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Chinese Military Fifth Generation Command Information System and Its Intelligent Technology

04/30/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍隊第五代指揮資訊系統及其智慧化技術

現代英語：

Modern war presents the explosive growth of battlefield information and new combat style. With the continuous emergence of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and edge computing, a new generation of command information system is coming. Based on the international fourth generation command information system, this paper imagines the overall architecture of the fifth generation command information system, expounds the technical characteristics of its knowledge center, intelligent enabling, cloud edge integration, independent evolution and resilience adaptation, analyze its key technologies, continuously improves the battlefield information advantage, and transforms to the battlefield cognitive advantage, decision-making advantage and action advantage.

Abstract

Key words

command information system ; artificial intelligence ; edge computing ; situation processing ; planning and decision ; action control

Cite this article

Download CitationsZHANG Zhi-hua , WANG Fan . The Fifth Generation Command Information System and Its Intelligent Technology. Command Control and Simulation . 2021, 43(5): 1-7 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-3819.2021.05.001

Previous Article Next Article In his report to the 19th CPC National Congress, President Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on network information systems”

^[ 1 ] . This statement indicates that future wars will be based on networked and intelligent system operations. The fifth-generation command information system will focus on intelligence, strengthen battlefield information advantages, and strive for battlefield cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages, and action advantages. According to relevant reports, the international command information system has gone through four stages of development

^[ 2 ] and is evolving towards the fifth-generation command information system. The system architecture is developing towards intelligence, knowledge, cloud edge, and service. The fourth-generation system in the world mainly uses networking, service, and cloud to build an overall coordinated command information system

^[ 2 ] , which meets the needs of coordinated operations to a certain extent and achieves information advantages. However, with the explosive growth of battlefield information, it is difficult to transform the system information advantage into the commander’s cognitive and decision-making advantages. With the emergence of new combat styles such as unmanned combat and cyber warfare, in order to adapt to the complexity and nonlinear characteristics of combat command, the command information system must break through cognitive technology and provide accurate battlefield situation cognition and planning and decision-making capabilities. The fifth-generation command information system is envisioned to be centered on artificial intelligence, edge computing, and cloud brain technology to enhance battlefield cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages, and action advantages, support combat command to move from the information domain to the cognitive domain, and realize capabilities such as information knowledge, intelligent decision-making, agile command and control, multi-domain collaboration, and edge services.

1 New Concept of Command and Control

1.1 Intelligent command and control

Intelligent command and control is to use artificial intelligence methods to achieve the transformation from “information-based, network-centric” to “intelligent, knowledge-centric”, and assist commanders in solving perception, understanding, and cognitive problems in the command field. The system architecture and technical architecture of the command information system will change. The system will apply corresponding intelligent technologies around functional domains such as situation, command, control, and support to improve the cognitive and decision-making efficiency of combat command. Foreign militaries pay great attention to the intelligent application of combat command. Since 2007, the US DARPA has published three white papers on national and military development strategies for artificial intelligence, and has launched plans such as “Deep Green”

^{[ 3 ⇓ – 5 ]} , “The High-Tech Holy Grail of the Third Offset Strategy”, and “Commander’s Virtual Staff”. In the field of intelligence perception and tactical decision-making, it has launched artificial intelligence projects such as “Insight”, “Xdata”, “Deep Learning”, “Deep Text Search and Filtering”, “Distributed Battlefield Management”, “Human-Machine Collaboration”, “Mind’s Eye”, “Trace”, “Human-Machine Collaboration”, “X-Plan”, “Cognitive Electronic Warfare”, and “AlphaAI Air Combat”, realizing the ability to deeply understand battlefield intelligence, predict situation cognition, and automatically generate and deduce tactical plans. Since then, the U.S. military has also set up projects such as “Autonomous Negotiation Formation”, “Big Dog”, and “Hummingbird” to improve the manned and unmanned collaborative control capabilities. Overall, the U.S. military currently has the world’s leading level of intelligent combat command. In addition, Germany, France, Russia and other countries have also conducted extensive research in intelligent information perception and processing, intelligent autonomous unmanned combat platforms, etc., and have achieved fruitful research results

^{[ 6 ⇓ – 8 ]} .

1.2 Tactical Edge Command and Control

With the development of military technology, traditional large-scale cluster combat methods are gradually transformed into small-scale asymmetric combat. Combat activities at the tactical edge will play an important role in war. The tactical edge is also known as the “first tactical mile”

^[ 9 ] . It is far away from the command center and has limited communication, computing, and service resources. It is usually composed of combat platforms, tactical units, and special forces. In order to gain information and decision-making advantages, command units at all levels use ubiquitous networks, micro-clouds, and other technologies to achieve information and resource sharing. Mobile computing devices at the tactical edge use fog computing methods to integrate into larger combat units and form micro-clouds under self-organizing networks. The large amount of situation information obtained by the tactical edge is calculated, stored, and shared in the tactical micro-cloud, which simplifies the scale of interaction with the command center, improves the timeliness of information interaction, and solves the problem of insufficient service capabilities at the tactical frontier in the past.

1.3 Multi-Domain Battle Command and Control

In 2016, the U.S. Army proposed the concept of “multi-domain warfare”

^[ 10 ] , taking “synchronous cross-domain firepower” and “all-domain mobility” as core elements, promoting the high integration of combat elements, enhancing all-domain strike capabilities, and attempting to eliminate the “anti-access/area denial” capabilities of China, Russia and other countries. It mainly has the following three characteristics

^[ 10 ] . First, the combat domain is expanded in multiple dimensions, enabling the U.S. Army to deploy forces from the ground to multiple combat domains such as sea, air, electricity, and the Internet, and has the ability to integrate with other services. Second, the combat elements are highly integrated, and the various services and combat functional domains can share information, coordinate tactics, and synchronize actions, which promotes the transformation of joint services to the integration of combat capability elements. Third, the command chain is developing in a flat direction, and the command mechanism is efficient and flexible. It is necessary to have centralized planning and decentralized execution, and to share information and instructions with various command nodes and individual soldiers, extend the tactical command chain, and realize rapid, multi-line, and multi-domain combat command.

1.4 Mosaic Combat Command and Control

In 2017, DARPA proposed the concept of “mosaic warfare”

^{[ 11-12 ] , which takes into account both ” threat-based” and “capability-based” equipment construction methods, and} flexibly combines sensors, command and control nodes, combat platforms, and cooperative manned and unmanned systems in multiple combat domains on demand to form a mission system. System integration uses a building block approach to dynamically link dispersed fine-grained systems together to form a combat system similar to a “mosaic block”. “Mosaic warfare” uses intelligent decision-making tools to provide distributed situational awareness and adaptive planning and control, assist in combat mission planning, and implement distributed combat management. “Mosaic warfare” requires the replacement of fixed combat force composition with adaptive system reorganization, and the combat command has a resilient and adaptable information system that can customize physically dispersed mixed combat units on demand and meet various dynamic and collaborative combat requirements

^{[ 12 ⇓ – 14 ]} .

2. Transformation of the Characteristics of the Fifth Generation Command Information System

1) The system shifts from network-centric to knowledge-centric. The network-centric approach brings battlefield information advantage, which is then transformed into cognitive advantage and decision-making advantage. The information sharing between systems shifts to knowledge-centric intelligence sharing, which promotes the transformation of the entire command system into decision-making and action advantage.2) The cloud architecture is transformed into cloud-edge-end integration. Expand the original cloud resource sharing capabilities

^[ 2 ] and extend them to the platforms, teams, and individual soldiers at the tactical edge, realize the integrated hybrid service capabilities of the battlefield center cloud, mobile cloud, and edge micro-cloud in a mobile environment, and enhance the tactical frontier resource service capabilities.3) Transformation from scheduled integration to resilient adaptability. Currently, the system is deployed and operated according to preset rules. When the mission changes, it must be regulated according to the pre-planned plan. In the future, battlefield systems are vulnerable to attacks and paralysis, requiring the system to have the ability to self-reconstruct, resilient and adaptable when disturbances occur to ensure that the core mission ^is^{uninterrupted}

^[ 13-14 ] .4) Transformation from computational intelligence to cognitive intelligence. Intelligence is manifested in computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence, and cognitive intelligence. Currently, computational intelligence provides a tactical deterministic solution method. In the future battlefield, intelligent technology must be used to improve the accuracy and real-time degree of cognition in terms of massive intelligence processing, situational awareness, and decision-making reasoning.5) Performance changes from fixed fixed to autonomous learning evolution. The system’s algorithm and performance are generally determined and fixed during the design period, and performance improvement is achieved through upgrading and transformation. Intelligent systems have the ability of self-learning and self-evolution, and can learn algorithms for situational awareness and intelligent decision-making online to improve system performance.6) Construction shifts from capability-based to knowledge-based. Command information systems are generally constructed based on capability elements, and system integration is integrated based on capability elements. Intelligent systems pay more attention to the intellectual construction of the system, focusing on the construction of system knowledge, rules, algorithms, and data.7) The interaction mode will shift to human-machine fusion intelligent interaction. Human-machine fusion intelligent perception, anthropomorphic interaction, intention-oriented intelligent human-machine interface interaction, wearable human-machine fusion computing, and fusion and linkage interaction will become the main interaction mode of future systems, and the human-machine control system will progress towards human-machine fusion.8) The separation of combat and training has shifted to the integration of combat, training, exercise and research. The fifth-generation command information system tightly couples combat command and tactical training, and has parallel simulation and reasoning capabilities. It can not only update intelligent algorithms, but also conduct combat and tactics confrontation research, obtain tactical data, and promote algorithm learning. Exercise training has developed from war game simulation to battlefield virtual game.

3 Overall Architecture Concept

The overall architecture of the future fifth-generation command information system should be a command information system that is knowledge-centric, human-machine integrated, intelligently empowered, cloud-edge integrated, autonomously evolving, and resilient and adaptable. The following article mainly describes the overall system from the perspectives of system architecture, service architecture, and technical architecture

^[ 15 ] . The system architecture mainly refers to the composition of the system’s logical elements and their relationships, the service architecture describes the integration model of information and computing resources between systems, and the technical architecture describes the system’s technical reference model.

3.1 System Architecture Concept

The system is changing from “information-based, network-centric” to “intelligent, knowledge-centric”, while extending to the tactical edge. Based on the original system integration, the system integrates knowledge and algorithms, applies intelligent technology in functional domains such as situation, command, control, and support, and improves the cognition and decision-making efficiency of combat command. The system architecture is envisioned as follows:

Figure 1 Conceptualization of the fifth-generation command information system architecture

第五代指揮資訊系統架構概念

The fifth-generation system expands the functional domain of parallel deduction and learning training on the basis of functional elements such as situational awareness, command decision-making, action control, support and guarantee, and information services to meet the needs of combat branch evaluation and algorithm learning. In terms of situational awareness, it covers computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence, and cognitive intelligence, mainly completing battlefield intelligence processing and target identification, understanding and predicting the situation, having state and momentum, and improving information advantage; in terms of command decision-making, it is mainly based on cognitive intelligence, which can machine tactical reasoning, generate plans and plans, and improve decision-making level; in terms of action control, it is mainly based on computational intelligence and cognitive intelligence, completing task monitoring and temporary tactical control, and providing action optimization strategies based on knowledge reasoning, such as command guidance, firepower coordination, and unmanned cluster intelligent control; in terms of comprehensive guarantee, it is mainly based on computational intelligence, completing the optimal allocation of battlefield resources under prior knowledge and rules; in terms of parallel deduction and learning training, it combines command and control with simulation training, trains personnel and algorithms in peacetime, and conducts parallel plan deduction in wartime.In addition, the fifth-generation system has an autonomous evolving learning mechanism: first, autonomous learning within the node to optimize the algorithm and knowledge base; second, the nodes share intelligent algorithms and knowledge through the command cloud to collaboratively complete the evolution. Each node can upload the learned algorithms and knowledge to the command cloud to update the algorithms and knowledge of the knowledge center; third, the system issues instructions to tactical nodes, weapon nodes, detection nodes, and combat support nodes, and collects execution feedback. These feedback results can be used to learn and evolve the algorithm.Between the fifth-generation systems, based on the original comprehensive integration based on the cloud/end architecture, an integrated sharing method for knowledge and intelligent algorithms has been added. Each command information system uploads intelligent algorithms and knowledge rules to the knowledge center for plug-and-play sharing by heterogeneous nodes such as battlefield detection, command, and weapons. The command information system can obtain existing intelligent knowledge from the knowledge center and conduct secondary learning and training in combination with its own battlefield data to improve algorithm capabilities. The command cloud will eventually form an intelligent knowledge center for the battlefield, and a battlefield knowledge network will be formed between the intelligent command information systems.

3.2 Concept of cloud-edge-device service architecture

In the future, ubiquitous network connections will extend from command units to various squads, individual soldiers, and platforms at the tactical edge. The fifth-generation command information system will use fog computing and distributed computing technologies to build tactical mobile clouds, squad micro-clouds (Cloudlet), and individual task group pico-clouds (Pico-Cloud) based on cloud architecture technology

^{[ 9 , 16 ]} , forming tactical frontier mobile cloud service capabilities, realizing the hybrid service capabilities of battlefield centralized combat clouds, mobile tactical clouds, and edge micro-clouds and pico-clouds, forming an integrated resource service structure of “cloud, edge, and end”, and quickly building command chains and strike chains.

Concept of cloud-edge-end service architecture of the fifth-generation command information system

第五代指揮資訊系統雲端端服務架構構想

The cloud-edge-end integrated service capability supports the fifth-generation system to achieve dynamic aggregation and release of combat resources through “cloud deployment, cloud aggregation, cloud attack, and cloud dissipation”, thereby improving the combat effectiveness of the entire system

^[ 17 ] . The centralized combat cloud is deployed in the command center in a fixed cloud manner

^[ 16 ] to provide services for various combat nodes; air, land, and sea tactical clouds provide information, algorithms, computing, and storage services under mobile conditions for aircraft, ships, armored forces, and other forces at the tactical frontier, thereby improving the resource sharing level at the tactical frontier

^{[ 9 , 16 , 18-19 ] ; in tactical edge military operations, micro-clouds and pico – clouds are constructed. Micro-clouds are deployed in fog computing on vehicles, aircraft, and boats within one hop of the} communication distance of the frontier contact unit, expanding the tactical information processing and sharing capabilities of the frontier unit personnel. When individual soldiers and units cannot access micro-clouds, mobile ad hoc networks and distributed computing technologies can be used to construct pico-clouds to support dynamic information aggregation and resource sharing end-to-end under weak connections at the tactical edge, thereby extending the command chain.

3.3 Technical Architecture Concept

The fifth-generation command information system will extend the war from the physical domain and information domain to the cognitive domain, and will change the way of command and control. Its technical architecture is as follows:

Technical architecture of the fifth-generation command information system

第五代指揮資訊系統技術架構

The fifth generation command information system adds tactical edge services and intelligent computing environments based on the networked computing environment of the fourth generation command information system, which is compatible with the system architecture and meets the intelligent requirements of the system. The tactical edge service computing environment provides micro-cloud and pico-cloud basic computing, storage, and information service platforms for weakly connected terminals; the intelligent computing environment provides intelligent services for situation, decision-making, control, and human-computer interaction.The intelligent technology environment layer includes the following five parts. The intelligent computing hardware platform is equipped with AI acceleration processors such as GPU, FPGA, and TPU to adapt to the computing power required by deep learning. Some algorithms use brain-like chips with neuron processing mechanisms or solidified dedicated intelligent computing chips; the intelligent data management platform mainly manages data, samples, cases, models, and knowledge; the deep learning framework integrates the runtime library and basic algorithm library of deep learning and reinforcement learning; the traditional artificial intelligence computing framework includes traditional algorithm support libraries such as spark and bigflow for search and solution, data mining, and parallel processing; intelligent services include application-oriented intelligent algorithm service libraries, such as intelligent interactive recognition, valuation network calculation, and strategy network calculation services, which provide solution interfaces for application development.The intelligent application layer mainly provides functional elements such as intelligent situational awareness, planning and decision-making, action control and information services, human-computer interaction, learning and training. It is the system’s main functional interface for users and the core problem that intelligence needs to solve.The fifth-generation system technology architecture model mentioned above mainly uses cloud computing and intelligent technology support services to achieve the sharing of situations, instructions, algorithms and knowledge between systems, and supports system autonomous evolution, algorithm upgrades and knowledge updates. System intelligence can be divided into levels 0 to 4

^[ 20 ] . Level 0: full manual control; Level 1: computing intelligence, deterministic complex tactical calculations and information automation processing; Level 2: having certain perceptual intelligence, able to understand, evaluate and predict battlefield situations; Level 3: having cognitive intelligence, able to provide machine decision-making and decision-making deduction capabilities; Level 4: having human-machine integration and symbiosis capabilities, and the core algorithm can self-learn and self-evolve. At present, the intelligence level of the fourth-generation system is generally at level 1, and situation understanding and command decisions are still controlled by humans. The intelligence of the fifth-generation system can reach the fourth level through three stages. The first stage is to realize the ability to perceive, understand and evaluate the battlefield situation; the second stage is to build a knowledge base of tactics and enable machine decision-making based on rules, knowledge and algorithms; the third stage is to realize machine self-learning and self-evolution of core tasks, and have the function of autonomous decision-making, reaching a highly intelligent level of human-machine integration

^[ 20 ] .

4 Key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept

^{The key technologies of the fifth-generation command information system mainly solve the above – mentioned problems of intelligence, cloud –} edge-end integration, and system resilience and adaptability. The key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept is the following

Key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept

系統關鍵技術及智慧化理念

The key technologies of the fifth-generation command information system cover all aspects of the command and control OODA loop, and can support the system’s intelligence, resilience, and edge command and control requirements in terms of detection, decision-making, control, and strike, thereby building a precise perception chain, rapid control chain, precise strike chain, and agile service chain, extending to the tactical edge and improving command effectiveness.

1) Situational Awareness Machine Analysis TechnologyIntelligence compilation and analysis technology.

Use big data, deep learning, knowledge graphs and other technologies to perform intelligent information correlation matching, text semantics intelligent analysis, and public opinion intelligent search and extraction to obtain valuable intelligence from massive, multi-source, and heterogeneous battlefield information.

Multiple target rapid recognition technology. Using deep learning methods, a multi-layer CNN convolutional neural network is constructed, and sample feature parameter learning is used to complete feature extraction and rapid target recognition of optical, infrared, electromagnetic, and acoustic information.Situation recognition and understanding technology. Analyze the enemy’s combat intentions and combat capabilities, use the reinforcement learning valuation network technology to simulate the commander’s situation recognition process, and combine the CNN nonlinear battlefield situation fitting ability to establish a mapping from situation images to situation understanding

Situation machine prediction and assessment technology. Based on situation understanding, the enemy’s tactical behavior is estimated. First, the strategy network is used to obtain the enemy’s activity rules, and then the parallel deduction method is used to perform multi-branch situation deduction. Finally, a prediction network is constructed to predict the situation.

2) Operational planning machine decision-making technology.

Combat mission space and strategy modeling technology. Modeling the state and action strategy of the combat mission space and determining the description method of the mission state, strategy, and feedback are the basis for deep reinforcement learning to make decisions.Mission planning machine decision-making technology. Use operations optimization to complete target analysis and task allocation. Use deep reinforcement learning and swarm intelligence algorithms to machine plan force composition, firepower configuration, and collaborative paths. Tactical planning tends to be rule-based reasoning and easy to break through; campaign planning tends to be knowledge-based reasoning based on experience, involving the art of command, and is more difficult to break through.

Parallel simulation technology for combat plans. With reference to the parallel simulation technology of the “deep green” system the Monte Carlo search tree and game test method are used to simulate enemy combat behavior, rehearse and evaluate the action process, and accumulate feedback reward and punishment functions for learning, training, and decision optimization.

Intelligent generation technology of combat plans. Using intelligent perception algorithms such as natural language understanding, voice command recognition, and sketch recognition, combined with the extraction of elements from the task model, the knowledge graph is used to automatically extract the plan to generate combat plans and command sequences .

Rapid decision-making technology on the spot. Based on the current situation, using the learning data accumulated by the game platform, automatically matching the most appropriate plan adjustment, making dynamic decisions on the plan based on Monte Carlo tree search and transfer learning algorithms, reverse reinforcement learning, and enhancing the generalization ability of the plan.3) Intelligent motion control technologySituation-based improvisation control technology. According to the effects and deviations of combat operations, the resources, paths, and coordination modes of the mission are dynamically adjusted, and parallel simulation multi-branch deduction and reinforcement learning technology are used to correct the deviations, thus realizing tactical “feedforward” control .

Swarm intelligence collaborative control technology. Promote the maximization of the overall effectiveness of battlefield intelligent bodies in collaborative operations, use ant colony and bee colony control algorithms and deep reinforcement learning methods to build a global tactical value network, establish an effect feedback model, and perform strategic control based on the value network.Firepower collaborative control technology. Improve the speed and accuracy of friend-or-foe identification, firepower allocation, and collaborative dispatch, use swarm intelligence and deep reinforcement learning algorithms to automatically plan, coordinate and optimize the strike chain, and have a certain degree of autonomous decision-making ability.

4) Manned/unmanned collaborative command technology.

Multi-domain cluster system autonomous collaborative machine planning technology. Use branch search solution, knowledge reasoning, and deep reinforcement learning to plan and allocate collaborative tasks for manned/unmanned systems, and use swarm intelligence optimization algorithms to plan collaborative trajectories for unmanned and manned platforms.Multi-domain cluster system autonomous collaborative command and control technology. It monitors the missions of unmanned clusters and provides autonomous collaborative command and guidance. It uses swarm intelligence algorithms to detect conflicts and avoid collisions among multiple unmanned platforms, and coordinates grouping, routing, and load.

5) Intelligent information service technology.

Intelligent battlefield information sharing technology uses reinforcement learning and semantic association technology to analyze users’ information needs and preferences, generate information needs based on users’ differentiated characteristics, and intelligently push tactical information to users.

6) Human-machine fusion intelligent interaction technology.

Human-computer fusion intelligent perception interaction technology. Construct multi-channel human-computer interaction methods including sketches, spoken language, gestures, head postures, expressions, eye movements, etc., and provide natural, sensitive, accurate and anthropomorphic interaction strategies . Intention-oriented intelligent human-computer interface technology. Using FCM fuzzy cognitive interactive reasoning technology, infer the user’s interactive intention, and organize the interactive interface output by integrating different means such as spoken language, gestures, sketches, and natural language according to the user’s interface needs and interaction preferences.Smart wearable human-machine fusion technology. It uses edge computing technology and new human-machine interaction methods such as voice, gestures, eye movements, brain-computer interfaces, and augmented reality to provide soldiers with smart wearable devices that have a collaborative, integrated, and linked human-machine interaction mode.

7) Virtual gaming and training evaluation technology.

The combat virtual game technology builds a game confrontation test platform, conducts combat knowledge modeling, and uses parallel simulation, branch decision, differential confrontation and other technologies to conduct red-blue confrontation, which not only trains tactics and methods, but also collects tactical data.Machine training and evaluation technology uses the data accumulated by the game platform and the experience of personnel to model, adopts small sample transfer learning technology to train and optimize the algorithm, replays the real data afterwards, performs transfer learning optimization on the decision model, and updates the decision plan.

8) System resilience adaptive reconstruction technology.

Environmental perception and autonomous fault detection technology. Under soft and hard damage, it can detect the main faults and analyze abnormal correlations, predict the occurrence of faults that affect task execution, evaluate the impact of faults on tasks, and realize active perception and rapid location of system resources and faults.System self-healing and reconstruction intelligent technology. When key nodes of the system fail, an adaptive mechanism is used to reallocate resources, achieve capacity regeneration, and continuously ensure the completion of core tasks. The system changes from a fault repair method with preset rules and manual participation to an intelligent system reconstruction method.

9) Tactical edge computing technology.

Mobile micro-cloud service platform technology. Deployed in fog computing mode on vehicles, aircraft, and boats within one hop of the enemy, it provides shared processing capabilities for combat teams and expands the tactical information processing capabilities of team members.Pi-cloud resource sharing technology under weak connection ad hoc network. Based on the individual soldier ad hoc network, the Pi-cloud is constructed using distributed computing technology to support end-to-end autonomous collaborative information sharing and resource sharing between individual soldier mobile devices under weak connection to meet tactical edge needs.

5 Development ideas and ideas

1) Gradually progress in stages, starting with the easy and then moving on to the difficult. In the first stage, image, voice, gesture, face recognition, and natural language understanding are applied to intelligence analysis; in the second stage, deep learning and reinforcement learning are applied to situational awareness and command decision-making; in the third stage, cloud computing is used to realize a knowledge-centered, intelligently empowered system.

2) Select intelligent algorithms for application. Focusing on the application of deep learning in situation and deep reinforcement learning in planning and decision-making, select appropriate tactical backgrounds to verify intelligent algorithms. Tactical-level planning of paths, firepower, tasks, etc. can be used as breakthroughs.

3) Strengthen the construction of knowledge engineering in the field of combat command. Expert rules, military regulations, and actual combat data are the basis of intelligent command. The existing combat rules should be modeled and represented in a knowledge-based manner, and the input and output mapping relationship between knowledge representation and deep learning should be established. The research on knowledge learning and knowledge reasoning methods should be strengthened .

4) Establish a virtual confrontation game platform to accumulate data. Intelligent algorithms require a large number of learning samples. The ways to accumulate samples are: Establish a confrontation game platform to conduct war games, human-machine confrontation, and red-blue confrontation to accumulate data; Collect tactical data from actual combat exercises and build models as training samples.

6 Conclusion

This paper proposes the overall and intelligent concept of the fifth-generation command information system, constructs a new generation of command information system architecture with “intelligent empowerment, human-machine integration, cloud-edge integration, autonomous evolution, cloud-intelligence sharing, and resilience and adaptability”, analyzes its key technologies and capability characteristics, and attempts to achieve cognitive advantages, decision-making advantages, and action advantages based on the fourth-generation system in the world .

There are not many technical verifications for the fifth-generation system in the world, so we should not rush for quick success and still need to conduct sufficient research.

現代國語：

現代戰爭呈現戰場資訊爆炸性成長與新型作戰形態。隨著人工智慧、邊緣運算等新技術的不斷湧現，新一代指揮資訊系統呼之欲出。本文在國際第四代指揮資訊系統的基礎上，構想了第五代指揮資訊系統的整體架構，闡述了其知識中心化、智慧賦能、雲邊融合、自主演進和彈性適配的技術特徵，分析了其關鍵技術，不斷提升戰場資訊優勢，並向戰場認知優勢、決策優勢和行動轉化。

習主席在中國共產黨十九大報告中明確指出,「加速軍事智能化發展,提高基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」[1]。這個論述指明了未來戰爭將是基於網路化、智慧化的體係作戰,第五代指揮資訊系統將以智慧化為核心,強化戰場資訊優勢,爭取戰場認知優勢、決策優勢與行動優勢。據相關通報,國際上指揮資訊系統經歷了四個階段的發展過程[2],正在向第五代指揮資訊系統演化,系統體系結構向智慧化、知識化、雲端端、服務化發展。國際上第四代系統主要以網路化、服務化、雲端化等手段建構了整體協同的指揮資訊體系[2],一定程度上滿足協同作戰需求,實現了資訊優勢。但隨著戰場資訊的爆發式增長,系統資訊優勢很難轉化為指揮的認知與決策優勢,隨著無人作戰、賽博作戰等新型作戰樣式的出現,為了適應作戰指揮的複雜性、非線性特徵,指揮資訊系統須突破認知技術,提供準確的戰場態勢認知與籌劃決策能力。第五代指揮資訊系統設想以人工智慧、邊緣運算、雲腦技術為核心,提升戰場認知優勢、決策優勢與行動優勢,支援作戰指揮由資訊域邁向認知領域、實現資訊知識化、決策智慧化、指控敏捷化、協同多域化、服務邊緣化等能力。
1 指揮控制新理念
1.1 智能化指揮控制
智慧化指揮控制就是利用人工智慧方法,實現從「資訊化、網路中心」轉變為「智慧化、知識中心」,輔助指揮者解決指揮領域的感知、理解、認知問題。指揮資訊系統的系統架構、技術架構都會改變。系統圍繞著態勢、指揮、控制、保障等功能域進行相應的智慧技術應用,提升作戰指揮的認知與決策效能。外軍十分關注作戰指揮智能化應用,美軍DARPA從2007年至今,發布了3份關於人工智能國家及軍事發展戰略白皮書,分別開展了“深綠”[3⇓-5]、“第3次抵消戰略的高科技聖杯”、“指揮官虛擬參謀”等計劃,在情報感知與戰術決策領域啟動了“Insight”、Xdata” 「分散式戰場管理」、「人機協作」、「Mind’sEye」、「Trace」、「人機協作」、「X-Plan」、「認知電子戰」、「AlphaAI空戰」等人工智慧專案,實現戰場情報深度理解、態勢認知預測及戰術方案自動生成與推演能力。此後,美軍也設置了「自主協商編隊」、「大狗」、「蜂鳥」等項目,提升有人與無人協同控制能力。整體而言,美軍目前具備全球領先的智慧化作戰指揮水準。此外,德、法、俄等國也紛紛在智慧化資訊感知與處理、智慧自主無人作戰平台等方面進行了大量研究,取得了豐碩的研究成果[6⇓-8]。
1.2 戰術邊緣指揮控制
隨著軍事科技的發展,傳統大規模集群作戰方式逐漸轉換為小範圍的非對稱作戰,戰術邊緣的作戰活動在戰爭中將扮演重要角色。戰術邊緣又稱為「第一戰術英里」[9],它遠離指揮中心,通信、計算、服務資源受限,通常由作戰平台、戰術分隊、特種單兵組成,為了獲得信息與決策優勢,各級指揮單元利用泛在網絡、微雲等技術,實現信息與資源共享。戰術邊緣的移動計算設備,採用霧計算方法,整合為更大的作戰單元,形成自組網下的微雲,戰術邊緣獲取的大量態勢信息,在戰術微雲進行計算、存儲、共享,簡化了與指揮中心的交互規模,提升了信息交互時效,解決以往戰術前沿服務能力不足的問題。
1.3 多域戰指揮控制
2016年美陸軍提出「多域戰」概念[10],將「同步跨域火力」與「全域機動」作為核心要素,推動作戰要素高度融合,增強全域打擊能力,試圖消除中俄等國的「反介入/區域拒止」能力,主要具備以下三個特徵[10]。一是作戰領域向多維擴展,使美陸軍能夠從地面向海、空、電、網等多個作戰域投送力量,具備與其他軍種融合能力。二是作戰要素高度融合,各軍兵種及作戰功能域之間能夠共享資訊、統籌戰術、同步行動,推動了軍種聯合向作戰能力要素融合轉變。三是指揮鏈向扁平方向發展,指揮機制高效靈活,既要集中計劃、分散執行,又要向各指揮節點和單兵共享信息和指令,延伸戰術指揮鏈,實現快速、多線、多域作戰指揮。
1.4 馬賽克作戰指揮控制
2017年,DARPA提出「馬賽克戰」的概念[11-12],兼顧「基於威脅」與「基於能力」的裝備建設方法,將多作戰域的感測器、指控節點、戰鬥平台以及相互協作的有人、無人系統進行按需靈活組合,形成任務系統。系統整合採用搭積木的方式,將分散的細粒度系統動態連結在一起,構成類似「馬賽克區塊」的作戰體系。「馬賽克戰」,借助智慧化決策工具,提供分散式態勢感知與自適應規劃、控制,輔助進行作戰任務規劃,實施分散式作戰管理。「馬賽克戰」要求以自適應體系重組取代固定式作戰力量編成,作戰指揮具有韌性適變的資訊體系,能面向任務、按需定制物理分散的混合編成的作戰單元,滿足各種動態、協同作戰需求[12⇓-14]。
2 第五代指揮資訊系統特徵轉變
1) 體係由網路中心轉變為知識中心。以網絡為中心帶來戰場資訊優勢,並向認知優勢、決策優勢轉變,系統間由資訊共享走向以知識為中心的智力共享,促進整個指揮體係向決策及行動優勢轉變。
2) 雲端架構轉向雲端端一體化。拓展原有的雲端資源共享能力[2],向戰術邊緣的平台、分隊、單兵延伸,實現移動環境下戰場中心雲、移動雲、邊緣微雲的一體化混合服務能力,提升戰術前沿資源服務能力。
3) 預定整合向韌性適變轉變。目前系統依預設規則部署運作,任務變更時,須依預先方案進行調控。未來戰場系統易受攻擊而癱瘓,要求系統在發生擾動時,具備自重構韌性適變能力,保證核心任務不間斷[13-14]。
4) 由計算智能轉變為認知智能。智能化表現在計算智能、感知智能、認知智能,目前計算智能提供了戰術確定性求解方法,未來戰場須在海量情報處理、態勢認知與決策推理等方面透過智能化技術提升認知的精準度、實時度。
5) 性能由固化既定轉變為自主學習演化。系統的演算法、性能一般在設計期就被決定與固化,性能的提升透過升級改造完成。智慧化系統具備自學習、自演化能力,可在線上進行態勢感知、智慧決策的演算法學習,提升系統效能。
6) 建設由基於能力轉變為基於知識。指揮資訊系統一般基於能力要素進行建構,系統整合以能力要素進行綜合整合,智慧化系統,更加關注系統的智力建構,聚焦系統的知識、規則、演算法、資料的建構。
7) 互動方式向人機融合智慧互動轉變。人機融合智能感知、擬人化交互、面向意圖的智能人機界面交互、可穿戴的人機融合計算協同於一體、融合聯動的交互模式,將成為未來系統主要交互模式,以人禦機的系統向人機融合進展。
8) 戰訓分離轉變為戰訓演研一體化。第五代指揮資訊系統將作戰指揮與戰術訓練緊密耦合,具有平行模擬、推理能力,既能更新智慧演算法,也可進行戰法對抗研究,取得戰術資料,促進演算法學習。演習訓練由兵棋推演向戰場虛擬賽局發展。
3 總體架構設想
未來第五代指揮資訊系統的整體架構應該是知識中心、人機融合、智慧賦能、雲邊一體、自主演化、韌性適變的指揮資訊系統。下文主要圍繞系統架構、服務架構、技術架構等主要視角對系統總體進行闡述[15],其中系統架構主要指系統邏輯要素組成及其關係,服務架構描述系統之間的資訊與計算資源的整合模式,技術架構描述了系統的技術參考模型。
3.1 系統架構設想
該系統從「資訊化、網路中心」轉變為「智慧化、知識中心」,同時向戰術邊緣延伸。系統綜合整合在原有基礎上,進行知識與演算法的共享整合,在態勢、指揮、控制、保障等功能域進行智慧化技術應用,提升作戰指揮的認知與決策效能。系統架構設想如圖1所示。

圖1 第五代指揮資訊系統架構設想

第五代系統在態勢感知、指揮決策、行動控制、支援保障、資訊服務等功能要素基礎上,擴展平行推演與學習訓練功能域,滿足作戰分支評估及演算法的學習需求。在態勢認知方面,涵蓋了計算智能、感知智能與認知智能,主要完成戰場情報處理及目標識別,對態勢進行理解、預測,有態有勢,提升信息優勢;指揮決策方面,以認知智能為主,能夠機器戰術推理、生成方案與計劃,提升決策水平;行動控制方面,以計算智能與認知智能為主,能夠完成任務監控及臨機戰術控制,提供知識推理的行動優化策略,例如指揮引導、火力協同、無人集群智能控制;綜合保障方面,以計算智能為主,在先驗知識與規則下,完成戰場資源的優化調配;平行推演與學習訓練方面,將指控與仿真訓練結合起來,平時訓練人員以及算法
此外,第五代系統具有自主演化的學習機制:一是節點內自主學習,優化演算法與知識庫;二是節點間透過指揮雲共享智慧演算法與知識,協同完成演化,各節點可將學習後的演算法與知識上傳至指揮雲,更新知識中心的演算法及知識;三是系統向戰術學習、武器節點、偵測節點運作保障
第五代系統之間,在原有基於雲/端架構的綜合集成基礎上,增加了面向知識與智能算法的集成共享方式,各指揮信息系統將智能算法與知識規則上傳到知識中心,供戰場探測、指揮、武器等異構節點進行即插即享,指揮信息系統可以從知識中心獲取已有的智能知識,結合其二次戰場數據提升自身的戰場數據進行學習能力。指揮雲最終形成戰場的智慧知識中心,各智慧化指揮資訊系統之間形成戰場知識網。
3.2 雲端邊端服務架構設想
未來泛在網路連結將從指揮單元向戰術邊緣的各類分隊、單兵、平台延伸。第五代指揮資訊系統將利用霧運算、分散運算技術,在雲端架構技術基礎上建構戰術移動雲、分隊微雲(Cloudlet)、單兵任務組皮雲(Pico-Cloud)[9,16],形成戰術前沿移動雲服務能力,實現戰場集中作戰雲、移動戰術雲、邊緣微皮鏈雲的混合服務能力,前沿移動雲服務能力,實現戰場集中作戰雲、移動式戰術雲、邊緣微皮鏈雲的混合服務能力,形成「雲、邊、指揮」結構的快速構建能力。如圖2所示。

圖2 第五代指揮資訊系統雲端端服務架構設想

雲端端一體化服務能力支援第五代系統以「雲端部署、雲端聚合、雲端攻擊、雲端消散」等方式,實現作戰資源動態聚、釋能,提升整個體係作戰效能[17]。集中式作戰雲採用固定雲的方式部署在指揮中心[16],為各類作戰節點提供服務;空中、陸上、海上戰術雲為戰術前沿的飛機、艦艇、裝甲等兵力提供移動條件下的信息、算法、計算、存貯服務,提升了戰術前沿的資源共享水平[9,16,18-19];微雲及皮雲,微雲以霧計算方式部署在距離前沿接敵分隊通信一跳距離的車、機、艇上,擴展前沿分隊人員的戰術信息處理與共享能力,當單兵及分隊無法訪問微雲時,可利用移動自組網與分散計算技術構建皮雲,支持戰術邊緣弱連接下,端到端的信息匯聚到端的信息匯聚到端。
3.3 技術架構設想
第五代指揮資訊系統將戰爭從物理域、資訊域延伸到認知域,將改變指控方式,其技術架構如圖3。

圖3 第五代指揮資訊系統技術架構設想

第五代指揮資訊系統在第四代指揮資訊系統的網路化運算環境基礎上,增加戰術邊緣服務、智慧運算環境,既相容系統的架構,又滿足系統的智慧化要求。戰術邊緣服務運算環境為弱連結終端提供微雲及皮雲的基礎運算、存貯、資訊服務平台;智慧化運算環境為態勢、決策、控制、人機互動提供智慧服務。
智慧科技環境層包括以下五部分內容。智慧型運算硬體平台,配置了GPU、FPGA、TPU等AI加速處理器,適應深度學習所要求的運算能力,個別演算法採用神經元處理機制的類腦晶片或固化的專用智慧運算晶片;智慧資料管理平台,主要進行資料、樣本、案例、模型、知識的管理;深度學習架構,整合了深度學習、強化學習的運行庫及基本演算法庫;傳統人工智慧計算框架,包括了spark、bigflow等用於搜尋求解、資料探勘、平行處理等方面的傳統演算法支援庫;智慧服務,包含了面向應用的智慧演算法服務庫,如智慧交互辨識、估值網計算、策略網計算等服務,為應用開發提供求解介面。
智慧應用層,主要提供智慧化態勢認知、規劃決策、行動控制及資訊服務、人機互動、學習與訓練等功能要素,是系統主要面向使用者的功能介面,是智慧化要解決的核心問題。
上述的第五代系統技術架構模型,主要利用雲端運算與智慧化技術的支援服務,實現系統間的態勢、指令及演算法與知識的共享,同時支援系統自主演化、演算法升級、知識更新。系統智能化可分為0~4級[20]。 0級,完全人工控制;1級,實現計算智能,實現確定性的複雜戰術計算與資訊自動化處理;2級,具有一定感知智能,能夠理解、評估、預測戰場態勢;第3級:具有認知智能,能提供機器決策及決策推演能力;4級,具有人機融合與共生能力,核心算法能夠自學習、自演化。目前第四代系統的智慧化水準一般處於1級,態勢理解、指揮決策仍由人把控。第五代系統的智能化可經過三個階段達到第4級,第一階段實現戰場態勢感知、理解與評估能力;第二階段構建戰法知識庫,能基於規則、知識、算法實現機器決策;第三階段實現核心任務的機器自學習、自演化,具備自主方案決策功能,達到人機融合的高度智能化水平[20]。
4 系統關鍵技術及其智慧化設想
第五代指揮資訊系統的關鍵技術主要解決上述智慧化、雲端端整合、系統韌性適變問題。系統關鍵技術及其智慧化設想如圖4所示。

圖4 系統關鍵技術及其智慧化設想

第五代指揮資訊系統的關鍵技術涵蓋指控OODA環的所有面向,能夠支撐系統從探測、決策、控制、打擊等方面的智能、韌性、邊緣指控要求,從而構建精準感知鏈、快速控制鏈、精確打擊鏈、敏捷服務鏈,向戰術邊緣延伸,提升指揮效能。
1) 態勢感知機器分析技術
情報整編分析技術。利用大數據及深度學習、知識圖譜等技術進行資訊智能關聯匹配、文本語義智能分析、輿情智能搜索與提取,從海量、多源、異構的戰場信息中獲取有價值情報。
多元目標快速辨識技術。利用深度學習方法,建構多層CNN卷積神經網路,採用樣本特徵參數學習完成光學、紅外線、電磁、聲學資訊進行特徵提取與目標快速辨識。
態勢認知與理解技術。對敵進行作戰意圖、作戰能力分析,利用強化學習的估值網絡技術,模擬指揮員態勢認知的過程,結合CNN非線性戰場態勢擬合能力,建立態勢圖像到態勢理解的映射[22]。
態勢機器預測與評估技術。在態勢理解基礎上,對敵戰術行為進行預估,先利用策略網絡獲得敵方活動規律,再採用平行推演方法,進行多分支態勢推演,最後構建預測網絡進行態勢預測。
2) 作戰規劃機器決策技術
作戰任務空間及策略建模技術。對作戰任務空間的狀態及行動策略進行建模,確定任務狀態、策略、回饋的描述方法,是深度強化學習進行決策的基礎。
任務規劃機器決策技術。利用運籌優化完成目標分析、任務分配。利用深度強化學習、群體智慧演算法對兵力編成、火力配置、協同路徑進行機器規劃。戰術規劃偏向規則推理,易突破;戰役規劃偏向基於經驗的知識推理,涉及指揮藝術,較難突破。
作戰方案平行推演技術。參考「深綠」系統平行模擬技術[23],採用蒙特卡羅搜尋樹及博弈試驗方法,模擬敵作戰行為,對行動流程進行預演與評估,累積回饋賞罰函數,供學習訓練、最佳化決策。
作戰計劃智慧生成技術。利用自然語言理解、語音指令辨識、草圖辨識等智慧感知演算法,結合任務模型的要素提取,利用知識圖譜將方案進行自動提取生成作戰計畫與指令序列[24]。
臨機快速決策技術。基於當前態勢,利用博弈平台累積的學習資料,自動配對最適當的預案調整,基於蒙特卡羅樹搜尋及遷移學習演算法對計畫進行動態決策,反向強化學習,增強計畫泛化能力。
3) 行動控制智慧化技術
基於態勢的臨機行動控制技術。根據作戰行動的效果及偏差,對任務的資源、路徑、協同模式進行動態調整,利用平行模擬多支推演與強化學習技術進行糾偏,實現戰術「前饋式」的控制[4]。
群體智慧協同控制技術。促進戰場智能體協同作戰全局效能最大化,利用蟻群、蜂群控制演算法及深度強化學習方法,建構全局戰術價值網絡,建立效果回饋模型,根據價值網絡進行策略控制。
火力協同控制技術。提升敵我辨識、火力分配、協同調度的速度與精度,利用群智能及深度強化學習演算法自動規劃、協調優化打擊鏈,具備一定自主決策能力。
4) 有人/無人協同指揮技術
多域叢集系統自主協同機器規劃技術。利用分支搜尋求解、知識推理、深度強化學習進行有人/無人系統的協同任務規劃與分配,利用群智能最佳化演算法規劃無人、有人平台的協同軌跡。
多域集群系統自主協同指揮控制技術。對無人群集的巡航進行任務監控及自主協同指揮引導,利用群體智慧演算法進行多無人平台任務衝突偵測及避碰控制,進行編組、路徑、載重等調配。
5) 智慧化資訊服務技術
戰場資訊智慧共享技術,利用強化學習及語意關聯技術分析使用者的資訊需求及偏好,產生基於使用者差異化特徵的資訊需求,為使用者智慧推送戰術資訊。
6) 人機融合智慧化互動技術
人機融合智慧感知互動技術。建構多通道包含草圖、口語、手勢、頭勢、表情、眼動等多方式的人機互動手段,提供自然、靈敏、精準、擬人化的互動策略[5]。
面向意圖的智慧人機介面技術。利用FCM模糊認知互動推理技術,推理使用者的互動意圖,根據使用者的介面需求與互動喜好,整合不同的口語、手勢、草圖、自然語言等手段,組織互動介面輸出。
智慧穿戴式人機融合技術。採用邊緣運算技術,利用語音、手勢、眼動、腦機介面、擴增實境等新人機互動方式,為單兵提供智慧穿戴裝置,具備協同一體、融合連動的人機互動模式。
7) 虛擬博弈與訓練評估技術
作戰虛擬賽局技術建構賽局對抗試驗平台,進行作戰知識建模,利用平行模擬、分支決策、微分對抗等技術,進行紅藍對抗,既訓練戰術、戰法,又採集戰術資料。
機器訓練與評估技術,利用博弈平台累積的資料以及人員的經驗建模,採用小樣本遷移學習技術進行演算法的訓練與優化,對真實資料事後重播,對決策模型進行遷移學習優化,更新決策方案。
8) 系統韌性適變重建技術
環境感知與自主故障偵測技術。在軟硬毀傷下,進行主故障檢測、異常關聯分析,預測影響任務執行的故障發生,評估故障對任務的影響,實現對系統資源及故障的主動感知與快速定位。
系統自癒重構智慧技術。當系統關鍵節點失效時,採用適變機制,重新分配資源,實現能力再生,持續保障核心任務完成。由預置規則、人工參與的故障修復方式轉變為智慧化的系統重構方式。
9) 戰術邊緣運算技術
行動微雲服務平台技術。以霧運算方式部署在距離接敵一跳距離的車、機、艇上,為作戰分隊提供共享處理能力,擴展分隊人員的戰術資訊處理能力。
弱連接自組網下的皮雲資源共享技術。在單兵自組網基礎上,採用分散運算技術建構皮雲,支援弱連接下,端到端自主協同的資訊共享與單兵移動設備之間資源共用,滿足戰術邊緣需求。
5 發展思路設想
1) 分階段先易後難循序漸進。第一階段將圖像、語音、手勢、臉譜辨識及自然語言理解等應用到情報分析中;第二階段將深度學習、強化學習應用到態勢認知、指揮決策中;第三階段利用雲端運算實現知識中心,智慧賦能的系統[6]。
2) 選取智慧演算法進行應用。圍繞深度學習在態勢方面的應用、深度強化學習在規劃決策方面的應用,選取合適的戰術背景,對智能演算法進行驗證,可選用戰術層面的路徑、火力、任務等規劃作為突破口[25]。
3) 強化作戰指揮領域知識工程建設。專家規則、軍事條例、實戰資料是指揮智能化的基礎,對現有作戰規則進行知識化建模與表示,建立知識表示與深度學習的輸入、輸出映射關係,加強知識學習、知識推理的方法研究[4]。
4) 建立虛擬對抗博弈平台累積資料。智慧演算法需要大量學習樣本,樣本累積途徑有:①建立對抗賽局平台進行兵棋推演、人機對抗、紅藍對抗,累積資料;②收集實戰演習的戰術資料,進行建模作為訓練樣本[21]。
6 結束語
本文提出了第五代指揮資訊系統的總體及智慧化設想,建構了「智慧賦能、人機融合、雲邊一體、自主演化、雲智共享、韌性適變」的新一代指揮資訊系統架構,對其關鍵技術、能力特徵進行分析,試圖在國際上第四代系統的基礎上[2],實現認知優勢、決策優勢、行動優勢。國際上用於第五代系統的技術驗證不多,不可急功近利,仍需充分研究。

中國原創軍事資源：https://www.zhkzyfz.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1673-3819.2021.05.00881

#intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Intelligentization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Establishing normative guidelines for the management of Internet military information dissemination – three highlights of the “Internet Military Information Dissemination Management Measures”

02/28/2025 admin Leave a comment

建立網路軍事資訊傳播管理的規範指引－《網路軍事資訊傳播管理辦法》三大亮點

現代英語：

Establishing normative guidelines for the management of military information dissemination on the Internet

——Interpretation of the three highlights of the “Internet Military Information Dissemination Management Measures”

Strengthening the management of Internet military information dissemination is related to the overall situation of national defense and military construction, and to the image and reputation of the people’s army. The promulgation of the “Internet Military Information Dissemination Management Measures” (hereinafter referred to as the “Measures”) has established normative guidelines for the management of Internet military information dissemination. Its implementation will surely provide a strong legal guarantee for promoting the rule of law in cyberspace, regulating the order of Internet military information dissemination, and better promoting the healthy development of Internet military media. The “Measures” not only aims to solve the practical problems of Internet military information dissemination in recent years, but also looks forward to the future trend of military information dissemination. Overall, there are three highlights:

Improved the opening standards of platforms and columns

Once military-related, confidential or negative information is disseminated, it will inevitably damage national security and the image of the military. The key to managing this kind of network chaos is to correct the source and effectively regulate the source of information dissemination. The Measures clearly regulate the opening of military website platforms, military columns on website platforms, military accounts, etc. First, Internet military information service providers must obtain licenses and perform filing procedures in accordance with the law to ensure the authenticity of their identities. Second, Internet military information service providers are encouraged and supported to establish or clearly be responsible for editing agencies for military information services, and to be equipped with full-time editors and content reviewers appropriate to the scale of services to ensure the professionalism of their capabilities. Such standardization can further improve the effectiveness of Internet military information dissemination management and effectively enhance the quality and level of Internet military media.

List of positive and negative aspects of the content being spread

In the digital age, online public opinion has become an important force in shaping social concepts and behaviors, with both the supply and dissemination of positive information and the spread of illegal and negative information. The Measures aim to turn the Internet, the biggest variable, into the biggest increment in promoting the development of the cause of strengthening the military, and refine and clarify the positive list of Internet military information dissemination content, mainly involving 11 aspects of information, including the promotion of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military, the promotion of the nature, purpose, glorious history, fine traditions and style of the People’s Army, and the reflection of the achievements of national defense and military modernization. At the same time, the Measures also detailed and clarified a list of 12 negative aspects, including harmful information that endangers national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and undermines the absolute leadership of the Party over the military and the responsibility system of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Through these regulations, Internet military information service providers and users can be effectively guided to maintain a good military-related public opinion environment, maintain a good image of the People’s Army, and safeguard national security and military interests.

Standardized the supervision chain of military accounts

Military information is highly sensitive, professional, and confidential, and must be handled by professionals. In response to the current problems of low registration thresholds for a large number of military accounts, arbitrary release of military information that disrupts the order of communication, the Measures regulate the conditions for identifying military accounts, and clarify the verification and reporting of military accounts. These requirements are in line with the national policy requirements for doing a good job in the classification and filing of mobile Internet accounts, which is conducive to further clarifying the responsibilities of website platforms and improving the pertinence and accuracy of military account supervision.

(Authors: Liang Baowei, Lu Wei, etc.)

現代國語：

為互聯網軍事資訊傳播管理立起規範指引

——解讀《網路軍事資訊傳播管理辦法》的三大亮點

加強網路軍事資訊傳播管理，關系國防與軍隊建設大局，關係人民軍隊形象聲譽。《互聯網軍事資訊傳播管理辦法》（以下簡稱《辦法》）的出台，為互聯網軍事資訊傳播管理立起了規範指引，其貫徹施行必將為推進網絡空間法治化，規範互聯網軍事信息傳播秩序，更好促進互聯網軍事媒體健康發展提供有力法治保障。《辦法》既著眼解決近年互聯網軍事資訊傳播的現實問題，又前瞻性考慮未來軍事資訊傳播趨勢。總的看有三大亮點：

完善了平台和欄目等的開辦規範

涉軍涉密或負面訊息一旦傳播必然損害國家安全和軍隊形象。治理這種網絡亂象，關鍵是要正本清源，從資訊傳播的源頭加以有效規範。《辦法》對軍事網站平台、網站平台軍事欄目、軍事帳號等的開辦作出明確規範。一是互聯網軍事資訊服務提供者需依法取得許可並履行備案手續，以保證其身分的真實性。二是鼓勵並支持網路軍事資訊服務提供者設立或明確負責軍事資訊服務的編輯機構，配備與服務規模相適應的專職編輯人員和內容審核人員，保證其能力的專業性。這樣規範，可以進一步提高網路軍事資訊傳播管理實效，有效提升網路軍事媒體的品質和水準。

列出了傳播內容的正負面清單

網絡輿論在數位時代已成為塑造社會觀念和行為的重要力量，既有正面訊息的供給傳播，也有違法和不良資訊的擴散蔓延。《辦法》著眼於把互聯網這個最大變量變為推動強軍事業發展的最大增量，細化明確了互聯網軍事信息傳播內容的正面清單，主要涉及11個方面的信息，包括宣傳習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想和習近平強軍思想，弘揚人民軍隊性質宗旨、光輝歷史、優良傳統和現代作風，反映國防和軍隊現代化成就等。同時，《辦法》也細化明確了12個面向的負面清單，包括危害國家主權、安全和領土完整，詆毀黨對軍隊絕對領導和軍委主席負責制等有害資訊。通過這些規定，能夠有效引導網路軍事資訊服務提供者和使用者維護良好涉軍輿論環境，維護人民軍隊良好形象，維護國家安全和軍事利益。

規範了軍事賬號的監管鏈條

軍事資訊敏感度、專業性和涉密性強，必須由專業的人做專業的事。針對當前大量軍事賬號註冊門檻低、隨意發布軍事信息擾亂傳播秩序等問題，《辦法》對軍事賬號認定條件作了規範，同時對軍事賬號的核驗報送予以明確。這些要求符合國家關於做好移動互聯網賬號分類備案工作的政策要求，有利於進一步明晰網站平台主體責任，提高軍事賬號監管的針對性和精準性。

（作者：梁寶衛、陸巍等）

中國原創軍事資源：

http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/qwfb/yw_214049/16368575.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dimensionality Reduction Strikes, Information Support Force, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Chinese People’s Liberation Army Accelerates into Era of Three-dimensional Warfare – Deploying the Air Assualt Force

02/16/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國人民解放軍加速進入立體戰爭時代－部署空中突擊部隊

現代英語：

Transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional attack and defense

●From “able to fly” to “good at fighting”

The Army’s air assault force is showing its strength

PLA Daily reporter Kang Zizhan and special correspondent Zhang Shengtao reported: 10 years ago, Liu Zhenhua, as a pilot of the Army Aviation Force, was rated as an excellent pilot mainly for his excellent personal flying skills; now, as a pilot of the Army Air Assault Force, his compulsory training courses have added ground force combat formation, tactics and tactics application, etc. In the past 10 years, the upgrade of the “capability baseline” of Liu Zhenhua, a pilot of an Army Air Assault Brigade, is the result of the Army’s low-altitude combat force’s leap from “able to fly” to “good at fighting”.

On the eve of August 1, 2016, President Xi Jinping emphasized during his inspection of the newly established Army Headquarters that we must accelerate the transformation of the Army from a new starting point in accordance with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and three-dimensional offense and defense, and strive to build a strong, modernized new Army.

A year later, the military parade to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was held at the Zhurihe Joint Training Base. The Chinese Army Air Assault Brigade made its debut in a new combat formation and was reviewed by President Xi.

Air assault, surging. Since its establishment, the Army Air Assault Force has conducted military exercises in all areas, covering mountains, dense forests, deserts, and grasslands. Iron wings are flying, eagles are lined up, ground forces and air forces are integrated within the organization, and energy is released within the system, giving the military exercise field a new look.

In the heart of the Central Plains, air-ground coordination has given birth to a new landscape. In the staff competition, the pilot won the championship; in the flight planning, the infantry squad leader served as the staff. Snipers “train in the air” and pilots “learn on the ground”. The air and ground subjects are integrated into the training, and the air and ground forces are truly combined and fight together.

When the pilots found the “enemy” target on the prairie, they did not choose to attack it head-on, but used the information system to send coordinates in the air and call for support from the ground advance forces to attack the “enemy” target. From the ground calling for air support to the air calling for ground support, the “call change” witnessed the expansion of the officers and soldiers’ battlefield vision.

In the northwest desert, an air assault brigade of the Army was ordered to carry out cross-domain maneuvers, flying and fighting along the way, and taking turns to use a series of new tactics such as surpassing attack operations, leapfrog assault operations, and key point control operations, showing the sharp edge of the Army’s new air assault combat force…

Following the footsteps of the Army’s airborne assault troops’ military exercises, one new battle scene after another comes into view: “One Tree High” is no longer “riding alone”, but a “synthetic eagle group” composed of multiple aircraft types, with modules organized and each performing its own duties; approaching the front line, firepower strikes are no longer the first choice, and the “electronic iron fist” is the first to be swung; commanders sit in the “air command post” to plan air-ground coordinated operations… The changes in the low-altitude battlefield highlight the strong battlefield adaptability and combat effectiveness of the air assault force.

At the beginning of the new year of 2022, President Xi signed the Central Military Commission’s Order No. 1 of 2022, issuing a mobilization order to the entire army to start training, requiring all levels of the army to vigorously promote system training. As a symbolic force in the army’s transformation from two-dimensional combat to three-dimensional offense and defense, the air assault force has shown many new changes in system training.

An airborne assault brigade of the Army joined hands with an Air Force unit to study the subject of assault infantry guiding Air Force fighters to carry out fire strikes; cooperated with multiple forces of the Joint Logistics Support Force to explore an integrated peacetime and wartime support model; and conducted joint training with a unit of the Strategic Support Force to enhance the unit’s electromagnetic interference and anti-interference capabilities… The airborne assault force system has more and more “close partners” in training, the “circle of friends” of new combat forces is getting bigger and bigger, and the unit’s actual combat capabilities continue to improve.

New forces contain new mechanisms, and new mechanisms give birth to new forces. President Xi stressed the need to strengthen the construction of new combat forces and increase the proportion of new quality combat power. During the adjustment and reform, the Army’s air assault force came into being, eliminating the geographical separation between air and ground, blurring the spatial concepts of frontier and depth, and updating the combat concepts of air and ground arms. The Chinese military’s land warfare pattern is being reshaped.

From looking at the battlefield head-on to looking down on the battlefield, and then to three-dimensionally perceiving the battlefield, the air assault force has demonstrated the huge potential of a new type of combat force, and the Army is accelerating into the era of three-dimensional combat.

“This is an unprecedented opportunity, but also an unprecedented challenge.” Tang Hongyi, the battalion commander of an air assault brigade of the army, led the officers and soldiers to transform from mountain infantry to air assault infantry. On the journey of reforming and strengthening the army, he dared not slack off for a moment, “Each generation has its own mission and responsibility. We must run the ‘first leg’ of air assault force construction and run the ‘our leg’ of the army’s transformation and development well.”

Short review

Accelerate transformation and molting to take off

■Kang Zizhan

Fly far and molt. The new army badge has a pair of “wings of soaring” on both sides, implying that the new army is “flying”. From the Army Aviation Corps to the Air Assault Corps, the transformation and reshaping of the army’s low-altitude forces is the result of the new world military revolution, and ahead is the strategic direction of the Chinese Army’s accelerated transformation.

President Xi has repeatedly stressed the need to strive to build a strong, modern, and new army. In today’s world, military technology is changing with each passing day, and the forms of war and winning mechanisms are constantly changing. The rise of the Army’s air assault force tells us that the system combat effectiveness of a force does not only come from the external system structure, but more depends on whether multiple forces can be effectively integrated; it is not difficult for new equipment to form combat effectiveness, but it is difficult to create a new “sword method” that adapts to the system. The new combat force should have a new charging posture, be brave to take the lead, forge ahead, and accelerate on the road of transformation.

Extraordinary achievements require extraordinary people. President Xi pointed out: “Now, the responsibility of strengthening the military has historically fallen on our shoulders. To shoulder this burden, we must dare to take on the responsibility. This is not only the expectation of the Party and the people, but also the political character that contemporary revolutionary soldiers should have.” In the new era of reforming and strengthening the military, the new army will take off and will surely write new glory on the journey of strengthening the military.

現代國語：

●從平面作戰向立體攻防轉型

●從「能飛」向「善打」跨越

陸軍空中突擊力量嶄露頭芒

陸軍某空中突擊旅組織飛行訓練。李春國攝

解放軍報訊記者康子湛、特約記者張聖濤報道：10年前，劉振華作為陸航部隊飛行員，被評為優秀飛行員的主要標準，是個人飛行技術過硬；如今，他作為陸軍空中突擊部隊飛行員，訓練必修課又增加了地面力量作戰編組、戰術戰法運用等內容。 10年間，陸軍某空中突擊旅飛行員劉振華「能力基準」升級的背後，是陸軍低空作戰力量從「能飛」到「善打」的跨越。

2016年八一前夕，習主席在新組成的陸軍機關視察時強調，要按照機動作戰、立體攻防的戰略要求，在新的起點上加快推進陸軍轉型建設，努力建設一支強大的現代化新型陸軍。

一年後，慶祝中國人民解放軍建軍90週年閱兵在朱日和聯合訓練基地隆重舉行。中國陸軍空中突擊旅以戰鬥隊形全新亮相，接受習主席檢閱。

空中突擊，狂飆突起。組成以來，陸軍空中突擊部隊全域演兵，足跡遍佈高山、密林、大漠、草原。鐵翼飛旋、群鷹列陣，地面兵力和空中力量在建制內融合、體系內釋能，演兵場上面貌一新。

中原腹地，空地協同催生新景觀。參謀比武，飛行員一舉奪冠；飛行籌劃，步兵班長當參謀。狙擊手在“空中練”，飛行員在“地面學”，空中課目和地面課目融合組訓，空地兵力真正合在一起、打到一處。

莽原之上，飛行員發現「敵」目標，並未選擇迎面打擊，而是在空中利用資訊系統發送座標，呼叫地面先遣力量支援攻擊「敵」目標。從地面呼叫空中支援到空中呼叫地面支援，「呼叫變遷」見證官兵戰場視野的拓展。

西北大漠，陸軍某空中突擊旅受命實施跨域機動，飛一路、打一路，超越攻擊作戰、蛙跳突擊作戰、要點奪控作戰等一系列新戰法輪番上陣，顯示陸軍空中突擊新型作戰力量銳利鋒芒…

循著陸軍空中突擊部隊演兵足跡追尋，一幕幕嶄新的戰鬥場景躍入眼簾：“一樹之高”不再“走單騎”，而是多機型組成“合成鷹群”，模組編組、各司其職；抵近前沿，火力打擊不再是首選，率先揮出的是“電子鐵拳”；

2022年新年伊始，習主席簽署中央軍委2022年1號命令，向全軍發布開訓動員令，要求全軍各級大力推進體系練兵。空中突擊部隊作為陸軍由平面作戰向立體攻防轉型的一支標誌性力量，體系練兵呈現許多新變化。

陸軍某空中突擊旅與空軍某部攜手，精研突擊步兵引導空軍戰機實施火力打擊課題；與聯勤保障部隊多支力量配合，探索平戰一體保障模式；與戰略支援部隊某部開展聯訓，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「典型力量」越來越多，提昇部隊電磁幹擾與反幹擾能力…空中突擊部隊體系大練的「新實戰夥伴」越來越多，作戰部隊中越來越持續作戰能力的「親密力量」大兵作戰。

新力量蘊含新機理，新機理催生新力量。習主席強調，要加強新型作戰力量建設，增加新質戰鬥力比重。在調整改革中，陸軍空中突擊部隊應運而生，消除了空與地的地理隔間、模糊了前沿與縱深的空間概念、更新了空中與地面兵種的作戰理念，中國軍隊陸戰格局正在重塑。

從平視戰場到俯瞰戰場，再到立體感知戰場，空中突擊力量展現出新型作戰力量的巨大潛力，陸軍加速邁進立體作戰時代。

「這是前所未有的機遇，也意味著前所未有的挑戰。」陸軍某空中突擊旅營長唐鴻毅，帶領官兵從山地步兵轉型為空中突擊步兵。行進在改革強軍征程上，他一刻也不敢懈怠，「一代人有一代人的使命擔當，我們要跑好空中突擊力量建設的‘第一棒’，跑好陸軍轉型發展的‘我們這一棒’」。

短評

加速轉型換羽騰飛

■康子湛

遠飛當換羽。新式陸軍胸標兩側插上了一對“起飛之翼”，蘊含著新型陸軍“飛起來”的寓意。從陸航部隊到空中突擊部隊，陸軍低空力量的轉型重塑，背後是世界新軍事變革的風雷激盪，前方是中國陸軍加速轉型的戰略方向。

習主席多次強調，要努力建立強大的現代化新型陸軍。當今世界，軍事科技日新月異，戰爭形態、致勝機制不斷變化。陸軍空中突擊部隊的起飛歷程啟示我們：一支部隊的體係作戰效能，不只來自外在的體系結構，更多取決於多種力量能否有效融合；新裝備形成戰鬥力不難，難的是創出適應體系的新「劍法」。新型作戰力量更應有新的衝鋒姿態，勇為人先、銳意進取，跑出轉型路上的加速度。

蓋有非常之功，必待非常之人。習主席指出：「現在，強軍的責任歷史地落在了我們肩上，要挑起這副擔子，必須敢於擔當，這既是黨和人民的期望，也是當代革命軍人應有的政治品格。」在改革強軍的新時代，新型陸軍換羽騰飛，必將在強軍征程上書寫新的榮光。

資料來源：解放軍報作者：康子湛張聖濤責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-07-19 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/wzll/lj/4915990888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Cognitive Confrontation, Cognitive Domain Warfare, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Professor Chen Yingwen China National University of Defense Technology Describes Military Internet of Things: Everything is Connected, Attacking & Winning from Thousands of Miles Away

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

國防科技大學陳英文教授闡述軍事物聯網：萬物互聯，千里之外也能攻打

現代英語：

In mid-July 2021 World Internet of Things Expo held a press conference and revealed that the expo is scheduled to be held in Wuxi in early September. At that time, the expo will be themed “Intelligently Connecting Everything and Leading the Future with Digital”, focusing on showcasing the latest achievements in the global Internet of Things field.

The Internet of Things is changing people’s daily lives, quietly changing the form of modern warfare, and promoting the development of intelligent warfare.

Professor Chen Yingwen from the National University of Defense Technology tells you about the military Internet of Things——

Everything is connected, winning thousands of miles away

■Feng Zijian, Qu Shenghui, Qi Xucong

Schematic diagram of military Internet of Things technology simulation.

A “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world

The so-called Internet of Things can be simply understood as an Internet that connects everything. If the Internet is a “dialogue” in the virtual world, then the Internet of Things is a “bridge” connecting the virtual world and the real world.

The application of the Internet of Things had already appeared in wars under the name of “sensor networks” more than half a century before it attracted people’s attention.

In the 1960s, the “Ho Chi Minh Trail” on the Vietnam battlefield was covered with tens of thousands of “tropical tree” vibration sensors. These sensors are like a dense “spider web”, waiting for the “prey” to arrive. Whenever a person or vehicle passes by, the sensor detects the vibration generated by the target and records data such as its direction and speed.

At this time, tens of thousands of kilometers away, in an infiltration surveillance center code-named “Task Force Alpha”, US military technicians were receiving and processing relevant information sent back by the “sensor network”. Once a Vietnamese military convoy was discovered passing by, the command center would send instructions to the US troops stationed in Vietnam, instructing fighter planes to fly over the target and carry out bombing.

Due to the limited technology at the time, the sensors could only work for a few weeks. The “spider web” carefully built by the US military ultimately failed to prevent the Vietnamese army from transporting troops and supplies.

Although this “cooperative” combat method between humans and objects did not achieve any good results in history, it has prompted Western countries led by the United States to conduct in-depth research on Internet technology and continuously explore the interconnection between humans and objects, and objects and objects. Its highly informationized advantages are highlighted in many areas of military applications.

After decades of development, some military powers have successively developed a series of military sensor network systems, including the “Smart Dust” system for collecting battlefield information, the “Lumbas” system for remotely monitoring the battlefield environment, the “Sand Straight Line” system for monitoring the movement of weapon platforms, and the “Wolf Pack” system specifically for detecting electromagnetic signals.

Among them, the detection element of the “smart dust” system is only the size of a grain of sand, but it can realize all functions such as information collection, processing and sending, thereby enhancing the ability to control information during combat.

No combat entity will become an “island”

In the world of the Internet of Things, every grain of “sand” will have its network address. For the military Internet of Things, no operational entity will become an “island”.

During the first Gulf War, many weapons and equipment transported by the US military could not be found, resulting in a large waste of war resources. The reason is that the containers transporting weapons and equipment were not clearly marked, and personnel were unable to track the location of the transported weapons and equipment, which led to the loss of a large number of weapons and equipment.

Twelve years later, during the Iraq War, the US military installed radio frequency microchips on every container shipped to the Gulf region, and placed readers and writers according to transportation and storage needs, thereby achieving full tracking of personnel, equipment, and materials, greatly improving the effectiveness of military logistics support.

Foreign research data revealed that compared with the Gulf War, the Iraq War’s sea transport volume decreased by 87%, air transport volume decreased by 88.6%, combat equipment reserves decreased by 75%, and strategic support equipment mobilization decreased by 89%.

In fact, from the moment the electronic tags are attached and the sensing systems are installed, the originally silent equipment becomes like an organic life form that can sense and communicate with each other. Through the transformation of the Internet of Things technology, each combat entity such as combat personnel and combat equipment has become a “network node”. Through perception and communication with each other, the battlefield situation is clearer and combat operations are more efficient.

Take the personnel assessment network established by the Australian Department of Defense as an example: during combat, commanders can assess the physical functions and conditions of soldiers through sensors worn by soldiers, and then combine them with satellite positioning information to obtain the physical function status of all personnel. Commanders can use this as a basis for allocating troops, which can greatly improve the efficiency of battlefield decision-making.

Military IoT technology will play a big role in future battlefields

In today’s world, there are more and more similar military news——

In June 2016, the US military launched an airstrike using drones, killing 16 Taliban members; in September of the same year, Turkish security forces killed 6 terrorists under the guidance of their domestically produced drones.

In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the Middle East in 2020, a video released by Azerbaijan made many people feel the power of networked and intelligent weapons: after the drone discovered the enemy tank, it aimed and fired…

From sensing the battlefield situation to locking onto the target and then launching an attack on the target, the reason behind unmanned equipment becoming the main offensive entity is the huge support of military Internet of Things technology. This huge intelligent information network is like the “clairvoyance” and “super hearing” on the battlefield, allowing combat personnel to sit firmly in the “central military camp” and win the battle thousands of miles away.

“Everything is connected, and victory can be won thousands of miles away.” This is the development trend of military Internet of Things technology and an important feature of future intelligent warfare. In the era of the Internet of Everything, the military Internet of Things will connect several individual combat entities into intelligent combat groups and generate a smart combat system. In the future, it will only be necessary to give the smart combat system clear combat objectives, and military combat personnel will not have to participate in its execution process.

At present, the development of military Internet of Things technology still has a long way to go before it can realize the Internet of Everything, but we should be aware that when smart nodes reach a certain scale, the military Internet of Things will achieve a qualitative leap.

In future battlefields, military Internet of Things technology will surely play a big role in achieving victory through “connection”.

現代國語：

今年7月中旬，2021世界物聯網博覽會組委會召開新聞發布會透露，此次博覽會預定9月上旬在無錫舉行。屆時，博覽會將以「智聯萬物數領未來」為主題，集中展現全球物聯網領域的最新成果。

物聯網，改變人們的日常生活，也悄悄改變現代戰爭形式，推動智慧化戰爭發展進程。

國防科技大學教授陳穎文為您講述軍事物聯網—

萬物互聯，決勝千里之外

■馮劍曲晟暉齊旭聰

軍用物聯網技術模擬示意圖。

連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”

所謂物聯網，我們不妨將其簡單理解為物物相連的互聯網。如果說互聯網是虛擬世界中的一種“對話”，那麼物聯網則是連接虛擬世界與現實世界的一座“橋樑”。

物聯網應用，早在受到人們關注前的半個多世紀，就已在戰爭中以「傳感器網絡」之名現身。

上世紀60年代，越南戰場的「胡志明小徑」上，佈滿了數以萬計的「熱帶樹」振動傳感器。這些傳感器就像密密麻麻的「蛛網」一般，等待著「獵物」到來。每當有人員或車輛經過時，傳感器就會探測到目標產生的震動，並記錄其方向和速度等數據。

此時，數萬公裡之外，一家代號為「阿爾法特混部隊」的滲透監視中心裡，美軍技術人員在接收和處理著「傳感器網絡」回傳的相關資訊。一旦發現越軍車隊經過，指揮中心就會向駐紮在越南的美軍發出指令，讓戰機飛臨目標實施轟炸。

當時技術有限，傳感器實際工作時間只能維持幾週時間。美軍處心積慮搭建的這張“蛛網”，最終未能阻止越南軍隊對兵力和物資的運送。

雖然歷史上這次人與物「協同」的作戰方式並未取得什麼好的效果，卻推動了以美國為首的西方國家深入研究互聯技術，不斷探索人與物、物與物之間的互聯互通。其高度資訊化優勢，在軍事應用的多個領域凸顯出來。

經過幾十年發展，一些軍事強國先後研製出收集戰場資訊的「智慧微塵」系統、遠程監視戰場環境的「倫巴斯」系統、偵聽武器平台運動的「沙地直線」系統、專門偵收電磁信號的「狼群」系統等一系列軍事傳感器網絡系統。

其中，「智慧微塵」系統的探測元件只有沙粒大小，卻能實現資訊收集、處理和發送等全部功能，從而提升了作戰過程中的製資訊權能力。

沒有一個作戰實體會成為“孤島”

在物聯網世界裡，每一粒「沙子」都將擁有它的網路位址。對軍事物聯網來說，沒有一個作戰實體會成為「孤島」。

在第一次海灣戰爭中，美軍運送的許多武器裝備無從查找，造成了大量戰爭資源浪費。究其原因，是由於運送武器裝備的集裝箱標誌不清，人員對於傳送的武器裝備位置無法跟踪，進而導致武器裝備的大量遺失。

12年後，在伊拉克戰爭中，美軍給運送到海灣地區的每一個集裝箱均加裝了射頻微型晶片，並依據運輸和存儲需要安放了讀寫器，從而實現了對人員、裝備、物資的全程跟踪，使得軍事物流保障的有效性大大提高。

國外研究資料揭露，相較於海灣戰爭，伊拉克戰爭的海運量減少87%，空運量減少88.6%，戰役裝備儲備減少75%，戰略支援裝備動員量減少89%。

實際上，從貼上電子標簽、裝上感知系統的那一刻起，原本靜默的裝備就像一個有機生命體，它們可以相互感知和交流。透過對物聯網技術的改造，作戰人員、作戰裝備等每一個作戰實體都成了一個“網絡節點”，相互間通過感知與交流，讓戰場態勢更加清晰，也使得作戰行動更加高效。

以澳洲國防部所建立的人員評估網為例：作戰期間，指揮人員可通過士兵身上穿戴的傳感器，對士兵身體的機能與狀態進行評估，再結合衛星定位的位置信息，可獲得全體人員身體機能的態勢情況。指揮人員以此為依據進行兵力分配，可大幅提升戰場決策效率。

軍事物聯網技術在未來戰場上大有作為

當今世界，類似軍事新聞越來越多——

2016年6月，美軍利用無人機發動空襲，擊斃16名塔利班成員；同年9月，土耳其安全部隊在其國產無人機的指引下擊斃了6名恐怖分子。

在2020年中東地區的納卡沖突中，阿塞拜疆發布的一段視頻，讓許多人感受到了網絡化、智能化武器的力量：無人機發現敵方坦克後，瞄準、發射…

從感知戰場態勢到鎖定目標、再到對目標展開攻擊，無人裝備成為進攻主體的背後，是軍事物聯網技術的巨大支撐。這個龐大的智慧化資訊網絡，就如同戰場上的“千裡眼”“順風耳”，讓作戰人員穩坐“中軍帳”，就能決勝於千里之外。

「萬物互聯，決勝千里之外。」這是軍事物聯網技術的發展趨勢，也是未來智慧化戰爭的重要特徵。在萬物互聯的時代，軍事物聯網會將若干單一作戰實體連接成為智慧作戰群，生成智慧作戰體系。未來，只需給智慧作戰體係明確作戰目的，軍隊作戰人員不必參與其執行過程。

當前，軍事物聯網技術的發展距離萬物互聯還有很長一段路要走，但應清醒看到，當智慧節點達到一定規模後，軍事物聯網就會形成質的飛躍。

未來戰場，軍事物聯網技術必將大有作為，實現以「聯」制勝。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：馮子劍曲晟暉齊旭聰責任編輯：楊紅
2021-08-27 06:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/10081763888.html?big=fan

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Asymmetric Warfare, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Intelligentization, Chinese Military Use of Cognitive Confrontation within the Combat Domain, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Dissipative Warfare, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 中國軍隊對耗散戰的戰術運用, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰, 認知戰

Metaverse-enabled Military Training Accelerating for China’s People’s Liberation Army

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

元宇宙協助中國人民解放軍軍事訓練加速發展

現代英語：

Hou Chunmu and Wang Yong

The metaverse is an artificial online virtual world that is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It is parallel to the real world, reacts to the real world, and integrates a variety of high technologies. These are the three major characteristics of the future metaverse. The operation of the metaverse conforms to the natural laws of human understanding and transformation of the world, and provides a new way of thinking to understand and discover the operating behavior, state, and laws of complex real systems, as well as a new means to explore objective laws and transform nature and society. Researching the application of the metaverse in the field of foreign military training and analyzing the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse brings to the field of military training have important theoretical and practical value in solving the key problems that need to be solved in military training in the intelligent era, promoting scientific and technological training, and promoting the innovative development of military training models.

Background of Cognitive Metaverse Empowered Military Training

The scientific and technological revolution has given rise to a new ecology of military training. Driven by the new scientific and technological revolution and the industrial revolution, cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things have accelerated their development. Technology giants have laid out the metaverse, and human real life has migrated to the virtual world more rapidly. The metaverse integrates a variety of emerging technologies, thus generating new Internet applications and new social forms that integrate the virtual and the real. Perception technology supports the integration of the virtual and the real in the metaverse, “AI+” technology supports the social nature of the metaverse, data transmission technology supports the real-time nature of the metaverse, electronic game technology supports the diversity of the metaverse, digital twin technology supports the sustainability of the metaverse, and blockchain technology supports the security of the metaverse. The future metaverse, where virtual and real are highly interconnected, is born out of, parallel to, and independent of the real world. It integrates all elements such as the Internet, virtual reality, immersive experience, blockchain, and digital twins to build a new basic ecology for intelligent military training.

The evolution of war has dominated the transformation and upgrading of military training. With the advent of the intelligent era, the war situation has accelerated its evolution towards informationization and intelligence. The informationized warfare system with “information acquisition and utilization as the core” will gradually transition to the intelligent warfare system with “intelligent simulation and expansion as the core”. The trend of long-range precision, intelligence, stealth, and unmanned weapons and equipment has become more obvious, and intelligent warfare has surfaced. At the same time, combat elements represented by artificial intelligence such as “AI, cloud, network, group, and terminal” and their diversified combinations have formed a new battlefield ecology. The metaverse has constructed a new battlefield space where virtual and real are integrated and parallel interactions occur. The traditional war winning mechanism is being profoundly changed. The development and changes in the form of intelligent warfare have compulsorily driven the transformation and reshaping of the military’s thinking and concepts, requiring the accelerated transformation and upgrading of military training, greater attention to the impact of technological development and changes on warfare, and the use of the “new engine” of training and warfare to achieve “accelerated” preparations.

Foreign militaries explore breakthroughs in military training models. In order to seize the strategic commanding heights of military intelligence, the world’s military powers attach great importance to the innovation of military training models. Some countries have begun to try to apply the metaverse and related technologies to military training. For example, the United States has successively released the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy and the Department of Defense Transformation Plan, focusing on building an “all-round army” and forming a “full spectrum advantage”. It has also simultaneously formulated the Training Transformation Strategic Plan and the Training Transformation Implementation Plan, and proposed the concept of a comprehensive training environment (STE), the core of which is immersive and integrated virtual training, which intends to integrate real-time, virtual, constructive and gaming environments into a comprehensive training environment. Russia also attaches great importance to the development of virtual training systems. Almost all of its advanced weapons and equipment are equipped with corresponding virtual training systems, and are moving towards universalization and embedding. The United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, etc. are also actively developing various professional military training virtual environments. Intelligent training supported by technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality is gradually becoming the mainstream of military training research in powerful countries.

Clarifying the Advantages of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

The emergence of new concepts in military training. Only by leading the opponent in thought can we gain the upper hand in action. The emergence of disruptive technologies will inevitably rewrite the current military training rules and systems, and will also innovate the existing military training thinking concepts. On the one hand, the metaverse has set off a hurricane-like “brainstorm”, and the training thinking led by “intelligence” has organically connected training with actual combat, and upgraded to intelligent military training thinking. On the other hand, new technologies and new means represented by the metaverse empower military training, strengthen the concept of winning by science and technology and intelligent drive, and greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, in order to control the initiative in future wars. In the future, the metaverse will create more impossible possibilities by constructing a virtual battlefield space, designing wars and evolving wars.

Innovate new theories of military training. War is the area that needs innovation the most. Military training must adapt to the development of intelligent warfare, and theoretical innovation and training practice must be driven by both. Training transformation will not happen automatically. It requires not only a sharp and profound foresight to grasp the general trend, but also a scientific, powerful and solid theory to drive forward. On the one hand, by keeping up with the development of the times and starting from new concepts and new cognition, we can build a scientific theoretical system for metaverse-enabled military training. On the other hand, by following the laws of combat-training coupling, we can establish an innovative model of intelligent military training theory with the characteristics of the times, allowing the metaverse to empower and improve the efficiency of promoting the iterative development of military training transformation.

Transform the new military training model. The combat style determines the training mode, and intelligent warfare changes the “rules of the game”. Military training for the next war must adapt to the requirements of future wars by changing the training mode. First, it can build an intelligent blue army with “both form and spirit”. With the help of optimized AI technology, powerful computing power support, and realistic performance simulation, the Metaverse follows the evolutionary process of “knowing the enemy, imitating the enemy, surpassing the enemy, and defeating the enemy” to create an intelligent blue army with platform support and data empowerment, and carry out “real” confrontation training and effect evaluation in the Metaverse space. Second, it can carry out new domain and new quality combat training. The metaverse expands the practical application path with new domains and new types of combat forces as the leading elements, highlights the research and development of training methods and tactics that are compatible with advanced combat concepts and winning mechanisms, and creates new forms of training such as unmanned and seamless human-machine collaboration, becoming a new point of combat power growth. Third, it can cultivate new types of military talents. At present, the educational metaverse has led the intelligent transformation of education. In the future, the military metaverse will accelerate the realization of intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and adaptive evolution between people and the environment, and promote the integrated development of “commanders” and “fighters” into “scientists” and “technicians.”

Reshape the new ecology of military training. The multi-dimensional perception, virtual-real integration, free creativity, and open development of the metaverse will make the future metaverse a fully immersive, time-transcending, self-creating and developing space. First, create a digital twin “battlefield metaverse”. The “battlefield metaverse” will be a typical manifestation of the metaverse in the military field, with stricter security and confidentiality standards, stronger simulation computing capabilities, and more real-time and detailed interaction requirements. Secondly, create a full-dimensional three-dimensional metaverse training environment. The metaverse uses technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality to create an immersive and complex scene environment; using powerful data and network support, it builds a full-dimensional space such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. Furthermore, a Metaverse verification platform for weapons and equipment will be built. The platform will have functions such as new weapon and equipment design demonstration, weapon and equipment performance test, weapon and equipment compatibility test, and weapon system combat effectiveness test. In the future, the Metaverse will greatly shorten the timeline for weapons and equipment to go from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, realizing the intelligence multiplication effect of weapons and equipment.

Grasping the Key Points of Metaverse-Enabled Military Training

Focus on top-level design. From the perspective of the development of things, the metaverse is a new thing, and its maturity has yet to be verified. Intelligent military training is also a complex, arduous and long-term system engineering, which requires strengthening strategic planning and top-level layout. We should pay close attention to the development trends and technological trends of the metaverse, and scientifically formulate the development plan of the “training metaverse”. In the context of the integration of intelligence, informatization and mechanization, we should give full play to the outstanding advantages of the metaverse, such as enabling trainees to undergo immersive experiential training, so that the metaverse can not only be a display platform for virtual technology, but also a practical platform for improving the effectiveness of military training.

Strengthen technology research and development. From a technical perspective, the Metaverse has reintegrated existing technologies in the information and intelligent technology group, proposed an overall innovative concept, and provided comprehensive application scenarios, thereby giving birth to new vitality. To accelerate the development of the “training Metaverse”, we must speed up the research on basic software and hardware technologies such as algorithm engines and network communications, strengthen the research and development capabilities of core technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, blockchain, and the Internet of Things, and at the same time strengthen the overall technical design and research and development of the Metaverse, such as immersion, sociality, openness, collaboration, and decentralization.

Create training types. From the perspective of time and space, the metaverse may create a vast virtual war space, recreate the war environment, present the war process, and virtualize the future of war. An intelligent military training operation system based on the metaverse should be built, military training concepts should be updated in a timely manner, and innovations in military training models, management support, and legal mechanisms should be deepened. A dynamic and high-level combat-oriented military training environment based on the metaverse should be built to fully support strategic, campaign, and tactical training as well as war simulations. At the same time, in the process of “intelligent adaptation” of military training, we will achieve the expansion of wisdom and intelligent evolution towards the unknown space of military training with “innovation, openness, diversified iteration, and new intelligent ecology”.

Attach importance to risk prevention and control. From the perspective of safety and controllability, the concept and technology of the Metaverse brings innovative opportunities to intelligent military training, but the potential risks associated with the technology itself cannot be ignored. The Metaverse is a huge technology group, and its system architecture, key technologies, and application environment are still in the development and implementation stage. The supporting protection system, safety technology, and management standards will bring security risks. In addition, the integrated application of various emerging technologies in the construction process, the complexity and confidentiality in the application process will be the unknown factors for the key prevention and risk challenges of the Metaverse in military training.

現代國語：

侯春牧　王　勇

閱讀提示

元宇宙是脫胎於、平行、獨立於現實世界的人造線上虛擬世界，與現實世界平行、反作用於現實世界、多種高技術綜合，是未來元宇宙的三大特徵。元宇宙運行符合人類認識世界、改造世界的自然規律，提供了理解和發現現實復雜系統運行行為、狀態和規律的全新思維方式和探知客觀規律、改造自然和社會的新手段。研究元宇宙在外軍軍事訓練領域的運用，剖析元宇宙為軍事訓練領域帶來的機遇與挑戰，對破解智能化時代軍事訓練亟待解決的關鍵問題，推動科技強訓，促進軍事訓練模式創新發展，具有重要理論與實踐價值。

認知元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的背景

科技革命催生軍事訓練嶄新生態。在新科技革命和產業革命推動下，人工智慧、大數據、雲端計算、物聯網等前沿科技加速發展，科技巨頭紛紛佈局元宇宙，人類現實生活更快速向虛擬世界遷移。元宇宙整合多種新興技術，從而產生出虛實相融的互聯網新應用與社會新形態。感知技術支撐元宇宙的虛實相融性，「AI+」技術支撐元宇宙的社會性，數據傳輸技術支撐元宇宙的實時性，電子遊戲技術支撐元宇宙的多樣性，數字孿生技術支撐元宇宙的可持續性，區塊鏈技術支撐元宇宙的安全性。虛擬與現實高度互通的未來元宇宙，脫胎於、平行於、獨立於現實世界，將互聯網、虛擬現實、沉浸式體驗、區塊鍊及數字孿生等全要素融合，為智能化軍事訓練構建起全新基礎生態。

戰爭演進主導軍事訓練轉型升級。智能化時代到來，戰爭形態加速向資訊化智能化演變，以「資訊獲取利用為內核」的資訊化戰爭體系，將逐漸過渡至以「智慧模擬與拓展為內核」的智能化戰爭體系，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更加明顯，智能化作戰浮出水面。同時，以「AI、雲、網、群、端」等人工智慧為代表的作戰要素及其多樣化組合，構成了新的戰場生態，元宇宙構建出虛實融生、平行互動的戰場新空間，傳統的戰爭制勝機理正在被深刻改變。智慧化戰爭形態發展變化，強制性驅動軍隊思維理念的變革重塑，要求加快實現軍事訓練轉型升級，更加重視科技發展變化對戰爭的影響，以練戰「新引擎」跑出備戰「加速」。

外軍探索開啟軍事訓練模式突破。為搶佔軍事智慧化戰略制高點，世界軍事強國高度重視軍事訓練模式創新，有的國家開始嘗試應用元宇宙及相關技術運用在軍事訓練方面。如美國先後發布《國家安全戰略》《國家防務戰略》和《國防部轉型計劃》，圍繞打造“全能型軍隊”、形成“全頻譜優勢”，同步製定了《訓練轉型戰略計劃》和《訓練轉型實施計劃》，並提出了綜合訓練環境（STE）理念，其內核是沉浸式、集成虛擬訓練，擬將實時、虛擬、建設性和環境到綜合培訓環境到綜合培訓中。俄羅斯也高度重視虛擬訓練系統開發，其先進武器裝備幾乎都配有相應虛擬訓練系統，並且正朝著通用化和嵌入化方向發展。英國、德國、韓國等也都積極發展各種專業軍事訓練虛擬環境。以人工智慧、虛擬現實與增強現實等技術為支撐的智慧化訓練，正逐漸成為強國軍隊訓練研究的主流。

明晰元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的優勢

萌發軍事訓練新理念。在思想上領先對手，才能在行動上贏得先機。顛覆性技術的出現必將改寫現行的軍事訓練規則制度，也必將革新現有的軍事訓練思維理念。一方面，元宇宙掀動颶風式的“頭腦風暴”，以“智”引領的練兵思維將訓練與實戰有機銜接起來，升級成智能化軍事訓練思維。另一方面，以元宇宙為代表的新技術新手段賦能軍事訓練，強化科技制勝、智慧驅動理念，大幅提升軍事訓練科技含量，以期掌控未來戰爭主動權。未來元宇宙透過構設虛擬戰場空間，設計戰爭並演化戰爭，將創造出更多不可能的可能性。

創新軍事訓練新論。戰爭是最需要創新的領域。軍事訓練要順應智慧化戰爭發展，理論創新與訓練實踐必須雙輪驅動。訓練轉型不會自動發生，既需要敏銳而深邃的前瞻性眼光把握大勢，更需要科學而強大的堅實理論驅動前行。一方面，緊跟時代發展，從新觀念新認知出發，可以建構元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的科學理論體系。另一方面，遵循戰訓耦合規律，可以建立具有時代特色的智慧化軍事訓練理論創新模式，讓元宇宙為推進軍事訓練轉型迭代發展賦能提效。

變革軍事訓練新模式。作戰樣式決定著訓練模式，智慧化戰爭改變著“遊戲規則”，預演下一場戰爭的軍事訓練必須通過變革訓練模式，來適應未來戰爭要求。一是能夠建造「形神兼備」的智慧藍軍。元宇宙藉由優化的AI技術、強大的算力支撐、逼真的效能仿真，依照「知敵、像敵、超敵、勝敵」的演化進程，打造以平台支撐、數據賦能等綜合集成的智能藍軍，並在元宇宙空間開展「真實」的對抗訓練和效果評估。二是能夠開展新域新質作戰研練。元宇宙拓展新域新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化運用路徑，突顯與先進作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法的研練，開創無人化、人機無縫協同等新樣式訓練，成為新的戰鬥力增長點。第三是能夠培養新型軍事人才。當前，教育元宇宙已經引領了教育智慧化變革。未來軍事元宇宙將加速實現人與裝備智慧互動、人與體系深度融合、人與環境適應進化，推動「指揮者」「戰鬥員」向「科學家」與「技術家」融合發展。

重塑軍事訓練新生態。元宇宙的多維感知性、虛實融合性、自由創造性、開放發展性等特點，使未來元宇宙將成為完全沉浸式的、超越時空的、自我創造發展的空間。首先，打造數字孿生的「戰場元宇宙」。「戰場元宇宙」將是元宇宙在軍事領域的典型表現形態，具有更嚴格的安全保密標準、更強大的仿真計算能力、更實時的精細交互要求。其次，創造全維立體的元宇宙訓練環境。元宇宙運用虛擬現實、增強現實以及混合現實等技術，創造沉浸複雜的場景環境；利用強大的數據、網絡支撐，搭建起陸、海、空、天、電、網等全維空間。再者，建造武器裝備的元宇宙驗證平台。該平台將具備新型武器裝備設計論證、武器裝備性能試驗、武器裝備相容性試驗、武器系統體係作戰效能檢驗等功能。未來元宇宙將大幅縮短武器裝備從「弱智」到「強智」再到「超智」的時間軸，以實現武器裝備的智慧倍增效應。

掌握元宇宙賦能軍事訓練的重點

著重頂層設計。從事物發展上看，元宇宙作為新生事物，發展成熟尚待驗證。智慧化軍事訓練又是一項複雜、艱巨且長期的系統工程，需要加強戰略籌劃與頂層佈局。應密切關注元宇宙發展動向與技術趨勢，科學制定「訓練元宇宙」的發展規劃，在智慧化、資訊化、機械化「三化」融合的現實背景下，充分發揮元宇宙能讓受訓者沉浸式體驗式訓練等突出優勢，讓元宇宙不能只是虛擬技術的展示平台，而應成為提高軍事訓練效益的實踐平台。

加強技術研發。從技術意義上看，元宇宙把資訊化智能化技術群中已有的技術重新整合到了一起，提出了整體性創新性概念，給出了綜合性的應用場景，從而煥發出了新的生命力。加速「訓練元宇宙」的發展，要加速演算法引擎、網路通訊等基礎軟硬體技術研究，強化人工智慧、數字孿生、區塊鏈、物聯網等核心技術的研發能力，同時也要加強沉浸性、社交性、開放性、協作性、去中心化等元宇宙整體性技術設計與研發。

創設訓練種類。從時空視角來看，元宇宙可能構造出龐大無比的虛擬戰爭空間，重現戰爭環境，呈現戰爭進程，虛擬戰爭未來。應建構基於元宇宙的智慧化軍訓運行體系，及時更新軍事訓練思維理念，深化軍事訓練模式、管理保障、法規機制等創新。建構基於元宇宙的動態高階的實戰化軍事訓練環境，全面支持戰略、戰役和戰術訓練以及戰爭推演。同時，在軍事訓練「智適應」運作過程中，實現拓展生慧，向「創新開放、多元迭代、新智生態」的軍事訓練未知空間智能演進。

重視風險防控。從安全可控上看，元宇宙概念與技術為智慧化軍事訓練帶來創新機遇，但不容忽視的是技術本身伴生的潛在風險。元宇宙龐大的技術群，其體系架構、關鍵技術和應用環境等尚處於開發落地階段，配套防護體系、安全技術、管理標準等都會帶來安全風險，加上建設過程中多種新興技術的集成運用，運用過程中的復雜性與保密性，都將是軍事訓練元宇宙重點防範和風險挑戰的未知數。

來源：中國軍網-解放軍報作者：侯春牧　王勇責任編輯：於雅倩出版：2024-01-16 06:50

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/yw_208727/16280522.html

Comparison and Contrast of Traditional Military Thought and Culture between China and the West

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

中西傳統軍事思想與文化對比

現代英語：

Xu Sanfei

War and civilization always go hand in hand, and military traditions and cultural traditions always complement each other.

Once the ideological and cultural tradition, especially the military ideological and cultural tradition, is formed, it will produce an inertial force that cannot be underestimated. “In the source of Alexander’s victory, we can often find Aristotle.” The outstanding politicians, theorists and military strategists in history have all been influenced by the national ideological and cultural tradition, and their brilliant achievements have all shone with the glory of ideological and cultural tradition.

For thousands of years, the differences between Chinese and Western thought and culture have led to different emphases in the respective societies’ thinking about military activities and different characteristics in war practice, which directly affected the content and characteristics of Chinese and Western military thought and culture.

Guihe and Chongzheng

Human beings have created various civilizations in the long course of history. How different civilizations interact is an issue that no civilization can avoid. Chinese traditional thought and culture emphasize harmony, valuing harmony and pursuing harmony in diversity; while Western traditional thought and culture emphasize struggle, emphasizing control over everything and being the master of the world.

The culture of “harmony” is in the blood of the Chinese people, and “harmony” is the primary feature of traditional Chinese military thought and culture. When our ancestors created characters, they regarded “stopping war” as “martial arts”. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Shi Bo proposed that “harmony creates life, while sameness does not continue”, forming the idea of ”harmony but difference” in Chinese culture. The Book of History, Yao Canon, proposed that “the people are bright and the nations are in harmony.” After that, “harmony among nations” became a model of the Chinese worldview. In the early 15th century, Zheng He led the world’s largest fleet at the time and made seven overseas missions without causing any harm. Such a peaceful journey is unique in the world.

In contrast, traditional Western realism, as an important part of Western traditional thought and culture, believes that the world is essentially full of conflicts and confrontations of interests. The ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus believed that struggle is justice, and everything is created and destroyed through struggle. The famous ancient Greek reformer and military strategist Solon also believed that: “The reason why a civilization can grow and develop is because it has strong imperial ideals and desires for conquest; once these ideals and desires disappear, the entire civilization will dry up and die. Either conquer or be conquered, this is the law of survival of all civilizations.”

Now, some Western countries are trying to “format”, “standardize” and “unify” world civilization under the guise of “universal civilization”. However, one note cannot express a beautiful melody, and one color cannot depict a colorful picture. The unification of civilization will exhaust human creativity and lead to the rigidification and decline of human civilization. In this regard, historian Toynbee once said, “Humanity has mastered the means of highly technological civilization that can destroy itself, and at the same time is in the camp of extremely opposing political ideologies. The spirit it needs most is the essence of Chinese civilization – harmony”. “Harmony in diversity” can promote dialogue and integration of different civilizations and work together to build a community with a shared future for mankind that is inclusive of all civilizations.

Caution and militarism

War and peace are two major themes of human society. In terms of the basic attitude towards war, Chinese traditional thought and culture generally hold the concept of being cautious about war, while Western traditional realism is more inclined to praise and commend war.

In ancient China, wars were frequent. Many thinkers and military strategists closely linked wars with the lives of the people and the survival of the country. They put forward the idea of cautious warfare and pursued the “total victory” of “subduing the enemy without fighting”. Taoists believe that war is a major disaster. Laozi said: “War is an ominous tool.” The “Art of War” points out at the outset: “War is a major event of the state, a place of life and death, and a way of survival and destruction. It must be carefully considered.” Although Sun Tzu attached great importance to war, he also opposed war. In Sun Tzu’s view, “a destroyed country cannot be restored, and the dead cannot be resurrected. Therefore, wise rulers are cautious and good generals are vigilant. This is the way to ensure the safety of the country and the army.” He also clearly put forward three basic principles for limiting war: “Don’t move unless it is beneficial, don’t use unless it is necessary, and don’t fight unless it is dangerous.” Shang Yang also proposed that war is “fighting to end war”, and “the great law of war is to be cautious.” It can be said that the cautious warfare ideas of the pre-Qin scholars have continuously influenced later generations and gradually became the mainstream thought of China’s military tradition.

Western traditional realism holds a more positive view on war, believing that there is natural competition between people and that war itself is in line with human nature. Heraclitus said: “War is the father of all things and the king of all things.” In the eyes of the ancient Greeks, war is the main way to seek honor and become a hero. In Sparta, as long as “the monarchs give a little signal to fight, they will find many people who are willing to take up arms, and their only wish is to gain honor.” Since then, in the long history of development, traditional realism has always influenced the development of Western political philosophy and military philosophy. In modern times, the Western concept of advocating war and force has not been eliminated, and the two world wars have brought great disasters to mankind.

Today, after countless wars, more and more countries have realized that the law of the jungle is not the way for human coexistence, and militarism is not the way for human peace. Humanity is more capable than ever to move towards the goal of peace and development. However, we must also see that the world is not peaceful, and turning swords into plowshares is still a good wish of people. In order to win peace, we must make comprehensive preparations, which also includes research and preparation for war, in order to contain and prevent war. Therefore, being cautious in war should not only retain the traditional meaning of “winning without fighting”, but also add the meaning of “making peace without fighting” and build a mechanism to restrain war.

Kingly Way and Hegemony

In international exchanges, there has always been a debate between “kingly way” and “hegemonic way”. The core of kingly way is benevolence, while the core of hegemonic way is power. Mr. Sun Yat-sen once said that Eastern culture is kingly way, advocating benevolence, righteousness and morality; Western culture is hegemonic way, advocating utilitarianism and power.

It is a tradition of Chinese culture to first make a moral evaluation of war. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism has begun to dominate, and Confucian culture has occupied the dominant position in society. It has gradually formed a Confucian ethical order of “benevolence” inside and “ritual” outside, which is the cultural basis for the formation of China’s military tradition. Confucius once said: “Therefore, if people from afar are not convinced, cultivate culture and virtue to win them over.” Mencius also said: “Those who conquer people by force are not convinced by their hearts, because their strength is not enough. Those who conquer people by virtue are satisfied with their hearts and sincerely convinced.” Confucius and Sun Tzu also proposed that “those who have civil affairs must also have military preparations” and “command them with culture and unify them with military force.” In their minds, the benevolent are invincible in the world, and the virtuous are invincible. The way to win the world is the kingly way of practicing virtue and benevolence, not the hegemonic way of conquering by force. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Five Hegemons who rose in the chaos of war used cultivating virtue and strengthening the army as an inseparable double-edged sword to establish their hegemony. To practice the kingly way, one must win people over with virtue, rely on virtue, use peaceful means, value justice and reason, win over distant countries with virtue, and adapt to foreign countries. Winning with virtue can make people sincerely convinced, which is the highest realm of winning.

Western traditional realism believes that power is the main content of politics, and regards war as a means to win by violence. Force is the main way to deal with relations between countries. Take ancient Greece and ancient Rome as examples. From the founding of the country to the establishment of the country, from the acquisition of rule to the consolidation and maintenance of rule, they always put the pursuit of power first, and regarded the expansion of force and iron-blooded rule as the foundation of the country. In military policy and even national policy, the will of the ruling class is implemented in society more by the iron-blooded spirit. Sparta even stipulated in law that the responsibility and obligation of citizens is to fight and die in battle. However, history and practice have shown that absolute hegemony pursued by force will also put oneself in trouble and will inevitably be defeated or buried by force in the end.

At present, global governance has entered a critical stage, and mankind is facing a historical choice of where to go. Those countries that still cling to the Cold War mentality, hegemonism and power politics are the root cause of world conflicts and turmoil. The concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind proposed by President Xi is a logical extension of China’s “internal harmony leads to external harmony, and internal harmony will inevitably lead to external harmony”, and is China’s value pursuit as a responsible world power. It brings to mankind not greed and demand, but the benevolence of “loving all people and all things”; it presents to the world not conquest, but the tolerance of “harmony among all nations”; it brings to mankind not war, but peaceful coexistence and common prosperity. This is precisely the wisdom contribution of the Chinese nation as an ancient nation with profound cultural heritage to the long-term development of all mankind.

Morality and interests

Human beings’ understanding and thinking about the origin of war has experienced a process of gradually rising from an intuitive and perceptual state to a logical and rational state. “Even war has rules.” On the ideological balance of balancing righteousness and interests, the Chinese and Western military traditions each have their own emphasis on the “moral” principle and the “interest” principle.

The view of righteousness and profit, “righteousness is in profit, and profit is in righteousness”, is an important essence of Chinese traditional culture, emphasizing that righteousness is more important than profit, giving up profit for righteousness, taking profit with righteousness, and thinking of righteousness when seeing profit. “A gentleman is concerned with righteousness, while a villain is concerned with profit” and “A gentleman loves money and gets it in a proper way”, these moral principles that every Chinese is familiar with have become an important cultural gene of our nation. In the ancient Chinese classics, history, and collections, there is almost no content that directly advocates that the purpose of war is to plunder profits, but more of it is accusations against such wars. The Mohists believed that wars were waged for the sake of moral punishment and to punish the unrighteous; Mencius pointed out that wars were waged to punish tyrants, such as the revolution of Tang and Wu; “Xunzi” emphasized that “war is used to suppress violence and eliminate harm”. Military strategists, who were in the main position of ancient military theory, usually used morality as the criterion for evaluating wars, and emphasized whether the use of troops should be considered in accordance with morality, and emphasized that “there is a legitimate reason for the war”, emphasizing that the purpose of war is to maintain morality.

The ancient Western thinking on the issue of war has always been based on the principle of interest struggle. Machiavelli, a famous scholar in the Renaissance, said bluntly: “In order to achieve national interests, no moral principles can be mentioned; as long as the goal is achieved, any means can be used.” Since the principle of interest was clearly running through early practice and cognition, wars in medieval Europe for the purpose of plunder were often naked. All the wars in the West have also confirmed this conclusion. No matter what the cause of the war is, there is a strong interest drive behind it.

Nowadays, some countries use their military superiority to interfere everywhere, and do things to grab interests under the guise of morality, which has torn the originally peaceful and tranquil countries into pieces and made the originally clear and peaceful world into a mess. War is the continuation of politics, and politics is not only the concentrated expression of morality, but also the economy. In the final analysis, war must reflect both the principle of interests and the principle of morality. Therefore, adhering to the correct view of justice and interests and insisting on the dialectical unity of interests and morality is the fundamental requirement of military activities. Only in this way can we avoid the strange phenomenon of winning tactically but losing strategically.

Spiritual and material

As the basic components of war power, people and things cannot be neglected. In this regard, Napoleon said that there are only two kinds of power in the world – sword and spirit. In general, Chinese traditional military thought and culture emphasizes strategy to defeat the enemy, adheres to the logic of wisdom plus strength, and pays more attention to the cultivation of military spirit, while Western traditional military thought and culture emphasizes strong soldiers to win, adheres to the logic of strength plus technology, and even develops into technological determinism.

Chinese traditional philosophy can be called wisdom philosophy, and Chinese traditional culture can be called integrity culture. The ancient sages often regarded reputation as more important than life, and attached more importance to the social significance and moral value of life. Ancient military strategists recognized the importance of morale very early, and often had classic discussions on this when discussing the view of war, strategic thinking and military management concepts, such as “to unite the army and gather the people, it is necessary to stimulate morale”, “if the morale is strong, they will fight, if the morale is lost, they will flee”, “victory is gained by prestige, defeat is lost by losing morale”, etc., and later in military books, there were special discussions on “inspiring soldiers”, “extending morale” and “moral warfare”. This reflects that the ancients attached great importance to the spiritual factors in combat. Han Xin’s battle with his back to the river and Xiang Yu’s burning of his cauldrons and sinking of his boats have become military practice models. Comrade Mao Zedong made a vivid interpretation when evaluating the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea – the enemy had “more steel and less morale”, while we had “less steel and more morale”. The strategic wisdom of maneuvering and calculating and the fighting spirit of facing death with indifference and marching forward courageously have always been our important magic weapon for creating miracles in war.

Western civilization’s thinking is often centered on nature, and focuses on applying the results of natural science. As early as the Peloponnesian War, the Athenian navy carefully designed and equipped warships, relying on the high speed, maneuverability and impact of warships to win. In the Middle Ages, the advancement of firearms technology finally broke through the shackles of feudal knight heroism. Since then, the West has placed more emphasis on keeping one eye on war practice and one eye on new technology. Since Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres in 1543, science and technology in the Western world have entered a period of rapid development. It was against this background that Western military technology emerged as a powerful tool for colonists to plunder and conquer the world. The West has always been extremely sensitive to accepting new technologies. Technological innovation and the equally important ability to respond quickly to such innovations soon became the characteristics of Western military culture.

At present, with the rapid development of science and technology and its continuous application in the military field, the great role of things in war is increasingly shown. In particular, the impact of advanced science and technology on the military field is unparalleled in any period in history. It is certainly one-sided to emphasize weapons and neglect spirit, but if it is overcorrected, it is also one-sided to emphasize spirit and neglect weapons. War practice tells us that although the spiritual power in war can make up for the disadvantages of weapons and equipment to a certain extent, it is not infinite. If we do not attach importance to weapons and equipment, the role of spirit in war cannot be maximized, and it will cost more to win in war. On the basis of adhering to the materialist view of history that “it is people rather than things that determine the outcome of war”, we must adhere to the dialectical unity of human factors and material factors, add scientific and technological wings to strategic wisdom and fighting spirit, continuously improve the proportion of scientific and technological composition of combat effectiveness, integrate human initiative with the basic role of things at a higher level, and comprehensively improve the combat effectiveness of the army.

Defense and Offense

Offense and defense are the most basic modes of warfare. Ancient China attached great importance to national integration and national unity, and emphasized the status of defense. It was necessary to maintain its national independence while not expanding outward. It adopted the strategic principle of active defense against foreign invasions. In ancient times, expansionism prevailed in the West, which mainly focused on dealing with foreign nations and paid more attention to offense.

Chinese civilization was born in the heartland of the Central Plains in the Yellow River Basin. It is an agricultural society and has been a multi-ethnic community since ancient times. Chinese traditional culture emphasizes stability, preservation, and restraint. Ancient China has always considered itself the center of the world. These are reflected in military thought, which is to cherish unity, focus on defense, regard internal peace as the top priority of military strategy, and place defense in an important position. There are many discussions about defense in ancient Chinese classics. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, when military strategists were most prosperous, military strategists such as Sun Wu, Wu Qi, and Sun Bin emphasized defense in general when discussing military affairs, and when discussing offense, they mostly discussed it from the perspective of combat and tactics. Mozi proposed the political and military concept of “non-aggression”. The book “Mozi” handed down from generation to generation describes Mozi and his school’s profound insights on military defense. The Great Wall of ancient China is a materialized symbol of defense thought, reflecting the guiding ideology followed by rulers of different periods in military strategy: advocating both maintaining the independence of their own nation and not expanding outward. The famous scholar John King Fairbank once said that China has always emphasized defensive warfare, which is completely different from the offensive theory of European imperialism.

The ancient West had a tradition of expansion to dominate. Western civilization originated from the Greek peninsula. The characteristic of maritime civilization that “the world is home” makes it mobile and aggressive. At that time, the national defense targets and war edges of those countries were mostly directed at foreign countries. In addition to fighting each other, the nations of Western Europe often united or independently used foreign forces. The places they went to were as close as the Mediterranean coast and as far as Asia, Africa and Latin America. They reflected the cultural characteristics of Westerners who admired force, liked expansion and adventure. For example, the Assyrian wars that broke out many times in history swept across West Asia and North Africa. With the Assyrian Kingdom as the center, various countries launched a melee. All countries that have been glorious and leading in the history of ancient Western countries have a strong desire for conquest. The rise of great powers is accompanied by expansion, hegemony and war. This is the theory in Western culture that a strong country must dominate.

The world is undergoing major changes unseen in a century, and in the face of an international situation characterized by chaos and changes, and to adapt to the new requirements for the development of national strategic interests, we must unswervingly adhere to the strategic thinking of active defense, strive to build a military force that is commensurate with my country’s status and consistent with my country’s development interests, enhance the aggressiveness and initiative of military strategic guidance, carry out diversified military tasks in a broader space, firmly safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests, faithfully practice the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, actively fulfill the international responsibilities of a major power’s military, comprehensively promote international military cooperation in the new era, and strive to contribute to building a beautiful world of lasting peace and universal security.

現代國語：

■許三飛

閱讀提示

戰爭與文明總是相伴而生，軍事傳統與文化傳統總是相生相成。

思想文化傳統特別是軍事思想文化傳統一經形成，便會產生不可低估的慣性力量。「在亞歷山大的勝利根源裡，我們可以經常發現亞里斯多德」。歷史上傑出的政治家、理論家和軍事家，無不被民族思想文化傳統所薰陶，他們的輝煌業績也無不閃爍著思想文化傳統的光輝。

千百年來，中西思想文化的分野導致了各自社會對軍事活動思考的不同側重，以及在戰爭實踐中的不同特色，直接影響著中西軍事思想文化的內容和特色。

貴和與重爭

人類在漫長的歷史長河中創造了多樣文明，不同文明如何交往，是任何文明都迴避不了的問題。中國傳統思想文化講求和諧，強調以和為貴，追求和而不同；而西方傳統思想文化講求鬥爭，強調控制萬物，充當世界的主宰。

「和」文化是中國人的血脈，「尚和」是中國傳統軍事思想文化的首要特徵。我們的祖先在創造文字時，就以「止戈」為「武」。西周末期，史伯提出“和實生物，同則不繼”，形成了中華文化“和而不同”的思想。《尚書·堯典》提出：「百姓昭明，協和萬邦。」之後，「協和萬邦」成為中華世界觀的典範。 15世紀初葉，鄭和率領當時世界上最大的艦隊，先後七次出使海外卻秋毫無犯，這樣的和平之旅在世界上是絕無僅有的。

相較之下，西方傳統現實主義，作為西方傳統思想文化的一個重要組成，則認為世界本質上就是充滿利益的沖突與對抗。古希臘哲學家赫拉克利特認為，鬥爭就是正義，一切都是透過鬥爭而產生和消滅的。古希臘著名改革家、軍事家梭倫也認為：「一個文明之所以能夠成長壯大，是因為在這個文明內部孕育著強烈的帝國理想和征服慾望；而這些理想和慾望一旦消失，則整個文明必將乾枯、死亡。要么征服，要么被征服，這是所有文明的生存法則。”

現在，有的西方國家打著「普世文明」的幌子，企圖對世界文明進行「格式化」「標準化」「單一化」。然而，一個音符無法表達出優美的旋律，一種顏色難以描繪出多彩的畫卷。文明單一化將使人類的創造力衰竭，導致人類文明僵化衰微。對此，歷史學家湯因比曾說，「人類已經掌握了可以毀滅自己的高度技術文明手段，同時又處於極端對立的政治意識形態的營壘，最需要的精神就是中國文明的精髓——和諧」。「和而不同」才能推動不同文明的對話與交融，攜手建構各種文明相容並蓄的人類命運共同體。

慎戰與黷武

戰爭與和平是人類社會的兩大主題。在對待戰爭的基本態度上，中國傳統思想文化普遍持有慎戰的觀念，而西方傳統現實主義思想則對戰爭更傾注了歌頌與讚揚之辭。

中國古代戰事頻繁，眾多思想家和軍事家更多地把戰爭和人民的生死、國家的存亡緊緊聯繫起來，提出了慎戰的思想，追求「不戰而屈人之兵」的「全勝」。道家認為戰爭是重大禍患，老子說：「兵者，不祥之器。」《孫子兵法》開宗明義指出：「兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也」。孫子雖然重戰，但同時也反對好戰。在孫子看來，「亡國不可以復存，死者不可以復生。故明君慎之，良將警之，此安國全軍之道也」。他還對限制戰爭明確提出了三個基本原則：“非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。”商鞅也提出戰爭是“以戰去戰”，而且“兵大律在謹”。可以說，先秦諸家慎戰思想不斷影響後世，逐漸成為中國軍事傳統的主流思想。

西方傳統現實主義對戰爭較持有肯定的觀點，認為人之間天然地存在競爭，戰爭本身是符合人性的。赫拉克利特說：「戰爭是萬物之父，也是萬物之王」。在古希臘人眼中，戰爭是求得榮譽、成為英雄的主要途徑。在斯巴達，只要「君主們稍稍做出一點打架的信號，他們就會找到很多自願拿起武器的人，他們唯一的願望是取得榮譽」。此後，在漫長的歷史發展中，傳統現實主義思想一直影響著西方政治哲學、軍事哲學的發展。及至近代，西方這種推崇戰爭和武力的觀念並未消弭，兩次世界大戰給人類帶來了巨大災難。

今天，歷經無數次戰爭，越來越多的國家認識到，弱肉強食不是人類共存之道，窮兵黷武不是人類和平之計。人類比以往任何時候都更有條件朝著和平與發展的目標邁進。但也要看到，世界並不太平，鑄劍為犁仍然是人們的美好願望。我們為了贏得和平，就要做好全面準備，這其中也包括戰爭的研究和準備工作，以期遏制、防止戰爭。因此，慎戰不僅要保留傳統的「不戰而勝」的蘊意，還要增加「不戰而和」的蘊意，建構制約戰爭的機制。

王道與霸權

在國際交往中一直存在著「王道」與「霸道」之辯。王道的內核是仁德，霸道的內核是強權。孫中山先生曾說，東方的文化是王道，主張仁義道德；西方的文化是霸道，主張功利強權。

對戰爭首先進行道德評價是中華文化的傳統。自漢代以來儒家思想開始佔統治地位，儒家文化佔據社會的主體地位，並逐步形成了內“仁”外“禮”的儒家倫理秩序，這是形成中國軍事傳統的文化基礎。孔子曾說：「故遠人不服，則修文德以來之。」孟子也說：「以力服人者，非心服也，力不贍也。以德服人者，中心悅而誠服也。」孔子和孫子也提出「有文事者必有武備」「令之以文，齊之以武」。在他們心目中，仁者無敵於天下，有德者無往而不勝，能得天下的是以德行仁的王道，而不是以力徵伐的霸道。春秋時期，在戰亂中崛起的五霸，把修德和振兵當作不可分割的雙刃劍，來確立自己的霸主地位。行王道，就要以德勝人，以德作依托，用和平的手段，通過尚義重理、以德懷遠、順化外邦。德勝，可以使人心悅誠服，才是製勝之道的最高境界。

西方傳統現實主義則認為，權力是政治的主要內容，將戰爭作為手段，強調以暴力取勝，武力是處理國與國關系的主要途徑。以古希臘和古羅馬為例，從開國到立國，從取得統治到鞏固和維護統治，他們都始終把追求權力擺在首位，把武力擴張和鐵血統治作為立國根基。在軍事政策乃至國家政策上，更靠鐵血精神在社會上貫徹統治階級的意志。斯巴達甚至在法律上規定，公民的責任和義務就是徵戰和戰死。然而，歷史和實踐表明，靠武力追求的絕對霸權，也會將自己陷入困境，必然最終被武力戰勝或葬送。

當下，全球治理進入了一個關鍵階段，人類正面臨著往何處去的歷史選擇。那些仍牢牢抓住冷戰思維、霸權主義和強權政治不放的國家才是製造世界沖突和動蕩的根源。習主席提出的建構人類命運共同體理念，是中國「內和乃求外順，內和必致外和」的邏輯延伸，是中國作為一個負責任世界大國的價值追求。其帶給人類的不是貪婪索取，而是「民胞物與」的仁愛；呈現給世界的不是征服，而是「協和萬邦」的包容；帶給人類的不是戰爭，而是和平共處、共同繁榮。這正是中華民族作為一個底蘊深厚的古老民族對全人類長遠發展的智慧貢獻。

道義與利益

人類對戰爭起源的認識與思考，經歷了從直覺感性狀態，逐步上升到邏輯理性狀態的過程。「即使是戰爭，也有規則。」在義利兼顧的思想天平上，中西軍事傳統各有側重地貫穿著「道義」原則和「利益」原則。

「義在利中，義中有利」的義利觀，是中國傳統文化的重要精髓，強調重義輕利、舍利取義、以義取利、見利思義。 “君子喻於義，小人喻於利”“君子愛財取之有道”，這些每個中國人都耳熟能詳的道德準則，已經成為我們民族的重要文化基因。在中國古代的經史子集中，幾乎沒有內容直白地宣揚戰爭的目的是為了掠奪利益，更多的是對此類戰爭的指責。墨家認為，進行戰爭是為了道義之誅，是為了誅無道；孟子指出，進行戰爭是為了誅獨夫，即如湯武革命；《荀子》強調，「兵者，所以禁暴除害也」。處於古代軍事理論主體地位的兵家，評價戰爭通常也以道德為準繩，講究用兵要考慮是否符合道德，講究“師出有名”，強調進行戰爭的目的是為了維護道義。

古代西方對戰爭問題的思考，始終貫穿利益之爭的原則。文藝復興時期著名的學者馬基雅維利直言：「為了實現國家利益，可以不講任何道德原則；只要達到目的，完全可以不擇手段」。由於在早期實踐和認識中都明顯地貫穿利益原則，歐洲中世紀以掠奪為目的的戰爭往往是赤裸裸的。西方歷次戰爭也在印證著這個結論，無論戰爭的起因是什麼，背後都有強勁的利益驅動。

如今，有些國家利用軍事優勢到處干涉，打著道義的幌子乾著攫取利益之事，把原本和平安寧的國家搞得支離破碎，原本清明祥和的世界搞得烏煙瘴氣。戰爭是政治的延續，而政治既是道義、更是經濟的集中表現，說到底，戰爭既要體現利益原則，也要體現道義原則。因此，秉持正確義利觀，堅持利益與道義的辯證統一，是軍事活動的根本要求，也只有這樣才能避免戰術上贏了、戰略上卻輸了的怪像出現。

精神與物質

人與物，作為戰爭力量的基本構成，不可偏廢。對此，拿破侖說，世界上只有兩種力量──利劍和精神。整體來看，中國傳統軍事思想文化強調謀略制敵，奉行智慧加力量的邏輯，更加重視軍人精神的培養，而西方傳統軍事思想文化重視強兵制勝，奉行力量加技術的邏輯，直至發展為技術決定論。

中國傳統哲學可稱為智慧哲學，中國傳統文化可稱為氣節文化，先賢們很多時候把名聲看得比生命還重要，更重視生命的社會意義及道德價值。古代兵家很早就認識到士氣的重要性，在論及戰爭觀、戰略思想以及治軍理念時對此常有經典論述，如「合軍聚眾，務在激氣」「氣實則鬥，氣奪則走」「勝在得威，敗在失氣」等，後來兵書中出現的「勵誌」「延氣」「氣戰」等專論。這反映出古人對作戰中精神因素的高度重視。韓信背水一戰、項羽破釜沉舟等成為軍事實踐典範。毛澤東同志在評價抗美援朝戰爭時做過形象的闡釋——敵人是“鋼多氣少”，而我們“鋼少氣多”。縱橫捭閔、神機妙算的謀略智慧和視死如歸、勇往直前的戰鬥精神，一直是我們創造戰爭奇蹟的重要法寶。

西方文明的思維常以自然為中心，並著重運用自然科學的成果。早在伯羅奔尼撒戰爭中，雅典海軍對戰船進行了精心的設計與裝備，是靠著戰船的高速度、機動性和沖撞力取勝的。中世紀，火器技術上的進步最終突破了封建騎士英雄主義的觀念桎梏。自此後，西方更加強調一隻眼盯著戰爭實踐，一隻眼盯著新技術。西方世界從1543年哥白尼出版《天體運行論》以來，科學技術便進入了狂飆突進的時期。正是在此背景下，西方的軍事技術異軍突起，成為殖民者掠奪和征服世界的有力工具。西方一直對接受新技術異常敏感。技術革新以及同等重要的對這種革新的迅速反應能力很快便成了西方軍事文化的特性。

目前，隨著科學技術飛速發展及其在軍事領域中的不斷應用，越來越顯示出物在戰爭中的巨大作用。特別是當下先進科技對軍事領域的影響是歷史上任何時期都無法比擬的。重器輕氣固然是片面的，但若矯枉過正，重氣輕器同樣也是片面的。戰爭實踐告訴我們：戰爭中的精神力量雖然在某種程度上可以彌補武器裝備的劣勢，但卻不是無限的。不重視武器裝備，精神在戰爭中的作用就無法最大限度地發揮出來，在戰爭中要取勝就會付出更大的代價。我們在堅持「決定戰爭勝負的是人而不是物」的唯物史觀的基礎之上，必須堅持人的因素與物的因素辯證統一，把謀略智慧和戰鬥精神插上科技翅膀，不斷提升戰鬥力的科技構成比例，把人的能動性與物的基礎性作用在更高水平上融合，全面提高軍隊戰鬥力。

防禦與進攻

進攻和防禦是作戰最基本的模式。古代中國非常重視民族融合與國家統一，十分強調防禦的地位，既要維護自己的民族獨立，又不向外擴張，而對於外來侵犯則採取積極防禦的戰略原則。古代西方則擴張主義盛行，主要著重對付外邦，更重視進攻。

中華文明誕生於黃河流域的中原腹地，是農耕社會，自古以來就是一個多民族的生存共同體。中國傳統文化強調穩定、守成、內斂，古代中國也一向認為自己是世界的中心。這些反映在軍事思想上，就是珍視統一、注重防禦，把安內作為軍事戰略之首務，把防禦擺在重要地位。中國古代典籍中，多見有關防禦的論述。在兵家最為繁盛的春秋戰國時期，孫武、吳起、孫臏等兵學大家在論兵時從總體上多強調防禦，而在論述進攻時，多從戰鬥和戰術的角度展開。墨子提出「非攻」的政治軍事觀念，傳世的《墨子》一書記述了墨子及其學派關於軍事防禦的深刻見解。中國古代的長城是防禦思想的物化標志，反映了不同時期統治者在軍事戰略上所共同遵循的指導思想：既主張維護自己民族的獨立又不向外擴張。著名學者費正清曾說，中國歷來強調防禦性戰爭，與歐洲帝國主義進攻理論截然不同。

古代西方具有爭雄稱霸的擴張傳統。西方文明發源於希臘半島，海洋文明「四海為家」的特性使其具有流動性和侵略性。當時那些國家的國防對象和戰爭鋒芒，多是指向異域外邦。西歐各民族除自己相互徵戰外，還經常聯合或獨立對外用兵，所到之處近至地中海沿岸，遠至亞非拉，處處體現了西方人崇尚武力、喜歡擴張與冒險的文化特徵。例如，歷史上多次爆發的亞述戰爭，其戰火席捲了西亞和北非，以亞述王國為中心，各國展開了混戰。凡是在西方古代史上擁有過輝煌，獨領過風騷的國家，無不具有強烈的征服欲。伴隨大國崛起的是擴張、霸權和戰爭，這就是西方文化中的國強必霸的理論。

當今世界百年未有之大變局加速演進，面對變亂交織的國際形勢，適應國家戰略利益發展的新要求，我們必須堅定不移堅持積極防禦戰略思想，努力建設一支與我國地位相稱、與我國發展利益相適應的軍事力量，增強軍事戰略指導的進取性和主動性，在更加廣闊的空間遂激進行、普遍安全的美好世界作貢獻。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ll_208543/16269993888.html

Chinese Military Era of Intelligence Calls for Training to Transform into “Smart Warfare”

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

中國軍事智能化時代要求訓練向「智慧戰爭」轉變

現代英語：

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly. Disruptive technologies represented by artificial intelligence are accelerating the evolution of war to intelligent warfare. Winning intelligent warfare has gradually become the focus of military competition among powerful countries. As a pre-practice of war, military training should take a new step towards intelligence in a timely manner, realize the transformation to “intelligence”, train soldiers with “intelligence”, continuously improve the scientific and technological level and “intelligence content” of military training, and help accelerate the generation of intelligent combat capabilities.

Keeping up with the changes in the war situation, upgrading the concept of intelligent training

With the acceleration of the intelligent era, high-tech has been widely used in the military field, which is causing major changes in the concept, elements and methods of winning wars. The size of the army and the number of equipment are no longer the key to winning a war. It is imperative to upgrade the war thinking and training concepts. We should follow the development trend of intelligence with a more proactive attitude and a more open vision, and advocate new thinking in intelligent military training.

Grasp the internal mechanism of intelligent victory. The winning mechanism is the manifestation of the internal laws of war. Driven by the intelligent revolution, driven by strategic competition, and guided by war practice, the advantages of information-generated intelligence and intelligence-enabled capabilities are becoming increasingly apparent, reflected in actuarial science, jointness, systems, and other aspects. To a certain extent, it can be said that the higher the “intelligence”, the higher the quality level of combat and training can be. Therefore, an army whose training thinking remains at the mechanized level will never be able to keep up with the pace of intelligent warfare no matter how it is trained. We should have a “brain storm” with the courage of self-revolution, upgrade the concept of intelligent warfare, strengthen the theoretical research of intelligent training, deal with the problems of mechanized, informationized, and intelligent warfare with the thinking of training troops with “intelligence”, organically connect training and fighting, design wars with advanced technology, and rehearse wars with intelligent means, so as to clear up the fog of intelligent warfare.

Establish the goal of “strengthening the strong”. At present, the military of developed countries is implementing a training transformation with an emphasis on intelligence, trying to further widen the gap in combat power with the military of other countries. Once the military gap is widened, it will be difficult to make up. If you can’t keep up, you may be completely controlled by others. Only by keeping a close eye on the opponent can you surpass the opponent. We must highlight the goal of “strengthening the strong” in military training, and improve the level of military intelligence and asymmetric combat capabilities in training.

Strengthen the goal positioning of science and technology empowerment. Science and technology are the core combat power. Driven by science and technology, the combat power form has leaped from mechanical energy type and information energy type to intelligent type. Traditional siege-style large-scale troop operations are gradually withdrawing from the historical stage, and cutting-edge competition in high-tech and emerging fields is becoming increasingly fierce. If military training does not improve its scientific and technological content, it will only be able to linger at a low level and it will be difficult to open the door to intelligent warfare. To this end, we should firmly establish the concept of winning through science and technology, firmly grasp scientific and technological innovation, the “life gate” and “key point” to winning future wars, greatly improve the scientific and technological content of military training, and increase the practical application of new technologies and new means such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, so as to unveil the mystery of intelligent warfare and control the initiative in future wars.

Keep up with the changes in technological development and strengthen intelligent training conditions

Intelligent training conditions are the basic support for organizing and implementing intelligent military training, and are directly related to the quality and effectiveness of intelligent training. To build an intelligent training environment, we need to keep a close eye on the development of intelligent concepts, intelligent technology, and intelligent warfare, and continue to work hard in building a training environment, innovating training methods, and cultivating new talents.

Construct a realistic battlefield environment. Intelligent warfare has a wider space, a wider range of fields, and more diverse methods. The battlefield environment construction under the conditions of simple mechanization and informatization can no longer support the needs of intelligent training. We should highlight the elite confrontation, rapid confrontation, and joint confrontation under the support of intelligent conditions, fully tap the potential of existing training methods and training venues, strengthen the application of technologies such as big data analysis, smart wearable devices, and machine “deep learning”, and effectively integrate various fields such as land, sea, air, space, electricity, and the Internet. For example, use digital maps, virtual reality and other technologies to simulate and display intuitive three-dimensional terrain, weather and complex combat situations, and construct vivid and realistic intelligent actual combat scenes.

Develop advanced training methods. Advanced training methods are helpful to improve training effectiveness. Intelligent military training should grasp the key factor of intelligent “data-centricity” and transform the latest scientific and technological achievements into training conditions. We should focus on strengthening data linkage and integration, creating a “data pool” covering strategy, campaign, and tactics, and connecting command organizations to end-users; developing data intelligent analysis tools, integrating and mining combat data with the help of advanced technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence; developing intelligent training systems, increasing the construction of simulation training methods such as simulation, war game confrontation, network confrontation, and intelligent decision-making, and overall promoting the transformation and upgrading of military training methods to “technology +” and “intelligence +”.

Cultivate new military talents. No matter how the war situation evolves, people are always the real controllers and final decision-makers of war. The quality of military personnel’s intelligence level determines the quality and effect of intelligent training to a certain extent. To win the information-based local war with intelligent characteristics, we should accurately match future military needs, strengthen the intelligent training of traditional combat force talents, make good use of “technology +”, “maker +”, “think tank +” power resources, promote the integrated development of “commanders”, “combatants” and “scientists” and “technicians”, and forge a new type of professional and intelligent military talent group to achieve intelligent interaction between people and equipment, deep integration between people and systems, and extensive adaptation between people and the environment.

Strengthen support for intelligent equipment. At present, the world’s major military powers attach great importance to the development of intelligent equipment. New equipment such as unmanned “swarms” and unmanned submarines are emerging in an endless stream, supporting intelligent military training while constantly testing and improving them in training practice. To this end, we should make full use of the overall coordination mechanism of war construction, vigorously promote the “+ intelligence” of existing equipment and the “intelligent +” construction of a new generation of equipment, insist on researching, building, using and improving, and improve the intelligence level of weapons and equipment through breakthroughs in training practice. We should work on both ends to achieve a multiplier effect, shorten the timeline of weapons and equipment from “weak intelligence” to “strong intelligence” and then to “super intelligence”, and better support intelligent military training.

Keeping up with the changes in war practices, innovating intelligent training models

The combat style determines the training mode. After years of development, military intelligence has moved from theoretical exploration to battlefield practice. In recent local wars, intelligent warfare has begun to show its edge and has shown the potential to change the “rules of the game” of war. As the combat style changes, the training mode must also change and change proactively. We must keep a close eye on the characteristics of intelligent warfare, innovate intelligent military training models, and fully rehearse the next war in military training.

Highlight high-end warfare research and training. We should focus on cracking the essence of high-end warfare by strengthening the enemy, continue to deepen research on strengthening the enemy, and use the development of new combat concepts and training theories as a starting point to understand the development laws and winning mechanisms of high-end warfare. We should predict future wars and design combat styles from a high-end perspective, and pool wisdom and innovation to research unique, clever, and high-level strategies to defeat the enemy. We must emphasize key actions such as joint missile defense, target strategic campaign and tactical training to force strong organizations to defeat the strong with the weak, target practical training for asymmetric checks and balances to win decisive battles in high-end organizations, target extended training in new domains such as the far sea and far domain for all-domain confrontation organizations, seize high positions in future wars through innovative training, and develop combat capabilities that are “one step ahead in intelligence” and “one step ahead in skills” against powerful enemies.

Emphasize the training of new forces. The transformation of war from winning by force and equipment to winning by wisdom has made new combat forces a new growth pole of combat power. According to information, the US military plans to achieve intelligentization of 60% of ground combat platforms by 2030, and the Russian military expects that the proportion of intelligent weapons and equipment will exceed 30% in 2025. As the army has more and more new equipment with intelligent attributes, it should move away from the actual combat training path with new combat forces as the leading element, highlight the formation and combat use of new combat forces, carry out training methods and tactics that are compatible with the new domain combat concept and winning mechanism, increase new types of training such as unmanned combat, promote the integration of new forces into the combat system, and make new combat force resources move and come alive.

Emphasize intelligent command training. No matter how the war situation evolves, command capability is always the key to winning the war. As the intelligence level of war continues to increase, planning and command based solely on experience and personal wisdom can no longer adapt to the ever-changing battlefield situation. Artificial intelligence decision-making training has become an inevitable trend to improve the efficiency of combat mission planning, combat planning, and command and control. We should focus on commanders and command organizations, which are the key to the system’s operations, seek breakthroughs in the scientific nature, accuracy, and timeliness of command planning, and rely on new technologies such as “big data” and “AI algorithms” and new methods such as “engineering” and “one network” to promote the upgrading of command planning from “human intelligence” training to “human intelligence + intelligence” training. We should judge the enemy’s situation, formulate plans, and determine actions through actuarial and detailed calculations, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the slow with the fast and taking the lead over the enemy.

(Author’s unit: Central Theater Command)

現代國語：

曾海清

引言

當前，新一輪科技革命和軍事革命快速發展，以人工智慧為代表的顛覆性技術，正加速推動戰爭形態向智慧化戰爭演變，打贏智能化戰爭逐漸成為強國軍事競爭的焦點。軍訓作為戰爭的預實踐，應該及時邁開智能化新步伐，實現向“智”轉型、以“智”練兵，不斷提高軍事訓練科技度和“含智量”，助力智能化作戰能力加快生成。

緊跟戰爭形態之變，升級智慧化訓練概念

隨著智慧化時代的加速到來，高新技術在軍事領域廣泛應用，正引發戰爭制勝理念、制勝要素、制勝方式發生重大變化。軍隊規模、裝備數量已不再是決定戰爭勝負的關鍵，升級戰爭思想和訓練理念勢在必行。我們當以更主動的姿態、更加開放的視野，緊跟智慧化發展趨勢，倡導智慧化軍事訓練新思維。

把握智能製勝的內在機理。制勝機理是戰爭內在規律的表現。在智慧革命驅動下、戰略競爭推動下、戰爭實踐牽引下，資訊生智、以智賦能的優勢愈發顯現，體現在精算、聯合、體係等各個面向。在某種程度上，可以說「智」有多高，戰與訓的品質水準就能夠達到多高。所以，一支訓練思維停留在機械化層面的軍隊，如何訓練都不可能跟上智慧化戰爭的腳步。應該以自我革命的勇氣來一場“頭腦風暴”，升級智能化作戰理念，加強智能化訓練理論研究，以“智”練兵思維處理機械化、信息化、智能化作戰問題，把訓練和打仗有機銜接起來，用先進技術設計戰爭，用智能手段演練戰爭，從而廓清智能化戰爭的迷霧。

立起向強制強的標靶指向。目前，發達國家軍隊正實施以智慧化為重點的訓練轉型，試圖進一步拉大與其他國家軍隊的戰力代差。軍事上的代差一旦拉開將很難追回，一步跟不上就可能徹底受制於人，只有盯緊對手才可能超越對手。要把向強制強在軍訓中突出出來，在練兵中提高軍事智慧化水準和非對稱作戰能力。

強化科技賦能的目標定位。科技是核心戰鬥力。在科技驅動下，戰鬥力形態已經從機械能型、資訊能型向智能型躍升，傳統攻城略地式大兵團作戰正逐步退出歷史舞台，高科技、新興領域的尖端較量日趨激烈。軍事訓練若不提高科技含量，將只能在低層次徘徊，很難叩開智能化戰爭的大門。為此，應該樹牢科技制勝理念，緊緊抓住科技創新這一制勝未來戰爭的“命門”和“要穴”，大幅提高軍事訓練科技含量，加大人工智能、雲計算、大數據等新技術新手段的實踐運用，從而揭開智能化戰爭的神秘面紗，掌控未來戰爭主動權。

緊跟科技發展之變，建強智能化訓練條件

智能化訓練條件是組織實施智慧化軍訓的基礎支撐，直接關乎智慧化訓練質效。建構智慧化的訓練條件環境，需要我們緊盯智慧理念、智慧科技和智慧化作戰的發展，在構設訓練環境、創新訓練手段、培育新型人才等方面持續用力。

構設逼真戰場環境。智慧化作戰，空間更加廣闊、領域更廣泛、方式更加多元，單純機械化資訊化條件下的戰場環境構設已無法支撐智慧化訓練需求。應突出智能化條件支撐下的精兵對抗、快速對抗、聯動對抗，充分挖潛現有訓練手段和訓練場地功能，加強大數據分析、智能穿戴設備、機器“深度學習”等技術應用，把陸、海、空、天、電、網等各個領域有效融合起來，比如利用和地圖、虛擬現實等技術模擬顯示圖形直觀的三維空間、自然地、天誌化、天意交戰場景。

發展先進訓練手段。先進的訓練手段，有助於提升訓練成效。智慧化軍事訓練應掌握智慧化「以數據為中心」這個關鍵因素，把最新科技成果轉化為訓練條件。應注重加強數據聯動融合，打造覆蓋戰略、戰役、戰術，貫通指揮機構到末端單兵的“數據池”；開發數據智能分析工具，借助雲計算、人工智能等先進技術，整合挖掘作戰數據；開發智能演訓系統，加大模擬仿真、兵棋對抗、網絡對抗、智能裁決等模擬訓練手段建設，整體推動軍事訓練手段向“科技+”“智能+”轉型升級。

培養新型軍事人才。無論戰爭形態如何演變，人始終是戰爭的真正控制者和最終決策者。軍事人員智能化程度的優劣，某種程度上決定了智慧化訓練的品質效果。要打贏具有智慧化特徵的資訊化局部戰爭，應該精準對接未來軍事需求，加強傳統作戰力量人才智能化培育，用好“科技+”“創客+”“智庫+”力量資源，推動“指揮員”“戰鬥員”與“科學家”“技術家”融合發展，鍛造專業化、智能化的新型軍事體係與人才跨系統

強化智能裝備支撐。目前，世界主要軍事強國都高度重視智慧裝備發展，無人「蜂群」、無人潛航器等新裝備層出不窮，一邊支撐智慧化軍事訓練，一邊又在訓練實踐中不斷檢驗完善。為此，應充分用好戰建備統籌機制，大力推進現有裝備“+智能”和新一代裝備“智能+”建設，堅持邊研邊建邊用邊改，以訓練實踐突破提升武器裝備智能化水平，兩端發力實現倍增效應，縮短武器裝備從“弱智”到“強智”再到“超智”的時間軸，更好地支撐智能化軍事訓練。

緊跟戰爭實踐之變，創新智能化訓練模式

作戰樣式決定訓練模式。軍事智能化經過多年發展，已經從理論探索走向戰場實踐。近年來的局部戰爭中，智慧化作戰已經初露鋒芒，並顯現出改變戰爭「遊戲規則」的潛力。作戰樣式變了，訓練模式也要跟著變、主動變。要緊盯智慧化戰爭特點，創新智慧化軍事訓練模式，在軍事訓練中充分預演下一場戰爭。

突顯高端戰爭研練。要立足強敵打高端戰爭這個基點，突顯破解高端戰爭本質，持續深化強敵研究，以開發新型作戰概念和訓練理論為抓手，搞清高端戰爭發展規律和製勝機理。從高端的視角預判未來戰爭、設計作戰樣式，集智創新研究克敵制勝的奇招、妙招、高招。要突顯聯合反導等關鍵行動，瞄準向強制強組織以劣勝優的戰略戰役戰術訓練，瞄準決勝高端組織非對稱制衡實戰訓練，瞄準全局對抗組織遠海遠域等新域延伸訓練，在創新訓練中搶佔未來戰爭高位，形成對強敵「智高一籌」「技高一籌」的作戰能力。

突顯新質力量研練。戰爭從力勝、器勝到智勝的轉變，使得新型作戰力量成為戰鬥力新的成長極。據資料介紹，美軍計畫在2030年實現60%地面作戰平台智能化，俄軍預計2025年智慧化武器裝備佔比將超過30%。隨著軍隊具有智能屬性的新裝備越來越多，應走開以新質作戰力量為主導要素的實戰化練兵路子，突出新質作戰力量編成、作戰運用，開展與新域作戰概念、制勝機理相適應的訓法戰法，加大無人作戰等新樣式訓練，推動新質力量融入作戰體系，讓新質戰鬥力資源動起來、活起來。

突出智能指揮研練。無論戰爭形態如何演變，指揮能力始終是能打勝仗的關鍵能力。隨著戰爭智能化程度不斷提高，僅憑經驗和個人智慧進行籌劃和指揮已不能適應瞬息萬變的戰場局勢，人工智慧決策訓練已成為提升作戰任務規劃、作戰籌劃、指揮控制效率的必然趨勢。應該扭住指揮員和指揮機構這個體係作戰關鍵，在指揮籌劃科學性、精確性、時效性上求突破，依托「大數據」「AI演算法」新技術和「工程化」「一張網」新手段，推動指揮謀劃由「人智」訓練向「人智+機智」訓練升級，在精算和細算細算中決定敵情、先定行動方案。

（作者單位：中部戰區）來源：解放軍報作者：曾海清責任編輯：劉上靖 2022-07-21 07:00

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/491612288.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, China's Informatization - 中國信息化, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Future Wars, Chinese Military Informatization, Chinese Military Views - 中國軍事觀, Mosaic Warfare, Multi-Domain Operations, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 認知域戰, 認知域戰, 認知域操作, 認知對抗, 認知領域操作, 軍事多域作戰, 軍事認知戰

China’s Military Accelerating Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligence

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

我軍加速機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展

現代英語：

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements for my country’s economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and the long-term goal of basically achieving socialist modernization by 2035. In terms of national defense and military construction, the plenary session communiqué emphasized accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence. This strategic requirement is of great significance for improving the strategic capabilities of our military to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and ensuring the realization of the struggle goal of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the army by 2027 and the basic realization of national defense and military modernization by 2035.

1. Fully understand the importance of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence is based on the understanding and implementation of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on strengthening the military. In his report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence and improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on the network information system”. On the eve of the August 1st Army Day this year, President Xi presided over the 22nd collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on strengthening national defense and military modernization, and put forward the strategic idea of ”accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence”. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized and deployed this, and incorporated it into the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 Vision Goals for implementation, which will greatly accelerate the pace of our military modernization.

On April 8, 2020, soldiers from the Sarang Border Defense Company of a border defense regiment of the Ali Military Sub-district in Tibet used drones to scout the terrain. Photo by Liu Xiaodong/Guangming Photo

In today’s world, driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution, a new wave of military revolution is coming. Artificial intelligence, quantum information, big data, cloud computing and other cutting-edge technologies are accelerating their application in the military field. Various unmanned combat platforms and intelligent weapon equipment systems have appeared in large numbers and put into modern battlefields. The form of war is rapidly evolving towards intelligent warfare after cold weapon war, hot weapon war, mechanized war and information war. Recently, the armed conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia has presented the world with a textbook drone war. People have seen drones destroying chariots, tanks and artillery as easily as “roll calling” on the Internet. This may become another sign of the advent of intelligent warfare.

According to relevant data, at present, at least more than 70 countries in the world are developing unmanned intelligent military platforms, and some military powers are stepping up the intelligent upgrade of their armed forces. In 2019, the United States announced the “National Artificial Intelligence Strategy” and the “Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, and launched the implementation of intelligent strategies at the national, military, and service levels. Nearly 80% of its “Third Offset Strategy” against China and Russia is closely related to artificial intelligence technology. The United States has already developed or used a large number of smart bombs, smart missiles, drones, robot soldiers, etc. The US military plans to achieve unmanned intelligentization of 60% of its ground combat platforms by 2030.

If our army wants to achieve modernization and remain invincible, it must stand at the forefront of the new military revolution and accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization and intelligence. The white paper “my country’s National Defense in the New Era” released by the Chinese government last year pointed out: “China’s military transformation with Chinese characteristics has made significant progress, but the task of mechanization construction has not been completed, the level of informationization needs to be improved urgently, and military security faces the risk of technological surprise and the widening of the technological gap. The level of military modernization is still far behind the national security needs and the world’s advanced military level.” At present, the intelligent development of our army has just started, and the development of mechanization and informationization is not sufficient. However, compared with the previous military revolutions led by the West, the technological gap of our army in the new round of military revolution is not large. We must seize the opportunities of the times, conform to the current development status of our army, and accelerate the integration of intelligence while promoting mechanization and informationization.

2. Correctly understand the connotation of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

From the perspective of the process of technology promoting combat effectiveness, mechanical technology amplifies human skills, information technology extends human perception, and artificial intelligence technology expands human intelligence. Mechanization, informationization, and intelligence are essentially amplification and efficiency enhancement of human ability to control war. Although these three empowerment methods are simple and complex, backward and advanced, and single-dimensional and multi-dimensional, they are inseparable from each other and are reflected as an inseparable unity in advanced equipment. Their development is like the first generation of jet fighters focusing on breakthroughs in engines, the second generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in aerodynamics, the third generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in system integration, and the fourth generation of fighters focusing on breakthroughs in intelligence. It is a process of mutual penetration, gradual progression, orderly dependence, and inclusiveness. Without the former “one transformation”, there would be no latter “two transformations”. Intelligence is a higher form of development and undoubtedly needs to be accelerated, but this does not mean that mechanization and informationization can be avoided, because if mechanization and informationization are skipped and the focus of construction is fully shifted to intelligence, intelligence will become a “castle in the air”, and haste makes waste.

In a certain sea area, multiple types of carrier-based aircraft of the Liaoning aircraft carrier are arrayed on the deck. Xinhua News Agency

Intelligence represents advanced combat effectiveness, is the development direction of future military construction and war, and is the leader in accelerating the integration of the “three transformations”. We must take advantage of the direction of intelligence to seek a generational advantage in military construction and future operations. Informatization is the leading factor. Informatization plays a connecting role between intelligence and mechanization, and is in a dominant position in the integration of the “three transformations”. At present, information capabilities still play a major role in the generation of combat effectiveness of our army, and the informatization of weapons and equipment is still in the main aspect. We should aim at intelligence to accelerate the upgrading and transformation of informatized weapons and equipment, form an equipment system with informatized weapons and equipment as the backbone, and improve the system combat capability based on information systems. Mechanization is the foundation. Mechanization is the material basis and carrier for the development of intelligence and informatization. Intelligent technology and information technology have greatly improved the accuracy and reaction speed of weapons, but to achieve “accurate, far and fast” is inseparable from a strong combat platform and power capability, and to “hit hard” depends on the improvement of weapon power. Our army’s mechanization foundation is not strong, and it still owes a “debt” for mechanization development in the information age. It is necessary to promote the construction of new mechanization at the same time.

To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, with the focus on accelerating intelligent development, we must have a strong sense of opportunity and urgency. We cannot wait until mechanization and informatization are fully developed and then advance intelligent development step by step. Instead, we must seize the opportunities of the scientific and technological revolution and take extraordinary measures to promote intelligence.

3. Find the focus of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations”

Among all the reasons for backwardness, backwardness in ideology is the most fundamental. After studying the success and failure of military reforms in history, British military expert Liddell Hart said that the only thing more difficult than instilling new ideas in a soldier is to remove his old ideas. Those who can successfully keep up with the pace of changes in the form of war and successfully push forward military reforms all regard changing old ideas and establishing new ideas as their top priority. To accelerate the integrated development of the “three transformations”, we must have a brainstorming and conceptual revolution. We must have the courage to break through the mindset of mechanized warfare and even information warfare, establish ideas and concepts that are compatible with intelligent warfare, strengthen system thinking, data thinking, and algorithmic thinking, break the mindset of “winning by quantity and scale”, and firmly establish the concept of “winning by quality and efficiency”; break the mindset of “labor-intensive development” and firmly establish the concept of “intelligence-intensive development”; break the mindset of “passive use of weapons and equipment” and firmly establish the concept of “machine autonomous dominance”; break the mindset of “relying only on manned platforms for combat”, and firmly establish the concept of “unmanned, human-machine integrated platform combat”, etc., use new ideas and concepts to open up ideas for integrated development and seek ways to accelerate development.

The core of accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to accelerate the development of intelligence, and the key factor is to promote scientific and technological innovation. Whether it is hardware represented by physical entities such as combat platforms, weapons and ammunition, or software centered on combat data, algorithms, and models, all require strong scientific and technological innovation to support. Science and technology are core combat power and the most active and revolutionary factor in military development. Under the great changes that have not been seen in a century, the United States has put pressure on us in all fields, especially in the field of high-tech, increasing its blockade and containment of us. Scientific and technological innovation has never had such a profound impact on the overall national and military strategy as it does today, and has never had such a profound impact on the construction and development of our army as it does today. We must vigorously implement the strategy of strengthening the army with science and technology, put national defense scientific and technological innovation in a more prominent position, insist on demanding combat power from scientific and technological innovation, and realize the transformation from following and running side by side to running side by side and leading.

The key to accelerating the integrated development of the “three transformations” is to strengthen the support of talents. Fundamentally speaking, it is a challenge of intelligence and cutting-edge technology. In particular, with the in-depth development of intelligence, the relationship between people and weapons will inevitably be reshaped, and there will inevitably be leapfrog requirements for people’s quality. The human factor in future wars will be concentrated in the talent factor. The strength of talents determines the success or failure of development. We must implement the strategy of strengthening the army with talents, highlight the construction of key talent teams such as joint combat command talents, new combat force talents, high-level scientific and technological innovation talents, and high-level strategic management talents. We must implement the “Decision on Accelerating the Construction of a Three-in-One New Military Talent Training System” recently issued by the Central Military Commission, give full play to the main channel role of military academy education, adhere to the battlefield and the troops, update the education concept, deepen the teaching reform, and take the connotation-based development path with improving the quality of talent training as the core. We must give full play to the melting pot role of the troops’ training practice, focus on promoting knowledge transformation and capability generation, and let officers and soldiers practice skills and talents in promoting the integrated development of the “three transformations” and military struggle preparation, and experience the wind and rain and be tempered in completing urgent, difficult and dangerous tasks. We must give full play to the role of military vocational education as a large classroom, focus on improving professional literacy, professional quality, and job skills, and expand and consolidate the knowledge and ability base of new military talents through continuous learning and in-depth specialized research.

Guangming Daily (November 8, 2020, p. 05)

現代國語：

【講武堂】

作者：吳志忠（軍事科學院軍隊政治工作創新發展研究中心研究員）

黨的十九屆五中全會對十四五時期我國經濟社會發展和二〇三五年基本實現社會主義現代化遠景目標作了戰略部署。在國防和軍隊建設方面，全會公報強調加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。這項戰略性要求對於提高我軍捍衛國家主權、安全、發展利益的戰略能力，確保二〇二七年實現百年建軍奮鬥目標、二〇三五年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化具有重要意義。

1.充分認識加快「三化」融合發展的重要性

加速機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展，是基於對習近平強軍思想的領悟落實。習主席在黨的十九大報告中就指出，「加速軍事智能化發展，提升基於網路資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」。今年八一建軍節前夕，習主席在主持中共中央政治局就加強國防和軍隊現代化建設舉行的第二十二次集體學習時，提出“加快機械化信息化智能化融合發展”這一戰略思想，黨的十九屆五中全會對此作了進一步強調部署，並納入十四五規劃和二〇三五遠景目標中加以實現以實現現代化，這必將加快發展步伐。

2020年4月8日，西藏阿里軍分區某邊防團薩讓邊防連官兵利用無人機偵察地形。劉曉東攝/光明圖片

當今世界，在新一輪科技革命推動下，新一輪軍事革命浪潮撲面而來，人工智慧、量子資訊、大數據、雲計算等前沿科技加速運用軍事領域，各種無人作戰平台和智慧化武器裝備系統大量出現並投入現代戰場，戰爭形態繼冷兵器戰爭、熱兵器戰爭、機械化戰爭、資訊化戰爭之後智能化戰爭快速演變。最近，阿塞拜疆和亞美尼亞兩國的武裝沖突，給世人呈現出一場頗具教科書意義的無人機戰爭，人們在網絡上看到無人機像「點名」一樣輕松擊毀戰車、坦克、火砲，這或許成為智能化戰爭來臨的又一時代標志。

據有關資料，目前世界上至少有70多個國家在發展無人智慧化軍用平台，部分軍事強國加緊推進軍隊智慧化升級。 2019年，美國公佈《國家人工智慧戰略》《國防部人工智慧戰略》等，啟動實施國家、軍隊、軍種層面智慧化戰略，其針對中俄的“第三次抵消戰略”，有接近80%的項目與人工智能技術密切相關，美已經大量開發或使用靈巧炸彈、智能導彈、無人機、機器人士兵等，美軍計劃到2030年60%的智能化地面作戰。

我軍要實現現代化、立於不敗之地，就必須站立新軍事革命的潮頭，加速推進機械化資訊化智慧化融合發展。我國政府去年發布的《新時代的中國國防》白皮書指出：「中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展，但機械化建設任務尚未完成，信息化水平亟待提高，軍事安全面臨技術突襲和技術代差被拉大的風險，軍隊現代化水平與國家安全需求相比差距還很大，與世界先進軍事水平相比差距還很大。差距並不大，我們要把握好時代機遇，契合我軍發展現狀，在推進機械化資訊化時加快融入智能化。

2.正確理解加速「三化」融合發展的內涵

從技術推動戰鬥力生成歷程看，機械技術放大人的技能，資訊化技術延伸人的感知，人工智慧技術拓展人的智能，機械化資訊化智能化本質上是對人駕馭戰爭的能力放大增效。這三種賦能方式雖然有簡單與復雜、落後與先進、單維與多維差別，但三者之間你中有我、我中有你，在先進裝備上體現為不可分割的統一體，其發展如同第一代噴氣式戰鬥機重在突破發動機、第二代戰鬥機重在突破空氣動力、第三代戰鬥機重在突破系統上、相互影響推進過程。沒有前“一化”就沒有後“兩化”，智能化是發展的更高形態，無疑需要加快發力，但這絕不意味著可以不要機械化信息化，因為如果跳過機械化信息化，把建設重點全面轉向智能化，智能化就會成為“空中樓閣”，反而欲速則不達。

在某海域，遼寧艦多型艦載機列陣甲板。新華社發

智慧化代表先進戰鬥力，是未來軍隊建設和戰爭的發展方向，是加快「三化」融合發展的龍頭，要以智慧化「化」出來的方向優勢，謀取軍隊建設和未來作戰的代差勝勢。資訊化是主導。資訊化在智慧化和機械化之間，起著承上啟下的作用，在「三化」融合發展過程中處於主導地位。目前，資訊能力在我軍戰鬥力生成模式中仍然起著主要作用，武器裝備資訊化建設還處於主要方面，我們應瞄準智能化加快推進信息化武器裝備升級改造，形成以信息化武器裝備為骨幹的裝備體系，提高基於信息系統的體係作戰能力。機械化則是基礎。機械化是智慧化、資訊化發展的物質基礎和載體。智慧技術、資訊技術大大提高了武器的命中精度和反應速度，但要實現「打得準、打得遠、打得快」離不開強有力的作戰平台和動力能力，而要「打得狠」則要依靠武器威力的提升。我軍機械化底子還不厚，進入資訊化時代仍欠機械化發展的“賬”，有必要同時推進新型機械化建設。

加速「三化」融合發展，重點在於加速智慧化發展，要有強烈的機遇意識與緊迫感，不能等機械化資訊化充分發展後，再按部就班推進智慧化發展，而必須抓住科技革命機遇，採取超常措施推進智慧化。

3.找準加快「三化」融合發展的著力點

在一切落後所導致的原因中，思想觀念的落後最為根本。英國軍事家利德爾·哈特在研究歷史上軍事變革的成敗後說，唯一比向軍人灌輸新觀念更難的是去除他的舊觀念。能成功跟上戰爭形態變化步伐，成功將軍事變革推向前進的，無不把改變舊觀念、樹立新觀念作為首要任務。加速「三化」融合發展，必須來一場頭腦風暴和觀念革命，要勇於突破機械化戰爭乃至信息化戰爭的思維定勢，樹立與智能化戰爭相適應的思想觀念，強化體系思維、數據思維、算法思維，破除「以數量規模取勝」的思維定勢，牢固的設備確立“支持質量支持”的被動理念；主導」的理念；破除「僅依靠有人平台作戰」的思維定勢，穩固確立「無人、人機融合平台作戰」的理念等，用新的思想觀念打開融合發展思路，謀取加快發展出路。

個人資料圖片

加速「三化」融合發展的核心是加速智慧化發展，關鍵因素是推進科技創新，無論是作戰平台、武器彈藥等物理實體為代表的硬件，還是以作戰數據、演算法、模型等為核心的軟件，無不需要強大的科技創新作支撐。科學技術是核心戰鬥力，是軍事發展中最活躍、最具革命性因素。在百年未有之大變局下，美對我實施全領域施壓，尤其在高新技術領域加大對我封鎖遏制。科技創新從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響國家和軍事戰略全局，從來沒有像今天這樣深刻影響我軍建設發展。我們必須大力實施科技強軍戰略，把國防科技創新放在更突出的位置，堅持向科技創新要戰鬥力，實現由跟跑並跑向並跑領跑轉變。

加快「三化」融合發展的要害的是強化人才支撐，從根本上說是智能力和前沿科技的挑戰，特別是隨著智能化深入發展，人與武器的關係必將重塑，對人的素質必然有跳躍式要求，未來戰爭中人的因素，將集中體現為人才因素，人才的強弱決定著發展的成敗。我們要深入實施人才強軍戰略，突顯強化聯合作戰指揮人才、新型作戰力量人才、高層次科技創新人才、高水準戰略管理人才等重點人才隊伍建設。要貫徹落實中央軍委最近剛剛印發的《關於加快推進三位一體新型軍事人才培養體系建設的決定》，發揮軍隊院校教育的主渠道作用，堅持面向戰場、面向部隊，更新教育理念，深化教學改革，走以提高人才培養質量為核心的內涵式發展道路。要發揮部隊訓練實踐的大熔爐作用，聚焦促進知識轉化、能力生成，讓官兵在推進「三化」融合發展和軍事鬥爭準備中練本領、長才幹，在完成急難險重任務中經風雨、受歷練。要發揮軍事職業教育的大課堂作用，圍繞提升職業素養、專業品質、崗位技能，在持續學習、專項深研中，拓展夯實新型軍事人才知識與能力基礎。

《光明日報》（ 2020年11月08日 05版）

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.81.cn/ss_208539/9932394888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, #軍事資訊化與智慧化, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Characteristics & Development Trends of Cognitive Domain Operations and Warfare, Chinese Military Cognitive Domain Operations, Chinese military cognitive warfare, 認知域戰

Chinese Military Emphasis on Essential Aspects of Integrated Development of Mechanization, Informatization and Intelligence

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

我軍重視機械化、資訊化、智慧化融合發展關鍵點

現代英語：

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, while emphasizing the need to accelerate the modernization of national defense and the military and achieve the unity of enriching the country and strengthening the military, pointed out that we should accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informationization, and intelligence (hereinafter referred to as the “three modernizations”), thereby raising the requirements for the integrated development of the “three modernizations” to a strategic level. We should conscientiously implement the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, carry out scientific strategic positioning, strategic planning, and strategic deployment for the integrated development of the “three modernizations”, vigorously promote the integrated development of the “three modernizations” to expand in depth and breadth, and accurately grasp the essential connotation of the integrated development of the “three modernizations”.

The historical background of the integrated development of the “three transformations”

The parallel advancement, mutual promotion and integrated development of the “three transformations” have profound historical inevitability and are the only way for our military to modernize its national defense and the armed forces in the future period.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” is consistent with the concept of mechanization and informationization. Since the late 1990s, our army has timely proposed to promote the integrated development of mechanization and informationization. At that time, the form of war was changing from mechanization to informationization. National defense and military construction must take the road of leapfrog development. There is no need to wait until the entire process of mechanization construction of the military of developed countries is completed before engaging in informationization. We should strive to promote the integrated development of mechanization and informationization. We should strive to leapfrog certain stages of mechanization development, and at the same time learn from the mistakes of mechanization and informationization construction of the military of developed countries, and take as few detours as possible. The experience and lessons learned from the integrated development of national defense and military mechanization and informationization provide valuable experience for how to coordinate the integrated development of the “three transformations” at this stage.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” reflects the reality of the current “multiple coexistence” of war forms. In today’s world, a new wave of military revolution characterized by military intelligence is coming, and the armies of major countries in the world are striding towards the threshold of intelligence. However, due to the imbalance in the development of scientific and technological levels and military strength among countries in the world, several local wars and armed conflicts in the world have shown the characteristics of “multiple coexistence” of mechanized, informationized and intelligentized wars. In the Syrian war, low-end and cheap civilian pickup trucks danced with high-end and expensive stealth aircraft, and crudely made homemade rockets flew with high-precision cruise missiles. The highly informationized and intelligentized U.S. and Russian armies, the Syrian and Turkish armies with relatively high mechanization levels, and the opposition with very low mechanization levels jointly performed an alternative “hybrid war” on the Syrian battlefield, in which the three war forms of mechanized warfare, informationized warfare and primary intelligent warfare overlapped with each other.

The integrated development of the “three modernizations” is in line with the current stage characteristics of the country’s social and economic development. my country’s path to modernization is very different from that of Western developed countries. Western developed countries are a “serial” development process, with industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization, and informatization developing in sequence, and it took more than 200 years to develop to the current level. my country’s development is bound to be a “parallel” process, with industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization developing in a superimposed manner. The country’s social and economic foundation is the basic support for national defense and military construction. It is precisely the “parallel” development characteristics of my country’s current social economy that determine that national defense and military construction must adopt the “three modernizations” integrated development mode.

The integrated development of the “three transformations” adapts to the current level of development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence in the military. After long-term efforts, our military has basically achieved mechanization, and has made significant progress in informatization. It is also facing opportunities and challenges of intelligence. The special national conditions and military conditions make it impossible and impossible for our military to copy the development path of the military of Western developed countries represented by the US military. “Step-by-step” development may lead to the loss of the historical opportunity to promote the accelerated completion of mechanization and informatization through intelligence, and to lead and promote the development of mechanization and informatization to a higher stage.

The report of the 19th CPC National Congress pointed out that “we should accelerate the development of military intelligence, improve the joint combat capability and all-domain combat capability based on the network information system”, “basically realize mechanization by 2020, make significant progress in informatization, and greatly enhance strategic capabilities”, “strive to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and build the people’s army into a world-class army by the middle of this century”. On the eve of the August 1st Army Day this year, President Xi Jinping proposed the strategic idea of ”accelerating the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligence” when presiding over the 22nd collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on strengthening the modernization of national defense and the army. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized and deployed this, and incorporated it into the 14th Five-Year Plan and the 2035 Vision Goal for implementation, indicating that the requirements for the integrated development of the “three modernizations” have been elevated to the strategic overall level and have become an important guiding ideology for leading national defense and military construction.

The essential connotation of the integrated development of “three transformations”

The “integration” in the “three transformations” does not mean mixing, combining or compounding. The word “integration” in the physical sense means melting or melting into one; in the psychological sense, it means that different individuals or groups become one after a certain collision or contact, and their cognition, emotions or attitudes become one. The integrated development of the “three transformations” in national defense and military construction refers to the coordinated and coordinated mutual tolerance, mutual penetration and mutual promotion of mechanization, informatization and intelligence, from “you are you and I am me” to “you have me and I have you”, and then to “you are me and I am you”, reaching the level of perfect integration and unity, and thus producing superposition effect, aggregation effect and multiplication effect, and achieving a qualitative leap in overall combat effectiveness.

The basic laws and main characteristics of the integrated development of the “three transformations”. The main ones are: First, the “three transformations” are progressive and orderly dependent. From a chronological perspective, the “three transformations” did not originate at the same time. Without the previous “transformation” as a premise, foundation and input, there would be no occurrence and development of the next “transformation”. The previous “transformation” provides an important material basis for the next “transformation”. Second, the “three transformations” overlap and penetrate each other. Informatization is not the end of mechanization. There is still a certain degree of mechanization in the process of informatization. Intelligence is not the end of mechanization and informatization. There is still a certain degree of informatization and mechanization in the process of intelligence. Third, intelligence and informatization empower mechanization with virtual control and real efficiency. The “real” here mainly refers to the hardware represented by physical entities such as combat platforms and ammunition, and the “virtual” mainly refers to software with combat data, algorithms, etc. as the core. Mechanization is mainly based on hardware construction, while informatization and intelligence are mainly based on software construction. “Software defines everything”, and hardware is optimized, upgraded, empowered and increased through software. With the in-depth development of the integration of the “three transformations”, the construction priority will be payload surpassing platform, software surpassing payload, and algorithm surpassing software.

The internal mechanism and driving mechanism of the integrated development of the “three transformations”. The main ones are: First, the superposition of advantages. Practice has proved that no matter whether it is mechanization, informatization or intelligence, each supporting technology group of “transformation” will give birth to new weapons and equipment, generate new combat forces, and ultimately form new combat capabilities with different combat mechanisms. These new combat capabilities and the original combat capabilities are combined with advantages to produce a system emergence effect, greatly enhancing the overall combat capability of the army.

The second is upgrading and expansion. Informatization aggregates and upgrades mechanized combat systems into informationized combat systems through digital transformation and network connection of various mechanized combat platforms, making a qualitative leap in combat effectiveness. Intelligence can also be integrated with mechanization and informatization through upgrading and expansion. On the one hand, the “brain” of the combat platform, the control system, is upgraded using intelligent technology to promote the control mode of unmanned combat platforms such as drones, unmanned boats, and unmanned ground vehicles, and is upgraded in a progressive manner according to the direct human operation mode, human assistance mode, human authorization mode, fully autonomous mode, and machine adaptive mode. After some old combat platforms are upgraded through informatization and intelligent transformation, they can also be remotely controlled and work in coordination with manned platforms. On the other hand, the informationized combat system is optimized and upgraded using intelligent technology, so that its information acquisition, transmission, processing, sharing, security and other aspects of its capabilities are greatly enhanced, and the system combat capability is once again comprehensively improved.

The third is to make up for shortcomings and replace them. From the history of military construction, in the process of deepening development of a certain “ization”, bottleneck problems that are difficult to solve by its own technical system often appear, and other “ization” technical means and development ideas are urgently needed to find a new way to solve them. At present, machinery is becoming more and more sophisticated and complex, and the difficulty of design and control is increasing; informatization leads to “information explosion”, massive data is generated, rapidly spread, true and false are mixed, and it is increasingly difficult to quickly convert them into useful information. These problems are difficult to be effectively solved within the technical system of mechanization and informatization itself. To break through the bottleneck of mechanical control ability and information processing ability, the use of intelligent technical means is an important option. Conversely, the technological breakthroughs and applications generated by the previous “ization” may also offset the shortcomings of the latter “ization”. For example, the speed of hypersonic missiles can exceed the reaction capability of the informationized defense combat system to achieve rapid penetration, and high-energy microwave weapons can directly destroy networks and electronic equipment, which to a certain extent offset the opponent’s information advantage.

現代國語：

黨的十九屆五中全會在強調加速國防和軍隊現代化，實現富國和強軍相統一時指出，加快機械化資訊化智能化（以下簡稱「三化」）融合發展，從而把「三化」融合發展要求提升到了戰略全局高度。認真貫徹落實十九屆五中全會精神，對「三化」融合發展進行科學的戰略定位、戰略規劃和戰略部署，大力推動「三化」融合發展向深度廣度拓展，要準確把握好「三化」融合發展的本質內涵。

「三化」融合發展的時代背景

「三化」並行推進、互促共生、一體發展，具有深刻的歷史必然性，是我軍未來一段時期國防和軍隊現代化建設的必經之路。

「三化」融合發展與機械化資訊化複合發展概念一脈相承。自上世紀90年代末期以來，我軍及時提出推動機械化資訊化複合發展。當時，戰爭形態正由機械化轉變為資訊化。國防和軍隊建設必須走跨越式發展的道路，沒有必要等到走完發達國家軍隊機械化建設的全部過程再來搞資訊化，應該努力推進機械化和資訊化的複合發展。既要努力跨越機械化發展的某些階段，同時還要吸取發達國家軍隊機械化和資訊化建設失誤教訓，盡可能少走彎路。國防與軍隊機械化資訊化復合發展的經驗教訓，為如何統籌現階段「三化」融合發展提供了寶貴經驗。

「三化」融合發展反映了當前戰爭形態「多態並存」的現實狀況。當今世界，以軍事智能化為特徵的新一輪軍事革命浪潮撲面而來，世界主要國家軍隊正大步向智能化的門檻邁進，但由於世界各國科技水平和軍事實力發展的不平衡，使得在幾次世界局部戰爭和武裝沖突中，呈現出機械化信息化智能化戰爭“多態並存”的特點。在敘利亞戰爭中，低端廉價的民用皮卡與高端昂貴的隱身飛機共舞，粗製濫造的土製火箭與高精度的巡航導彈齊飛，高度信息化並向智能化邁進的美軍、俄軍，較高機械化水平的敘軍、土軍，以及機械化水平很低的反對派，在敘利亞戰場共同演繹了機械化戰爭、信息化戰爭和初級相互智能化戰爭和初級相互智能化的戰爭形態相互化。

「三化」融合發展符合當前國家社會經濟發展的階段性特徵。我國實現現代化之路同西方發達國家有很大不同。西方發達國家是一個「串聯式」的發展過程，工業化、城鎮化、農業現代化、資訊化順序發展，發展到目前水準花了二百多年時間。我國發展必然是一個「並聯式」的過程，工業化、資訊化、城鎮化、農業現代化是疊加發展的。國家社會經濟基礎是國防和軍隊建設的基本依托，正是當前我國社會經濟的「並聯式」發展特點，決定了國防和軍隊建設必然採取「三化」融合發展方式。

「三化」融合發展適應了當前軍隊機械化資訊化智慧化發展水準。經過長期努力，當前我軍基本上實現機械化，資訊化建設取得重大進展，又面臨智慧化的機會與挑戰。特殊的國情軍情，使得我軍不可能也不會複製以美軍為代表的西方發達國家軍隊的發展路徑。「按部就班」式發展可能導致錯失智能化促進加速完成機械化資訊化、並引領和推動機械化資訊化向更高階段發展的歷史機遇。

黨的十九大報告指出，「加速軍事智慧化發展，提高基於網絡資訊體系的聯合作戰能力、全域作戰能力」「到二○二○年基本實現機械化，資訊化建設取得重大進展，戰略能力有大的提升」「力爭到二○三五年基本實現國防和軍隊現代化，到本世紀中葉把人民軍隊全面建成世界一流軍隊」。今年八一建軍節前夕，習主席在主持中共中央政治局就加強國防和軍隊現代化建設舉行的第二十二次集體學習時，提出「加快機械化資訊化智能化融合發展」這一戰略思想，黨的十九屆五中全會對此做了進一步強調部署，並納入十四五景規劃和二○三五年遠景目標中加以落實，引領著「三化」指導了全球重要防禦主義的全球重要戰略發展到重要官員發展到重要官員發展到重要的發展戰略。

「三化」融合發展的本質內涵

「三化」融合中的「融合」不等於混合、化合或複合。「融合」一詞，物理意義上是指熔成或如熔化那樣融成一體；心理意義上是指不同個體或不同群體在一定的碰撞或接觸之後，認知、情感或態度傾向融為一體。國防和軍隊建設中的「三化」融合發展，則是指統籌協調機械化資訊化智能化相互包容、相互滲透、相互促進，從“你是你、我是我”變成“你中有我、我中有你”，進而變成“你就是我，我就是你”，達到水乳交融、合而為一的程度，並由此產生一倍效應、聚合效應和升力的整體效應。

「三化」融合發展的基本規律與主要特點。主要有：一是「三化」逐次遞進有序依存。從時序來看，「三化」不是同時起源的，沒有前一「化」作為前提、基礎和輸入，就沒有後一「化」的發生和發展，前一「化」為後一「化」提供了重要的物質基礎。二是「三化」相互交疊相互滲透。資訊化不是機械化的終結，資訊化過程中還有一定的機械化，智慧化也不是機械化、資訊化的終結，智慧化過程中還有一定的資訊化、機械化。三是智慧化資訊化對機械化以虛控實賦能增效。這裡所說的「實」主要是指以作戰平台、彈藥等物理實體為代表的硬件，「虛」主要是指以作戰數據、演算法等為核心的軟件。機械化以硬體建設為主，資訊化和智能化則以軟件建設為主，“軟件定義一切”，通過軟件對硬體進行優化升級和賦能增效。隨著「三化」融合的深入發展，在建設優先級上，將會是載荷超越平台、軟件超越載荷、演算法超越軟件。

「三化」融合發展的內在機理與驅動機制。主要有：一是優勢疊加。實踐證明，不管是機械化、資訊化或智慧化，每一「化」的支撐技術群都會催生出新型武器裝備，產生新型作戰力量，最終形成不同作戰機理的新質作戰能力。這些新質作戰能力與原有作戰能力綜合運用優勢疊加，能夠產生系統湧現效應，極大提升軍隊整體作戰能力。

二是升級拓展。資訊化透過對各類機械化作戰平台進行數字化改造和網絡化鏈接，將機械化作戰體系聚合升級為信息化作戰體系，使得戰鬥力產生質的飛躍。智能化也可透過升級拓展方式，與機械化、資訊化融為一體。一方面，運用智慧技術升級作戰平台的「大腦」──操控系統，推動無人機、無人艇、無人地面車輛等無人化作戰平台的控制方式，依照人類直接操作模式、人類協助模式、人類授權模式、完全自主模式、機器自適應模式的逐次遞進方式升級。一些老舊作戰平台進行資訊化智慧化改造升級後，也可以實現遙控操作並與有人平台協同作戰。另一方面，運用智慧技術優化升級資訊化作戰體系，使其資訊取得、傳輸、處理、分享、安全等各個環節能力都大幅增強，體係作戰能力再次全面提升。

三是補短替代。從軍隊建設歷史來看，某一「化」在深化發展過程中，往往會出現僅靠自身技術體系難以解決的瓶頸問題，迫切需要其他「化」的技術手段和發展思維另闢蹊徑來加以解決。當前，機械越來越精密復雜，設計和控制難度越來越大；信息化導致“信息爆炸”，海量數據產生、急劇擴散、真假混雜，快速轉化為有用信息的難度越來越大，這些問題在機械化、信息化自身技術體系內難以得到有效解決。要突破機械操控能力、資訊處理能力瓶頸，運用智慧化的技術手段是重要選項。反過來說，前一「化」產生的技術突破及應用也可能抵消後一「化」的不足。如高超聲速導彈速度可以超出資訊化防禦作戰體系的反應能力實現快速突防，高能量微波武器可直接破壞網絡和電子設備等，這都在一定程度上抵消了對手的信息優勢。

中國原創軍事資源：http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jmsd/4874873888.html

#Information Support Force, #intelligent warfare, #intellligentization, Chinese Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Military Artificial Intelligence Weaponizatio, Chinese military cognitive warfare, Chinese Military Informatization, 中國解放軍敘事戰爭, 以認知為中心的戰爭：應對複雜戰爭的作戰概念, 認知域戰

AI integrated into Chinese Armed Forces: PLA Strategic Support Force Developed Artificial Intelligence Innovation Capabilities

02/14/2025 admin Leave a comment

人工智慧融入中國軍隊：解放軍戰略支援部隊發展人工智慧創新能力

現代英語：

Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) technology has advanced by leaps and bounds in recent years . All major powers have developed advanced AI capabilities and attempted to effectively integrate AI into their armed forces. Beijing has also released an ambitious plan to make China a global leader in advanced artificial intelligence by 2030. Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping also reiterated at the 20th Party Congress that China should attach equal importance to the development of artificial intelligence and “intelligent warfare.”

Although China’s strategic goals in the field of artificial intelligence are clear, how it will integrate artificial intelligence into the People’s Liberation Army remains opaque. But at least the recently established PLA Strategic Support Force (SSF) provides some clues: the organization has been given an innovative mission and is responsible for integrating multiple “strategic functions.” To effectively understand the Strategic Support Force, we need to explore whether it will have a “game-changing” impact in future conflicts, where mastery of the information domain and effective integration of artificial intelligence may determine victory or defeat.

The PLA’s “Joint Operationality”: Strategic Support Force

The PLA underwent major reforms in 2015, partly motivated by the need to shift the PLA’s force focus from land territorial defense to extended force projection to ensure China’s strategic interests in areas such as space, cyber warfare and the far seas. A key element of these reforms is the creation of the Strategic Support Force, which concentrates tasks in these broad areas.

The Strategic Support Force (SSF) is tasked with integrating many “strategic” functions and capabilities previously dispersed across the PLA, including space, cyber, information, and psychological warfare. Today, the Strategic Support Force consists of two departments covering these functions: the Space Systems Department, which is responsible for all space-related missions; and the Cyber Systems Department, which undertakes the PLA’s broad information warfare activities.

The ultimate goal of the Strategic Support Force is to gain information advantage, achieve decision-making advantage, and thus achieve ultimate victory. Analysts recently concluded that its mission is likely to support the pursuit of information superiority and can be divided into two categories: providing strategic information superiority and support capabilities to the PLA’s top leadership, including counter-space operations and offensive cyber warfare, and providing information support services to theater military commands.

The Strategic Support Force appears to be designed to enhance the PLA’s “jointness,” or its ability to conduct joint operations. Historically, the PLA has faced challenges integrating joint operations due to the difficulty in innovating and implementing new command and control and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Because the information support provided by the Strategic Support Force is likely to include “intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance to achieve operational and strategic objectives”, some experts believe that the Strategic Support Force plays a key role in improving the overall joint combat effectiveness of the PLA.

The SSF also appears to have several mechanisms in place to develop or acquire technology in order to carry out its mission effectively. While the SSF is not the only agency within the PLA with this function, the SSF is responsible for more AI-related equipment contracts than any other service in the PLA. For example, the Strategic Support Force has made significant investments in artificial intelligence innovation, leveraging citizen partnerships to acquire new technologies such as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, autonomous vehicles, information and electronic warfare, simulation and training, and target identification.

On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency — On December 31, 2015, the founding ceremony of the leadership bodies of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force was grandly held at the Bayi Building in Beijing. Xi Jinping awarded military flags to the Army, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force and delivered a speech. Photo/Xinhua News Agency

PLA Artificial Intelligence Innovation

The U.S. National Security Council pointed out in its 2022 final report that “while artificial intelligence will be widely used in all fields, the large amount of data associated with space, cyber, and information operations makes these application cases particularly suitable for priority integration of AI technology in war simulations, exercises, and experiments.” This is exactly the area where the Strategic Support Force operates.

Many of the Strategic Support Force’s functions involve processing a variety of diverse, large volumes of rapidly changing information flows at speeds exceeding human capacity, making them excellent candidates for the application of artificial intelligence. For example, AI can help create and maintain situational awareness and can be used for prediction by collecting, integrating and analyzing information. AI can also be used to analyze the consequences and planning of potential actions and conduct war simulations.

However, actual command decisions are made by the theater military command or the Joint Chiefs of Staff. At the same time, the development of AI for decision-support applications may be the responsibility of other PLA components, such as the National University of Defense Technology and the Academy of Military Sciences, rather than the Strategic Support Force. Nevertheless, in providing information support to these decision makers, the Strategic Support Force is likely to play an important role in human-machine interface interaction with such artificial intelligence systems, thereby effectively supporting decision making.

At the same time, of the twelve major military applications currently being developed by the PLA, at least five are closely related to the missions of the Strategic Support Force, namely smart satellites, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance software, automated cyber attack software, cognitive electronic software, and possible automated vehicles, including:

Space Battle
Cyber Warfare
Electronic warfare

Schematic diagram. The picture shows facial recognition technology demonstrated at the "Security China" held in Beijing, China in 2018. Photo/Associated Press

While many applications of AI within the SSU mission area can be identified today, the most important long-term impacts may be difficult to predict. Furthermore, the AI plans proposed in China’s national white paper are not consistent with actual innovation progress.

In fact, most of China’s major investments in AI appear to be business-related and have little to do with military missions. Some assessments suggest that previous estimates of China’s current AI capabilities may be overstated. This means that it is not possible to immediately see the effective integration of artificial intelligence into the PLA’s mission areas, but the Strategic Support Force does have the mission of gaining information advantages to achieve decision-making advantages and ultimate victory.

As for artificial intelligence, it means that the Strategic Support Force must integrate artificial intelligence applications to make up for the PLA’s weaknesses in ensuring and utilizing information advantages. But this does not mean that the Strategic Support Force will become the focus of the PLA’s overall artificial intelligence innovation.

While many of the SSF’s missions are amenable to AI and there may be synergies between missions for applying AI, it is unclear which applications the SSF will use, whether these synergies are feasible, and whether the SSF has the capability to execute them. There will inevitably be a certain degree of prioritization in innovation for specific AI applications that are differentiated across different tasks.

China is determined to become a global leader in artificial intelligence and apply its technology to military missions to suppress U.S. advantages in the Indo-Pacific region. In many ways, the SSF has the advantages to achieve these goals, including a relaxed policy environment that promotes innovation, the SSF’s clear innovation responsibilities, and senior leadership support for “smartness.” The SSF also builds partnerships with China’s high-tech commercial sector and academia. These efforts are consistent with China’s military-civil fusion agenda, which aims to overcome barriers that prevent the People’s Liberation Army from acquiring resources from the commercial sector.

Schematic diagram. Photo/Associated Press

Obstacles to the Strategic Support Force’s Implementation of the PLA’s Innovation Plan

However, the Strategic Support Force also faces huge obstacles in implementing the People’s Liberation Army’s innovation-driven plan. The SSF and the PLA as a whole will face several challenges in AI applications, including attracting and retaining high-quality high-tech talent and mainland China’s inability to domestically develop and manufacture advanced logic and memory chips that are critical to developing cutting-edge AI—a clear weakness now that the United States has disrupted its supply of high-end semiconductors. In addition, research institutions in the United States and other Western countries are now increasingly cautious about collaborating with Chinese researchers in fields such as artificial intelligence, which have significant military potential.

The PLA’s limited combat experience has led to a lack of relevant “real and empirical” data, which may hinder the development of decision-making support artificial intelligence systems. More importantly, unless the PLA focuses on understandable, trustworthy AI, the use of AI systems with opaque operations, uncertain effective areas, and uncertain failure modes could cause serious damage.

For the national army , although there may be some limitations and uncertainties in the military application of artificial intelligence, with the continuous development and maturity of artificial intelligence technology, its application potential in the military field is still huge. As technology advances, we can expect to see more artificial intelligence systems introduced into military applications to improve operational efficiency and combat effectiveness.

However, to ensure that artificial intelligence technology can be robustly applied to military missions, it is necessary to strengthen technology research and development and testing, ensure the safety and reliability of the system, and rationally plan and manage the use of artificial intelligence technology. Only in this way can we better utilize artificial intelligence technology to enhance the information-based combat effectiveness of our military and achieve stronger and more robust combat capabilities.

現代國語：

近年來人工智能（Artificial Intelligence, AI）技術突飛猛進，所有主要大國都發展先進的AI能力，並試圖將AI有效地融入武裝力量。北京亦發佈雄心勃勃之計畫，要求2030年將中國建設成為全球先進人工智能強國。中共領導人習近平亦於第20次黨代表大會再次強調，中國應於人工智慧領域發展與「智慧戰爭」並重。

雖然中國大陸於人工智能領域的戰略目標明確，但其如何將人工智能融入解放軍仍然是不透明的。但至少，最近成立的解放軍戰略支援部隊（Strategic Support Force, SSF）提供了一些線索：該組織賦予了創新任務，負責整合多種「戰略功能」。為了有效理解戰略支援部隊，探究它是否將在未來衝突中產生「改變遊戲規則」的影響，其中掌握資訊領域和有效整合人工智能可能決定勝負。

解放軍的「聯合作戰性」：戰略支援部隊

2015年解放軍軍隊進行重大改革，部分動機是將解放軍武力重點從陸地領土防禦轉向延伸武力投射，以確保中國在太空、網絡戰和遠海等領域的戰略利益。這些改革的主要關鍵要素即為成立戰略支援部隊，集中了這些廣泛領域中的任務。

戰略支援部隊（SSF）的任務是整合先前分散在解放軍各部隊的許多「戰略」職能和能力，包括太空、網絡、資訊與心理戰等。如今，戰略支援部隊由兩個部門組成，涵蓋了這些職能：太空系統部門，負責所有與太空有關的任務；網路系統部門，承擔解放軍廣義的資訊戰活動。

戰略支援部隊最終目標是獲得資訊優勢，實現決策優勢，從而取得最終勝利。分析家最近得出結論，其任務很可能是支援追求資訊優勢，並可分為兩類：為解放軍最高層領導提供戰略資訊優勢和支援能力，包括反太空行動和攻擊性網絡戰，以及向戰區軍事指揮部提供資訊支援服務。

戰略支援部隊設計似乎旨在提升解放軍的「聯合作戰性」，或其進行聯合作戰的能力。歷史上，因新的指揮掌控與情報、監視和偵察能力的創新和實施方面實存在困難性，解放軍在整合聯合作戰方面面臨挑戰。因戰略支援部隊提供的資訊支援很可能包含「情報、監視和偵察，以實現作戰和戰略目標」，一些專家認為戰略支援部隊在提高解放軍整體聯合作戰性方面起到了關鍵作用。

為了有效遂行任務，戰略支援部隊似乎還擁有若干機制來開發或取得技術。雖然戰略支援部隊並非解放軍內唯一承擔此功能的機構，戰略支援部隊負責與人工智能相關的裝備合約比解放軍的任何一個服務都要多。例如戰略支援部隊在人工智慧創新方面進行了大量投資，利用公民合作夥伴關係來獲取情報、監視和偵察、自主車輛、資訊與電子戰、模擬與訓練、以及目標識別等新技術。

2015年12月31日，中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。圖／新華社
2015年12月31日，中國人民解放軍陸軍領導機構、中國人民解放軍火箭軍、中國人民解放軍戰略支援部隊成立大會在北京八一大樓隆重舉行。習近平授予陸軍、火箭軍、戰略支援部隊軍旗並致訓詞。圖／新華社

解放軍人工智慧創新

美國國家安全委員會於2022年最終報告中指出，「雖然人工智能將在所有領域普遍應用，但與空間、網絡和信息作戰領域相關的大數據量，使得這些領域的應用案例特別適合優先整合AI技術應用於戰爭模擬、演習和實驗。」而這正是戰略支援部隊所運營的領域。

戰略支援部隊許多功能涉及處理各種多樣、大量和快速變化之信息流，處理速度超過人類容量，都是應用人工智能的絕佳候選領域。例如，人工智慧可以幫助創建和維持態勢感知，透過收集、整合和分析信息，也可用於預測；另人工智能還可於分析潛在行動的後果與規劃、進行戰爭模擬。

然而實際指揮決策則由戰區軍事指揮部或聯合參謀部負責。同時，用於決策支援應用的人工智慧的開發可能由其他解放軍組成部分，如中國國防科技大學和軍事科學院，並非由戰略支援部隊負責。儘管如此，在為這些決策者提供資訊支援方面，戰略支援部隊很可能在與此類人工智慧係統進行人機界面互動發揮重要作用，並進而有效支援決策制定。

與此同時，解放軍刻正開發的十二個主要軍事應用中，至少五個與戰略支援部隊的任務密切相關，分別是智慧衛星、情報、監視和偵察軟件、自動化網絡攻擊軟件、認知電子軟件以及可能的自動化車輛，包含：

太空戰
對於太空戰，解放軍可能探索應用人工智能，內含用於管理大規模衛星；與在地球觀測資料集分析（處理和目標識別衛星圖像）；認知無線電技術，一種「智慧」無線電技術，旨在藉由自主切換頻道來避免干擾和擁擠，從而使空間通訊更加高效；自主衛星操作，以彌補有限的帶寬和延遲與減輕地面衛星操作員的工作負荷。

網路戰
網路戰，即為網路安全和電子戰都依賴於即時處理大量資料以識別威脅並更新防禦措施。如藉由人工智能引導對敵對網絡的指引，亦可同時支援技術偵察和網絡攻擊。此任務處於戰略支援部隊的職責範圍內，此部隊的創立旨在鞏固解放軍在網路安全和電子戰方面的聯繫。自動化還可以提高網絡防禦的速度和規模，減輕先前解放軍面臨的限制。

電子戰
人工智能亦可協助電子戰，增強電子戰系統的自主性。如人工智能可以識別和分類雷達或通訊系統的信號，檢測和分類幹擾器，提高幹擾信號的到達方向估計，開發高效的抗干擾協議與即時更新防禦措施（認知電子戰）。

示意圖。圖為2018年中國北京舉行的「安全中國」（Security China）上展示的人臉辨識技術。圖／美聯社

雖然目前可確定戰略支援單位任務範圍內許多人工智能的應用，但最重要的長期影響可能難以預測。此外，中共國家白皮書中提出的人工智慧計劃並非與實際的創新進展一致。

實際上，中共於人工智能大部分重要投資似乎與商業相關，與軍事任務關係不大。一些評估先前關於中國當前人工智能能力的估計可能過於誇大。意謂不可能立即看到人工智能有效整合於解放軍的任務領域，但戰略支援部隊確實賦予提取信息優勢以實現決策優勢和最終勝利的任務。

至於人工智能方面，意謂戰略支援部隊必然整合人工智能應用，以彌補解放軍在確保和利用資訊優勢方面之弱點。但這不意謂戰略支援部隊將成為解放軍整體人工智慧創新的焦點。

儘管戰略支援部隊的許多任務均適用於人工智能，而且在任務之間可能存在應用人工智能的協同效應，但目前尚不清楚戰略支援部隊將使用哪些應用，這些協同效應是否具有可行性，與戰略支援部隊是否有能力執行。對於在不同任務中具有差異的特定人工智慧應用，創新中必然會存在一定程度的優先考慮。

中國決心成為全球人工智慧領域領導者，並將其技術應用於軍事任務，以壓制美國在印太地區的優勢。在許多方面，戰略支援部隊都具備説明實現這些目標的優勢，包括寬鬆的政策環境促進創新、戰略支援部隊明確的創新職責以及高層領導對「智慧化」的支持。戰略支援部隊也與中國的高科技商業部門和學術界建立合作關係。這些努力與中國的軍民融合協議一致，旨在克服妨礙解決中國人民解放軍從商業部門獲取資源屏障。

戰略支援部隊執行解放軍創新計畫的障礙

不過戰略支援部隊在執行中國人民解放軍創新驅動計畫時，亦面臨巨大障礙。戰略支援部隊和解放軍總體上將在人工智能應用面臨一些挑戰，包括吸引和留住高素質高科技人才，與中國大陸無法於國內研發和製造對開發尖端人工智能至關重要的先進邏輯和存儲芯片——這是目前美國已中斷對高端半導體的供應所導致的明顯弱點。此外，美國和其他西方國家的研究機構現在對與具有重大軍事潛力的人工智能等領域的中國研究人員進行合作越來越謹慎。

根據解放軍有限的戰鬥經驗，導致了相關「實踐實證」資料匱乏，可能妨礙發展決策支援人工智慧系統。更重要的是，除非解放軍專注於可理解、值得信賴的人工智能，否則使用具有不透明操作、不確定有效區域和不確定故障模式的人工智能係統可能會造成嚴重損害。

對於國軍而言，儘管人工智能於軍事應用可能存在一些限制和不確定性，但隨著人工智能技術的不斷發展和成熟，其在軍事領域的應用潛力仍然巨大。隨著技術的進步，我們有望看到更多人工智慧係統被引入軍用應用中，提高作戰效率和戰鬥力。

然而，要確保人工智能技術能夠穩健地應用於軍事任務中，需要加強技術研發和測試，確保系統的安全性和可靠性，以及合理規劃和管理人工智能技術的使用。只有這樣，我們才能更好地利用人工智慧技術來提升國軍資訊化戰鬥力，並實現更強大、更穩健的作戰能力。

中國原創軍事資源：https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/123525/7360758884

Red Dragon 1949 / 紅龍1949

Category Archives: Chinese military cognitive warfare

Chinese Military Fifth Generation Command Information System and Its Intelligent Technology

Abstract

Key words

Cite this article

1 New Concept of Command and Control

1.1 Intelligent command and control

1.2 Tactical Edge Command and Control

1.3 Multi-Domain Battle Command and Control

1.4 Mosaic Combat Command and Control

2. Transformation of the Characteristics of the Fifth Generation Command Information System

3 Overall Architecture Concept

3.1 System Architecture Concept

3.2 Concept of cloud-edge-device service architecture

3.3 Technical Architecture Concept

4 Key technologies of the system and its intelligent concept

5 Development ideas and ideas

6 Conclusion

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