat effectiveness of our army must be to firmly grasp the optimization of the military structure.

First, we should optimize the force structure of the services, accelerate the development of the navy and air force, and appropriately reduce the size of the army, so that our military force structure can effectively respond to the informationized local wars that may be launched from the sea in the future. Second, we should optimize the force structure of the services, reduce and eliminate obsolete forces, accelerate the development of new combat forces, and make the proportion of each service more reasonable. Third, we should optimize the organization of the troops, focus on the needs of diversified military tasks, build multi-type troops that can meet different directions and different threats, and improve the pertinence of military struggle preparations.

(Excerpt from Study Times, December 10, 2015)

The connotation and requirements of our army’s distinctive joint culture

Li Fengbiao

Xi Jinping pointed out: “A cause without cultural support is difficult to sustain for a long time.” As a special military culture, joint culture is the concept and behavior formed by joint command personnel in military practice regarding the knowledge system, value orientation, thinking method, moral norms and psychological awareness of joint operations. It is an important “soft power” that nourishes and enhances joint combat capabilities.

Loyalty, reliability, centralization and unity. Adhering to the absolute leadership of the Party over the military is not only the fundamental magic weapon for our military to defeat the enemy, but also the greatest advantage and feature of our military’s advanced culture. In modern information-based joint operations, political factors are more prominent, the participating forces are more diverse, the organization and command are more complex, and the coordination requirements are more stringent. To organically aggregate highly dispersed combat elements, combat units, and combat systems to form a strong combat capability, we must also have unswerving faith and centralized and unified leadership.

Reform and innovation, information dominance. In today’s era, reform and innovation are the spiritual driving force for accelerating military construction, and information dominance is the key concept for winning military games. The two will inevitably constitute the most distinctive contemporary characteristics of joint culture. In particular, through the practice of informatized local wars in recent years and the development trend of the new military revolution, it is not difficult to find that informatization has not only made traditional intelligence warfare forces, electronic warfare forces, and command and control forces more powerful, but also spawned new combat forces such as cyber warfare and psychological warfare. Information dominance is no longer just a purely technical concept, but has gradually become a new concept to guide the military transformation of various countries’ armies.

Flexible, autonomous, and systemic operations. Our army has always emphasized flexible and maneuverable strategies and tactics, which is an important magic weapon for leveraging strengths and avoiding weaknesses and attacking the enemy’s soft spots, and provides an important reference for our army’s joint culture. In the era of information warfare, the enemy and our offensive and defensive battles are rapidly changing, and the battlefield situation is changing rapidly. In particular, the significant characteristics of platform operations, system support, tactical operations, and strategic guarantees provide a solid foundation and broad space for giving full play to our army’s “live” advantages. To develop our army’s joint culture, we must correctly apply the basic principles of joint operations, integrate our army’s strategies and tactics into the multi-dimensional integrated force system of land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet, and transform them into strategic guidance, tactical thinking, and command art for future joint operations. You fight yours, I fight mine, and you attack others without being attacked by others, forming an asymmetric advantage, and always mastering the strategic and operational initiative.

Integration of peacetime and wartime, comprehensive integration. In the face of the current severe test of responding to multiple security threats and completing diversified military tasks, to develop our military’s joint culture, we must not only timely transform and cultivate new ideas for preparing for war, infiltrate and reflect the scientific methods of joint operations in all areas of planning and guiding the construction of troops, coordinate and allocate various resources, and improve the level of troops built in peacetime according to joint operations standards; we must also focus on enhancing the system combat capability based on information systems in wartime, give full play to the role of information technology, use system engineering methods, integrate various subsystems and subsystems that generate combat effectiveness into an organic whole, and strive to make the integration of armed forces, military organization, command and control, and combat elements a conscious practice, so as to maximize the cohesion of combat capabilities and release combat energy.

Unity and cooperation, joint victory. Uniting as one for the common revolutionary ideal, fighting side by side, and striving for victory have always been the value concept of our army to defeat powerful enemies. Under the conditions of informatization, the rapid development of science and technology has not only unprecedentedly improved the combat capabilities of various elements, but also made the battlefield situation extremely complicated. Only by strengthening the value concept of joint victory, focusing on the linkage of systems and systems, complementary advantages, dynamic coordination, sincere unity, and efficient elite troops, can we win the greatest victory at the lowest cost. To develop the joint culture of our army, we must highlight unity and cooperation, and joint victory, actively build a concept of victory, honor, interests, and gains and losses that are consistent with joint operations, thoroughly break the constraints of the interests of the military and arms and the narrow local concepts, and consciously cultivate a joint spirit of independent coordination, conscious cooperation, and cross-linking and interaction, so that various combat forces can be optimally combined and seamlessly linked, demonstrating effectiveness and winning together.

(The author is the deputy commander of the Chengdu Military Region)

(Excerpt from the Liberation Army Daily, December 23, 2015)

Russia and the United States: Cultivating military talents for joint operations

Tian Yiwei

Comprehensively cultivating joint operations command talents, joint operations information training management talents, and joint operations information technology professionals, and promoting the construction of a high-quality joint operations talent team is a basic way to promote the formation of joint operations capabilities at the cultural level in the military reforms of countries around the world.

The Russian military has made the training of joint combat talents a priority in the development of military culture. It believes that military academies are the bases for the training of military talents and the cradle of joint culture, and they play a leading and exemplary role in the development of joint culture. In order to expand the knowledge structure of students, enhance mutual understanding between the military services, and eliminate “partisanship”, the Russian military has carried out major reforms in the military education system, strengthened the construction of the elementary, intermediate and advanced joint education system, and improved the joint combat command capability throughout the education process. At the end of 2008, the Russian military began to fully integrate the military education system. As Russian President Putin pointed out: “Military education is undergoing major reforms. We are setting up 10 large scientific research and teaching centers. All of these institutions are built in a strict vertical system and provide officers with opportunities to continuously improve their professional level based on their service. In this regard, we rely on our own traditions and draw on practical experience from around the world.”

The Education Department of the Russian Ministry of Defense revealed that in order to continuously improve the joint combat literacy of officers at all levels, the role of on-the-job short-term training will be fully utilized in the future, the knowledge structure of the officer team will be updated in a timely manner, and officers will be ensured to become high-level professionals who master modern technology. The Russian military has also opened information-based joint combat lectures at senior and intermediate military academies, and revised the teaching syllabus to make the teaching content of the academies closer to the reality of modern warfare. The Russian General Staff Military Academy organized joint combat seminars to improve the students’ information-based joint combat command capabilities and create composite commanders who are proficient in joint culture. The experience of the Russian military in strengthening the training of joint command talents tells us that it is necessary to incorporate integrated joint combat education and training based on information systems into the training of commanders, so that commanders can receive education and training on “integrated joint combat” as planned in primary and intermediate command positions, so that they can master relevant knowledge and skills before entering senior command positions and have a certain degree of joint literacy. The superb art of joint combat command has accumulated the profound heritage of joint culture and depicted the profound imprint of joint culture. It runs through the entire process of the growth of joint combat talents, penetrates into all aspects of the growth of joint combat talents, affects the thinking mode, values, mental model and behavioral habits of joint combat talents, is a catalyst and multiplier for the forging of joint combat talents, and fundamentally determines the quality and level of joint combat talent training.

In actual training, the armies of many countries in the world emphasize that all services and units should give priority to joint training, focus on cultivating commanders’ awareness and ability of coordination across services, arms, and departments, and emphasize instilling “instinctive joint thinking” in soldiers from the beginning of basic individual training, so that commanders and soldiers can fully realize that they are members of the joint force and part of the overall combat force, and consciously think about problems and take actions from a joint perspective. Taking the joint operations of the US military as an example, after going through the two stages of eliminating conflicts between services and bridging gaps between services, the US military is now in the stage of seamless integration of multi-service capabilities and is developing towards cohesive joint operations.

(The author is the political assistant of the Foreign Military Department of the Academy of Military Sciences)

(Excerpt from Reference News on December 28, 2015)

Source: Red Flag Digest Magazine, Issue 2, 2016

現代國語：

編者以 2015年11月24日至26日，備受世界矚目的深化國防和軍事改革正式啟動，拉開了我軍搶佔未來軍事競爭戰略制高點的大幕。這是人民解放軍60年來撼動性最強的一次軍改，改革推進力度之大、調整結構之多、影響範圍之廣，可謂前所未有。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢

任天佑

我軍新一輪改革大幕已經拉開。隨著聯合指揮體制、戰區體制、軍種建設管理體制的確立，中國軍事變革正以嶄新姿態邁出關鍵一步。與以往不同的是，這是以領導指揮系統為核心的全面改革，是“脖子以上的改革”，改革決心之大前所未有，改革動作之大前所未有，改革效益之大前所未有，改革風險之大也前所未有。

進行自上而下的改革，我軍最大的優勢在製度。這次改革從總部、軍種、軍區這些軍隊的高層領率機關開始，從軍隊「大腦」和「中樞」起步。我們憑什麼勇涉險灘，憑什麼充滿自信，憑的是中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢。

發揮中國特色社會主義軍事制度優勢，核心在於堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導。不看到這條，改革就會犯單純軍事觀點的毛病；不堅持這一點，就會在攻堅克難面前凝聚不起動力和創新力，最終讓改革變成沙礫上建樓房，經不起戰場上的較量，經不起歷史的檢驗。堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導，就是要堅決貫徹黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的決策部署，衝破各種思想障礙以凝聚共識，不計個人得失、局部利益而聽令而行。惟如此，軍事改革才能突破千難萬險，到達勝利的彼岸。

改革是利益調整的過程，古今中外軍事改革的阻礙也突顯在利益這道門檻上。破山中賊易，破心中賊難。與人的主觀自覺性相比，新的時代條件下，更應著重於透過完善製度法制，破除改革舊體制的攔路虎。以法治化確保全軍資源的統籌力，實現集中力量辦改革；以法治化撤併壓縮落後作戰力量空間，為新型作戰力量騰籠換鳥；以法治化保障新型領導指揮系統的平穩運行，強力破除來自局部利益、個人利益的干擾。

什麼人才能成功執行改革，什麼人才能成功駕馭風險，這是決定改革命運的大事。正如恩格斯所說：「當科技革命的浪潮正在四周洶湧澎湃的時候，讓這些保守的偏見在軍隊中佔統治地位，是沒有好處的。我們需要更新、更勇敢的頭腦。」海灣戰爭以來，美軍不斷湧現悍將乾才，從博伊德到歐文斯，從鮑威爾到拉莫斯菲爾德，理論家、實戰家層出不窮，不是在戰場上靠戰績打拼出來，便是在理論上優勝劣汰而來。為此，不刷新人才選拔規則，改革就可能停留在「舊腦殼」壟斷新位置的「新瓶裝舊酒」陷阱。

毛澤東主席說，我們這支軍隊在戰爭中成熟得快。這是因為我軍總是在生死存亡的關頭以主動變革闖出勝利之路。回顧歷史，我軍改革往往不是水到渠成般的從容不迫，而是在外有威脅、內有壓力下的絕地爆發。 「三灣改編」是在城市暴動的屢屢失敗中從不足千人的隊伍起步的，精兵簡政是在日寇「三光」政策、鐵壁合圍的重重圍困中展開的。今天我軍的改革，是在霸權國家炫耀海洋霸權、武力挑釁下發生的，是在日本右翼勢力撼動和平憲法進而圖謀顛覆戰後國際秩序的蠢蠢欲動中起航的，它肩負捍衛國家領土主權、維護世界和平的使命，容不得拖延，容不得馬虎，更容不得退縮。同時要看到，這次軍事改革是以國家經濟起飛為基礎的，是站在科技創新堅實肩膀上的躍進，機遇難得，機不可失。

(作者為國防大學戰略教學部主任、少將)

(摘自2015年12月23日《光明日報》)

軍改：搶佔戰略制高點的衝鋒號

盧建永 王雪平

建構聯合作戰指揮機構，打好組合拳

資訊化戰爭是體系與體系、系統與系統的博弈，單打獨鬥的勝利方式已沒有了用武之地。在變幻莫測的資訊化戰場上，諸軍兵種能否密切協調形成合力，聯合作戰指揮機構是「牛鼻子」。展望當今世界強國軍隊，無不透過建強聯合作戰指揮機構，使軍隊具備打贏資訊化戰爭的能力。冷戰結束後，美軍便立即著手進行總部領導指揮體制的調整與建設，俄羅斯、英國、法國等軍隊也是如此。我軍此次重磅改革，站在世界制高點思考，可謂全球視野、戰略思維。 2020年前要「努力建構能夠打贏資訊化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系」。對領導管理體制和聯合作戰指揮體制進行一體設計”，“組建聯合作戰指揮機構”，著力構建“軍委—戰區—部隊的作戰指揮體系”。聯合指揮機構登台亮相，讓軍隊的“中樞神經”更加高效靈活，具體表現為：

強化了統一指揮。軍隊是擔負特殊使命任務的武裝力量集團，其特殊性要求必須高度統一指揮。習近平主席強調，「要著眼於貫徹新形勢下政治建軍的要求，推進領導掌握部隊和高效指揮部隊有機統一，形成軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建的格局」。所謂軍委管總，就是“強化軍委集中統一領導，更好使軍隊最高領導權和指揮權集中於黨中央、中央軍委”，讓軍隊永遠聽黨的話。

減少了指揮層次。現代戰爭打的是“速度”，沒有指揮機關的快速決策、指揮和部隊的快速反應，就沒有戰場上的主動權。軍委會、戰區直接指揮部隊，指揮連結大大壓縮，指揮層的意志、決心，最短路徑轉化為部隊行動，在瞬息萬變的戰場上可有效搶佔先機，贏得戰場主動。

實現了精幹高效。臃腫低能的領導指揮機構，不僅難以讓軍隊機器高效快速運轉，更容易成為強敵「指哪兒打哪裡」的第一口餐。建構「軍委會、戰區、部隊」三級指揮體系，透過機關精修、重組，職能分工明確，可有效達成作戰指揮的高效益。

設陸軍部、劃戰區，專職謀打仗

長期以來，我軍陸軍領導指揮體制不健全，陸軍的建設、管理和領導職能由總部機關各部門代行，導致陸軍指揮與管理職能重疊，政出多門，相互制約，不僅不利於對陸軍建設進行頂層設計和系統規劃，而且使總部機關承受了過重的負擔。軍區機關的龐大與重複性設置，也導致指揮與管理職能相互衝突、雙重弱化。這些問題，既嚴重影響了陸軍作為一個軍種的整體建設，也限制了總部和戰區聯合作戰指揮功能的形成與發揮。目前，世界主要國家軍隊陸軍均建有陸軍總部，負責本軍種建設的各項工作，包括人事及行政管理、教育訓練、軍事科研、兵役動員、武器裝備及後勤支援等。我軍此次軍改，習近平主席基於對我國安全情勢的科學判斷，順應世界軍事革命大勢，指出深化國防和軍隊改革要「著力解決制約國防和軍事建設的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進軍隊組織形態現代化，進一步解放和發展戰鬥力，進一步解放和增強軍隊活力，建立同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊」。有軍事專家分析，此次軍改設陸軍部，將使陸​​軍的軍種意識更強，陸軍建設發展頂層設計的強化，可從根本上解決我軍陸軍數量規模大、兵種比例不合理、領導指揮體制縱長橫短，以及非作戰單位過度過濫的問題，一支靈敏、合成、多能、高效的中國特色陸軍將立於世界東方。而軍區變戰區，意義更重大。

一是戰區專職謀打仗，是一個完整的區域性作戰組織，未來我軍「打什麼仗、仗怎麼打」就會更清楚，而前瞻性的戰爭設計也會拉動和牽引軍隊建設發展，促進部隊戰鬥力躍升。二是軍區變戰區，既是一次領導指揮機構脫胎換骨的力量重組，領導指揮層更精幹高效，也使軍事鬥爭準備的針對性更強，同時戰區聯合訓練的製度化、常態化，確保了平時訓練與未來戰爭對接。

組成軍委紀委、政法委，讓軍旗永遠鮮紅

我軍從無到有、從小到大、從弱到強、從勝利走向勝利，堅持黨對軍隊絕對領導，從嚴治軍是根本保證。這次軍改，是我軍在新一輪軍事革命潮起湧動中能否迎頭趕上、彎道超車的歷史機遇，更需以依法治軍、從嚴治軍為其開路護航。習近平主席指出，「要著眼於深入推進依法治軍、從嚴治軍，抓住治權這個關鍵，建構嚴密的權力運作制約和監督體系」。 「專注於解決軍隊紀檢、巡視、審計、司法、監督獨立性和權威性不夠的問題，以編密紮緊制度的籠子，努力剷除腐敗現象滋生蔓延的土壤。組建新的軍委紀委，向軍委機關部門和戰區分別派駐紀檢組，推動紀委雙重領導體制落到實處。依法獨立公正行使職權。

優化軍兵種力量結構，讓「戰鬥力」實現跨越

三軍圍繞陸軍轉、陸軍圍繞重裝部隊的軍兵種力量結構，已不適應現代戰爭立體性、速度性、廣域性的需要。縱觀當今世界主要國家軍改，無不向結構重組要戰鬥力，特別是透過重刀削減過時兵種力量，加速新銳作戰力量發展，使軍隊挺立於軍事變革潮頭。如，重點發展技術兵種和突擊力強的兵種，加快快速反應部隊、輕型裝甲部隊、特種作戰部隊和陸軍航空兵建設等，以應對資訊化戰爭體系戰、速度戰的需要。另外，一些國家軍隊「打破軍兵種界線，創建一體化部隊」也成為部隊編組形式發展的大趨勢。如美軍組成的聯合遠徵部隊包括陸軍師、海軍航空母艦戰鬥群、海軍陸戰隊部(分)隊和空軍戰鬥機聯隊。這次軍改會上，習近平主席強調指出，「要著眼打造精銳作戰力量，優化規模結構和部隊編成，推動我軍由數量規模型轉向質量效能型」。若要「調整改善軍種比例，優化軍種力量結構，依照不同方向安全需求和作戰任務改革部隊編成，推動部隊編成向充實、合成、多能、靈活方向發展」。鮮明地指出了我軍戰鬥力建設必須牢牢抓住軍兵種結構來優化這個關鍵。

一是優化軍種力量結構，加速海、空軍力量發展，適當壓縮陸軍數量規模，使我軍力量結構能有效應對未來可能從海上發起的資訊化局部戰爭。二是優化兵種力量結構，削減、淘汰過時的兵種力量，加速發展新銳作戰力量，使各軍種的兵種比例更合理。三是優化部隊編制，著眼多樣化軍事任務需求，建設能滿足不同方向、不同威脅的多類型部隊，提高軍事鬥爭準備的針對性。

(摘自2015年12月10日《學習時報》)

我軍特色聯合文化的內涵要求

李鳳彪

習近平指出：「一項沒有文化支撐的事業難以持續長久」。作為一種特殊的軍事文化，聯合文化是聯合指揮人才在軍事實踐中關於聯合作戰的知識體系、價值取向、思維方法、道德規範和心理意識等形成的觀念形態和行為方式，是滋養和提升聯合作戰能力的重要“軟實力”

忠誠可靠、集中統一。堅持黨對軍隊的絕對領導，既是我軍克敵制勝的根本法寶，也是我軍先進文化的最大優勢、最大特色。現代資訊化聯合作戰，政治因素更加凸顯、參戰力量更加多元、組織指揮更加複雜、協同要求更加嚴格，把高度分散的作戰要素、作戰單元、作戰體係有機聚合起來，形成強大的戰鬥力，同樣必須有忠貞不渝的信念和集中統一的領導。

改革創新、資訊主導。在當今時代，改革創新是加速軍隊建設的精神動力，資訊主導是贏得軍事博弈的關鍵理念，二者必然構成聯合文化最鮮明的時代特色。特別是透過近年來資訊化局部戰爭實踐和新軍事革命發展大勢，不難發現資訊化不僅使傳統的情報戰力量、電子戰力量、指揮控制力量變得更加強大，而且催生了網路戰、心理戰等新的作戰力量，資訊主導已不僅是純粹技術性概念，逐漸成為指導各國軍隊軍事轉型的全新理念。

靈活自主、體係作戰。我軍歷來強調靈活機動的戰略戰術，這是揚長避短、擊敵軟肋的重要法寶，為我軍聯合文化提供了重要藉鏡。進入資訊化戰爭時代，敵我攻防交戰轉換迅捷、戰場形勢瞬息萬變，尤其是平台作戰、體系支撐，戰術行動、戰略保障的顯著特徵，為充分發揮我軍「活」的優勢提供了堅實基礎和廣闊空間。發展我軍聯合文化，就要正確運用聯合作戰的基本原則，把我軍戰略戰術融會貫通於陸、海、空、天、電、網多維一體的力量體系中，轉化為未來聯合作戰的戰略指導、戰術思想和指揮藝術，你打你的、我打我的，致人而不致於人，形成非對稱優勢，始終掌握戰略和作戰主動。

平戰一體、綜合集成。面對當前應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的嚴峻考驗，發展我軍聯合文化，不僅要及時轉換和培育備戰打仗的新思路，把聯合作戰的科學方法滲透體現到策劃和指導部隊建設的整個過程各領域，搞好各種資源統籌配置，提高平時按照聯合作戰標準建設部隊的層次水平；而且要著眼增強戰時基於信息系統的體係作戰能力，發揮信息技術作用，運用系統工程方法，把生成戰鬥力的各個子系統、分系統整合成一個有機的整體，努力使武裝力量一體化、軍隊編成一體化、指揮控制一體化、作戰要素一體化成為自覺遵循，最大限度地凝聚作戰能力、釋放作戰能量。

團結協作、聯合製勝。為共同革命的理想團結一心、並肩奮戰、爭取勝利，向來是我軍戰勝強敵的價值理念。在資訊化條件下，科技的快速發展既使各要素作戰能力空前提升，也使戰場情況異常複雜，只有強化聯合製勝的價值理念，做到著眼體系、系統聯動，優勢互補、動態協同，精誠團結、精兵高效，才能以最小的代價贏得最大的勝利。發展我軍聯合文化，就要突顯團結協作、聯合製勝，積極建構與聯合作戰相符合的勝利觀、榮譽觀、利益觀、得失觀，徹底破除軍兵種利益掣肘和局部狹隘觀念，自覺養成自主協同、自覺配合、交鏈互動的聯合精神，使各種作戰力量最優組合、無縫鏈接，彰顯效能、合力製勝。

(作者為成都軍區副司令)

(摘自2015年12月23日《解放軍報》)

俄美：培養聯合作戰軍事人才

田義偉

全面培養聯合作戰指揮人才、聯合作戰資訊化訓練管理人才、聯合作戰資訊科技專業人才，推動高素質聯合作戰人才隊伍建設，是世界各國軍隊改革中在文化層面促進聯合作戰能力形成的基本途徑

俄軍把培養聯合作戰人才作為軍事文化的優先發展方向，認為軍隊院校是軍事人才培育的基地，是孕育聯合文化的搖籃，對聯合文化的發展起到引領示範作用。俄軍為拓展學員的知識結構，增進軍兵種之間的相互了解，消除“門戶之見”，對軍事教育體制進行了重大改革，強化構建初、中、高級聯合教育體制，在教育全程提升聯合作戰指揮能力。 2008年底，俄軍開始對軍事教育體系進行全面整合，正如俄總統普丁所指出：「軍事教育正在經歷重大改革。我們正在組成10個大型科研教學中心，所有這些機構都建在一套嚴格的垂直體系中，並根據服役情況為軍官們提供不斷提升自身職業水平的機會。

俄國防部教育司透露，為連續不間斷地提高各級軍官的聯合作戰素養，今後將充分發揮在職短期培訓的作用，及時更新軍官隊伍的知識結構，確保軍官成為掌握現代技術的高水平專業人員。俄軍也在高、中級軍事學院開設了資訊化聯合作戰講座，重新修訂了教學大綱，使院校教學內容更加貼近現代戰爭實際。俄總參軍事學院組織聯合作戰研討，提升學員資訊化聯合作戰指揮能力，打造精通聯合文化的複合型指揮官。俄軍加強聯合指揮人才培養的經驗告訴我們，必須把基於資訊系統的一體化聯合作戰教育訓練納入指揮員的培訓之中，使指揮人員在初、中級指揮崗位上都能按計劃接受有關「一體化聯合作戰」的教育與訓練，使其在進入高級指揮崗位之前就掌握相關的知識、技能，具備一定的聯合素養。高超的聯合作戰指揮藝術，累積著聯合文化的深厚底蘊，刻畫著聯合文化的深刻印跡。它貫穿於聯合作戰人才成長的整個過程，滲透到聯合作戰人才成長的各個方面，影響著聯合作戰人才的思維方式、價值觀念、心智模式和行為習慣，是聯合作戰人才鍛造的催化劑和倍增器，從根本上決定著聯合作戰人才培養的品質和水準。

在實際訓練中，世界上許多國家軍隊都強調，各軍兵種、各部隊要把聯合訓練放在優先的位置，著重培養指揮員跨軍種、兵種、部門的協同意識和能力，強調從基礎的單兵訓練開始，就向士兵灌輸“本能的聯合思維”，使指揮官和士兵充分認識到自己是聯合部隊的一員，是整體作戰力量的一分子，自覺地從聯合的角度思考問題，採取行動。以美軍的聯合作戰為例，美軍在經歷了消除軍種衝突，彌合軍種縫隙兩個階段後，現正處於多軍種能力無縫隙融合階段，向著內聚式聯合發展。

(作者為軍事科學院外軍部政治協理員 )

(摘自2015年12月28日《參考消息》)

資料來源：《紅旗文摘》雜誌2016年第2期

中國原創軍事資源：http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0301/c352498-28161788.html

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Where is the Focus of Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations?

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中國軍事認知域作戰的重點在哪裡？

劉曙光
2022年10月05日 | 資料來源：解放軍報

現代英語：

● Cognitive domain warfare focuses on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”.

● Wartime cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, and are implemented in coordination with military operations and support each other.

●In cognitive domain warfare, as the sound of gunfire fades away, the clarion call for a new round of cognitive domain warfare may sound again, and there can be no slackness.

Cognitive domain operations are confrontations conducted at the level of consciousness and thinking. Through selective processing and transmission of information, it influences judgments, changes concepts, and competes for people’s hearts, thereby guiding the reality to develop in a direction that is beneficial to oneself. From the perspective of cognitive shaping, cognitive domain operations focus on full-dimensional attacks, including both cognitive penetration in “peacetime” and cognitive coercion in “wartime”. Therefore, cognitive domain operations do not have a clear boundary between peace and war; at the same time, according to the needs of political or military purposes, its targets can be individuals, organizations, and even countries. Therefore, cognitive domain operations should establish the concept of peacetime and wartime integration, military-civilian integration, cross-domain integration, and joint victory, and sort out basic tasks accordingly.

Focus on the layout tasks of ideology

Ideology is “a system of thought that systematically and consciously reflects the social and economic forms and political systems”. Ideology determines the rational foundation of cognition and has distinct camp characteristics. Although ideology covers all aspects of social life, in the confrontation between countries or political groups, the struggle around belief guidance, attitude acquisition, and concept assimilation is particularly fierce, becoming the focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shaping and guiding political cognition, seizing the initiative to break and establish beliefs. The confrontation between countries or political groups is not only a confrontation of national strength, but also a confrontation of national will, and the confrontation of political beliefs bears the brunt. Shaping and guiding political cognition aims to consolidate or destroy political consensus, strengthen or shake political beliefs, and expand or disintegrate political camps. In cognitive domain operations, through the cognitive guidance of various aspects such as the legitimacy of the ruling party, the rationality of political ideas and systems, and the health of the political ecology, cultivate feelings such as recognition or denial, support or hatred of political positions, beliefs, and practices, and lay a political cognitive layout that is beneficial to oneself and detrimental to the enemy. Political cognition is related to the survival foundation of a country or organization, and is the primary focus of cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide war cognition, seize the leadership of war attitude. A country can live without war but cannot live without war awareness. War cognition is the basis for the formation and development of will, concept, psychology, and thinking of individuals, organizations, and countries in the war cycle. Through the guidance of cognition of the nature, properties, and legal concepts of war, it is a key issue to build a war cognition thinking system, guide the evaluation trend of the rationality, justice, and legitimacy of war, promote the formation of support or opposition to the possible war, and regulate the fluctuation of the willingness to assume war obligations. War cognition affects war attitude, and the struggle for control over it is a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Shape and guide value cognition, and seize the control of emotional will. Values ​​affect people’s judgment of beauty, ugliness, right and wrong, and social behavior orientation. In terms of identifying things and judging right and wrong, people’s emotions always tend to support propositions with similar values. Value cognition permeates every corner of life. Through the dissemination of ethical and moral concepts, standards of beauty, ugliness, good and evil, and literary and artistic viewpoints, the competition for the right to guide value concepts, the right to guide life patterns, and the right to judge traditional inheritance is frequent and fierce. In real life, different values ​​often penetrate and entangle with each other. The essence of shaping and guiding value cognition is to strive for the recognition of social emotions, which is a regular task of cognitive domain operations.

Focus on the social psychology of the task of creating momentum

Social psychology provides a perceptual and experiential basis for cognition, and it is formed on the basis of daily life, social activities, practical insights, etc. Social psychological guidance often promotes unpredictable changes in the real situation. It is one of the common modes of confrontation between the two sides, especially in non-military conflict periods, and it is also a task that must be taken seriously in cognitive domain operations.

Guide national psychology and regulate national emotions. National psychology is one of the social psychology that is most likely to cause conflict and confrontation. Attacking national self-esteem can breed national inferiority complex and easily split and disperse. Improving national self-esteem can enhance national cohesion, but the expansion of national self-esteem can easily lead to extreme racism, national chauvinism, etc.; the differences in status, interests, culture, customs, and life among different ethnic groups within the country provide opportunities for people with ulterior motives to stir up national confrontation, while the same living space and cooperation process lay the foundation for eliminating prejudice and even cohesion and tolerance among ethnic groups. The result depends on cognitive guidance. National psychological guidance is sensitive and easy to get out of control, which has a direct impact on social stability. It is a task that needs to be focused on in cognitive domain operations.

Guide group psychology and increase or decrease opposition awareness. Groups generally refer to people of the same kind, such as ethnic groups, regions, classes, professional groups, and even civil groups, non-governmental organizations, etc. If groups are subjectively defined based on the standard of “convergence”, then the “differences” between groups exist objectively. This difference may be political or economic status, or it may be cultural ideas, regional concepts, or other. Guiding the cognition of differences to promote the opposition psychology of different groups such as party opposition, regional opposition, professional opposition, and rich-poor opposition will not only damage the internal unity of the country, but also accumulate and increase the dissatisfaction of all sectors of society with the political authorities, laying the groundwork for instigating social unrest and division. In cognitive domain operations, attention needs to be paid to this kind of social psychology.

Guiding individual psychology and influencing social emotions. In cognitive domain operations, individual psychological guidance is divided into two situations. One is the psychological guidance of important figures, such as sensitive professionals, social intellectuals, academic elites, successful business people, etc. The struggle for their political stance, emotional attitude, etc. is an issue that both sides of the confrontation need to focus on. The other is the use of phenomena that easily trigger individual psychological resonance. For example, in public crises, major accidents, natural disasters, and even some criminal incidents and emergencies in life, intentionally guiding certain emotions may cause group polarization due to the individual’s herd effect, thereby causing changes in public opinion and even social unrest. Both aspects are content that cognitive domain operations need to pay attention to.

Targeting the critical task of wartime cognition

Cognitive domain operations precede military operations and end with them. In wartime, cognitive domain operations are carried out around the achievement of military objectives, coordinated with military operations, and mutually supportive, with the characteristics of violent coercion. In this stage of cognitive domain operations, “offensive” and “defensive” actions are carried out simultaneously, with the combined effects of weapons and propaganda, and the emergence of “enticement”, “attack”, “cheating”, and “control”. This is the key stage of cognitive domain operations.

Attack the enemy’s mind and induce cognition. Cognitive attacks in wartime are mainly carried out to weaken the enemy’s will to resist and induce the enemy to make wrong decisions. Targeted attacks are used to shake the enemy’s will to resist and front-line commanders and fighters, and information deception interference is used to induce decision-making; for armed forces, which are mainly military forces, the use of force to deter and deter is dominant, and the use of public opinion warfare and other style actions and emerging technical means are used to shake their belief in participating in the war, cause panic, undermine their military morale, and dominate their action patterns; for social support forces, strong information is delivered through large-scale military exercises, equipment tests, and propaganda on the lethality of weapons to undermine confidence, induce panic through selective target strikes and the dissemination of battle conditions, and seek understanding through publicity of one’s own humanitarian actions in the war and related international comments.

Build a strong defense line, gather hearts and minds to control the situation. The focus of cognitive defense in wartime is to build a strong defense line of “heart”, “will” and “intelligence” to prevent the loss of fighting spirit under the stimulation of drastic changes in the situation or environment. Education and publicity are the basic ways of cognitive defense in wartime. For the participating forces, stimulate enthusiasm for participation through mobilization and incentives, clarify the truth by refuting rumors, establish the belief in victory by publicizing the results of the war, mobilize morale by setting up models, etc.; for the supporting forces, establish a sense of mission, responsibility and obligation for the whole people through education and publicity on the justice, rationality and legality of the war, stimulate the psychology of common hatred of the enemy by exposing the enemy’s brutal behavior, and stimulate enthusiasm for supporting operations by publicizing the deeds of local participation in the war and supporting the front, etc.

Expand the camp and eliminate hidden dangers. Creating a favorable cognitive atmosphere and providing support for the expansion of one’s own camp is an important aspect of cognitive domain operations during wartime that must be done. In particular, although the pursuit of international support forces is mainly based on political and diplomatic activities, the widespread spread of one’s own positions, ideas, attitudes, etc. often leads to changes in international civil attitudes, which in turn affects decision-making at the political level and provides support for the expansion of one’s own camp. In addition, cognitive domain operations during wartime have an important task that runs through the entire war, that is, to eliminate the adverse hidden dangers caused by various accidents in the war. Especially in the later stages of the war, as the destructive effects of the war appear and spread, people’s cognitive systems will inevitably be repeatedly impacted by different information. During this period, ideological guidance, social psychological shaping, and individual psychological counseling are needed to ensure the consolidation of the results of the war. In cognitive domain operations, as the sound of gunfire dissipates, the horn of a new round of cognitive domain operations may sound again, and there must be no slackness.

現代國語：

要點提示

●認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊，既包括「平時」的認知滲透，也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。

●戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開，與軍事行動配合實施、相互支持。

●在認知域作戰中，隨著槍砲聲的消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響，不能有絲毫懈怠。

認知域作戰是在意識思維層面進行的對抗，透過選擇性加工和傳遞訊息，影響判斷、改變觀念、爭奪人心，進而引導現實態勢向有利於己的方向發展。從認知塑造來看，認知域作戰著重全維度攻擊，既包括「平時」的認知滲透，也包括「戰時」的認知迫誘。因而，認知域作戰沒有明晰的平、戰界線；同時，根據政治或軍事目的需要，其作用對象可以是個人、組織甚至國家。因此，認知域作戰應該樹立平戰一體、軍地一體、跨域融合、連動制勝的觀念，並依此整理基本任務。

聚焦意識形態的佈局任務

意識形態是「系統性、自覺地反映社會經濟形態和政治制度的思想體系」。意識形態決定了認知的理性根基，具有鮮明的陣營特徵。儘管意識形態涵蓋社會生活的各個層面，但在國家或政治團體之間的對抗中，圍繞著信念引導、態度爭取、觀念同化等方面的鬥爭尤為激烈，成為認知域作戰重點關注的任務。

塑造引導政治認知，奪取信念破立主控權。國家或政治集團之間的對抗不僅是舉國之力的對抗，也是舉國之志的對抗，政治信念的對抗首當其衝。塑造引導政治認知旨在凝聚或破壞政治共識、堅定或動搖政治信念、拓展或瓦解政治陣營。認知域作戰中，透過對執政黨的合法性、政治理念和製度的合理性、政治生態的健康性等各方面的認知引導，培植對政治立場、信念、實踐等的認同或否定、擁護或憎恨等感情，舖設有利於己、不利於敵的政治認知佈局。政治認知關係到國家或組織的生存根基，是認知域作戰的首要關注目標。

塑造引導戰爭認知，奪取戰爭態度領導權。國可無戰事但不能無戰識。戰爭認知是個人、組織、國家在戰爭週期中意志、觀念、心理、思考形成和發展的基礎。透過對戰爭的本質、性質、法理觀念等的認知引導，建構戰爭認知思維體系，引導戰爭合理性、正義性、合法性的評價走向，推動對可能發生戰爭支持或反對態度的形成，調控承擔戰爭義務意願的漲落，是戰爭認知引導的關鍵問題。戰爭認知影響戰爭態度，對其主控權的爭奪是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

塑造引導價值認知，奪取情感意志控領權。價值觀影響人的美醜是非評判和社會行為取向，在認定事物、判定是非方面，人的情感總是傾向於支持價值觀相近的主張。價值認知滲透於生活的各個角落，透過倫理道德觀念、美醜善惡標準、文學藝術觀點等的傳播，圍繞價值觀念導引權、生活模式導向權、傳統傳承評判權等的爭奪頻繁且激烈。現實生活中，不同的價值觀念往往會互相滲透糾纏。塑造引導價值認知的實質是爭取社會情感的認同，是認知領域作戰的經常性任務。

緊盯社會心理的造勢任務

社會心理為認知提供了感性和經驗基礎，它在日常生活、社會活動、實踐感悟等經驗基礎上形成。社會心理引導常會推動現實情勢產生難測變化，是雙方對抗特別是非軍事衝突期的慣用模式之一，也是認知域作戰必須重視的任務。

導引民族心理，調控民族情緒。民族心理是最容易引發衝突對抗的社會心理之一。打擊民族自尊心可滋長民族自卑心理而易分裂澇散，提升民族自尊心可增強民族凝聚力，但民族自尊心的膨脹又易引發極端種族主義、民族沙文主義等的產生；國家內部不同民族間地位、利益、文化、風俗、生活等的差異性，為別有用心之人挑動民族對立情緒提供了可乘之機，而相同的生存空間、合作歷程等又奠定了民族間消除偏見甚至凝聚包容的基礎，結果取決於認知導引。民族心理導引敏感且容易失控，對社會穩定有直接影響，是認知域作戰需要重點關注的任務。

導引群類心理，漲消對立意識。群類泛指同類的人，如民族、地理、階級、職業團體甚至民間團體、非政府組織等等。如果說群類是以「趨同」為標準而主觀劃定的，那麼群類之間的「差異」就是客觀存在的。這種差異性可能是政治、經濟地位，也可能是文化思想、地域觀念抑或其他。導引差異認知推動黨派對立、地區對立、職業對立、貧富對立等不同群體對立心理，不但會對國家內部團結造成破壞，也會累積增加社會各界對政權當局的不滿情緒，為策動社會動盪分裂留下伏筆。認知域作戰中，需要對此類社會心理予以關注。

導引個體心理，影響社會情緒。認知域作戰中，個體心理導引區分為兩種情境。一種是重要人物心理導引，如敏感工作者、社會公知、學術菁英、商業成功人士等，對其政治立場、情感態度等的爭取，是對抗雙方需要重點關注的議題。一種是對易引發個體心理共鳴現象的利用。如公共危機、重大事故、自然災害甚至生活中的一些犯罪事件、突發情況等，有意導引某種情緒則可能因個體的從眾效應而產生群體極化現象，從而引發民意變化甚至社會動盪。這兩個面向都是認知域作戰需重視的內容。

瞄準戰時認知的關鍵性任務

認知域作戰先於軍事行動開展而後於軍事行動結束。戰時認知域作戰圍繞著軍事目的的達成而展開，與軍事行動配合實施、相互支撐，具有暴力脅迫特徵。此階段的認知域作戰，「攻」「防」行動同步開展，武器影響、宣傳影響綜合致效，「誘」「打」「騙」「控」等手段層出不窮，是認知域作戰的關鍵階段。

攻心奪志，迫誘認知。戰時認知攻擊主要圍繞在削弱敵抵抗意志、誘導敵錯誤決策。針對敵方決策層、一線指戰員等，透過靶向攻擊動搖抵抗意志，透過資訊欺騙幹擾誘導決策；針對以軍隊為主的武裝力量，以武力打擊震懾主導，綜合運用輿論戰等樣式行動以及新興技術手段，動搖其參戰信念、引發其恐慌情緒、瓦解其軍心士氣、支配其行動模式；針對社會面支撐力量，透過大型軍事演習、裝備試驗、宣傳武器殺傷效能等傳遞強硬訊息打擊信心，透過選擇性目標打擊、戰況傳播等誘發恐慌情緒，透過宣傳己方戰爭中的人道行為和國際相關評論爭取理解等。

築牢防線，凝心控局。戰時認知防守的重點是築牢「心」「志」「智」防線，防止在局勢或環境劇烈變化的刺激下喪失鬥志。教育和宣傳是戰時認知防禦的基本途徑。針對參戰力量，透過動員激勵激發參戰熱情，透過批駁謠言澄清事實真相，透過宣傳戰果確立必勝信念，透過樹立典型調動士氣等等；針對支撐力量，透過戰爭的正義性、合理性、合法性教育宣傳，建立全民使命感、責任感、義務感，透過揭露敵方的殘暴行為激發同仇敵愾心理，透過宣傳地方參戰支前事蹟激發支援作戰熱情等等。

拓展陣營，消除隱憂。營造有利的認知氛圍，為己方陣營拓展提供支撐，是戰時認知領域作戰必須有所作為的重要面向。特別是國際支持力量的爭取，雖然在途徑上主要以政治、外交等活動為主，但己方立場、理念、態度等的廣泛擴散，常會帶動國際民間態度的轉變，進而影響到政治層面的決策，為己方拓展陣營提供支撐。此外，戰時認知域作戰還有一項貫穿戰爭始終的重要任務，即消除戰爭中各種意外帶來的不利隱患。特別是戰爭後期，隨著戰爭破壞效應的顯現擴散，人的認知體係必將受到不同資訊的反覆衝擊。這段時期，需要意識形​​態引領、社會心理塑造、個體心理疏導等配合致效，方能確保戰果的鞏固。在認知域作戰中，隨著槍砲聲的消散，新一輪認知域作戰的號角可能再次吹響，不能有絲毫懈怠。

(編按：王子鋒、黃子娟)

中國原創軍事資源：https://military.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1005/c1011-32539888.html

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Chinese Military intelligence is Profoundly Affecting Future Operations

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中國軍事情報正在深刻影響未來的行動

資料來源：新華社 作者：林娟娟 張元濤 王 巍 責任編輯：喬楠楠

2019-09-10

現代英語：

In today’s era, military intelligence is becoming a powerful driving force for a new round of military reforms after mechanization and informatization, profoundly affecting the future combat victory mechanism, combat rules, and combat methods, and increasingly pushing war into the era of intelligence. The impact of military intelligence on future combat is mainly reflected in four aspects.

First, “intelligence” will become the dominant factor in determining the outcome of future operations. Mechanized warfare can be seen as platform-centric warfare, where energy is the dominant force. Energy is used to achieve the mobility of combat platforms and firepower strikes on targets, to achieve the combat purpose of destroying the enemy, and to pursue the use of objects to carry energy and release energy. Informationized warfare can be seen as network-centric warfare, where information is the dominant force. Information does not replace energy, but through precise positioning of time and space, it multiplies the combat effectiveness of energy, thus becoming the dominant force in war, and pursues the use of networks to gather energy and release energy. Intelligent warfare can be seen as cognitive-centric warfare, in which the dominant force is “intelligence”. The combat space is further extended from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, social domain, and biological domain. The battlefield situation is more complex. War is a systemic confrontation across domains, and it pursues more empowerment and release of power with intelligence.

Second, intelligent unmanned equipment will become the main combat equipment in future operations. The development of intelligent technology has gradually separated people from weapons and equipment. Unmanned systems have shifted from assisting people in combat to replacing people in combat, completing many high-risk combat operations that are not suitable for people to perform. Intelligent combat has increasingly distinctive characteristics of “unmanned platforms, manned systems, unmanned combat, and manned command”. On the Syrian battlefield, the Russian military remotely controlled 10 combat robots to kill more than 70 Islamic State militants with “zero casualties” and seize the 754.5 high ground, becoming the first ground combat operation in military history with robots as the main force. It is expected that by 2025, the proportion of intelligent unmanned equipment in the Russian military’s weapons and equipment will reach more than 30%. The U.S. military predicts that by 2030, intelligent unmanned equipment will be able to perform tasks autonomously, and 60% of ground combat platforms will achieve unmanned intelligence. A large number of drones, unmanned ships/boats, and unmanned vehicles will become the main equipment for both sides on the intelligent battlefield, carrying out various traditional/untraditional military tasks and implementing self-organized and systematic operations.

Third, human-machine collaborative combat will become the main mode of action in future combat. Human-machine collaborative combat is a mode of combat in which manned and unmanned equipment joint formations implement coordinated attacks in a networked confrontation environment. Among them, human soldiers with battlefield decision-making and tactical control capabilities serve as the “command back end”, and intelligent unmanned equipment carrying guided weapons or various intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance sensors serve as the “weapon front end”. With the support of information networks, human soldiers and intelligent unmanned equipment work closely together to complete actions such as situation perception, tactical decision-making, firepower guidance, weapon launch and damage assessment. According to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, before 2035, human-machine collaborative combat will mainly take the form of autonomous combat with humans in the loop; before 2050, authorized autonomous or fully autonomous combat with humans outside the loop will be achieved, officially kicking off intelligent warfare dominated by machines.

Fourth, autonomous swarm combat will become an important attack style in future combat. The technical inspiration of swarm combat comes from the bionics research on bees. The division of labor within the bee colony is clear, there is a rich and interesting information exchange language between individuals, and the social behavior is rich, so the cluster is also called a “bee colony.” Swarm combat is an intelligent combat style that relies on artificial intelligence, data chain integration, cloud computing and other technical support, and launches dozens or even hundreds of drones at the same time. They form precise formations and precise division of labor, and perform multiple tasks and multi-target strikes at the same time. Compared with traditional combat, swarm combat has incomparable advantages and is a subversion of traditional combat styles and combat rules. After hundreds of simulation tests, the U.S. Navy found that even an advanced air defense system like the Aegis air defense system has difficulty in allocating firepower when dealing with drone swarm attacks, resulting in some drones being able to avoid interception and successfully launch attacks on ships. Data shows that when a swarm of 8 drones is used to attack ships, an average of 2.8 drones can avoid the Aegis interception system; when the number of drones increases to dozens, the number of drones that successfully avoid the interception system and achieve penetration is greater. These simulation tests fully prove that the effect of drone swarm operations is significant and poses a huge threat to the current defense system. At the same time, it also indicates that swarm-type autonomous operations will inevitably become an important offensive combat style on the future intelligent battlefield.

現代國語：

當今時代，軍事智能化正成為繼機械化、資訊化之後推動新一輪軍事變革的強大動力，深刻影響著未來作戰制勝機理、作戰規則及作戰方式方法等，日益推動戰爭步入智能化時代。軍事智能化對未來作戰的影響趨勢主要體現在4個面向。

一是「智能力」將成為決定未來作戰勝負的主導因素。機械化戰爭可視為平台中心戰，主導力量是能量，透過能量實現作戰平台的機動性和對目標的火力打擊，達到毀傷敵方的作戰目的，追求以物載能、以物釋能。資訊化戰爭可看作是網絡中心戰，主導力量是資訊力，訊息並沒有取代能量，而是透過對時空的精準定位，使能量的作戰效能成倍提升，從而成為戰爭的主導力量，追求以網聚能、以網釋能。智能化戰爭可以看作是認知中心戰，主導力量是“智能力”，作戰空間從物理域、信息域進一步向認知域、社會域和生物域延拓，戰場態勢更為錯綜復雜，戰爭是各作戰域跨域融合的體系對抗，更追求以智賦能、以智釋能。

二是智慧無人裝備將成為未來作戰的主體主戰裝備。智慧技術的發展，使人與武器裝備逐漸實現脫離，無人系統從輔助人作戰轉向代替人作戰，完成諸多不適合人去執行的高危險作戰行動，智能化作戰越來越具有「平台無人、體係有人，作戰無人、指揮有人」的鮮明特徵。在敘利亞戰場上，俄軍遙控指揮10支戰鬥機器人以「零傷亡」擊斃70多名伊斯蘭國武裝分子並奪取754.5高地，成為軍事史上首例以機器人為主力的地面作戰行動。預計2025年，俄軍武器裝備中智慧無人裝備的比例將達到30%以上。美軍預測2030年前，智慧無人裝備將能夠自主執行任務，60%的地面作戰平台將實現無人智慧化。大量無人機、無人船/艇和無人車等裝備，將成為智慧化戰場上對抗雙方的主體裝備，遂行各類傳統/非傳統軍事任務，並實施自組織和體系化作戰。

三是人機協同作戰將成為未來作戰的主要行動方式。人機協同作戰是在網絡化對抗環境下，有人與無人裝備聯合編隊實施協同攻擊的作戰方式。其中，具備戰場決策及戰術控制能力的人類士兵作為“指揮後端”，攜帶制導武器或各類情報、偵察和監視傳感器的智能無人裝備作為“武器前端”，在信息網絡的支持下，人類士兵與智慧無人裝備通過密切協同，共同完成態勢感知、戰術決策、火力引導、武器發射及毀傷評估等行動。根據美國陸軍研究實驗室的觀點，2035年前，人機協同作戰主要採取人在迴路的監督自主式作戰；2050年前，將實現人在迴路外的授權自主或完全自主式作戰，正式拉開機器主戰的智慧化戰爭序幕。

四是集群自主作戰將成為未來作戰的重要攻擊樣式。集群作戰的技術靈感源自於對蜜蜂的仿生研究。蜂群內部分工明確，個體間存在豐富有趣的資訊交流語言，社會行為豐富，所以集群又被稱為「蜂群」。集群作戰是依託人工智慧、數據鏈整合以及雲計算等技術支撐，同時發射數十乃至成百架以上無人機，由其自行精準編隊、精確分工，同時執行多種任務及多目標打擊的智能化作戰樣式。與傳統作戰相比，集群作戰具有無可比擬的優勢，是對傳統作戰樣式和作戰規則的顛覆。美海軍經過數百次模擬試驗後發現，即使先進如「宙斯盾」防空系統，在應對無人機集群攻擊時，也難以合理分配火力，導致部分無人機能夠避開攔截對艦艇成功發動攻擊。數據表明，當使用由8架無人機組成的集群向艦艇發動攻擊時，平均有2.8架無人機可避開「宙斯盾」攔截系統；當無人機數量增至幾十架時，成功避開攔截系統實現突防的無人機數量更多。這些模擬試驗充分證明，無人機集群作戰的效果顯著，對當前防禦體系構成巨大威脅，同時也預示，集群式自主作戰必將成為未來智慧化戰場上重要的進攻作戰樣式。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4850888.html?

#Information Support Force, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, China's Military Organization - Intelligence, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Command information Systems, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Metaverse, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military’s Embrace of Artificial Intelligence: How to Revolutionize Future Warfare

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中國軍隊擁抱人工智慧：如何徹底改變未來戰爭

現代英語：

Source: China National Defense News Author: Chen Hanghui Editor-in-charge: Qiao Nannan 2018-01-02 08:29:25

At present, the world is on the eve of the intelligent revolution, and human society is moving from the “Internet +” era to the “Intelligence +” era. In recent years, driven by big data, new algorithms and supercomputing, artificial intelligence is changing and even subverting every industry it touches, and war is no exception. From underwater submersibles to drone swarms, from predictive maintenance software to intelligent decision-making assistants, artificial intelligence is affecting different areas of war with unprecedented breadth and depth, promoting a new round of military reforms, and the form and appearance of war are quietly changing.

Temple planning comes first, war design becomes more sophisticated

“The Art of War” by Sun Tzu says: “He who plans for victory before the battle has made many calculations; he who plans for defeat before the battle has made few calculations.” Looking at the history of human warfare, “He who plans more wins, and he who plans less loses” is an immutable theorem.

Future wars will increasingly rely on “temple calculations”. Artificial intelligence can enhance the effectiveness of war prediction in at least two ways:

First, it can more accurately calculate and predict the outcome of wars. With the support of advanced algorithms and supercomputing capabilities, the calculation and prediction results of artificial intelligence systems are more accurate than those of the human brain. Second, with the help of war game systems, combat plans can be tested and optimized more effectively. For example, war game systems that incorporate artificial intelligence can engage in man-machine confrontation with humans, which helps people find problems and find weaknesses. In particular, after introducing algorithms such as deep learning into war game systems, the behavior of intelligent systems will become profound and varied, which will help break through the established thinking of humans, enhance the confrontation and authenticity of war game simulations, and achieve the purpose of optimizing solutions. In addition, intelligent war game systems can also be used to conduct machine-machine confrontations to improve the efficiency of simulations.

In February 2015, the U.S. Department of Defense issued a memorandum titled “Wargames and Innovation,” proposing to introduce machine learning into wargames. Currently, Rand Corporation and Raytheon have already begun attempts in this regard. Once mature intelligent software is applied to wargames, it will not only improve the level of optimization plans and prediction of war situations, but also more accurately predict the size of the troops involved in the war, ammunition consumption, duration and support requirements, etc., significantly improving the ability to design wars.

Speed ​​is the key to success. The pace of operations has never been faster.

In the information age, wars follow the principle of “the fast eats the slow”. In the several wars since the Gulf War, the key to the US military’s repeated victories is that it always achieves “the fastest move”.

Nowadays, the reaction speed of artificial intelligence has completely “crushed” the human brain. In 2016, in a simulated air battle, the “Alpha” intelligent software developed by the University of Cincinnati in the United States controlled the F-15 fighter and defeated the F-22 fighter piloted by humans. The reason is that the reaction speed of the intelligent software is 250 times that of the human brain! In October this year, the Geospatial Intelligence Center of the University of Missouri in the United States announced a research result showing that the center has developed an algorithm model based on deep learning technology, which can search and identify missile launch sites within nearly 90,000 square kilometers in the southeastern coastal area of ​​a certain country within 42 minutes, which is 85 times faster than human analysts and has an accuracy rate reaching the level of expert image analysts.

For this reason, in recent years, the US, Russian and other militaries have turned their attention to artificial intelligence, intending to use the speed advantage of artificial intelligence to shorten their decision-making cycle on the battlefield and firmly grasp the operational advantage. In July this year, Russian weapons manufacturer Kalashnikov announced that it had developed a fully automatic combat module based on artificial neural networks, which can achieve destruction upon detection. In addition, the US military is developing intelligent tools such as automated data analysis tools, automatic target recognition software, airborne intelligent decision assistants, and digital air combat planners, intending to reduce the burden of intelligence and combat personnel at all stages of the decision-making cycle and improve decision-making efficiency. In November this year, the head of the US Department of Defense’s algorithmic warfare project called for: Any weapon system purchased by the US military in the future should be integrated with artificial intelligence.

It can be predicted that as more and more intelligent weapon systems are deployed on the battlefield, combat response time on the battlefield will become shorter and shorter, combat actions will become unprecedentedly fierce, and will eventually exceed human understanding and response capabilities.

Autonomous confrontation, the combat mode has changed

Since the 20th century, the development of detection technology and the advancement of perception technology under the wave of informatization have promoted the birth of the man-machine collaborative combat chain of “sensor-shooter-weapon platform”.

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, intelligent weapon systems that can automatically identify, lock and strike targets are gradually emerging, and can replace humans to execute simple decision-making commands. Such as the US military’s ship-borne “Aegis” system, the Israeli military’s “Iron Dome” system, the Russian military’s “Arena” active protection system, the French military’s “Shark” system, etc. However, the intelligence level of these systems is not high at present, and the autonomous combat mode is usually the last option.

In the future, with the advancement of intelligent technology groups such as sensor technology, new algorithms, and big data technology, the autonomous action capabilities of weapon systems will be greatly improved, and the situation of autonomous confrontation of weapon systems will become more and more common. In specific combat fields, such as cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, humans can only rely on intelligent weapon systems for autonomous confrontation. At the same time, with the emergence of hypersonic weapons and cluster warfare, wars will enter the era of “instant kills” and “group fights”, and using intelligent systems to autonomously fight is almost the only way out.

In the future, as the autonomous confrontation of intelligent weapon systems becomes the new normal, the combat mode will gradually change from “man in the loop” to “man on the loop”. The main characteristics of the new mode can be summarized as “in command, out of control”, that is, in most cases, human warriors play the role of supervisors, responsible for inputting target characteristics and setting rules of engagement before the war, observing battlefield engagements, etc. It should be pointed out that in the new mode, humans are still the final decision makers, and human warriors will autonomously enter and exit the combat chain as needed and take necessary intervention measures. The biggest advantage of the new mode is that it can free human warriors from complex decisions and focus on major decisions and key tasks. How to ensure that humans can take over control at any time will be the biggest challenge facing the development of human-machine collaboration technology in the future.

Cluster warfare brings new life to the war of attrition

In the era of cold weapons and mechanized warfare, attrition warfare was the basic way of fighting, and “eating more and eating less” was the basic rule for winning on the battlefield.

Since the 1970s, with the emergence of stealth technology, satellite positioning systems, and precision-guided weapons, the “more, less” war principle has been completely broken. In recent years, with the rapid development of sensor technology, bionics, miniaturization technology, and artificial intelligence technology, the concept of swarm warfare has once again attracted the attention of the military of various countries. The so-called swarm warfare refers to the centralized deployment of hundreds or thousands of intelligent weapons to attack targets from multiple directions. Compared with traditional combat methods, swarm warfare has four major advantages:

First, the miniaturization of a single platform greatly improves battlefield survivability; second, it is decentralized, and the loss of an individual does not affect the overall function; third, it is low-cost, large in quantity, and the combat cost-effectiveness is multiplied; fourth, it can implement saturation attacks and paralyze the enemy’s defense system. It is not difficult to see that cluster warfare can achieve the effect of “quantity is quality”, and therefore, it is considered a war of attrition in the intelligent era.

The U.S. military sees swarm warfare as a game-changer in warfare, and believes that swarm warfare is particularly suitable for dealing with anti-access/area denial threats. Currently, the U.S. Department of Defense is simultaneously targeting underwater, surface, and air, and promoting multiple swarm research and development projects, striving to have multi-dimensional space swarm combat capabilities. In addition, the various branches of the U.S. military are competing to develop swarm combat concepts. For example, the Marine Corps envisions using unmanned combat swarms as landing pioneers to perform tasks such as battlefield perception, mine clearance, and obstacle removal, creating conditions for Marines to rush ashore.

From underwater “wolf packs” to ground “ant swarms” to aerial “bee swarms”, swarm warfare will be prevalent in the future intelligent battlefield. “Human wave tactics” will be re-emerged in a new look, and the balance of the war of attrition will be extremely tilted towards the side with swarm warfare capabilities. The following scene may appear in the future: on one side, there are swarms of intelligent machines covering the sky and the sun, and on the other side, there are panicked, lonely human warriors…

現代國語：

當前,世界正處於智慧革命的前夜，人類社會正從「互聯網+」時代邁入「智能+」時代。近年來，在大數據、新型演算法和超級運算的推動下，人工智慧正在改變乃至顛覆所觸及的每個產業，戰爭也不例外。從水下潛航器到無人機集群，從預測性維修軟件到智慧決策助手，人工智慧正以前所未有的廣度與深度影響著戰爭的不同領域，推動著新一輪軍事變革，戰爭形態和麵貌正悄然被改變。

廟算為先，戰爭設計日益精細

《孫子兵法》曰：「夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。」縱觀人類戰爭史，「多算勝，少算不勝」是亙古不變的定理。

未來戰爭對「廟算」的依賴度有增無減,人工智慧至少可以從兩方面增強戰爭預判的有效性：

一是更精確地計算並預測戰爭結果。在先進演算法和超算能力的支撐下，人工智慧系統的計算和預測結果比人腦更加準確。二是藉助兵棋系統能更有效檢驗和優化作戰方案。例如，融入人工智慧的兵棋系統能夠和人開展人機對抗，有助於人們發現問題、找出弱項。特別是將深度學習等演算法引入兵棋系統後，智慧系統的行為將變得深邃多變，有助於突破人類的既定思維，增強兵棋推演的對抗性和真實性，達到優化方案的目的。此外，還可利用智慧兵棋系統開展機機對抗，提升推演的效率。

2015年2月，美國國防部推出了《兵棋推演與創新》備忘錄，並提出將機器學習引入兵棋推演。目前，蘭德公司、雷神公司已經開始這方面的嘗試。一旦將研發成熟的智慧軟件應用於兵棋推演，不僅能提高優化方案和預測戰局的水平，還能更精確地預測戰爭涉及的兵力規模、彈藥消耗、持續時間和保障需求等，顯著提升對戰爭設計的能力。

速度製勝，作戰節奏空前加快

在資訊時代,戰爭遵循「快吃慢」制勝法則，海灣戰爭以來的幾場戰爭中，美軍之所以能夠屢戰屢勝，其關鍵在於始終做到了「棋快一招」。

如今，人工智慧的反應速度已經完全「碾壓」人腦。 2016年，在一次模擬空戰中，美國辛辛那提大學研發的「阿爾法」智慧軟體操控F-15戰機，擊敗了由人駕駛的F-22戰機，原因就在於該智慧軟件的反應速度是人類大腦反應速度的250倍！今年10月，美國密蘇里大學地​​理空間情報中心公佈了一份研究成果顯示，該中心基於深度學習技術開發了一種演算法模型，能夠在42分鐘內搜尋並識別出某國東南沿海地區近9萬平方千米內的導彈發射場，速度比人類分析師快85倍，準確率達到專家級影像分析師水準。

正因如此，近年來，美、俄等軍隊將目光投向了人工智慧，意圖利用人工智慧的速度優勢，縮短己方在戰場上的決策週期，牢牢掌握行動優勢。今年7月，俄羅斯武器製造商卡拉什尼科夫公司宣稱，已開發出基於人工神經網絡的全自動戰鬥模塊，能做到發現即摧毀。另外，美軍則在研發自動化數據分析工具、自動目標識別軟件、機載智慧決策助理、數字化空中作戰規劃員等智慧工具，意圖在決策週期各環節上減輕情報和作戰人員的負擔，提高決策效率。而在今年11月，美國國防部演算法戰項目負責人呼籲：今後美軍採購的任何武器系統都應融入人工智慧。

可以預見，今後隨著越來越多的智慧化武器系統投入戰場，戰場上的作戰反應時間將越來越短，交戰行動將空前激烈，並最終超越人類的理解和應對能力。

自主對抗，作戰模式引發變革

20世紀以來，偵測技術的發展和資訊化浪潮下感知技術的進步，推動了「傳感器-射手-武器平台」這一人機協作式作戰鏈誕生。

隨著人工智慧技術的發展，能夠自動識別、鎖定和打擊目標的智慧化武器系統逐漸出現，並能取代人類執行簡單的決策命令。如美軍的艦載「宙斯盾」系統、以軍的「鐵穹」系統、俄軍的「競技場」主動防護系統、法軍的「鯊魚」系統，等等。不過，這些系統的智慧化程度目前還不高，自主交戰模式通常是最後一個選項。

未來，隨著傳感技術、新型演算法、大數據技術等智慧化技術群的進步，武器系統的自主行動能力將大幅提升，武器系統自主對抗的情況也越來越普遍。而在特定作戰領域，如網路空間和電磁頻譜領域，人類只能依托智慧化武器系統進行自主對抗。與此同時，隨著高超音速武器和集群作戰的出現，戰爭將進入「秒殺」和「群架」時代，利用智慧系統自主迎戰幾乎是唯一出路。

未來，隨著智慧化武器系統的自主對抗成為新常態，作戰模式將逐漸從「人在迴路中」轉變為「人在迴路」。新模式的主要特徵可概括為“指揮之中、控制之外”，即在多數情況下，人類戰士扮演監督員的角色，負責在開戰前輸入目標特徵和設定交戰規則，觀察戰場交戰情況等。需要指出的是，在新模式下人依然是最終決策者，人類戰士將根據需要自主進出作戰鏈，採取必要的干預措施。新模式的最大優勢是可以使人類戰士從紛繁複雜的決策中解放出來，聚焦於主要決策和關鍵任務。如何確保人類能夠隨時接管控制權，將是今後一段時期內，人機協同技術發展面臨的最大挑戰。

集群作戰，讓消耗戰重煥生機

在冷兵器和機械化戰爭時代，消耗戰是基本作戰方式，「多吃少」是戰場制勝的基本法則。

自上世紀70年代以來，隨著隱形技術、衛星定位系統、精確制導武器的登場，「多吃少」的戰爭法則被徹底打破。近年來，隨著傳感技術、仿生技術、微型化技術和人工智慧技術取得長足發展，集群式作戰構想再次受到各國軍隊的重視。所謂集群作戰，是指集中部署數百上千個智慧化武器，從多個方向對目標實施攻擊。與傳統作戰方式相比，集群作戰具備四大優勢：

一是單一平台小型化，戰場生存能力大幅提升；二是去中心化，個體的損失不影響整體功能；三是成本低廉，數量龐大，作戰效費比成倍提高；四是可實施飽和攻擊，癱瘓敵防禦體系。不難看出，集群作戰能夠達到「數量即質量」的效果，因此,被認為是智慧時代的消耗戰。

美軍將集群作戰視為戰爭遊戲規則的改變者，認為集群作戰尤其適合應對反介入/區域拒止威脅。當前，美國國防部同時瞄準水下、水面和空中，推進多個集群研發項目，力求具備多維空間集群作戰能力。此外，美軍各軍種正競相開發集群作戰概念，如海軍陸戰隊設想讓無人作戰集群充當登陸先鋒，執行戰場感知、排雷除障等任務，為陸戰隊員搶灘上陸創造條件。

從水下“狼群”到地面“蟻群”再到空中“蜂群”，集群作戰將在未來智慧化戰場上大行其道。 「人海戰術」將改頭換面重新登場，消耗戰的天平將向具備集群作戰能力的一方極度傾斜。未來可能出現這一場景：一邊是遮天蔽日、蜂擁而至的智慧機器，另一邊是驚慌失措、形單影隻的人類戰士…

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4801288.html

#中國太空軍, #中國的耗散戰, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Understanding Chinese Military Information Support Force

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了解中國軍事資訊保障部隊

現代英語翻譯：

On April 19, 2024, the founding ceremony of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Information Support Force was grandly held in the Beijing Bayi Building. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, President of the State, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, awarded the military flag to the Information Support Force and delivered a speech. What kind of force is the information support force? What is the structure and layout of the new military service? What tasks does it perform? In response to these issues, the editor has compiled some official information, let’s study together.

What kind of force is the Information Support Force? The adjustment and establishment of the information support force is a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission based on the overall cause of strengthening the military . It is a strategic measure to build a new type of military structure and layout and improve the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. It has important and far-reaching significance for accelerating the modernization of national defense and the army and effectively fulfilling the mission and tasks of the people’s army in the new era.The information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is the key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems . It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars.

What is the structural layout of the new military services?After this reform, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army has generally formed a new military structure layout, including the army, navy, air force, rocket force and other services under the leadership and command of the Central Military Commission , as well as military aerospace forces, cyberspace forces, information support forces, and joint logistics support forces .

The main responsibilities of the four independent arms

Military aerospace forces: responsible for space strategic support missions, improving our military’s space situational awareness, space target monitoring and space information transmission capabilities.

Cyberspace Forces: Responsible for cyberspace strategic support tasks, improving our military’s cyberspace situational awareness, cyber attack defense and cyberspace combat capabilities.

Information support forces: Coordinate the construction and use of network information systems to improve our military’s ability to obtain, transmit, process and utilize information. Enhance situational awareness, command and control, and coordinated combat capabilities, so that our military has informationized combat advantages. Strengthen information protection, ensure information security, and improve our military’s ability to resist network attacks.

Joint Logistics Support Force: Responsible for logistics support tasks, improving our military’s logistics support capabilities and wartime logistics support capabilities. Strengthen capabilities in material supply, medical rescue, engineering support, etc. to ensure that our military can win the battle.

What are the significance and requirements of building a modern information support force?In his speech, Xi Jinping emphasized that the information support force is a newly created strategic branch of the military. It is a key support for the overall construction and use of network information systems. It plays an important role and has heavy responsibilities in promoting the high-quality development of our military and winning modern wars. The following picture will help you understand the role and requirements of modern information support forces.

現代國語：

中國軍事資源：https//www.81it.com/2024/0520/14988.html

#Information Support Force, #中國的耗散戰, #新興戰爭技術, Asymmetric Warfare, China National Cyber Security Strategy, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Combat Planning, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Dissipative Warfare, Information Support Force, Intelligent Warfare, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國的耗散戰, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍事未來戰爭, 中國軍事特徵及認知域作戰與戰爭發展趨勢, 中國軍事認知域作戰的重點是什麼、重點在哪裡？, 中國軍事認知戰, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Chinese Military’s Dissipative warfare: a Typical Form of Intelligent Warfare

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中國軍隊的耗散戰：智慧戰爭的典型形式

英文翻譯：

With the rapid development of intelligent technology and its widespread application in the military, intelligent warfare is becoming a new form of warfare after information warfare, and dissipative warfare has become a typical form of intelligent warfare. The so-called dissipative warfare refers to the combat method in which the intelligent warfare system achieves comprehensive combat power by integrating material consumption, energy release and information diffusion through internal enrichment and integration and external mutation emergence. Strengthening the research on dissipative warfare will help us to deeply reveal the winning mechanism of intelligent warfare and win the initiative in future war games.

Dissipative warfare is the inevitable result of the development of the times

Dissipative warfare is manifested in the comprehensive confrontation of the physical, information and cognitive domains in the intelligent era. It is embodied in the highly unified forms of political contest, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances, reflecting the openness, complexity and emergence of the intelligent warfare system.

Adapt to the security situation requirements of the intelligent era. Entering the intelligent era, technologies such as broadband networks, big data, big models, cloud computing, and deep learning are developing rapidly, and the connections between political groups, countries, and nations are becoming more extensive. Under the influence of multiple factors such as political pluralism, economic integration, social openness, and technological revolution, non-traditional security has emerged and intertwined with traditional threats. The subjects and scope of intelligent warfare are constantly expanding, the time and space of war are constantly extending, and war and peace are inseparable and intertwined. The war system will further transcend local regional restrictions, from relative closure to greater openness, forming a higher level and larger range of confrontation. Dissipative warfare emphasizes the comprehensive efforts of the intelligent warfare system in the physical domain, information domain, and cognitive domain, and highly unifies the forms of political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict, and diplomatic checks and balances and incorporates them into the category of enemy-us confrontation, adapting to the requirements of the times for the development of the world security situation.

This is in line with the objective law of the evolution of war forms. The dissipation phenomenon of the war system has always existed since the emergence of war. However, before the emergence of intelligent war forms, due to technological constraints, it has always been in a relatively low-level and simple state. War confrontation can only be manifested in one of the forms of material consumption, energy dissipation and information diffusion. In the agricultural era, the form of war was mainly manifested as a cold weapon war dominated by material elements and centered on the human body. In the industrial era, the form of war was mainly manifested as thermonuclear weapons and mechanized war dominated by energy elements and centered on platforms. In the information age, the form of war is mainly manifested as an information war dominated by information elements and centered on the network security system. Entering the intelligent era, intelligent technology highly unifies the cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages and action advantages in the confrontation between the enemy and us. In essence, it highly unifies the three elements of matter, energy and information. Through empowering, gathering and releasing energy with intelligence, an intelligent war form dominated by intelligent elements and centered on intelligent algorithms has been formed. The main form of expression is the dissipative war that reflects the confrontation of the complex system of intelligent warfare.

It has a solid philosophical theoretical foundation. The social form is the mother of the war form. To explore and understand intelligent warfare, we must base ourselves on the basic principles of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, comprehensively examine the evolution of the war form and the social form in which intelligent warfare is located, and construct a new war concept and context system. From a philosophical perspective, matter, energy and information are the three major elements that constitute the world. Matter embodies the existence of the origin, energy embodies the existence of movement, and information embodies the existence of connection. The three progressively and alternately dominate the evolution and operation of social and war forms. According to the principle of negation of negation of dialectical materialism, in the intelligent age after the information age, the dominant element of society will be matter again after matter, energy and information. However, this material is a new type of material formed after a spiral rise after high informatization, and its main feature is that it has intelligent technology attributes. Therefore, in essence, dissipative warfare is the intelligent element that highly unifies the characteristics and advantages of matter, energy and information in the previous low-level war form, and highly unifies the forms of material consumption, energy release and information diffusion that are prevalent in war, reflecting the typical characteristics of intelligent warfare.

Deeply grasp the inherent meaning of dissipative warfare

Dissipative warfare is based on the real world and covers the virtual world. It adapts to the rapid development of intelligent technology, the rise of non-traditional security threats, and the continuous expansion of the subjects and scope of war, and presents many new characteristics.

Comprehensive game of confrontation. As the intelligent war form accelerates to a higher depth and breadth, the interconnection and influence of political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other fields are more extensive, and the focus of war begins to shift from the military system to the social system. The confrontation of war stakeholders will be reflected in various forms of comprehensive games such as political competition, economic competition, military offense and defense, cultural conflict and diplomatic checks and balances. The war advantage pursued is no longer limited to the field of military confrontation. The winner of the war must adapt to the openness, complexity and emergence requirements of the war system, and transform from the extensive consumption and use of single materials, energy and information to the dissipation of the war system dominated by intelligent advantages, and strive to gain initiative and advantage in the comprehensive game in multiple fields.

The subjects are cross-domain and diversified. The subjects of intelligent warfare are becoming more and more generalized, and the potential forces of war that need to be mobilized in traditional warfare will be in a state of normalized confrontation. Political forces, various institutions and personnel, together with the troops and soldiers fighting on the battlefield in the traditional sense, constitute the subjects of war. Diversified war subjects will cross the real domain and the virtual domain, appear in multiple spatial domains such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and psychology, covering the physical domain, information domain, cognitive domain, etc., covering multiple social domains such as politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy. For example, civilians can use smartphones to collect information on the military battlefield and pass it on to war stakeholders, resulting in the spread of key information about the war, which in turn affects war decisions or the victory or defeat of a campaign or battle.

Forces are integrated and enriched. Virtual forces are integrated. Focusing on the purpose of war, all possible real forces and virtual forces will be integrated with the support of intelligent technology, and perform their duties and act according to regulations on parallel battlefields; unmanned forces are integrated. After going through the stages of manual operation, manual authorization, and manual supervision, unmanned combat forces will achieve a high degree of autonomy, and can be deployed and combined with various manned forces on demand, and effectively coordinate and coexist in parallel under the constraints of common war rules; multiple forces are integrated. Based on the extensive connections in various fields and the common purpose of the war system, the forces of the party, government, military, police, and civilians will closely coordinate military operations with political, economic, diplomatic, public opinion, and legal struggles, and unify their actions to form comprehensive combat power. In short, under the integrated planning of the country or political group, although the multiple participating forces of intelligent warfare are physically dispersed, they can achieve logical concentration, immediate enrichment, complementary advantages, and integrated excellence around the common purpose of war.

Effectiveness accumulates and emerges. While the high-level war form has new technical characteristics, it still includes the characteristic advantages of the low-level war form. Dissipative warfare emphasizes continuous comprehensive confrontation in multiple domains, which includes the consumption of ammunition, supplies, equipment and even combatants at the material level, as well as the continuous collection and release of energy, and the diffusion and integration of data, knowledge, algorithms, etc. at the information level, which has an unlimited impact on people’s thinking cognition, value pursuit, moral concepts, emotional will, and behavior patterns. Under the normal deterrence of nuclear weapons, intelligent warfare shows a decrease in bloodiness, but political isolation, economic blockade, cultural conflict, diplomatic strangulation, etc. will become more severe and intense. When the military, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic and other systems continue to play their roles and the effectiveness accumulation reaches a certain level, the war system will increase negative entropy, thereby achieving a sudden change in combat power and the emergence of system effectiveness, thereby gaining a war advantage.

Fighting a Dissipative War by Choosing the Right Combat Focus

The intelligent warfare system achieves maximum system combat effectiveness through internal enrichment and integration, external mutation, cross-domain efficiency enhancement, and intelligent dissipation, which is the winning mechanism contained in dissipative warfare. To win in intelligent warfare, it is necessary to clarify the operational focus of dissipative warfare, target the shortcomings and weaknesses of the opponent’s system, and find the focus of war preparation.

Focus on the openness of the system and isolate the opponent’s war system. Cut off the material, energy and information exchange between the opponent’s war system and the external battlefield environment, so that it lacks material, energy and information sources, and gradually moves towards an isolated, closed and weak state. For example, at the strategic level, political isolation is used to isolate the opponent’s war system, causing the system’s entropy to increase. At the campaign level, methods such as cutting off data sources, destroying data backups, falsifying data, and tampering with information can be used to force its war system to transform into a closed state, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the opponent’s system.

Focusing on the complexity of the system, the opponent’s war system is destroyed in different domains. The more connections and the closer the degree of connection between the elements of the intelligent war system, the lower the reliability of the system structure. By using the principle of relative independence of each layer in a complex system, we can formulate strategic overall, local and tactical action strategies to achieve layered and domain-based destruction of the enemy’s war system. For example, at the strategic level, the economic blockade is adopted to greatly weaken the opponent’s war strength and development potential. At the campaign level, the vulnerability of the combat system communication network is utilized, and the network-electric composite attack is used as the basic path and means. The methods of “destroying the end, attacking the element, isolating the group, disconnecting the network, and breaking the cloud” are adopted to destroy the opponent’s combat system structure and cause the opponent’s war system to “collapse”.

Focus on system emergence and dismantle and disperse the opponent’s war system. Only when the intelligent war system has mutation and emergence effects can it quickly form and exert system effectiveness and gain dissipative warfare advantages. If only a single component or element plays a role, it is impossible to form an advantage. It can be foreseen that the currently emerging technologies such as ChatGPT and more advanced intelligent technologies in the future will provide a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state and laws of complex war systems, as well as new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. The party with the advantage in war confrontation will reduce the coupling degree of the opponent’s war system through a combination of virtual and real, parallel and integrated confrontation methods, and achieve the purpose of dismantling and dismantling the enemy’s war system.

現代國語：

隨著智慧化技術快速發展及在軍事上的廣泛應用，智慧化戰爭正成為資訊化戰爭後的新戰爭形態，而耗散戰則成為智慧化戰爭的典型方式。所謂耗散戰，是指智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，達成集物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散於一體的綜合戰力的作戰方式。加強耗散戰研究，有利於我們深入揭示智慧化戰爭制勝機理，贏得未來戰爭賽局主動權。


耗散戰是時代發展的必然結果


耗散戰表現在智慧化時代中物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合對抗，體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式的高度統一，反映了智慧化戰爭體系所具有的開放性、複雜性和湧現性。
適應智慧化時代的安全情勢要求。進入智慧化時代，寬網路、大數據、大模型、雲端運算、深度學習等技術快速發展，各政治集團、國家、民族之間的聯繫更加廣泛。在政治多元、經濟交融、社會開放、科技革命等多重因素作用下，非傳統安全興起並與傳統威脅交織，智慧化戰爭主體與範疇不斷拓展，戰爭時間與空間不斷外延，戰爭與和平如影相隨並交織一體，戰爭體系將進一步超越局部地域限制，從相對封閉走向更開放，形成更高層次和更大範圍的對抗。耗散戰強調智慧化戰爭體系在物理域、資訊域和認知域的綜合發力，把政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等形式高度統一併納入敵我對抗範疇，適應了世界安全情勢發展的時代要求。
符合戰爭形態演變的客觀法則。戰爭體系的耗散現象自戰爭產生以來便始終存在，只不過在智能化戰爭形態出現之前，由於技術的製約，一直處於較為低級的、簡單的狀態，戰爭對抗僅能表現為物質消耗、能量釋散和訊息擴散中的某一種形式。農業時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以物質要素為主導的、以人體為中心的冷兵器戰爭。工業化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以能量要素為主導的、以平台為中心的熱核兵器和機械化戰爭。在資訊化時代，戰爭形態主要表現為以資訊要素為主導的、以網信體系為中心的資訊化戰爭。進入智慧化時代，智慧化科技將敵我對抗中的認知優勢、決策優勢和行動優勢高度統一起來，實質是將物質、能量和資訊三者高度統一，透過以智賦能、以智聚能、以智釋能，形成了以智慧要素為主導的、以智慧演算法為中心的智慧化戰爭形態，主要表現形式即為反映智慧化戰爭複雜體系對抗的耗散戰。
具有堅實的哲學理論基礎支撐。社會形態是戰爭形態的母體，探索和認識智能化戰爭，必須基於歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義的基本原理，綜合考察戰爭形態的演進和智能化戰爭所處的社會形態，構建新的戰爭概念和語境體系。從哲學角度看，物質、能量和資訊是構成世界的三大要素，物質體現本源的存在，能量體現運動的存在，訊息則體現聯繫的存在，三者遞進交替主導著社會形態和戰爭形態的演進和運行。依照辯證唯物論的否定之否定原理，在資訊時代之後的智慧時代，主導社會的要素將繼物質、能量、資訊後再次輪到物質，只不過這個物質是高度資訊化後螺旋式上升後形成的新型物質，其主要特徵就是具有了智慧化技術屬性。因此，從本質上講，耗散戰是智慧要素將以前低階戰爭形態中物質、能量和資訊的特性優勢高度統一起來，將戰爭中普遍存在的物質消耗、能量釋散和資訊擴散等形式高度統一起來，反映了智慧化戰爭的典型特徵。
深刻把握耗散戰的內在要義
耗散戰基於現實世界、涵蓋虛擬世界，適應了智慧化技術快速發展、非傳統安全威脅興起、戰爭主體和範疇不斷拓展的趨勢，呈現出許多新特性。
對抗綜合博弈。隨著智慧化戰爭形態加速向更高深度和廣度發展，政治、經濟、文化、外交等領域相互聯繫和影響更具廣泛性，戰爭重心開始從軍事系統向社會系統偏移，戰爭利益攸關方的對抗將體現為政治較量、經濟比拼、軍事攻防、文化衝突和外交制衡等多種形式的綜合博弈，追求的戰爭優勢不再只限於軍事對抗領域。戰爭制勝方必須適應戰爭體系的開放性、複雜性和湧現性要求，從單一物質、能量和資訊的粗放式消耗和運用轉變到以智慧優勢主導戰爭體系的耗散，力爭在多領域的綜合博弈中贏得主動和優勢。
主體跨域多元。智慧化戰爭的主體日益泛化，傳統戰爭需要動員的戰爭潛在力量將處於常態化對抗狀態。政治力量、各類機構和人員與傳統意義上在戰場廝殺的部隊和軍人一起構成戰爭的主體。多元化戰爭主體將跨越現實域和虛擬域，出現在陸、海、空、天、電、心理等多個空間域，涵蓋物理域、資訊域、認知域等，涵蓋政治、經濟、文化、外交等多類社會域。如社會平民可以用智慧型手機收集軍事戰場上的信息並傳遞給戰爭利益攸關方，造成對戰爭關鍵訊息的擴散，進而影響戰爭決策或一場戰役和戰鬥的勝敗。
力量一體富聚。虛實力量一體。圍繞著戰爭目的，一切可能運用的現實力量和虛擬力量將在智能化技術支撐下實現一體化，在平行戰場上按職履責、按規行動；有無力量一體。無人作戰力量將在經歷人工操作、人工授權、人為監督階段後，實現高度的自主性，並可與各類有人力量按需部署、按需組合，在共同的戰爭規則約束下有效協同、並行共生；多方力量一體。基於各領域的廣泛聯繫和戰爭體系的共同目的，黨政軍警民等各方力量將軍事行動與政治、經濟、外交、輿論、法理鬥爭密切配合、統一行動，形成綜合戰力。總之，在國家或政治集團的一體籌劃下，智慧化戰爭的多元參戰力量雖然物理分散，但能夠圍繞共同的戰爭目的，實現邏輯集中、即時富聚，優勢互補、一體聚優。
效能累積湧現。高階戰爭形態在具有新質技術特徵的同時，仍涵括低階戰爭形態的特徵優勢。耗散戰強調在多域持續進行綜合對抗，這既包括物質層面的彈藥、物資、器材甚至作戰人員的消耗，也包括能量層面的不斷匯集和釋放，更包括透過資訊層面的數據、知識、演算法等的擴散與融合，對人的思考認知、價值追求、道德觀念、情感意志、行為模式等產生不可限制的影響。在核武的常態嚇阻下，智慧化戰爭呈現出血腥味下降，但政治孤立、經濟封鎖、文化衝突、外交扼殺等將更加嚴峻激烈的局面。當軍事、政治、經濟、文化、外交等各系統角色持續發揮，效能累積達到某一程度，戰爭體係就會增加負熵，進而實現戰力突變和體系效能湧現，從而獲得戰爭優勢。
在選準作戰重心中打好耗散戰
智慧化戰爭體系透過對內富聚融合，對外突變湧現，跨域增效、以智耗散，達成體係作戰效能最大化，這是耗散戰蘊含的製勝機理。要在智慧化戰爭中贏得勝勢，必須明確耗散戰的作戰重心，針對對手體系短板弱點，找準戰爭準備的發力點。
著眼體系開放性，封閉孤立對手戰爭體系。截斷對手戰爭體系與外在戰場環境的物質、能量和資訊交流，使之缺乏物質、能量和資訊來源管道，逐漸走向孤立、封閉和虛弱狀態。如在戰略層面，採取政治孤立的方式，使對手戰爭體系處於孤立狀態，造成體系熵增。在戰役層面，可利用切斷資料來源、毀滅資料備份、資料作假、竄改資訊等方法，綜合採用軟硬手段，迫其戰爭體係向封閉狀態轉化，進而降低對方體系效能。
著眼體系複雜性，分域破擊對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體係要素間連結越多、連結程度越緊密，體系結構可靠性就越低。運用複雜系統中各分層相對獨立的原理，可製訂戰略全局、戰役局部和戰術行動策略，實現對敵戰爭體系的分層分域破擊。如在戰略層面，採用經濟封鎖的方式，大大削弱對手的戰爭實力和發展潛力。在戰役層面，利用作戰系統通訊網路的脆弱性，以網電複合攻擊為基本路徑與手段，採用「毀端、擊元、孤群、斷網、破雲」等方式，破擊對方作戰系統結構，促使對方戰爭體系「坍塌」。
著眼體系湧現性，拆解疏散對手戰爭體系。智慧化戰爭體系只有出現突變和湧現效應，才能快速形成發揮體系效能，獲得耗散戰優勢。如果只是單一組分或要素發揮作用，不可能形成優勢湧現。可以預見，當前興起的ChatGPT等技術以及未來更高級的智慧化技術，將提供理解和發現戰爭複雜體系運作行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式，以及探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段，戰爭對抗優勢方將透過虛實結合、平行一體的對抗方式，降低對手戰爭體系的耦合度，達成拆解疏散敵戰爭體系的目的。

中文原創資訊科技來源：https//www.81it.com/2023/0509/14288.html

China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Controlling Cognitive Power: an Important Support for Winning Wars

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控制認知力：贏得戰爭的重要支撐

英文翻譯：

As the decisive factor in war, people’s thinking and cognitive level determines their role and ultimately determines who controls the war. In other words, mastering the cognitive control means mastering the initiative in war to a large extent. Finding ways to control cognitive control and then seize comprehensive control of the battlefield to achieve the greatest victory at the lowest cost is an important winning mechanism in modern warfare.

The deepest level of war confrontation is the confrontation of thinking and cognition

Thinking and cognition are powerful weapons for humans to understand and transform the world, and are the most fundamental support and deepest force in war confrontation. War confrontation is ultimately a competition and confrontation between people, groups of people, and their materialized weapons and equipment.

Thinking and cognition determine the quality of decision-making. In the “OODA” closed-loop link of war operation, decision-making undoubtedly occupies a central position and plays a key role. The essence of decision-making is thinking and cognition. The advantage of thinking and cognition fundamentally determines the advantage of war decision-making and can even offset the disadvantages in other aspects. When summarizing the combat situation in East China, Chen Yi once said that the higher our army is, the stronger it is. “For example, the battle organization above the brigade is stronger than others, the column is stronger, the field command is stronger, and the strategic guidance of the command is many times better than him.” This kind of “the higher it is, the stronger it is” organizational leadership and strategic guidance demonstrates the advantage of thinking and cognition, which in turn forms the advantage of war decision-making. The so-called “strategy and strategy, winning thousands of miles away” and “one soldier is a tyrant, and the general is a tyrant”. Correct decision-making is the greatest advantage, and wrong decision-making is the most fatal mistake. Seizing the advantage of war decision-making with the advantage of thinking and cognition is the primary factor in winning the war.

Thinking and cognition determine strategy and tactics. Strategy and tactics are the strategic methods needed to achieve the purpose of war. Different thinking and cognition determine different strategies and tactics, and different strategies and tactics lead to different war results. In the early days of the Great Revolution, due to insufficient cognition and lack of experience, our party simply applied the experience of the Soviet revolution and competed with the Kuomintang reactionaries for the central cities with weak forces, resulting in repeated setbacks; Mao Zedong combined the basic principles of Marxism with the specific reality of the Chinese revolution, proposed the correct revolutionary path of “surrounding the cities from the countryside and seizing power by force”, and pioneered the summary and implementation of guerrilla warfare strategies and tactics, bringing hope to the Chinese revolution. The strategic policy of “protracted war” is a scientific conclusion based on the correct understanding of the nature of the War of Resistance Against Japan and the national conditions of China and Japan, and the criticism of erroneous ideas such as “national destruction theory” and “quick victory theory”. Facts show that correct strategies and tactics are inseparable from correct thinking and cognition, the quality of thinking and cognition determines the quality of strategies and tactics, and thinking and cognition are important components of combat effectiveness.

Thinking and cognition affect the morale of the army. “Revolutionary ideals are higher than the sky.” The reason why our army was able to defeat the majority with the minority and the strong with the weak, and continued to move from victory to victory in the long-term revolutionary war, is very important because of the firm belief in the future of the revolution and the correct understanding of objective laws. The so-called defeat is like a mountain collapsing. In the North African battlefield of World War II, the Italian fascist army full of anti-war sentiment often surrendered without a fight and took the initiative to surrender to the US and British troops. They simply didn’t know why they were fighting and for whom they were fighting. An army that is full of doubts and even despair about its future and destiny will never have high morale and strong combat effectiveness, let alone win in the confrontation with a strong enemy. Only an army that bases its thinking and cognition on a firm and persistent revolutionary ideal and a clear understanding of the future and destiny can have the courage and strength to overcome all difficulties and hardships.

Control of cognitive power is the cornerstone of comprehensive battlefield control

Battlefield control refers to the control of the battlefield situation and its outcome by the two opposing sides in a war, including the main factors such as control of cognition, control of information, control of firepower, and control of action. As the core of war games, thinking cognition is the key to other control and the cornerstone of comprehensive control. Mastering the control of cognition means mastering the joints of battlefield control, and grasping the control of cognition means grasping the “lifeline” to victory.

Controlling cognitive power is an important destination of controlling information power. As a basic resource for the operation of information-based and intelligent warfare, an important purpose of controlling and utilizing information is to provide basic support for thinking and cognition. Only when thinking and cognition are based on sufficient information acquisition and possession can they form in-depth analysis, accurate judgment, and scientific decision-making, and promote commanders to make up their minds and organize troops to carry out operations. The reason why the popular stories such as borrowing arrows from a straw boat and the empty city plan were successful was that they took advantage of the opacity and asymmetry of battlefield information mastered by the enemy parties. In the Iraq War, the US military took advantage of its advantages in information technology to carry out a one-way transparent dimensionality reduction attack on the Iraqi army, which was still at the level of mechanized development. The Iraqi army’s command and decision-making were restricted by others due to its information disadvantages, and it soon lost the war. In a sense, modern warfare is a game of controlling cognitive power based on controlling information power. The basic logic of controlling comprehensive battlefield power and winning the war is to compete for information control power and then control cognitive control power.

The right to control cognition is the forerunner of the right to control action. Thought is the forerunner of action. Without correct thinking and cognition, there will be no correct decision-making and action. The so-called “decision before action”, this “decision” mainly refers to the fact that thinking and cognition decisions should be ahead of action and faster than the enemy. After the Zunyi Conference, Mao Zedong, with his keen perception of the enemy and our situation and scientific decision-making, commanded the Red Army to cross the Chishui River four times, cross the Jinsha River skillfully, seize the Luding Bridge, cross the snow-capped mountains, meet at Maogong, cross the grassland with difficulty, meet at Jiangtaibao… escaped the encirclement and blockade of the Kuomintang army and won the great victory of the Long March. The goal was to know the enemy first and move faster than the enemy. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the Volunteer Army’s highly concealed actions of marching, fighting, eating, living and hiding made the “United Nations Army” with modern reconnaissance equipment almost “blind” and “deaf”, greatly limiting its mobility and firepower advantages. The goal was to play to its strengths and avoid its weaknesses, hide the truth and show the false. Facts show that mastering the right to control cognition means mastering the initiative in action, which can fully contain the enemy, seek benefits and avoid harm, and defeat the enemy first.

The right to control cognition is a strong support for the right to control firepower. The so-called “speed is the essence of war” and “use speed to defeat the slow”, this “speed” not only refers to the rapid action of the troops, but also refers to the rapid firepower attack, and the latter is even more important than the former. In order to achieve fast action, fast response, and fast attack, we must take the initiative to detect the enemy, know the enemy, and predict the enemy. This requires thinking and cognition to be better than the enemy and faster than the enemy. During the Second World War, radar was widely used and became a weapon to expand human cognition. The Battle of Britain was the first large-scale air battle in the UK to deal with the bombing of the German Air Force. On September 15, 1940, the British Air Force intercepted more than 800 German aircraft with more than 300 fighters. With the help of radar, they took the initiative to detect enemy aircraft and occupy a favorable firing position. In the end, at the cost of losing more than 20 fighters, more than 180 German aircraft were shot down, which greatly dampened the morale of the German army and forced Nazi Germany to postpone the “Sea Lion Plan” to invade Britain indefinitely. Modern warfare has entered the “instant kill” era of discovery and destruction. Being one step faster in thinking and cognition means discovering and attacking the enemy one step faster, and the chances of defeating the enemy are greatly improved.

Strive to seize new advantages in cognitive power

Controlling cognition is an important magic weapon for winning modern wars. Adhering to the dual efforts of wisdom and technology, taking multiple measures, seizing the commanding heights of thinking and cognition, and seizing the control of combat cognition are becoming important aspects for the military of various countries to seize the initiative in war and gain combat advantages.

Deeply promote the innovation of the theory of control and cognitive power. As a new operational concept, control and cognitive power is in the initial exploration stage and has huge room for innovation and development. The army that can take the lead in the innovation of the concept of control and cognitive power, the exploration of mechanisms, the revelation of laws, the transformation and application of combat effectiveness, etc., will be able to seize the initiative in the competition for control and cognitive power. Therefore, we must truly take the innovation of the theory of control and cognitive power operations as an important support for seizing comprehensive battlefield control, seeking new advantages in our army’s cognitive operations, and thus winning modern wars, as an important part of the party’s military guidance theory innovation and the construction and application of new forces, and as an important part of building a world-class army in an all-round way. We must integrate high-quality resources and forces, increase investment, and produce more high-quality research results. Timely follow up and study typical cases of cognitive operations at home and abroad, conscientiously summarize practical experience from all aspects, combine the specific reality of our army, increase theoretical innovation, and form a theoretical system that is contemporary, leading, and unique as soon as possible.

Focus on the research and development of cognitive power technology. Science and technology are core combat power, core cognitive power, and core elements of cognitive power. The advantage of cognitive power is also mainly reflected in cognitive technology. In today’s world, military powers such as the United States and Russia attach great importance to cognitive warfare-related technologies such as artificial intelligence, brain control technology, brain control technology, situational awareness technology, and high-performance communication technology. They have increased their investment and made great efforts to seek innovative breakthroughs and seize the initiative. This requires us to effectively strengthen our initiative, consciously put cognitive technology innovation in an important position in the strategy of strengthening the country and the army through science and technology, actively carry out basic theoretical innovation and independent innovation of core technologies, and achieve what you don’t have, what you have, I am better, and what you are better, and firmly grasp our destiny in our own hands. At the same time, we should adapt to my country’s national conditions, military conditions and technical realities, explore innovative ways that suit us, form characteristic technical routes, strive to master asymmetric technologies, and form “killer skills” that can defeat the enemy at critical moments.

Solidly carry out the drills of tactics and methods of controlling cognitive power. Hard training produces elite soldiers. The formation of cognitive power depends not only on theoretical innovation and technological research and development, but also on the specialization and refinement of technical tactics and tactics. We must insist on incorporating cognitive operations into daily combat readiness drills, into specific combat action plans, simulate important combat operations, preset actual combat scenarios, and practice hard and intensively in an environment close to actual combat, so as to form the actual combat capability of real combat and real preparation, good attack and defense, and control and clever control. Timely summarize the successful experiences and beneficial practices formed in actual combat training and actual combat, reveal the internal mechanisms and characteristics and laws that run through them, form operational normative measures, and incorporate them into combat regulations. Strengthen the construction of basic elements such as training facilities, equipment, and venues, build a number of characteristic training venues based on the existing comprehensive training grounds, and carry out base-based specialized training. Strengthen training evaluation, formulate a capability indicator system, build an evaluation process system, and adopt scientific evaluation methods to improve the quality of training.

(Author’s unit: Military Political Work Research Institute of the Academy of Military Sciences)

現代國語：

人作為戰爭的決定性因素，其思維認知層次決定人的作用發揮並最終決定戰爭制權歸屬，也就是說，掌握了製認知權很大程度上也就掌握了戰爭主動。想方設法掌控制認知權，進而奪取戰場綜合控制權，實現以最小的代價獲取最大的勝利，是現代戰爭的重要製勝機理。

戰爭對抗深層是思維認知的對抗

思維認知作為人類認識世界、改造世界的強大武器，是戰爭對抗的最根本依賴、最深層力量。戰爭對抗歸根結底是人與人、人群與人群及其物化形態武器裝備思維認知力的競爭與對抗。

思維認知決定決策品質。在戰爭運行「OODA」閉環鏈路中，決策無疑居於中心位置，扮演關鍵角色。而決策的本質是思維認知，思維認知的優勢根本上決定戰爭決策的優勢甚至可以抵銷其他方面的劣勢。陳毅在總結華東作戰情況時曾說，我軍愈往上比愈強，「如旅以上戰役組織比人家強，縱隊更強，野戰司令部又更強，到統帥部的戰略指導更不知比他高明多少倍」。這種「愈往上比愈強」的組織領導與戰略指導，彰顯的就是思維認知上的優勢，進而形成戰爭決策的優勢。所謂“運籌帷幄，決勝千裡”“兵熊熊一個，將熊熊一窩”，決策正確是最大的優勢，決策失誤是最致命的失誤。以思維認知優勢奪取戰爭決策優勢，是製勝戰爭的首要因素。

思維認知左右戰略戰術。戰略戰術是達到戰爭目的所需採取的策略方法。不同的思維認知決定不同的戰略戰術，不同的戰略戰術導致不同的戰爭結果。大革命初期，由於認知不足和經驗缺乏，我們黨簡單套用蘇聯革命經驗，以薄弱的力量同國民黨反動派爭奪中心城市，結果一再受挫；毛澤東將馬克思主義基本原理與中國革命具體實際相結合，提出「農村包圍城市，武裝奪取政權」正確革命道路，並開創性總結實施遊擊戰爭戰略戰術，讓中國革命迎來曙光。 「持久戰」的策略方針，就是基於對抗日戰爭性質和中日兩國國情正確認知及對「亡國論」「速勝論」等錯誤思想的批判後得出的科學結論。事實表明，正確的戰略戰術離不開正確的思維認知，思維認知質量決定戰略戰術質量，而思維認知力是戰鬥力重要構成要素。

思維認知影響軍心士氣。 “革命理想高於天”，我軍在長期的革命戰爭中之所以能以少勝多、以弱勝強，不斷從勝利走向勝利，很重要的在於對革命前途的堅定信念和對客觀規律的正確認知。所謂兵敗如山倒，第二次世界大戰北非戰場，充滿反戰情緒的義大利法西斯軍隊經常不戰而降，主動向美英軍隊繳械投誠，根本是不知為何而戰為誰而戰。一支對前途命運和未來充滿疑惑甚至絕望的軍隊，斷不會產生高昂的士氣和強大的戰鬥力，更不可能在與強敵對抗中勝出。只有將思維認知建立在對革命理想堅定執著和對前途命運清醒認知基礎上的軍隊，才能產生戰勝一切艱難困苦的勇氣和力量。

制認知權是戰場綜合製權的基石

戰場制權是戰爭中敵對雙方對戰場態勢及其走向結果的控制權，包括制認知權、制資訊權、制火力權、制行動權等主要因素。思維認知作為戰爭賽局的內核，是其他制權的要樞、綜合製權的基石。掌握了製認知權就掌握了戰場制權的關節，抓住了製認知權就抓住了走向勝利的「命門」。

制認知權是製資訊權的重要歸宿。資訊作為資訊化智慧化戰爭運作的基本資源，其控制利用的一個重要目的在於為思維認知提供基礎支撐。思維認知只有建立在充分的資訊取得和佔有基礎之上，才能形成深入的分析、準確的研判、科學的決策，推動指揮員定下決心，組織部隊開展行動。膾炙人口的草船借箭、空城計等之所以成功，利用的就是敵對雙方對戰場資訊掌握的不透明、不對稱。伊拉克戰爭中美軍利用在資訊技術上的優勢，對還處於機械化發展水平的伊拉克軍隊實施資訊單向透明的降維打擊，伊軍指揮決策因資訊劣勢處處受制於人，很快就輸掉了戰爭。現代戰爭在某種意義上是基於制資訊權的製認知權博弈，透過爭奪資訊制權進而掌控認知制權，是掌控戰場綜合製權進而贏得戰爭的基本邏輯。

制認知權是製行動權的先導引領。思想是行動的先導。沒有正確的思維認知就沒有正確的決策行動。所謂“謀定而後動”，這個“謀”，主要是指思維認知決策要先於行動、快於敵人。遵義會議後，毛澤東以對敵我形勢的敏銳感知和科學決策，指揮紅軍四渡赤水、巧渡金沙江、飛奪瀘定橋、翻越雪山、會師懋功，艱難過草地、會師將台堡… ……跳出國民黨軍的圍追堵截，贏得長徵的偉大勝利，打的就是先敵而知、快敵而動。在抗美援朝戰爭中，志願軍走打吃住藏行動高度隱蔽，令擁有現代化偵察裝備的“聯合國軍”幾乎成了“瞎子”“聾子”，極大限制了其機動和火力優勢發揮，打的就是揚長避短、隱真示假。事實顯示，掌握了認知制權就掌握了行動主動，就能充分牽制敵軍，趨利避害、先機制敵。

制認知權是製火力權的強力支撐。所謂“兵貴神速”“以快打慢”，這個“速”不僅僅指部隊行動迅速，更指火力打擊快速，甚至後者比前者更重要。而要做到快動、快反、快打，就要先機偵敵、知敵、料敵。這就要求思維認知優於敵人、快於敵人。第二次世界大戰期間，雷達廣泛應用成為拓展人類認知的利器。英國首次成規模用於應對德國空軍轟炸的不列顛空戰。 1940年9月15日，英國空軍以300餘架戰機攔截來犯的800餘架德軍飛機，在雷達幫助下先機發現敵機，先機佔據有利開火位置，最終以損失20多架戰機的代價擊落180多架德軍飛機，極大挫傷了德軍士氣，迫使納粹德國無限期推遲入侵英國的「海獅計畫」。現代戰爭已進入發現即摧毀的「秒殺」時代，在思維認知上快人一步，就意味著發現敵人、攻擊敵人快其一步，制敵勝算就極大提升。

努力奪取制認知權新優勢

制認知權是製勝現代戰爭的重要法寶。堅持智謀和技術雙向發力、多措並舉，搶佔思維認知制高點，奪取作戰認知控制權，正成為各國軍隊搶佔戰爭主動權、贏取作戰優勢的重要面向。

深入推進制認知權理論創新。制認知權作為新作戰概念，正處於起步探索階段，具有巨大創新發展空間。哪支軍隊能夠在製認知權概念創新、機理探索、規律揭示、戰鬥力轉化運用等方面走在前面，哪支軍隊就能在製認知權爭奪上搶佔先機。所以，要切實將製認知權作戰理論創新作為奪取戰場綜合製權、謀求我軍認知作戰新優勢進而製勝現代戰爭的重要支撐，作為黨的軍事指導理論創新和新質力量建設與運用的重要內容，作為全面建成世界一流軍隊的重要組成部分，整合優質資源力量，加大投入力度，多出高質量研究成果。及時跟進研究國內外認知作戰典型戰例，認真總結各方面實踐經驗，結合我軍具體實際，加大理論創新力度，儘早形成具有時代性、引領性、獨特性的理論體系。

突顯抓好制認知權技術研發。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，也是核心認知力，更是製認知權的核心要素。制認知權的優勢也主要體現在認知技術上。當今世界，美俄等軍事強國對諸如人工智慧、腦控技術、控腦技術、態勢感知技術、高性能通聯技術等與認知戰相關的技術都高度重視，紛紛加大投入力度，下大力謀求創新突破，努力搶佔先機。這就要求我們切實強化主動意識，自覺把認知技術創新放在科技強國強軍戰略的重要位置，積極搞好基礎理論創新和核心技術自主創新，做到你無我有、你有我優、你優我精，把命運牢牢掌握在自己手中。同時，適應我國國情和技術實際，探索適合自己的創新路子，形成特色技術路線，努力掌握非對稱技術，形成關鍵時刻能夠克敵制勝的「必殺技」。

札實開展制認知權戰法演練。苦練出精兵。制認知權的形成，既靠理論創新和技術研發，也靠技戰術和戰法的專攻精練。要堅持將認知作戰納入日常戰備演練，納入具體作戰行動計劃，模擬重要作戰行動，預設實戰場景，在近似實戰的環境中苦練精訓，形成真打實備、能攻善守、能控巧製的實戰能力。及時總結實戰化演訓和實戰中形成的成功經驗和有益做法，揭示貫穿其中的內在機理和特點規律，形成操作性規範措施，納入作戰條令條例。加強訓練設施、器材、場地等基本要素建設，依托現有綜合訓練場打造若干特色訓練場所，開展基地化專業化訓練。加強訓練評估，制定能力指標體系，建構評估流程體系，採用科學評估方法，提升訓練品質水準。

（作者單位：軍事科學院軍隊政治工作研究院）

延伸閱讀：

《元宇宙：未來認知戰的新高地》

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4909888.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, Intelligent Warfare, Metaverse, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知戰

Metaverse-enabled military training is on the rise for China’s People’s Liberation Army

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中國人民解放軍元宇宙軍事訓練正在興起

現代英語:

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, providing a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operation behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of cognitive metaverse empowering military training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecosystem for military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things are accelerating their development. Technology giants are laying out the metaverse, and human real life is migrating to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtuality and reality are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war dominates the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war form is accelerating its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to an intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment is more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has built a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel and interactive. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and change of intelligent warfare has compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the acceleration of the transformation and upgrading of military training, paying more attention to the impact of technological development and changes on war, and using the “new engine” of training and war to run out of the “acceleration” of preparation.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models, and some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies in military training. For example, the United States has successively released the “National Security Strategy”, “National Defense Strategy” and “Department of Defense Transformation Plan”, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. At the same time, it has formulated the “Training Transformation Strategic Plan” and “Training Transformation Implementation Plan”, and proposed the concept of comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and game environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are developing in the direction of universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarify the advantages of metaverse-enabled military training

Sprouting new concepts of military training. Only by leading opponents in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” will organically connect training with actual combat, and upgrade to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent driving, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. The future metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by two wheels. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific and powerful solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognitions, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an intelligent military training theory innovation model with the characteristics of the times, so that the metaverse can empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new model of military training. The combat style determines the training mode. Intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. The first is to be able to build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. The second is to be able to carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new types of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” to “scientists” and “technicians”.

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, build a metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment. The platform will have functions such as new weapon equipment design demonstration, weapon equipment performance test, weapon equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and realize the intelligent multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasp the key points of metaverse empowered military training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse, as a new thing, has yet to be verified to mature. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development and technological trends of the metaverse, scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”, and give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse in allowing trainees to immerse themselves in experiential training under the realistic background of the integration of intelligence, informatization, and mechanization, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the metaverse re-integrates the existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, puts forward an overall innovative concept, and provides a comprehensive application scenario, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and development of the metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may construct an extremely large virtual war space, reproduce the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be constructed, the military training thinking concept should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management guarantees, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. Construct a dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse to fully support strategic, campaign and tactical training and war games. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, realize the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, multiple iterations, and new intelligent ecology”.

Pay attention to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the metaverse bring innovative opportunities for intelligent military training, but what cannot be ignored is the potential risks associated with the technology itself. The Metaverse is a huge technology complex, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of multiple emerging technologies during the construction process, as well as the complexity and confidentiality of the application process, will be unknown factors that will be the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

繁體中文:

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙在軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論和實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的永續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智慧化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更明顯，智慧化作戰浮現。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和遊戲環境整合到綜合培訓環境中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極發展各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合整合的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間進行「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。 「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突顯優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提升軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的整合運用，運用過程中的複雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範與風險挑戰的未知數。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報 作者：侯春牧　王勇 責任編輯：於雅倩 發布：2024-01-16

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280588.html

Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 新軍事變革, 智慧戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Considerations for the Effective Use of Evidence in Public Opinion Warfare During Cognitive Domain Operations

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中國軍事在認知域作戰中有效運用證據進行輿論戰的思考

翻譯成現代英文：

 In the operational chain of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, the collection and application of evidence is a fundamental link of great value, and is an important starting point for the preparation of cognitive domain construction at all levels. Combining the special background of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain to study evidence, accurately grasp its characteristics and laws, continuously study strategies and usage, and improve the effective application of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, it is of great reference significance for our army to fight the proactive battle of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain in the future.

Keywords: cognitive domain; public opinion warfare; evidence

With the formation of the three major operational dimensions of the modern information battlefield, namely the physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, cognitive domain operations have received increasing attention in the context of future intelligent hybrid warfare. Cognitive domain operations refer to a type of operations that directly acts on the brain’s cognition through special means to influence its emotions, motivations, judgments and behaviors, and even achieve the purpose of controlling the brain. As a cognitive carrier, the brain may become the main battlefield of future wars, and the right to control the brain will soon become the key to cognitive domain operations and the highest level of war control. In this sense, cognitive domain operations are cognitive confrontation actions that influence the decision-making and behavior of the target audience by influencing their cognition in order to achieve the strategic goals of national security. In the meantime, evidence has become an important factor affecting cognition, and evidence game is a basic link that must be paid attention to in planning and implementing public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. According to the general consensus of the legal community, evidence refers to the basis for determining the facts of an event in accordance with the rules of litigation. The evidence of public opinion warfare referred to in this article is derived from this. It can be seen that only by grasping evidence more accurately and timely and using evidence more prudently and appropriately can we more effectively destroy the enemy’s cognition, consolidate our own cognition, and shape the cognition of neutral forces, and provide effective support for the comprehensive victory of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain.

1. A deep understanding of the three values ​​of evidence in the public opinion war in the cognitive domain is the prerequisite for the effective use of evidence

Information is the basic “ammunition” of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. As one of the ammunition, evidence has great value and can be examined from the following three dimensions.

1. Evidence is an indispensable cognitive weapon in the public opinion war in the cognitive domain and has fighting value.

To examine the evidence of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is to explore the essence of fact-finding in public opinion warfare from the cognitive level. The cognitive domain takes the human brain as the main combat space. Evidence, as a trace left by a certain “past fact”, undoubtedly exists regardless of whether people can find it. However, some evidence is specially proposed and emphasized at certain times, and its purpose must be to prove certain facts, cater to certain views, and influence certain attitudes. In fact, it is the process of proving the subject’s own cognition shaping, viewpoint presentation and value dissemination. With the help of the cognitive justification theory of contemporary epistemic evidentialism, it is demonstrated that there is an unignorable logical connection between belief attitude and cognitive justification: the epistemological rationality of belief attitude depends on the quality of evidence possessed by the believer at that time. It can be said that the value of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is highly consistent with the weapon context of informationized cognitive warfare. High-quality evidence can influence cognition in a high-quality manner and is an indispensable and irreplaceable weapon of struggle. This “basis of proof” is not only a spear and a sharp sword to strike and change the enemy’s cognition and make cognitive attacks in the public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, but also a solid shield to guide and consolidate one’s own cognition and make cognitive protection.

(II) Evidence is the basis for the value guidance of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and has guiding value

Authenticity is the essential characteristic of facts, but not the essential characteristic of evidence. Evidence is not equivalent to objective facts. It can be said that there are no false facts, but there are false evidence. According to the rules of evidence law, facts proved by evidence are possible facts, not necessarily inevitable. The result it produces may be a “wrong” result, but this so-called “wrong” is still a legitimate result in legal procedures. To be precise, although it is wrong, it is legitimate. Based on this dialectical logic, the evidential facts recognized by public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain are not equivalent to objective facts in themselves, and there may be differences between the evidential facts and objective facts. Evidence may be true or false, or half true and half false. It does not pursue an absolutely true and correct result, but a “legitimate” result that can influence cognition. Through these cognitive elements presented in the form of evidence, because of the “legitimate” label, they are more persuasive and authoritative, and have the guiding value of influencing cognition and behavior.

(III) Evidence is the basis for completing the special mission of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and has winning value

As the basis for completing the special mission of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, the winning value of evidence should not be underestimated. First, the effective use of evidence can minimize the deviation in factual characterization of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. By sorting out and integrating evidence materials, making clear logical connections between scattered and multi-perspective evidence, constructing a chain of evidence that is favorable to us and pointing to clear factual characterization, we can accurately associate and interpret objective facts. Preventing cognitive bias and passive public opinion caused by unclear and inaccurate factual characterization can improve the accuracy and clarity of fact identification. Secondly, the effective use of evidence can minimize the strategic decision-making cost of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain. As the saying goes, words are not enough. Without the effective support of evidence, public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain will be separated from the objective basis for the generation of combat effectiveness and become a complete self-talk. Its strategic decision-making efficiency will inevitably decrease and the decision-making cost will inevitably soar. Third, the effective use of evidence can minimize the legal risk of public opinion in the cognitive domain. The main sources of legal risks in the cognitive domain of public opinion are the deviation of values, the lack of legitimacy, and the indifference of humanitarianism… In this regard, through scenario pre-setting, targeted evidence lists, active storage of evidence materials, and reasonable and rational construction of the use of evidence, we can achieve a certain degree of risk warning, risk avoidance, and risk resolution.

2. Accurately grasping the three major shifts of evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain is the key to the effective use of evidence

Compared with the physical and information domains, evidence in the cognitive domain presents distinct characteristics in the public opinion war. In terms of the purpose of proof, it guarantees the realization of policy and strategic goals and serves the political intention of the public opinion war in the cognitive domain; in terms of the means of proof, truth and falsehood are often intertwined, creating many situations where the truth and falsehood are unclear; in terms of the content of proof, it must be able to clearly, conclusively and promptly prove the justice and legality of our actions and the meaninglessness and illegality of the enemy. It is mainly reflected in three changes.

1. Shifting from “restoring the truth” to “influencing cognition” and highlighting cognitive attributes with goal orientation

In the public opinion war under the cognitive domain, the fundamental purpose of evidence has shifted from “approaching the truth, restoring facts, and promoting objective scene reconstruction” to “influencing the cognition of the target audience and realizing national security interests”. From the initial objective basis for reflecting the battlefield situation to the powerful weapon of public opinion war under the cognitive domain, it is neither simply an objective fact to be proved nor just a material and means to prove facts. Evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain must have a clear position. Before proving, it is necessary to first clarify whose point of view is proved? Whose facts are proved? Whose interests are protected? It is absolutely impossible to be value-free without its basic position. Evidence serves political purposes and strategic intentions, guides the target audience to move towards the established cognitive goals, and accepts, identifies, and shapes the corresponding argumentation conclusions. Its collection and use are all determined by strategic determination, combat intentions, and battlefield situation. Whether it is true or false, good or bad, it must serve the overall strategic situation and needs to be judged in combination with combat effectiveness.

2. Shifting from “raw collection” to “scientific compilation” to assist cognitive decision-making with intelligent means

Cognition is the process of actively processing information, including three links: information input, processing and output. Corresponding to the evidence action of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain, it is to collect evidence, analyze and compile evidence, and make decisions and use evidence. It must be recognized that the public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain in the digital era is essentially a strategic action to manipulate information and shape cognition in the public opinion field, and the quality requirements of evidence materials are more stringent. If there is insufficient understanding of evidence, and evidence collection is simply regarded as taking photos and recording scenes, it is far from meeting the requirements of the new digital cognitive domain public opinion battlefield environment. It must be assisted by intelligent means and transformed into scientific evidence collection, analysis and compilation. Scientific evidence can, to a certain extent, get rid of human dependence on experience consciousness, eliminate the ambiguity, fragmentation and one-sidedness of human cognition under certain conditions, and assist cognitive domain combat commanders to make more accurate command decisions. In reality, there is indeed a phenomenon that the evidence is true, but the cognition generated is false. Only through a series of intelligent compilation work such as collection, classification, compilation, comparison, verification, reasoning, judgment, and integration of evidence information perceived across the entire domain, and using the scientific presentation of evidence to influence cognition in a targeted manner, can the process of evidence information fusion and command decision-making results be made corresponding and unified, making accurate decision-making the key to winning the war of public opinion in the cognitive domain.

3. Shift from “objective presentation” to “emotional resonance” to prove quality and improve cognitive effectiveness

In the cognitive domain, it is far from enough to simply record objective phenomena as evidence in the public opinion war. It also needs to have special guidance and appeal in order to form a strong communication power and influence, aiming to stimulate certain emotions of the target audience and trigger specific cognition. It is necessary to shift from “objective presentation” to “emotional resonance”. Only by awakening the empathy experience of the target audience through sophisticated and appropriate evidence presentation can the expected proof effect be produced. For example, a bloody knife cannot directly support or oppose any proposition by itself. Unless someone perceives the knife, forms a feeling state, and associates it with other evidence, it can produce a proof effect. Therefore, the evidence of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must be perceptible. Whether it is true evidence or false evidence, these evidences are not responsible for restoring the truth of the facts, nor are they used only to prove the legality or illegality of a certain action or behavior. They are intended to shock the target audience with thoughts and generate emotional waves, and play cognitive effects such as shaking the morale of the army, inspiring morale, gaining support from many people, inspiring sympathy, guiding public opinion, and breaking the enemy’s spirit, ensuring that the reason can be said and spread. Otherwise, no matter how good the proof logic is, its effectiveness will be greatly reduced due to the lack of communication and appeal, and it may even be ineffective in the fierce cognitive game.

3. Innovative evidence in the three ways of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is the path to effective use of evidence

In the public opinion war in the cognitive domain, evidence is sometimes an offensive weapon, sometimes a means of deterrence, and sometimes a tool for bargaining… How to cleverly deploy troops and gain the initiative on this battlefield? It is necessary to judge the situation, deeply study the techniques, present accurately, and implement them purposefully, systematically, and strategically. According to the logical order of evidence participation from weak to strong, the understanding of evidence from shallow to deep, and the evidence tactics from passive to active, there are three ways to use evidence: objective, directional, and strategic.

1. Attaching importance to the objective use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain

Evidence has incomparable persuasiveness, and public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must attach importance to speaking with evidence. The most basic approach is to solidly promote the objective collection and use of evidence. First, it is necessary to discover and extract evidence from a large amount of materials to preliminarily solve the problem of evidence admissibility. Secondly, the evidence collected must withstand the test and judgment of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain to solve the problem of evidence availability. The basic logical line of evidence collection and use is: objectively obtain evidence materials – based on the acquired evidence materials, sort out, match, integrate, and analyze which existing evidence materials can prove objective facts that have an impact on cognition – solve the problem of “what can be proved”. If objective evidence collection is not done well, it is easy for the enemy to take it out of context, generalize, and even confuse right and wrong. On the one hand, through the objective presentation of original evidence, the illegality and provocation of the other party’s behavior are exposed, the legitimacy and justice of our actions are explained, the truth of the incident is intuitively and powerfully clarified, and the psychological defense of the other party is effectively disintegrated, the other party’s fighting will is shaken, and a strong psychological offensive and deterrence effect is formed; on the other hand, it effectively boosts our military morale, inspires fighting spirit, and enhances psychological protection in the cognitive battlefield. In short, we must strive to objectively make good use of “real evidence that can gain the initiative” and expose “false evidence in the hands of evidence dealers.”

2. Strengthening the guiding use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain

It is necessary to fully realize that the probative value of evidence needs to be realized through interpretation, which leaves sufficient space for guiding the collection and use of evidence in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain. On the basis of the objective collection and use of evidence, through more proactive reverse thinking, another logical line of evidence collection and use can be found: first clarify what facts need to be proved in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain – then consider how to compile and interpret the existing evidence materials in a biased manner according to the demand orientation – solve the problem of “how to interpret and use the evidence materials”. Under the demand-oriented role, by actively presetting the facts to be proved, consciously do a good job of evidence association and effectiveness interpretation. It can be said that the process of compiling objective original evidence is the process of evidence interpretation. Scattered evidence materials, after being fully interpreted and compiled with subjective intentions, will form a closed evidence chain with directionality. These directional evidence products guide the audience from “seeing” evidence to “understanding” evidence, which is a weapon that can influence the generation of combat effectiveness in the public opinion war under the cognitive domain. In fact, the party with a stronger ability to interpret evidence selfishly is often more able to dominate the development of the battle.

3. Strategic Use of Evidence in Public Opinion Warfare under the Design Cognitive Domain

The ultimate target of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain is cognitive ability, and the dominant factor for winning the battle will naturally shift to cognition. Therefore, the high-skilled use of evidence in public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain must be achieved with the help of the systematic vision and strategic thinking of strategists. The logical line of evidence collection and use here is: consider evidence as an indispensable key element of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain and incorporate it into the overall strategic planning link – preset a list of key evidence according to different scenarios – actively create conditions to obtain key evidence – solve the problem of “how to achieve the strategic intention and combat determination of public opinion warfare in the cognitive domain from the evidence level”. Under special conditions, even through sophisticated arrangements, with active and proactive “creative design” to lay out the fog of evidence, prompt the enemy to reveal its shortcomings, expose its weaknesses, and make actions and reactions that are beneficial to us, forming a complete and conclusive chain of evidence, so as to achieve the purpose of releasing special information, propaganda against the enemy’s mind, political and diplomatic hints, etc., consume the enemy’s cognitive ability, disrupt its thinking, interfere with its judgment, and hinder its actions. In particular, we must develop an awareness of strategies and tactics in the game of evidence in the context of cognitive domain public opinion warfare, select, choose, combine, assemble, switch among various types of evidence… flexibly deploy and skillfully present them, give full play to the potential of evidence use, contain, curb, and counter enemy actions, and expand our own space for action. The key to applying evidence well lies in one’s heart.

(Author’s unit: Political Science Academy of National Defense University)

中國軍事資料來源：

在認知域下輿論戰的作戰鏈上，證據的採集與運用是有重大價值的基礎環節，也是目前各級認知域建設準備的重要發力點。結合認知域下輿論戰的特殊背景來研究證據，準確掌握其特徵規律，不斷深研謀略用法，提高認知域下輿論戰證據的有效運用，對我軍打好未來認知域下輿論戰主動仗具有重要藉鏡意義。

關鍵字：認知域；輿論戰；證據

隨著現代資訊化戰場物理域、資訊域和認知域三大作戰維度的形成，認知域作戰在未來智慧化混合戰爭背景下越來越受到關注。認知域作戰指透過特殊手段直接作用於大腦認知，以影響其情緒、動機、判斷和行為，甚至達成控制大腦目的的一種作戰樣式。大腦作為認知載體，或將成為未來戰爭主戰場，制腦權即將成為認知域作戰的關鍵所在，是戰爭制權的最高層次。從這個意義上講，認知域作戰是為實現國家安全戰略目的，透過影響目標受眾認知來影響其決策和行為的認知對抗行動。此間，證據已然成為影響認知的重要因素，證據賽局是規劃實施認知域下輿論戰必須重視的基礎環節。依照法學界普遍的共識，證據是指依照訴訟規則認定事件事實的依據。本文所指的輿論戰證據由此引申而來。可見，只有更精準及時掌握證據、更穩妥適當地運用證據，才能更有效地摧毀敵方認知、鞏固己方認知、塑造中立力量認知，為認知域下輿論戰的全面勝利提供有效支撐。

一、深刻認識證據在認知域下輿論戰中的三大價值，是證據有效運用的前提

資訊是認知域下輿論戰的基本「彈藥」。證據作為彈藥之一，具有巨大價值，可從以下三個維度來檢視。

（一）證據是認知域下輿論戰不可或缺的認知武器，具有鬥爭價值

檢視認知域下輿論戰的證據，就是要從認知層面來探究輿論戰事實認定的本質。認知域以人腦為主要作戰空間。證據，作為某種「過去事實」留下的痕跡，不管人們能否發現，它們無疑都是存在的。但某些證據在某些時候被特別提出和強調，其目的必然是為了佐證某些事實、迎合某些觀點、影響某些態度，其實就是論證主體自身認知塑造、觀點呈現和價值傳播的過程。借助當代認知證據主義（Epistemic Evidentialism）的認知證成理論，論證信念態度與認知證成之間存在著不可忽視的邏輯聯繫：信念態度在認識論上的合理程度，取決於相信者當時所擁有的證據的品質。可以說，認知域下輿論戰的證據價值與資訊化認知作戰的武器脈絡高度契合，高品質的證據能夠高品質影響認知，是不可或缺不可取代的鬥爭武器。這種“證明的根據”，在認知域下輿論戰中，既是打擊、改變敵方認知，做好認知攻擊的長矛利劍；也是引導、鞏固己方認知，做好認知防護的堅固盾牌。

（二）證據是認知域下輿論戰價值引導的證明根據，具有導向價值

真實性是事實的本質特性，卻不是證據的本質特性。證據不等同於客觀事實。可以說，沒有假的事實，卻有假的證據。依據證據法則，以證據證明的事實，是一種可能性的事實，不一定具有必然性。它所產生的結果，有可能是“錯誤”的結果，但這種所謂的“錯誤”，在法律程序上仍然是一種正當化的結果。準確地說，它雖然是錯的，但卻是正當的。基於這種辯證的邏輯，認知域下輿論戰認可的證據事實，本身並不等同於客觀事實，其證據事實與客觀事實之間可以存在差異。證據可能是真是假，也可能半真半假，它追求的並不是絕對真實正確的結果，而是一種能夠影響認知的「正當化」結果。透過這些以證據方式呈現出來的認知要素，因為有「正當化」標籤，更具說服力和權威性，具有影響認知和行為的導向價值。

（三）證據是認知域下輿論戰完成特殊使命的基礎，具有致勝價值

作為認知域下輿論戰完成特殊使命的基礎，證據的致勝價值不容小覷。首先，證據的有效運用能夠使認知域下輿論戰在事實定性上偏差最小化。透過對證據素材進行梳理整合，對零散的、多重視角下的證據做明確的邏輯性關聯，構設於我有利的證據鏈和指向明確的事實定性，藉此對客觀事實進行精確性關聯與有效性解讀。防止因事實定性不明、不準造成的認知偏差和輿論被動，能夠提高事實認定的準確性和清晰度。其次，證據的有效運用能使認知域下輿論戰的策略決策成本最小化。所謂口說無憑，脫離了證據的有效支撐，認知域下輿論戰就脫離了戰鬥力生成的客觀基礎，淪為徹頭徹尾的自說自話，其戰略決策效率必將降低，決策成本必將飆升。第三，證據的有效運用能夠使認知域輿論法理風險最小化。認知域輿論法理風險的主要來源是價值觀的背離、合法性的缺失、人道主義的漠視……對此，透過情境預設，有的放矢地列出證據清單，積極儲備證據素材，做好證據運用的合情合理化構建，就能夠實現一定程度的風險預警、風險規避和風險化解。

二、準確掌握證據在認知域下輿論戰中的三大轉向，是證據有效運用的關鍵

相對於物理域、資訊域環境下，證據在認知域下輿論戰呈現鮮明的個性特徵。在證明目的上，保障政略與戰略目標實現，服從服務於認知域下輿論戰的政治意圖；在證明手段上，往往真偽交織，製造許多真真假假、真偽不明的情況；在證明內容上，要能明晰、確鑿、及時地證明我方行動的正義、合法和敵人的無義、非法。主要體現在三個轉變。

（一）從“還原真相”轉向“影響認知”，以目標導向凸顯認知屬性

認知域下輿論戰，證據的根本目的從「接近真相、還原事實、促進客觀情境再現」轉向了「影響目標受眾認知，實現國家安全利益」。從最初反映戰場情況的客觀根據，到認知域下輿論戰的強大武器，它既不單純是用來證明的客觀事實，也不僅僅是用來證明事實的材料和手段。認知域下輿論戰的證據必然是帶有鮮明立場的。證明前先要明確證明誰的觀點？佐證誰的事實？維護誰的利益？絕不可能脫離其基本立場而價值無涉，證據以服務政治目的和戰略意圖為己任，引導目標受眾向既定認知目標邁進，接受、認同、塑造相應的論證結論。其採集與運用，都是由戰略決心、作戰意圖、戰場態勢來決定的，到底是真是假，是好是壞，都必須服從服務於戰略大局，需要結合作戰效果加以評判。

（二）從「原始採集」轉向“科學整編”，以智慧手段輔助認知決策

認知是對資訊進行積極加工的過程，包括資訊輸入、加工和輸出三個環節。對應到認知域下輿論戰的證據行動中，就是收取採集證據、研判整編證據和決策運用證據。必須體認到，數位時代認知域下輿論戰，實質是在輿論場上進行資訊處理與認知塑造的戰略行動，對證據素材的品質要求更嚴苛。如果對證據認識不足，把取證簡單看作為是拍照錄影、記錄現場，已經遠遠不能適應新的數位化認知域輿論戰場環境的要求了。必須以智慧手段為輔助，向科學的證據蒐集、研判整編轉化。科學的證據，可以在一定程度上擺脫人類對經驗意識的依賴，消除人在一定條件下認知的模糊性、零散性和片面性，輔助認知域作戰指揮員進行更精準的指揮決策。現實中確實存在證據為真，但產生的認知卻為假的現象。只有透過對全局感知的證據資訊進行收集、分類、彙編、對比、驗證、推理、判斷、整合等一系列智能整編工作，以證據的科學呈現來定向影響認知，才能將證據信息融合的過程和指揮決策結果相對應、統一，使精準決策成為認知域下輿論戰制勝的關鍵。

（三）從“客觀呈現”轉向“情感共振”，以證明品質提升認知效能

認知域下輿論戰證據，僅作為客觀現象的簡單記錄是遠遠不夠的，還需要具有特殊的引導性、感染力，以便形成較強的傳播力和影響力，意在激發目標受眾的某種情感、引發特定認知，要從「客觀呈現」轉向「情感共振」。只有透過精巧適度的證據呈現來喚醒目標受眾的同理心體驗，才能產生預期的證明效果。例如，一把帶血的刀，其本身並不能直接支持或反對任何命題，除非有人感知到了這把刀，形成了感覺狀態，並將其與其他證據相關聯，才能產生證明效力。所以，認知域下輿論戰的證據必須是要能夠感知的。無論是真證據或假證據，這些證據不以還原事實真相為己任，也並非僅用來證明某行動或行為的合法性或非法性，其意在使目標受眾受到思想衝擊、產生情感波瀾，起到如動搖軍心、激勵士氣、得道多助、激發同情、引導輿論、破敵銳氣等認知效果，確保有理說得出、說了傳得開。否則再好的證明邏輯也會因傳播力、感染力的缺失，導致證明效果大打折扣，甚至在激烈的認知賽局中無法產生效能。

三、創新證據在認知域下輿論戰的三種用法，是證據有效運用的路徑

認知域下輿論戰，證據有時是進攻的武器、有時是嚇阻的手段、有時是博弈的工具……如何巧妙地在這片沙場上排兵布陣、贏取主動？必須審時度勢、深研技法、精準呈現，有目的、有計畫、有策略、成系統地實施。依照證據參與度由弱到強、對證據認識由淺入深、證據戰法由被動到主動的邏輯順序，有客觀性、導向性、謀略性三種運用證據的方式。

（一）重視認知域下輿論戰證據的客觀性運用

證據有著不可比擬的說服力，認知域下輿論戰必須重視用證據說話。最基礎的做法是紮實推進證據的客觀性採集與運用。首先，需要在海量素材中發現並提取證據，初步解決證據可採性的問題。其次，採到的證據要經得起認知域下輿論戰實踐檢驗和評判，解決證據可用性的問題。基礎的證據採、用的邏輯線是：客觀取得證據素材—基於取得的證據素材，梳理、配對、整合，分析現有證據素材能夠證明哪些是對認知產生影響的客觀事實—解決「能夠證明什麼」的問題。客觀取證做不好，就容易被敵方斷章取義，以偏概全，甚至混淆是非。一方面，透過原始證據的客觀呈現，揭露對方行為的非法性、挑釁性，闡釋我方行動的合法性、正義性，直觀有力地澄清事件真相，有效瓦解對方心理防線、動搖對方戰鬥意志，形成強大的心理攻勢與嚇阻效能；另一方面，有效提振我方軍心士氣、激發戰鬥精神，增強認知戰場的心理防護。總之，要力求在客觀上用好“能夠贏取主動的真證據”，揭露“證據販子手裡的假證據”。

（二）加強認知域下輿論戰證據的導向運用

要充分認識到，證據的證明價值需要透過解讀來實現，這給認知域下輿論戰的取證、用證留下了充分的引導空間。在證據的客觀性採集與運用基礎上，透過更主動的逆向思考，可以發現另外一條證據採、用的邏輯線路：先釐清在認知域下輿論戰中需要證明哪些事實—再根據需求指向，考慮如何對既有證據材料進行傾向性整編和解讀—解決「如何闡釋、利用證據素材」的問題。在需求導向作用下，透過主動預設想要證明的事實，有意識做好證據關聯和有效性解讀。可以說，客觀性原始證據整編的過程就是證據闡釋解讀的過程。零散的證據素材，經過注入主觀意圖的充分解讀和整編組合，就會形成帶有指向性的閉合證據鏈。這些導向證據產品引導受眾從「看見」證據到「看懂」證據，就是能夠影響認知域下輿論戰戰鬥力生成的武器。事實上，對證據利己性解讀能力較強的一方，往往更能主導戰局發展。

（三）設計認知域下輿論戰證據的謀略性運用

認知域下輿論戰最終打擊的目標是認知能力，作戰制勝的主導要素會自然地向認知轉移。因此，證據在認知域下輿論戰的高技巧運用，必須藉助戰略家的系統眼光和謀略思維來實現。這裡證據採、用的邏輯線是：把證據視為認知域下輿論戰不可或缺的關鍵要素納入整體策略規劃環節—依據不同場景預設關鍵證據清單—主動製造條件來取得關鍵證據—解決「如何從證據層面實現認知域輿論戰的戰略意圖和作戰決心」的問題。在特殊條件下，甚至可以透過精巧的安排，以積極主動的「創意設計」佈設證據迷霧，促使敵方自揭其短，暴露弱點，做出於我有利的動作反應，形成完整確鑿的證據鏈條，以達成特殊訊息釋放、對敵攻心宣傳、政治外交暗示等目的，消耗敵方認知能力，打亂其思維、幹擾其判斷、阻礙其行動。特別要形成認知域輿論戰背景下的證據博弈謀略戰法意識，在各類證據間選擇、取捨、組合、拼搭、切換……靈活投放、巧妙呈現，充分發揮證據運用的潛能，牽制、遏止、反制敵方行動，拓展己方行動空間，可謂運用之妙，存乎一心。

（作者單位：國防大學政治學院）

中國軍事資料來源： https://www.81.cn/rmjz_203219/jsjz/2022nd3q_239302/bktg_239303/1016888.html

Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese Military Insight into the Evolution of Cognitive Warfare

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中國軍事對認知戰演變的洞察

國語翻譯：

Cognition is the process by which people acquire, process and apply information and knowledge. At present, the cognitive domain has gradually become a new battlefield for competition, and cognitive warfare has gradually received attention from all countries. With the development of the scientific and technological revolution and the expansion of war practice, cognitive warfare is showing an accelerating evolution trend.

Cognitive technology is becoming the basic driving force of the evolution of war. Technology changes the form of war and also changes the way of cognitive warfare. If the large-scale popularization of information networks has promoted the information domain to become a combat domain, and the exponential growth of data and network scale is a sign of the maturity of the information domain, then the large-scale application of cognitive technology and the continuous iterative development of cognitive technology will become a sign of the maturity of cognitive warfare. In the future, technologies in cognitive environment, cognitive perception, cognitive control, artificial intelligence, etc. will reflect the transformative impact that cognitive technology may have on social cognitive confrontation and military cognitive confrontation. Human beings are entering the era of universal communication. The global cyberspace is being highly linked. The network has become a combat space for comprehensive game between state actors and non-state actors. The contention and war of communication have become part of the high-intensity military action level. At present, major countries in the world have laid out the frontier of cognitive technology and carried out cognitive technology competitions. Through modeling and analysis, they seek to penetrate and control the human brain network, information network and social network; through deep calculation, actuarial calculation, and clever calculation, they aim to maximize the control of people’s cognitive world and cognitive domain.

The cognitive domain is becoming an important battlefield in hybrid warfare. In the intelligent era, the way humans communicate is undergoing complex and profound changes. Offline communication is giving way to online communication. Various new media platforms have become the main channels for the public to understand the battlefield, and large social platforms have become the main battlefield for cognitive game struggles. Therefore, the combat domain of future wars will continue to expand. The space domain will expand from land, sea, air, and space networks to deep space, deep sea, and deep earth, while the logic domain will expand from the physical domain to the information domain and cognitive domain. War is no longer limited to the physical threats of traditional wars, but is turning to the social consciousness threats brought about by mass media and technological progress. Blockade and anti-blockade, dominance and anti-domination around communication platforms will become the focus of cognitive warfare, and the struggle for international discourse control using information as ammunition has become the main way of cognitive confrontation today. From the perspective of hybrid warfare, ideological propaganda and indoctrination, the penetration of values ​​and culture, traditional public opinion psychology and legal offense and defense, and information network warfare have all become important aspects of cognitive warfare. Hybrid warfare can achieve the goal of small-scale war or even victory without fighting through comprehensive game means such as cognitive warfare. The offense and defense in the cognitive field will be an uninterrupted and normalized struggle, and combat effectiveness will continue to accumulate and be gradually released.

Cognitive advantage is becoming a winning advantage in high-end warfare. Freedom of action in war is the lifeblood of the military. From the cognitive dimension, the deeper the understanding of the battlefield environment and combat opponents, the freer the action and the greater the relative advantage. However, with the exponential growth of combat data in war, commanders are beginning to face the cognitive dilemma of data swamp, data fog, and data overload. Having information advantage does not mean having cognitive advantage. An important military application direction of artificial intelligence technology is to process massive data in real time, help commanders get rid of cognitive overload, and quickly form cognitive advantages. In intelligent warfare, cognitive advantage will dominate decision-making advantage, and decision-making advantage will dominate action advantage. Cognitive advantage has four key indicators: stronger information acquisition ability, faster artificial intelligence machine learning speed, more effective emergency handling ability, and higher ability to develop and apply new technologies and new knowledge. For example, public opinion warfare with data-driven intelligent communication as its new feature has been highly coordinated and integrated with traditional military operations. This virtual-real integrated combat style has stronger combat effectiveness than simple military operations, which has fundamentally changed the traditional combat methods. The linkage and superposition of cognitive advantages will accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness and become a fundamental advantage for winning wars.

Cognitive theory is becoming the forefront of the game of winning wars. Cognitive warfare is a combination of soft power and hard power, and is an important factor affecting national security in today’s era. At present, the competition for penetration and counter-penetration, attack and counter-attack, control and counter-control in cognitive space is fierce. Cognitive science theory is entering the military field. Concepts such as cognitive load, cognitive enhancement, cognitive immunity, and cognitive subversion have appeared frequently in the field of foreign cognitive warfare research. Foreign militaries believe that the cognitive domain is the “sixth combat domain” of human warfare, the core of the “intertwined conflict domain” in the era of great power competition, and an important direction for future military theory innovation. Obviously, cognitive warfare has become the strategic commanding heights for winning future wars, cognitive theory has become the frontier of theoretical innovation, and cognitive technology will accelerate the advancement of cognitive warfare to become an important “trigger point” for the intelligent military revolution. Since new technologies, new theories, and new styles of cognitive warfare are in the process of accelerated incubation, perhaps future wars will present a surprising new situation.

繁體中文：

認知是人們獲得、加工及應用資訊和知識的過程。當前，認知域逐漸成為角逐的新戰場，認知戰也逐漸受到各國重視。隨著科技革命的發展和戰爭實踐的拓展，認知戰正呈現加速演變趨勢。

認知科技正成為戰爭演進的基本動力。科技改變戰爭形態，也改變認知戰方式。如果資訊網路的大規模普及，推動了資訊域成為作戰域，資料和網路規模的指數級增長是資訊域成熟的標誌，那麼認知科技的大規模應用，認知技術不斷迭代發展，將成為推動認知戰成熟的標誌。未來認知環境、認知感知、認知控制、人工智慧等方面技術，將折射出認知技術對社會認知對抗、軍事認知對抗可能產生的變革性影響。人類正進入全民傳播時代，全球網路空間正納入高度連動，網路已成為國家行為體和非國家行為體全面博弈的作戰空間，傳播之爭和傳播之戰已成為高烈度軍事行動層面的一部分。當前世界主要國家紛紛佈局認知技術前沿，開展認知技術競賽，透過建模和分析，謀求滲透控制人腦網絡、資訊網絡和社會網絡；透過深算、精算、妙算等，旨在最大限度把握人們的認知世界和認知域的控制權。

認知領域正成為混合戰爭的重要戰場。智慧時代，人類溝通方式正發生複雜深刻變化。離線交流更多讓位於線上交流，各種新媒體平台成為大眾了解戰場的主要管道，大型社群平台成為認知博弈鬥爭的主陣地。因此，未來戰爭的作戰域將不斷拓展，空間域從陸海空天網向深空、深海、深地拓展，而邏輯域則從物理域向資訊域、認知域拓展。戰爭不再侷限於傳統戰爭的實體威脅，而是轉向大眾媒體、科技進步所帶來的社會意識威脅。圍繞傳播平台的封鎖與反封鎖、主導與反主導將成為認知戰爭奪的焦點，以資訊為彈藥進行國際話語控制權爭奪成為當今認知對抗的主要方式。在混合戰爭視角下，意識形態宣傳與灌輸、價值觀與文化的滲透、傳統的輿論心理與法律攻防與資訊網絡戰等，都成為認知戰的重要面向。混合戰爭可透過認知戰等綜合賽局手段，實現小戰甚至不戰而勝的目的，而認知領域攻防將是一場不間斷的、常態化的鬥爭，作戰效能也將持續累積、逐步釋放。

認知優勢正成為高端戰爭的勝利優勢。戰爭行動自由是軍隊的命脈。從認知維度來看，對戰場環境、作戰對手認知越深，行動越自由，相對優勢就越大。但隨著戰爭中作戰資料指數級成長，指揮人員開始面臨資料沼澤、資料迷霧、資料過載的認知困境，擁有資訊優勢並不等於擁有認知優勢。人工智慧技術的一個重要軍事應用方向，就是即時處理大量數據，幫助指揮人員擺脫認知過載，快速形成認知優勢。在智慧化戰爭中，認知優勢將主導決策優勢，決策優勢主導行動優勢。認知優勢有4個關鍵指標：更強的資訊取得能力、更快的人工智慧機器學習速度、更有效的突發事件處理能力和更高的開發應用新技術新知識的能力。例如，以數據驅動的智慧傳播為新特徵的輿論戰與傳統軍事行動已經高度協同與融合，這種虛實一體的作戰樣式具備了比單純軍事行動更強的作戰效能，使傳統作戰方式發生根本性改變。認知優勢的連動與疊加，將加速推進作戰效能轉化，成為戰爭制勝的根本優勢。

認知理論正成為打贏戰爭的博弈前線。認知戰是軟實力和硬實力的結合，也是當今時代影響國家安全的重要因素。目前，認知空間的滲透與逆滲透、攻擊與反攻擊、控制與反控制的爭奪激烈，認知科學理論正進入軍事領域，認知負荷、認知增強、認知免疫、認知顛覆等概念，已高頻度出現於國外認知戰研究領域。外軍認為，認知域是人類戰爭的“第六作戰域”，是大國競爭時代“交織的衝突領域”中的核心，是未來軍事理論創新的重要方向。顯然，認知戰已成為贏得未來戰爭的戰略制高點，認知理論已成為理論創新前沿領域，認知科技將加速推進認知戰成為智慧化軍事革命的重要「引爆點」。由於認知戰的新技術、新理論、新樣式正處於加速孵化之中，也許未來戰爭將會呈現出令人驚詬的全新景況。

中國軍事資料來源：https://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2022-09/29/content_32588.htm